'•'ac*^. .r*v II ,]l' foxgottexL qTjite AR former scenes of dear cLeliglit , C oim-ubial lo^v^e p ar ent al joy — No syinpatliies like these Ms soul eraploy; BxLt all is dart "witTnTi . .- — Tcnros& ■ LO"NDO"N. WILLIAM TEGG & 0° CSEAPSIDE. FRONTISPIECE to thk ORIGINAL EDITION. n c^ □ c^„ THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY WJiai it is, with all the J-dnds, causes, jy mptoTTis, pro (gnostics Sc several cures of it In three Partitions.^th their several Sections numbers & subsections PhilosophicctlLy, MecUciiicLlli/ , MLstoricaJZy opened^ cut icp. Deniocritus Junior, With ct Sati/ricdl Preface conducuiff to the follow iriff Discoicr,se . The Sirth Edition , corrected and dut/inented bj/ the Author . Omnr tiiht punctum, qui ' mTscuit utile dula Hvpocondnacu-s T o I r^ rP^Cr/U f ^ Hellebor. c i o U-'^*->~,.v "vpVCm" a THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY, WHAT IT IS, ALL THE KINDS, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PEOGNOSTICS, AND SEVEEAL CUBES OF IT. IN THREE PARTITIONS. WITH THEIR SEVEEAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICALLY, HISTOKICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP. BY DEMOCEITUS JUNIOR, ^r-^. A SATIRICAL PKEFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE. % Mm dWm. IT TRANSLATIONS OF THE NU: BY DEMOCEITUS MINOE. ^iv.^. CORRECTED, AND ENRICHED BT TRANSLATIONS OF THE NUMEROUS CLASSICAL EXTRACTS. LONDON: WILLIAM TEGG AND CO., S5, QUEEN STREET, CHEAPSIDE. 1854. > \^ — WORKS, NKWTOM. HONOKATISSIMO DOiin^O, NON MINTS TIKTUTE SUA, QUAM GENEKIS SPLENDOSE, ILLVSTKISSIMO, GEOEaiO BEEKLEIO, MILITI DE BAXNEO, BAEONI DE BEKIiLEY, MOIJBEET, SEGEAVE, D. DE BEUSE, DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOMINIBUS OBSEETANDO, HANG SUAM MELANCHOLIA ANATOMEN, JAM SEXTO EETISAM, D.D. BEMOCEITUS JUMOE. ADVERTISEJ?^iENT. The work now restored to public notice has had an extraor- dinary fate. At the time of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more deservedly ap- plauded. It was the delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate; and, notwithstanding the objection sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation of authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in the Enghsh language. The grave Johnson has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Milton did not disdain to build two of his finest poems on it; and a host of inferior writers have embellished their works with beauties not their own, cuUed from a performance which they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, and the frivolity of fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century; and the succeeding generation affected indiffer- ence towards an author, who at length was only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes. The plagiarisms of Tristram Shandy^ so successfully brought to light by Dr. Ferriar, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then little known, might, without impeach- Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. ment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the calls of justice had been little attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more than a century ago, that several authors had un- mercifully stolen matter from Burton without any acknowledg- ment. The time, however, at length arrived, when the merits of the Anatomy of Melancholy were to receive their due praise. The book was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Its excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not dis- graceful to the memory of the author; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable a repository of amusement and in- formation, will continue to hold the rank to which it has been restored, firmly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the countless quotations from ancient writers which occur in the work, are now for the first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernised. ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. EoBERT Burton was the son of Ralph Burton, of an ancient and genteel family at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8 th of February, 1576.* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton Coldfield, in Warwickshire,t from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the long vacation, 1593, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a commoner, where he made a considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In 1599 he was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form sake, was put under the tuition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he was admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of ISTovember, 1616, had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxford, conferred on him by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, in Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept, to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. He seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the munificence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that " he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous person ; so by others, who knew him well, a persor of gTeat honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and * His elder brother was William Burton, the Leicestershire antiquarj^, born 24th August, 1575, educated at Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or gentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, 1591 ; at the Inner Temple, 20th May, 1593; B.A. 22nd June, 1594; and afterwards a barrister and reporter in the Court of Common Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealo- gies, and antiquities, he became excellent in those obscu^re and intricate matters; and, look upon him as a gentleman, was accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of iiis time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Description of Leicestershire.' " His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country, and his greatest work, "The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1622. He died at Falde, after suffering much in the civil war, 6th April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging thereto, called Hanbury. t This is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton; but a passage in this work [vbl. i. p. 395,] mentions Sutton Coldfield: probably he may have'beeu at both schools. X ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOK. juvenile; and no man in his time did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding his common discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from classic authors;, which being then all the fashion in the Univer- sity, made his company the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of all kinds of books, and availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extraordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted from the inj&rmities of his own habit and constitu- tion. Mr. Granger says, " He composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it to such a degree, that notliing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot and hearing the ribaldry of the barge- men, which rarely failed to throw him into a violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, in the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions in the University." His residence was chiefly at Oxford ; where, in his chamber in Christ Church College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, " being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, that rather than there should be a mistake in the calcula- tion, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded in truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hereafter inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Bobert Weston, in the north aisle which joins next to the choir of the Cathedral of Christ Church, on the 27th of January, 1639-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monument, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, paiuted to the life. On the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. XI and under the bust; this inscription of his own composition :— Panels notus, paucioribus ignotus, Hie jacet Democritus junior Cui vitam dedit et mortem Melaneholia. Ob. 8 Id. Jan. A. C. mdcxxxix. Arms : — Azure on a bend 0. between three dogs' heads 0. a crescent G. A few months before his death; he made his will, of which the following is a copy: Extracted from the Eegistry of the Prerogative Court o^ Canterbury. In Nomine Dei Amen. Angust 15^^ One thousand six hundred thirty nine beeause there be so many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christchurch Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testament to dispose of that little which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms of Law and other Circumstances peradventtn-e required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrse whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire gave me by Deed of Gift and that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire during hi^ life and after him to his Heirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of my Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part of the Ground on or any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my sister Katherine Jackson during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lindley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I give an C^ pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long Kved to buy five pounds Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth pound to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five pound Land per Ann. to be paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Seagrave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to certain Feofiees to the perpetual good of the said Parish Oxon^ Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Bm*ton One hundredth pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound to redeem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the Poor of Ntmeaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadlake [Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkby myne own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my Cosen Purfey of Calcott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to my Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die if he be till then my Servant f— ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness. * So in the Register. f So in the Register. . XU ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. An Appendix to this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Church and with good Mr. Paynes August the Fifteenth 1639. I Give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Canons twenty Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas parish Twenty Shillings to Brasenose Library five pounds to Mr. Rowse of Oriell Colledge twenty Shillings to Mr. Ileywood xxs. to Dr. Metcalfe xxs. to Mr. Sherley xxs. If I have any Books the University Libraiy hath not, let them take them If I have any Books our own Library hath not, let them take them I give to Mrs. Fell all my English Books of Husbandry one excepted to her Daughter Mrs. Katherine Fell my Six Pieces of Silver Plate and six Silver Spoons to Mrs lies my Gerards Herball to Mrs. Morris my Country Farme Translated out of French 4. and all my English Physick Books to Mr. Whistler the Recorder of Oxford I give tv/enty shillings to all my fellow Students IVT'"* of Arts a Book in fol. or two a piece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr Dean shall appoint whom I request to be the Overseer of this Appendix and give him for his pains Atlas Geografer and Ortelius Theatrum Mond' I give to John Fell the Dean's Son Student my Mathematical Instruments except my two Crosse Staves which I give to my Lord of Donnol if he be then of the House To Thomas lies Doctor lies his Son Student Saluntch on Paurrheha and Lucian's Works in 4 Tomes If any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such Books as are written with my own hands and half my Melancholy Copy for Crips hath the other half To Mr. Jones Chaplin and Chanter my Surveving "^Books and Instruments To the Servants of the House Forty Shillings ROB. BURTON— Charles Russell Witness— John Pepper Witness— This Will was shewed to me by the Testator and acknowledged by him some few days before his death to be his last Will Ita Testor John Morris S Th D. Prebendari' Eccl Chri' Oxon Feb. 3, 1639. Probatum fuit Testamentmn suprascriptum, &c. ll^ 1640 Juramento Willmi Burton Fris' et Executoris cui &c. de bene et fideliter administrand. &;c. coram Mag'ris Nathanaele Stephens Rectore Eccl. de Drayton, et Edwardo Farmer, Clericis, vigore commissionis, &c. The only work our aiitlior executed was that now reprinted, which probably was the principal employment of his life. Dr. Ferriar says, it was originally published in the year 1617; but this is evidently a mistake;* the first edition was that printed in 4 to, 1621, a copy of which is at present in the collection of John Nichols, Esq., the indefatigable illustrator of the History of Leicestershire; to whom, and to Isaac Reed, Esq., of Staple Inn, this account is greatly indebted for its accuracy. The other impressions of it were in 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, and 1676, which last, in the title-page, is called the eighth edition. The copy from which the present is re-printed, is thab of 1651-2: at the conclusion of which is the following address : " To THE READER. " Be pleased to know (Courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with several considerable Additions by his own hand ; this Copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition ; which in order to his command, and the Publicke Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression." H. C. (i. e. HEN. CRIPPS.) * Originatinj?, perhaps, In a note, p. 448, 6tli edit. (p. 504 of the present), in which a book is quoted as having been " printed at I'aris 1624, seven years after Burton's first edition." As, however, the editions after that of 1621, are re£;-ularlj^ marked iu succession to the eighth, printed in 1676, there seems very little reason to douht that, in the note above alluded to, either 1624 has been a misprint for 1628, or seven years for three years. The numerous typographical errata in other parts of the work strongly aid this latter suppo- sition. ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. Xlll The following testimonies of various authors will serve to show the estima- tion in which this work has been held : — " The Anatomt of Melancholy, wherein the author hath piled up variety of much excellent learning. Scarce any book of philology in our land hath, in so short a time, passed so many editions." — Fuller's Worthies^ fol. 16. " 'Tis a book so full of variety of reading, that gentlemen who have lost their tim^e, and are put to a push for invention, may farnish themselves with matter for common or scholas- tical discom'se and writing." — Wood's Athence Oxoniensis^ vol. i. p. 628. 2d edit. " If you never saw Burton upon Melancholy, printed 1676, I pray look into it, and read the ninth page of his Preface, 'Democritus to the Reader.' There is something there which touches the point we are upon ; but I mention the author to you, as the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense. The wits of Queen Anne's reign, and the beginning of George the First, were not a little beholden to him." ■ — Archbishop Herring's Letters, 12mo, 1777. p. 149. " Bukton's Anatomy of Melancholy, he (Dr. Johnson) said, was the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise." — BoswelVs Life of Johnson, vol. i. p. 580, 8vo. edit. " Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy is a 'valuable book," said Dr. Johnson. *' It is, perhaps, overloaded Avith quotation. But there is great spirit and great power iu what Burton says when he writes from his own mind." — Ibid. vol. ii. p. 325. " It will be no detraction from the powers of Milton's original genius and invention, to remark, that he seems to have borrowed the subject of L' Allegro and II Penseroso together with some particular thoughts, expressions, and rhymes, more especially the idea of a con- trast between these two dispositions, from a forgotten poem prefixed to the first edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, entitled, ' The Author's Abstract of Melancholy ; or A Dialogue between Pleasure and Pain.' Here pain is melancholy. It was written, as I conjecture, about the year 1600. I will make no apology for abstracting and citing as much of this poem as will be suflScient to prove, to a discerning reader, how far it had taken possession of Milton's mind. The measure will appear to be the same; and that our author was at least an attentive reader of Burton's book, may be already concluded from the traces of resemblance which I have incidentally noticed in passing through the LAllegro and II Penseroso.'" — After extracting the lines, Mr. Warton adds, "as to the very elaborate work to which these visionary verses are no unsuitable introduction, the writer's variety of learning, his quotations from scarce and curious books, his pedantry sparkling with rude wit and shapeless elegance, miscellaneous matter, intermixtvire of agreeable tales and illustrations, and, perhaps, above all, the singularities of his feelings, clothed in an uncommon quaintness of style, have contributed to render it, even to modern readers, a valuable repository of amusement and information." — Warton' s Milton. 2d. edit. p. 94. " The Anatomy of Melancholy is a book which has been universally read and admired. This work is, for the most part, what the author himself styles it, ' a cento ; ' but it is a very ingenious one. His qtiotations, which abound in every page, are pertinent; but if he had made more use of his invention and less of his commonplace-book, his work would perhaps have been more valuable than it is. He is generally free from the affected language and ridiculous metaphors which disgrace most of the books of his time." — Granger's Biographical History. " Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, a book once the favourite of the learned and the witty, and a source of surreptitious learning, though written on a regular plan, consists chiefly of quotations: the author has honestly termed it a cento. He collects, under every division, the opinions of a multitude of writers, without regard to chronological order, and has too often the modesty to decline the interposition of his own sentiments. Indeed the bulk of his materials generally overv/helms him. In the course of his folio he has contrived to treat a great variety of topics, that seem very loosely connected with the general sub- ject; and, like Bayle, Avhen he starts a favourite train of quotations, he does not scruple to let the digression outrun the principal question. Thus, from the doctrines of religion to military discipline, from inland navigation to the morality of dancing-schools, every thing is discussed and determined." — Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne, p. 58. XIV ACCOUNT OP THE AUTHOR. " The archness which Burton displays occasionally, and his indulgence of playful digres- sions from the most serious discussions, often give his style an air of familiar conversation, notwithstanding the laborious collections which supply his text. He Avas capable of Avrit- ing excellent poetry, but he seems to have cultivated this talent too little. The English verses prefixed to his book, which possess beautiful imagery, and great sweetness of versi- fication, have been frequently published. His Latin elegiac verses addressed to his book, shew a very agreeable turn for raillery. "^ — Ibid. p. 58. " When the force of the subject opens his own vein of prose, we discover valuable sense and brilliant expression. Such is his account of the fi.rst feelings of melancholy persons, written, probably, from his own experience." [See p. 161, of the present edition.] — Ibid. p. 60. " During a pedantic age, like that in which Bukton's production appeared, it must have been eminently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish themselves with appropriate scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their inquiries shortened, by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns have advanced on the subject of human passions. I confess my inability to point out any other English author who has so largely dealt in apt and original quotation." — Manuscript note of the late George Steevens, Esq.* in his copy of Tim Anatomy of MELANcaoLY. DEMOCEITUS JUNIOE AD LIBRUM SUUK Vade liber, qualis, non ausim dicere, fcelix, Te nisi foelicem fecerit Alma dies, Vade tamen quocunque lubet, quascunque per oras, Et Genium Domini fac imitere tui. I blandas inter Charites, mystdmque saluta Musarum quemTis, si tibi lector erit. Kvu'a colas, urbem, snbeasve palatia regum, Submisse, placide, te sine dente geras. Nobibs, aut si quis te forte inspexerit heros, . Da te morigeriun, perlegat nsque lubet. Est quod Nobilitas, est quod desideret heros, Gratior heec forsan cbarta placere potest. Si quis morosus Cato, tetricusque Senator, Hunc etium librum forte videre velit, Sive magistratus, turn te reverenter habeto; Sed nullus ; muscas non capiunt Aquilse. JSTon vacat his tempus fugitivum impendere nugis. Nee tales cupio ; par mihi lector erit. Si raatrona gravis casu diverterit istuc, Illustris domina, aut te Comitissa legat : Est quod displiceat, placeat quod forsitan illis, Ingerere his noli te modo, pande tamen. At si virgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas Tangere, sive schedis haereat ilia tuis : Da modo te facilem, et queedam folia esse memento Conveniant oculis quae magis apta suis. Si generosa ancilla tuos aut alma puella Visura est ludos, annue, pande lubens. Die utinam nunc ipse mens* (nam diligit istas) In praesens esset conspiciendus herus. Ignotus notusve mihi de gente togata Sive aget in ludis, pulpita sive colet, Sive in Lycoeo, et nugas evolverit istas, Si quasdam mendas viderit inspiciens. Da veniam Authori, dices; nam plui-ima vellet Expungi, quae jam displicuisse sciat. Sive Melancholicus quisquam, seu blandus Amator, Aulicus aut Civis, seu bene comptus Eques Hue appellat, age et tuto te crede legenti, Multa istic forsan non male nata leget. Quod fugiat, caveat, quodque amplexabitur, ista Pagina fortassis promere multa potest. At si quis Medicus coram te sistet, amice Fac circumspecte, et te sine labe geras: Inveniet namque ipse meis quoque plurima scriptis, Non leve subsidium quae sibi forsan erunt. Si quis Causidicus chartas impingat in istas, Nil mihi vobiscum, pessima turba vale ; Sit nisi vir bonus, et jui'is sine fraude peritus, Turn legat, et forsan doctior inde siet. * Hecc cornice dicta cave ne male capias. XVI DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR AD LIBRUM SUUM. Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus Hue oculos vertat, quae velit ipse legat ; Candidus ignoscet, nietuas nil, pande libenter, Offensus mendis non erit ille tuis, Laudabit nonnulla. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, Limata at tersa, et qui bene cocta petit, Claude eitus librum; nulla hie nisi ferrea verba, Offendent stomachum quae minus apta suum. At si quis non eximius de plebe poeta, Annue ; namque istie plurima fieta leget. Nos sumus e numero, nullus mihi spirat Apollo, Grandiloquu.s Vates quilibet esse nequit. Si Criticus Lector, tumidus Censorqxie molestus, Zoilus et Momus, si rabiosa cohors: Kinge, freme, et noli turn pandere, turba malignia Si occurrat sannis invidiosa suis : Tae fugias ; si nulla tibi sit copia eundi, Contemnes, tacite scommata quseque feres. Frendeat, allatret, A'acuas gannitibus auras Impleat, baud cures; his plaeuisse nefas. Verum age si forsan divertat purior hospes, Cuique sales, ludi, displiceantque joci, Objiciatque tibi sordes, lasoivaque : dices, Lasciva est Domino et Musa jocosa tuo. Nee lasciva tamen, si pensitet omne; sed esto; Sit lasciva licet pagina, vita proba est. Barbarus, indoctusque rudis spectator in istam Si messem intrudat, fuste fugabis eum, Fungum pelle procul ( jubeo) nam quid mihi fungo? Conveniunt stomacho non minus ista suo. Sed nee pelle taraen ; Iseto omnes accipe vultu, Quos, quas, vel quales, inde vel unde viros. Gratus erit quicunque venit, gratissimus hospes Quisquis erit, facilis difficilisque mihi. Nam si culparit, qusedam culpasse juvabit, Culpando faciet me meliora sequi. Sed si laudarit, neque laudibus eflferar uUis, Sit satis hisce malis opposuisse bonum. Haec sunt quae nostro placuit mandare libello, Et quae dimittens dicere jussit Herug. DEMOCRITUS JUNIOE TO HIS BOOK. PARAPHRASTIC METRICAL TRANSLATION. Go forth my book into the open day; Happy, if made so by its garish eye. O'er earth's wide surface take thy vagrant way, To imitate thy master's genius try. The graces three, the Muses nine salute, Should those who love them try to con thy lore. The country, city seek, grand thrones to boot, With gentle courtesy humbly bow before. Should nobles gallant, soldiers frank and brave Seek thy acquaintance, haU their first advance : From twitch of care thy pleasant vein may save. May laughter cause or wisdom give perchance. Some surly Cato, Senator austere. Haply may wish to peep into thy book: Seem very nothing — tremble and revere : ^ No forceful eagles, butterflies e'er look. They love not thee : of them then little seek. And wish for readers triflers like thyself. Of ludeful matron watchful catch the beck, Or gorgeous countess full of pride and pelf. They may say "pish!" and frown, and yet read on: Cry odd, and silly, coarse, and yet amusing. Should dainty damsels seek thy page to con. Spread thy best stores: to them be ne'er refusing: Say, fair one, master loves thee dear as life ; Would he were here to gaze on thy sweet look. Should known or unknown student, free'd from strife Of logic and the schools, explore my book : Cry mercy critic, and thy book withhold : Be some few errors pardon'd though observ'd : An humble author to implore makes bold. Thy kind indulgence, even undeserv'd, ShoTild melancholy wight or pensive lover. Courtier, snug cit, or carpet knight so trim Our blossoms cull, he'll find himself in clover. Gain sense from precept, laughter from our whim. Should learned leech with solemn air unfold Thy leaves, beware, be civil, and be wise: Thy volume many precepts sage may hold. His well fraught head may find no trifling prize. Should crafty lawyer trespass on our ground. Caitiffs avaunt! disturbing tribe away! Unless (white crow) an honest one be found; He'll better, wiser go for w hat we say. Should some ripe scholar, gentle and benign. With candour, care, and judgment thee peruse: Thy faults to kind oblivion he'll consign ; Nor to thy merit will his praise refuse. XVIU DEMOCEITUS JUNIOR TO HIS BOOK. Thou may'st be searched for polish'd words and verse; By flippant spouter, emptiest of praters: Tell him to seek them in some mawkish verse : My periods all are rough as nutmeg graters. The doggrel poet, wishing thee to read, Reject not; let him glean thy jests and stories. His brother I, of lowly sembling breed : Apollo grants to few Parnassian glories. Menac'd by critic with sour furrowed brow, Momus or Troilus or Scotch reviewer: Ruffle your heckle, grin and growl and vow: Ill-natured foes you thus will find the fewer. When foul-mouth'd senseless railers cry thee down. Reply not ; fly, and show the rogues thy stern : They are not Avorthy even of a frown : Good taste or breeding they can never learn; Or let them clamour, tiu^n a callous ear, As though in dread of some harsh donkey's bray If chid by "censor, friendly though severe. To such explain and turn thee not away. Thy vein, says he perchance, is all too free; Thy smutty language suits not learned pen: Reply, Good Sir, throughout, the context see; Thought chastens thought; so prithee judge again. Besides, although my master's pen may wander Through devious paths, by which it ought not stray His life is pure, beyond the breath of slander : So pardon grant ; 'tis merely but his way. Some rugged ruffian makes a hideous rout — Brandish thy cudgel, threaten him to baste; The filthy fungus far from thee cast out; Such noxious banquets never suit my taste. Yet, calm and cautious moderate thy ire, Be ever courteous should the case allow— Sweet malt is ever made by gentle fire : Warm to thy friends, give all a civil bow. Even censure sometimes teaches to improve, Slight frosts have often cured too rank a crop, So, candid blame my spleen shall never move. For skilful gard'ners wayward branches lop. Go then, my book, and bear my words in mind ; Guides safe at once, and pleasant them you'll find. THE AEGUMENT OF THE FRONTISPIECE * Ten distinct Squares here seen apart, Are joined in one bj Cutter's art. I. Old Democritus under a tree. Sits on a stone with book on knee; About him hang there many features, Of Cats, Dogs and such like creatm^es, Of which he makes anatomy, The seat of black choler to see. Over his head appears the sky. And Saturn Lord of melancholy. To the left a landscape of Jealousy, Presents itself unto thine eye. A Itingfisher, a Swan, an Hern, Two fighting-cocks you may discern, Two roaring Bulls each other hie, To assault concerning venery. Symbols are these ; I say no more, Conceive the rest by that's afore. III. The next of solitariness, A Portraiture doth well express. By sleeping dog, cat: Buck and Doe, Hares, Conies in the desart go: Bats, Owls the shady bowers over, In melancholy darkness hover. Mark well : If t be not as't should be, Blame the bad Cutter, and not me. r th' under column there doth stand Inamorato with folded hand ; Down hangs his head, terse and polite. Some ditty sure he doth indite. His lute and books about him lie. As symptoms of his vanity. If this do not enough disclose. To paint him, take thyself by th' nose. Hypocondriaous leans on his arm, Wind in his side doth him much harm, And troubles him full sore, God knows, Much pain he hath and many woes. About him pots and glasses lie, Newly brought from's Apothecary. This Saturn's aspects signify. You see them portray'd in the sky. Beneath them kneeling on his knee, A Superstitious man you see : He fasts, prays, on his Idol fixt, Tormented hope and fear betwixt : For hell perhaps he takes more pain, Than thou dost heaven itself to gain. Alas poor soul, I pity thee, What stars incline thee so to be ? But see the madman rage downright With furious looks, a ghastly sight. Naked in chains bound doth he lie. And roars amain he knows not why! Observe him ; for as in a glass. Thine angry portraiture it was. His picture keeps still in thy presence ; 'Twixt lum and thee, there's no difference. VIII, IX. Borage and Hellehor fill two scenes. Sovereign plants to purge the veins Of melancholy, and cheer the heart, Of those black fumes which make it smart; To clear the brain of misty fogs. Which dull our senses, and Soul clogs. The best medicine that e'er God made For this malady, if well assay'd. Now last of all to fill a place. Presented is the Author's face; And in that habit which he wears, His image to the world appears. His mind no art can well express, That by his writings yoti may guess. It was not pride, nor yet vain glory, (Though others do it commonly,) Made him do this: if you must know. The Printer would needs have it so. Then do not frown or scoff at it. Deride not, or detract a whit. For surely as thou dost by him. He will do the same again. Then look upon't, behold and see. As thou Uke'st it, so it likes thee. And I for it will stand in view, Thine to command, Reader, adieu. * These verses refer to the Frontispiece, which is dividecl into ten compartments that are here severally explamed. The author's portrait, mentioned in the tenth stanza, is copied in page ix. THE AUTHOE'S AESTRACT OF MELANCHOLY, A,a\oyoj;. "When I go musing all alone, Thinking of divers things fore-known, When I build castles in the air, Void of sorrow and void of fear, Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, Methinks the time runs very fleet. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so s weet as melancholy. "When I lie waking all alone, Recounting what I have ill done, My thoughts on me then tyrannise, Pear and sorrow me surprise, "Whether I tarry still or go, Methinks the time moves very slow. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so sad as melancholy. "When to myself I act and smile. With pleasing thoughts the time beguile. By a brook side or w^ood so green. Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, A thousand pleasures do me bless. And crown my soul Avith happiness. All my joys"besides are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. "When I lie, sit, or walk alone, I sigh, I grieve, making great mone, In a dark grove, or irksome den, \ "With discontents and Furies then, \ A thousand miseries at once / Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce, All my griefs to this are joLiy, None so sour as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see. Sweet music, wondrous melody. Towns, palaces, and cities fine ; ) Here now, then there; the world is mine. Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, "Whate'er is lovely or divine. All other joys to this are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see Ghosts, goblins, fiends ; my fantasy Presents a thousand ugly shapes. Headless bears, black men, and apes. Doleful outcries, and fearful sights. My sad and dismal soul affrights. All my griefs to this are jolly. None so damn'd as melancholy. ! Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, Methinks I now embrace my mistress. blessed days, O sweet content, In Paradise my time is spent. Such thoughts may still my fancy move, So may I ever be in love. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy. "When I recount love's many frights, My sighs and tears, my waking nights. My jealous fits; O mine hard fate 1 now repent, but 'tis too late. No torment is so bad as love, So bitter to my soul can prove. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so harsh as melancholy. Friends and companions get you gone, 'Tis my desire to be alone; Ne'er well but when my thoughts and I Do domineer in privacy. No Gem, no treasure like to this, 'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy. 'Tis my sole plague to be alone, I am a beast, a monster grown, I will no light nor company, I find it now my misery. The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone. Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so fierce as melancholy. I'll not change life with any King, I ravisht am: can the world bring More joy, than still to laugh and smile. In pleasant toys time to beguile? Do not, O do not trouble me, So sweet content I feel and see. All my joys to this are folly. None so divine as melancholy. I'll change my state with any wretch. Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch; My pain's past cure, another hell, I may not in this torment dwell I Now desperate I hate my life. Lend me a halter or a knife ; All my griefs to this are jolly, Naught so damn'd as melancholy. PEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO THE EEA.DEII. GENTLE Reader, I presume tliou wilt be very inquisitive to know wtat antic or personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to the world's view, arrogating another man's name ; whence he is, why he doth it, and what he hath to say; although, as ""he said, Primum si noluero, non respondebo, quis coacfurus est ? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can compel me? If I be urged, I will as readily reply as that Egyptian in Tlutarch, when a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quum vides velatam, quid inquiris in rem absconditam? It was therefore covered, because he should not know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid ; if the contents please thee, " "and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the Author;" I would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfaction, which is more than I need, I will show a reason, both of this usurped name, title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus; lest any man, by reason of it, should be deceived, expecting a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo, exfortuitd atomorum coUisione, in an infinite waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived by Copernicus, Brunus, and some others. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary custom, as ^Gellius observes, " for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to get them- selves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers usually do, J^ovo qui marmori ascrihunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. e Non hie Centauros, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque I No Centraurs here, or Gorgons look to find, Invenies, hominem pagina nostra sapit. | My subject is of mau and human kind. Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. 'Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Wliate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago lihelli. I Joys, wand' rings, are the sum of my report. My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercurius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, ^Democritus Christianus, &c.; although there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, and some peculiar respect which I cannot so well express, until I have set down a brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. Democritus, as he is described by ^Hippocrates and 'Laertius, was a little wearish old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,"^ and much given to solitariness, a famous philosopher in his age, ^cocevus a Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudii Cposaris. ^ Lib. de Curiositato. c jjodo hasc tibi usui sint, quemvia auctorem fingito. Weaker. ^ Lib. 10, c. 12. Miilta a male feriatis in Democriti nomine commenta data, nobilitatis, auctoritatiague ejus perfngio utentibus. e Martialis, lib. 10. epigr. 14. *' Juv. sat. 1. e Auth. Pet. Besseo edit. ColoniiB, 1616. ^ Hip. Epist. Dameget. ' Laert. lib. 9. k Hortulo sibi cellulam seligens, ibique seipsum includens, visit solitarius. ' Floruit Olympiade 80? 700 annis post Ti-oiam. B 2 Democritus to the Reader. ■vritli Socrates, wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life : WT?ote many excellent works, a great divine, according to the divinity of those times, an e^-pert physician, a politician, an excellent mathematician, as "Dia- cosmus and the rest of his works do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, saith "" Columella, and often I find him cited by "Constan- tinus and others treating of that subject. He knew the natures, difierencesof all beasts, plants, fishes, birds; and, as some say, could ^understand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifariam doctus, a general scholar, a great student; and to the intent he might better contemplate, '^I find it related by some, that he put out his eyes, and was in his old age voluntarily blind, yet sav/ more than all Greece besides, and ""writ of every subject, Nihil in toto op'ficio naturcB, de quo non scripsit.^ A man of an excellent wit, profound conceit ; and to attain knowledge the better in his younger years he travelled to Egypt and *Athens, to confer with learned men, ""admired of some, despised of others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was sent for thither to be their law-maker. Recorder, or town-clerk as some will; or as others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking himself to his studies and a private life, "''saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^and laugh heartily at such variety of ridicnlous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. But in the mean time, how doth this concern me, or upon what reference do I usurp this habit? I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught I have yet said, were both impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any parallel, Antistat mihi millihus irecentis, ^parvus sum, nullus sum, altum neo sjnro, nee spero. Yet thus much I will say of myself, and that I hope with- out all suspicion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life, inlhi et musis in the University, as long almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senectamfere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been brought up a student in the most flourishing college of Europe, '^augustissimo collegio, and can brag with ^Jovius, almost, in ed luce domicilii Vacicani, totius orhis celeherrimi, per 37 ajinos multa opportunaqiie didici;'" for thirty years I have continued (having the use of as good ""libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be therefore loth, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonourable to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my profession a divine, yet turbine raptus ingenii, as ^he said, out of a running v»dt, an unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able to attain to a superficial skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omni- bus, nullus in singulis'', which "^Plato commends, out of him ^Lipsius approves and furthers, "' as fit to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell together in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium, to have an oar in every man's boat, to ^ taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, saith ^Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman Adrian Turaebus. This roving humour ( m Diacos. quod cnnctis operibus facile excellit. Laevt. " Col. lib. 1. c. I. » Const. lib. de agric. passim. P Volucrum voces et linguas intelligere se dicit Abderitans Ep. Hip. Jovius Praef. Hist. 'Erasmus. ^ otium otio dolorem dolore sum solatus. f Observat. 1. 1. s M. Joh. Ecus, our Protobib. Oxon. M. Hopper, M. Guthridge, ike. ^ Quse illi audire et legere solent, eorum partim vidi egomet, alia gessi, quas illi Uteris, ego militando didici, nunc vos ^existimate facta an dicta pluris sint. •Dido Virg. "Taught by that Power that pities me, I learn to pity them." ^ Camden, Ipsa elephan- tiasi correpta elephantiasis hospicium construxit. i Iliada post Homerum. •6 DemocTitus to the Header. what purpose? """ISTotliing is omitted that may well be said," so thought Lucian in the like theme. How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of this subject ? JSTo news here j that which I have is stolen from others, "^Dicitque mild mea pagina, fur es. If that severe doom of ° Synesius be true, " it is a greater offence to steal dead men's labours, tlian their clothes," what shall become of most writers ? I hold up my hand at the bar among others, and am guilty of felony in this kind, habes confiteiitem reum, I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis most true, tenet insana.hile muUos scribendi cacoethes, and "^ there is no end of writing of books," as the Wise-man found of old, in this ''scribbling age, especially wherein '""the number of books' is without number, (as a worthy man saith,) presses be oppressed," and out of an itching humour that every man hath to show himself, ^desirous of fame and honour {scribimus indocti doctique ), he will write no matter what, and scrape together it boots not whence. "* Bewitched with this desire of fame, etiarn mediis in morbis, to the dis- paragement of their health, and scarce able to hold a pen, they must say something, " "and get themselves a name," saith Scaligcr, " though it be to the downfall and ruin of many others." To be counted writers, scrip fores ut salutentur, to be thought and held Polumathes and Polyhistors, apud imperitwni vulgus ob ventosce nomen artis, to get a paper-kingdom : nulla spe qucestus sed ampldfamcB, in this precipitate, ambitious age, nunc ut est sceculum, inter imma- turam eruditionem. ambitioswiii et prceceps ('tis ^ Scaliger's censure) ; and they that are scarce auditors, mx auditor es, must be masters and teachers, before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning, togatam armatam^ divine, human authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as our merchants do strange havens for traffic, write great tomes. Cum non sint re vera doctiores, sed loquaciores, whereas they are not thereby better scholars, but greater praters. They commonly pretend j)ublic good, but as *Gesner observes, 'tis pride and vauity that eggs them on ; no news or aught worthy of note, but the same in other terms. Ne feriarentur fortasse typographic vel ideo scribendum est aliquid ut se vixisse testentu/r. As apothecaries we make A new mixtures every day, pour out of one vessel into another ; and as those old j [Romans robbed all the cities of the world, to set out their bad-sited Kome, we ■ skim off the cream of other men's wits, pick the choice flowers of their tilled gardens to set out our own sterile plots. Castrant alios ut libros suos per se graciles alieno adipe suffarciant (so * Jovius inveighs). They lard their lean books with the fat of others' works. Ineruditi fares, &c. A fault that every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves, ^ ^'Vmm litera/i^m homines, all thieves ; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up their new comments, scrape Ennius dung-hills, and out of ""Democritus' pit, as I have done. By v/hich means it comes to pass, ""^that not only libraries and shops are full of our putid papers, but every close-stool and jakes, Scribunt carmina quce legunt cacantes ; they serve to put under pies, to ®lap spice in, and keep roast-meat from burning. "With us in France," saith ^Scaliger, "every man hath liberty to write, but few ability. ^ Heretofore learning was gTaced by judicious scholars, but now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scribblers," that either write for vain-glory, need, to get money, or as parasites to flatter and collogue with some great men, they put out ^ burras, quisquiliasque inep- m Nihil prEetermisstim quod a quovis did possit. " Martialis. « Magis itnpium mortuoriim lucu- brationes, quam vestes furari. p Eccl. ult. i Libros Eunuchi gignunt, steriles pariunt. r D. King praefat. lect. Jonas, the late right reverend Lord B. of London. » Homines famelici gloria ad osteata- tionem eruditionis undique congerunt. Buchananus. ' Etfacinati etiam laudis amore, &c. Justus Baro- nius. " Ex minis aUenaj existimationis sibi gradum ad faraam struunt. ^ Exercit. 288. » Omnes sibi famam qussrunt et quovis modo in orbera spargi contendunt, utnov^alicujusrei habeantur auctores. Prsef. biblioth. * Pragfat. hist. ^ piautus. <= E Democriti puteo. '^ Non tam refertas bibliothecae quam cloacas. « Et quicquid cartis amicitur ineptis. ' Epist. ad Petas. in regno Franciae omnibus scribendi datur libertas, paucis facultas, s Olim literee ob homines in precio, nunc sordent ob homines. ^ Ans. pac. Democritus to ilce Recidcr. 7 tiasque. * Amongst so many tliousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom you shall be any whit better, but rather much worse, quibus ir.fi'Atur potiics quam perjicitury by which he is rather infected than any way penccted. ^ Qui talialesit, Quid didicit tandem, quid scit nisi somnia, nugas? So that oflentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a great book is a great mischief. ^Cardan finds fault with Frenchmen and Gennans, for their scribbling to no purpose, non inqidt ah edendo deterreo, modo novum cdiquid inveniant, he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own ; but we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again ; or if it be a new invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to read, and who so cannot invent] """He must have a baiTen \At, that in this scribbling age can forge nothing. ° Princes show their armies, rich men vaunt their buildings, soldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toys j" they must read, they must hear wliether they will or no. o Et qnodcunqne semel charHs illeverit, oranes Gestiet a farno redeuntes scire lacuque, Et pueros et anus What or.ee is said and writ, all men mnst know, Old wives and children as they come and go. " What a company of poets hath this year brought out," as Pliny complains to Sossius Sinesius. "PThis April every day some or other have recited.'* What a catalogue of new books all this year, all this age (I siiy), have our Frankfort Marts, our domestic Marts brought out ? Twice a 3'ear, " ^Pro- ferunt se nova ingenia et ostentant, we stretch our wits out, and set them to sale, onagno conatic nihil agimiis. So that which ^Gesner much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some Prince's Edicts and grave Super- visors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infinitum. Quis tarn avidus librarum Iielluo, who can read them ? As already, we shall have a vast Chaos and confusion of books, we "are ''oppressed with them, ^our eyes ache with reading, our fingers wdth turning. For my part I am one of the number nos numerus sumus, (we are mere ciphers) : I do not deny it, I have only this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omne meum, nihil meum, 'tis all mine, and none mine. As a good housewife out of divers fleeces weaves one piece of cloth, a bee gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of ^11, Floriferis ut aj^es in scdtihus omnia lihant, I have laboriously ^collected this Cento out of divers writei's, and that sine injuria, I have A\T:onged no authors, but given every man his own ; which ^Hieromsomuchcommendsin]SJ"epotianj he stole not v/hole verses, pages, tracts, as some do now-a-days, concealing their author's names, but still said this was Cyprian's, that Lactantius, that Hillarius, so said Minutius Felix, so Yictorinus, thus far Arnobius : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever some illiterate scribblers account pedantical, as a cloak of ignorance, and opposite to their affected fine style, T must and will use) sumjpsi, non surripui ; and what Yarro, lib. 6, de re rust, speaks of bees, minime maleficce nidlius opus vellicantes faciunt deterius, I can say of myself, Whom have I injured ?. The matter is theirs most part, and yet mine, aj^jxtrct unde sumi^tum sit (which Seneca approves), aliud tamen quam unde sumptum sit apparet, which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies incorporate, digest, ' Inter tot mille volumina ris unus a cuius Icctione quis melior evadat, immo potius non pejor. ^ Palingenius. "What does any one, who reads such works, learn or know but dreams and ti'ifling things, i Lib. 5. de Sap. •» Sterile oportet esse ingenium quod in hoc scripturientum pruritus, itc. " Cardan, prajf. ad Consol. o Hor. lib. 1, sat. 4. p Epist. lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit, mense Aprili nullus fere dies quo non aliquis recitavit. » Idem. t. Principibus et doctoribus deliberandum relinquo, ut arguantur auctorum furta et millies repetita tollanhir, et temere scribendi libido coerceatur, aliter in infinitum progressura. <= Onerabuntur ingenia, nemo legendis sufiicit. ^ Libris obruimur, oculi legendo, manus volitando dolent. Fam. Strada Momo. Lucretius. ^ Quicquid ubique bene dictum facio meum, et illud nunc meis ad compendium, nunc ad fidem et auctoriiatem alienis exprimo verbis, omnes auctores meos clientes esse arbitror, etc. Sarisburiensis ad Polycrat. prol. '' In Epitaph. Xep. illud Cyp. hoc Lact. illud Hilar, est, ita Yictorinus, in hunc moduai loquutus est Arnobius, &c. 8 Democritus to the Reader. assimilate, I do concoquere quod haiisi, dispose of what I take. I make tliem pay tribute, to set out tliis my Maceronicon, the method only is mine own, I must usurp that of ^ Wecker e Ter. nihil dictum quod non dictum prius, 'niethodus sola artijicem ostendit, we can say nothing but what hath been said, the composition and method is ours only, and shows a scholar. Oribasius, -^sius, Avicenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, diverso stilo^ non diversdjide. Our poets steal from Homer; he spews, saith ^lian, they lick it up. Divines use Austin's words verhatim still, and our story-dressers, do as much ; he that comes last is commonly best. donee quid grandius setas Postera sorsque ferat melior ^^ Though there were many giants of old in Physic and Philosophy, yet I say with 'Didacus Stella, "A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself;" I may likely add, alter, and see farther than my predecessors ; and it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for ^lianus Montaltus, that famous physician, to write de morhis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Heurnius, Hildesheim, &c., many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rhetorician, after another. Oppose then what thou wilt, Allatres licet usque nos et usque, Et Gannitibus improbis lacessas. I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, "Doric dialecf-, extemporanean style, tautologies, apish imitation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from several dung-hills, excrements of authors, toys and fopperies confusedly tumbled out, without art, invention, judgment, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, fantastical, absurd, insolent, indiscreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull, and dry; I confess all ('tis partly affected), thou canst not think worse of me than I do of myself 'Tis not worth the reading, I yield it, I desire thee not to lose time in perusing so vain a subject, I should be perad venture loth myself to read him or thee so writing; 'tis not oijerce pretium. All I say is this, that I have ''precedents for it, which Isocrates cdWs,, perfugium iis qui peccant, others as absurd, vain, idle, illiterate, &c. Nonnidli alii idemfecerwit; others have done as much, it may be more, and perhaps thou thyself, Novimus et qui te, &c. We have all our faults ; scimus, et hanc veniam, &c, ; ^'thou censurest me, so have I done others, and may do thee, Cedimus inque mcem, &c,, 'tis lex talionis, quid pro quo. Go now, censure, criticise, scoff* and rail. ^ Nasutus sis usque licet, sis denique nasus : I Wert thou all scoffs and flouts, a very Momua, Non potes in nugas dicere plura meas, Than we ourselves, thou canst not say worse of us. Ipse ego quam dixi, &c. | Thus, as when women scold, have I cried whore first, and in some men*s censures I am afraid I have overshot myself, Laudare se vani, vituperare stulti, as I do not arrogate, I will not derogate. Primusjpestrum non sum, nee imuSj I am none of the best, I am none of the meanest of you. As I am an inch, or so many feet, so many parasangs, after him or him, I may be peradventure an ace before thee. Be it therefore as it is, well or ill, I have essayed, put myself upon the stage ; I must abide the censure, I may not escape it. It is mos't true, stylus virum arguit, our style bewrays us, and as ® hunters find their game by the trace, so is a man's genius descried by his works, Multb melius ex sermone quam liiieamentis, de morihus hominum judicamus ; it was old Cato's rule. I have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, turned mine inside 6 Prsef. ad Syntax, med. *• Until a later age and a happier lot produce something more truly grand. * In Luc. 10. torn. 2. Pigmei Gigantura humeris impositi plusquam ipsi Gigantes vident. » Nee aranearum textus ideo meli&r quia ex se fila gignuntur, nee noster ideo vilior, quia ex alienis libamus ut apes. Lipsius adversus dialogist. ^ Uno ahsurdo dato mille sequuntur. « Non duhito multos lectores hie fore stultos. ** Martial, 13, 2. e Ut venatores feiam e vestigio impresso, virum scripti- uncula. Lips. Democritus to the Reader. 9 outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not; for, to say truth with Erasmus, nihil morosius hominiim judiciis, there is naught so peevish as men's judg- ments; yet this is some comfort, ut palata, sic judicia, our censures are as various as our palates. f Tres mihi convivse prope disseaitlre videntur, I Three gtiests 1 have, dissenting at ray feast, Poscentes vario multum diversa palato, &c. Eequiring each to gratify his taste I With different food. Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests, our books like beauty, that which one admires another rejects; so are we approved as men's fancies are inclined. Pro captu lectoris hahent sua fata libelli. That which is most pleasing to one is ainaracum sui, most harsh to another. Quot homines, tot sententice, so many men, so many minds : that which thou condemnest he commends. ^ Quodpetis, id sane est invisum acidwnque duobus. He respects matter, thou art wholly for words ; he loves a loose and free style, thuu art all for neat composition, strong lines, hyperboles, allegories; he desires a fine frontispiece, enticing pictures, such as *Hieron. Natali the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the reader's attention, which thou rejectest; that which one admires, another explodes as most absurd and ridiculous. If it be not pointblank to his humour, his method, his conceit, ^si quidforsan omissuin, quod is animo conceperit, si quae dictio, &c. If aught be omitted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipium pauccE lectionis, an idiot, an ass, nullus es, or plagiarius, a trifler, a trivant, thou art an idle fellow ; or else it is a thing of mere industr}^, a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. * Facilia sic piitant omnes quce jam facta, nee de salehris cogitant uhi via strata ; so men are valued, their labours vilified by fellows of no worth them- selves, as things of nought, who could not have done so much. Unusquisqus ahitndat sensu suo, every man abounds in his own sense ; and whilst each particular party is so affected, how should one please all? ^ Quid dera ? quid non dem ? Renuis tu quod jubet ille. What courses must I chuse ? What not ? What both would order you refuse. How shall I hope to express myself to each man's humour and ^ conceit, or to give satisfaction to all? Some understand too little, some too much, qui simi- liter in legendos libros, atque in saluia^idos homines irruunt, non cogitantes quotes, sedquihus vestibus induti sint, as ^Austin observes, not regarding what, but who write, ""orexin habet auctoris celebriias, not valuing the metal, but stamp that is upon it, Cantharum acpiciunt, non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though never so well qualified, he is a dunce ; but, as ^Baronius hath it of Cardinal Caraffa's works, he is a mere hog that rejects any man for liis poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween, others come with a prejudice to carp, vilify, detract, and scoff; (qui de meforsan, quicquid est, omni contemptu contemptius judicant) some as bees for honey, some as spiders to gather poison. What shall I do in this case? As a Dutch host, if you come to an inn in Germany, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, &c., replies in a surly tone, " ° aliud tibi quceras diversorium,'" if you like not this, get you to another inn : I resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem thy censure, take thy course, it is not as thou wilt, nor as I will, but when we have both done, that of ppiinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, "Every man's witty labour takes not, except the matter, subject, occa- sion, and some commending favourite happen to it." If I be taxed, exploded 'Hor. eHor. * Antwerp, fol. 1607. ^Muretus. 'Lipsius. ^Hor. » Fieri non potest, ut quod quisque cogitat, dicat unus. Muretus. »Lit). 1. de ord., cap. 11. "Erasmus. * Annal. Tom. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui sacerdotem ex amplitudine redituum sordide demetitur. <> Erasm. dial. p Epist. lib. 6. Cujusque ingenium nou statim emergit, nisi materise fautor, occasio, commendatorque contingai;. 10 Democrltus to the Reader. by thee and some such, I shall haply be approved and commended by others, and so have been {Expertus loquor), and may truly say with "^ Jovius in like case, {ahsit verbo jactantia) heroum quorundam, pontificum, et virorum nohilium familiaritatem et mnicitiam, gratasque. gi^atias, et multorum ' bene laudatoTum laudes sum inde promeritus, as I have been honoured by some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first publishing of this book, (which * Probus of Persius' satires), editum librum continub mirari homines, atque avide deripere cceperunt, I may in some sort apply to this my work. The first, second, and third editions were suddenly gone, eagerly read, and, as I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejected by others. But it was Bemocritus his fortune, Idem admi- rationi et *irridoni habitus. 'Twas Seneca's fate, that superintendent of wit, learning, judgment, *rotrita, dicaces et ineptce se^itentice, eruditio plebeia, an homely shallow writer as he is. In jyccrtibus spinas etfastidia habet, saith t Lipsius j and, as in all his other works, so especially in his epistles, alim in argiitiis et ineptiis occupantur, intricatus alicubi, et parum compositus, sine copia rerum hoc fecit, he jumbles up many things together immethodically, after the Stoics' fashion, paruim ordinavit, midta accumulavit, &c. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous men that I could name, what shall I expect? How shall I that am vix umbra tanti 2^hilosophi, hope to please ? " No man so absolute (^Erasmus holds) to satisfy all, except antiquity, prescription, &c., set a bar," But as I have proved in Seneca, this will not always take place, how shall I evade? 'Tis the common doom of all writers, I must (I say) abide it; I seek not applause; '^N on ego ventosce venor suffragia plebis ; again, nan sum adeo informis, I would not be *^ vilified. y ''latidatus abuncle, Non fastiditus si tibi, lector, cro, I fear good men's censures, and to their favourable acceptance I submit my labours, ' et linguas mancipiorum Contemno. As the barking of a dog, I securely contemn those malicious and scurrile obloquies, flouts, calumnies of railers and detractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore I have said, pro tenuitate mea, I have said. One or two things yet I was desirous to have amended if I could, concerning the manner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologise, deprecari, and upon better advice give the friendly reader notice : it was not mine intent to prostitute my muse in English, or to divulge secreta Minervce, but to have exposed this more contract in Latin, if I could have got it printed. Any scurrile pamphlet is welcome to our mercenary stationers in English ; they print all, .^ cuduntqne libellos In quorum foliis vix simia nuda cacaret ; q Prasf . hist, ^ Laudari a laudato laus est. ^ vit. Persii, * Minuit praesentia famaro, t Lipsius Judic. de Seneca. " Lib. 10. Plurimum studii, multam rerum cognitionem, omnem studiorura materiam, &c., multa in eo probanda, multa admiranda. ^ Suet. Arena sine calce. f Introduct. ad Sen. y Judic. de Sen. Vix aliquis tarn absolutus, ut alteri per omnia saiisfaciat, nisi longa temporis prajscriptio, semota judicandi libertate, religione quadam animos occuparit. ^Har. Lp. 1. lib. 19. a^que turpe fi-igide laudari ac insfctanter vituperari, Pliavorinus A, Gel. lib. 19, cap. 2, ^Ovid. tri::;t, 11, ele^. 6. ^ juven. sat. 5. DemocrUus to the Reader. 11 But in Latin tliey will not deal; wliich is one of the reasons *I^icliolas Car, in his oration of the paucity of English writers, gives, that so many flourishing wits are smothered in oblivion, lie dead and buried in this our nation. Another main fault is, that I have not revised the copy, and amended the style, which now flows remissly, as it was first conceived ; but my leisure would not permit ; Fed nee quod potui, nee quod volui, I confess it is neither as I would, nor as it should be. e Cum relego scripsisse pudet, quia plurima cevno I Wlien I peruse this ti'aet v.-hich I hare writ, Me quoque qu£e fueraut judice digna lini. | I am abash" d, and much I hold unfit. Et quod gravissimum, in the matter itself, many things I disallow at this present, which when I writ, ^JSfon eadem est cetas, non mens; I would willingly retract much, &c., but 'tis too late, I can only crave pardon now for what is amiss. I might indeed, (had I wisely done) observed that precept of the poet, nonumque prematur in annum, and have taken more care : or, as Alexander the physician would have done by lapis lazuli, fifty times washed before it be used I should have revised, corrected and amended this tract ; but I had not (as I said) that happy leisure, no amanuenses or assistants. Pancrates in ^Lucian, wanting a servant as he went from Memphis to Coptus in Egypt, took a door bar, and after some superstitious words pronounced (Eucrates the relator was then present) made it stand up like a serving-man, fetch him water, turn the spit, serve in supper, and what work he would besides; and when he had done that service he desired, turned his man to a stick again. I have no such skill to make new men at my pleasure, or means to hire them ; no whistle to call like the master of a ship, and bid them run, &c. I have no such authority, no such benefactors, as that noble '"'Ambrosius was to Origen, allowing him six or seven amanuenses to write out his dictates; I must for that cause do my business myself, and was therefore enforced, as a bear doth her whelps, to bring forth this confused lump ; I had not time to lick it into form, as she doth her young ones, but even so to publish it, as it was first written quicquid in buccam venit, in an extemporean style, as ''I do commonly iall other exercises, effudi quicquid dictavit genius meus, out of a confused company of notes, and writ with as small deliberation as I do ordinarily speak, without all affectation of big words, fustian phrases, jingling terms, tropes, strong lines, that Kke tAcesta's arrows caught fire as they flew, strains of wit, brave heats, elogies, hyperbolical exornations, elegancies, &c., which mauy so much affect. I am 'aquce iMor, drink no wine at all, which so much improves our modern wits, a loose, plain, rude \f£itQv, ficum vocoficum, et ligonem ligo- nem, and as free, as loose, idem calamo quod in mente, i call a spade a spade, animis hcec scribo, non auribus, I respect matter not words; remembering that of Cardan, verba propter res, non res 2^Topter verba : and seeking with Seneca, quid scribam, non quemadmodum, rather lohat than hoio to write : for as Philo thinks, " ^He that is conversant about matter, neglects words, and those that excel in this art of speaking, have no profound learning, m Verba nitent phaleris, at nullas verba medullas Intas habeut Besides, it was the observation of that wise Seneca, ""when you see a fellow cai-eful about his words, and neat in his speech, know this for a certainty that * Ant artis inscii aut quEBstui magis quam Uteris student, hab. Cantab, et Lond. Excus. 167S. e Qvld. de pont. Eleg. 1. 6. ^Hor. t'Toni. 3. Philopseud. accepto pessulo, quum carmen quoddam dixisset, effecit ut ambularet, aquam hauriret, urnam pararet, &c. * Eusebius, eccles. hist. lib. 6. ^ Stans pede in uno, as he made verses. 'j' Vli'g'. ^ Xon eadem a summo expectes, minimoque poeta. i^ Stylus hie nuUus, pra;ter parrhesiam. i Qui rebus se exercet, verba negligit, et qui callet artem dicendi, nuUam disciplinam habet recognitam. >"Palin genius. Words may be resplendent Avith ornament, but they contain no man-ow within. ".Cujuscunque orationem vides politam et sollicitam, scito animum in pusillis occupatum, in scriptis nil solidum. Epist. lib. J . 21. 12 Democritus to the Reader, man's mind is 'busied about toys, there's no solidity in him. JSfon est orna- Qnentum virile concinnitas : as he said of a nightingale, vox es, prceterea nihil, &c. I am therefore in this point a professed disciple of "i^.poUonius a scholar of Socrates, I neglect phrases, and labour wholly to inform my reader's under- standing, not to please his ear; 'tis not my study or intent to compose neatly, which an orator requires, but to express myself readily and plainly as it happens. So that as a river runs sometimes precipitate and swift, then dull and slow; now direct, then per ambages; now deep, then shallow; now muddy, then clear; now broad, then narrow; doth my style flow: now serious, then light; now comical, then satirical; now more elaborate, then remiss, as the present subject required, or as at that time I was affected. And if thou vouchsafe to read this treatise, it shall seem no otherwise to thee, than the way to an ordinary traveller, sometimes fair, sometimes foul ; here champaign, there inclosed ; barren in one place, better soil in another : by woods, groves, hills, dales, plains, &c. I shall lead thee per ardua tnontium, et lubrica vallimn, et roscida cespitum, et ^'glehosa camporum, through variety of objects that which thou shalb like and surely dislike. For the matter itself or method, if it be faulty, consider I pray you that of Columella, JVi/iil perfectum, aut a singulari consummatu^n industrid, no man can observe all, much is defective no doubt, may be justly taxed, altered, and avoided in Galen, Aristotle, those great masters. Boni venatoris (^ one holds) plures feras capere, non omnes; he is a good huntsman, can catch some, not all ; I have done my endeavour. Besides, I dwell not in this study, Non hie sidcos ducimus, non hoc pulvere desudamus, I am but a smatterer, I confess, a stranger, ''here and there I pull a flower; I do easily grant, if a rigid censurer should criticise on this which I have writ, he should not find three sole faults, as Scaliger in Terence, but three hundred. So many as he hath done in Cardan's subtleties, as many notable errors as ''Gul. Laurembergius, a late professor of Kostocke, discovers in that anatomy of Laurentius, or Barocius the Venetian in Sacro hoscus. And although this be a sixth edition, in which I should have been more accurate, corrected all those former escapes, yet it was magni laboris opus, so difficult and tedious, that as carpenters do find out of experience, 'tis much better build a new sometimes, than repair an old house; I could as soon write as much more, as alter that which is written. If aught therefore be amiss (as I grant there is), I require a friendly admonition, no bitter invective, ^Sint musis socii Charites, Furia omnis abesto, otherwise, as in ordinary controversies, funem contentionis nectamus, sed cui bono 1 We may contend, and likely misuse each other, but to what purpose? We are both scholars, say, : Arcades ambo, I Both young Arcadians, both alike inspir'd Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. | To sing and answer as the song requir'd. If we do wrangle, what shall we get by it? Trouble and wrong ourselves, make sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, I will amend. Si quid bonis moribus, si quid veritati dissentaneum, in sacris vel humanis Uteris a me dictum sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favour- able censure of all faults omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasms of words, tautological repetitions (though Seneca bear me out, nunquam nimis dicitur, quod nunquam satis dicitur) perturbations of tenses, numbers, printers' faults, &c. My translations are sometimes rather paraphrases than interpretations, no7i ad verbum, but as an author, I use more liberty, and that's only taken which was to my purpose. Quotations are often inserted in the text, which o Philostratus, lib. 8. vit. Apol. Negligebat oratoriam facultatem, et penitus aspemabatur ejus profes- sores, quod linguam duntaxat, non autem mentem redderent eruditiorem. * Hie enim, quod Seneca de Ponto, bos herbam, clconia larisam, canis leporem, virgo florem legat. p Pet. Nannius not. in Hor. q Non hie colonus domicilium habeo, sed topiarii in morem, hinc inde florem vellico, ut canis Niluiu lambens. r Supra bis mille notables enorea Laurentii demonstravi, &c. » Philo de Con. » Virg. Democritus to tJie Reader. 13 makes tlie style more harsh, or in the margin as it happened. Greek authors, • Plato, Plutarch, Athenseus, &c., I have cited out of their interpreters, because the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra prophanis, but I hope not prophaned, and in repetition of authors' names, ranked them per accidens^ not according to chronology ; sometimes Neotericks before Ancients, as my memory suggested. Some things are here altered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much added, because many good *author3 in all kinds are come to my hands since, and 'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum, or oversight. ' Nunquam ita quicqnam bene siibducta ratione ad yitam fuit, Quin res, setas, usus, semper aliquid apportent novi, Aliquid moneant, ut ilia quae scire te credas, nescias, Et quaa tibi pixtaris prima, in exercendo ut repudias. Ne'er was aught yet at first contrived so fit, But use, age, or something would alter it; Advise thee better, and, upon peruse, Make thee not say, and what thou takest refuse. But I am now resolved never to put this treatise out again, iVe quid nimis, I will not hereafter add, alter, or retract ; I have done. The last and greatest exception is, that I, being a divine, have meddled with physic, y Tantumne est ab re tua otii tibi, Aliena ut cures, eaque nihil quae ad te attinent ? "Which Menedemus objected to Chremes; have I so much leisure, or little business of mine own, as to look after other men's matters which concern me not? What have I to do with physic? Quod medicorum est promittant medici. The "■' Lacedemonians were once in counsel about state matters, a debauched fellow spake excellent well, and to the purpose, his speech was generally approved : a grave senator steps up, and by all means would have it repealed, though good, because dehonestabatur pessimo auctore, ifc had no better an author; let some good man relate the same, and then it should pass. This counsel was embraced, factum est, and it was registered forthwith. Et sic bona sententia mansit, malus auctor mutatus est. Thou sayest as much of me, sto- machosus as thou art, and grantest, peradventure, this which I have written in physic, not to be amiss, had another done it, a professed physician, or so ; but why should I meddle with this tract? Hear me speak. There be many other subjects, I do easily grant, both in humanity and divinity, fit to be treated of, of which had I written ad ostentationem only, to show myself, I should have rather chosen, and in which I have been more conversant, I could have more willingly luxuriated, and better satisfied myself and others; but that at this time I was fatally driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by-stream, which, as a rillet, is deducted from the main channel of my studies, in which I have pleased and busied myself at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and commodious. Not that I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity I saw no such great need. For had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many commen- tators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teams of oxen cannot draw them ; and had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might have haply printed a sermon at Paul's Cross, a sermon in St. Marie's Oxon, a sermon in Christ-Church, or a sermon before the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon before the right worshipful, a sermon in Latin, in English, a sermon with a name, a sermon without, a sermon, a sermon, &c. But I have been ever as desirous to suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs. To have written in controversy had been to cut off an hydra's head, ^lis litem generat, one begets another, so * Frambesarius, Sennertus, Ferandus, &c. ^Ter. Adelph. y Heaut. Act. 1. seen. 1. ' Gellius, lib. 18, cap. 3. "»£t inde catena qusedara fit, quje hceredes etiam ligat. Cardan. Hensius. 14 Democrltus to the Reader. many duplications, triplications, and swarms of questions. In sacro hello hoc quod stili mucrone agitur, that having once begun, I should never make an end. One had much better, as ''Alexander^ the sixth pope, long since observed, provoke a great prince than a begging friar, a Jesuit, or a seminary priest, I will add, for inexpugnahile genus hoc hominum, they are an irrefragable society, they must and will have the last word j and that with such eagerness, impu- dence, abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that as he ^'said, furorne ccecus, an rapit vis acrior, an culpa^ responsum date ? Blind fury, or error, or rashness, or what it is that eggs them, I know not, I am sure many times, which "^ Austin perceived long since, tempestate contentionis serenitas charitatis ohnuhilatur, with this tempest of contention, the serenity of charity is overclouded, and there be too many spirits conjured up already in this kind in all sciences, and more than we can tell how to lay, which do so furiously rage, and keep such a racket, that as *'Fabius said, " It had been much better for some of them to have been born dumb, and altogether illiterate, than so far to dote to their own destruction." At melius fuerat non scribere, namque tacere * Tutum semper erit, 'Tis a general fault, so Severinus the Dane complains ^in physic, " unhappy men as we are, we spend our days in unprofitable questions and disputations," intricate subtleties, de land caprina, about moonshine in the water, " leaving in the meantime those chiefest treasures of nature untouched, wherein the best medicines for all manner of diseases are to be found, and do not only neglect them ourselves, but hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are willing to inquire after them." These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal subject. If any physician in the mean time shall infer, Ne sutor ultra crepidam, and find himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do not otherwise by them, than they do by us. If it be for their advantage, I know many of their sect which have taken orders, in hope of a benefice, 'tis a common transition, and why may not a melancholy divine, that can get nothing but by simony, profess physic? Drusianus an Italian (Cru- sianus, but corruptly, Trithemius calls him) " ^because he was not fortunate in his practice, forsook his profession, and writ afterwards in divinity." Marciiius Ficinus was semel et simul; a priest and a physician at once, and ^T. Linacer in his old age took orders. The Jesuits profess both at this time, divers of them permissu superiorum, chirurgeons, panders, bawds, and midwives, &c. Many poor country-vicars, for want of other means, are driven to their shifts; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, and if our greedy patrons hold ns to such hard conditions, as commonly they do, they will make most of us work at some trade, as Paul did, at last turn taskers, maltsters, costermongers, graziers, sell ale as some have done, or worse. Howsoever in undertaking this task, I hope I shall commit no great error or indecorum, if all be considered aright, I can vindicate myself with Georgius, Braunus, and Hieronymus Hemingius, those two learned divines; who (to borrow a line or two of mine 'elder brother) drawn by a "natural love, the one of pictures and maps, prospectives and corographical delights, writ that ample theatre of cities; the other to the study of genealogies, penned theatrum ''Malle se bellum cum magno principe gerere, quam cum ttno ex fratrum mendicantium ordine. eHor. epod.lib. od. 7. ^ Epist. 86, ad Casulam presb. e Lib. 12. cap. 1. Mutos nasci, et omni scientia CA'ere satius fuisset, quam sic in propriam perniciem insanire. * But it -would be better not to write, for silence is the safer course. f Infelix mortalitas inutilibus quiBstionibus ac disceptationibus vitara traduci- mus, naturge principes thesauros, in quibus gravissimas morborum medicinse collocatae sunt, interim intactos relinquimus. Nee ipsi solum relinquimus, sed^ et alios prohibemus, impedimus, condemnamus, ludi- briisque afficimus. g Quod in praxi minime fortunatus esset, medicinam reliquit, et ordinibus initiatus in Theologia postmodum scripsit. Gesner Bibliotheca. ^p. jovius. 'M. W. Burton, preiaco to his description of Leicestershire, printed at London by W. Jaggavd, for J. White, 1622. - - Democritus to the Reader . 15 genealogicumy Or else I can excuse my studies with ^Lessius tlie Jesuit in like case. It is a disease of the soul on which I am to treat, and as much appertaining to a divine as to a physician, and who knows not what an agree- ment there is betwixt these two jDrofessions ? A good divine either is or ought to be a good physician, a spiritual physician at least, as our Saviour calls himself, and was indeed. Mat. iv. 23; Luke, v. 18; Luke, vii. 8. They differ but in object, the one of the body, the other of the soul, and use divers medicines to cure: one amends animmn per corpus, the other corpus per animam, as ^ our Regius Professor of physic well informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. One helps the vices and passions of the soul, anger, lust, desperation, pride, presumption, &c., by applying that spiritual physic ; as the other uses proper remedies in bodily diseases. Now this being a common infirmity of body and soul, and such a one that hath as much need of spiritual as a corporal cure, I could not find a fitter task to busy myself about, a more apposite theme, so necessary, so commodious, and generally concerning all sorts of men, that should so equally participate of both, and require a whole physician. A divine in this compound mixed malady can do little alone, a physician in some kinds of melancholy much less, both make an absolute ciu^e. «" Alterius sic altera poscit opem. -when in fi-ienclship join'd A mutual succour in eacli other find. And 'tis proper to them both, and I hope not unbeseeming me, who am by my profession a divine, and by mine inclination a physician. I had Jupiter in my sixth house; I say with ""Beroaldus, nan sum medicus, nee Qnedicince prorsus expers, in the theory of physic I have taken some pains, not v/ith an intent to practice, but to satisfy myself, which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. If these reasons do not satisfy thee, good reader, as Alexander Munificus that bountiful prelate, sometimes bishop of Lincoln, v/hen he had bidlt six castles, ad invidiam operis eluendam, saith °Mr. Cambden, to take away the envy of his work (which very words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who in king Stephen's time built Shirburn castle, and that of Devizes), to divert the scandal or imputation, which might be thence inferred, built so many religious houses. If this my discourse be over- medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise thee that I will here- after make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this I hope shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the matter of this my subject, rem suhstratam, melancholy, madness, and of the reasons following, which were my chief motives : the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and the commodity or common good that will arise to all men by the knowledge of it, as shall at large appear in the ensuing preface. And I doubt not but that in the end you v,^ill say with me, that to anatomise this humour aright, through all the members of this our Microcosmus, is as great a task, as to reconcile those chronological errors in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds of the north-east, or north- west passages, and all but as good a discovery as that hungry ^ Spaniard's of Terra AustraKs Incognita, as great trouble as to perfect the motion of Mars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectify the Gregorian Kalender. I am so affected for my part, and hope as "^ Theophrastus did by ^ In Hygiasticon, neque enim hsec tractatio aliena videri dehet a theologo, &c., agitur de morbo anim^e. • D. Clayton in comitiis, anno 1621. m Hor. n Lib. de pestil. ° In Newark in Nottinghamshire. Cum duo edificasset castella, ad tollendam structionis invidiam, et expiandam maculam, duo instituit coenobia, et collegis religiosis implevit. p Ferdinando de Quir. anno 1612. Amsterdami impress. ^Prffifat. ad Characteres : Spero enim (0 Policies) libros nostros meliores inde futures, quod istiusmodi nicmorias manUata reliquerimus, ex preceptis et exemplis nostris ad vitam accoinmodatis, ut se inde corrigaiit. 16 Democritus to the Reader. Ilia characters, " That our posterity, O friend Policies, shall be the better for this which we have written, by correcting and rectifying what is amiss in themselves by our examples, and applying our precepts and cautions to their own use." And as that great captain Zisca would have a drum made of his skin when he was dead, because he thought the very noise of it would put his enemies to flight, I doubt not but that these following lines, when they shall be recited, or hereafter read, will drive away melancholy, (though I be gone) as much as Zisca's drum could terrify his foes. Yet one caution let me give by the way to my present, or my future reader, who is actually melancholy, that he read not the '"symptoms or prognostics in this following tract, lest by applying that which he reads to himself, aggravating, appropriating things generally spoken, to his own person (as melancholy men for the most part do), he trouble or hurt himself, and get in conclusion more harm than good. I advise them therefore warily to peruse that tract, Lapides loquitur (so said " Agrippa de occ. Phil.) et caveant lector es ne cerebrum Us excutiat. The rest I doubt not they may securely read, and to their benefit. But I am over- tedious, I proceed. Of the necessity and generality of this which I have said, if any man doubt, I shall desire him to make a brief survey of the world, as * Cyprian adviseth Donat, " supposing himself to be transported to the top of some high moun- tain, and thence to behold the tumults and chances of this wavering world, he cannot chuse but either laugh at, or pity it." S. Hierom out of a strong imagination, being in the wilderness, conceived with himself, that he then saw them dancing in Pome; and if thou shalt either conceive, or climb to see, thou shalt soon perceive that all the world is mad, that it is melancholy, dotes; that it is (which Epichthonius Cosmopolites expressed not many years since in a map) made like a fool's head (with that motto. Caput helleboro dignum) a crazed head, cavea stultorum, a fool's paradise, or as Apollonius, a common prison of gulls, cheaters, flatterers, &c,, and needs to be reformed. Strabo in the ninth book of his geography, compares Greece to the picture of a man, which comparison of his, Nic. Gerbelius in his exposition of Sophianus' map, approves; the breast lies open from those Acroceraunian hills in Epirus, to the Sunian promontory in Attica; Pagse and Magsera are the two shoulders ; that Isthmus of Corinth the neck; and Peloponnesus the head. If this allusion holds 'tis sure a mad head ; Morea may be Moria, and to speak what I think, the in- habitants of modern Greece swerve as much from reason a.nd true religion at this day, as that Morea doth from the picture of a man. Examine the rest in like sort, and you shall find that kingdoms and provinces are melancholy, cities and families, all creatures, vegetal, sensible, and rational, that all sorts, sects, ages, conditions, are out of tune, as in Cebes' table, omnes errorem hihunt, before they come into the world, they are intoxicated by error's cup, from the highest to the lowest have need of physic, and those particular actions in "Seneca, where father and son prove one another mad, may be general; Porcius Latro shall plead against us all. For indeed who is not a fool, melan- choly, mad? — '^ Qui nil molitur inepte, who is not brain-sick? Polly, melan- choly, madness, are but one disease, Delirium is a common name to all. Alexander, Gordonius, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, Guiauerius, Montaltus, confound them as differing secundum magis et minus; so doth David, Psal. xxxvii. 5. "I said unto the fools, deal not so madly," and 'twas an old Stoical paradox, omnes stultos insanire. ^all fools are mad, though some madder than others. And who is not a fool, who is free from melancholy 1 "■Part 1. sect. 3. "Praef. lectori. 'Ep. 2. 1. 2. ad Donatum. Paulisper te crede subduci in ardui montis verticein celsiorem, speculate indererumjacentium facies, et oculis in diversa porrectis, fluctuantis mundi turbines intueri, jam simul aut ridebis aut misereberis, &c. "Controv. 1. 2. cent. 7. & 1. 6. conti, X Horatius. y Idem, Hor. 1. 2. Satyra 3. Damasippus Stoicus probat omnes stultos insanii'e. Democritus to tlve Reader. 17 Who is not touched more or less in habit or disposition ? If in disposition, " ill dispositions beget habits, if they persevere," saitli ^Plutarch, habits either are, or turn to diseases. 'Tis the same which Tully maintains in the second of his Tusculans, omnium insipientum animi in morbo sunt, et perturhatorum, fools are sick, and all that are troubled in mind : for what is sickness, but as ° Gregory Tholosanus defines it, " A dissolution or perturbation of the bodily league, which health . combines : " and who is not sick, or ill-disposed? in whom doth not passion, anger, envy, discontent, fear and sorrow reign ? Who labours not of this disease 1 Give me but a little leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, confessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much need to go a pilgrimage to the Anticyrce (as in ^Strabo's time they did) as in our days they run to Compostella, our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for help ; that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much more need of hellebore than of tobacco. That men are so misaffected, melancholy, mad, giddy-headed, hear the testimony of Solomon, Eccl. ii. 12. " And I turned to behold wisdom, mad- ness and folly," &c. And ver. 23 : " All his days are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketh no rest in the night," So that take melancholy in what sense you will, properly or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metaphorically, 'tis all one. Laughter itself is madness according to Solomon, and as St. Paul hath it, " Worldly sorrow brings death." " The hearts of the sons of men are evil, and madness is in their hearts while they live," Eccl. ix. 3. "Wise men themselves are no better," Eccl. i. 18. "In the multitude of wisdom is much grief, and he that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow," chap. ii. 17. He hated life itself, nothing pleaded him : he hated his labour, all, as °he concludes, is "sorrow, grief, vanity, vexation of spirit." And though he were the v/isest man in the world, sanctuarium sapientics, and had wisdom in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justify his own actions. " Surely I am more foolish than any man, and have not the under- standing of a man in me," Prov. xxx. 2. Be they Solomon's words, or the words of Agiir, the son of Jakeh, they are canonical. David, a man after God's own heart, confesseth as much of himself, Psal. xxxvii. 21, 22. "So foolish was I and ignorant, I was even as a beast before thee." And condemns all for fools, Psal. liii. ; xxxii. 9; xlix. 20. He compares them to "beasts, horses, and mules, in which there is no understanding." The Apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2 Cor. xi. 21. "I would you would suffer a. little my foolishness, I speak foolishly." " The whole head is sick," sffith Esay, " and the heart is heavy," cap. i. 5. And makes lighter of thein than of oxen and asses, " the ox knows his owner," &c. : read Deut/" xxxii. 6 ; Jer. iv. ; Amos, iii. 1 ; Ephes. v. 6. " Be not mad, be not deceived, foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you ?" How often are they branded with this epithet of madness and folly 1 No word so frequent amongst the ftithers of the Church and divines ; you may see what an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued men's action. I know that we think far otherwise, and hold them most part wise men that are in authority, princes, magistrates, ^rich men, they are wise men born, all politicians and statesmen must needs be so, for who dare speak against them 1 And on the other, so corrupt is our judgment, we esteem wise and honest ' Tom. 2. Sj-mpos. lib. 5. c. 6. Animi affectiones, si dintius inlijcreant, pravos generant liaMtus. » Lib. 28. cap. 1. Synt. art. mir. Morbus nihil est aliud quam dissolutio qusedam ac perturbatio foederis in corpore existentis, sicut et sanitas est consentientis bene corporis consnmmatio qua^dam. ^ Lib. 9. Geogr. Plures olim gentes navigabant illuc sanitatis causa. <: Eccles. i. 24. at setlierius sol. V/hose wit excell'd the wits of men as far. As the sun rising doth obscure a star, Or that so much renowned Empedocles. * Ut vix Immana videatur stirpe creatus. All those of whom we read such ^ hyperbolical eiilogiiims, as of Aristotle, that he was wisdom itself in the abstract, "^a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Eunapius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quint- essence of wit, divine spirits, eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators. Nulla fer ant talem secla futura virum: monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit and learning, oceanus, phoenix, atlas, monstrum, portentuni hominis, orhis universi musceum, ultimus humanoi naturae conatus, 7iaturce maritus. -merito cni doctior orbis Submissis defert fascibus imperium. As ^lian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tantum a sapientibus abfuerunt, quantum a viris pueri, they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, but kites; novices, illiterate, Eunuchi sapienticE. And although they were the wisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured Alexander, I do them, there were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command), as valiant as himself; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short of what they ought to be. ' Lac- tantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be dizzards, fools, asses, mad- men, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick positions, that to his thinking never any old woman or sick person doted worse. ^ Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left saith he, " the inheritance of his folly to Epicurus," ^insanienti dum sapienticE, &c. The like he holds of Plato, Aristippus, and the rest, making no difference, " "betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could speak." ^Theodoret in his tract, De cur. grec. affect. manifestly evinces as much of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo confirmed to be the wisest man then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of whom some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet r ever a, he was an illiterate idiot, as ^Aristophanes calls him, irrisor et amhitiosus, as his master Aristotle terms him, scurra Atticus, as Zeno, an ''enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athteneus, to philosophers and travellers, an opinionative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant; for his manners, as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a t sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) iracundus et ehrius, dicax, &;c. a pot-companion, by Plato's own confession, a sturdy drinker; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his actions and opinions. Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a great wise man, sometime paralleled by Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer you to that learned tract of Eusebius agamst Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Piscator, Icaromenippus, Necyomantia: their actions, opinions in general w^ere so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, which they broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, which Tully ad A tticum long since observed, delirant pleruniq ; scriptores in libris suis, their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and prose, * Lucretius. p Anaxagoras dim mens dictus ab antiquis. i Regnla naturie, naturas miraculum, ipsa cruditio, damonium hominis, sol scientiarum, mare, sophia, antist^s literarura & sapientiiB, ut Scioppius dim de Seal. & Heinsius. Aquila in nubibus. Imperator literatorum, columen literarura, abyssus eruditionis, ocellus Europgs, Scaliger. ^Lib. 3. de sap. c. 17. & 20. omnes Philosophi, aut stulti, aut insani; nulla anus, nullus seger ineptius deliravit. « Democritus a Leucippo doctus, luereditatem stultitife reliquit Epic. ' Mor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. " Nihil interest inter hos & bestias nisi quod loquantur. de sa. 1. 26. c. 8. ' Gap. de virt. yNeb. & Ranis. ^Omnium disciplinarum ignarus. f Piilchrorum adolescentma causa fi-equenter gymnasium obibat, &c. 20 ^ Democritus to the Reader. but not a man of them (as * Seneca tells them home) could moderate his affections. Their music did show us Jiebiles tnodos, (he. how to rise and fall, but they could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lament- able tone. They will measure ground by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but cannot yet prescribe quantum homini satis, or keep within compass of reason and discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, describe right lines and crooked, &c. but know not what is right in this life, quid in vita rectum sit, ignorant; so that as he said, Nescio an Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem. I think all the Anticyrse will not restore them to their wits, ''if these men now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus lanthorn, were so sottish, and had no more brains than so many beetles, what shall we think of the commonalty 1 what of the rest? Yea, but will you infer, that is trr.e of heathens, if they be conferred with christians, 1 Cor. iii. 19. '• The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. "They were vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was full of darkness," Rom. i. 21, 22. " When they professed themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, whilst their souls are tormented in hell fire. In some sense, Christiani Crassiani, Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Quis est sapiens 2 Solus Deus, t Pythagoras replies, " God is only wise," Rom. xvi. Paul determines " only good," as Austin well contends, ''and no man living can be justified in his sight." " God looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3. but all are corrupt, err. Rom. iii. 12, " iSTone doth good, no not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold lie found no stedfastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "How much more on them that dwell in houses of clay ? " In this sense we are all fools, and the ''Scripture alone is arx MinervcE, we and our writings are shallow and imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings we are no better than fools. "All our actions," as "^ Pliny told Trajan, "upbraid us of folly," our whole course of life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise; and the world itself, which ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as ®Hugo de Prato Florido will have it, sem2^er stuUizat, is every day more foolish than other ; the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned with roses and flowers," We are apish in it, asini hipedes, and every place is full inversorum Apuleiorum, of metamorphosed and two- legged asses, inversorum Silenorum. oXuVd^i^h, p)U6fi instar himuli, tremuld patris dormientis in ulna. Jovianus Pontanus, Antonio Dial, brings in some laughing at an old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond, but as he admonishetli there, Ne mireris ini hospes de hoe sene, marvel not at him only, for tota hcec civitas delirat, all our town dotes in like sort, ^we are a company of fools. Ask not with him in the poet, ^Larvce hunc intemperim insaniccque agitant senem? What madness ghosts this old man, but what madness ghosts us all? For we are ad unur.i omnes, all mad, semel insanivimus omnes, not once, but always so, et semel, et siniul, et semper, ever and altogether as bad as he ; and not senex bispuer, delira anus, but say it of us all, semper pueri, young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca; and no difference betwixt us and children, saving that, majora ladimus, et grandioribus pupis, they play with babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot * Seneca. Scis rotunda metiri, sed non taum animum. » Ab uberibus sapientia lactati csscutire non possunt. iiCor Xenodoti & jecur Cratetis. t^-'ib- da nat. boni. « Hie profundissimaj Sophia fodinaB. d Panegyr. Trajano omnes actiones exprobrare stultitiam videntur. « Ser. 4. in domi Pal. Mundus qui ob anttquitatem deberet esse sapiens, semper stultizat, et nuliis f.agellis alteratur, sed ut puer vult robis et floribus coronari. *insaaum te omncj pueii, ckuuautque puellse, Uor, e Plautus Aubulav. ► Democritus to the Header. 21 accuse or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves, deliramenta loqueris, you talk idly, or as ^ Mitio upbraided Demea, insanis, auferte, for we are as mad our own selves, and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis uni- versally so, ' Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia. When ^ Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools; and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he would openly profess it. When ^Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over Europe to confer with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could find none. "" Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for aught I can perceive) well in their wits." So doth "Tully, " I see every- thing to be done foolishly and unadvisedly." Ille siiiistrorsum, hie dexti'orsum, unus uti-ique I One reels to this, another to that wall; Error, sed yariis illudit partibas omnes. | 'Tis the same error that deludes them all. ** They dote all, but not alike, Man'a yap Ttajiv cfji,oci, not in the sp.me kind, " One is covetous, a second lascivious, a third ambitious, a fourth envious," &c. as Damasippus the Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, P DcsiDiunt omnes £eau" ac tu I ^^^ *^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^°^ ^'^^^' ^'^^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^™ 'Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium stultiticB, a seminary of folly, " which if it be stirred up, or get ahead, will run in infi- nitum, and infinitely varies, as we ourselves are severally addicted," saith ^ Balthazar Castillo : and cannot so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hold, as Tully holds, alt(B radices stultiti Insania non omnibus eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent. 10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet alius alio morbo laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritiaj, ambitionis, invidite. p Hor. 1. 2. sat. 3. « Lib. i. de aulico. Est in unoquoq; nostrum seminarium aliquod stultitia;, quod si quando excitetui", in infinitum facile excrescit. >" rrimaLiue lux vitai prima erroris erat. ^ Tibtillus, stuiti pretfereimt dies, theii- wits are a wool-gathering, bo tools commonly dote. * Dial, contemplantes, Tom. 2. ' Catullus. 22 Democritus to the Reader. of men's lives, fell a weeping, and with continual tears bewailed tlieir misery, madness, and folly. Democritus on the other side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citizens of Abdera took him to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, t?he physician, that he would exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in his epistle to Damogetus, which because it is not impertinent to this discourse, I will insert verbatim almost as it is delivered by Hij)pocrates himself, with all the circumstances belonging unto it. \ When Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking about him, some weeping, some entreating of him, that he would do his best. After some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people fol- lowing him, whom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, " "sitting upon a stone under a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busy at his study." The multi- tude stood gazing round about to see the congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him what he was doing: he told him that he was "''busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure? Because, replied Hippo- crates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done for ourselves, neighbours, friends; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen; wife, children, servants, and such businesses which deprive us of our time. At this speech Democritus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the meantime, and lamenting his madness). Hippocrates asked the reason why he laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition; to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men ; to make such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss of their lives and fortunes. Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be obeyed in many provinces,^ and yet themselves will know no obedience. * Some to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate them; begetting children, with much care and cost for their education, yet when they grow to man's estate, *to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy. ^Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly ? When men live in peace, they covet war, detesting quietness, ''deposing kings, and advancing others in their stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives. How many strange humours are in men ! When they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else wastefuUy spend them. O wise Hippocrates, I laugh at such things being done, but much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. There is no truth or justice found amongst them, for they daily plead one against another, "^ the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindred and friends of the same quality ; and all this for riches, whereof after death they cannot be pos- sessors. And yet notwithstanding they will defame and kill one another, « Sub ramosa platano seflentem, solum, discalceatum, super lapidem, vaWepalliSum acmacilentuni,proiftissa barba, librum super genibus habentem. ^De furore, mania, melancholia scrlbo, ut sciam quo pacto ift hominibus gignatur, fiat, crescat, cumuletur, minuatur ; hsec inquit animalia quae vides propterea seco, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis bilisq; naturam disquirens. y Aust. 1. 1. in Gen. Jumenti & servi tui obse- quium rigide postulas, & tu nullum praistas aliis, nee ipsi Deo. == Uxores ducunt, mox foras ejiciunt, "Puerosamant, mox fastidiunt. b Quid hoe ab insania deest? « Eeges eligunt, deponunt. «i Contra pareutes, fratres, cives perpetao rixantur, & inimicitias agunt. Democriius to the Header. 23 commit all unlawful actions, contemning God and men, friends and country. They make great account of many senseles3i|migs, esteeming them as a great part of their treasure, statues, pictures, and^jgi like movables, dear bought, and so cunningly wrought, as nothing but sp^h wanteth in them, ® and yet they hate living persons speaking to them.* Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on firm land they will remove to ^island, and thence to land again, being no way constant to their desires, ^ey commend courage and strength in wars, and let themselves be conquerei^by lust and avarice; they are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as Thers^es was in his body. And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men; ^f(5r no man will mock his own folly, but that which he seeth in a second, and so they justly mock one another. The drunkard calls him a glutton whom ^e knows to be sober. Many men love the sea, others husbandry; briefly, thej^- cannot agree in their own trades and professions, much less in their lives anc^^ctions. When Hippocrates heard these words so readily utteredj- without premedi- tation, to declare the world's vanity, fullof ridiculous contrariety, he made answer, that necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine permission, that we might not be idle,»beiDg nothing is so odious to them as sloth and ne^li f^ence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, in this uncertainty of human affairs; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the causes of their dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death, so tenderly provide for them ; or an husbandman sow, if he thought there would be no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magistrate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion of laughter. Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly mistook him, and did not well understand what he had said concerning perturbations and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do, and he should have no cause of la,ughter; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to make them wise, if they would but consider the mutability of this world, and how it wheels about, nothing being firm and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is beneath; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on the other i and not considering these matters, they tall into many inconveniences and troubles, coveting things of no profit, and thii*sting after them, tumbliug headlong into many calamities. So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their ambition, ^ they would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeldug such superfluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief and molestation. As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to ma^ny casualties and cross incon- veniences. There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and therefore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest. These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me matter of laughter, by suffering the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and other «Idola inanimata amant, animata odio habent, sic pontificii. * Credo equidem vivos ducent e marmore vultus. 'Saam stultitiam pevspicit nemo, sed alter alterum deridet. sDenique sit finis querendi, cumque habeas plus, pauperiem metuas minus, & finire laborcra incipias, partis quod avebas, utere. Hoi*. 24 Democrit'us to the Reader. incurable vices ; besides your ^ dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. Many things which they have left off, after a while they fall to again, hus- bandry, navigation; and leave again, fickle and inconstant as they are. When they are young, they would be old ; and old, young. ^ Princes commend a private life ; private men itch after honour : a magistrate commends a quiet life ; a quiet man would be in his office, and obeyed as he is : and what is the cause of all this, but that they know not themselves? Some delight to destroy, •" one to build, another to spoil one country to enrich another and himself. ^In all these things they are like children, in whom is no judgment or counsel, and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as being con- tented with nature. ^ When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a bull contend for better pasture? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks what will serve him, and no more ; and when his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immoderate inboth,as in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times; men always, ruinating thereby the health of their bodies. And doth it not de- serve laughter to see an amorous fool torment himself for a wench; weep, howl for a mis-shapen slut, a dowdy sometimes, that might have Ms choice of the finest beauties? Is there any remedy for this in physic? I do anatomise and cut tip these poor beasts, "to see these distempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my kind nature would endure it : •"who from the hour of his birth is most miserable, weak, and sickly; when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great practiseth unhappiness ''and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repenteth him of his life past. And here being interrupted by one that brought books, he fell to it ' again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my former speeches, look into courts, or private houses, p Judges give judgment according to their own advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor innocents to please othei-s. Notaries alter sentences, and for money lose their deeds. Some make false monies; others counterfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea cor- rupt their own sisters; others make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd and vicious. Some rob one, some another: ''magistrates make laws against thieves, and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not obtaining their desires. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. ''Some prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. [ Some trot about *to bear false witness, and say anything for money; and though judges know of it, yet for a bribe they wink at it, and suffer false contracts to prevail against equitya Women are all day a dressing, to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sliits at home, not caring to please their own husbands whom they should. Seeing men are so fickle, so sottish, so intemperate, why should not I laugh at those to whom *folly seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not? j It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but t Astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem. Et cum vulpe positus pariter vulpinarier. Cretizandum ciim Crete. ' Qui fit Mecsenas ut nemo quam sibi sortem, Seu ratio dederit, seu sors objecerit, ilia eon- tentus vivat, &c., Hor. J Diruit, sedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis. Trajanus pontem struxit super Danu- bium, quem successor ejus Adrianus statim demolivit. ^ Q^g^ q^id in re ab infantibus differunt, quibus mens & sensus sine ratione inest, quicquid sese his oifert volupe est? 'Idem Plut. '"Ut insani« causam disquiram bruta macto ■ Vultas magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. Marcel. 8 Horrenda res est, vix duo verba sine mendacio proferuntur : & quaravis solenniter homines ad veritatem dicendam invitentur, pejerare tamen non dubitant, ut ex decern testibus vix uuus verum dicat. Calv. in 8 Johu, Serra. 1. «■ tapientiam insaniam esse dicunt. JDemocritus to the Reader. 25 all the citizens came about flocking, to know how he liked him. He told them iu brief, that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, "the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to say that he was mad. Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and this was the cause of his laughter: and good cause he had. T Glim jure quidem, nunc plus Deraocrite ride; Quin rides ? vita haec nunc mage ridicula est. i Democritus did well to laugh of old, \ Good cause he had, hut now much more ; j This life of ours is more ridiculous ' \ Than that of his, or long before. iN'ever so ranch cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. 'Tis not one ^Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days; we have now need of a " Democritus to laugh at Democritus;" one jester to flout at another, one fool to flare at another : a great stentorian Democritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus, For now, as ^Salisburiensis said in his time, totus viun- dus histrionem agit, the whole world plays the fool ; we have a new theatre, a new scene, a'Siew comedy of errors, a new company of personate actors, volupice sacra (as Calcagninus v/illingly feigns in his Apologues) are celebrated 'S. all the world over,* where all the actors were madmen and fools, and every hour changed habits, or took that which came next. He that was a mariner to-day, is a,n apothecary to-moiTow; a smith one while, a philosopher another, in his volupice ludis; a king nov/ with his crown, robes, sceptre, attendants, by and by drove a loaded ass before him like a carter, &c. If Democritus were alive now, he should see strange alterations, a new company of counterfeit vizards, whifllers. Cum an e asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, outsides, fantastic shadows, gulls, m'onsters, giddy-heads, butterflies. And so many" of them are indeed (^if all be true that I have read). For when Jupiter and Juno's wedding was solemnized of old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble men besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich in golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass. The gods seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give hiai place, ex hahitu hominem metientes; ^but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, fantastic, idle fellow, turned him and his proud followers into butterflies : and so they continue still (for aught I know to the contrary) roving about in pied coats, and are called chrysalides by the wiser sort of men: that is, golden outsides, drones, flies, and things of no worth. Multitudes of such, &;c. " uhlque invenies Stultos avaros, sycophantas prodigos."t Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity, should Democritus observe, were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come see fashions, as Charon did in Lucian to visit our cities of Moronia Pia, and Moronia Foelix : sure I think he would break the rim of his belly with laugliiiig. ^Si/oret in terris rideret Democritus, seu, &c. A satirical Poman in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness were all at full sea, ^Omne in prcecipiti vitium stetit. ° Siquidem sapic-ntijc suce admiratirne me corrplevit, offendi sapientissimum viriim, qui salvos potest omnes homines reddere. ^ E Grsec. epig. ^' Plures Democriti nunc non sufficiunt, opus Democrito qui Democritum rideat. Eras. Sloria. ^ Polycrat. lib. 3. cap. 8 e Petron. * Uhi omnes delirabant, omnes insani, &c. hodie nauta, eras philosophus ; hodie faber, eras pharmacopola ; hie modo regem agebat multo satellitio, tiara, & sceptro ornatus, nunc vili amictus centiculo, asinum clitellarium impellit. y Calcag- ninus Apol. Crysalus e cseteris auro dives, manicato poplo & tiara oonspicuus, levis alioquin & nullius cons'lii, &c. mag-no fastu ingredient! assurgunt dii, &c. ^ Sed hominis levitatem Jupiter perspiciens, at tu (inquit) esto bombilio, &c. protinusq; vestis ilia manicata in alas versa est, & mortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines. f You will meet covetous fools and prodigal sycophants everyvi'tere. 0^ Juven. b Juven. 26 Democritus to the Reader, * Josephus the historian taxeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst themselves who should be most notorious in villanies; but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them, " « Mox daturi progeniem vitiosiorem," And yet with crimes to us unlcnown, Our sons sliall mark tlie coming age their o-vvn, and the latter end (you know whose oracle it is) is like to be worse. *Tis not to be denied, the world alters every day, Ruunt urhes, regiia transferuntur, doc. vai-iantur habitus, leges innovantur, as "^Petrarch observes, we change language, habits, laws, customs, manners, but not vices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and madness, they are still the same. And as a river, we see, keeps the like name and place, but not water, and yet ever runs, fLahitur et lahetur in omne volubilis cevum; our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be; look how nightingales sang of old, cocks crowed, kine lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirped, dogs barked, so they do still i we keep our madness still, play the fools still, nee dumfinitus Orestes; we are of the same humours and inclinations as our predecessors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, et nati natorum, et qui nascuntur ah illis. And so shall our posterity continue to the last. But to speak of times present. If Democritus were alive now, and should but see the superstition of our age, our * religious madness, as * Meteran calls it, Religiosam insaniam, so many professed Christians, yet so few imitators of Christ; so much talk of religion, so much science, so little conscience ; so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice; such variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides,:|: obvia signis Signa, &c., such absurd and ridiculous traditions and cere- monies: If he should meet a ^Capuchin, a Fran*ciscan, a Pharisaical Jesuit, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned Monk in his robes, a begging Friar, or see their three-crowned Sovereign Lord the Pope, poor Peter's successor, servua servorum Dei, to depose kings with his foot, to tread on emperors' necks, make them stand barefoot and bare-legged at his gates, hold his bridle and stirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this!) If he should observe a ^Prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those Ked-cap Cardinals, poor parish priests of old, now Princes' companions; what would he say? Coelum ijysurn petitur stultitia. Had he met some of our devout pilgTims going barefoot to Jerusalem, our lady of Lauretto, Pome, S. lago, S. Thomas' Shrine, to creep to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques; had he been present at a mass, and seen such kissing of Paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duck- ings, their several attires and ceremonies, pictures of saints, indulgences, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, kneeling at Ave-Marias, bells, with many such; -jucunda rudi spectacula plehis, Spraying in gib- berish, and mumbling of beads. Had he heard an old woman say her prayers in Latin, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession, "§ :.-incGdiint monachorum agminamille; Quid ijiemorein. vexilla, cruces, idolaque culta, &c." Their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beans, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and baubles. Had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks' Alcoran, or Jews' Talmud, the Pabbins' Comments, what would he have thought j? How * De bello Jud. 1. 8. c. 11. Iniquitates vestras neminem latent, inque dies singulos certamen habetis quis pejor sit. «Hor. ositis ephcBbi; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, '^ Concubitum max cogar pati ejus, qui interemit Ilectorem, they shall be compelled perad venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, sound, lords, servants, eodem omyies incommodo macti, consumed all or maimed, &c. Et quicquid gaudens scelere animus audet, et 'perversa mens, saith Cyprian, and whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^fury and rage can invent to their own ruin and destruction; so abominable a thing is ''war, as Gerbelius concludes, adeofceda et abominanda res est bellum, ex quo hominum cmdesj vastationes, &c., the scourge of God, cause, effect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not tonsura humani generis, as Tertullian calls it, but ruina. Had Democritus been present at the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, " ^ where, in less than ten years, ten thou- sand men were consumed, saith CoUignius, 20 thousand churches overthrown; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as ^ Richard Dinoth adds). So many myriads of the commons were butchered up, with sword, famine, war, tanto odio utrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam obstupescerent, with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late Ph'arsalian fields in the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of Lancaster and York, a hun- dred thousand men slain, tone writes; ^another, ten thousand families were rooted out, " That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous immanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, lan- guage, and religion." ^ Quis furor, cives? "Why do the (rentiles so furi- ously rage," saith the Prophet David, Psal. ii. 1. But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously rage? "^Arma volunt, quare poscunt, rapiunt- que juventus?'' Unfit for Gentiles, much less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that killed up in 42 years (if we may believe ^ Bartholomseus k Casa, their own bishop) 12 millions of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should I lie (said he) if I said 50 millions. I omit those Prench massacres, Sicilian evensongs, 'the Duke of Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fury, as '^one calls it, the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions, ^ scevit toto Mars impius orbe. Is not this ""^mundus furiosus, a mad world, as he terms it, insanum bellum? are not these mad men, as §Scaliger concludes, qui in prcelio acerbd morte, insanice suce memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunt posteritati; which leave so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding ages? Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep with ° Heraclitus, or rather howl, °roar, and tear his hair in commisera- tion, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe was for grief quite stupified, and turned to a stone? I have not yet said the worst, that which is more absurd and ^mad, in their tumults, seditions, civil and unjust wars, ^ quod stulte suscipitur, impie geritur, miser e finitur. Such v/ars I mean ; for * Libanii declam, ^ Ira enim et furor Bellonse consultores, &c., dementes sacerdotes sunt. « Bellum qnasi bellua et ad omnia scelera furor immissus. dGallorum decies centum millia ceciderunt., Ecclesiarum 20 millia fundamentis excisa. « Belli eivilis Gal. 1. 1 hoc ferali bello et ca^dibus omnia vepleverunt, et regnum amplissimum a fundamentis pene everterunt, plebis tot myriades gladio, bello, fame miserabiliter perierunt. t Pont. Hut erus. f Comineus. Ut nullus non execretur et admiretur ci-udelitatem, et bar- baraminsaniam, quse inter homines eodem sub coelo natos, ejusdem linguae, sanguinis, religionis, exercebatur. eLucan. J Virg. t Bishop of Cuseo, an eye-witness. ' Eead Meteran of his stupend cruelties. ^ Heusius Austriaco. i Virg. Georg. " Impious war rages throughout the whole world." "> Jansenius Gallobelgicus 1596. Mundus furiosus, inscriptio iibri. § Exercitat. 250. serm. 4. ° Fleat Ileraclitus an rideat Democritus. oCuraj leves loquuntur, ingentes stupent. p Anna amens capio, nee sat rationis iu . armia. u Erasmus. 30 Democritus to the Reader. all are not to be condemned, as those fantastical anabaptists vainly conceive. Our Christian tactics are all out as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx; to be a soldier is a most noble and honourable profession (as the world is), not to be spared, they are our best walls and bulwarks, and I do therefore acknowledge that of '^ TuUy to be most true, " All our civil affairs, all our studies, all our pleading, industry, and commendation lies under the protection of warlike virtues, and whensoever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease;" wars are most behoveful, et hellatores agricoUs civitati sunt utiliores, as tTyrius defends: and valour is much to be commended in a wise man; but they mistake most part, auferre,trucidare, rapere,falsis nominihus virtutem vocant, &c, ('Twas Galgacus observation in Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, virtue, by a wrong name, rapes, slaughters, massacres, &c. jocus et ludus, are pretty pastimes, as Ludovicus Vives notes. "*They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, the most desperate villains, treacherous rogues, inhuman murderers, rash, cruel and dissolute caitiffs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and worthy cap- tains, ^ brave men at arms, valiant and renowned soldiers, possessed with a brute persuasion of false honour," as Pontus Huter in his Burgundian history complains. By means of which it comes to pass that daily so many volunta- ries offer themselves, leaving their sweet wives, children, friends, for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lie sentinel, perdue, give the first onset, stand in the fore front of the battle, marching bravely on, with a cheerful noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming in the air, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they went in triumph, now victors to the Capitol, and with such pomp, as when Darius' army marched to meet Alexander at Issus. Yoid of all fear they run into imminent dangers, cannon's mouth, &c., ut vulnerihus suisferrum hostium 7i(s6e^e;2^, saith^'Barletius, to get a name of valour, honour and applause, which lasts not neither, for it is but a mere flash this fame, and like a rose, intra diem unuin extinguitur, 'tis gone in an instant. Of 15,000 proletaries slain in a battle, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the General perhaps, and after a while his and their names are likewise blot- ted out, the whole battle itself is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summa vi ingenii et eloquenticB, set out the renowned overthrows at Thereinopylce, Sola- inis, Maratho7i, Micale, Mantinea, CheroncBa, Platcea. The Romans record their battle at Cannas, and Pharsalian fields, but they do but record, and we scarce hear of them. And yet this supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and vain-glory spur them on many times rashly and unadvisedly, to make away themselves and multitudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more worlds for him to conquer, he is admired by some for it, animosa vox videtur, et regia, 'twas spoken like a Prince; but as wise "^ Seneca censures him, 'twas vox iniquissima et stuUissima, 'twas spoken like a Bedlam fool; and that sentence which the same ^Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all, JVon minores faere pestes mortalium quam inundatio, quam conflagratio, quibus, &c. they did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and water, those merciless element:? when they rage. ^ Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them thitJ * Pro Murena. Omnes urbanse res, omnia stndia, omnis forensis laus et industria latet in tutela et praesidio bellicaB virtutis, et simul atque increpuit suspicio tumiiltus artes illico nostra conticescunt. f Ser. 13. a Crudelissimos ssevissimosque latrones, fortissimos liaberi propugnatores, fidisslmos duces habent, bruta persuasions donati. ''Eobanus Hessus. Quibus omnis in armis vita placet, non ulla juvat nisi morte, nee ullam esse putant vitam, quaa non assueverit armis. «Lib. 10. vit. Scanperbeg. ^ Nulli beatiores habiti, quam qui in proeliis cecidissent. Brisonius de rep. Persarum. 1. 3. fol. 3. 44. Idem Lactantius de Romanis et Grsecis. Idem Ammianus, lib. 23. de Parthis. Judicatur is solus beatus apud eos, qui in proelio fuderit animam. De Benef. lib. 2. c. 1. « Nat. quajst. lib. 3. ffioterus Amphitridion. Busbequius Turc. hist. Per oasdes et sanguinem parare hominibus ascensum in coelum putant, Lactan. de falsa relig. 1 1. cap. 8. Democritus to the Reader. 31 liellish course of life is holy, they promise heaven to such as venture their lives hello sacro, and that by these bloody wars, as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as modern Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, ut cadant infdiciter. " If they die in the field, they go directly to heaven, and shall be canonized for saints." (0 diabolical invention !) put in the Chroni- cles, in perpetuam rei menioriam, to their eternal memory : when as in truth, as ^some hold, it were much better (since wars are the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal men s peevishness and folly) such brutish stories were suppressed, because ad morum instituiionem nihil habent, they conduce not at all to manners, or good life. But they will have it thus nevertheless, and so they put note of "^divinity upon the most cruel and pernicious plague of human kind," adore such men with grand titles, degrees, statues, images, ^honour, applaud, and highly roA^ard them for their good service, no greater glory than to die in the field. So Africanus is extolled by Ennius : Mars, and ^Hercules, and I know not how many besides of old, were deified; went this way to heaven, that were indeed bloody butchers, wicked destroyers, and troublers of the world, prodigious monsters, hell-hounds, feral plagues, devour^ ers, common executioners of human kind, as Lactantius truly proves, and Cyprian to Donat, such as were desperate in wars, and precipitately made away themselves, (like those Celtes in Damascen, with ridiculous valour, ut dedecoro- sum putarent muro ruenti se subducere, a disgrace to run away for a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads,) such as will not rush on a sword's point, or seek to shun a cannon's shot, are base cowards, and no valiant men. By which means, Madet orhis mutuo sanguine, the earth wallows in her own blood, ^ Scevit amorferri et scelei'ati insania belli ; and for that, which if it be done in private, a man shall be rigorously executed, "^and which is no less than mur- der itself; if the same fact be done in public in wars, it is called manhood, and the party is honoured for it." -^'^ Prosperum etfoelix scelus, virtus vacatur. We measure all as Turks do, by the event, and most part, as Cyprian notes, in all ages, countries, places, scevitice magnitudo impunitatem sceleris acquirit, the foulness of the fact vindicates the offender. ^ One is crowned for that for which another is tormented: Ille crucem sceleris pretiumtulit, hie diadema; made a knight, a lord, an earl, a great duke, (as ® A.grippa notes) for which another should have hiuig in gibbets, as a terror to the rest, • " f et tamen alter, Si fecisset idem, caderet sub judice morum." A poor sheep-stealer is hanged for stealing of victuals, compelled peradven- ture by necessity of that intolerable cold, hunger, and thirst, to save himself from starving : but a ^ great man in office may securely rob whole provinces, undo thousands, pill and poll, oppress ad libitum, flea, grind, tyrannise, enrich himself by spoils of the commons, be uncontrollable in his actions, and after all, be recompensed with turgent titles, honoured for his good service, and no man dare find fault, or ^ mutter at it. How would our Democritus have been affected to see a wicked caitiff, or " ' fool, a very idiot, a funge, a golden ass, a monster of men, to have many good men, wise men, learned men to attend upon him with all submission, as e Quoniam bella acerbissima Dei -flagella sunt quibus hominum pertinaciam punit, ea perpetua oblivione sepelienda potius quam memoriss mandauda plerique judicant. Rich. Dinoth. prsf. hist. Gall. ^ Cru- entam humani generis pestem et pernieiem, divinitatis nota insigniunt. * Et quod dolendum, applausum habent et occui'sum viri tales. ^Herculi eadem porta ad coelum patuit qui magnam generis humani parteni perdidit. "Virg. ^Eneid. 7. bHomicidium quum coinmittunt singuli, crimen est, quura publice geritur, virtus vocatur. Cyprianus. <= Seneca. Successful vice is called virtue. <* Juven. c De vanit. sclent, de priucip. nobilitatis. <■ Juven. Sat. 4. ePausa rapit, quod Natta reliquit. Tu pessimus omnium latro es, as Demetrius the Pirate told Alexander in Curtius. ^ Non ausi mutire, &c. .iEsop. 'Improbum et stultum, si divitem multos bonos viros in servitutem habentem, ob id duntaxat quod ei contingat aureorum numismatum cumulus, ut appendices, et additamenta numismatum. Morus, Utopia. 32 Dsmo^ritus to the Reader. an appendix to liis riclies, for tliat respect alone, because lie hath more wealth 'y^ and money, ^ and to honour him with divine titles, and bombast epithets," to smother him with fumes and eulogies, whom they know to be a dizzard, a fool, a covetous wretch, a beast, &c., "because he is rich'^' To see sub exuviis leonis onagrum, a filthy loathsome carcase, a Gorgon's head puffed up by para- sites, assume this unto himself, glorious titles, in worth an infant, a Cuman ass, a painted sepulchre, an Egyptian temple ? To see a withered face, a diseased, deformed, cankered complexion, a rotten carcass, a viperous mind, and Epicurean soul set out with orient pearls, jewels, diadems, perfumes, curious elaborate works, as proud of his clothes as a child of his new coats; and a goodly person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meek spirit clothed in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speech, of a divine spirit, wise? another neat in clothes, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense ? To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet never more disorders; Tribunal litium segetem, the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one court sometimes, so violently followed? To see injus- tissimum scBpe juri prcesidentem, impimn religioni, imperitissimum eruditioni, otiosissimum labori, monstrosum humanitati ? to see a lamb ^ executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, and fur sit on the bench, the judge severely punish others, and do worse hiva^Q]^,^ eundeonfartwnfacereetpunire, "^rajnnajn plectere, quum sit ipse raptor? Laws altered, misconstrued, inter- preted pro and con, as the ** Judge is made by friends, bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow; or firm in his opinion, - cast in his? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arbitrium judicis, still the same case, " P one thrust out of his inheritance, another falsely put in by favour, false forged deeds or wills." InciscB leges negliguntur, laws are made and not kept; or if put in execution, ^ they be some silly ones that are punished. As put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashier him (out, villain, begone, come no more in my sight); a poor man is raiserably tormented with loss of his estate perhaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for ever disgraced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make the worst of it, nunquid aliud fecit, saith Tranio in the ""poet, nisi quodfaxiunt summis nati generibus ? he hath done no more than what gentlemen usually do. ^ Neque novnm, neque mirum, neque secus quam alii Solent. For in a great person, right worshipful Sir, a right honourable Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a jjeccadillo, 'tis no offence at all, a com- mon and ordinary thing, no man takes notice of it; he justifies it in public, and perad venture brags of it, "t Nam quod turpe bonis, Titio, Seioque, decebat Crispinum" For-what would be base in good men, Titius, and Seiixs, became Crispinus. ""Many poor men, younger brothers, &c., by reason of bad policy and idle education (for they are likely brought up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and then hanged for theft; than which, what can be more ignominious, nan minus enim turpe principi multa supplicia, quam medico midta funera, 'tis kEorumq; detestantur Utopienses insaniam, qui divinos honores iis impertiunt, quos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt; non alio respectu honorantes quam quod dites sint. Idem. lib. 2. ' Cyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innocens pereat, sit nocens. Judex damnat foras, quod intus operatur. ""Sidonius Apo. " Salvianus 1. 3. de providen. ° Ergo judicium nihil est nisi publica merces. Petronius. Quid faciant leges ubi sola pecunia regnat ? Idem, p Hie arcentur hsereditatibus liberi, hie donatur bonis alienis, falsum consulit, alter testam en turn corrumpit, &c. Idem. qVexat censura columbas. ""Plaut. mostel. *Idem. ' Juven. Sat. 4. "Quod tot sint fnres et mendici, magistratuum culpa fit, qui malos imitantur praBceptores, qui discipulos libentius verberant quam docent. Morus, Utop. lib. 1. Democritus to the Reader. 33 the governor's fault. Lihentius verberant qubnn docent, as schoolmasters do rather correct their pupils, than teach them when they do amiss. "^They had more need provide there should be no more thieves and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take away the occasions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out lil^ewise those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawj^ers, and compose controversies, lites lusti'oles et sectdares, by some more compendious means." Whereas now for every toy and trifle they go to law, ^mugit litihus insanum forum, et scevit invicein discordantium rabies^ they are ready to pull out one another's throats ; and for commodity " ^ to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, "out of their brother's heart," defame, lie, disgrace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wrangle, sjDend their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harpy advocate, that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe; or some corrupt Judge, that like the ^Kite in ^sop, while the mouse and frog fought, carried both away. Generally they prey one upon another as so many ravenous birds, brute beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ^omnes Jiic aut captantur aut captant; aut cadavera quce lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be deceived ; tear others or be torn in pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as one riseth another falleth, one's empty, another's full; his ruin is a ladder to the third ; such are our ordinary proceedings. What's the market "? A place, according to ''Anacharsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? "^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as fickle as the air, domiciliwiii insanorum, a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, the theatre of hypo- crisy, a shop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, the scene of babbling, the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, uhi velis nolispugnan- dum, aut vincas aut succumbas, in which kill or be killed ; wherein every man is for himself, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard, l^o charity, ®love, friendship, fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if they be any ways ofiended, or that string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. Old friends become bitter enemies on a sudden for toys and small offences, and they that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and persecute one another to death, with more than Yatinian hatred, and will not be reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, but when there is no more good to be expected, as they do by an old dog, hang him up or cashier him : which ^Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not find in his heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, as ^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him away, or instead of ^reward, hate him to death, as Silius was served by Tiberius. In a word every man for his o^vn ends. Our summum bonum is commodity, and the goddess we adore Dea inoneta, Queen money, to whom we daily ofi'er sacrifice, which steers our hearts, hands, 'affections, all ; that most powerful goddess, by whom we are reared, depressed, elevated, '^esteemed the sole commandress of our actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour, 5^ Dccemuntur furi gravia et horrenda supplicia, quum potius providendum nmlto foret ne fares sint, na cuiquam tarn dira furandi aut pereimdi sit necessitas. Idem. JBotenis de angmeut. urb. lib. 3. cap. 3. » E fraterno corde sanguinem eliciunt. » Milvus rapit ac deglubit. ^ Petronius de Crotone civit. « Quid forum? locus quo alius alium circumvenit. ^Viistum chaos, larvarum emporium, theatrum hypocrisies, &c. « Nemo coelum, nemo jusjurandum, nemo Jovem pluris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis bona sua computant. Petron. ^Plutarch, vit. ejus. Indecorum animatis ut calceis uti autvitris, quJE ubi fracta abjicimus, nam ut de meipso dicam, nee bovem senem vendideram, nedum hominem natu grandem laboris socium. s Jovius. Cum innumera illius beneficia rependere non posset aliter, interfici jussit. ^ Beneficia eo usque lasta sunt dum videntur solvi posse, ubi multum antevenei'e pro gratia odium redditui'. Tac. 'Paucis charior est fides qiiam pecunia. Salust. ■ '' Prima fere vota et cunctis, &c. D 34 Democritus to the Reader. and contend as fishes do for a crumb tliat falleth into tlie water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's honum theatrale,) wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for which we are respected, but ^ money, greatness, office, honour, authority; honesty is accounted folly ; knavery, policy ; ™ men admired out of opinion, not as they are, but as they seem to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, flattering, cozening, dissem- bling, " "that of necessity one must highly offend God if he be conformable to the world," Cretizare cum Crete, "or else live in contempt, disgrace and misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed he, and he, and he, and the rest are '' "hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one side, a lamb on the other.P How v/ould Democritus have been affected to see these things ! To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia transformans sese in mii'acula rerum, to act twenty parts and persons at once, for his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets; of all religions, humours, inclinations; to fawn like a spaniel, mentitis et mimicis obsequiis, rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and jet others domineer over him, here command, there crouch, tyrannize in one place, be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. To see so much difierence betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixt tongue and heart, men like stage-players act variety of parts, '^give good precepts to others, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ^quem mallet truncatum videre, ^ smile with an intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ^magnify his friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums; his enemy albeit a good man, to vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice can invent. To see a *servant able to buy out his master, him that carries the mace more worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib, 1 1, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus abhors. A horse that tills the "land fed with chaff, aa idle jade have provender in abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost pined; a toiling drudge starve, a drone flourish. To see men buy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes follow the fashions in tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh; "'Eides? majore cliachinno Concutitur, llet si lachrymas coiispexit amici." '^Alexander stooped, so did his courtiers; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his parasites. ^Sabina Poppea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all the Poman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion without judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, 1 Et genus et formara regina pecunia donat. Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, tantum liabet et fidei. "Non a peritia sed ab ornatu et vulgi vocibus liabemur excellentes. Cardan. 1.2. de cons. » Perjurata suo po.stponit numina lucro, Mercator. Ut necessarium sit vel Deo displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, negligi. ° Qui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. p Tragelaplio similes vel centauris, sursum homines, deorsum equi. qProeceptis suis coelum promittunt, ipsi interim pulveris terreni vilia mancipia. r^Eneas Silv. ^ An-idere homines ut sa^viant, blandiri ut fallant. Cyp. ad Donatum. * Love and hate are like the two ends of a perspective glass, the one multiplies, the other makes less. tjyjinistri locupletiores iis quibiis ministratur, servus majores opes habens quam patronus. " Qui terram colunt equi paleis pascuntur, qui otiantur caballi avena saginantur, discalceatus discuvrit qui calces aliis facit. "^ Juven. Do you laugh ? he is shaken by still greater laughter : he weeps also when he has beheld the tears of his friend. ^ Bodin, lib. 4. de repub, cap. 6. ^ Plinius 1. 37. cap. 3. caplllos habuit succiueos, exiude factum ut omnes puellas llomaiiEe colorem ilium affectarent. Democritus to the Eeader. 35 if one bark all bark without a cause : as fortune's fan turns, if a man be in favour, or commanded by some great one, all the world applauds him; ^if in disgrace, in an instant all hate him, and as a.t the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now gaze and stare upon him. To see a man ""wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and towns, or as those anthropophagi, '^to eat one another. To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggary to right worshipful and right honourable titles, unj iistly to screw himself into honours and offices; another to starve his genius, damn his soul to gather wealth, which he shall not enjoy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant.'^ To see the xaxc^/ix/av of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, to be a favourite's favourite's favourite, &c., a parasite's parasite's parasite, that may scorn the servile world as having enough already. To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now ruffle in silk and satin, bravely mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kindred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat; a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a student ; a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study; him that can * paint Thais, play on a fiddle, curl hair, &c,, sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet. To see a fond mother, like ^sop's ape, hug her child to death, a ''wittol wink at his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other affairs; one stumble at a straw, and leap over a block; rob Peter, and pay Paul; scrape unjust sums wdth one hand, purchase great manors by corruption, fraud and cozen- age, and liberally to distribute to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, &c. Penny wise, pound foolish; blind men judge of colours ; wise men silent, fools talk; "^find fiiult with others, and do worse themselves; + denounce that in public which he doth in secret ; and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, of which he is most guilty himself To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that will scarce give him his Avages at year's end; A country colone toil and moil, till and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously consumes with phantastical expences ; A noble man in a bravado to encounter death, and for a small flash of honor to cast away himself; A world- ling tremble at an executor, and yet not fear hell-fire; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to be happy, and yet by all means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui decoUari malunt quam verherari, die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with alacrity, yet ® scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' departures. y edit dainiiatos. Juv. ■= Agrippa ep. 28. 1. 7. Quoruni cerebrum est in ventre, ingenitim in patinis. « Psal. They eat up my people as bread. ^ Absumit hceres ciecuba dignior servata centum clavibus, et mero distingaet pavimentis superbo, pontificum potiore ccenis. Hor. * Qui Thaidem pingere, inflare tibiam, crispare crines. « Doctus spectare lacunar. Horn. 6. in 2 Epist. ad. Cor. Hominem te agnoscere nequeo, cum tanquam asinus recalcitres, lascivias ut taurus, hinnias ut equus post mulieres, ut ursus ventri indulgeas, quum rapias ut lupus, &c., at, inquis, formam hominis habeo, Id magis terret, quum ferani humana specie videre nie putein. 'Epist. lib. 2. 13. Stultus semper incipit vivere, foeda homiuum levitas, nova quotidie fundamenia vitae poiiere, novas spes, &c. Democritus to the Reader. 4:1 tlie rest; dementem senectutem, Tiilly exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, all are stupid, and dote. * ^neas Sylvius, amongst many other, sets down three special ways to find a fool by. He is a fool that seeks tliat he cannot find : he is a fool that seeks that, which being found will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that having variety of ways to bring him to his journey's end, takes that which is worst. If so, methinks most men are fools; examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizzards and mad men the major part are. Beroaldus will have drunkards, afternoon men, and such as more than ordi- narily delight in drink, to be mad. Tlie first pot quencheth thirst, so Panyasis the poet determines in Atlienceus, secunda graiiis, horis et Dyonisio : the second makes merry, the third for pleasure, quartet ad insmiiam, the fourth makes them mad. If this position be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have? what shall they be that drink four times four] Nonne sujora omnem farorem, supra omnein insaniam reddunt insanissimos? 1 am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than mad. The ''Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, because he was sometimes sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Ildc Fatrid (saith Hippocrates) oh risumfarere et insanire d'wunt, his countrymen hold him mad because he laughs; ^and therefore "he desires him to advise all his friends at Hhodes, that they do not laugh too much, or be over sad." Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but seen what "'fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have concluded, we had been all out of our wits. Aristotle in his ethics holdi^fodix idemque sapiens, to be wise and happy, are reciprocal terms, bonus idemque sapiens honestus. 'Tis "Tully's paradox, " wise men are free, but fools are slaves," liberty is a power to live according to his own laws, as we will ourselves: who hath this liberty? who is free? -0 " sapiens sibique iniperiosus, Quem neque pauperis, neque mors, iieque vincula terrent, Responsare cupidinilius, contemnere lionores Fortis, et in seipso totus teres atque rotunclus." "He is wise that can command his own will, Valiant and constant to himself still. Whom poverty nor death, nor hands can fright, Checks his desires, scorns honours, just and right." But where shall such a man be found? If no where, then e diametro, we are all slaves, senseless, or worse. Nemo modus foelix. But no man is happy in this life, none good, therefore no man wise. fBari quippe honi For one virtue you shall find ten vices in the same party; pauci Promethei, multi Epimethei. We may peradventure usurp the name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, Philippus Bonus, Lodovicus Pius, &c., and describe the properties of a wise man, as Tully doth an orator, Xenophon Cyrus, Castillo a courtier, Calen temperament, an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found? " Vir bonus et sapiens, qualem vix repperit unum | " A wise, a good man in a million, Millibus e multis hominum consultus Apollo." | Apollo consulted could scarce find one." A man is a miracle of himself, but Trismegistus adds. Maximum miraculum homo sapiens, a wise man is a wonder : multi Thirsige^'i, pauci Bacchi. Alexander when he was presented with that rich and costly casket of king Darius, and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to keep * De ctirial. miser. Stultus, qui quserit quod nequit invenire, stultus qui qujerit quod nocet inventura, stultus qui cum plures habet calles, deteriorem deligit. Mihi videntur omnes deliri, amentes, &c. "^ Ep. I'amageto. i Amicis nostris Hhodi dicito, ne nimium rideant, aut nimiura tristes sint. ™ Per multum risum poteris cognoscere stultum. Offic. 3. c. 9. " Sapieutes liberi, stulti servi, libertas est potestas, &c. <»iior. 2. ser. 7. t Juven. " Good people are scarce." 42 Democritus to tlie Header. Homer's works, as the most precious jewel of human wit, and y§t °Scaliger upbraids Homer's muse, Nutricem insance sapientice, a nursery of madness, P impudent as a court lady, that bhishes at nothing. Jacobus MyciUus, Gil- bertus Cognatus, Erasmus, and ahnost a,ll posterity admire Lucian's hixuriant wit, yet Scah'ger rejects him in his censure, and calls him the Cerberus of the muses. Socrates, whom all the world so much magnified, is by Lactantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plutarch extols Seneca's wit beyond all the Greeks, nulli secundus, yet "^ Seneca saith of himself, " when I would solace myself with a fool, I reflect upon myself, and there I have him." Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius, Architas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the Mathematician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri terrarum far beyond the rest, are Ptolomseus, Piotinus, Hippocrates. Scaliger exercitat. 224, scofls at this censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes Galen Jimhriam Hijjpocratis, a skirt of Hippocrates: and the said "Cardan himself elsewhere condemns both Galen and Hippocrates for tediousness, obscurity, cod fusion. Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Scaliger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui fene tnodum excessit humani ingenii, and yet "Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisseticas : and Cardan, opposite to himself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of times present, ^ Majoresque nostras ad po'esentes collatos juste pueros ap^^e^/ari. In conclusion, the said ''Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, ""but only prophets and apostles; how they esteem themselves, you have heard before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and seek for applause : but hear Saint '^Bernard, quantb magis foras es sapiens, tanto magis intus stultus efficeris, d'c. in omnibus es prudens, circa teipsum insipiens: the more wise thou art to others, the more fool to thyself I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunken- ness in the saints of God themselves; sanctam insaniam Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^ Yorstius, would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but), familiar to good men, as that of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and E.om. ix. he wisheth himself to be anathematized for them. Such is that drunkenness which Ficinus speaks of, when the soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, which poets deci- phered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poet, ^insanire luhet, as Austin exhorts us, ad ebrietatem se quisque pai'et, let's all be mad and ''drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our commission, we reel to the opposite part, *we are not capable of it, ^and as he said of the Greeks, Vos GrcBci semper pueri, vos Britanni, Galli, Germani, Itali, 6oc. you are a company of fools. Proceed now a, loartibus ad tofum, or from the whole to parts, and you shall find no other issue, the parts shall be sufiiciently dilated in this following Preface. The whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is mad, ""hellua multorum capiium, (a many-headed beast,) precipi- tate and rash without judgment, stultum animal, a roaring rout. **E-oger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, Vulgus dividi in oppositum contra sapientes, o Rypocrit. p Ut mulier aulica nnllius pirlcns. «« m-,.rv„,r> " i " ThroTigli sucli a train of ^rords if I should ran,. Ante diem clauso component vesper OljTnpo : | ^^^^ ^ - , ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ V but according to my promise, I will descend to particulars. This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those creatiu-es which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like minerals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &c. and hellebore itself, of w^hich ^Agrippa treats, fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, Interdum k feris, ut olim Mauritania, &c. " Deliciis Hispanise anno 1604. Nemo malus, nemo pauper, optimus quisque atque ditissimus. Pie sancteque vivebant, summaque cum veneratione et timoi'e, divino cultui, sacrisque rebus incumbebant. "Polit. 1. 5. c. 3. p Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe princeps rerura gerendarum imperitus, segnis, oscitans, suique muneris immemor, aut fatuus est. i Non viget respublica cujus caput infirmatur. Salisbui'iensis, c. 22. 'See Dr. Fletcher's relation, and Alexander Gagninus' history. s Abundans omni divitiarum affluentia incolarum multitudine splendore ac potentia. * JS^ot above 200 miles in length, 60 in breadtli, according to Adi'icomius. Democritus to the Reader. 45 almost waste, by tlie despotical government of an imperious Turk, ititolerahili servitutis jugo 2)T&initur ("one saith) not only fire and water, goods or lands, sed ipse spiritus ah insolentissimi victoris pendet mUic, sucli ia their slavery, their lives and souls depend upon his insolent will and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he comes, insomuch that an ^ historian complains, " if an old inhabitant should now see them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to behold them," Whereas ^' Aristotle notes, N0VC8 exactiones, nova oner a imposita, new burdens and exactions daily come upon them, like those of which Zosimus, lib, 2, so grievous, ut viri uxores, p)atres filios jjrostituerent ut exactorihus e questu, d'c, they must needs be discontent, hinc civitatimi gemitus et ploratus, as ^ TuUy holds, hence come those complaints and tears of cities, '•' poor, miserable, rebellious, and des- perate subjects, as ^Hippolitus adds; and ""as a judicious countryman of ours observed not long since, in a survey of that great Duchy of Tuscany, the people lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest complainings in that kind, " That the state was like a sick body which had lately taken physic, whose humours are not yet well settled, and weakened so much by purging, that nothing was left but melancholy. Whereas the princes and potentates are immoderate in lust, hypocrites, epicures, of no religion, but in shew: Quid hypocrisi fragilius? what so brittle and unsure 1 what sooner subverts their estates than wanderinor and raajini? lusts, on their subjects' wives, daughters'? to say no worse. That they should facem prceferre, lead the way to all virtuous actions, are the ringleaders often- times of all mischief and dissolute courses, and by that means their countries are plagued, " *" and they themselves often ruined, banished, or murdered by conspiracy of their subjects, as Sardanapalus was, Dionysius, junior, Helio- gabalus, Periander, Pisistratus, Tarquinius, Timocrates, Childericus, Appius Claudius, Andronicus, Galeacius Sforsia, Alexander Medices," &c. Whereas the princes or great men are malicious, envious, factious, ambitious, emulators, they tear a commonwealth asunder, as so many Guelfs and Gibe- lines disturb the quietness of it, "^ and with mutual murders let it bleed to death; our histories are too full of such barbarous inhumanities, and the miseries that issue from them. Whereas they be like so many horse-leeches, hungry, griping, corrupt, * covetous, avaritice tnancipia, ravenous as wolves, for as Tully writes : qui prceest p)rodest, et qui pecudibus p)rceest, debet eorum utilitati inservire : or such as prefer their private before the public good. Por as ^he said long since, res privates p)ublicis semper officere. Or whereas they be illiterate, ignorant, empirics in policy, uhi deest facultas ^virtus [Aristot. pol. 5, cap. 8,) et scientia, wise only by inheritance, and in authority by birth-right, favour, or for their wealth and titles ; there must needs be a fault, ^ a great defect : because as an ' old philosopher affirms, such men are not always fit. " Of an infinite number, few noble are senators, and of those few, fewer good, and of that small number of honest, good, and noble men, few that are learned, wise, discreet, and sufficient, able to discharge such places, it must needs turn to the confuyion of a state." "Romulus Amascus. ^ Sabellicus. Si quis incola vetus, non agnosceret, si quis peregrinus, ingemis- ceret. y Polit. 1. 5. c. 6. Cmdelitas principum, impunitas scelerum, violatio leguni, peculatus pecuniag public£e, etc. ^ Epist. ^Da increm. urb. cap. 20. subditi miseri, rebelles, desperati, &c. i>K. Darlington. 1596. concliisio libri. = Boterus 1. 9. c. 4. Polit. Qno fit ut aut rebus desperatis exulent, aut conjuratione subditovuni crudelissime tandem trucidentur. ^ Mutuis odiis et coedibus exliausti, &c. *Luci'a ex malis, sceleratisque causis. 'Sallust. sFor most part we mistake the name of Politi- cians, accounting such as read Machiavel and Tacitus, great statesmen, that can dispute of political precepts, supplant and overthrow their adversaries, enrich themselves, get honours, dissemble; but what is this to the bene esse, or preservation of a Commonwealth ? '> Imperium suapte sponte corruit. > Apul. Prim. Flor. £x innumerabilibus, pauci Seuatores genere nobiles, e consularibus pauci boni, e bonis adliuc pauci eruditi. 46 Democritus to the Header. For as the "^ Princes are, so are the people ; Quails Rex, talis grex : and which ' Antigonus right well said of old, qui Macedonim regem erudit, omnes etiam suhditos erudit, he that teaches the king of Macedon, teaches all his subjects, is a true saying still. " For Princes are the glass, the school, the hook, Where subjects' eyes do learn, do read, do look." "Velocius et citius nos Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla domestica, magnis Cum subeant animos auctoribus." * Their examples are soonest followed, vices entertained, if they be profane, irreligious, lascivious, riotous, epicures, factious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will the commons most part be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, drunkards, and therefore poor and needy (^ ''■«'"«* <^Ta.(nv efxirotei tea] Hanovf-ytav, for poverty begets sedition and villany) upon all occasions ready to mutiny and rebel, discontent still, complaining, murmuring, grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, shifters, cozeners, outlaws, Profligatoe famce ac vitce. It was an old "" politician's aphorism, " They that are poor and bad envy rich, hate good men, abhor the present government, wish for a new, and would have all turned topsy turvy." When Catiline rebelled in Home, he got a company of such debauched rogues together, they were his familiars and coadjutors, and such have been your rebels most part in all ages. Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Kette, and his companions. Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, many laws, many lawsuits, many lawyers and many physicians, it is a manifest sign of a distempered, melancholy state, as ° Plato long since main- tained : for where such kind of men swarm, they will make more work for themselves, and that body politic diseased, which was otherv/ise sound. A general mischief in these our times, an insensible plague, and never so many of them : "which are now multiplied (saith Mat. Geraldus, °a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, but the plagues of the country, and for the most part a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious generation of men. "^Cru- tnenimulga 7iatio, &c. A purse-milking nation, a clamorous company, gowned vultures, ^ qui ex injuria vivent et sanguine civium, thieves and seminaries of discord; worse than any polers by the highway side, auri accipitres, auri exte- rehronides, pecuniarum hamiolce, quadruplatores, curice harpagones, fori tinti- nabula, raonstra hominum, mangones, dsc, that take upon them to make peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious harpies, scraping, griping catchpoles, (I mean our common hungry pettifoggers, ^rabulas forenses, love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and wortliy la^vyers, that are so many 'oracles and pilots of a well-governed commonwealth.) Without art, without judgment, that do more harm, as * Livy said, quam hella externa, fames, niorbive, than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases; "and cause a most incredible destruction of a commonwealth," saith " Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do they by such places they inhabit; no counsel at all, no jusstice, no speech to be had, nisi eum premulseris, he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a fish, better open an oyster without a knife. Experto crede (saith " Salisburiensis) in manus eorum millies incidi, et ^ Non solum vltia concipiunt ipsi principes, sed etiam infundunt in civitatem, plusque exemplo quam peccato nocent. Cic. 1. de legibus. i Epist. ad Zen. Juven. Sat. 4. Paiipertas seditionem gignit et maleficium, Arist. Pol. 2. c. 7. * Vicious domestic examples operate more quickly upon us when suggested to our minds by high authorities. ™ Sallust. Semper in civitate quibus opes null^e sunt, bonis invident, vetei-a odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia petunt. " De legibus. profligatse in repub. disciplinse est indicium jurisperitorum numerus, et medicorum copia. <> In prgef. stud, juris. Multiplicantur nunc in terris ut locustte non patriaa parentes, sed pestes, pessimi homines, majore ex parte superclliosi, contentiosi, &c., licitum latrocinium exercent. PDousa epid. loquieleia turba, vultures togati. qfiarc. Argen. ' Jurisconsulti domus oraculum civitatis. Tully. ^Lib. 3. tLib. 3. " Lib. I. de rep. Gallorum, incredibilem reipub. perniciem afferuut. * Polycrat. lib. Democriius to the Eecider. 47 Charon immitis, qui nulli pepercit unquatn, his longh dementior est ; " I speak out of experience^ I have been a thousand times amongst them, and Charon himself is more gentle than they; ^he is contented with his single pay, but they multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they have damnificas linguas, as he terms it, nisifanibus argenteis vi)icias,th.ey must be fed to say nothing, and *get more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, ''''.of all injustice there is none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to be honest men." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere causas humilium, to help them to their right, patrocinantur qfflictis, * but all is for their own good, ut loculos pleniorum exhauriant, they plead for poor men gratis, but they are but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, '^ they can make a jar, out of the law itself find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so long, lustra aliquot, I know not how many years before the cause is heard, and when 'tis judged and determined by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh to begin, after twice seven years some times, as it was at first; and so they prolong time, delay suits till they have enriched themselves, and beggared their clients. And, as " Cato inveighed against Isocrates' scholars, we may justly tax our wrangling lawyers, they do consenescere in litibus,.a.re so litigious and busy here on earth, that I think they will plead their client's causes here- after, some of them in hell. "^ Simlerus complains amongst the Suissers of the advocates in his time, that when they should make an end, they began con- troversies, and " protract their causes many years, persuading them their title is good, till their patrimonies be consumed, and that they have spent more in seeking than the thing is worth, or they shall get by the recovery." So that he that goes to law, as the proverb is, ® holds a wolf by the ears, or as a sheep in a storm runs for shelter to a brier, if he prosecute his cause he is consumed, if he surcease his suit he loseth all;^ what difference 1 They had wont hereto- fore, saith Austin, to end matters, per communes arhitros; and so in Switzer- land (we are informed by ^ Simlerus), "they had some common arbitrators or daysmen in every town, that made a friendly composition betwixt man and man, and he much wonders at their honest simplicity, that could keep peace so well, and end such great causes by that means. At ^Pez in Africa, they have neither lawyers nor advocates ; but if there be any controversies amongst them, both parties plaintift and defendant come to their Alfakins or chief judge, "and at once without any farther appeals or pitiful delays, the cause is heard and ended." Our forefathers, as 'a worthy chorographer of ours observes, had wont pauculis cruculis aureis, with a few golden crosses, and lines in verse, make all conveyances, assurances. And such was the candour and integrity of succeeding ages, that a deed (as I have often seen) to convey a whole manor, was imjolicite contained in some twenty lines or thereabouts ; like that scede or Sytala Laconica, so much renowned of old in all contracts, which ^ Tully so earnestly commends to Atticus, Plutarch in his Lysander, Aristotle polit.: Thucydides, lib. 1. ^Diodorus and Suidas approve and magnify, for that laconic brevity in this kind; and well they might, for, according to "Tertullian, y Is stipe contentus, et hi asses integros sibi multlplicari jubent. * Plus accipiunt taceve, qtiam nos loqni. «Totius injustitias nulla capitalior, quam eorum qui cum ra axime decipiunt, id agunt, ut boni viri esse videan tuv. "Nam quocnnque modo causa procedat, hoc semper agitur, ut locuii impleantur, etsi avaritia nequit satiari. ^ Camden in Norfolk : qui si nihil sit litium e juris apicibus lites tamen serere callent. « Plu- tarch, vit. Cat. causas apud inferos quas in suam fidem roceperunt, patrocinio suo tuebuntur. d Lib. 2. de Hehet. repub. non explicandis, sed raoliendis controversiis operam dant, ita ut lites in multrs annos extra- hantur summa cum molestia utrisque ; partis et dum- interea pati-iraonia exhaiiriantur. ^Lupum auribus tenent. ■ ^Hor. sLib. de Helvet. repub. Judices quocnnque pago coustituiint qui amica aliqua transac- tione, si fieri possit, lites tollant. Ego majorum nostrorum simplicitatem admii'or, qui sic causas gravissimas composuerint ; &c. i^Clenard 1. 1. ep. Si quas controversise utraque pars judicem adit, is semel et simul rem transigit, audit : nee quid sit appellatio, lachrymosseque morse ncscunt. > Camden. ^Lib. 10. epist. ad Atticum, epist. 11. iBiblioth. 1. 3. ^Lib. de Anim. 48 Democritus to the Reader. certa sunt paucis, there is miicli more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old tliroughoTit : but now many skins of parchment will scarce serve turn ; he that buys and sells a hoiise, must have a house full of writings, there be so many circumstances, so many words, such tautological repetitions of all par- ticulars, (to avoid cavillation they say ;) but we find by our woful experience, that to subtle wits it is a cause of much more contention and variance, and scarce any conveyance so accurately penned by one, which another will not find a crack in, or cavil at; if any one word be misplaced, any little error, all is disannulled. That which is a law to-day, is none to-morrow; that which is sound in one man's opinion, is most faulty to another; that in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion, we bandy one against another. And that which long since ° Plutarch complained of them in Asia, may be verified in our times. " These men here assembled, come not to sacri- fice to their gods, to offer Jupiter their first-fruits, or merriments to Bacchus ; but an yearly disease, exasperating Asia, hath brought them hither, to make an end of their controversies and lawsuits." 'Tis onultitudo perdentium etpereun- tium, a destructive rout that seek one another's ruin. Such most part are our ordinary suitors, termers, clients, new stirs every day, mistak^js, errors, cavils, and at this present, as I have heard in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastinations, delays, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately spent), violence and malice, I know not by whose fault, lawyers, clients, laws, both or all : but as Paul reprehended the ** Corinthians long since, I may more positively infer now : " There is a fault amongst you, and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a p wise man amongst you, to judge between his brethren? but that a brother goes to law with a brother." And '^Christ's counsel concerning lawsuits, was never so fit to be inculcated as in this age: '"^ Agree with thine adversary quickly," (fee. Matth. V. 25. I could repeat many such particular grievances, which must disturb a body politic. To shut up all in brief, where good government is, prudent and wise princes, there all things thrive and prosper, peace and happiness is in that land : where it is otherwise, all things are ugly to behold, iucult, barbarous, uncivil, a paradise is turned to a wilderness. This island amongst the rest, our next neighbours the French and Germans, may be a sufficient witness, that in a short time by that prudent policy of the Pomans, was brought from bar- barism ; see but what Caesar reports of us, and Tacitus of those old Germans, they were once as uncivil as they in Virginia, yet by planting of colonies and good laws, they became from barbarous outlaws, 'to be full of rich and popu- lous cities, as now they are, and most flourishing kingdoms. Even so might Virginia, and those wild Irish have been civilized long since, if that order had been heretofore taken, which now begins, of planting colonies, &c. I have read a Miscourso, printed anno 1612. "Discovering the true causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued, or brought under obedience to the crown of England, until the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign." Yet if his reasons were thoroughly scanned by a judicious politician, I am afraid he would not altogether be approved, but that it would turn to the dishonour of our nation, to sufier it to lie so long waste. Yea, and if some travellers should see (to come nearer home) those rich, united provinces of Holland, Zealand &c., n Lib. major morb. coii). an animi. Hi non conveniunt ut dils more majorum sacra faciant, non ut Jo^•i primitias offerant, aut Baccho commessitiones, sed anniversarius morbus exasperans Asiam hue eos coegit, ut contentiones hie peragant. " 1 Cor. vi. 5, 6. p Stulti quando demum sapietis ? Ps. xlix. 8. * so intituled, and preached by our Regius Professor, D. f*rideaux; pi-inted at London by Foelix Kingston, 1C21. q Of which Text read two learned Sermons. >• Sa3pius bona materia cessat sine artifice. Sabcllicus de Germania. Si quis videret Germaniam m'bibus hodie excultam, non diceret ut dim tristem cultu, asperam coelo, terrara informem. s By his Majesty's Attorney General there. Democritus to the Reader. 49 over against us; those neat cities and populous towns, fall of most industrious artificers, *so much land recovered from the sea, and so painfully preserved by those artificial inventions, so wonderfully approved, as that of Bemster in Holland, ut nihil huic par aut simile invenias in toto orhe, saith Bertius the geographer, all the world cannot match it, "so many navigable channels from place to place, made by men's hands, &c. and on the other side so many thousand acres of our fens lie drowned, our cities thin, and those vile, poor, and ugly to behold in respect of theirs, our trades decayed, our still running rivers stopped, and that beneficial use of transportation, wholly neglected, so many havens void of ships and towns, so many parks and forests for pleasure, barren heaths, so many villages depopulated, &c. I think sure he would find some fault. I may not deny but that this nation of ours, doth hene audire apud exteros, is a most noble, a most flourishing kingdom, by common consent of all '^ geo- graphers, historians, politicians, 'tis ii7iica velut arx^^ and which Quintius in Livy said of the inhabitants of Peloponnesus, may be well applied to us, we are testudines testa sua inclusi, like so many tortoises in our shells, safely defended by an angry sea, as a wall on all sides. Our island hath many such honourable eulogiums ; and as a learned countryman of ours right well hath it, " "^Ever since the Normans first coming into England, this country both for military matters, and all other of civility, hath been paralleled with the most flourishing kingdoms of Europe and our Christian world," a blessed, a rich country, and one of the fortunate isles : and for some things ^preferred before other countries, for expert seamen, our laborious discoveries, art of navigation, true merchants, they carry the bell away from all other nations, even the Portugals and Hollanders themselves; "^without all fear," saith Boterus, " furrowing the ocean winter and summer, and two of their captains, with no less valour than fortune, have sailed round about the world." ''We have besides many particular blessings, which our neighbours want, the Gospel truly preached, church discipline established, long peace and quietness free from exactions, foreign fears, invasions, domestical seditions, well manured, ^forti- fied by art, and nature, and now most happy in that fortunate union of Eng- land and Scotland, which our forefathers have laboured to effect, and desired to see. But in which we excel all others, a wise, learned, religious king, another Numa, a second Augustus, a true Josiah; most worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, &c. Yet amongst many roses, some thistles grow, some bad weeds and enormities, which much disturb the peace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, fit to be rooted out, and with all speed to be reformed. The first is idleness, by reason of which we have many swarms of rogTies, and beggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (whom Lycurgus in Plutarch calls niorbos reipublicce, the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people in all our towns. Civitates ignohiles as ^Polydore calls them, base built cities, inglorious, poor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile v/e may not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well as Italy, France, Germany, the Low-countries? because their policy hath been otherwise, and we are not so thrifty, circum- spect, industrious. Idleness is the malus genius of our nation. For as ^Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not enough, except art and ' As Zeipland, Bemster in Holland, &c. " From Gaunt to Since, from Bruges to the sea, ka. ^ Ortelius, Boterus, Mercator, Meteranus, &c. * " The citadel par excellence." '•'■■ Jam inde non minus belli gloria, quam humanitatis cultu inter florentissimas orbis Christian! gentes imprimis floruit. Camden Brit, de Normannis. ^ Geog. Keeker. y Tam hieme quam testate intrepide sulcant Oceanum, et duo illorum duces non minore audacia quam fortuna totius orhem terrte circumnavigarunt. Amphitheatro Botei-us. z A fertile soil, good air, &c Tin, Lead, Wool, Saffron, &c. » Tota Britannia unica velut arx. Boter. i* Lib. 1. hist. « Increment, urb. L L c. 9. E 50 Democritus to tlie Header. industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are either natural or artificial; natural, are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manufactures, coins, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, wine, fruits, &c., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. " "^England," saith he, " London only excepted, hath never a popu- lous city, and yet a fruitful country." I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province in Germany, 50 castles, an infinite number of vil- lages, no ground idle, no not rocky places, or tops of hills are untilled, aS ^Munster informeth us. In ^Greichgea, a small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I read of 20 walled towns, innumerable villages, each one containing 150 houses most part, besides castles and noblemen's palaces. I observe in ^Taringe, in Diitchland (twelve miles over by their scale) 12 coun- ties, and in them 144 cities, 2000 villages, 144 towns, 250 castles. In ^Bavaria, 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. '^ Portugallia interamnis, a small plot of ground, hath 1460 parishes, 130 monasteries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, yields 20,000 inhabitants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciar- dine's relations of the Low-countries. Holland hath 26 cities, 400 great vil- lages. Zeland, 10 cities, 102 parishes. Brabant, 2Q cities, 102 parishes. Flanders, 28 cities, 90 towns, 1154 villages, besides abbeys, castles, &c. The Low-countries generally have three cities at least for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but their industry and excel- lency in all manner of trades? Their commerce, which is maintained by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art and oppor- tune havens, to which they build their cities; all which we have in like measure, at at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil, but industry that enricheth them, the gold mines of Peru, or Nova Hispania may not compare with them. They have neither gold noi silver of their own, wine nor oil, or scarce any corn growing in those united provinces, little or no wood, tin, lead, iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or metal; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that brag of their mines, fertile Eng- land cannot compare with them. I dare boldly say, that neither France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy, Valentia in Spain, or that pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine and oil, two harvests, no not any part of Europe is so flourishing, so rich, so populous, so full of good ships, of well-built cities, so abounding with all things necessary for the use of man. 'Tis our Indies, an epitome of China, and all by reason of their indus- try, good policy, and commerce. Industry is a loadstone to draw all good things; that alone makes countries flourish, cities populous, J and will enforce by reason of much manure, which necessarily follows, a barren soil to be fertile and good, as sheep, saith ^Dion, mend a bad pasture. Tell me, politicians, why is that fruitful Palestina, noble Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, so much decayed, and (mere carcases now) fallen from that they were? The ground is the same, but the government is altered, the people are grown slothful, idle, their good husbandry, policy, and industry is decayed. Nonfatigata aut efceta humus, as 'Columella well informs Sylvinus, sedjwstra fit inertia, &c. May a man believe that which Aristotle in his politics, Pau- sanias, Stephanus, Sophianus, Gerbelius relate of old Greece? I find hereto- d Angliae, excepto Londino, nulla est civitas memorabilis, licet ea natio rerum omnium copia abundet. eCosmog. Lib. 3. cop. 119. Villarum non est numerus, nulkis locus otiosus aut incultus. fChytreus orat. edit. Francof. 1583. s Magiiius Geog. ^ Ortelius e Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. • An hundred families in each. j Populi multitude diligente eultura faecundat solum. Boter. 1. 8 c. 3. k Orat. 85. Terra ubi oves stabulantur optima agricolis ob stercus. iJJe re rust. 1. 2. cap. 1. The soil is not tired or exhausted, but has become barren through our sloth. Democritus to the Reader. 51 fore 70 cities in Epirus overtlirown by Paulus ^milius, a goodly province in times past, ™now left desolate of good towns and almost inhabitants. Q'2 cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time. I fiod 30 in Laconia, but now scarce so many villages, saith Gerbelius. If any man from Mount Taygetus should view the country round about, and see tot delicias, tot urhes per Feloponnesum dispersas, so many delicate and brave built cities with such cost and exquisite cunning, so neatly set out in Peloponnesus, ''he should perceive them now ruinous and overthrown, burnt, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground, Incredihile dictu, &G. And as he laments, Quis taliafando Temper et a lachrymis? Quis tam durus autferreus? (so he prosecutes it.)* Who is he that can sufficiently condole and commiserate these ruins? Where are those 4000 cities of Egypt, those 100 cities in Crete? Are they now come to two? What saith Pliny and ^lian of old Italy? There were in former ages 1166 cities: Blondus and Machiavel, both grant them now nothing near so populous, and full of good towns as in the time of Augustus (for now Leander Albertus can find but 300 at most), and if we may give credit to °Livy, not then so strong and puissant as of old : " They mustered 70 Legions in former times, which now the known world will scarce yield. Alexander built 70 cities in a short space for his part, our Sultans and Turks demolish twice as many, and leave all desolate. Many will not believe but that our island of Great Britain is now more populous than ever it was; yet let them read Bede, Leland and others, they shall find it most flourished in the Saxton Heptarchy, and in the Conque- ror's time was far better inhabited than at this present. See that Domesday Book, and show me those thousands of parishes, which are now decayed, cities ruined, villages depopulated, &c. The lesser the territory is, commonly, the richer it is. Parvus sedh&iie cultus ager. As those Athenian, Lacedsemonian, Arcadian, Aelian, Sycionian, Messenian, ko,., commonwealths of Greece make ample proof, as those imperial cities and free states of Germany may witness, those Cantons of Switzers, Bheti, Grisous, Walloons, Territories of Tuscany, Luke and Senes of old. Piedmont, Mantua, Venice in Italy, Bagusa, &c. That prince therefore, as ^ Boterus adviseth, that will have a rich country, and fair cities, let him get good trades, privileges, painful inhabitants, arti- ficers, and sufler no rude matter un wrought, as tin, iron, wool, lead, &c., to be transported out of his country, — ''a thing in part seriously attempted amongst us, but not effected. And because industry of men, and multitude of trade so much avails to the ornament and enrichingr of a kinojdom; those ancient "Mas- silians would admit no man into their city that had not some trade. Selym the first Turkish emperor procured a thousand good artificers to be brought from Taurus to Constantinople. The Polanders indented with Henry Duke of Anjou, their new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred families of arti- ficers into Poland. James the First, in Scotland (as ^ Buchanan writes), sent for the best artificers he could get in Europe, and gave them great rewards to teach his subjects their several trades. Edward the Third, our most renowned king, to his eternal memory, brought clothing first into this island, transport- ing some families of artificers from Gaunt hither. How many goodly cities could I reckon up, that thrive wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live singular well by their fingers' ends ! As Florence in Italy by makiug cloth of gold ; great Milan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings; many cities in Spain, many in France, Germany, have none "> Hodie urbibus desolatur, et magna ex parte incolis destituitur. Gerbelius desc. Grseciae, lib. 6. nVidebit . eas fere omnes aut eversas, aut solo teqiiatas, aut in rudera foedissime dejectas. Gerbelius. * Not even the hardest of our foes could hear, Nor stern Ulysses tell without a tear. "Lib. 7. Septuaginta olim legiones scriptse dicuntur; quas vires hodie, &c. PPolit. 1. 3. c. 8. "5 For dyeing of cloths, and dressing, &c. r Yaler. 1. 2. c. 1. 'Hist. Scot. Lib. 10. Magnis propositis prasraiis, ut Scoti ab lis edocerentur. ■ 52 Doinocritus to the Header. other manitcnance, especially those withm the land. * Mecca in Arabia Petra^a, stands in a most unfruitful country, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Yertomanus describes it), and yet it is a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the trallic of the east and west. Orinus in Persia is a most famous mart-toAvii, hath nought else but the opportunity of the haven to make it flourish. Corinth, a noble city (Lumen Gra^cioe, Tally calls it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Lecheus those excellent ports, drew all that traffic of the Ionian and ^gean seas to it; and yet the country about it was curva et sujyerciliosa, as " Strabo terms it, rugged and harsh. We may say the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of those towns in Greece. Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city, by the sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most countries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like, Sedem animce in extremis digitis habent, their soul, or intellecttis agens, was jJaced in their fingers' end; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, &c. It is almost incredible to speak what some write of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, "^ Mat. Iliccius, the Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most popidous countries, not a beggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper and flourish. We have the same means, able bodies, pliant wits, matter of all sorts, wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, &c., many excellent subjects to work upon, only industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles of the tails of them, which they sell to us again, at as great a reckoning as the whole. In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^Spanish loiterers, we live wholly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. Malt- ing are their best ])loughs, their greatest traffic to sell ale. "^ Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no v/hit so industrious as the Hol- landers : " Manual trades (saith he) which are more curious or troublesome, «re wholly exercised by strangers: they dwell in a sea full of fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, but buy it of their neighbours." Tush ''Mare liberum, they fish under our noses, and sell it to us when they have done, at their own prices. " Putlet h£EC opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, et non potuissc refoUi." I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how to answer it. Amongst our towns, there is only ^ London that bears the face of a city, ^ JiJpitome Brita7i7ii(B, a fajnous emporium, second to none beyond seas, a noble mart: hut sola crescit, decrescentibus cdiis ; and yet in my slender judgment, defective in many things. The rest (^some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idleness of their inhabitants, riot, which had rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, than work. I cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities, *that they are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom, conceru- tMunst. cosni. 1. 5. c. 74. Agro omnium rernm infcecundissimo, aqua indigente, inter saxeta, urbs tamen elegautissimu, ob Orientis ncgotiationcs et Occidentis. " Lib. 8. Ueogr : ob asperum situm. X Lib. Edit, a Nic. Tregant. Relg. A. 1(316. expedit. in Sinas. y Ubi nobiles probi loco habent artem aliquam profitevi. Cleonard. ep. 1. 1. == Lib. 13. Belg. Hist, non tam laboriosi ut Bclgie, sed ut liispani otiatores vitam ut plurimum otiosam agcntes; artes mauuarije quae phirimum luibent in se laborls et difficultatis, majoremq; requirunt industriam, aperegrinis et exterisexercentiu-; habitant in piscosissimo niari, interea tantuni non piscautur quantum insulaj sutfecerit, sed a vicinis emere coguutur. "Grotii Liber. ^ Urbs animis numeroque poteiis, et robore gentis. Scaliger. « Camden. '* York, Bristow, Isorwicli, Worcester, &,c. « M. Gainsfords Argument : Because gentlemen dwell with us in tUe country Democritus to ths Reader. 53 ing buildings, hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses.) so rich, thick sited, populous, as in some otlier countries; besides the reason3 Cardan gives, Suht'd. Lib. 11. we want wine and oil, their two harvests, we dwell in a colder air, and for tliat cause must a little more liberallj ^feed of flesh, as all northern countries do: our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwithstanding we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &c., and such enormities that follow it? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, severe statutes, houses of correction, &c., to small purpose it seems; it is not houses will serve, but cities of correction ; ^ our trades generally ought to be reformed, wants supplied. In other countries they have the same grievances, I confess, but that doth not excuse us, ^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations,* especially against rogues, beggars, Egyptian vagabonds (so termed at least) which have 'swarmed all over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in ^ Munster, Granzius, and Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. Nemo in nostra civitate mendicus esto,f saith Plato : he will have them purged from a ' commonwealth, "' " as a bad humour from the body," that are like so many ulcers and boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. What Carolus Magnus, the Chinese, the Spaniards, the Duke of Saxony, and many other states have decreed in this case, resid Arniseus, cap. 19; Boterus, libra S, caj). 2; Osorius de Rebus gest. Eman. lib. 11. When a countrjr is overstocked with people, as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old P.omans; or by employing them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for which those Romans were fa.mous in this island; as Augustus Csesardid in Pome, the Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are still at wort, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. "aqueducts, bridges, havens, those stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at ° Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, that Pirseum in Athens, made by Themistocles, amphitheatnims of curious marble, as at Verona, Civitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Flaminian ways, prodigious works all may witness ; and rather than they should be p idle, as those "^ Egyptian Pharaohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, "" Quo scilicet alantur. et ne vagando laborare desuescant. Another eye- sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as ^Boterus, ^Plippolitus a Collibus, and other politicians hold, if it bo villages our cities are less, is nothing to the purpose; put three hundred or four hundred villages in a abiro, and every village yield a gentleman, what is four hundred families to increase one of our cities, or to con- tend with theirs, which stand thicker ? And whereas ours usually consist of seven thousand, theirs consist of f n'ty thousand inliahitants. ''Maxima pars victiis in carne consistit. Polyd. Lib. 1. Hist. sRefi'^e- nate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantur otio, redintegretur agricolatio, lanificium instauretur, ut sit lionestum negotium quo se exerceat otiosa ilia turba. Nisi his malis medentui', frustra exercent justitiam. Mor. Utop. Lib. I. '' Mancipiis locuples cget seris Cappadocum rex. Hor. * Kegis dignitatis non est exercere imperium in mendicos sed in opulentos. Non est regni decus, sed carceris esse custos. Idem, i Colluvies hominum mirabiles excocti solo, immundi vestcs fcedi visu, furti imprimis acres, &c. ^ Cos- mog. lib. 3. cap. 5. f " Let no one in our city be a beggar." ' Seneca. Haud minus turpia principi multa supplicia, quam medico multa funera. "^ Ac pituitam et bilem a corpora (11 de legg.) omnes vult exterminari. » See Lipsius Admiranda. " De quo Suet, in Claudio, et Plinius, c. 36 p Ut egestati simul et ignavise occurratur, opificia condiscantur, teoues subleventur. Bodin. 1. 6. c. 2. num. 6, 7. Ut olim Romani, Hispani hodie, &c. iRiccius lib. 11. cap. 5. de Sinarum expedit. sic Hispani cogunt Mauros arma deponere. • So it is in most Italian cities. k idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immoderate, vide Guil. Stuckium antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. ' Plato 9. de legibus. •" As those Lombards beyond Seas, though with some reformation, mons pietatis, or bank of charity, as Malines terms it, cap. 33. Lex mercat. part 2. that lend money upon easy pawns, or take money upon adventure for men's lives. n That proportion will make merchandise increase, land dearer, and better improved, as he hatU judicially proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to tlie Parliament anno 1621. - • Democritus to the Reader. 63 supervisors, or cerarii prcefecti shall think fit. "And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said supervisors shall approve of. I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multi- tude, ^multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same throughout, and those rectified by the Primum mobile, and sun's motion, threescore miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometri- cal paces to a mile, five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &c. and from measures known it is an easy matter to rectify weights, &c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad populi salutem, upon urgent occasion, " * odimus accipitrem, quia semper vivit in armis,'^ ^oflensive wars, except the cause be very just, I will not allow of. For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal to Scipio, in " Livy, " It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. Tor neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and pains, so many fleets and armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tentanda, fair means shall first be tried. ^ Peragit tranquilla potestas, Quod violenta nequit. I will have them proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Eabius my general, not Minutius, nam t qui Consilio nititur plus hostibus nocet, quofm qui sine animi ratione, viribus: And in such wars to abstain as much as is possible from * depopula- tions, burning of towns, massacring of infants, &c. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procinctu, et quam % Bonfinius apud Hungaros suos vult, virgam ferream, and money, which is nervus belli, still in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old '^Home and Egypt, reserved for the commonwealth; to avoid those heavy taxes and impositions, as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses, fees, pen- sions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainments. All things in this nature especially I will have maturely done, and with great ^deliberation: ne quid^temere, ne quid remisse ac timidefiat; Sed qubferor hospes ? To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Manum de tabella, I have been over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits wherein I am included will not permit. From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many corsives and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity there is betwixt a political and economical body; they differ only in magnitude and proportion of business (so Scaliger ''writes) as they have both likely the same period, as ^ Bodin and ^ Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows; as namely, riot, a common ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A ° corographer of ours speaking obiter of ancient families, «Hoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 cap. ad Ephes. sequissimam vocat usurara, et charitati Christians con- sentaneam, modo non exigant, &c. nee omnes dent ad foenus, sed 11 qui in pecuniis bona liabent, et ob setatera, sexum, artis alicujus ignorantiam, non possunt utl. Nee omnibus sed mercatoribus et lis qui honeste impendent, &c. p Idem apud Persas ollm, lege Brlsonlum. * " We hate the hawk, because he always lives in battle." Ampliit. Plaut. Democritus to tJie Reader. 65 take ill courses to disquiet them, ^ '• their son is a thief, a spendthrift, theif daughter a whore;" a step ^mother, or a daugliter-in-law, distempers all;™ or else for want of means, many torturers arise, debts, dues, fees, dowries, jointures, legacies to be paid, annuities issuing out, by means of which, they have not wherewithal to maintain themselves in that pomp as their predeces- sors have done, bring np or bestov/ their children to their callings, to their birth and quality, ° and will not descend to their present fortunes. Often- times, too, to aggravate the rest, concur maDy other inconveniences, unthank- ful friends, decayed friends, bad neighbours, negligent servants, ° servi furaces, versipelles, callidi, occlusa sibi onille clavibus reserant, furtimque; raptant, consumunt, Ugurmnt; casualties, taxes, mulcts, chargeable offices, vain ex- penses, entertainments, loss of stock, enmities, emulations, frequent invitations, losses, suretyship, sickness, death of friends, and that which is the gulf of all, improvidence, ill husbandry, disorder and confusion, by which means they are drenched on a sudden in their estates, and at unawares precipitated insensibly into an inextricable labyrinth of debts, cares, woes, want, grief, discontent and melancholy itself. I have done with families, and will now briefly run over some few sorts and conditions of men. The most secure, happy, jovial, and merry in the world's esteem are princes and great men, free from melancholy : but for their cares, miseries, suspicions, jealousies, discontents, folly and madness, I refer you to Xenophon's Tyrannus, where king Hieron discourseth at large with Simonides the poet, of this subject. Of all others they are most troubled with per- petual fears, anxieties, insomuch that, as he said in ^ Valerius, if thou knewest with what cares and miseries this robe were stuffed, thou wouldst not stoop to take it up. Or put case they be secure and free from fears and discon- tents, yet they are void ^ of reason too oft, and precipitate in their actions, read all our histories, quos de stultis prodidere stulti, lliades, ^neides, Annales, and what is the subject ? " Stultorum regum, et popiilorum eontinet jsstus." The giddy tumults and the foolish rage Of kings and people. How mad they are, how furious, and upon small occasions, rash and incon- siderate in their proceedings, how they doat, every page almost will witness, " delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi." When doating monarchs urge Unsound resolves, their subjects feel the scourge. Next in place, next in miseries and discontents, in all manner of hair-brain actions, are great men, procul a Jove, 2^focid a fahnine, the nearer the worse. If they live in court, they are up and dow^n, ebb and flow with their princes' favours, Ingeniu7)i vultu statque caditque suo, now aloft, to-morrow down, as "■ Poly bins describes them, " like so many casting counters, now of gold, to- morrow of silver, that vary in worth as the computant will ; now they stand for units, to-morrow for thousaiivds; now before all, and anon behind." Beside, they torment one another with mutual factions, emulations: one is ambitious, another enamoured, a third in debt, a prodigal, overruns his fortunes, a fourth solicitous with cares, gets nothing, &c. But for these men's discontents, anxieties, I refer you to Lucian s Tract, de 'mercede conductis, ^^neas Sylvius (libidinis et stuUidce servos, he calls them), Agrippa, and many others. 1^ Paling. Filius aut fur. i Catus cum mure, duo galli simul in sede, Et glotes binas nunquam vivunt sine lite. "' Res angusta domi. " When pride and beggary meet in a family, they roar and howl, and cause as many flashes of discontents, as fire and -water, -when they concur, make thunder-claps in the skies. " Plautus Aulular. p Lib. 7. cap. 6. iPellitur in bellis sapientia, vi geritur res. Vetus proverbium, autregem aut fiituum nasci oportere. ^'LVb. 1. hist. Rom. Similes tot bacculorum calculis, secundum computantis arbitrium, modo eerei sunt, modo aurei: ad nutum regis nunc beati sunt nunc niiseri. ^ .^rumnosique Soloues in Sa. 3. De miser curialiuin. F 66 Democritus to the Reader. Of philosopliers and scliolars pfiscce sapieniice dictatores, I have already spoken in general terms, those superintendents of wit and learning, men above men, those refined men, minions of the muses, tmentemque habere quels bonam Et esse " corculis datum est. * These acute and subtle sophisters, so much honoured, have as much need of hellebore as others. ^ medici mediam pertundlte venam. Bead Lucian's Piscator, and tell how he esteemed them ; Agrippa's Tract of the vanity of Sciences ; nay, read their own works, their absurd tenets, prodigious paradoxes, et rismn teiieatis amici ? You shall find that of Aristotle true, nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementice, they have a worm as well as others; you shall find a fantastical strain, a fustian, a bombast, a vain- glorious humour, an aflected style, &c., like a prominent thread in an uneven woven cloth, run parallel throughout their works. And they that teach wisdom, patience, meekness, are the veriest dizzards, hairb rains, and most discontent. " "^ In the multitude of wisdom is grief, and he that increaseth wisdom, in- creaseth sorrow." I need not quote mine author; they that laugh and contemn others, condemn the world of folly, deserve to be mocked, are as giddy- headed, and lie as open as any other. * Democritus, that common flouter of folly, was ridiculous himself, barking Menippus, scofiing Lucian, satirical Lucilius, Petronius, Yarro, Persius, &c., may be censured with the rest, Lori- pedem rectus derideat, j^thiopem alhus. Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Yives, Kemnisius, explode as a vast ocean of obs and sols, school divinity. ''A laby- rinth of intricable questions, unprofitable contentions, incredibiletn delirationem, one calls it. If school divinity be so censured, subtilis "" Scotus Iwia veritatis, Occam irrefragahilis, cujus ingenium Vetera omnia ingenia subvertit, &c. Baconthrope, Dr. Pesolutus, and Gorcidum Theologian, Thomas himself, Doctor ^Seraphicus, cui dictavit Angelus, d'c. What shall become of humanity'? A7^s stulta, what can, she plead? What can her followers say for themselves ? Much learning, ^cere-diminuit-hrum, hath cracked their scouce, and taken such root, that trihus Anticyris caput insanahile, hellebore itself can do no good, nor that renowned ^ lanthorn of Epictetus, by which if any man studied, he should be as wise as he was. But all will not serve; rhetoricians, in ostentationem loquacitatis multa agitant, out of their volubility of tongue, will talk much to no purpose, orators can persuade other men what they will, quo volunt, unde volunt, move, pacify, &c., but cannot settle their own brains, what saith Tully ? 3falo indesertam prudentiam, qiiam loquacem stultitiam; and as ^Seneca seconds him, a wise man's oration should not be polite or solicitous. ""Pabius esteems no better of most of them, either in speech, action, gesture, than as men beside themselves, insanos declamatores; so doth Gregory, Nan mihi sapit qui sermone, sed qui factis saioit. Make the best of hiiu, a good orator is a turncoat, an evil man, bonus orator pessimus vir, his tongue is set to sale, he is a mere voice, as ' he said of a nightingale, dat sine mente sonum, an hy- perbolical liar, a flatterer, a parasite, and as ^Ammianus Marcellinus will, a corrupting cozener, one that doth more mischief by his fair speeches, than he that bribes by money; for a man may vdth more facility avoid him that cir- cumvents by money, than him that deceives with glozing terms; which made tF. Dousce Epid. ISb. 1. c. 13. ^ Hoc cognomento cohonest&ti Romas, qui casteros mortales sapientia prEestarent, testis Plin. lib. 7. cap. 34. ^ Insanire parant certa ratione modoque, mad, by the book they, &c. y Juvenal. "0 Physicians! open the middle vein." = Solomon. * Com- munis irrisor stultitise. ^ wit whither wilt ? « Scaliger exercitat. 324. ^ Vit. ejus. « Ennias. f Lucian. Ter mille drachmis olira empta; studens inde sapientiam adipiscetur. sEpist. 21. 1. lib. Non oportet orationem sapientis esse politam aut solicitam. »> Lib. 3. cap. 13. multo anhelitu jactatione furentes pectus, frontem ctedentes, &c. JLipsius, voces sunt, prseterea nihil. ^ Lib. 30. plus mail facere videtur qui oratione qukm qui pra'tio quern vis corrunipit : nam, &c. Dsmocri'.us to tJie Header. G7 'Socrates so much abhor and explode them. ""Fracastoniis, a fliraous poet, freely grants all poets to be road; so doth "Scaliger; and who cloth not? Aut inscinit homo, aut versus facit (He's mad or making verses), Hor. Sat. vii. 1. 2. Insanire luhet, i.e versus componere. Virg.S Eel. ; So Servius interprets it, all poets are mad, a company of bitter satirists, detractors, or else parasitical applauders : and what is poetry itself, but as Austin holds, Vinum erroris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatuni ? You may give that censure of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Germanus Brixius' poems in particular. " veliuntur In rate stultitise, sylvarn habitant Furi^.o " Budseus, in an epistle of his to Lupsetus, will have civil law to be the tower of wisdom; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature; a third tum- bles them both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious critics, grammatical triflers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins of wit, ineptiarum delicias, amongst the rubbish of old writers ; ^Pro stidiis hahent nisi aliquid sufficiant invenire, quod in aliorum scriptis vertant vitio, all fools with them that cannot find fault ; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle themselves to find out how many streets in Home, houses, gates, towers. Homer's country, ^neas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sapp)ho 2^uhlica fuerit? ovum '^prius extiterit an gallina! (&g. ei alia quoi dediscenda essent scire, si scires. as "■ Seneca holds. Y/hat clothes the senators did wear in Home, what shoes, how they sat, where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, v/hat sauce, which for the present for an historian to relate, ^according to Lodovic. Yives, is very ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stutf, they admired for it, and as proud, as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or conquered a province; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore, Quos- lis auctores absurdis coriim,entis suis p)6rcacant et stsrcorant, one saith, they bewray and daub a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, co?'rec^orwm sterqidlinia ^ScpAigev calls them, arid show their wit in censuring others, a company of foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beetles, inter siercora ut 2"lurimu7)i versantur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many times before the Gospel itself, ^thesaurum criticum, before any treasure, and with their deleaturs, alii legunt sic, melts codex sic hahet, with their postremce editiones, annotations, casti- gations, &c., make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody good, 3^et if any man dare oppose or coiitradict, they are mad, up in arms on a sudden, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies? ^ EpipiJiilledes lice sunt ut merce oiugce. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or against them, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the rest of our artists and philosophers, I will generally conclude they are a kind of madmen, as ^Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingenia sanare, memoriam of/iciorum ingerere, ac fidem in rebus humanis retinere, to keep our wits in order, or rectify our manners. Numquid tibi demens videtur, si istis ojiera'ni impenderit ? Is not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world is in combustion, or we whilst our souls are in danger, (piors sequitur, vitafugit) to spend our time in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth? 1 In Gorg. Platonis. m In naugerio. " Si furor sit Lyssas, &c quoties furit, furit, furiti amaiis, bibens, et Poeta, &c. « " Tliey are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell in the grove of madness." PMornsUtop.lib.il. q Macrob. Satur. 7. 16. rEpiyt. 16. » lji,, (jg causis coirup. artium. * Lib. 2. in Ausouinm, cap. 19 et 32. "Edit. 7. volum. Jano Gutero. "Aristo- phanis Ranis. J" Lib. de beucficiis. 68 Democritus to the Reader. That ^lovers are mad, I think no man will deny, A'niare slniul et saperSy ipsi Jovi no7i datur, Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. " alSTon bene conveniunt, nee in una sede raorantur Majestas et amor." Tally, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not simul ainare et sapere, be wise and love both together. ^Est orcus ille, vis est immedicabilis, est rabies insana, love is madness, a hell, an incurable dis- ease; impotentem et insanam lihidinem ''Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this subject apart; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. •^Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^consilium fceminis invaliduvi; Seneca, men, be they young or old; who doubts it, youth is mad as Elius in TuUy, Stulti adolescentuli, old age little better, deliri senes, dx. Theophrastus, in the 107th year of his age, *"said he then began to be wise, turn sapere coepit, and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where shall we find a wise man? Our old ones doat at threescore-and-ten. I would cite more proofs, and a better author, but for the present, let one fool point at another. ^Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of ''rich men, " wealth and wisdom cannot dwell together," stultitiam patiuntur opes, 'and they do coiwrnoiilj ^infatuare cor hominis, besot men; and as we see it, " fools have fortune:" ^Sap)ientia non invenitur in terra suaviter viven- tium. For beside a natural contemj^t of learaing, which accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness (for they will take no pains), and which ™ Aristotle observes, ubi mens plurima, ibi Tiiinima fortuna, ubi plurima fortuna, ibi mens perexigua, great wealth and little wit go commonly together : they have as much brains some of them in their heads as in their heels; besides this inbred neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mentem, polish the mind, they have most part some guUish humour or other, by which they are led ; one is an Epicure, an Atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whore- master (tit subjects all for a satirist to work upon); *'° Hie nuptarnm insanit amoribns, hie puerorum." One burns to madness for the wedded dame; Unnatural lusts another's heart inflame. "one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking; another of carousing, horse-riding, spending; a fourth of building, fighting, &c., Insanit veteres statuas Dama- sippus emendo, Damasippus hath an humour of his own, to be talked of: ^Heliodorus the Carthaginian, another. In a word, as Scaliger concludes of them all, they are Statuai erectce stultitice, the very statues or pillars of folly. Choose out of all stories him that hath been most admired, you shall still find, multa ad laudern, multa ad vituperationem magnijlca, as "^Berosus of Semiramis; omnes tnortaUs militia, triuinp>his, divitiis, d'c, turn et hixu, ccede, coeterisque vitiis antecessit, as she had some good, so had she many bad 23arts. Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, overtaken in drink : Csesar and Scipio valiant and wise, but vain-glorious, ambitious : Vespasian a worthy prince, but covetous: 'Hannibal, as he had mighty virtues, so had he many vices; unam virtutem mille vitia comitantur, as Machiavel of Cosmo !«Delirus et amens dlcatur amans. Hor. Seneca. » Ovid. Jlet. " Majesty and Love do not atrree •^\'ell, nor dwell together." t> Plutarch. Amatorio est amor insanus." c£pjst. 39. d Sylvie nuptialis, 1 . 1, num. 11. Omnes mulieres ut pluriraum stultte. e Aristotle. 'Dolere se dixit quod tum vita egrederetur. s Lib. 1. num. 11. sapientia et divitise vix simul possideri possunt. >» They get their wisdom by eating pie-crust some. ' xf-"7MaTa t"'^? Ovnroli •yiveTco acppoawri. Opes quidem mortalibus sunt amentia. Theognis. t Fortuna nimium quem fovet, stultum facit. i Joh. 28. ™Mag. moral, lib. 2. et lib. 1. sat. 4. " Hor. lib. 1. sat 4. <> Insana gula, insanag obstructiones, insanum venandi studium discordia demens. Virg. iEn. p Heliodorus Carthaginiensis. ad extremum orbis sar- cophago testament© me hie jussi condier, et ut viderem an quis insanior ad me visendum usque ad hsec loca penetraret. Ortelius in Gad. S'k65. 7. Emu- lation, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, Subs. 8. Anger a cause, Subs. 9. Discontents, cares, mise- ries, &c.. Subs. 10. Vehement desires,ambition,;S';J;5.11. Covetousness, f the First Partition. 55 Pai'ticular symptoms to the three dis- tinct species. Sect. 3. Mernb. 2. Head me- lancholy. ( Subs. 1. Hypo- chondria- cal, or windy melan- choly. Subs. 2. Over all the body. Subs. 3. fHeadach, binding and heaviness, vertigo, lightncP'?, J singing of the ears, much waking, fixed eyes, i hig-li colour, red eyes, hard belly, dry body; no (_ great sign of melancholy in the other parts. r Continual fear, sorrow, suspicion, discontent, su- 3 perfluous cares, solicitude, anxiety, perpetual J cogitation of such toj^s they are possessed with, (_ thoughts like dreams, &c. Wind, rumbling in the guts, belly-ach, heat in the bowels, convulsions, crudities, short wind, sour and sharp belchings, cold sweat, pain in the left side, suffocation, palpitation, heaviness of the heart, singing in the ears, much spittle,' and moist, &c. or r Fearful, sad, suspicious, discontent, anxiety, &c. In mind. < Lascivious by reason of much wind, troublesome ( dreams, affected by fits, &c. ( Black, most part lean, broad veins, gross, thick ( blood, their hemorrhoids commonly stopped, &c. ( Fearful, sad, solitary, hate light, averse from com- ( pany, fearful dreams, &c. In body In mind. In body In body or In mind. Symptoms of nuns', maids', and widows' melancholy, in body and mind, &c. A reason of these symp- toms, Memb. 3. Why they are so fearful, sad, suspicious without a cause, why solitary, why melancholy men are Avitty, why they suppose they hear and see strange voices, visions, apparitions. Why they prophesy, and speak strange languages; whence comes their crudity, rumbling, convulsions, cold sweat, heaviness of heart, palpitation, cardiaca, fearful dreams, much waking, prodigious fantasies. C. \Prognostics ofmelancholy. Sect. 4. Tending to good, as Tending to evil, as Corollaries and ques- tions. "Morphew, scabs, itch, breaking out, &c. I Black jaundice. I If the hemorrhoids voluntarily open. ^ If varices appear. Leanness, dryness, hollow-eyed, &,c. Inveterate melancholy is incurable. If cold, it degenerates often into epilepsy, apo- plexy, dotage, or into blindness. If hot, into madness, despair, and violent death. The grievousness of this above all other diseases. The diseases of the mind are more grievous than those of the body. < Whether it be lawful, in this case of melancholy, for a man to ofi"er violence to himself. Neg. How a melancholy or mad man ofiering violence to himself, is to be censured. THE FIEST PAETITION. THE FIRST SECTIOiT, MEMBEU, SUBSECTION". Mans Excellency, Fall, Miseries, Infirmities; The causes of them. Mans Excellency.] Man, the most excellent and noble creature of tlie world, " the principal and mighty work of God, wonder of nature," as Zoro- aster calls him ; auclacis naturce miraculwm, '^ the '"^ marvel of marvels," as Plato ; " the** abridgment and epitome of the world," as Pliny; Microcosmus, a little world, a model of the world, '^ sovereign lord of the earth, viceroy of the world, sole commander and governor of all the creatures in it ; to whose empire they are subject in particular, and yield obedience; far surpassing all the rest, not in body only, but in &o^A',^Imaginis Imago, ^created to God's own ^ image, to that immortal and incorporeal substance, with all the faculties and powers belonging unto it ; M^as at first pure, divine, perfect, happy, " ^ created after God in true holiness and righteousness;" Deo congruens, free from all manner of infirmities, and put in Paradise to know God, to praise and glorify him, to do his will, Ut diis consimiles jparturiat deos (as an old poet saith) to propagate the church. Man's Fall and Misery?^ But this most noble creature, Heu tristis, et lachrymosa commutatio (^one exclaims) O pitiful change ! is fallen from that he was, and forfeited his estate, become Tniserabilis homuoicio, a cast- away, a caitiff, one of the most miserable creatures of the world, if he be considered in his own nature, an unregenerate man, and so much obscured by his fall that (some few reliques excepted) he is inferior to a beast, "'Man in honour that understandeth not, is like unto beasts that perish," so David esteems him : a monster by stupend metamorphosis, ^ a fox, a dog, a hog, what nof? Quantum mutatus ah illo ? How much altered from that he was ; before blessed and happy, now miserable and accursed ; " ^ He must eat his meat in sorrow," subject to death and all manner of infirmities, all kind of calamities. A Description of Melancholy.'] "°' Great travail is created for all men, and an heavy yoke on the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their mother's womb, unto that day they return to the mother of all things. Namely, their thoughts, and fear of their hearts, and their imagination of things they wait for, and the day of death. From him that sitteth in the glorious throne, ■Magnum miraculuni. bMundi epitome, naturas delicije. c Finis rerum omnium, cui sublunaria serviunt. Scalig. exercit. 365. sec. 3. Vales, de sacr. Phil. c. 5. ^ut in nuraismate Ctesaris imago, sic in homine Dei. « Gen. 1. f Imago mundi in corpore, Dei in anima. Exemplumque dei quisque est in imagine parva. KEph. iv. 24. i^Pa'.anterius. 'Psal. xlix. 20. ^Lascivia superat equum, impu- dentia canem, astu vulpem, furore leonem. Chrys. 23. Gen. » Gen. iii. 13. wEcclus. iv. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8. G 82 Diseases hi General. [Part. 1. Sect. 1. to him that sitteth beneath in the earth and ashes; from him that is clothed in bkie silk and weareth a crown, to him that is clothed in simple linen. Wrath, envy, trouble, and nnquietness, and fear of death, and rigour, and strife, and such things come to both man and beast, but sevenfold to the ungodly." All this befalls him in this life, and perad venture eternal misery in the life to come. I7)ipulsive Cause of Man s Misery and Infirmities. '\ The impulsive cause of these miseries in Man, this privation of destruction of God's image, the cause of death and diseases, of all temporal and eternal punishments, was the sin of our first parent Adam, " in eating of the forbidden fruit, by the devil's insti- gation and allurement. His disobedience, pride, ambition, intemperance, incre- dulity, curiosity ; from whence proceeded original sin, and that general corrup- tion of mankind, as from a fountain flowed all bad inclinations and actual transgressions which cause our several calamities inflicted upon us for our sins. And this belike is that which our fabulous poets have shadowed unto us in the tale of "Pandora's box, which being opened through her curiosity, filled the world full of all manner of diseases. It is not curiosity alone, but those other crying sins of ours, which pull these several plagues and miseries upon our heads. For ^J^i^^Si^caiwrn, ^6i proce?^ as ^Chrysostom well observes. "^ Fools by reason of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, are affiicted. ""Fear cometh like sudden desolation, and destruction like a whirlwind, affiic- tion and anguish," because they did not fear God, " * Are you shaken with wars?" as Cyprian well urgeth to Demetrius, " are you molested with dearth and famine? is your health crushed with raging diseases? is mankind gene- rally tormented with epidemical maladies? 'tis all for your sins," Hag. i, 9, 10; Amos i. ; Jer. vii. God is angry, punisheth and threateneth, because of their obstinacy and stubbornness, they will not turn unto him. "*If the earth be barren then for want of rain, if dry and squalid, it yield no fruit, if your fountains be dried up, your wine, corn, and oil blasted, if the air be corrupted, and men troubled with diseases, 'tis by reason of their sins:" which like the blood of Abel cry loud to heaven for vengeance. Lam. v. 15. '* That v/e have sinned, therefore our hearts are heavy," Isa. lix. 11, 12. "Vfe roar like bears, and mourn like doves, and want health, &c. for our sins and trespasses." But this we cannot endure to hear or to take notice of, Jer. ii. 30. " We are smitten in vain and receive no correction;" and cap. v. 3. "Thou hast stricken them, but they have not sorrowed; they have refused to receive cor- rection ; they have not returned. Pestilence he hath sent, but they have not turned to him," Amos iv. "Herod could not abide John Baptist, nor ''Domitian endure ApoUonius to tell the causes of the plague at Ephesus, his injustice, incest, adultery, and the like. To punish therefore this blindness and obstinacy of ours as a concomitant cause and principal agent, is God's just judgment in bringing these calamities upon us, to chastise us, I say, for our sins, and to satisfy God's wrath. For the law requires obedience or punishment, as you may read at large, Deut. xxviii. 15. " If they v/ill not obey the Lord, and keep his commandments and ordi- nances, then all these curses shall come upon them. ^ Cursed in the town and in the field, &c. ^Cursed in the fruit of the body, &c. ""The Lord shall send thee trouble and shame, because of thy wickedness." And a little after, "''The Lord shall smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with emrods, and « Gen. iii. 17. ollla cacTens tegmen manibus decussit, et una perniciem immisil; miseris mortalibus atram. Hesiod. 1. oper. p Horn. 5. ad pop. Antioch. i Psal. evil. 17. ^pro. i. 27. « Quod autem cvebrius bella concutiant, quod sterilitas et fames solicitudinem cumulent, quod ssevientibus morbis valetudo frangitur, quod humanum genus luis populatione vastatur ; ob peccatum omnia. Cypr. t Si rai o desupcr pluvia descendat, si ten-a situ pulveris squalleat, si vix jejunas et pallidas herbas sterilis gleba producat, si turbo viiieam debilitet, &c. Cypr. i Mat. xiv. 3. -^ Philostratus, lib. 8. vit. Apollo rdi. Injustitiam ejus, et sceleratas nuptias, et csetera quae praster rationem fccerat, morborum causas dixit, y 16. «18. »20. b Verse 27. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diseases in General. S3 scab, and itch, and tbou canst not be healed. •'With madness, blindness, and astonishing of heart." This Paul seconds, Rom. ii. 9, " Tribulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doth evil." Or else these chastise- ments are inflicted upon us for our humiliation, to exercise and try our patience here in this life, to bring us home, to make us to know God ourselves, to inform and teach us wisdom. '"^Therefore is my people gone into captivity, because they had no knowledge ; therefore is the wrath of the Lord kindled against his people, and he hath stretched out his hand upon them." He is desirous of our salvation. ^Nostrce salutis avidus, saith Lemnius, and for that cause pulls us by the ear many times, to put us in mind of our duties : "That they which erred might have understanding, (as Isaiah speaks xxix. 24) and so to be reformed.* I am afflicted, and at the point of death," so David confesseth of himself, Psalm Ixxxviii. v. 15, v. 9. "Mine eyes are sorrowful through mine affliction:" and that made him turn unto God. Great Alexander in the midst of all his prosperity, by a company of parasites deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds bleed, remembered that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. In morbo recolligit se animus,'^' as ^ Pliny well perceived; " In sickness the mind reflects upon itself, with judgment surveys itself, and abhors its former courses ; " insomuch that he concludes to his friend Marius, "^that it were the period of all philosophy, if we could so continue, sound, or perform but a part of that which we promised to do, being sick." Whoso is wise then, will consider these things, as David did (Psal. cxliv., verse last) ; and whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it. If he be in sorrow, need, sick- ness, or any other adversity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, misery, this or that incurable disease is inflicted upon him; it maybe for his good, ^ sic expedit, as Peter said of his daughter's ague. Bodily sick- ness is for his soul's health, periisset nisi periisset, had he not been visited, he had utterly perished; for "'the Lord correcteth him whom he loveth, even as a father doth his child in whom he delighteth." If he be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all manner of infirmity ; ^ et cui *' Gratia, forma, valetudo contingat abunde I "And that lie have grace, heauty, favour, health, Et mundus victus, non deficiente crumena." | A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth." Yet in the midst of his prosperity, let him remember that caveat of Moses, "^Beware that he do not forget the Lord his God;" that he be not puffed up, but acknowledge them to be his good gifts and benefits, and " tthe more he hath, to be more thankful," (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. Instrumental Causes of our Iv/iimities.'j Now the instrumental causes of these our infirmities, are as diverse as the infirmities themselves; stars, heavens, elements, &c. And all those creatures which God hath made, are armed against sinners. They were indeed once good in themselves, and that they are now many of them pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption, which hath caused it. For from the fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth accursed, the influence of stars altered, the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are now ready to offend us. " The prin- cipal things for the use of man, are water, fire, iron, salt, meal, v/heat, honey, milk, oil, wine, clothing, good to the godly, to the sinners turned to evil," Ecclus. xxxix. 26. "Eire, and hail, and famine, and dearth, all these are created « 28. Deus quos diligit, castigat. ^ Isa. v. 13. verse 15. e Nostras salutis a^^dus continenter aures velicat, ac calamitate suhinde nos exercet. Levinus Lemn. 1. 2. c. 29. de occult, nat. mir. * Vexatio dat intellectum. Isa. xxviii. 19. In sickness the mind recollects itself. ^'Lib. 7. Cum judicio, moses et facta recognoscit et se intuetur Dum fero languorem, fero religionis amorem. Expers languoris non. sum memor hujus amoris. s Summum esse totius philosophise, ut tales esse perseveremus, quales nos futures esse infirmi profitemui-. h Petrarch. ' Prov. iii. 12. ^ jior. Epis. lib. I. 4. ' Deut. viii. 11. Qui Stat videat ne cadat. t Quanto majoribus beneficiis a Deo cumulatur, tanto obligatiorem sa debitorera fateri. 84 Diseases in General. [Part, 1. Sec. 1. for vengeance,'' Eccliis. xxxix. 29. Tlie heavens threaten us with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, quartiles, 'and such unfriendly aspects. The air with his meteors, thunder and lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather; from which proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, consuming infinite myriads of men. At Cairo in Egypt, every third year, (as it is related by ™Boterus, and others) 300,000 die of the plague; and 200,000, in Constantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrify and oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in ° China, Japan, and those eastern climes, swallowing up sometimes six cities at once 1 How doth the water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, bridges, &c., besides shipwrecks; whole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed with all their inhabitants in " Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent drowned, as the ^ lake Erne in Ire- land 1 "^ Nihilque lovceter arcium cadavera patenti cernimus freto. In the fens of Eriesland 1230, by reason of tempests, "^the sea drowned QnuUa homi- num millia, et jumenta sine numero, all the country almost, men and cattle in it. Hov/ doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an instant whole cities'? What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, again and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate? In a word, " s Ignis pepercit, uncTa mergit, aeris Vis pestilentis sequori ereptum necat, Bello superstes, tabidus morbo perit." " Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. Pestilent air doth send to clay; Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away." To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men? Lions, v/olves, bears, &c. Some with hoofs, horns, tusks, teeth, nails: How many noxious serpents and venomous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, sight, or quite kill us ? How many pernicious fishes, plants, gums, fruits, seeds, flowers, &c., could I reckon up on a sudden, which by their very smell many of them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make mention of a thousand several poisons: but these are but trifles in respect. The greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others.''^ We are all brethren in Christ, or at least should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. Let me not fall therefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into the hands of men, merciless and wicked men : -" Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, Quamque lupi, ssevss plus ferltatis hahent." We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them ; Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers foreiel us; Earthquakes, inunda- tions, ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise beforehand; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls, and towers, defend ourselves from thieves and robbers by watchful- ness and weapons; but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one another. Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, Svitches: sometimes by impos- m Boterus de Inst. urMum. " Lege hist, relationem Lod. Frois de rebus Japonicis ad annum 1596. "Guicciard. descript. Belg. anno 1421. pGiraldus Cambrens. *J Janus Dousa, ep. lib. 1. car. 10. And we perceive nothing, except the dead bodies of cities in the open sea. ■■ Munster. 1. 3. Cos. cap. 462. ^-Buchanan. Baptist. * Homo homini lupus, homo homini daemon. f Ovid, de Trist. 1. 5. Eleg. 8. tMLscent aconita noverc33. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diseases in General. d)5 tures, mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we back and hew, as if we were ad hiternecionem nati, like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an ordinary thing to read of a hundred and two hundred thou- sand men slain in a battle. Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strapadoes, guns, engines, &c. "^Ad unum corpus humanum supplicia plura, quam membra : We have invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, as Cyprian well observes. To come nearer yeb, our own parents by their offences, indiscretion and intem- perance, are oiu" mortal enemies. " "" The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge." They cause our grief many times, and put upon us hereditary diseases, inevitable infirmities : they torment us, and we are ready to injure our posterity; ^ "mox datiu'i progeniem vitiosiorem." I " And yet with crimes to ns unknoTm, I Our sons shall mark the coming age their own." and the latter end of the world, as ''Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art, every man the greatest enemy unto himself We study many times to undo ourselves, abus- ing those good gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, memory to our own destruction, ^ Perditio tua ex te. As '^ Judas Maccabeus killed Apollonius with his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to undo us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turned to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on us, well employed, cannot but much avail us ; but ii otherwise perverted, they ruin and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of himself in his humble confessions, " promptness of wit, memory, eloquence, they were God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particularly know how, and by what means, consult physicians, and thej will tell you, that it is in offending in some of those six non-natural things, of which 1 shall * dilate more at large; they are the causes of our infirmities, our surfeiting, and drunkenness, our immoderate msatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapula, quam gladius, is a true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, that pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens^ old age, perverts our temper- ature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that which crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness, (^quos Juinter perdit, dementat ; by sub- traction of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government^ our facility and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and perturbation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose our- selves and degenerate into beasts. All which that prince of ^ poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os oculosque Jom par : like Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god; but when he became angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness of Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, correct our inordinate appetite, and conform our- selves to God's word, are as so many saints : but if we give reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into beasts, " Lib. 2. Epist. 2. ad Donatum. vEzech. xviii. 2. "^ Hor. 1. 3 Od. 6. ^2 Tim. iii. 2. y Ezec. xviii. 31. Thy destruction is from thyself. ^ 21 Jfacc. iii. 12. "Part 1. Sec. 2. Memb. 2. ^ Nequitia est quai te non sinet esse senem. . <= Homer. Iliad. 86 Bef., Num., Div. of Diseases. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, ^provoke God to anger, and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a just and deserved punishment of our sins. SuBSECT. II. — The Definition, Number, Division of Diseases. What a disease is, almost every physician defines. ^Fernelius calleth it an " Affection of the body contrary to nature." ^ Fuschius and Crato, " an hin- derance, hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ^ Tho- losanus, " a dissolution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbation of it ; as health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." ^ Labeo in Agellius, " an ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, all to this effect. Number of Diseases. "] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet determined ; ' Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot : elsewhere he saith, morboru7)i iiifinita muUitudo, their number is infinite. Howsoever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much augmented : ■macies, et nova febrium Terris incubat coliors." For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, &c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. No man free from some Disease or other.] No man amongst us so sound, of so good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind. Quisque sues patimur manes, we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will be peradventure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zeno- philus the musician in ^ Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a PoUio Romulus, that can preserve himself " ""with wine and oil ;" a man as fortunate as Q. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags ; a man as healthy as Otto Herwardus, a senator of Augsburg in Ger- many, whom " Leovitius the astrologer brings in for an example and instance of certainty in his art ; who because he had the significators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and Mars, being a very cold man,'" ° could not remember that ever he was sick," ^ Paracelsus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that there is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic be prolonged. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can escape, but that of 'Hesiod is true : "nXe/rj jufci/ y'lp faia Kanuiv, TrXetrj 6s OdXaacra, I " Th' earth's full of maladies, and full the sea, tiovcToid' avOpu)noi hiv icp" ri/Jiept], h^' enl vvktI Which set upon us both by night and day." AvTOfJ-aTOi (ponwa-i. Divisio7i of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary diseases which are incident to men, I refer you to physicians ; ^ they will tell you of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, salutares, errant, fixed, simple, compoand, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in ^ Intemperantia, luxus, ingluvies, et infinita hnjusmodi flagitia, quse divinas poenas merentur. Crato. • Fern. Path. I. 1. c. 1. Morbus est afFectus contra naturam corpori insidens. ^ Fusch. Instit. 1. 3. Sect. 1. c. 3. a quo priraum vitiatur actio. s Dissolutio foederis in corpore, utsanitas est consunimatio. '' Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus est habitus coi:itra naturam, qui usum ejus, &c. » Cap. 1 1. lib. 7. * Horat. lib. 1. ode 3. " Emaciation, and a new cohort of fevers broods over the earth." ^ Cap. 50. lib. 7. Centum et quinque vixit annos sine ullo incommodo. '" Intus mulso, foras oleo. " Exemplis genitur. praifixis Kphemer. cap. de infirmitat. "Qui, quoad pueritiaj ultimam memoriam recordari potest non meminit se ajgrotum decubuisse. p Lib. de vitalonga. Oper. et Dies. « See Fernelius Path. lib. 1. cap. 9. 10, 11, 12. Fuschius instit. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. Wecker. Synt. 'Mem. 1, Subs. 4.] Div. of the Diseases of the Head. 87 habit, or in disposition, &c. My division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of which Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I refer you to the voluminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Paulus ^tius, Gordonerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savana- rola, Capivaccius," Donatus Altomarus, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius Faventinus, Wecker, Piso, &c., that have methodically and elabo- rately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I will briefly handle, and apart. SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which are div^^rs, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be several parts, so there be divers grievances, v/hich according to that division of 'Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, tongue^ wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldness, falling of hair, furfaire, lice, &c. "Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called dura and pia mater, as all head-aches, &c., or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, cresks^ and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheuuis, distillations: or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived frenzy, lethargy, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Ccnia Vigilia et vigil Coma. Out of these again I will single such as properly belong to the phantasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which ""Laurentius calls the diseases of the mind ; and Hildesheim, morbos imaginationis, aut rationis Icesce, (diseases of the imagination, or of injured reason.) v/hich are three or four in number, phrensy, madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus sancti viti, morhi dc&moniaci, (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as more eminent than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symp- toms, prognostics, cures : as Lonicerus hath done de apoplexid, and many other of such particular diseases. Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject before, as Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, &c., they have done very well in their several kinds and methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see; that which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with ^ Scribanius, " that which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly examine; that which is obscurel}'- delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and amplifi- ed by us:" and so made more familiar and easy for every man's capacity, and the common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. SuBSECT. IV. — Dotage, Phrensy, Madness, Hydrophobia, Lycantliropia, Chorus sancti Viti, Uxtasis. Delirium, Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the following species, as some will have it. ^ Laurentius and ^Altomarus compre- hended madness, melancholy, and the rest under this name, and call it the ' Prtefat. de morbis capitis. In capite ut vaiise habitant partes, ita varife querelse iM eveniunt. "Of ■which read Heurnius, Montaltus, Hildesheim, Qnercetan, Jason Pratensis, &c. ^^Cap. 2. de melanchol. y Cap. 2. de Phisiologia sagarum ; Quod alii minus recte fortasse dixurint, nos esaminare, melius dij udicare, corrigere studeamus. ^ Cap 4. de mol. » Art. Jffcd. 7, ^8 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sect. 1, summum genus of tliem all. If it be distinguislied from them, it is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools j and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some are wiser than others : or else it is acqui- site, an appendix or symptom of some other disease, which comes or goes; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. Phrensy.'] Phrenitis, which the Greeks derive from the word tP""? is a disease of the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever annexed, or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It differs from melancholy and madness, because their dotage is without an ague : this continual, with waking, or memory decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous; and many such like differences are assigned by physicians. Madness^ Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus and many writers; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melan- choly but one disease, v/hich ^ Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they differ only secundum majus or minus, in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu, saith ° Gordonius, as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is "^ Areteus, Alexander Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, Heur- nius; and Galen himself writes promiscuously of them both by reason of their affinity : but most of our neoterics do handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined to be a vehement dotage; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melancholy, full of anger and clamoui-, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the patients with far greater vehe- mency both of body and mind, without all fear and sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men cannot hold them. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler adust, and blood incensed, brains inflamed, &c. ^Fracastorius adds, "a due time, and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it confirmed impotency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by taking henbane, nightshade, wine," &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds ;^ ecstasy, which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one when he list ; in which the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. 3, cap. 18. Extasi omnia prcedicere, answer all questions in an extasis you will ask ; what your friends do, where they are, how they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are enthusiasms, revelations, and visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Beda in their works ; obsession or possession of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies; such as come by eating noxious herbs, tarantulas' stinging, &c., which some reduce to this. The most known are these, lycan- thropia, hydropbobia, chorus sancti viti. Lycanthropia.'] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam insaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts, ^^tius and ^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy; but I should rather refer it to madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it i> Plerique inedici uno complexu perstringunt hos duos morbos, quod ex eadem causa oriantur, quodquei magnitudine et modo solum distent, et alter gradus ad alterum existat. Jason Pratens. ^Lib. Med. d Pars manife mihi videtur. « Insanus est, qui setate debita, et tempore debito per se, non momentaneara et fugacem, ut vini, solani, Hyoscyami, sed confirmatam habet impotentiam bene operandi circa intellectum. lib. 2. de intellectione. ^01" wliicli read Foelix Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienatione. sLib. 6. cap. 11. >» Lib. 3. cap. 16. Mem. 1. Subs. 4,] Diseases of the 2find. 89 whether there be any such disease. 'Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw- two of them in his time : •" Vv^ierus tells a story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that he was a wolf He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a bear; ^Forrest us confirms as much by many examples ; one amongst the rest of which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ngly, and fearful look. Such belike, or little better, were King Prpstus' ""'dpaighters, that thought themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occa- sion to that bold assertion of "Pliny, " some men were turned into wolves in his time, and from wolves to men again:" and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to ° Ovid's tale of Lycaon, &c. He that is desirous to hear of this disease, or more examples, let him read Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei, cap. 5, Mizaldus, cent. 5. 77. Sckenkius, lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania, Forrestus, lib. 10. de morbis cerebri. Olaus Magnus, Vincentius' Bellavicensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, Ziiinger, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Spranger, &c. This malady, saith Avicenna, troubleth men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, according to ^ Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howliug, at graves and deserts; " *they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and pale," "^ saith Altomarus; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and sets down a brief cure of them. Hydrophobia is a kind of madness, w^ell known in every village, which comes by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith 'Am-elianus; touching, or smelling alone sometimes as ^Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And which is more wonderful; though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) they will rather die than drink : ' Cselius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydrophobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part afiected is the brain : the cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it consumes all the moisture in the body. "Hildesheim relates of some that died so mad; and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left; in them. To such as are so affected, the fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pensive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and oftentimes fits of the falling sickness. ^ Some say, little things like whelps will be seen in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times these symptoms will not appear till six or seven months after, saith ^'Codronchus; and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius; twelve as Albertus; six or eight months after, as Galen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it : an Augustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^Forrestus' patients, were miserably consumed with it. The 'Cap. 9. Art. med. ^De prasstig. Dssmonum. 1. 3. cap. 21. ' Observat. lib. 10. de morbis cerebri, cap. 15. "1 Hippocrates, lib. de insania. " Lib. 8. cap. 22. homines interdum lupos fieri : et contra. Met. lib. 1. p Cap. de Man. * Ulcerata crura, sitis ipsis adest immodica, pallidi, lingua sicca. 1 Cap. 9. art. Hydi-ophobia. "^ Lib. 3. cap. 9. ^Lib. 7. de Venenis. * Lib. 3. Cap. 13. de morbis acutis. u Spicel. 2. ^ Sckenkius, 7 lib. de Veneuis. y Lib. de Hydrophobia. * Obseryat. Ub. 10. 25. '^0 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. common cure in tlie country (for sucli at least as dwell near the sea-side) is to duck them over head and ears in sea water ; some use charms : every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, is from the most approved physicians ; they that will read of them, may consult with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Oapivaccius, Forrestus, SckenkiuS; and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two exquisite books on the subject. Chorus sancti Viti, or S. Vitus' dance; the lascivious dance, ^Paracelsus calls it, because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead or cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to S. Yitus for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were ^certainly freed. 'Tis strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, tables; even great bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite dead. One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and therefore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty sturdy com- panions to dance with them. This disease hath been very common in Germany, as appears by those relations of ''Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book of madness, who brags how many several persons he hath cured of it. Felix Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3. reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, that da,nced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy. Bodine in his 5th book de Repub. cap. 1, speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistle to Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demoniacal (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be preternatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, ges- tures, contortions, fasting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. •^Fuschius, institut. lib. 3. sec. 1. cap. 11, Felix Plater, ^Laurentius, add to these another fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or religious fury; but these more properly belong to melancholy; of all which I will speak * apart, intending to write a whole book of them. SuBSECT. Y. — Melancholy in Disposition, improperly so called, Equivocations, Melajstcholy, the subject of our present discourse, is either in disposition or habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or perturbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill-disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, ^no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but more or less, some time or aLascivam Choream. To. 4. de morbis araentium. Tract. 1. iJEventu ut plurimum rem ipsam compro- ■bante. <= Lib. 1. cap. de Mania. d Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. e Cap. 4. de mel. * PART. 3. fDe quo homine securitas, de quo certum gaudium ? q[uocuuq.ue se convertit, in ten'enis rebus amaritudincm auimi inveniet. Aug. in Psal. viii. 5. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Melamcholy in Disposition, ^\ otlier he feels the smart of it. Ttlelancholy in this sense is the character of mortality. " * Man that is born of a vv oman, is of short continuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom ^^lian so highly commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what misery soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with it. Q, Metellus, in whom ^"Valerius gives instance of all haj)piness, " the most fortunate man then living, born in that most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honour- able, a senator, a consul, happy in his wife, happy in his cliildren," &c., yet this man was not void of melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. ' Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring into the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had it miraciJously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own ^ poets put upon them. In general, " ^ as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tempestuous, and serene j as in a rose, flowers and prickles ; in the year itself, a temperate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers : so is our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies :" Ijivicem cedunt dolor et voluntas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. ™ " medio de fonte leporum, Surgit amari aliq,uid m ipsis floilfeus angat." " Even in the midst of laughing there is sorrow" (as ° Solomon holds) : even in the midst of all our feasting and jollity, as, "Austin infers in his Com. on the 41st Psalm, there is grief and discontent. Inter delicias semper aliqidd scevi nos strangulat, for a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a pound ot pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these miseries encompass our life. And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in this life. Nothing so prosperous and pleasant, but it hath ^ some bitterness in it,.. some complaining, some grudging; it is all y-kvuu-rnKfov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table, black and white men, families, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppositions, ^ye are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many ages : but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each slender occasion, "^ uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. " ^ And he that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocalty, pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring." J^xi e mundo, get thee gone hence if thou canst not * Job i. 14. s Omni tempoi'e Socratem eodem rultu videri, sive doraum rediret, sire domo egrederetur. ^ Lib. 7. cap. 1. Natus in florentissima totius orbis civitate, nobilissimis parentibus, corporis vires habuit et rarissimas animi dotes, uxorem conspicuam, pudicam, fteliccs liberos, consulare decus, sequentes tiimnphos, &c. »-£lian. i^ Homer. Iliad. i Lipsius, cent. 3. ep. 45. ut ccelam, sic nos liomines sumus : illud ex intervallo mibibus obducitur et ob.scuratm-. In rosai-io flores spinis intermixti. Vita similis aeri, udum modd, sudiim, tempestas, serenitas : ita vices rerum sunt, prremia gaudiis, et sequaces cnxfe. "' Lucretius, 1. 4. 1124. "Prov. xiv. 13. Extremum gaudii luctus occupat. ^Xatalitia inquit cclebrantur, nuptise hie sunt ; at ibi quid celebratur quod non dolet, quod non transit ? p Apuleius 4. florid. Xiliil quicquid bomini tarn prqsperum diviuitus datum, quin ei admixtum sit aiiquid difficultatis, ut etiam amplissimS quaque Itetitia, subsit quajpiam vel parva querimonia, conjugatione quadam mellis et fellis. i Caduca nirairum et fragilia, et puerilibus ccnsentanea crepundiis, sunt ista qute vires et opes humante rocantur, atfiuunt subitd, repente delabuiitur, nullo In loco, nulla in persona, stabilibus nixa radicibus consistunt, sed iu- certissimoflatufortmia; quosin sublime extulerunt,improvisorecursudestitutos in profundo miseriarum vaUe miserabiliter immergur.t. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. ■■ Huic seculo parum aptus es, aut potius omnium nostro- nun conditionem ignoras, quibus reciproco quodam nexu, &c. Lorchanixs Gollobelgicus, Ub. 3. ad annum 15'J8. 92 Digression of Anatomy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. brook it ; tliere is no way to avoid it, but to arm thyself with patience, with magnanimity, to ^ oppose thyself unto it, to suffer affliction as a good soldier of Christ ; as *Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But forasmuch as so few can embrace this good counsel of his, or use "it aright, but rather as so many brute beasts give a way to their passion, voluntary subject and precipitate themselves into a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suj3er their souls to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to do, it falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects contemned (as " Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet grown to custom, makes a cough ; but continual and inveterate causeth a consumption of the lungs;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according as the humour itself is intended, or remitted in men, as their temperature of bod}?-, or rational soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less aiffected. For that which is but a flea- biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another ; and which one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily overcome, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle) yields so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his sleep gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypochondries misaffected ; wind, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. As it is with a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will bring his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize upon a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for — qua data 2yorta riiunt) will set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken- winged goose he droops and pines away, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that as the philosophers make ^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eighty- eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been plunged more or less into this infernal gulph, or waded deeper into it. But all these melancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing over those whom they seize on for the time ; yet these fits I say, or men affected, are but improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by some objects they are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habit, Tnorhus sonticus, or chronicuSj a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, as ^ Aurelianus and ''others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing, so now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. SECT. I. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. Befoke I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse farther of it, I hold it not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of that which is to follow ; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypochondries, emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, veins, arteries, chylus, pituita ; which by the » Horsum omnia studia dirigi detent, ut humana fortiter feramus. t2 Tim. ii. 3. "Epist. 96. lib. 10. aftectus ft'equentes contemptique morbum faciunt. Distillatio una nee adhuc in morem adaucta, tussira facit, assidua et violenta plithisim. ^ Calidiim ad octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hiruudo nou facit aestatem. y Lib. 1. c. 6. * Fuscliius, 1. 3. sec, 1. cap. 7. Hildeslieim, fol. 130. Mem. 2. Subs. 2,] Division of the Body. 93 vulgar will not so easily be perceived, what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may peradventure give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal * prophet to praise God, ('-for a man is fearfully and wonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have time and leisure enough, and are sufficiently informed in all other worldly businesses, as to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, they are wholly ignorant and careless; they know not what this body and soul are, how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man differs from a dog. And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^Melancthon well inveighs) "than for a man not to know the struc- ture and composition of his own body, especially since the knowledge of it tends so much to the preservation of his health, and information of his man- ners?" To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse those elaborate works of ^ Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Faloj)ius, Laurentius, Remelinus, &c., which have written copiously in Latin; or that which some of our in- dustrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that translation of "Columbus and "^ Microcosmographia, in thirteen books, I have made this brief digression. Also because ^Wecker, ^Melancthon, ^Eernelius, ^Fuschius, and those tedious Tracts de Aniynd (which have more com- pendiously handled and written of this matter) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small taste; or notice of the rest, let) this epitome suf&ce. SuBSECT. IT. — Division of the Body, Humours, Sjyirits. Of the parts of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that of 'Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. Contained, are either humours or spirits. Humours^ A humour is a liquid or fl uent part of the body, comprehended in it, for the preservation of it; and is either innate or born with us, or ad- ventitious and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourish- ment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to maintain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and proceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by which means chylus is excluded. Some divide them into profitable and ex- crementitious. But ^Crato out of Hippocrates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, without which no living creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass of blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished from one another, and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^diseased humours, as Meiancthon calls them. Blood.^ Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the meseraic veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose office is to nourish the whole body, to give it strength and colour, being dispersed by the veins through every part of it. And from it spirits are first begotten in the heart, which afterwards hj the arteries are com- municated to the other parts. Pituita, or phlegm, is a cold and moist humour, begotten of the colder part of the chylus (or white juice coming out of the meat digested in the stomach), in the liver; his office is to nourish and moisten the members of the body, which as the tongue are moved, that they be not over dry. *Psal. xxxix. 13. ^De anima. Turpe enim est homini ignorare sui corporis (ut ita dicam) sedificium, pi-aesertim cum ad valetudinem et moi-es liasc cognitio plurimum couducat. ^Dq usu part. <= History of man. ij). Crooke. ^In Syutaxi. i"De Anima. ginstit. lib. i. ^Physiol. 1. 1, 2. »Auat. 1. 1. c. 18. ''lu Micro, succos, sine quibus animal sustentari non potest. 'Morbosos huraores. 94 Similar Parts. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. Choler is hot and dry, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and gathered to the gall : it helps the natural heat and senses, and serves to the expelling of excrements. Melancholy.'] Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, begotten of the more feculent part of nourishment, and purged from the spleen, is a bridle to the other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourishing the bones. These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and to the four ages in man. Serum, Sweat, Tears^ To these humours you may add serum, which is the matter of urine, and those excrementitious humours of the third concoc- tion, sweat and tears. S'pirits^ Spirit is a most subtile vapour, which is expressed from the blood, and the instrument of the soul, to perform all his actions ; a common tie or medium between the body and the soul, as some will have it ; or as "^ Paracel- sus, a fourth soul of itself. Melancthon holds the fountain of these spirits to be the heart, begotten there ; and afterward conveyed to the brain, they take another nature to them. Of these spirits there be three kinds, according to the three principal parts, brain, heart, liver; natural, vital, animal. The natural are begotten in the liver, and thence dispersed through the veins, to perform those natural actions. The vital spirits are made in the heart of the natural, which by the arteries are transported to all the other parts ; if the spirits cease, then life ceaseth, as in a syncope or swooning. The animal spirits formed of the vital, brought up to the brain, and diffused by the nerves, to the subordinate members, give sense and motion to them all. SuBSECT. III. — Similar Parts. Similar Parts^ Containing parts, by reason of their more solid substance, are either homogeneal or heterogeneal, similar or dissimilar; so Aristotle divides them, lib. 1, cap. 1, de Hist. Animal. ; Laurentius, cap. 20, lib. 1. Similar, or homogeneal, are such as, if they be divided, are still severed into parts of the same nature, as water into water. Of these some be spermatical, some fleshy or carnal. ° Spermatical are such as are immediately begotten of the seed, which are bones, gristles, ligaments, membranes, nerves, arteries, veins, skins, fibres or strings, fat. Bones.] The bones are dry and hard, begotten of the thickest of the seed, to strengthen and sustain other parts : some say there be 304, some 307, or 313 in man's body. They have no nerves in them, and are therefore without sense. A gristle is a substance softer than bone, and harder than the rest, flexible, and serves to maintain the parts of motion. Ligaments are they that tie the bones together, and other parts to the bones, with their subserving tendons : membranes' office is to cover the rest. Nerves, or sinews, are membranes without, and full of marrow within ; they proceed from the brain, and carry the animal spirits for sense and motion. Of these some be harder, some softer ; the softer serve the senses, and there be seven pair of them. The first be the optic nerves, by which we see; the second move the eyes ; the third pair serve for the tongue to taste; .the fourth pair for the taste in the palate; the fifth belong to the ears; the sixth pair is most ample, and runs almost over all the bowels; the seventh pair moves the tongue. The harder sinews serve for the motion of the inner parts, proceed- ing from the marrow in the back, of whom there be thirty combinations, seven of the neck, twelve of the breast, &c. m SpLritalis anima. " Laurentius, cap. 20, lib. 1. Anat. Mem. 2. Sabs. 4.] Dissimilar Farts. 95 Arteries.'] Arteries are long and hollow, with a double skin to convey the vital spirits ; to discern which the better, they say that Vesalius the anatomist was wont to cut up men alive. ° They arise in the left side of the heart, and are principally two, from which the rest are derived, aorta and venosa : aorta is the root of all the other, which serve the whole body; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch air to refrigerate the heart. Veins:] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, carrying blood and natural spirits; they feed all the parts. Of these there be two chief. Vena porta and Vena cava, from which the rest are corrivated. That Vena porta is a vein coming from the concave of fhe liver, and receiv- ing those meseraical veins, by whom he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it to the liver. The other derives blood from the liver to nourish all the other dispersed members. The branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and hajmorrhoides. The branches of the Cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, in the head, arms, feet, &c., and have several names. Fibrce, Fat, Flesh:] Fibr^ are strings, white and solid, dispersed through the whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several uses. Felt is a similar part, moist, without blood, composed of the most thick and unctuous matter of the blood. The ^skin covers the rest, and hath Cuticulum, or a little tikin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &c. SuBSECT. IV. — Dissimilar Parts. Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and they be inward or outward. The chiefest outward parts are situate forward or backward : — forward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, fore- head, temples, chin, eyes, ears, nose, &c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypochondries, navel, groin, flank, &c. ; backward, the hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, loins, hipbones, os sacrum, but- tocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, knees, &c. Or common to both, which, because they are obvious and well known, I have carelessly repeated, eaque proecipua et grandiora tantitni ; quod reliqaum ex libris de aniind qui volet, accipiat. Inward organical parts, which cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have several names, functions, and divisions; but that of '^Laurentius is most notable, into noble or ignoble parts. Of the noble there be three principal parts, to which all the rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver; according to whose site, three regions, or a threefold division, is made of the whole body. As first of the head, in which the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, which by his nerves give sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor to the heart. The second region is the chest, or middle belly, in which the heart as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life to the whole body. The third region is the lower belly, in which the liver resides as a Legat alatere, with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelling of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from the upper by the midriff, or diaphragma, and is subdivided again by '' some into three concavities or regions, upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypochondries, in whose right side is the liver, the left the spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. o In these they observe the 'beatiiig of the pulse. p Cujus est pars simularis a vi cutifica ut interiora nuiniat. Capivac. Anat. piig. 252. Tusciil. qu.Pst. «Lib. 6. Doct. Va. Gentil. c. 13. pag. 1216. dAristot. « Anima quaeque intelli- gimus, et tamen quae sit ipsa intelligere non valemiis. f Spiritualem animam a reliquis distinctam tuetur, etiani in cadavere inhasrentem post mortem per aliquot menses. * Lib. 3. cap. 31. eCoelius, lib. 2. c. 31. Hutarch. in Grillo Lips. Cen. 1. ep. 50. Jossius de Eisu et Fletu, Averroes, Campanella, &c. ^ PhiLp. de Anima. ca. 1. Coelius 20. antiq. cap. 3. Plutarch, deplacit. pbilos. 'De vit. et mort. part. 2. c. 3. prop. 1. de vit. et mort. 2, c. 22. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Anatomy of the Soul. 99 Vegetal SoulP^ "Vegetal, tlie first of the three distinct faculties, is defined to be "a substantial act of an organical body, by which it is nourished, aug- mented, and begets another like unto itself" In which definition, three several operations are specified — altrix, auctrix, procreatrix; the first is '^nutrition, whose object is nourishment, meat, drink, and the like; his organ the liver in sensible creatures; in plants, the root or sap. His office is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourished, which he performs by natural heat. This nutritive operation hath four other subordinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, expulsion. Attraction^ ^Attraction is a ministering faculty, which, as a loadstone doth iron, draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oil ; and this attractive power is very necessary in jjlants, which- suck up pioisture by the root, as another mouth, into the sap, as a like stomach. Betention^^ Retention keeps it, being attracted into the stomach, until such time it be concocted; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished. Digestion^ Digestion is performed by natural heat ; for as the flame of a torch consumes oil, wax, tallow, so doth it alter and digest the nutritive mat- ter. Indigestion is opposite unto it, for want of natural heat. Of this di- gestion there be three differences — maturation, elixation, assation. Maturation.~\ Maturation is especially observed in the fruits of trees; which are then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sown again. Crudity is opposed to it, which gluttons, epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no exercise to stir natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire. Elixation^ Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomach, by the said natural heat, as meat is boiled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation.'] Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat ; his opposite is a semiustulation. . Order of Concoction fourfold.] Besides these three several operations of digestion, there is a four- fold order of concoction : — mastication, or chewing in the mouth; chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomach; the third is in the liver, to turn this chylus into blood, called sanguification; the last is assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion.] Expulsion is a power of nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores; as by purging, vomiting, spitting, sweating, inline, hairs, nails, &c. Augmentation.] As this nutritive faculty serves to nourish the body, so doth the augmenting faculty (the second operation or power of the vegetal faculty) to the increasing of it in quantity, according to all dimensions, long, broad, thick, and to make it grow till it come to his due proportion and per- fect shape; which hath his period of augmentation, as of consumption; and that most certain, as the poet observes : — "Stat sua cTiique dies, breve et irreparabile tempus | "A term of life is set to every man, Omnibus est vitas." | Which is but short, and pass it no one can." Generation^ The last of these vegetal faculties is generation, which begets another by m.eans of seed, like unto itself, to the perpetual preservation of the species. To this faculty they ascribe three subordinate operations : — the first to turn nourishment into seed, &c. Life and Death concomitants of the Y eg etat Faculties?] Necessary concomi- tants or affections of this vegetal faculty are life and his privation, death. To k Nutritio est alimenti transmutatio, viro naturalis. Seal, exerc. 101 . sec. 17. ' See more of Attraction in Seal. exer. 343. 100 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. the preservation of life fhe natural heat is most requisite, though siccity and humidity, and those first qualities, be not excluded. This heatls likewise in plants, as appears by their increasing, fructifying, &c., though not so easily perceived. In all bodies it must have radical * moisture to preserve it, that it be not consumed ; to which preservation our clime, country, temperature, and the good or bad use of those six non- natural things avail much. Tor as this natural heat and moisture decays, so doth our life itself; and if not prevented before by some violent accident, or interrupted through our own default, is in the end dried up by old age, and extinguished by death for want of matter, as a lamp for defect of oil to maintain it. SuBSECT. YI. — -Of the sensible Soul. Next in order is the sensible faculty, which is as far beyond the other in dignity as a beast is preferred to a plant, having those vegetal powers included in it. 'Tis defined an "Act of an organical body by which it lives, hath sense, appetite, judgment, breath, and motion." His object in general is a sensible or passible quality, because the sense is affected with it. The general organ is the brain, from which principally the sensible operations are derived. This sensible soul is divided into two parts, apprehending or moving. By the ap- prehensive power we perceive the species of sensible things present, or absent, and retain them as wax doth the print of a seal. By the moving, the body is outwardly carried from one place to another; or inwardly moved by spirits and pulse. The apprehensive faculty is subdivided into two parts, inward or out- ward. Outward, as the five senses, of touching, hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, to which you may add Scaliger's sixth sense of titillation, if you please ; or that of speech, which is the sixth external sense, according to Lullius. Inward are three — common sense, phantasy, memory. Those five outward senses have their object in outward things only and such as are present, as the eye sees no colour except it be at hand, the ear sound. Three of these senses are of commodity, hearing, sight, and smell; two of necessity, touch, and taste, without which we cannot live. Besides, the sensitive power is active or passive. Active in sight, the eye sees the colour; passive when it is hurt by his object, as the eye by the sun-beams. According to that axiom, Visibile forte destruit sensum.^ Or if the object be not pleasing, as a bad sound to the ear, a stinking smell to the nose, &c. Sight.] Of these five senses, sight is held to be most precious, and the best, and that by reason of his object, it sees the whole body at once. By it we learn, and discern all things, a sense most excellent for use : to the sight three things are required; the object, the organ, and the medium. The object in general is visible, or that which is to be seen, as colours, and all shining bodies. The medium is the illumination of the air, which comes from "light, commonly called diaphanum ; for in dark we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which by those optic nerves, concurring both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. Between the organ and object a true distance is required, that it be not too near, nor too far off. Many excellent questions appertain to this sense, discussed by philosophers : as whether this sight be caused intra mittendo, vel extra mittendo, &c., by receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out, which ° Plato, ^Plutarch, ^Macrobius, ^Lactantius, and others dispute. And besides it is the subject of the perspec- tives, of which Alhazen the Arabian, Vitellio, Roger Bacon, Baptista Porta, Guidus Ubaldus, Aquilonius, &c., have written whole volumes, 1 Vita consistit in calido et humido. ™ " Too bright an object destroys the organ." " Lumen est actus perspicui. Lumen a luce provenit, lux est in corpore lucido. « Satur. 7. c. 14. p In Pliaidon. The pure part of the conscience, n Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris. "Res ah intellectu monstratas recipit, vel rejicit; approbat, vel improbat, Philip. Ignoti nulla cupido. Mem. 2. Subs. 11.] Anatomy of the Souv. 107 sensual appetite seeing an object, if it be a coTavenient good, cannot but desire it; if evil, avoid it: but this is free in his essence, P^'much now depraved, obscured, and fallen from his first perfection;- yet in some of his operations still free," as to go, walk, move at his pleasure, and to choose whether it will do or not do, steal or not steal. Otherwise, in vain were laws, deliberations, exhortations, counsels, precepts, rewards, promises, threats and punishments : and God should be the author of sin. But in '^ spiritual things we will no good, prone to evil (except we be regenerate, and led by the Spirit), we are egged on by our natural concupiscence, and there is ara^la, a confusion in our powers, '•'our whole will is averse from God and his law," not in natural things only, as to eat and drink, lust, to which we are led headlong by our temperature and inordinate appetite, 8 "Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum SuflScimus, " we cannot resist, our concuj^tiscence is originally bad, our heart evil, the seat of our affections captivates and enforceth our will. So that in voluntary things we are averse from God and goodness, bad by nature, by *ignorance worse, by art, discipline, custom, we get many bad habits: suffering them to domi- neer and tyrannize over us ; and the devil is still ready at hand with his evil suggestions, to tempt our depraved will to some ill-disposed action, to precipi- tate ns to destruction, except onr will be swayed and counterpoised again with some divine precepts, and good motions of the spirit, which many times restrain, hinder and check us, when we are in the full career of our dissolute courses. So David corrected himself, when he had Saul at a vantage. Revenge and malice were as two violent oppugners on the one side; but honesty, religion, fear of God, withheld him on the other. The actions of the will are velle and nolle, to will and nill: which two words com2)rehend all, and they are good or bad, accordingly as they are directed, and some of them freely performed by himself; although the Stoics absolutely deny it, and will have all things inevitably done by destiny, imposing a fatal necessity upon us, which we may not resist ; yet we say that our will is free in respect of us, and things contingent, howsoever in respect of God's deter- minate counsel, they are inevitable and necessary. Some other actions of the will are performed by the inferior powers, which obey him, as the sensitive and moving appetite; as to open our eyes, to go hither and thither, not to touch a book, to speak fair or foul: but this appetite is many times rebellious in us, and will not be contained within the lists of sobriety and temperance. It was (as I said) once well agreeing with reason, and there was an excellent consent and harmony between them, but that is now dissolved, they often jar, reason is overborne by passion : Fertur equis auriga, nee audit currus habenas, as so many wild horses run away with a chariot, and will not be curbed. We know many times what is good, but will not do it, as she said, n'^ Trahit inAitum nova yis, aliudque cupido, Mens aliud suadet, " Lust counsels one thing, reason another, there is a new reluctancy in men. *(9c/i, nee j)0ssum, ciqnens, non esse quod odi. "We cannot resist, but as Phsedra confessed to her nurse, ^ quce loqueris, vera sunt, sed furor suggerit sequi pejora : she said well and true, she did acknowledge it, but headstrong passion and fury made her to do that which was opposite. So David knew the filthiness of his fact, what a loathsome, foul, crying sin adultery was, yet p Melancthon. Operationes plerumque ferse, etsi libera sit ilia in essentia sua. i In civilibus libera, sed non in spiritualibus Osiander. "^Tota voluntas aversa a Deo. Omnis homo mendax. » Virg. "We are neither able to contend against them, nor only to make way " * Vel propter ignorantiam, quod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens ut debuit, aut divinis prgeceptis exculta. " Med. Ovid. * Ovid. »= Seneca. Hipp. 108 Definition of Melancholy. . [Part. 1. Sec. 1. iiotwitlistandmg, he would commit murder, and take away another man's wife, enforced against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. Those natural and vegetal powers are not commanded by will at all; for "who can add one cubit to his stature 1" These other may, but are not: and thence come all those headstrong passions, violent perturbations of the mind ; and many times vicious habits, customs, feral diseases; because we give so much way to our appetite, and follow our inclination, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two in number, virtue and vice, whose peculiar defi- nitions, descriptions, differences, and kinds, are handled at large in the ethics, and are, indeed, the subject of moral philosophy. MEMB. Ill, SuBSECT. I. — Definition of Melancholy, Name, Difference. Having thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to the rest; I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object, to most men's capacity; and after many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is, show his name and differences. The name is imposed from the matter, and disease denominated from the material cause : as Bruel observes, lAi'Ka.yxoy^ia. quasi MEXflfva ;)(;o'xn, from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an effect, a disease or symptom, let Donatus Altomarus and Salvianus de- cide; I will not contend about it. It hath several descriptions, notations, and definitions. ^ Fracastorius, in his second book of intellect, calls those melancholy, " whom abundance of that same depraved humour of black choler hath so misaffected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the under- standing." ^Melanelius out of Galen, Ruffus, yEtius, describe it to be "a bad and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts : " Galen, " a privation or infection of the middle cell of the head," &c. defining it from the part affected, which * Hercules de Saxonia approves, lib. 1. cap. 16. calling it "a depravation of the principal function :" Fuschius, lib. l.cap. 23. Arnoldus Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 18. Guiauerius, and others: "By reason of black choler," Paulus adds. Halyabbas simply calls it a " commotion of the mind." Are- tseus, """a perpetual anguish of the soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague;" which definition of his, Mercurialis de affect, cap. lib. l.cap. 10. taxeth: but ^lianus Montaltus defends, lib. de morh. cap. 1. de Melan. for sufficient and good. The common sort define it to be " a kind of dotage without a fever, having for his ordinary companions, fear and sadness, without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso, lib. 1. cap. 43. Donatus Altomarus, cap. 7. art. medic. Jacchinus,m com. in lib. 9. Bhasis ad Almansor, cap. 15, Valesius exerc. 17. Fuschius, institut. 3. sec. 1. c. 11. <^c,, which common definition, howsoever approved by most, '^ Hercules de Saxonia will not allow of, nor David Crucius, Theat. morb. Herm. lib. 2. cap. 6. he holds it insufficient ; "as ** rather showing what it is not, than what it is:" as omitting the specific diffi3rence, the phantasy and brain ; but I descend to particulars. The summum geniis is "dotage, or anguish of the mind," saith Aretseus; "of the principal parts," Hercules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsy, and such diseases as belong to the outward sense and motions y Melan cholicos vocamus, quos exuberantia vel pravitas Melancholias ita male habet, lit inde Insaniant vel in omnibus, vel in pluribus iisque manifestis sive ad rectam rationem, voluntatem pertinent, vel elec- tionem, vel intellectus operationes. == Pessimum et pertinacissimum morbum qui homines in bruta dege- nerare cogit. » Panth. med. ^ Angor animi in una contentione detixus, absque febre. «Cap. 16. 1. 1. Facultas imagi- nandi, non cogitandi, nee memorandl l£esa hie. no Matter of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. mind : Montaltus in his 2 cap. of Melancliolj confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates the contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, and oiF a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was damned; reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. Why doth not reason detect the fallacy, settle and persuade, if she be free? ^ Avicenna therefore holds both corrupt, to whom most Arabians subscribe. The same is maintained by ** Arete as, •■ Gorgonius, Guianerius, &c. To end the controversy, no man doubts of imagination, but that it is hurt and misafFected here ; for the other, I deter- mine with * Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in " ima- gination, and afterwards in reason ; if the disease be inveterate, or as it is more or less of continuance ; but by accident," as '^ Here, de Saxonia adds ; " Mth, opinion, discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination." Parties ajfected.] To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be more opportunely spoken of elsewhere, now only signified. Such as have the moon, Saturn, Mercury misaifected in their genitures, such as live in over cold, or over hot climes: such as are born of melancholy parents; as offend in those six non-natural things, are black, or of a high sanguine com- plexion, * that have little heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long sick : such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, lead a life out of action, are most sub- ject to melancholy. Of sexes both, but men more often; yet "women mis- aSected are far more violent, and grievously troubled. Oi seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times : old age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident; but this artificial malady is more frequent in such as are of a '^ middle age. Some .assign 40 years, Gariopontus 30. Jubertus excepts neither young nor old from this adven- titious. Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience, ^ in omnibus omnino corporihus cujuscunque constitutionis dominatur. ^tius and Aretius t ascribe into the number "not only ^discontented, passionate, and miserable persons, swarthy, black ; but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high coloured." '' Generally," saith Rhasis, ^ " the finest wits and most generous spirits, are before other obnoxious to it;" I cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, or age, but ^ fools and Stoics, which, accord- ing to " Synesius, are never troubled with any manner of passion, but as Anacreon's cicada, sine sanguine et dolore; similes fere diis sunt. Erasmus vindicates fools from this melancholy catalogue, because they have most part moist brains and light hearts ; ^ they are free from ambition, envy, shame and fear ; they are neither troubled in conscience, nor macerated with cares, to which our whole life is most subject. SuBSECT. III. — Of the Matter of Melancholy. Of the matter of melancholy, there is much question betwixt Avicen and Galen, as you may read in ^ Cardan's Contradictions, ^ Valesius' Controversies, P Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 8. «i Lib. 3. cap. 5. 'Lib. Med. cap. 19. part. 2. Trac. 15, cap. 2. » Hlldesheim spicel. 2 de Melanc. fol. 207, et fol. 127. Qnandoque etiam rationalis si aff^ctus inveteratus sit. * Lib. posthumo de Melanc. edit. 1620 deprivatur fides, discursus, opinio, &c., I'er vitium Imagina- ti^mis, ex Accidenti. ' Qui pawum caput habent, insensati pleiique sunt. Avist. in physiognomia. » Areteus, lib. 3. cap. 5. 'f Qui prope statum sunt. Aret. Mediis convenit tetatibus, Piso. y De quartano. ' Primus ad Melancholiam non tarn mcestus sed et hilares, jocosi, cacliinnantes, irrisores, et, qui plenimque prggrubri sunt. t Lib. 1. part. 2. cap. IL » Qui sunt subtilis ingenii, et multag perspicacitatis de facili incidunt in Jlelanclioliain, lib. 1. cent. Tract. 9. ^ Nunquam sanitate mentis excidit ant dolore capitur. Erasm. <= In laud, calvit. '' Vacant conscientiai carnificiaa, neo pudefiunt, nee verentur, nee dilace- vantui" millibus cururum, quibus tota vita obnoxia est. « Lib. 1. tract. 3. contradic. 18. f Lib. 1. cont.21. Mem. 3. Subs. 3.] Matter of Melancholy. Ill Montanus, Prosper Caleniis, Cappivaccius, ^ Brlglit, ^ Flcinus, that Lave written either whole tracts, or copiously of it, in their several treatises of ^this subject. '" What this humour is, or whence it proceeds, how it is engen- dered in the body, neither Galen, nor any old writer, hath sufficiently dis- cussed, as Jacchinus thinks : the Neoterics cannot agree. Montanus, in his Consultations, holds melancholy to be material or immaterial: and so doth Arculanus : the material is one of the four humours before mentioned, and natural. The immaterial or adventitious, acquisite, redundant, unnatural, artificial; which * Hercules de Saxonia will have reside in the spirits alone, and to proceed from a " hot, cold, dry, moist distemperature, which, without matter, alter the brain and functions of it. Paracelsus wholly rejects and derides this division of four humours and complexions, but our Galenists generally approve of it, subscribing to this opinion of Montanus. This material melancholy is either simple or mixed ; offending in quantity or quality, varying according to his place, where it settleth, as brain, spleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, and stomach; or differing according to the mix- ture of those natural humours amongst themselves, or four unnatural adust humours, as they are diversely tempered and mingled. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which is cold and dry, " so that it be more ^ than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered," saiuh Faventius, "and diseased;" and so the other, if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adustion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this melancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, or pituita, whose true assertion ^ Valesius and Menard us stiffly maintain, and so doth ""Fuschius, Montaltus, ° Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? But Her- cules de Saxonia, lib. post, de mela. c. 8, and ° Cardan are of the opposite part (it may be engendered of phlegm, etsi rarb contingat, though it seldom come to pass), so is ^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. 1. with Melanct. in his Book de Anima, and Chap, of Humours; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melan- choly, and saith that he was an eye-witness of it : so is "^ Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one kind; from choler another, which is most brutish; another from phlegm, which is dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, otliers hot and dry, "varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended, and remitted. And indeed as Rodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and those serous matters being thick- ened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into choler, choler adust becomes ceruginosa melancliolia, as vinegar out of purest wine putrefied or by exhalation of purer spirits is so made, and becomes sour and sharp ; and from the sharp- ness of this humour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts and dreams, &c., so that I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith ^Faven- tinus, " a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot; much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sot- tishness,* Cappivaccius. " " The colour of this mixture varies likewise according e Bright, ca. 16. ^Lib. 1. cap. 6. de sanit. tuenda. iQuisve aut qualis sit humor, aut qu£B istius differentiag et quomodo gignantur in corpore, scrutandura, hac eniin re multi veterum laboraverunt, iiec facile accipere ex Galeiio sententiam ob loquendi varietatem. Leon. Jacch. com. in 9. Rhasis cap. 15. cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis. * Lib. postham. de Melan. edit. Venetiis 1620. cap. 7 et 8. Ab intemperie calida, humida, &c. fc Secundum magis aut minus si in corpore fuerit, ad intemperiem plusquam corpus salubriter fen-e poterit: inde corpus morbosum effitur. 'Lib. 1. controvers. cap. 21. "»Lib. 1. sect. 4. cap. 4. "Concil. 26. oLib. 2. contradic. cap. 11. PDe feb. tract, ditf. 2. cap. 1. non est negandum ex hac fieri Melancholicos. 1 1n Syntax. ^ Varie aduritur, et miscetur, unde varise amentiiim species, Melanct. ' Humor frigidiis delirii causa, furoris calidus, &c. t Lib. 1. cap. 10. de affect, cap. n 2s igrescit hie humor, aliquando supercalefactus, aliquando superfrigefactus, ca. 7. 113 Species of Melanclioly. [Part. 1. Sec. I. to the mixture, be it hot or cold ; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Alto- marus. The same ^Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, "which when it is hot, shines; when it is cold, looks black; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melancholy matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ^body, and not putrefied, it causeth black jaundice; if putre- fied, a quartan ague; if it break out to the skin, leprosy; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy, &c. If it trouble the mind; as it is diversely mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage : of which in their place. SuBSECT. TV. — Of the species or kinds of Melanclioly. "When the matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the species should be divers and confused? Many new and old writers have spoken confusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ''Heur- nius, Guianerius, Gordonius, Salustius, Salvianus, Jason Pratensis, Savana- rola, that will have madness no other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two distinct species, as Hiiffas Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Aretasus, *" Aurelianus, ''Paulus ^gi- neta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave them indefinite, as -^tius in his Tetrabiblos, ''Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. Arcu- lanus, cap. 16. in 9, Rasis, Montanus, med. part. 1. "^ If natural melancholy be adust, it maketh one kind; if blood, another; if choler, a third, difiering from the first; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as there be men themselves." "^ Hercules de Saxonia, sets down two kinds, " material and immaterial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savanarola, Rub. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. de cegritud. capitis, will have the kinds to be infinite; one from the myrach, called myrachialis of the Arabians; another stomachalis, from the stomach; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods : ®" one beginning, another consummate." Melancthon seconds him, ^ "as the humour is diversely adust and mixed, so are the species divers ;" but what these men speak of species I think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so doth ^Arculanus interpret himself: infinite species, id est, symptoms; and in that sense, as Jo. GoitIicus acknowledgeth in his medi- cinal definitions, the species are infinite, but they may be reduced to three kinds by reason of their seat ; head, body, and hypochondries. This threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if it be his, which some suspect), by Galen, lib. 3. de loc. affectis, cap. 6., by Alexander, lib. 1. cap. 16., Basis, lib. 1. Continent. Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16., Avicenna, and most of our new writers, Th. Erastus makes two kinds; one perpetual, which is head melancholy; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make four or five kinds, with Rodericus ^ Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3., and Lod. Mercatus, who, in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4., will have that melancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a peculiar species of melancholy differing from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, extatical and demoniacal persons to this rank, adding '*love melancholy to the first, and lycanthropia. The most received division is into ^ Humor hie niger aliCiUatido praster modum calefactus, et alias refrigeratus evadit: nam recentibus cavbonibus ei quid simile accidit, qui durante flamma pellucidissirae candent, ea extincta prorsus nigres- cunt. Hippocrates, y Guianerius, difF. 2. cap. 7. ^ Non est mania, nisi extensa melancholia. "Cap. 6. lib. 1. 2. Ser. 2. cap. 9. Morbus hie est omnifarius. « Species indeflnitiB sunt. ^ Si aduratur naturalis melancholia, alia fit species, si sanguis alia, si flavabilis alia, diversa a primis : maxima est inter has differentia, et tot Doctor urn sententise, quot ipsi numero sunt. * Tract, de mel. cap. 7. « Qusdam incipiens qusedam consumniiita. 'Cap. de humor, lib. de aniraa. varie aduritur et iniscetur ipsa melau^ chuiia, unde varise amentiaui species. eCap. 16. in y. liasis. tLaurentius, cap. 4. de mel. Mem. 3. Sabs. 4.] Species of Melancholy. 113 three kinds. The first proceeds from the sole fault of the brain, and is called head melancholy; the second sym pathetically proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melancholy : the third ariseth from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called mesenterium, named hypochondriacal or windy melancholy, which ' Laurentius subdivides into three parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, meseraic. Love melancholy, which Avicenna calls Ilisha: and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are commonly included in head melancholy; but of this last, which Gerardus de Solo calls amoreus, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, vir- ginum et viduarum, maintained by K.od. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kinds of love melancholy, I will speak of apart by themselves in my third par- tition. The three precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which I will anatomize and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart; that every man that is in any measure affected with this malady, may know how to examine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. It is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often confounded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be discerned by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed with other diseases that the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together; and consil. 23, with vertigo, ^Julius Cossar Claudi- nus, with stone, gout, jaundice. Trincavellius with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, &c. "^ Paulas ilegoline, a great doctor in his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. ° Trincavellius, Fallopius, and Francan- zanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, at the same time, gave three different opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not to what kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like disagreement about a melancholy monk. Those symptoms, which others ascribe to misaffected parts and humours, * Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered spirits, and those immaterial, as I have said. „Sometimes they cannot well discern this disease from others. In Heinerus Solinander's coun- sels, (Seek consil. 5.) he and Dr. Brande both agreed, that the patient's disease was hypochondriacal melancholy. Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and nothing else. ° Solinander and Guarionius, lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, as in Csesar Claudinus his lorty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment ^" he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole temperature both at once. I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds semel et simul, and some successively. So that I conclude of oui* melancholy &pecies, as t many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contemplation, but in practice they are temperate and usually mixed, (so J Polybius informeth us) as the Lacedaemonian, the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they are commonly mixed. In such obscurity, there- fore, variety and confused mixture of symptoms, causes, how difficult a thing is i Cap. 13. 1480. et 116. consult, consil. 12. m HildesTaeim, spicil. 2. fol. 166. » Trincavellius torn. 2. consil, 15. et 16. * Cap. 13. tract, posth. de raelan. <> Guarion. cons. med. 2. p liiiboravit per essentiam et a toto corpore. t Machiavel, &c. Smitlius de rep. Angl. cap. 8. lib. 1. Buscoldus discur. polit. discurs. 5. cap. 7. Arist. 1. 3. polit. cap. ult. Keckerm. alii, &c. $ Lib. 6. I \ 11 4 Causes of 3Ielanclioly. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. it to' treat of several kinds apart ; to make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, distractions, when seldom two men shall be like affected per oinnia .? 'Tis hard, I confess, yet nevertheless I will adventure through the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errors, and so pro- ceed to the causes. SECT. II. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. " It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, until such time as we have considered of the causes," so "^ Galen prescribes Glauco : and the com- mon experience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no purpose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as ' Pros- per Calenius well observes in his tract de atrd bile to Cardinal Csesius. Inso- much that ^ "Fernelius puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and without which it is impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; suhlatd causa tollitur effecias, as the saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to dis- cern these causes whence they are, and in such * variety to say what the begin- ning was. "^ He is happy that can perform it aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they may the better be descried. General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God and his angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and his ministers. That God himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. " Foolish men are plagtied for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and flux, and gTeat diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 15. David plagued for numbering his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease is pecu- liarly specified. Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through heaviness." Deut. xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blindness, and astonishment of heart." ^ " An evil spirit was sent by the Lord upon Saul, to vex him." ^ Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, and his " heart was made like the beasts of the field." Heathen stories are full of such punish- ments. Lycurgus, because he cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness : so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting their sacrifice. ^ Censor Fulvius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which he had dedicated to Fortune, *' ^ and was confounded to death, with grief and sorrow of heart." When Xerxes would have spoiled * Apollo's temple at Delphos of those infinite riches it possessed, a terrible thunder came from heaven and struck four thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^ A little after, the like happened to Brennus, lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrilegious occasion. If we may believe our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and ^ Primo artis curativse. "" Nostri primura sit propositi affectloniim causas indagare ; res ipsa hortail videtixr, nam alioqui earum curatio manca et inutilis esset. » Path. 1 b 1. cap. 11. Rerum cognoscere causas, medicis imprimis necessarium, sine qua nee morbum curare, nee prsecavere licet. ' Tanta enim morbi varietas ac differentia, ut nou facile dignoscatur unde initium morbus sumpserit. Melanelius e Galeno, " Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. ^ 1 Sam. xvi. 14. y Dan. v. 21. * Lactant. instit. lib. 2. cap. 8. » Mente captus, et summo animi moerore consumptus. * Munster. cosmog. lib. 4. cap. 43. de coelo substernebantui", tanquam insani d3 saxis prsecipitati, &c. *> Livius lib. 38. \ Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Melancholy. 115 prodigious punishments in tliis kind, inflicted by tlieir saints. How '"" Clodo- veiis, sometime King of France, the son of Dagobert, lost his wits for unco- vering the body of St. Denis : and how a *" sacrilegious Frenchman, that would have stolen a silver image of St. John, at Birgbiirge, became frantic on a sud- den, raging, and tyrannising over his o^vn flesh : of a ^ Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his dogs into St. Avan's church, (Llan Avan they called it) and rising betimes next morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dogs mad, himself being suddenly stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ""Armenian king, for violating some holy nuns, that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists may go togther for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits : howsoever they feign of their Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devil's means may be deluded ; we find it true, that ultor a tergo Deus, "^He is God the avenger," as David styles him; and that it is our crying sins that j)ull this and many other maladies on our own heads. That he can by his angels, which are his ministers, strike and heal (saith ^Dionysius) whom he will; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, moon, and stars, which he useth as his instruments, as a hus- bandman (saith Zanchius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &c. " ^ Et con- jurati veniunt in classica venti : " as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt; they are but as so man}'- executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry out with Julian the apostate, Vicisti, Galiloie : or with Apollo's priest in ' Chrysostom, caelum I 6 terra ! uncle Jiostis hie? What an enemy is this] And pray with David, acknowledging his power, " I am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth," &c. Psalm xxxviii. 8. " O Lord rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chastise me in thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. "Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," Psalm li. 8; and verse 12, "Hestore to me the joy of thy salvation, and stablish me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ''^ Hippocrates would have a physician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural cause, or whether it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by Fran. Valesius de sacr. philos: cap. 8. ^Fernelius, and "J. Ccesar Claudinus, to whom I refer you, how this place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them) are spiritually to be cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in such cases will not avail : JVoii est reluctanclum cum Deo (we must not struggle with God). When that monster-taming Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled with him; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Hercules yielded. No striving with supreme powers. Nil juvat imniensos Cratero ^romittere montes, physicians and physic can do no good,* "we must submit ourselves unto the mighty hand of God," acknowledge our offences, call to him for mercy. If he strike us, unct eaclemque manus vidnus opemque feret, as it is with them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help; otherwise our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. SuBSECT. II. — A Digression of the nature of Spirits, had Angels, or Devils, and how they cause Melancholy. How far the power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause this, or any other disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be * Gaguin. 1. 3. c. 4. quod Dionysii corpus discooperuerat, in insaniam incidit. eldem lib. 9. sub. Carol. 6. sacrorum contemptor, templi foribus effractis, dum D. Johannis argenteum simulacrum rapere contendit, , simulacrum aversa facie dorsum ei versat, nee mora sacrilegus mentis inops, atque in semet insaniens in proprios artus desjevit. dGiraldus Cambrensis lib. 1. c. 1. Itinerar. CambriiB. eDelrio torn. 3. lib. 6. sect. 3, quaest. 3. f Psal. xliv. 1. sLib. 8. cap. de Hierar. ^ Claudian. 'De Babila Martyre. k Lib. cap. 5. prog. i Lib. 1. de Abditis rerum causis. "iRespons. med. 12. resp. * 1 Pet. v. 6. US Nature of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. considered: for the better Tinderstandino^ of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. And although the question be very obscure, accord- ing to " Postellus, " full of controversy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, y^^eor excedere vires intentionis mece, saith * Austin, I confess I am not able to understand it, finitum de iiifinito non potest statuere, we can sooner determine with Tully, de nat. deorum, quid non sint quam quid sint, our subtle schoolmen, Cardans, Scaligers, profound Thomists, Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies, are weak, dry, obscure, defective in these mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owl's eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, and are not sufficient to apprehend them ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say some- thing to this point. In former times, as we read Acts xxiii., the Sadducees denied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the j)hysician, the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, and Scaliger in some sort grants. Though Dandinus the Jesuit, com. %n lib. 2. de animd, stiffly denies it ; substantice separatee and intelligences, are the same which Christians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, dcemones, be they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. 1. cap. 1 . observes. Epicures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw them. Plato, Plotinus, Porphyrins, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in the steps of Trismegistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, but that there are such spirits, though much erring from the truth. Concerning the first beginning of them, the ° Talmudists say that Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' ^ Alcoran is altogether as absurd and ridiculous in this point : but the Scripture informs us Christians, how Lucifer, the chief of them, with his associates, "^ fell from heaven for his pride and ambi- tion; created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "and delivered into chains of darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.), to be kept unto damnation." Nature of Devils^ There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are the souls of men departed, good and more noble were deified, the baser grovelled on the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with Tertullian, Por2)hyrius the philosopher, M. Tyrius ser. 27 maintains. "These spirits," he t saith, "which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute ^neas : " Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis, improbe, poenas." "My angry ghost arising from the deep, Shall haunt thee waking, and disturb thy sleep ; At least my shade thy punishment shall know, And Fame shall spread the pleasing news below." They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from their nativity, and to protect or punish them as they see cause : and are called boni et raali Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good, lemures or larvae if bad, by the Stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith J Apuleius, Deos appellant qui ex hoininum numero juste ac prudenter vitoi ciirriculo guber- nato.,pro numine, postea ab hominibus proiditi fanis et cereriioniis vulgo admit- tuntur, ut in jEgypto Osyris, (&c. Prcestites, Capella calls them, " which n Lib. 1. c. 7. de orbis concordia. In nulla re major fuit altercatio, major obscuritas, minor opinionnra Concordia, quUm de dtemonibus et substantiis separatis. * Lib. 3. de Trinit. cap. L » Pererius in Genesin, lib. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. PSee Strozzius Cicogna omnifarise. Mag. lib. 2. c. 15. Jo. Aubanus, Bredcnbachius. • Cj'prianus in Epist. montes etiam et animalia transferri possunt : as the de\il did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and witches are often translated. See more in Strozzius Cicogna, lib. 3. cap. 4. omnif. mag. Per aera subducere et in sublime corpora ferre possunt, Biarmanus. Percussi dolent et uruntur in conspicuos cineres, Agrippa, lib. 3. cap. de occult. Philos. % Agrippa de occult. PMlos. lib. 3. cap. 18. 118 Nature of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Austin likewise dotli, de civ. Dei lib. xviii. That they can be seen when and in what shape, and to whom they will, saith Psellus, Ta7netsi nil tale viderim, nee ojjtem videre, though he himself never saw them nor desired it ; and use some- times carnal copulation (as elsewhere I shall "" prove more at large) with women and men. Many will not believe they can be seen, and if any man shall say, swear, and stiffly maintain, though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learned, that he hath seen them, they account him a timorous fool, a melan- choly dizzard, a weak fellow, a dreamer, a sick or a mad man, they contemn him, laugh him to scorn, and yet Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And Leo Suavius, a Frenchman, c. 8, in Commentar. 1. 1. Paracelsi de vita longd, out of some Platonists, will have the air to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that they may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irreverberatis oculis sole splendente 'Versus coelum continuaverini obtutus, <&c.,^ and saith moreover he tried it, 2:)r(jemissoruin feci experimentimi, and it was true, that the Platonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times, and conferred with them, and so doth Alexander ab ^ Alexandre, " that he so found it by experience, when as before he doubted of it." Many deny it, saith Lavater de spectris, part i. c. 2, and part ii. c. 11, ''because they never saw them themselves;" but as he reports at large all over his book, especially c. 19, part 1, they are often seen and heard, and familiarly converse with men, as Lod. Yives assureth lis, innumerable records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and ^all travellers besides; in the West Indies and our northern climes, Nihil familiarius quam in agris et urbibus spiritus videre, audire qui vetenty jubeant, &c. Hieronimus vita Pauli, Basil ser. 40, Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, t Jacobus Boissardus in his tract de spirituum app)ari' tionibus, Petrus Loyerus 1. de spectris, Wierus 1. 1. have infinite variety of such examples of apparitions of spirits,for him to read that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. One alone I will briefly insert. A nobleman in Germany was sent ambassador to the King of Sweden (for his name, the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine * Author). After he had done his business, he sailed to Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar spirits, which are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. Amongst other matters, one of them told him where his wife was, in what room, in what clothes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, which, at his return, non sine omnium admiratione, he found to be true ; and so believed that ever after, which before he doubted of. Cardan 1. 19. de subtil, relates of his father, Facius Cardan, that after the accustomed solemnities. An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven devils, in Greek apparel, about forty years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and some pale, as he thought ; he asked them many questions, and they made ready answer, that they were aerial devils, that they lived and died as men did, save that they were far longer lived (700 or 800 ^ years) ; they did as much excel men in dignity as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that were above them ; our J governors and keepers they are moreover, which § Plato in Critias delivered of old, and subordinate to one another, Ut enim homo homini, sic dcemon dmmoni domina- tur, they rule themselves as well as us, and the spirits of the meaner sort had commonly such offices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the basest of us, overseers of our cattle; and that we can no more apprehend their natures and functions, than a horse a man s. They knew all things, but might » Part. 3. Sect. 2. Mem. 1. Subs. 1 . Love Melancholy. * " By gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated ■w-ith his brightest rays." y Genial, dierum. Ita sibi visum ct compertuni quum prius an essent ambigeret : Fidem suam liberet. ^ Li. 1. de verit. Fidei. Benzo, &c. t Lib. de Divinatione et magia. » Cap. 8. Traiisportavit in Livoniam cupiditate videndi, &c. *> Sic llesiodus de Nymphis vivere dicit 10 tetates phoenicum vel 9. 7. 20. $ Custodes hominum et provinciaruni, &c. tanto meliores hominibus, quanto Jii bruti§ animantibus. § Trsesides, Pastores, Gubernatores hominum, et illi animalium. Hem. 1. Subs. 2.] N alure of Spirits. 119 not reveal tliem to men ; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses; the best kings amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men, and communicate their skill, reward and cherish, and sometimes, again, terrify and punish, to keep them in awe, as they thought fit. Nihil magis cupientes (saith Lysius, Phis. Stoicorum) quam adorationem hominum.'^ The same Author, Cardan, in his Hyperchen, out of the doctrine of Stoics, will have some of these Genii (for so he calls them) to be "desirous of men's company, very aifable and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others, again, to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same belike Tritemius calls Ignios et suhlunaref,, qui oiunquam demergunt ad inferior a, aut vix ullum habent in terris commercium : " ^ Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm ; though some of them are inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the black- guard in a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational creatures, are excelled of brute beasts." That they are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianns, &c., many other divines and philosophers hold, post prolixu7n tempus moriuntur omnes; The ^Platonists, and some Kabbins, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation of Thamus: "^The great god Pan is dead;" Apollo Pythius ceased ; and so the rest, St. Hierome, in the life of Paul the Hermit, tells a story how one of them appeared to St. Anthony in the wilderness, and told him as much. ^ Paracelsus of our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as other creatures do. Zozimus, 1. 2, further adds, that religion and policy dies and alters with them. The ^ Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine, and together with them, Tm^perii Eomani majestas, et fortuna interiit, et profigata est; The fortune and majesty of the Poman. Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in t Minutius formerly bragged, when the Jews were overcome by the Pomans, the Jews' God was likewise captivated by that of Rome; and Pabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1. 4. Pererius in his comment, and Tostatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, Delrio, tom. 2, 1. 2, qusest. 29; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Peinolds Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not take true bodies, or make a real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, they are ^Illusorice et prcestigiatrices transformationes, omnif 'mag. lib. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions and cozenings, like that tale of Fasetis ohulus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozenage and stealth. His father Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, taught him many fine tricks to get means, % for he could drive away men's cattle, and if any pursued him, turn them into what shapes he would, and so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astu macdmam prwdam est adsecutus. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest; yet thus much in general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that they have understanding far beyond men, can probably conjecture and ^ foretel many things; they can cause and cure most diseases, deceive our senses; they have * " Coveting nothing more than the admiration of mankind." <= Natura familiares nt canes hominihus multi aversantiir et abhorrent. ^X\> homine phis distant quam homo ah ignohilisslmo verne, et tainen quidam ex his ab hominibus superantur ut homines a feris, &c. e cibo et potu uti et venere cum hominibus ac tandem mori, Cicogna. 1. part. lib. 2. c. 3. f Plutarch, de defect, oraculorum. sLib. ' de Zilphis et Pigmeis. ^Dii gentium a Constantio profligati sunt, &c. f Octovian dial. JudEEorum deum fuisse Romanorum numinibus una cum genie captivum. 'Omnia spiritibus plena, et ex eorum Concordia et discordia omnes boni etmali ett'ectus promanant, omnia humana reguntur : paradoxa veterum de quo Cicogna. omnif. mag. 1. 2. c. 3. % Oves quas abacturus erat in quascunque formas vertebat Pausa- nias, Hyginus. ^ Austin in 1. 2, de Gen. ad literam cap. 17. Partim quia subtilioris sensus acumine, partim scientia calidiore vigent et experieutia propter magnam longitudinem vit«, partim ab Angelis Oiscuiit, &c. 120 Nature of Sinr its. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. excellent skill in all Arts and Sciences; and tliat the most illiterate devil is Quovis homine scientior (more knowing than any man), as ' Oicogn a maintains out of others. They know the virtues of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four elements, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as they see good ; perceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se colorihus (as * Austin hath it) accommodant sefiguris^ adhcerent sonis, subjiciunt se odorihus, hifundunt se saporibus, omnes sensus etiam ipsam iiitelliyentiam dcemones fallunt, they deceive all our senses, even our understanding itself at once. '"They can produce miraculous alterations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, further, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects {Dei permissu) as they see good themselves, t When Charles the Great intended to make a chan- nel betwixt the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits flung down in the night, Ut conatu Rex desisteret, pervicere. Such feats can they do. But that which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and the Platonists,) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, aut cogitationes hominum, is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sufficiently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 9. Hierom. lib. 2, com. in Mat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius qusest. 27, and Antiochum Principem, and others. Orders^ As for those orders of good and bad Devils, which the Platonists hold, is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics honi et inali Genii, are to be exploded : these heathen writers agree not in this point among themselves, as Dandiniis notes, An sint "^mali non conveniunt, some will have all spirits good or bad to us by a mistake, as if an Ox or Horse could discourse, he would say the Butcher was his enemy because he killed him, the Grazier his friend because he fed him; a Hunter preserves and yet kills his game, and is hated nevertheless of his game; nee piscator em piscis amare potest, ike. But Jam- blichus, Psellus, Plutarch, and most Platonists acknowledge bad, et ah eorwrn maleficiis cavendum, and we should beware of their wickedness, for they are enemies of mankind, and this Plato learned in Egypt, that they quarrelled with Jupiter, and were driven by him down to Tiell. § That which "^ Apuleius, Xenophon, and Plato contend of Socrates' Da^monium, is most absurd : That which Plotinus of his, that he had likewise Deum pro Dcemonio; and that which Porphiry concludes of them all in general, if they be neglected in their sacrifice they are angry ; nay more, as Cardan in his Hyperchen will, they feed on men's souls, Elementa sunt plantis elementmn, aninialibus plantce, hominibus animalia, erunt et homines aliis, non autem diis, oiimis enim remota est eorum natura a nostra, quapropter dcemonibus : and so belike that we have so many battles fought in all ages, countries, is to make them a feast, and their sole delight : but to return to that I said before, if displeased they fret and chafe (for they feed belike on the souls of beasts, as we do on their bodies), and send many plagues amongst us; but if pleased, then they do much good; is as vain as the rest and confuted by Austin, 1. 9. c. 8. de Civ. Dei. Euseb. 1 . 4. prsepar. Evang. c. 6. and others. Yet thus much I find, that our Bchool-men and other " Divines make nine kinds of bad spirits, as Dionysius hath done of Angels. In the first rank are those false gods of the Gentiles, which were adored heretofore in several Idols, and gave Oracles at Delphos, and elsewhere; whose Prince is Beelzebub. The second rank is of Liars and iLib. 3. omnif. mag. cap. 3. * L. 18. quest. "> Quum tanti sit et tam profunda splritum scientia, mirum non est tot tantasque res visu admirabiles ab ipsis patrari, et quidem rerum naturalium ope quas multo melius intelligunt, multoque peritius suis locis et temporibus applicare norunt, quam homo, Cicogna. t Aventinus, quicquid interdiu exhauriebatur, noctu explebatur. mde pavefacti curatores, &c. % In lib. 2. de Anima text. 29. Homerus discriminatim omnes spiritus dsemones vocat. § A Jove ad inferos pulsi, &c. " De Deo Socratis. adest mihi divina sorte Dsemonium quoddam a prima pueritia me secutum, "siepe dissuadet, impellit nonnunquam instar ovis, Plato. " Agi'ippa lib. 3. de occult, ph. c. 18. Zanch. jPictorus, Pererius Cicogna, 1. 3. cap. 1. . ' Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Nature of Sinrils. 121 ^qiiivocators, as Apollo Pythius, and the like. The third are those vessels of anger, inventors of all mischief; as that Theutus in Plato; Esay calls them P vessels of fury; their Prince is Belial. The fourth are malicious revenging Devils; and their Prince is Asmodseus. The fifth kind are cozeners, such as belong to Magicians and Witches; their Prince is Satan. The sixth are those aerial devils that '^ corrupt the air and cause plagues, thunders, fires, &c. ; spoken of in the Apocalj^pse, and Paul to the Ephesians names them the Princes of the air; Meresin is their Prince, The seventh is a destroyer, Captain of the Furies, causing wars, tumults, combustions, uproars, mentioned in the Apocalypse; and called Abaddon. The eighth is that accusing or calumniating Devil, whom the Greeks call Aia/3oxof, that drives men to despair. The ninth are those tempters in several kinds, and their Prince is Mammon. Psellus makes six kinds, yet none above the Moon : Wierus in his Pseudomonarchia Dsemonis, out of an old book, makes many more divisions and subordinations, with their several names, numbers, offices, &c., but Gazseus cited by ""Lipsius will have all places fall of Angels, Spirits, and Devils, above and beneath the Moon,^ setherial and aerial, which Austin cites out of Varro 1. vii. de Civ. Dei, c. 6. "The celestial Devils above, and aerial beneath," or, as some will, gods above, Semidei or half gods beneath, Lares, Heroes, Genii, which climb higher, if they lived well, as the Stoics held; but grovel on the ground as they were baser in their lives, nearer to the earth : and are Manes, Lemures, Lamise, &c. *They will have no place but all full of Spirits, Devils, or some other inhabitants; Fleniun Ccelum, aer,aqua, terra, et omnia sub terra, saith ""Gazseus; though Anthony Pusca in his book de Inferno, lib. V. cap. 7. would confine them to the middle Pegion, yet they will have them everywhere. " Not so much as a hair-breadth empty in heaven, earth, or waters, above or under the earth." The air is not so full of flies in summer, as it is at all times of invisible devils : this ''Paracelsus stiffly maintains, and that they have every one their several Chaos, others will have infinite worlds, and each world his peculiar Spirits, Gods, Angels, and Devils to govern and punish it. " Singula * nonnulli credunt quoque sidera posss Dici orbes, terramqiie appellant sidus opacum, Cui minimiis divum praisit." " Some persons believe each star to be a world, and this earth an opaque star, over which the least of the gods presides." ^ Gregorius Tholsanus makes seven kinds of cetherial Spirits or Angels, according to the number of the seven Planets, Saturnine, Jovial, Martial, of which Cardan discourseth lib. xx. de subtil, he calls them substantias primas, Olympicos clcemones Tritemius, qui prcesunt Zodiaco, &c., and will have them to be good Angels above, Devils beneath the Moon, their several names and offices he there sets down, and which Dion3'sius of Angels, will have several spirits for several countries, men, offices. &c., which live about them, and as so many assisting powers cause their operations, will have in a word, innumerable, as many of them as there be Stars in the Skies, t Marcilius Eicinus seems to second this opinion, out of Plato, or from himself, I know not, (still ruling their inferiors, as they do those under them again, all subordinate, and the nearest to the earth rule us, whom we subdivide into good and bad angels, call gods or devils, as they help or hurt us, and so adore, love or hate) but it is most likely from Plato, for he relying wholly on Socrates, quern mori potius quam inentiri voluisse scribit, whom he says woidd rather die than tell a false- hood out of Socrates' authority alone, made nine kinds of them : which opinion P Vasa irre. c. 13. i Quibus datura est nocere terras et marl, &c. '' Physiol. Stoicorum e Senec. lib. 1. cap. 28. s Usque ad lunam animas esse gethereas vocavique heroas, lares, genios. 'Mart. Capella. "Nihil vacuum ab his ubi vel capillum in aere vel aqua jaceas. •== Lib. de Zilp. * Palingenius. 7 Lib. 7. cap. 34 et 5. Syntax, art. mirab. t Comment in dial. Plat, de amore, cap. 5. Ut spha;ra quselibet super nos, ita preestantiores habent habitatores suaa sphasr* consortes, ut habet nostra. 122 Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. belike Socrates took from Pythagoras, and he from Trismegistus, he from Zoroastes, first God, second idea, 3. Intelligences, 4. Arch- Angels, 5. Angels, 6. Devils, 7. Heroes, 8. Principalities, 9. Princes : of which some were abso- lutely good, as gods, some bad, some indifferent inter deos et homines, as heroes and daemons, which ruled men, and were called genii, or as ''^"Proclus and Jamblichus will, the middle betwixt God and men. Principalities and Princes, which commanded and swayed Kings and countries; and had several places in the Spheres perhaps, for as every sphere is higher, so hath it more excellent inhabitants: which, belike is that Galilseus a Galileo and Kepler aims at in his Nuncio Syderio, when he will have ''Saturnine and Jovial inhabitants: and which Tycho Brahe doth in some sort touch or insinuate in one of his Epistles : but these things tZanchius justly explodes, cap. 3. lib. 4, P. Martyr, in 4. Sam. 28. So that according to these men the number of setherial spirits must needs be infinite : for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say : if a stone could fall from the starry heaven, or eighth sphere, and should pass every hour an hundred miles, it would be Q5 years, or more, before it would come to ground, by reason of the great distance of heaven from earth, which contains as some say 170 millions 803 miles, besides those other heavens, whether they be crystalline or watery which Maginus adds, which peradventure holds as much more, how many such spirits may it contain 1 And yet for all this ® Thomas Albertus, and most hold that there be far more angels than devils. Sublunary devils, and their kinds.'\ But be they more or less. Quod supra, nos nihil ad nos (what is beyond our comprehension does not concern us). Howsoever as Martianus foolishly supposeth, JEtherii Dcemones non curant res humanas, they care not for us, do not attend our actions, or look for us, those setherial spirits have other worlds to reign in belike or business to follow. We are only now to speak in brief of these sublunary spirits or devils ; for the rest, our divines determine that the Devil had no power over stars, or heavens; ^Carminibus coelo possunt deducere lunam, Sc. (by their charms (verses) they can seduce the moon from the heavens). Those are poetical fictions, and that they can °sistere aquam Jluviis, et vertere sidera retro, &g., (stop rivers and turn the stars backwards in their courses) as Canadia in Horace, 'tis all false. ''They are confined until the day of judgment to this sublunary world, and can work no farther than the four elements, and as God permits them. Wherefore of these sublunary devils, though others divide them otherwise according to their several places and oflaces, Psellus makes six kinds, fiery, aerial, terrestrial, watery, and subterranean devils, besides those fairies, satyrs, nymphs, &c. Fiery spirits or devils are such as commonly work by blazing stars, fire- drakes, or ignes fatui; which lead men often influviina aut prcecipitia, saith Bodine, lib. 2. Theat. natui'se, fol. 221. Quos inquit arcere si volunt viatores, clardvoce Deum appellare, aut pronam facie terram contingente adorare oportet, et hoc amuletum majoribus nostris Ojcceptum ferre debemus, &c., (whom if tra- vellers wish to keep off they must pronounce the name of God with a clear voice, or adore him with their faces in contact with the ground, &c.); likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts: In navigiorum summitatibus visuntur; and are called dioscuri, as Eusebius 1. contra Philosophos, c. xlviii. informeth us, out of the authority of Zenophanes ; or little clouds, ad motum nescio quem volantes; which never appear, saith * Lib. de Arnica, et dsemone med. inter deos et homines, dicta ad nos et nostra sequaliter ad deos ferunt. «Saturninas et Joviales accolas. f In loca detrusi sunt infra cselestes orbes in aerem scilicet et infra ubi Judicio generali reservantur. aq. 36. art. 9. f* Virg. 8. Eg-. c^n. 4. ^ Austin : lioc dixi, ne qnis existimet habitare ibi mala dsemonia ubi Solem et Lunam et Stellas Deus ordinavit, et alibi nemo arbitraretur Dsemonem coelis habitare cuni Angelis suis unde lapsum credimus. Idem Zanch. 1. 4. c. 3. de Angel, malls. Pererius in Gen. cap. 6. lib. 8. in ver. 2. , . Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 123 Cardan, but tliey signify some mischief or other to come unto men, though some 'again will have them to pretend good, and victory to that side they come towards in sea fights, St, Elmo's fires they commonly call them, and they do likely appear after a sea storm; Radzivillius, the Polonian duke, calls this apparition, Sancti Germani siclus; and saith moreover that he saw the same after in a storm as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes.* Our stories are full of such apparations in all kinds. Some think they keep their residence in that Hecla, a mountain in Iceland, ^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Vesu- vius, &c. These devils were worshipped heretofore by that superstitious UvpofAavTua ^and the like. Aerial spirits or devils, are such as keep quarter most part in the ^air, cause many tempests, thunder, and lightnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and beasts, make it rain stones, as in Livy's time, wool, frogs, &c. Counterfeit armies in the air, strange noises, swords, &c., as at Vienna before the coming of the Turks, and many times in Rome, as Scheretzius 1. de spect. 0. 1. part. 1. Lavater de spect. part. 1. c. 17. Julius Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ab iirb. cond. 505. ^Machiavel hath illus- trated by many examples, and Josephns, in his book de bello Judaico, before the destruction of Jerusalem. All which Guil. Postellus, in his first book, c. 7, de orbis concordia, useth as an effectual argument (as indeed it is) to persuade them that will not believe there be spirits or devils. They cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms; which though our meteorologists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodine's mind, Theat. Nat. 1. 2. they are more often caused by those aerial devils, in their several quarters; for Tem- pesfatibus se ingerunt, saith t Rich. Argentine ; as when a desperate man makes away with himself, w^hich by hanging or drowning they frequently do, as Korn- mannus observes, de mirac. mort. part. 7, c. 76. tripudium agentes, dancing and rejoicing at the death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, shipwrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memorable example in ^ Jovianus Pontanus : and nothing so familiar (if we may believe those relations of Saxo Grammaticus, Glaus Magnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Lithuania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to mariners, and cause tempests, which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of the Tartars. These kind of devils are much 'delighted in sacrifices (saith. Porphiry), held all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices, in Rome, Greece, Egypt, and at this day tyrannise over, and deceive those Ethnics and Indians, being adored and worshipped for ^gods, Por the Gentiles' gods were devils (as JTrismegistus confesseth in his Asclepius), and he himself could make them come to their images by magic spells : and are now as much '' resj)ected by our papists (saith ^Pictorius) under the name of saints." These are they which Cardan thinks desire so much carnal copulation with witches {Incuhi and Succubi), transform bodies, and are so very cold if they be touched ; and that serve magicians. His father had one of them (as he is not ashamed to relate"*), an aerial devil, bound to him fDr twenty and eight years. As Agrippa's dog had a devil tied to his collar; some think that Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by their help; Simon Magus, Cinops, Apollonius Tianeus, Jamblichus, and Tritemius of late, that showed * Perigram. Hierosol. ^ Fire-worship, or divination by fire. ^ Domus cliruunt, mures dejiciunt, immiscent se turbinibus et procellis et pulverem instar columnai evehnnt. Cicogna 1. 5. c. 5. g Quest, in Liv. f De praestigiis dpemonum. c. 16. Convelli ciilmina vidcmus, prosterni sata, &c. hDe bello Neapolitano, lib. 5. >SujEfitibus gaudent. Idem Justin. Martyr Apolog. pro Cbristianis. ^ In Dei imitationem, saith Eusebius. t ' '» gentium Dasmonia, &c. ego in eorura statuas pellexi. . »Et nunc sub divorum nomine coluntur a Pontiflciis. "^ Lib. 11. de rerum ver. 124 Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Maximilian tlie emperor liis wife, after she was dead ; Et verrucaTn in collo ejus (saith "Godolman) so much as the wart in her neck. Delrio, lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in his book de prcestig. dcemonum. Boissardus de Quagis et veneftcis. Water-devils are those Naiads or water nymphs which have been heretofore conversant about waters and rivers. The water (as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, wherein they live; some call them fairies, and say that Habundia is their queen; these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men divers ways, as Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Trite- mius) in women's shapes. "Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, have forsaken them. Such a one as ^geria, with whom Numa was so familiar, Diana, Ceres, &c. ^ Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotherus, a king of Sweden, that having lost his com- pany, as he was hunting one day, met with these water nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them; and Hector Boethius, of Macbeth, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as they were wandering in the woods, had their fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they did use to sacrifice, by that v^^ofxairtia, or divination by waters. Terrestrial devils are those "^ Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, * Wood-nymphs, Foliots, Fairies, Bobin Goodfellows, Trulli, &c., which as they are most con- versant with men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst the Sama- ritans, Isis and Osiris amongst the Egyptians, &c. ; some put our ffairies into this rank, which have been in former times adored with much superstition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and then they should not be pinched, but find money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they that dance on heaths and greens, as ""Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as 'Olaus Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which others hold to proceed from a meteor falling, or some accidental rankness of the ground, so nature sports herself; they are sometimes seen by old women and children. Hierom. Pauli, in his description of the city of Bercino in Spain, relates how they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hills; Nonnunquam (saith Tritemius) in sua latihula montium siinj^liciores homines ducant, stupenda mirantibus ostendentes miracula, nolarum sonitus, sjjectacula, c^c.^ Giraldus Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. "Paracelsus reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats, some two feet long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and Bobin Goodfellows, that w.ould in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons in those ^olian isles of Lipari, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. ''Tholosanus calls them Trullos and Getulos, and saith, that in his days they were common in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of Iceland, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such familiar spirits ; n Lib. 3. cap. 3. de mag's et veneficis, &c. Nereides. <> Lib. de Zilphis. P Lib. 3. Q Pro salute hominura excubare se simulant, sed in eorum perniciem omnia moliuntur. Aust. * Dryades, Oriades, Hamadryades. f Elvas Olaus vocat lib. 3. " Part. 1. cap. 19. = Lib. 3. cap. 11. Elvarum •choreas Olaus lib. 3. vocat saltura adeo profunde in terras imprimunt. ut locus insigni deinceps virore' orbicularis sit, et gramen non pereat. « Sometimes they seduce too simple men into their mountain retreats, •where they exhibit wonderful sights to their marvelling eyes, and astonish their ears by the sound of bells, &c. » Lib. de Zilph. et Pigmaiis Olaus lib. 3. " Lib. 7. cap. 11. qui et in famulitio vlris et fseminis inserviunt, conclavia scopis purgant, patinas mundant, ligna portant, equos curant,&c. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] ' Digression of Spirits. 125 and Foelix Malleolus, in his book de crudel. dmmon. affirms as mucli, tliat tliese TroUi or Telcliines are very common in Norway, "and 'seen to do drudgery ■work;" to draw water, saith Wierus, lih. i. cap. 22. dress meat, or any such thing. Another sort of these there are, which frequent forlorn ^ houses, which the Italians call foliots, most part innoxious, * Cardan holds ; " They will make strange noises in the night, howl sometimes pitifully, and then laugh again, cause great flame and sudden lights, fling stones, rattle chains, shave men, open doors and shut them, fling down platters, stools, chests, sometimes appear in the likeness of hares, crows, black dogs, &c." of which read ^ Pet. Thyrseus the Jesuit, in his Tract, delocis in/estis, 2JCirt. 1. et cap. 4, who will have them to be devils or the souls of damned men that seek revenge, or else souls out of purgatory that seek ease; for such exam jdIcs peruse * Sigismundus Scheretzius, lib. de spectris, part 1. c. 1. which he saith he took out of Luther most part; there be many instances. ^PliuiusSecundus remembers such a house at Athens, which Athenodorus the philosopher hired, which no man durst inhabit for fear of devils. Austin, de Civ. Dei, lih. 22, cap. 1. relates as much of Hesperius the Tribune's house, at Zubeda, near their city of Hippos, vexed with evil spirits, to his great hindrance, Cum aJUctione animalium et servorum suorum. Many such instances are to be read in Niderius Formicar, lib. 5. cap. xii. 3. &c. Whether I may call these Zim and Ochim, which Isaiah, cap. xiii. 21. speaks of, I make a doubt. See more of these in the said Scheretz. lib. 1. de sped. cap. 4. he is full of examples. These kinds of devils many times appear to men, and aff'right them out of their wits, sometimes walking at ''noon-day, sometimes at nights, counterfeiting dead men's ghosts, as that of Caligula, which (saith Suetonius) was seen to walk in Lavinia's garden, where his body was buried, spirits haunted,. and the house where he died, ^ Nulla nox sine ter- voretransacta, donee incendio conswmpta ; every night this happened, there was no quietness, till the house was burned. About Tlecla, in Iceland, ghosts com- moidy walk, animas mortuorum simidantes, saith Joh. A nan. lib. 3. de nat. deem. Glaus, lib. 2. cap. 2. Natal. Tallopid. lib. de apparit. spir. Kornmannus de mirac. 7nort.part. 1. cap. 44. such sights are frequently seen circa sepulchra et monasteria, saith Lavat. lib. 1. cap). 19. in monasteries and about church- yards, loca paludinosa, ampla cedijicia, solitaria, et coide hominuni notata, d'c. (marshes, great buildings, solitary places, or remarkable as the scene of some murder). Thyi'eus adds, uhi gravius peccatmn est commissum, impii p)<^'>^- perum oppressores et 7iequiter insignes habitant (where some very heinous crime was committed, there the^impious and infamous generally dwell). These spirits often foretel men's deaths by several signs, as knocking, groanings, &c., t though Rich. Argentine, c. 18. de prcestigiis dcemonum, will ascribe these predictions to good angels, out of the authority of Ficinus and others; prodigia in obitu principum s(Ep)ius contingunt, c&c. (prodigies frequently occur at the deaths of illustrious men), as in the Lateran church in % Rome, the popes' deaths are foretold by Sylvester's tomb. Near Rupes Nova in Finland, in the kingdom of Sweden, there is a lake, in which, before the governor of the castle dies, a spectrum, in the habit of Arion with his harp, appears, and makes excellent music, like those blocks in Cheshire, which (they say) presage death to the master of the family ; or that ^ oak in Lanthadran park in Cornwall, which foreshows as much. Many families in Europe are so put in mind of their last by such prediction s, and many men are forewarned (if we may believe Paracelsus) * Ad ministeria utuntur. y Where treasure is hid (as some think) or some murder, or such like villany committed. * Lib. 16. de rerum varietat. ^ Vel spiritus sunt hujusmodi damnatorum, vel e purgatorio, vel ipsi dffimones, c. 4. « Quidara lemures domesticis instrumentis noctu ludunt : patinas, ollas, can- tharas, et alia vasa dejieiunt, et quidam voces emittunt, ejulant, risum emittunt, &c. ut canes nigri, feles, variis formis, &c. '^ Epist. lib. 7. = Meridionales Daamones Cicogna calls them or Alastores 1. 3 cap. 9. d Sueton. c. 69. in Caligula. f Strozzius Cicogna, lib. 3. mag. cap. 5. $ Idem c. IS. e ^. Care\y, Survey of Cornwall, lib. 2, folio 140. 126 Digressmi of Sinrits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. by familiar spirits in divers shapes, as cocks, crows, owls, which often hover about sick men's chambers, vel quia inorientiuni fo&ditatem sentiunt, as ^Bara- cellus conjectures, et ideo super tectum infirmorum crocitant, because they smell a corse; or for that (as ^ Bernardinns de Bustis thinketh) God permits the devil to appear in the form of crows, and such like creatures, to scare such as live wickedly here on earth. A little before Tully's death (saith Plutarch) the crows made a mighty noise about him, tumuUuose perstrepentes, they pulled the pillow from under his head. Kob. Gaguinus hist. Franc, lib. 8, telleth such another wonderful story at the death of Johannes de Monteforti, a French lord, anno 1345, tanta corvorum midtitudo cedibus morientis insedit, quantam esse in Gallia nemo judicdsset (a multitude of crows alighted on the house of the dying man, such as no one imagined existed in France). Such prodigies are very frequent in authors. See more of these in the said Lavater, Thy reus de locis infestis,2yctrt 3,cap.68. Pictorius, Delrio, Cicogna,lib.?),cap.^. Necromancers take uj)on them to raise and lay them at their pleasures : and so likewise those which Mizaldus calls Ambulones, that walk about midnight on great heaths and desert places, Avhich (saith ^Lavater) "draw men out of the way, and lead them all night a bye-way, or quite bar them of their w^ay;" these have several names in several places; we commonly call them Packs. In the deserts of Lop, in Asia, such illusions of walking spirits are often perceived, as you may read in M. Paulus, the Venetian his travels ; if one lose his company by chance, these devils will call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him. Hieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of Spain, relates of a great 'mount in Cantab ria, where such spectrums are to be seen; Lavater and Cicogna have variety of examples of spirits and walking devils in this kind. Sometimes they sit by the highway side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride (if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus in * Nubrigensis, that Imd an especial grace to see devils, Gratiam divinitus coUatam, and talk with them, Et imimvidus cum spi- ritibus sermonem iniscere, without offence, and if a man curse or spur his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoice at it; with many such pretty feats. Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much harm* Olaus Magnus, lib. 6, cap. 19, makes six kinds of them; some bigger, some less. These (saith ^ Munster) are commonly seen about mines of metals, and are some of them noxious; some again do no harm. The metal-men in many places account it good luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore when they se© them. Georgius Agricola in his book de subterraneis animantibus, cap. 37, reckons two more notable kinds of them, which he calls ^ Getuli and Cobali, both " are clothed after the manner of metal-men, and will many times imitate their works." Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus think, is to keep treasure in the earth, that it be not all at once revealed ; and besides, " Cicogna avers that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earth- quakes " which often swallow up, not only houses, but whole islands and cities;" in his third book, cap. 11, he gives many instances. The last are conversant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls of damned men to the day of judgment ; their egress and regress some sup- pose to be about ^tna, Lipari, Mons Hecla in Iceland, Vesuvius, Terra del Fuego, &c., because many shrieks and fearful cries are continually heard there- abouts, and familiar apparitions of dead men, ghosts and goblins. ''Horto Geniali, folio 137. e Part. 1. c. 19. Abducunt eos a recta via, et viam iter facientibus inter- cludunt. •» Lib. 1. cap. 44. DtEmonum cernuntur et audiuntur ibi frequentes illusiones, unde viatoribus cavenduin ne se dissocient, aut k tergo maneant, voces enini fingunt sociorum, ut a recto itinere abducant, &c. » Mons sterilis et nivosus, iibi intempesta nocte umbrae apparent. * Lib. 2. cap. 21. Offendicula faciunt transeuntibus in via, et petulanter ridet cumvel hominem vel jumentum ejus pedes atterere faciant, et maxime si homo maledictis et calcaribus sasviat. ^ In Cosmogr. i Vestiti more metallicorum, gestus et opera eorum imitantur. m Immisso in terrse carceres vento horribiles terrie motus efficiunt, quibus ssepe non domus mode et tuiTes, sed civitates integrse et insulse hausta- sunt. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 127 Their Offices, Operations, Study^ Tims the devil reigns, and in a thousand several shapes, " as a roaring lion still seeks whom he may devour," 1 Pet. v., by earth, sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though *some will have his proper place the air; all that space between us and the moon for them that trans- gressed least, and hell for the wickedest of them. Hie velut in carcere adjinem inundi, tunc in locum funestiorem trudeiidi, as Austin holds de Civit. Dei, c. 22, lib. 14, cap. 3 et 23; but be where he will, he rageth while he may to comfort himself, as "* Lactantius thinks, with other men's falls, he labours all he can to bring them into the same pit of perdition with him. " For " men's miseries, calamities, and ruins are the devil's banqueting dishes." By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our souls. The Lord of Lies, saith ^ Austin, " As he was deceived himself, he seeks to deceive others, the ringleader to all naughtiness, as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom and Gomorrah, so would he do By all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covetousness, drunkenness, pleasure, pride, &c., errs, dejects, saves, kills, pro- tects, and rides some men, as they do their horses. He studies our overthrow, and generally seeks our destruction ;" and although he pretend many times human good, and vindicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, cegris sanitaiem, et ccecis luminis usum restituendo, as Austin declares, lib. 10, de Civit. Dei, cap. 6, as Apollo, -^sculapius, Isis, of old have done; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretend their happiness, yet oiihil Ids impurius, scelestius, nihil humano generi infestius, nothing so impure, nothing so per- nicious, as may well appear by their tyrannical and bloody sacrifices of men to Saturn and Moloch, which are still in use among those barbarous Indians, their several deceits and cozenings to keep men in obedience, their false oracles, sacrifices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, &c. Heresies, superstitious observations of meats, times, &c., by which they "^ crucify the souls of mortal men, as shall be showed in our Treatise of Religious Melancholy. Modico adhuc tempore sinitur malignari, as '' Bernard expresseth it, by God's permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to hell and darkness, *• which is prepared for him and his angels," Mat. xxv. How far their power doth extend it is hard to determine ; what the ancients held of their efiects, force and operations, I will briefly show you : Plato in Critias, and after him his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils, " were men's governors and keepers, our lords and masters, as we are of our cattle." "^They govern provinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries, dreams, rewards'* and punishments, prophecies, inspirations, sacrifices, and religious supersti- tions, varied in as many forms as there be diversity of spirits; they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, dearth, plenty, ^ Adstantes hie jam nobis, spec- tantes, et arbitrantes, doc. as appears by those histories of Thucydides, Livius, pionysius Halicarnassus, with many others that are full of their wonderful stratagems, and were therefore by those Boman and Greek commonwealths adored and worshipped for gods with prayers and sacrifices, &c. " In a word. Nihil magis qucerunt quam metum et admirationem hominum; "^ and as another hath it. Did non potest, quam impotenti ardore in homines dominium, et ♦Ilierom. in 3. Eplies. Idem Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem Thyreus de locis infestis. "Lactantius 2. de origine erroris cap. 15. hi maligni spiritus per oranem terram vagantur, et solatium perditionis suce perdendis hominibus operantur. oMortalium calamitates epulas sunt malorum djemonura, Synesius. 1' Doraiuus mendacii a seipso deceptus, alios decipere cupit, adversarius liumani generis, Inventor mortis, Buperbiffi institutor, radix malitice, scelerum caput, princeps omnium vitiorum, fuit inde in Dei contumeliam, hominum perniciem : de horum conatibus et operationibus lege Epiphanium. 2 Tom. lib. 2. Dionysium. c. 4. Ambros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. et 84. August, de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. lib. 10. 21. Theophil. in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem Ser, Theodoret. in 11. Cor. ep. 22. Chrys. hom. 53. in 12. Gen. Greg, in 1. c. John. Barthol. de prop. 1. 2. c. 20. Zanch. 1. 4. de malis angelis. Perer. in Gen. 1. 8. in c. 6. 2. Origen. saspe prseliis intersunt, itinera et negotia nostra quoBcunquedirigunt, clandestinis subsidiis optatos s^pe praebent successus. Pet. Mar. in Sam. rudentiai civilis, " Speciali siquideni gratia, si d Deo donari asserunt magi, d Geniis ccelestibus instrui, ab iis doceri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes, ineptce et fabulosce nugm, rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis true they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, that they can '^ hurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At Hammel in Saxony, An. 1484, 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are ^ affrighted out of their wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. 1. c. iv., and severally molest- ed by his means. Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many think he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- nounceth otherwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. TertuUian is ^ "It is scarcely possible to describe tbe impotent ardour with which these malignant spirits aspire to the honour of being divinely worshipped." ^Omnif. mag. lib. 2. cap. 23. yLudus deorum sumus. ^ Lib. de anima et dsemone. ^ Quoties lit, ut Principes novitium aulicam divitiis et dignitatibus pene obruant, et multorum annorum ministrum, qui non semel pro hero periculum subiit, ne terantio donent, &c. Idem. Quod Philosophi non remxinerentur, cum scurra et ineptus ob insulsum jocuni scepe prsemium reportet, inde fit, &c. ^ Lib. de Crueat. Cadaver. « Boissardus c. 6. magia. Chirom. lib. quffiris a me quantum operantur astra? dico, in nos nihil astra urgere, sed aninios proclives trahere: qui sic tamen liheri sunt, ut si ducem sequantur rationem, nihil efficiant, sin vero naturam, id agei'e quod hi hrutis fere. i^ Coelum vehiculum divined virtutis, cujus mediante motu, lumine et inhuentia, Deus elementaria coi-pora ordmat et disponit, Th. de Vio. Cajetanus in Psa. 104. i Mundus iste quasi lyra ab excellentissimo quodam artifice concinnata, quem qui norit mirabiles eliciet harraonias. J. Dee. Apho- rismo 11. '" Mediciis sine coeli peritia nihil est, &c. nisi genesim sciverit, ne tantillum poterit, lib. de podag. " Constellatio in causa est ; et influentia coeli morbum hunc movet interdiun, omnibus aliia anjotis. Et alibi. Origo ejus a Coelo petenda est. Tr. de morbis amentium. 134 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. phers, though they do not so peremptorily maintain as much. " This variety of melancholy symptoms proceeds from the stars," saith " Melancthon : the most generous melancholy, as that of Augustus, comes from the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra : the bad, as that of Catiline's, from the meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tenth book, and thirteenth chapter de rebus codestihus, discourseth to this purpose at large, Ex atra bile varii generantur morbi, d&c, "^many diseases proceed from black choler, as it shall be hot or cold ; and though it be cold in its own nature, yet it is apt to be heated, as water may be made to boil, and burn as bad as fire ; or made cold as ice : and thence proceed such variety of symptoms, some mad, some solitary, some laugh, some rage," &c. The cause of all which intemperance he will have chiefly and primarily proceed from the heavens, " ** from the position of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury." His aphorisms be these, " " Mercury in any geniture, if he shall be found in Virgo, or Pisces his opposite sign, and that in the horoscope, irradiated by those quartile aspects of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melancholy." Again, " ^ He that shall have Saturn and Mars, the one culminating, the other in the fourth house, when he shall be born, shall be melancholy, of which he shall be cured in time, if Mercury behold them." •' ' If the moon be in conjunction or oppo- sition at the birth time with the sun, Saturn or Mare, or in a quartile aspect with them (e mala cceli loco, Leovitius adds), many diseases are signified, especially the head and brain is like to be misaffected with pernicious humours, to be melancholy, lunatic, or mad," Cardan adds, quartd lund natos, eclipses, earthquakes. Garcaeus and Leovitius will have the chief judgment to be taken from the lord of the geniture, or where there is an aspect between the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars shall be lord of the present conjunction or opposition in Sagittarius or Pisces, of the sun or moon, such persons are commonly epileptic, dote, dsemoniacal, melancholy : but see more of these aphorisms in the above-named Pontanus. Garcseus, cap. 23. de Jud. genitur. Schoner. lib. 1. cap. 8. which he hath gathered out of " Ptolemy, Alb abater, and some other Arabians, Junctine, Kanzovius, Lindhout, Origen,&c. But these men you will reject perad venture, as astrologers, and therefore partial judges; then hear the testimony of phy- sicians, Galenists themselves. ' Carto confesseth the influence of stars to have a great hand to this peculiar disease, so doth Jason Pratensis, Lonicerius prcsfat. de Apoplexid, Ficinus, Fernelius, &c. ^ P. Cnemander acknowledgeth the stars an universal cause, the particular from parents, and the use of the six non-natural things. Baptista Port. 7nag. I. 1, c. 10, 12, 15, will have them causes to every particular individium. Instances and examples, to evince the truth of these aphorisms, are common amongst those astrologian treatises. Cardan, in his thirty- seventh geniture, gives instance in Math. Bolognius. Camerar. hor. natalit. centur. 7. genit. 6. et 7. of Daniel Gare, and others; but see Garcaeus, cap. 33, Luc. Gauricus. Tract, 6. de Azemenis, Solanum, opium, lupi adeps, lacr. asini, &c., sanguis infantum, &c. "Corrupta est iis ab humore Melancholico pliantasia. Nymanus. "Putant se Igedere quando non Itedunt. *Qui litec ia ■ imaginationis vim reterre conati sunt, atrse bilis, inanem prorsus laborem susceperunt. i*Lib. 3. cap. 4. omnif. mag, f Lib. 1. cap. 11. path. Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 137 or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease ; for as he justifies ^ Quale pur entum maxime patris semen ohtigerit, tales evadunt similares sjoermaticceque partes, quocunque etiam morbo Pater quum generat tenetur, cum semine transfert in Prolem; such as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look what disease the father had when he begot hira^ his son will have after him; '"^and is as well inheritor of his infirmities, as of his lands." And where the complexion and constitution of the father is corrupt, there ('saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father to the son." Kow this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body, according to that of Hippocrates, " *in. habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments; but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos aheunt cum semine tnores. Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records, 1.15. Lepidus in Pliny 1. 7, c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous family of ^nobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards; the Austrian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the JBavariao. chin, and goggle eyes amongst the Jews, as " Buxtorfius observes; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities; such a mother, such a daughter; the very ^affections Lem- nius contends "to follow their seed, and the malice and bad conditions of children are many times wholly to be imputed to their parents;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but tliat it is an hereditary disease, y Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morh. amentium, to. 4, tr. 1 ; so doth "^ Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno Seidelius in his book de morbo encurab. Montaltus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippocrates and Plutarch, that such hereditaiy dispositions are frequent, et hanc {inquit) fieri reor ob piarticipatam melancholicam intemperantiam (speaking of a patient) I think he became so by participation of Melancholy. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1, part 2, cap. 9, will have his melancholy constitution derived not only from the father to the son, but to the whole family sometimes ; Quandoque totis familiis liereditativam, ^Forestus, in his medicinal observations, illustrates this point, with an example of a merchant, his patient, that had this infirmity by inherit- ance; so doth Podericus a Fonseca, torn. 1, consul. 69, by an instance of a young man that was so affected ex matre melancholica,h?id a melancholy mother, et victu melancholico, and bad diet together. Lodovicus Mercatus, a Spanish physician, in that excellent Tract which he hath lately written of hereditary diseases, tom. 2, oper. lib. 5, reckons up leprosy, as those ^ Galbots in Gascony, hereditary lepers, pox, stone, gout, epilepsy, &c. Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, which he calls a miraculous thing in nature, and sticks for ever to them as an incurable habit. And that which is more to be wondered at, it skips in some families the father, and goes to the son, *' ''or takes every other, and sometimes every third in a lineal descent, and doth not always produce the same, but some like, and a symbolizing disease." These secondary causes hence derived, are commonly so powerful, that (as "^ Wolphius holds) smpe mutant deer eta siderum, they do often alter the primary causes, and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the Church and com- monwealth, human and Divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary diseases, fl Ut arthritici, epilep. &c. r Ut filij non tam possessiomim qttam morborum hjeredes sint. ^ Epist. de secretis artis et naturae c. 7. nam in lioc quod patres corrupti sunt, generant filios corrupt^s complexionis, et compositionis, et filii eorum eadem de causa se corrumpunt, etsic derivatur corruptio apatribus ad iilios. * Non tam (inquit Hippocrates) gibbos et cicatrices oris et corporis habitum agnoscis ex iis, sed verum incessum, gestus, mores, morbos, &c. " Synagog. Jud. ■=' Affectus parentum in foetus transeunt, et putrorum malicia parentibus imputanda, lib. 4. cap. 3. de occult, nat. mirac. y Expituitosis pituitosi, ex biliosis biliosi, ex lienosis et melancholicis melancholici. ^ Epist. 174. in Scoltz. nascitur nobiscum ilia aliturque et una cum parentibus habemus malum hunc assem. Jo. Pelesius lib. 2. de cura humanorum affectuum. a Lib. 10. obser.vat. 15. b Maginus Geog. <= Sa^pe non eundem, sed similem producit effectum, et iUaeso parente transit in nepotem. ^ Dial, prtefix. genitui'is Leovitii, 138 Causes of MelancJioly. [Part. 1. Sec, 2. forbicliHng siicTi marriages as are any whit allied; and as Mercatiis adviseth all families to take such, si fieri 2^ossit quce maxime distant natiira, and to make choice of those tliat are most differing in complexion from them; if they love their own, and respect the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been ordered by God's especial providence, that in all ages there should be (as usually there is) once in ^ 600 years, a transmigration of nations, to amend and purify their blood, as we alter seed upon our land, and that there should be as it were an inundation of those northern Goths and Yandals, and many such like people which came out of that continent of Scandia and Sarmatia) as some suppose) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe and Afric, to alter for our good, our complexions, which were much defaced with hereditary infirmi- ties, which by our lust and intemperance we had contracted. A sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as tliose northern men usually are, innocuous, free from riot, and free from diseases; to qualify and make us as those poor naked Indians are generally at this day; and those about Brazil (as a late ^ writer observes), in the Isle of Maragnan, free from all hereditary diseases, or other contagion, whereas without help of physic they live commonly 120 years or more, as in the Orcades and many other places. Such are the common effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. Filii ex senihus nati, raro sunt fir mi temj)eramenti, old men's children are seldom of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt to this disease ; and as ^ Levinus Lemnius farther adds, old men beget most part wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom, merry. He that begets a child on a full stomach, will either have a sick child, or a crazed son (as ^ Cardan thinks), contradict, med. lib. 1, contradict. 18, or if the parents be sick, or have any great pain of the head, or megrim, headach, (Hieronimus Wolfius ' doth instance in a child of Sebastian Castalio's); if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12, cap. 1. Ehrii gignunt Ebrios, one drunkard begets another, saith ^ Plutarch, symp. lib. 1, quest. 5, whose sentence ^ Lemnius approves, 1. 1, c, 4. Alsarius Crutius Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3; fol. 1 82. Macrobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1, cap. 8, and Aristotle himself^ sect. 2, prov. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children like unto themselves, morosos et languidos, and so likewise he that lies with a menstruous woman. Intemperantia veneris, quam in nautis j^rcesertim insectatur " Lemnius, qui uxores ineunt, nulla menstrui decursus ratione habitd, nee observato interlunio, prcecipua causa est, noxia, pernitiosa, concubitum hunc exitialem ided, et pestiferum vocat. ''' Rodoricus a Castro Lusitanus, detestantur ad unum omnes medici, turn et quartd luna concepti, infcelices plerumque et amentes, deliri, stolidi, morbosi, impuri, invalidi, tetra lue sordidi, minime vitales, omnibus bonis corporis atque animi destituti: ad labor em nat%si senioreSy inquit Eustathius, ut Hercules, et alii. ° Judcei maxi?ne insectaiitur fcedum> hunc, et immundum apud Chri^tianos Concubitum^, ut illicitum abhorrent, et apud suosprohibent; et quod Christiani toties leprosi, amentes, tot morbili, impetigines, alphi, psorWy cutis et faciei decolorationes, tarn multi morbi epidemici, acerbi^ et venenosi sint, in hunc immundum concubitum rejiciunt, et crudeles inpignora " Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodis reip. f Claudius Abaville Capuchion in his voyage to Maragnan, 1614, cap. 4:5. Nemo fere segrotus, sano omnes et robusto coi-pore, vivunt annos 120, 140, sine mediciiia. Idem Hector Boethius de insulis Orchad. et Damianus a Goes le Scandia. s Lib. 4. c. 3. de occult, nat. mir, Tetricos plerumque filios senesprogeneraut et tristes, rarius exliilaratos. ^ Coitus super repletionem pessimus, et filii qui tum gignuntur, aut morbosi sunt, aut stolidi. ' Dial, prasfix. Leovito. ^ L. de ed. liberis. ^ De occult, nat. mir. temulentse et stolidte mulieres liberos plerumque producunt sibi similes. ™ Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master Schoolmaster do not English this. * De nat. Biul. lib, 3. cap, 4, " Buxdorphius c. 31. Synag. Jud. Ezek. 18, Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melanclioly. 139 vocant, qui quartd lund profluente hdc mensiuTn, illuvie concuhitum hunc non perhorresctint. Damnavit olim divina Lex et morte mulctavit hujusmodi homines , Lev. 18, 20, et inde nati, siqui deformes aut mutili, pater dilapidatus, quod non contineret ab °immunda muliere. Gregoi^iiis Magnus, peie/zif'i Augustino nunquid apud ^ BYitannos hujusmodi concubittcm toleraret, severe jyj-ohibuit viris suis turn fnisceri fcemmas in consuetis suis menstruis, (L'c. I spare to English this which I have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garh'c, onions, fast overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorro\\^ul, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, perplexed in his thoughts, fearful, &c., " their children (saith "^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) will be much subject to madness and melancholy; for if the spirits of the brain be fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled in the brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wise men beget commonly fools ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquit fdios Aristarchum et Aristachorum, ambos stultos; and which "" Erasmus urgeth in his Morla, fools beget wise men. Card. subt. I. 12, gives this cause, Qaoniam spiritus sapientum ob studiuTn resolvuntur, et in cerebrum feruntur a corde : because their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal j drawn from the heart, and those other parts to the brain. Leranius subscribes to that of Cardan, and assigns this reason. Quod j^ersolvant debitum languide, et obsci- tanter, unde foetus a parentum generositate desciscit: they pay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their wives remissly, by which means their children are weak- lings, and many times idiots and fools. Some other causes are given, v/hich properly pertain, and do proceed from the mother: if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in her womb (saith Fernelius, path, 1. 1, 11) her son will be so likev/ise affected, and worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4, c. 7, if she grieve over much, be disquieted, or by any casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object heard or seen, she endangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it ; for the strange imagination of a woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. cceledis 1. 5, c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : " *if a great-bellied woman see a hare, her child will often have a hare-lip," as we call it. Garcceus de Judiciis geniturarum, cap. 33, hath a memorable example of one Thomas Nick ell, born in the city of Brandeburg, 1551, " "that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, as if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a drunken man reeling in the street." Such another I find in Martin Wenrichius com. de ortu monstrorum, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that looked like a carcass ; I asked him the cause, he replied,* " His mother, when she bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affrighted with it, that ex eo foetus ei assimilatus, from a ghastly im^pres- sion the child was like it." So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our father's defaults ; insomuch that as Fernelius truly saith, " ^It is the greatest part of our felicity "Drasius obs. lib. 3. cap. 20. p Beda. Eccl. hist. lib. 1. c. 27. respons. 10. qNam spiritus cerebri si turn male afficiantur, tales procreant, et quales fuerint affectus, tales filiorum : ex tristibus tristes, ex jucundis jucundi nascuntur, &c. ^¥o\. 129. mer. Socrates' children Mere fools. Sabel. ^De occul. nat. mir. Pica morbus mulierum. * Baptista Porta loco prajd. Ex leporum intuitu plerique infantes edvmt bifido superiore labello. " Quasi mox in terram collapsurus per omnem vitam incedebat, cum mater gravida ebriura hominem sic incedentem viderat. * Civem facie cadaverosa, qui dixit, inc. * Optimum bene nasci, maxima pars fielicitatis nostrse bene nasci; quamobrem prteclare humane generi consultum videretui-, si soli parentes bene habiti et sani, liberis operam darent. 140 Causes of Melanclioly. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. to be well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound of body and mind should be suffered to marry." An husbandman will sow none but the best and choicest seed u])on his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well assured of his breed; we make choice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id diligentius in procreandis llberis observandum ? And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children? In former times some ^countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away; so did the Indians of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saitli ''Hect. Boethius, "if any were visited with the falling sickness, madness, gout, leprosy, or any such dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to the son, he was instantly gelded; a woman kept from all company of men; and if by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she with her brood were buried alive:" and this was done for tlie common good, lest the whole nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion of hereditary diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some grievous infirmity or other, when no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, "^jure hcereditario sapere jubentur ; they must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is corrupt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we are like to be worse. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. AccOKDiNG to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary causes, which are inbred with us, I must now proceed to the outward and adventitious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, remote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not necessary. ISTecessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as they are used, or abused) are those six nou-natural things, so much spoken of amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every consultation, whereas they shall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and this most part objected to the patient; Peccavit circa res sex non naturales : he hath still offended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melancholy Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place; and in his 244 counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, " ^he offended in all y Infantes infirmi prsecipitio necati. Bohemus lib. 3. c. 3. Apud Lacones olim. Lypsius epist. 85. cent, ad Belgas, Dionysio Villerio, si quos aliqua membrorum parte inutiles notaverint, necari jubent. =Lib. 1. De veteram Scotorum moribus. Morbo coraitiali, dementia, mania, lepra, ifec. aut simili labe, quae facile in prolem transmittitur, laborantes inter eos, ingenti facta indagine, inventos, ne gens foedfi contagione Isederetur ex iis nata, castraverunt, mulieres hujusmodi procul a virorura consortio ablegai'unt, quod si harum aliqua concepisse inveniebatur, simul cum foetu nondum edito, defodiebatur viva. a Euphormio 'Satyr. ^ Fecit omnia delicta quae fieri possunt circa res sex non naturales, et e« fuerunt causse exlrinsecae, ex quibus postea ortte sunt obstructiones. Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melanclioly. -141 tliose six non-natural things, which were the outward causes, from which came those inward obstructions; and so in the rest. These six non-natural things are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more material than the other because they make new matter, or else are con- versant in keeping or exjoelling of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, and perturbations of the mind, which onlj alter the matter. The first of these is diet, which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, or accidents, that is quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a material cause, since that, as " Fernelius holds, " it hath such a power in begetting of diseases, and yields the matter aud suste- nance of them ; for neither air, nor perturbations, nor any of those other evident causes take place^ or vv ork this effect, except the constitution of body^ and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say, this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone, melan- choly and frequent other maladies arise," Many physicians, I confess, have written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all manner of meats; as namely, Galen, Isaac the Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also four Arabians, Gordonius, Yillanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitologia de Esculentis et Poculentis, Michael Savanarola, Tract. 2,- c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de regimine senum, Curio in his Comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Sfcekius ai^te med., Marsilius cognatus, Ficinus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim. sanitatis, Frietagius, Hugo Fridevallius, &c., besides many other in ^ English, and almost every peculiar l^hysician, discourseth at large of all peculiar meats in his chapter of melan- choly : yet because these books are not at hand to every man, I will briefly touch what kind of meats engender this humour, through their several species, and which are to be avoided. How they alter and change the matter, spirits first, and after humours, by which we are preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and others will show you. I hasten to the thing itself: and first of such diet as offends in substance. Beef.] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, saith Gal. I. 3, c. 1., de alim. fac.) is condemned by him and all suc- ceeding authors, to breed gross melancholy blood : good for such as are sound, and of a strong constitution, for labouring men if ordered aright, corned, yonng, of an ox (for all gelded meats in every species are held best), or if old, "such as have been tired out with labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the most savoury, best and easiest of digestion ; w^e commend ours: but all is rejected, and unfit for such as lead a resty life, any ways inclined to Melancholy, or dry of complexion : Tales (Galen thinks) de facile melancholicis cegritudimbus capiuntur. Pork^ Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own nature, *but alto- gether unfit for snch as live at ease, are any ways unsound of body or mind : too moist, full of humours, and therefore noxia delicatls, saith Savanarola, ex eariim usu ut dubitetur an febris quartana generetur : naught for queasy stomachs, insomuch that frequent use of it m-ay breed a quartan ague. Goat.'\ Savanarola discommends goat's flesh, and so doth ^Bruerinus, I. 13, c. 19, calling it a filthy beast, and rammish: and therefore supposeth it will breed rank and filthy substance; yet kid, such as are young and tender, Isaac accepts, Bruerinus and Galen, I. \, c. \, de alimentorum facultatibus. Hart.] Hart and red dieer ^hatli an evil name : it yields gross nutriment : ePath. 1. 1. c. 2. Maximam in gignendis morbis vim obtinet, pabulum, materiamque morbi suggerens : nam nee ab aere, nee a perturbationibus, vel aliis evidentibus causis morbi sunt, nisi eonsentiat corporis prceparatio, et humorum eonstitutio. Ut serael dicam, una gula est omnium niorborum mater, etiamsi alius est genitor. Ab hac morbi sponte ssepe emanant, luilla alLA eogente causa. ^ Cogan, Eliot, Vauhan, Yener. « Frietagius. * Isaac. »'Non laudatur, quia melancholicum pr?ebet alimentum, e ilale alit cervina (inquit Fri.tagius), crassisslmum et atribilarium suppeditat alimentum. 14:2 Causes of Melancholy. [Part, 1. Sec. 2. a strong and great grained meat, next nnto a horse. Which although some countries eat, as Tartars, and they of China; yet ^ Galen condemns. Young foals are as commonly eaten in Spain as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often used ; but such meats ask long baking, or seething, to qualify them, and yet all will not serve. Venison, Fallow Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood; a pleasant meat : in great esteem with us (for we have more parks in England than there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis somewhat better hunted than otherwise, and well prepared by cookery ; but generally bad, and seldom to be used. Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of digestion, it breeds incubus, often eaten, and causeth fearfal dreams, so doth all venison, and is con- demned by a jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some others say, that hare is a merry meat, and that it will make one fair, as Martial's Epigram testifies to Gellia; but this is >er accidens, because of the good sport it makes, merry company and good discourse that is commonly at the eating of it, and not otherwise to be understood. Conies.] 'Conies are of the nature of hares. Magninus compares them to beef, pig, and goat, Reg. sanit. 'part. 3, c. 17; yet young rabbits by all men are approved to be good. Generally, all such meats as are hard of digestion breed melancholy. Areteus, lih. 7, cap. 5, reckons up heads and feet, ^bowels, brains, entrails, marrow, fat, blood, skins, and those inward parts, as heart, lungs, liver, sjDleen, &c. They are rejected by Isaac, lih. 2, part. 3. Magninus, pari. 3. cap. 17, Bruerinus, lih. 12, Savanarola, Rub. 32, Tract. 2. Milk.] Milk, and all that comes of milk, as butter and cheese, curds, &c., increase melancholy (whey only excepted, which is most wholesome): ^some except asses' milk. The rest, to such as are sound, is nutritive and good, especially for young children, but because soon turned to corruption, '" not good for those that have unclean stomachs, are subject to headache, or have green wounds, stone, &c. Of all cheeses, I take that kind which we call Banbury cheese to be the best, ex vetustis pessimus, the older, stronger, and harder, the worst, as Langius discourseth in his Epistle to Melancthon, cited by Mizaldus, Isaac, p. 5, Gal. 3, cle cibis boni sued, <&c. Fowl.] Amongst fowl, "peacocks and pigeons, all fenny fowl are forbidden, as ducks, geese, swans, herons, cranes, coots, didappers, waterhens, with all those teals, curs, sheldrakes, and peckled fowls, that come hither in winter out of Scandia, Muscovy, Greenland, Friezland, which half the year are covered all over with snow, and frozen up. Though these be fair in feathers, pleasant in taste, and have a good outside, like hypocrites, white in plumes, and soft, their flesh is hard, black, unwholesome, dangerous, melancholy meat; Gravant et putrefaciunt stomachum, saith Isaac, ijart. 5, de vol., their young ones are more tolerable, but young pigeons he quite disapproves. Fishes.] Rhasis and ° Magninus discommend all fish, and say, they breed viscosities, slimy nutriment, little and humourous nourishment. Savanarola adds, cold, moist: and phlegmatic, Isaac; and therefore unwholesome for all cold and melancholy complexions : others make a difference, rejecting only amongst fresh-water fish, eel, tench, lamprey, crawfish (which Bright approves, cap. 6), and such as are bred in muddy and standing waters, and have a taste of mud, as Franciscus Bousuetus poetically defines, Lih. de aquatilibas. " Nam pisces omnes, qui stagna, lacusque frequentant, I "All fish, that standing pools, and lakes frequent, Semper plus succi deterioris habent." | Do ever yiel.l bad juice and nouris iment." ^ Lib. de subtiliss. dieta. Equina caro et asinina equinis danda est hominibus et asininis. ' Parum obsunt a natura Leporum. Bruerinus, 1. 13. cap. 25. pullorum tenera et optima. kii]^ix(jabilis succi nauseam provoeant. ' Piso. Alromar. «' Curio. Frietagius, Maginus. part. 3. cap. 17. Mercurialis, de affect, lib. 1. c. 10. excepts all milk meats in Hypochondriacal Melancholy. » Wecker Syntax, theoi*. p. 2. Isaac, Bruer. lib. 15. cap. 30. et 31 « Cap. 18. part, 3. Mem. 2. Sabs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 143 Lampreys, Paulus Jovius, c. 34, de piscihus fluvial, highly magnifies, and saith, None speak against them, but inepti et scrupulosi, some scrupulous persons; but ^eels, c. 33, "he abhorreth in all places, at all times, all phy- sicians detest them, especially about the solstice." Gomesius, lib. 1. c. 22, de sale, doth immoderately extol sea-fish, which others as much vilify, and above the rest, dried, soused, indurate fish, as ling, fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, haberdine, poor-john, all shell-fish, "^ Tim. Bright excepts lobster and crab. Mesarius commends salmon, which Bruerinus contradicts, lib. 22, c. 17. Magninus rejects conger, sturgeon, turbot, mackerel, skate. Carp is a fish of which I know not what to determine. Franciscus Bon- suetus accounts it a muddy fish. Hippolitus Salvianus, in bis Book dePiscium naturd et prceparatione, which was printed at Rome in folio, 1554, with most elegant pictures, esteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Jovius on the other side, disallowing tench, approves of it ; so doth Dupravius in his Books of Fish-ponds. Frietagius "" extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the fishes of the best rank; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds almost with no other fish. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, by Bruerinus, I. 22, c. 13. The diflierence riseth from the site and nature of pools, ^ sometimes muddy, sometimes sweet; they are in taste as the place is from whence they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But see more in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, lib. 7, cap. 22, Isaac, 1. 1. especially Hippo- litus Salvianus, who is instar omnium solus, d'c. Howsoever they may be wholesome and approved, much use of them is not good; P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, * relates, that Carthusian friars, whose living is most part fish, are more subject to melancholy than any other order, and that 'he found by experience, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies it with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well liking, that by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misafiected. Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten I find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, disallowed, but especially Ccibbage. It causeth troublesome dreams, and sends up black vapours to the bi'ain. Galen, loc. offset. I. 3, c. 6, of all herbs condemns cabbage; and Isaac, lib. 2, c. 1, Animce gravitatem facit, it brings heaviness to the soul. Some are of opinion that all raw herbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except bugloss and lettuce. Crato, consil. 21, lib. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Magninus, regim. sanitatis, part. 3, cap. 31. Omnes herbce simjjUciter malm, via cibi; all herbs are simply evil to feed ou (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in " Plautus hold : "Non ego coenam condio nt alii coqui solent, Qui mihi condita prata in patinis proferuiit, Boves qui con vivas faciunt, lierliasque aggerunt. 'Like other cooks I do not supper dress, Tliut put wliole meadows into a platter, And make no better of their guests than beeves. With herbs and grass to feed them tatter." Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and salads (which our said Plautus calls coenas terre^tres, Horace, ccenas sine sanguine)^ by which means, as he follows it, »"Hic homines tam brevem vitam colunt- Qui herbashujusmodi In alvum suum congerunt, Fonnidolosum dietu, non esu modo Quasherbas pecudesnon eduut, homines edunt." ** Their lives, that eat such herbs, must needs be short. And 'tis a fearful thing for to repoi-t, That men should feed on such a kind of meat, ■\Vhich very juments would refuse to eat," P Omni loco et omni tempore medici detestantur anguillas, prsesertim circa Solstitiura, Damnantur turn sanis turn agris. q Cap. '6. in liis Tract of .Mtlanclioly. •■ Optime nutrit omnium judicio inter priraai nota; pisces gustu praistanti. « Non est dubiani quin, pro variorum situ ac natura, magnas alimentorum soriiantur ditterentias, alibi suaviores, alibi lutuleniiores, t Observat, 16, lib, 10. « Pseudolus, act. 3, seen, 2. ^ Plautus, ibid. 144 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. ^ They are windy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, thongh qualified with oil, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every ^ husbandman and herbalist. Roots^ Koots, Etsi quorundam gentium opes sint, saith Bruerinus, the wealth of some countries, and sole food, are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head : as onions, garlic, seal! ions, turnips, carrots, radishes, parsnips : Crato, lib. 2. consil. 11, disallows all roots, though "some approve of parsnips and potatoes. ^ Magninus is of Crato's opinion, " ^ They trouble the mind, sending gross fumes to the brain, make men mad, especially garlic, onions, if a man liberally feed on them a year together." Guianerius, tract 15, cap. 2, complains of all manner of roots, and so doth Bruerinus, even parsnijis themselves, which are the best, Lib. 9. cap. l4. Fruits^ Pastinacarum usus succos gignit improbos. Crato, consil. 21, lib. 1, utterly forbids all manner of fruits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts, medlars, serves, &c. Sanguinem inficiunt, saith Yiliano- vanus, they infect the blood, and putrefy it, Magninus holds, and must not therefore be taken via cibi, aut quantitate magna, not to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. ^ Cardan makes that a cause of their continual sickness at Fessa in Africa, " because they live so much on fruits, eating them thrice a day." Laurentius approves of many fruits, in his Tract of Melancholy, which others disallow, and amongst the rest apples, which some likewise commend, sweetings, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy ; but to him that is any way inclined to, or touched with this malady, ^ Nicholas Piso in his Practics, forbids all fruits, as windy, or to be sparingly eaten at least, and not raw. Amongst other fruits, ^Bruerinus, out of Galen, excepts grapes and figs, but I find them likewise rejected. Pidse.'] All pulse are naught, beans, peas, vetches, &c., they fill the brain (saith Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause trouble- some dreams. And therefore, that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever applied to melancholy men, Afabis abstinete, eat no peas, nor beans; yet to such as will needs eat them, I would give this counsel, to prepare them according to those rules that Arnoldus Yilianovanus, and Frie- tagius prescribe, for eating, and dressing, fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. S'pices.'j Spices cause hot and head melancholy, and are for that cause for- bidden by our physicians to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, mace, dates, &c., honey and sugar. ^ Some except honey; to those that are cold, it may be tolerable, but ^ Dulcia se.in bilem vertunt (sweets turn into bile), they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice, in a consultation of his, for a m^elancholy schoolmaster, Om^iia aromatica, et quicquid sanguinem adurit: so doth Fernelius, consil. 45. Guianerius, tract. 15, cap. 2. Mercurialis, cons. 189. To these I may add all sharp and sour things, luscious, and over-sweet, or fat, as oil, vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are corrosive. Gomesius, in his books, de sale, I. 1, c. 21, highly commends salt; so doth Codronchus in his tract, de sale Absynthii, Lemn. I. 3, c. 9. de occult, nat. mir. yet common experience finds salt, and salt-meats, to be great procurers of this disease. And for that cause belike those Egyptian priests abobaiued from salt, even so much, as in their bread, ut sine perturbatione anima esset, saith mine author, that their souls might be free from perturbations. yQuare I'ectius valetudini suib quisque consulet, qui lapsus priorum parentura memor, eas plane vel omiserit vel parce degustarit. Kevsleius cap. 4. de vevo.usa mod. ^In MizaJdo de Iiorto P. Crescent. Herbastein, &c. "Cap. 13. part. 3. Bright in liis Tract, of MeL b intellectual turbant, producunt iiisaniam. " Audivi (inquit Magnin.) quod si quis ex lis per annum continue comedat, in insaniana caderet. cap. 13. Improbi succi sunt, cap. 12. ^De. rerum varietat. In Fessa plerumque morbosi, quod fructus comedant ter in die. eCap.de Mel. ^Lib. ll.c. 3. 6 Briglit, c. 6, excepts honey, »»Hor. apad Scoltzium consil. 186. - . --■ Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 145 JBread.'] Eread tliat is made of baser grain, as peas, beans, oats, rje, or ^over-hard baked, crusty, and black, is often spoken against, as causing melancholy juice and wind. Job. Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends much for the wholsomeness of oaten bread : it was objected to him then living at Paris in France, that his countrymen fed on oats, and base grain, as a disgrace; but he doth ingenuously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use that kind of bread, that it was as wholesome as any grain, and yielded as good nourishment. And yet Wecker out of Galen calls it horse-meat, and fitter for juments than men to feed on. But read Galen himself, lib. 1. De cihis honi et mali sued, more largely dis- coursing of corn and bread. Wine.] All black wines, over-hot, compound, strong thick drinks, as Mus- cadine, Malmsey, Alicant, Kumney, Brownbastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they have thirty several kinds in Muscovy, all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, to such as are hot, or of a sanguine choleric complexion, young, or inclined to head-melancholy. For many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculanus, c. 16. in 9. Ehasis, puts in '^wine for a great cause, especially if it be immoderately used. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 2. tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave entertainment in his house, "that 4n one month's space were both melancholy by drinking of wine, one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen, I. de causis morh. c. 3. Matthiolus on Dio- scorides, and above ail other Andreas Bachius, I. 3. 18, 19, 20, have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine : yet notwithstanding all this, to such as are cold, or sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physic, and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25, in that case, if the temperature be cold, as to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used. Cider, Perry.'] Cider and perry are both cold and windy drinks, and for that cause to be neglected, and so are all those hot spiced strong drinks. Beer.] Beer, if •it be over-new or over-stale, over-strong, or not sodden_, smell of the cask, sharp, or sour, is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, &c. Henricus Ayrerus, in a ™ consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypochon- driacal melancholy discommends beer. So doth "* Crato in that excellent counsel of his. Lib. 2. consil. 21. as too windy, because of the hop. But he means belike that thick black Bohemian beer used in some other parts of ° Germany^ nil spissius ilia Dum bibitur, nil clarius est dum mingitar, uncle Constat, quod multas faeces in corpore linquat." "N'othing comes in so thick, Notliing goes out so thin, It must needs follow then The dregs are left within." As that Pold poet scoffed, calling it Stygice monstrum confornie palludi, a mon- strous drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they Ust, to such as are accustomed unto it, " 'tis a most wholesome (so "^ Poly dor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasant drink," it is more subtile and better, for the hop that rarefies it, hath an especial virtue against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuch- sius approves. Lib. 2. sec. 2. instit. cap. 11. and many others. Waters^ Standing waters, thick and ill-coloured ; such as come forth, of pools, and moats, where hemp hath been steeped, or slimy fishes live, are most unwholesome, putrefied, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, corrupt, impure, by reason of the sun's heat, and still-standing; they cause foul distemperatures in the body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink of, to dress meat with, or to be ''used about men inv^ardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestic uses, to vrash horses, water cattle, &c., or in time 'Necomedascrustam, choleram quia gignit adustam. Scol. Sal. *^Vinum tarbidum. 'Exvini patentis bibitione, duo Alemani in uno mense melancholici fact! sunt. >" Hildesheim, spicel. fol. 273. " Crassum general sanguinem. « About Dantzic in Spruce, Hamburgh, Leipsic. p Henricus Abrin- censis. q Potus turn salubris turn jucundus, 1. 1. >" Galen, 1. J. de san, tuend. Cavendae sunt a(iua3 quae ex stagnis hauriuntur, et quae turbidae ct male olentes, &c. 14:5 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opinion, tliat such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething doth defecate it, as 'Cardan holds, Lib. 13. subtil. "It mends the substance, and savour of it," but it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholesome as the other, as *Jobertns truly justifieth out of Galen, Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox 5. that the seething of such impure waters doth not purge or purify them, Pliny, lib. 31. c. 3. is of the same tenet, and P. Crescentius, agricult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. \1. et c. 45. Pamphilius Herilachus, I. 4. cle nat. aquarum, such waters are naught, not to be used, and by the testimony of "Galen, "breed agues, dropsies, pleu- risies, splenetic and melancholy passions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad tempe- rature, and ill disposition of the whole body, with bad colour." This Jobertus stiffly maintains, Ptiradox, lib. 1. part. 5. that it causeth blear eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to such as use it : this which they say, stands with good reason ; for as geographers relate, t]ie water of Astracan breeds worms in such as drink it. ""Axius, or as now called Yerduri, the fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aleacman now Peleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas. L. Aubanus Pohemus refers that ^struma or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians to the nature of their waters, as ^ Munster doth that of the Valesians in the Alps, and ^Bodine supposeth the stuttering of some families in Aquitania, about Labden, to proceed from the same cause, " and that the tilth is derived from the water to their bodies." So that they that use filthy, standing, ill- coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies. And because the body works upon the mind, they shall have grosser understandings, dull, foggy, melancholy spirits, and be really subject to all manner of infirmities. To these noxious simples, we may reduce an infinite number of compound, artificial, made dishes, of which our cooks afil)rd us a great variety, as tailors do fashions in our apparel. Such are ''puddings stuff'ed with blood, or other- wise composed ; baked meats, soused indurate meats, fried and broiled buttered meats; condite, powdered, and over=»dried, ''all cakes, simnels, buns, cracknels made with butter, spice, &c., fritters^ pancakes, pies, sausages, and those several sauces, sharp, or over-sweet, of which scientia popincE, as Seneca calls it, hath served those "^ Apician tricks, and perfumed dishes, which Adrian the sixth Pope so much admired in the accounts of his predecessor Leo decimus; and which prodigious riot and prodigality have invented in this age. These do generally engender gross humours, fill the stomach with crudities, and all those inward parts with obstructions. Montanus, consil. 22, gives instance, in a melancholy Jew, that by eating such tart sauces, made dishes, and salt meats, with which he was overmuch delighted, became melancholy, and was evil affected. Such examples are familiar and common. SuBSECT. II. — Quantity of Diet a Cause. These is not so much harm proceeding from the substance itself of meat, and quality of it, in ill-dressing and preparing, as there is from the quantity, disorder of time and place, unseasonable use of it, ^intemperance, overmuch, or overlittle taking of it. A true saying it is, Plures crapula quam gladius. This gluttony kills more than the sword, this omiiivorantia et homicida gula, ' Innoxium reddit et bene olentem. * Contetidit hsec vitia coctione non emendari. " Lib. de bonitate aquae, hydropem auget, febres putridas, splenem, tusses, nocet ociilis, malum habitum corporis et colorem, » Mag. Nigritatem inducit si pecora biberint. y Aquse ex nivibus coactse strumosos faciunt. ==Cosmog. 1. 3. cap. 36. a Method, hist. cap. 5. balbutiunt Labdoni in Aquitania ob aquas, atque lii morbi ab aquis in corpora derivantur. ^ Edulia ex sanguine et sutTocato parta. Uildesheim. « Cupedia vero, placent.'B, bellaria, commentaque alia curiosa pistorum et coquorum, gustui servientium conciliant morbos tum corpori turn animo insanabiles. Philo Judaeus lib. de victimis. P. Jov. vita ejus. '^ As lettuce steeped in wine, birds fed with fennel and sugar, as a Pope's concubine used in Avignon, Stephan. e Animae negotium ilia facessit, et de templo Dii immundum stabulum facit, Paletius, 10. c. l\Iem. 2. Subs. 2,] Diet, a Cause. 147 this all devouring and murdering gufc. And that of ^ Pliny is truer, " Simple diet is the best; heaping ujo of several meats is pernicious, and sauces worse; many dishes bring many diseases." ^Avicen cries out, '" That nothing is worse than to feed on many dishes, or to protract the time of meats longer than ordinary; from thence proceed our infirmities, and 'tis the fountain of all diseases, which arise out of the repugnancy of gross humours." Thence, saith ^Eernelius, come crudities, wind, oppilations, cacochymia, plethora, cachexia, bradiopepsia, ^ Ilinc subitce mortes, atque intestata senectus, sudden death, &c., and what not. As a lamp is choked with a multitude of oil, or a little fire with overmuch wood quite extinguished, so is the natural heat with immoderate eating, stran- gled in the body. Pernitiosa sentina est abdomen insaturahile: one saith, An insatiable paunch is a pernicious sink, and the fountain of all diseases, both of body and mind. 'Mercurialis will Iiave it a peculiar cause of this private disease; Solenander, consil. 5. sect. 3, illustra^tes this of Mercurialis, with an example of one so melancholy, ah intempestivis commessationibics, unseasonable feasting. ^Crato confirms as much, in that often cited Counsel, 21, lib. 2. putting superfluous eating for a main cause. But vfhat need I seek farther for proofs? Hear ^Hippocrates himself, Lib. 2, Aphor. 10, " Impure bodies the more they are nourished, the more they are hurt, for the nourishment is putrefied with vicious humours." A.nd yet for all this harm, which apparently follows surfeiting and drunken- ness, see how we luxuriate and rage in this kind ; read what Johannes Stuckius hath written lately of this subject, in his great volume Be Antiquorum Convi- viis, and of our present age; Quam ^ portentosce ccenm, prodigious suppers, ^Qiii dum invitant ad ccenam efferunt ad sepidchrum, what Fagos, Epicures, Apetios, Heliogables, our times afibrdl Lucullus' ghost walks still, and every man desires to sup in Apollo; j35sop's costly dish is ordinarily served up. '^Magis ilia juvant, quce jjlui^is emuntur. The dearest cates are best, and 'tis inordinary thing to bestow twenty or thirty pounds upon a dish, some thousand crowns upon a dinner : ^ Midly-Hamet, king of Fez and Morocco, spent three pounds on the sauce of a capon : it is nothing in our times, we scorn all that is cheap. " We loathe the very '^ light (some of us, as Seneca notes) because it comes free, and we are offended with the sun's heat, and those cool blasts, because we buy them not." This air we breathe is so common, we care not for it; nothing pleaseth but what is dear. And if we be "■ witty in anything, • it is ad gulam : If we study at all, it is erudito luxu, to please the palate, and to satisfy the gut. "A cook of old was a base knave (as ^Livy complains), but now a great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gentlemen:" Venter Deus: They wear "their brains in their bellies, and then' guts in their heads," as *AgTip])a taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own destruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, w.que dum rumpantur comedunt, " They eat till they burst :" "All day, all night, let the physician say what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize upon them, that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vomant, vomunt ut edant, saith Seneca; which Dion relates of Vitellius, Solo f Lit). 11. c. 52. Homini cibiis Titilissinras simplex, acervatio ciborum pestifefa, et condiraenta perniciosaj multos movbos multa fercula ferant. s 31. Dec. 2. c. Nihil deterius quam si tempiis .justo longius comedendo protraliatiir, et varia cibovum genera conjmigantur : inde morborum scaturigo, qiisTS ex repug- nantia humorum oritur, ^ Path. 1. 1. c. 14. * Juv. Sat. 5. JNimia repletio ciborum facit melancho- licum. ^ Comestio superflua cibi, et potfis quantitas nimia. ' Impuva corpora quanto magis nutris, tauto magis Isedis : putrefacit enim alimentura vitiosus humor. ™ Vid. Goclen. de portentosis coenis, &c. Puteani Com. « Amb. lib. de Jeju. cap. 14. " They who invite us to our supper, only conduct us to our tomb." o Juvenal. "The highest-priced dishes afford the greatest gratification." p Guiccardin, q Na. qusest. 4. ca. ult. fastidio est lumen gratuitura, dolet quod sole, quod spiritura emere non possimu?, quod hie aiir non emptus ex facili, &c. adeo nihil placet, nisi quod carum est. ''Ingeniosi ad Gulain. *01im vile manciinum, nunc in orani jEStimatione, nunc ars habcri c^ pta, &.c. tEpibt. 28^ 1. 7. (luormu in ventre injjenium, in putinis, <&c. « In lucem ccenat. Serturius. ^^3 Diet, a Cause. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. transitu cihorum nutriri judicatus : His meat did pass throiTgh and away, or till they burst again. ^ Strage animantium ventrem onerant, and rake over all the world, as so many ''slaves, belly- gods, and land-serpents, Et totus orUs ventri nimis angustus, the whole world cannot satisfy their appetite. "^ Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &c., may not give content to their raging guts." To make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place? Senem potum pota trahebat anus, how they flock to the tavern: as if they were fruges consumere nati, born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Ofiellius Bibulus, that famous Roman parasite, Qui dum vixit, aut libit aut minxit; as so many casks to hold wine, yea worse than a cask, that mars wine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave men, Silenus Ebrius was no braver. Et quce faerunt vitia, mores sunt: 'tis now the fashion of our times, an honour: N'unc verb res ista eo rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 30, in v. Ephes. comments) Ut efeminatce ridendceque ignavice loco habeatur, nolle inebriari; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a clown of no bringing up, that will not drink; fit for no company; he is your only gallant that plays it off finest, no disparage- ment now to stagger in the streets, reel, rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Thesprio his fellow-servant, in the ^Poet. JEdipol /acinus inijjrobum, one urged, the other replied, At jam aliifecere idem, erit illi ilia res honori, 'tis now no fault, there be so many brave examples to bear one out ; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry his liquor well; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the soonest. 'Tis the summitm boniim of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, Tanta dul- cedine ajfectant, saith Pliny, lib. 14. cap, 12, ut magna pars non aliud vitce prcemium intelligat, their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or tavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their cofiee-houses which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day, long to be drunk at night, and spend toiius anni labores, as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling feast ; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Fervertunt officia noctis et lucis; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, •' Xosqite ubi primus eqttis oriens afflavit anhelis, Illis sera rubens accendit lumina vesper." So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. " " Noctes vigilabat ad ipsum j — " He drank the night away Mane, diem totum stertebat. " | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day." Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty years. Verres, against whom TuUy so much inveighs, in winter he never w.as extra tectum vix extra ledum, never almost out of bed, '^ still wenching and drinking ; so did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gymnasia bibonum, schools and rendezvous; these centaurs and lapithse toss pots and bowls as so many balls ; invent new tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &c. : innumerable salt meats to increase their appetite, and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes '•''to carry their drink the better; ''and when nought else serves, they will go forth, or be conveyed out, to empty their gorge, that they may return to drink afresh." They make laws, insanas leges, contra bibendifallacias, and *brag of it when they have done, crowning that man that is soonest gone, as their drunken predecessors have done, ^quid ego video? Ps. Cum corona Pseudolum ebrium tuurn , And when they are dead, will have a can of wine with ^Maron's old woman to be engraven on their tombs. So v Seneca, ^ Mancipia gulae, dapes non sapore sed surapta aestiraantes. Seneca consol, ad Helvidium. y Sasvientia guttura satiare non possunt fluvii et maria. ^neas Sylvius de miser, curial. ^piautus. " Hor. lib. 1. Sat. 3. *> Diei brevitas conviviis, noctis longitude stupris conterebatur. « Et quo plus capiant, irritamenta excogitantur. <* Fores portantur ut ad convivium reportentur, repleri ut exhauriant, et exhauriri ut bibant. Ambros. eingentia vasa velut ad ostentatiouern, &c. Tlautus. e Lib. 3. AnthoL c, 20. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet, a Cause. 149 they triumph in villainy, and justify their wickedness; with Babelais, that French Lucian, drunkenness is better for the body than physic, beca,use there be more old drunkards than old physicians. Many such frothy arguments they have, ^ inviting and encouraging others to do as they do, and love them dearly for it (no glue like to that of good fellowship). So did Alcibiades in Greece; Nero, Bonosus, Heliogabalus in Rome, or Alegabalus rather, as he was styled of old (as ' Ignatius proves out of some old coins). So do many great men still, as ^ Heresbachius observes. When a prince drinks till his eyes stare, like Bitias in the Poet, -" (1 ille impiger hansit Spumautem vino pateram)." -*' a thirsty soul ; He took challenge and embraced the howl : With pleasure swill'd the gold, nor ceased to draw TiU he the bottom of the brimmer saw," and comes off clearly, sound trumpets, fife and drums, the spectators will applaud him, " the ™ bishop himself (if he belie them not) with his chaplain, will stand by and do as much," dignum principe haustum, 'twas done like a prince. " Our Dutchmen invite all comers with a pail and a dish," Velut infundihula integras obhas exhauriunt, et in 'inonstrosis poculis, ipsi monstrosi monstrosius epotant, " making barrels of their bellies," Tncredihile dictu, as ^ one of their own countrymen complains : ° Quantum liquoris irmnodestissima gens cajnat, (kc. " How they love a man that will be drunk, crown him and honour him for it," hate him that will not pledge him, stab him, kill him; a most intolerable offence, and not to be forgiven. '' ^ He is a mortal enemy that will not drink with him," as Munster relates of the Saxons, So in Poland, he is the best servitor, and the honestest fellow, saith Alexander Gaguinus, " "^that drinketh most healths to the honour of his master, he shall be rewarded as a good servant, and held the bravest fellow that carries his liquor best,'* when a brewer's horse will bear much more than any sturdy drinker, yet for his noble exploits in this kind, he shall be accounted a most valiant man, for *■ Tarn inter epulas fortis vir esse p)otest ac in hello, as much valour is to be found in feasting as in fighting, and some of our city captains, and carpet knights will make this good, and prove it. Thus they many times wilfully pervert the good temperature of their bodies, stifle their wits, strangle nature, and degenerate into beasts. Some again are in the other extreme, and draw this mischief on their heads by too ceremonious and strict diet, being over-precise, cockney-like, and curious in their observation of meats, times, as that Medicina statica prescribes, just so many ounces at dinner, which Lessius enjoins, so much at supper, not a little more, nor a little less, of such meat, and at such hours, a diet-drink in the morning, cock-broth, China-broth, at dinner, plum-broth, a chicken, a rabbit, rib of a rack of mutton, wing of a capon, the merry-thought of a hen, &c. • to sounder bodies this is too nice and most absurd. Others offend in over-much fasting : pining adays, saith ' Gnianerius, and waking anights, as many Moors and Turks in these our times do. " Anchorites, monks, and the rest of that superstitious rank (as the same Guianerius witnesseth, that he hath often seen to have happened in his time) through immoderate fasting, have been fre- quently mad." Of such men belike Hippocrates speaks, 1 Aphor. 5, when as 'i Gratiana conciliantpotando. ilSTotis ad Caasares. ^ Lib. de educandis principnm liberis. 1 Virg. jE. 1. ™ Idem strenui potatoris tpiscopi Sacellanus, ctim ingentem pateram exhaurit princeps! n Bohemusin Saxonia. Adeo immoderate et immodeste ab ipsis bibitur, ut in compotationibus suis noii cyathis solum et cantharis sat infundere possint, sed impletum mulctrale apponant, et ?cutella injecta hortantur quemlibet ad libitum potare. <> Dictu incredibile, quantum hujusce liquoris immodesta gens capiat, plus potantem amicissimum habent, et serto coronant, inimicissimum e contra qui non vult, et cade et fustibus expiant. p Qui potare recusat, hostis habetur, et csade nonnunquam res expiatur. q bui melius bibit pro salute doraini, melior habetur minister. r Grjec. Poeta apud Stobceum, ser. 18.' ' Qui de die jejunant, et nocte vigilant, facile cadunt in melancholiam; et qui iiaturre modum excedunt c. 5. tract. 15. c. 2. Longa faniis tolerantia, ut iis stepe accidit qui tanto cum fervore Deo servire cupiunt per jejunium, quod maniaci efflciantur, ipse vidi Sicpe. 150 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. lie saitli, " * They more offend in too sparing diet, and are worse damnifier], than they that feed liberally, and are ready to surfeit. SuBSECT. III. — Custom of Diet, Delight, Appetite, Necessity, how they cause or hinder. jSTo rule is so general, which admits not some exception ; to this, therefore, which hath been hitherto said (for I shall otherwise put most men out of commons), and those inconveniences which proceed from the substance of meats, an intemperate or unseasonable use of them, custom somewhat detracts and qualifies, according to that of Hippocrates 2, Aphorism. 50, " " Such things as we have been long accustomed to, tliough they be evil in their own nature yet they are less oifensive." Otherwise it might well be objected that it were a mere ^ tyranny to live after those strict rules of physic ; for custom ^ doth alter nature itselt, and to such as are used to them it makes bad meats whole- some, and unseasonable times to cause^ no disorder. Cider and perry are windy drinks, so are all fruits v\^indy in themselves, cold most part, yet in some shires of ^England, Normandy in France, Guipuscoa in Spain, 'tis their common drink, and they are no whit offended with it. In Spain, Italy, and Africa, they live most on roots, raw herbs, camel's ^ milk, and it agrees well with them : v/hich to a stranger will cause much grievance. In V/ales, lacti- ciniis vescuntur, as Humphrey Llwyd confesseth, a Cambro-Briton himself, in his elegant epistle to Abraham Ortelius, they live most on white meats : in Holland on fish, roots, ^butter; and so at this day in Greece, as '"" Bellonius observes, they had much rather feed on fish than fiesh. With us, Ifaxima pars victus in came consistit, we feed on flesh most part, saith "" Polydor Yirgil, as all northern countries do; and it would be very oflensive to us to live after their diet, or they to live after ours. We drink beer, they wine; they use oil, we butter; we in the north are '^ great eaters; they most sparing in those hotter countries; and yet they and we following our own customs are well pleased. An Ethiopian of old seeing an European eat bread, Vv^ondered, quomodo ster- corihus vescentes viverimus, how we could eat such kind of meats : so much differed his countrymen from ours in diet, that as mine t author infers, si quis illorum victum apud nos (Emulari vellet; if any man should so feed with us, it would be all one to nourish, as Cicuta, Aconitum, or Hellebore itself At this day in China, the common people live in a manner altogether on roots and herbs, and to the wea,lthiest, horse, ass, mule, dogs, cat-fiesh, is as delightsome as the rest, so*' Mat. Kicciusthe Jesuit relates, who lived many years amongst them. The Tartars eat raw meat, and most commonly ^horse-flesh, drink milk and blood, as the Nomades of old. Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equina. They scoff at out Europeans for eating bread, which they call tops of weeds, and horse meat, not fit for men; and yet Scaliger accounts them a sound and witty nation, living a hundred years ; even in the civilest country of them they do thus, as Benedict the Jesuit observed in his travels, from the great Mogul's Court by land to Pekin, which Piccius contends to be the same with Cambula in Cataia. In Scandia their bread is usually dried fish, and so likewise in the Shetland isles; and their other fare, as in Iceland, saith t In ternii victu segri delinciuimt, ex quo fittitraajori afficianturdetrimento, majorqne fit errortenui quam pleniore victu. " Quss longo tempore consueta sunt, etiamsi deteriora, minus in assuetis molestai-e soleiit. X Qui medice viA'it, misere vivit. y Consuetudo altera natura. => Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Worcester- sliire. a Leo Afer. 1. 1. solo cameloi'um lacte contenti, nil prseterea deliciarum amhiunt. *> Flandri vinum hutyro dilutum bihunt (nauseo referens) ubique biityrum inter omnia fercula et bellaria locum obtinet. Steph. prtefat. Herod. * Delectantur GriBci piscibus magis quam carnibais. « Lib. L hist. Aug. ^ P. Jovius descript. Britonum. They sit, eat and drink all day at dinner in Iceland, Muscovy, and those northern parts. t Suidas vict. Herod, nihilo cum eo melius quam si quis Cicutam, Aconitum, &c. ^ Expedit. iii Sinas lib. I.e. 3. hortensiura herbarum et olerum, apud Sinas quam apud nos longe frequentior usus, com- plures quippe de vulgo reperias nulla alia re vel tenuitatis, vel religionis causS, vescentes. Equas, Mulus, Asellus, &c. «que fere vescuntur ac pabula omnia. Mat. Riccius, lib. 5. cap. 12. ^ Tartari mulis, equis vescuntur et crudis carnibus, et fruges coiitemnunt, dici^ntes, hoc jumentorum pabulum et bourn, noa iiominum. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melaiiclioly. 151 ^Dithnianis Bleskenius, butter, cheese, and fisb ; their drink water, their lodging on the ground. In America in many places their bread is roots, tlieir meat palmitos, pinas, potatoes, &c., and such fruits. There be of them too that familiarly drink * salt sea- water all their lives, eat t raw meat, gi-ass, and that with delight. With some, fish, serpents, spiders ; and in divers places they ^ eat man's flesh, raw and roasted, even the Emperor ' Montezuma himself. In some coasts, again, "^one tree yields them cocoa-nuts, meat and drink, fire, fuel, apparel ; with his leaves, oil, vinegar, cover for houses, &c., and yet these men going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hundred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which diet our physicians forbid. In AVestphalia they feed most part on fat meats and wourts, knuckle deep, and call it i cerebrum lovis : in the low countries with roots, in Italy frogs and snails are used. The Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fried meats. In Muscov}?-, garlic and onions are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed to them, delightsome to others ; and all is "" because they have been brought up unto it. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, &c. (0 dura messoru7)i ilia), coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a full stomach, which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the rules of physic, so that custom is all in all. Our travellers find this by common experience when they come in far countries, and use their diet, they are suddenly ofiended," as our Hollanders and Englishmen when they touch upon the coasts of Africa, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly molested with calentures, fluxes, and much distempered by reason of their fruits. ° Feregrina, etsi suavia, solent vescentibus perturbationes insignes adferre, strange meats, though pleasant, cause nota,ble alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom mitigates or makes all good again. Mithridates by often use, which Pliny wonders at, was able to drink poison ; and a maid, as Curtius records, sent to Alexander from K. Porus, v/as brought up with poison from her infancy. The Turks, saith Bellonius, lib. 3, c. 15, eat opium familiarly, a drachm at once, which we dare not take in grains. ^ Garcius ab Horto vrrites of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, that took ten drachms of oj)ium in three days ; and yet consulto loquebatitr, spa.ke imderstandingiy, so much can custom do. "^ Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore Cardan concludes out of Galen, Consuetudinem utcunque feren' dam, Qiisi valde malam. Custom is howsoever to be kept, except it be ex- tremely bad : he adviseth all men to keep their old customs, and that by the authority of * Hippocrates himself, Dandum aliquid tempori, cetati, regiord, consuetudini, and therefore to ' continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exer^ cise, &c., or whatsoever else. • Another exception is delight, or appetite, to such and such meats ; though they be hard of digestion, melancholy ; yet as Euchsius excepts cap, 6. lib. 2. Institut. sect. 2. "^The stomach doth really digest, and willingly entertain such meats we love most, and are pleasing to us, abhors on the other side such as we distaste." "Which Hippocrates confirms, Aphorism. 2, 38. Some can- not endure cheese out of a secret antipathy, or to see a roasted duck, which to others is a Vlelightsome meat. The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, vv'hich drives men gislandiss descriptione. victus eorum 'buhTO, laete, caseo consistit; pisces loco panis habent, potus, aqua aut serum, sic -sivimt sine medi«na multi ad aiiuos 200. * Laet. Occident. Ind. descript. lib. 11. cap. 10. Aquam mavinam bibere, sueti absque noxa. f Davies 2. voyage. ^ Patagones. » Benzo et Fei". Cortesius lib. novus orbis iuscrip. kLinscoiten, c. 56. palma; instar totius orbis arboribus longe pra?stantior. i Lips, epist. ™ Teneris assuescere nuiltum. » Eepentinaj mutationes noxam pariunt. Hippocrat. Aphorism. 21. Epist. 6. sect. 3. » Bruerinus, lib. 1- cap. 23. p Simpl. med. c. 4. 1. I. <) Heurnius, 1. 3. c. 19. prax. med. * Aphorism. 17. ' In diibiis consuetudinem sequatur adolcscens, et ^inccptis perseveret. ^ Qui cum voluptate assunnmtur cibi, ventriculus avidius complectitur, expeditiusque 'concoquitj et qute displiceut aversatur. «Is'othing against a good stomach, as the sajiiig is. 152 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. many times to do that which otherwise they are loth, cannot endure, and thankfully to accept of it : as beverage in ships, and in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats, rats, and men themselves. Three outlaws in " Hector Boethius, being driven to their shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as they could catch, in one of the Hebrides for some few months. These things do mitigate or disannul that which hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but to such as are wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will, these viands are to be forborne, if they be inclined to, or suspect melancholy, as they tender their healths : Otherwise if they be intemperate, or disordered in their diet, at their peril be it. Qui monet arjiat, Ave et cave. He who advises is your friend, Farewell and to your health attend. SuBSECT. IV. — detention and Evacuation a cause, and how. Op retention and evacuation, there be divers kinds, which are either con- comitant, assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. "" Galen re- duceth defect and abundance to this head ; others "^Ali that is separated, or remains." Costiveness^ In the first rank of these, I may well reckon up costiveness, and keeping in of our ordinary excrements, which as it often causeth other diseases, so this of melancholy in particular. '^Celsus, lib. 1. cap. 3. saith, " It produceth inflammation of the head, dulness, cloudiness, headache, &c." Prosper Calenus, lib. de atrd bile, will have it distemper not the organ only, " * but the mind itself by troubling of it :" and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the first book of ^Skenkius's Medicinal Obser- vations. A young merchant going to ISTordeling fair in Germany, for ten days' space never went to stool ; at his return he was ''grievously melancholy, think- ing that he was robbed, and would not be persuaded but that all his money was gone ; his friends thought he had some philtrum given him, but Cnelius, a physician, being sent for, found his "^costiveness alone to be the cause, and thereupon gave him a clyster, by which he was speedily recovered. Trincavel- lius, consult. 35 lib. 1. saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom he administered physic, and E-odericus a Fonseca, consult. d>5. torn. 2.* of a patient of his, that for eight days was bound, and therefore melancholy afiected. Other retentions and evacuations there are, not simply necessary, but at some times j as Fernelius accounts them. Path. lib. 1. cap. 15. as suppression of haemorrhoids, or monthly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate or no use at all of Yenus : or any other ordinary issues. ^Detention of haemorrhoids, or monthly issues, Villanovanus Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 18. Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis, Yittorius Faventinus, pract. mag. Tract. 2. cap. 15. Bruel, &c. put for ordinary causes. Fuchsius, 1. 2. sect. 5. c. 30. goes farther, and saith, "^ That many men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids have been corrupted with melancholy, seeking to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charybdis. Galen, I. dehum. commen. 3. ad text. 26. illustrates this by an example of Lfucius Martins, whom he cured of madness, contracted by this means : And ^Skenkius hath two other instances of two melancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression of their months. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly stopped, and have been formerly used, as ^ Yillanovanus urgeth : And ^Fuchsius, lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. 33. ■ Lib. 7. Hist. Scot. «30. artis. yQuse excernuntur aut subsistunt. ^^Ex ventre suppress©, inflammationes, capitis dolores, caligines crescunt. ^ Excrementa retenta mentis agitationem parere solent. *> Cap. de Mel. c Tarn delirus, ut vix se hominem agnosceret. <* Alvus astrictus causa. * Per octo dies alvum siccum habet, et nihil reddit. eSive per nares, sive haaraorrhoides. ^ Multi intempestive ab hfemnrrlioidibus curati, melancholia corrupti sunt. Incidit in Scyllam, &c. g Lib. 1. -de Mania. h Breviar. 1 7. c. 18. 'jN'on sine magno incommodo ejus, cui sanguis a naribuspromanat, noxii sanguinis vacuatio impediri potest. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Eetentioii and Evacuation. Causes. 1 53 stiffly maintains, " That without great danger, such an issue may not be stayed." Venice omitted produceth like effects. Mathiolus, episU 5. 1. penult, "'^avoucheth of his know] edo-e, that some through bashfulness abstained from venery, and thereupon became very heavy and dull; and some others that were very timorous, melancholy, and beyond all measure sad." Oribasius, med. collect. I. 6. c. 37. speaks of some, " ^ That if they do not use carnal copula- tion, are continually troubled with heaviness and headache ; and some in the same case by intermission of it," Not use of it hurts many, Arculanus, c. 6. in 9. Rhasis, et Magninus, part. 3. cap. 5. think, because it ""sends up poisonous vapours to the brain and heart. And so doth Galen himself hold, " That if this natural seed be over-long kept (in some parties) it turns to poison." Hieronymus Mercurialis, in his chapter of Melancholy, cites it for an especial cause of this malady, ° Priapismus, Satyriasis, &c., Haliabbas, 5. Theor. c. 36. reckons up this and many other diseases. Yillanovanus Breviar. I. 1. c. 18. saith, "He knew "many monks and widows grievously troubled with melancholy, and that for this sole cause." ^ Lodovicus Mercatus, I. 2. de Tiiulierum affect, cap. 4. and Hodericus a Castro, de morhis inulier. I. 2. c. 3. treat largely of this subject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melan- choly in stale maids, nuns, and widows, Ob suppo^essionem mensium et venerem omissam, timidce, moestce, anxice, verecundce, supiciosce, languentes, consilii in- opes, cum summa vitce et rerum meliorum desperatione, &c., they are melancholy in the highest degree, and all for want of husbands, ^lianus Montaltus, cap. 37. de melanchol, confirms as much out of G-alen ; so doth Wierus, Christoferus a Vega de art. med. lib. 3. c. 14, relates many such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Foeiix Plater in the first book of his Observations, " '^ tells a story of an ancient gentleman in Alsatia, that mar- ried a young wife, and was not able to pay his debts in that kind for a long time together, by reason of his several infirmities : but she, because of this inhibition of Venus, fell into a horrible fury, and desired every one that came to see her, by words, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her," &c. "^ Eer- nardus Paternus, a physician, saith, " Pie knew a good honest godly priest, that because he would neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, fell into grievous melancholy fits." Hildesheim, spicel. 2. hath such another example of an Italian melancholy priest, in a consultation had Anno 1580. Jason Pratensis gives instance in a married man, that from his wife's death abstaining, " ^ after marriage, became exceedingly melancholy," Rodericus a Ponseca in a young man so misaffected, Tom. 2. consult, 85. To these you may add, if you please, that conceited tale of a Jew, so visited in like sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Plorentinus. Intemperate Venus is all but as bad in the other extreme. Galen. I. 6. de morbis popida.r. sect. 5. text. 26, reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases which are "'exasperated by venery:" so doth Avicenna, 2, 3, c. 11. Oribi- sius, loc. citat. Ficinus, lib. 2. de sanitate tuenda. Marsilius Cognatus, Mon- taltus, cap. 27. Guianerius, Tract. 3. cap. 2. Magninus, cap. 5, part. 3. " gives the reason, because " "" it infrigidates and dries up the body, consumes i^Novi quosdam pr^ pudore a coitu abstinentes, torpidos, pigrosque factos; nonnuUos etiam melan- cholicos, prseter inodum mcestos, timidosque. ' Nonnulli nisi coeant, assidue capitis gravitate infestantur. Dicit se novisse quosdam tristes et ita factos ex intermissione Veneris. "i Vapores venenatos mittit sperma ad cor et cerebrum. Sperma plus diu retentum, transit in venenum. « Graves producit corporis et animi yegi'itndines. « Ex spermate supra modum retento monachos et viduas melancholicos ssepe fieri vidi. p Melancholia orta a vasis seminai'iis in utero. i Nobilis senex Alsatus juvenem uxorem duxit, at ille colico dolore, etmultis mortis correptus, non potuitprtestareoificium mariti, vix inito matrimonio segrotus. Ilia in liorrendum furorem incidit, ob Venerem cohibitam, ut omnium earn invisen- tium congressum, voce, vultu, gestu expeteret, et quum non consentirent, molossos Anglicanos magno expetiit clamore. ■" vidi sacerdotem optimum et piuni, qui quod nollet uti Venere, in nielancholica symptomata incidit. ^ ob abstinentiam a concubitu incidit in melancholiam. t Qute a coitu exacer- "bantur. "* Supei-fluum coitum causam ponunt. ^ Exsiccat corpus, spiritus poiiBumit, &c., caveant ab hoc sicci, velut inimico mortali. 154 Meteiition and Evacuation, Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. the spirits, and would therefore have all such as are cold and dry to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy." Jacchinus in 9. Rhasis, cap. 15, ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, "^and so dried himself with chamber-work, that he became in short space from melancholy, mad : " he cured him by moisten- ing remedies. The like example I find in L^lius a Fonte Eugubinus, consult. 129. of a gentleman of Venice, that upon the same occasion v/as first melan- choly, afterwards mad. Kead in him the story at large. Any other evacuation stopped will cause it, as well as these above named, be it bile, ^ ulcer, issue, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, lib. 1. c. 16. and Gor- donius, verify this out ol their experience. They saw one wounded in the head, who as long as the sore v/as open, Lucicla haouit mentis intervalla, was well ; but when it was stopped, Rediit 7nelancholia, his melancholy fit seized on him again. Artificial evacuations are much like in effect, as hot houses, baths, blood- letting, purging, unseasonably and immoderately used. " Baths dry too much, if used in excess, be they natural or artificial, and oftend extreme hot or cold ; ''one dries, the other refrigerates over much. Montanus, consil. 137, saith, they over-heat the liver. Joh. Struthius, Stigmat. artis. I. 4. c. 9, contends, " *" that if one stays longer than ordinary at the bath, go in too oft, or at unseasonable times, he putrefies the humours in his body." To this purpose writes Magninus, I. 3. c. 5. Guianerius, Tract. 15. c. 21, utterly disallows all hot batlis in melancholy adust. " ^ I saw (saith he) a man that laboured of the gout, who to be freed of his malady came to the bath, and was instantly cured of his disease, but got another worse, and that was madness." But this judgment varies as the humour doth, in hot or cold: baths may be good for one melancholy man, bad for another; that which will cure it in this party, may cause it in a second. Phlebotomy.'] Phlebotomy, many times neglected, may do much harm to the body, when there is a manifest redundance of bad humours, and melan- choly blood ; and when these humours heat and boil, if this be not used in time, the parties affected, so inflamed, are in great danger to be mad ; but if it be unadvisedly, importunely, immoderately used, it doth as much harm by refri- gerating the body, dulling the spirits, and. consuming them: as Joh. ^ Curio in his 10th Chapter well reprehends, such kind of letting blood doth more hurt than good: "*'The humours rage much more than they did before, and is so far from avoiding melancholy, that it increaseth it, and weaken eth the sight." ^Prosper Calenus observes as much of all phlebotomy, except they keep a very good diet after it; yea, and as ^ Leonartus Jacchinus speaks out of his own experience, " ' The blood is much blacker to many men after their letting of blood than it was at first." For this cause belike Salust. Salvinianus, I. 2. c. 1. will admit or hear of no blood-letting at all in this disease, except it be manifest it proceed from blood : he was (it appears) by his own words in that place, master of an hospital of mad men, "^and found by long experience, that this kind of evacuation, either in head, arm, or any other part, did more harm than good." To this opinion of his, * Felix Plater is quite opposite, y Ita exsiccatus ut e melancholico statim fuerit insanus, ab humectantibus curatus. ^ Ex cauterio et ■ulcere exsiccato. " Gord. c. 10. lib. 1. Discommeiuls cold baths as noxious. bsiccum reddunt corpus. cSi quis longius moretur in iis, aut niniis frequenter, aut importune utatur, humores putreiacit. "■ Kgo aimo superiore, quendam guttosum vidi adustum, qui ut liberaretur de gutta, ad balnea accessit, et de gutta liberatus, maiiiacus factus est. ^On Scliola Salernitana. fCalefactio et ebullitio per venai incisionera, magis ssepe incitatur et augetur, majore impetu humores per corpus discur- runt. sLib. de tiatulenta Melancholia. Frequens sanguinis missio coi-pus extenuat. ^ jn 9 Rhasis. atram bilem parit, et visum debilitat. 'ilulto nigrior spectatur sanguis post dies quosdam, quam fuit ab initio. ^ Non laudo eos qui in desipientia docent secandam esse venam frontis, quia spiritus debilitatur inde, et ego longa experientia observavi in proprio Xenodochio, quod desipientes ex phlebotomia magis lajduntur, et magis desipiunt, et melancholici sa'pe fiunt inde pejores. *I)e mentis alienat. cap. 3. etsi multos hoc improbas.se sciajn, innumeros hac ratione sanatos longa observatione cognovi, qui vicies, sex- agies renas tundendo, &c. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Bad Air, a Cause. 155 '' tliongli some wink at, disallow aud quite contradict all plilebotomy in melan- choly, yet by long experience I Lave found innumerable so saved, after they had been twenty, nay, sixty times let blood, and to live happily after it. It was an ordinary thing of old, in Galen's time, to take at once from such men six pounds of blood, which now we dare scarce take in ounces : sed viderint 77iedici;'" great books are written of this subject. Purging upward and downward, in abundance of bad humours omitted, may be for the worst ; so likewise as in the precedent, if overmuch, too frequent or violent, it ^ weaken eth their strength, saith Fuchsius, I. 2. sect. 2. c. 17. or if they be strong or able to endure physic, yet it brings them to an ill habit, they make their bodies no better than apothecaries' shops, this and such like infirmities must needs follow. SuBSECT. Y. — Bad Air, a Cause of Melancfioly. Air is a cause of great moment, in producing this, or any other disease, being that it is still taken into our bodies by respiration, and our more inner parts. ""'If it be impure and foggy, it dejects the spirits, and causeth dis- eases by infection of the heart," as Paulus hath it, lih. 1. c. 49. Avicenna lib. 1. Gal. de. seen, tuendd. Mercurialis, Montaltus, &c.. "" Fernelius saith, " A thick air thickeneth the blood a.nd humours." ° Leninius reckons up two main things most profitable, and most pernicious to our bodies; air and diet : and this peculiar disease, nothing sooner causeth (^ Jobertus holds) " than the air wherein we bl'eathe and live." * Such as is the air, such be our spirits; and as our spirits, such are our humours. It offends commonly if it be too *^ hot and dry, thick, fuliginous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous air. Bodine in his fifth Book, De repuh. caj). 1, 5. of his Method of History, proves that hot countries are most troubled with melancholy, and that there are therefore in Spain, Africa, and Asia Minor, great numbers of mad men, insomuch that they are compelled in all cities of note, to build peculiar hospitals for them. Leo ' Afar, lih. 3. d^e Fessa urhe, Ortelius and Zuinger, confirm as much : they are ordinarily so choleric in their speeches, that scarce two words pass without railing or chiding in common talk,: and often quarrelling in the streets. * Gordonius will have every man take notice of it : " Note this (saith he) that in hot countries it is far more familiar than in cold." Although this we have now said be not continually so, for as * Acosta truly saith, under the Equator itself, is a most tem|)erate habitation, wholesome air, a paradise of pleasure : the leaves ever green, cooling showers. But it holds in such as are intem- perately hot, as " Johannes a Meggen found in Cyprus, others in Malta, Apulia, and the tHoly Land, where at some seasons of the year is nothing but dust, their rivers dried up, the air scorching hot, and earth inflamed; insomuch that many pilgrims going barefoot for devotion sake, from Joppa to Jerusalem ujdou the hot sands, often run, mad, or else quite overwhelmed with sand, profandis arenis, as in many parts of Africa, Arabia Deserta, Bactriana, now Charassan, when the west wind blows :|: Involuti arem's franseuntes ^lecan- tur. ^ Hercules de Saxonia, a professor in Venice, gives this cause why so many Venetian women are melancholy. Quod dm sub sole degant, they tarry too long in the sun.. Montanus, consil. 21. amongst other causes assigns this; Why that Jew his patient was mad. Quod tarn inidtum exposuit se calori et 1 Vires clel)ilitat. "> Impurus aer spiritus dejicit, inlecto corde gignit morbos. " Sanguinem densat, et Immores, F. 1. c. 13.. <> Lib. 3. cap. 3. p Lib. de quartana. Ex aere ambiente con tralii tur humor melancholicusv * Qualis aer, talis spiritus : et cujusmodi spiritus, humores. q yKlianus .Montaltus, cap. 11. calidus et siccus, frigidus et siccus, paludinosus, crassus. ■" Multa hie in Xcnodochiis fanaticorum millia qu.^ strictissime cateiiata servantur. « ljij, mgd, part. 2. cap. 19. Intellige, quod in calidis regionibus, frequenter accidit mania, in frigidis autem tardfe. t Lib. 2. " Hodopericon, c"P; '''• _ t-'^P^^lia Eestivo calore maxime fervet, ita ut ante finem Mail pene exusta sit. % "They perisli in clouds of sand." JIaginus Pers. « Pantheo seu Pract. med. 1. 1. cap. 16. Venetce mulieres, ause diu sub sole vivivat, aliquando melancliollcEe evadiint. 156 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. frigori : he exposed himself so much to heat and cold, and for that reason in Venice, there is little stirring in those brick paved streets in summer about noon, they are most part then asleep : as they are likewise in the great Mogol's countries, and all over the East Indies. At Aden in Arabia, as ^ Lodovicus Vertomannus relates in his travels, they keep their markets in the night, to avoid extremity of heat j and in Ormus, like cattle in a pasture, people of all sorts lie up to the chin in water all daylong. At Braga in Portugal; Burgos in Castile ; Messina in Sicily, all over Spain and Italy, their streets are most part narrow, to avoid the sunbeams. The Turks wear great turbans adfugan- dos solis radios, to refract the sunbeams; and much inconvenience that hot air of Bantam in Java yields to our men, that sojourn therefor traffic; where it is so hot, " "^ that they that are sick of the pox, lie commonly bleaching in the sun to dry up their sores." Such a complaint I I'ead of those isles of Cape Verde, fourteen degrees from the Equator, they do male audire: * One calls them the unhealthiest clime of the world, for fluxes, fevers, frenzies, calentures, which commonly seize on seafaring men that touch at them, and all by reason of a hot distemperature of the air. The hardiest men are offended with this heat, and stiffest clowns cannot resist it, as Constantine affirms, Agricult, I. 2. c. 45. They that ai'e naturally born in such air, may not ^ endure it, as Niger records of some part of Mesopotamia, now called Diarbecha : Quibusdam in locis scevienti cestui adeo subjecta est, ut pleraque animalia fei'vore solis et codi extinguantur, 'tis so hot there in some places, that men of the country and cattle are killed with it; and t Adricomius of Arabia Eelix, by reason of myrrh, frankincense, and hot spices there growing, the air is so obnoxious to their brains, that the very inhabitants at some times cannot avoid it, much less weaklings and strangers. J Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 1. curat. 45, reports of a young maid, that was one Vincent a curiier's daughter, some thirteen years of age, that would wash her hair in the heat of the day (in July) and so let it dry in the sun, " ^ to make it yellow, but by that means tarrying too long in the heat, she inflamed her head, and made herself mad." Cold air in the other extreme is almost as bad as hot, and so doth Montaltus esteem of it, c. 11. if it be dry withal. In those northern countries, the people are therefore generally dull, heavy, and many witches, which (as I have before quoted) Saxo Grammaticus, Glaus, Baptista Porta ascribe to melancholy. But these cold climes are more subject to natural melancholy (not this artificial) which is cold and dry : for which cause ° Mercurius Britannicus belike puts melancholy men to inhabit just under the Pole. The worst of the three is a ^ thick, cloudy, misty, foggy air, or such as come from fens, moorish grounds, lakes, muckhills, draughts, sinks, where any carcasses or carrion lies, or from "whence any stinking fulsome smell comes : Galen, Avicenna, Mercurialis, new and old physicians, hold that such air is unwholesome, and engenders melan- choly, plagues, and what not ? ^ Alexandretta an haven-town in the Mediter- ranean Sea, Saint John de Ulloa, an haven in Nova-Hispania, are much con- demned for a bad air, so are Durazzo in Albania, Lithuania, Ditmarsh, Pomp- tinse Paludes in Italy, the territories about Pisa, Ferrara, &c., Eomney Marsh with us ; the Hundreds in Essex, the fens in Lincolnshire. Cardan, de rerum, varietate, I. 17. c. 96. finds fault with the sight of those rich, and most populous cities in the Low Countries, as Bruges, Ghent, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c., the air is bad; and so at Stockholm in Sweden; Regium in Italy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn : they may be commodious for naviga- y Navig. lib. 2. cap. 4. commercia nocte hora secunda, ob nimios qui sseviunt interdiu £estus, exercent. z Morbo Gallico laborantes, exponunt ad solem ut morbos exsiccent, * Sir Richard Hawkins in his Observations, sect. 13. <^ Hippocrates, 3. Aphorismorum idem ait. f Idem Maginus in Persia. 4; Descript. Ter. sanct-e. ^ Quum ad solis radios in leone longam moram traheret, ut capillos flavos redderet, in maniara incidit. <= Mundas alter et idem, seu Terra Australis incognita. ^ Crassus et turbidus aer, tristeni efficit animam. ^ Commonly called Scandaroon in Asia Minor. -Mem. 2. Subs, o.] Bad Air, a Cause. 157 tion, this new kind of fortification, and many other good necessary uses; but are they so wholesome? Old Rome hath descended from the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air and site of Venice, though the black Moorish lands appear at every low water: the sea, fire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ''some suppose, that a thick foggy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy; and our Cambden, out of Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near the fens. But let the site of such places be as it may, how can they be excused that have a delicious seat, a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness, and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suifer their air to putrefy, and themselves to be choked up? Many cities in Turkey do raale audire in this kind : Constanti- nople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the stre 3t. Some find the same fault in Spain, even in Madrid, the king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site; but the inhabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. A troublesome tempestuous air is as bad as impure, rough and foul wea- ther, impetuous winds, cloudy dark days, as it is commonly with us, Codum visu foddum,, ^Polydore calls it a filthy sky, etin quo facile generantur oiuhes; as Tully's brother Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Qusestor in Britain. " In a thick and cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western winds blow, and that there be a calm, or a fair sunshine day, there is a kind of alacrity in men's minds; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, cloudy, stormy weather, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, dull, and melancholy." This was ^ Virgil's experiment of old, ■ Verum ubi tempestas, et coeli mobilis liumor Mutavere vices, et Jupiter liumidas Austro, Vertuntur species animorum, et pectore aiotus Concipiuut alios" "But when the face of heaven changed is To tempests, rain, from season fair: Our minds are altered, and in our breasts Forthwith some new conceits appear." And who is not weather-wise against such and such conjunctions of planets, moved in foul weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons 1 * Gelidum contristat Aquarius annum: the time requires, and the autumn breeds it; winter is like unto it, ugly, foul, squalid, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, ^ " They are most moved with it, and those which are already mad, rave downright, either in, or against a tempest. Besides, the devil many times takes his opportunity of such storms, and when the humours by the air be stirred, he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, and vexeth our souls ; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies tossed with tem- pestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, Montanus, consil. 24, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 27, all night air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. Lemnius, I. 3. c. 3. discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. Montanus, consil. 31, "Hvills not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : So doth ™ Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all subterranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, de- sert places cause melancholy in an instant, especially such as have not been 'Atlas geographicus. Memoria Talent Pisaui, quod crassiore fruantur aere. s Lib. 1. hist. lib. 2. cap. 41. Aura densa ac caliginosa tetrici homines existunt, et subtristes, et cap. 3. stante subsolano et Zephyro, maxima in mentibus hominum alacritas existit, mentisque erectio ubi telum solis splendore nitescit, Maxima dejectio moerorque siquando aura caliginosa est. ''Geor. ^Hor. ^jviens quibus vacillat ab aere cito offenduntur, et multi insani apud Belgas ante tempestates sasviunt, aliter quieti. Spiritus quoqae aeris et mali genii aliquando se tempestatibus ingerunt, et menti liumanse se lateuter insinuant, eamque vexant, exagitant, et ut fluctus marini, humanum corpus ventis agitatur. > Aer noctu den^atua*, et cogit inoestitiam. ™Lib. de Iside et Osyride. 158 Causes of Melancholy, [Part. 1. Sec. 2. used to it, or otherwise accnstonied. Read more of air in Hippocrates, j^tius, I. 3. a c l7l. ad 175. Oribasius, a c 1. ad 21. Avicen. I. 1. can. Fen, 2, doc. 2, Fen. 1. c. 123. to tlie 12, &c. SuBSSCT. VI. — Immoderate Exercise a Cause, and how. Solitariness, Idleness. Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better tlian exercise (if opportunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, violent, or overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Path. lib. I.e. 16, saith, " "^ That much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and sub- stance, refrigerates the body: and such humours which ISra.ture would have otherwise concocted and expelled, it stirs up and makes them rage : which being so enraged, diversely afiect and trouble the body and mind." So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a fall stomach, or when the body is full of crudities, which Fuchsius so much inveighs against, lib. 2. instil, sect. 2. c. 4. giving that for a cause why school-boys in Germany are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. ''Bayerus puts in a caveat against such exercise, because " it ^ corrupts the meat in the stoma,ch, and carries the same juice raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith Lem- nius), which there putrefies and confounds the animal spirits." Crato, consil. 21. I. 2. ^protests against all such exercise after meat, as being the greatest enemy to concoction that may be, and cause of corruption of humours, which produce this, and many other diseases. Not without good reason then doth Salust. Salvianus, 1. 2. c, 1. and Leonartus Jacchinus, in 9, Rhasis. Mercuri- alis, Arcubanus, and many other, set down '"immoderate exercise as a most forcible cause of melancholy. Opposite to exercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or want of exercise, the bane of body and mind, the nurse of naughtiness, stepmother of discipline, the chief author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, and a sole cause of this and many other maladies, the devil's cushion, as ^ Gualter calls it, his pillow and chief reposal. " For the mind can never rest, but still meditates on one thing or other, except it be occupied about some honest business, of his own accord it rusheth into melancholy. * As too much and violent exercise offends on the one side, so doth an idle life on the other (saith Crato), it fills the body full of phlegm, gross humours, and all manner of obstructions, rheums, catarrhs," &c. Rhasis, cont. lib. 1 . tract. 9, accounts of it as the greatest cause of melancholy. " " I have often seen (saith he) that idleness begets this humour more than anything else." Montaltus, c. 1, seconds him out of his experience, "^They that are idle are far more subject to melancholy than such as are conversant or employed about any office or business." ^Plu- tarch reckons up idleness for a sole cause of the sickness of the soul : " There are they (saith he) troubled in mind, that have no other cause but this." Homer, Iliad. 1, brings in Achilles eating of his own heart in his idleness, because he might not fight. Mercurialis, consil. 86, for a melancholy young man urgeth ''it is a chief cause; why was he melancholy 1 because idle. "Multa deftitigatio, spiritiis, viriumqtie substantiam exhaurit, et corpus refrigerat. Humores corrnptos qui aliter a natura concoqui, et domari possint, et derauni blande excliidi, irritat, et quasi in furorem agit, qui postea mota camerina, tetro vapore corpus variu lacessunt, aiiimumque. "In Veni mecum : Libro sic inscripto. Pinstit. ad vit. Clirist. cap. 44. cibos crudos in venas rapit, qui putrescentes illic spiritus animales inficiunt. i Crudi haec liinnoris copia per venas aggreditur, unde morbi multiplices. "■ Immo- dicum exercitium. sHom. 31. in 1. Cor. vi. Nam qua mens hominis quiescere non possit, sed continub circa varias cogitationes discurrat, nisi honesto aliquo negotio occupetur, ad melancholiain sponte delabitur. ♦Crato consil. 21. Ut immodica corporis exercitatio nocet corporibus, ita vita deses et otiosa: otium animal pituitosum reddit, viscerum obstructiones et crebras fluxiones, et morbos concitat. " Et vidi quod una de rebus quae magis generat melancholiam, est otiositas. ^Reponitur otium ab aliis causa, et hoc a nobis observatum eos huic malo magis obnoxios qui plane otiosi sunt, quam eos qui aliquo munere versantur exequendo. y De Tranquil. anima3. Sunt quos ipsum otium in animi conjicit segritudinem. ' Nihil est quod reque melancholiam alat ac augeat, ac otium et abstinentia ^ corporis et animi excrcita- tiouibus. Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness, a Cause. 159 Notliing begets it sooner, increaseth. and contlnnetli it oftener than idleness.* A disease familiar to all idle persons, an inseparable companion to such as live at ease, Pliigui otio desidiosc agentes, a life out of action, and have no calling or ordinary employment to busy themselves about, that have small occasions; raid though they have such is their laziness, dulness, they will not compose themselves to do aught ; they cannot abide work, though'it be necessary ; easy as to dress themselves, write a letter or the like ; yet as he that is benumbed with cold sits still shaking, that might relieve himself with a little exercise or stirring do they complain, but will not use the facile and ready means to do themselves good; and so are still tormented wdth melancholy. Especially if they have been formerly brought up to business, or to keep much company, and upon a sudden come to lead a sedentary life ; it crucifies their souls, and seizeth on them in an instant ; for v/hilst they are any ways employed, in action, discourse^ about any business, sport or recreation, or in compa^ny to their liking ; they are very well ; but if alone or idle, tormented instantly again ; one day's solitariness, one hour's sometimes, doth them more harm, than a week's physic, labour, and company can do good. Melancholy seizeth on them forthwith being alone, and is such a torture, that as wise Seneca well saith, Malo mihimcde quam molliter esse, I had rather be sick than idle. This idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a kind of benumbing laziness, intermitting exercise, which if we may believe ^Fernelius, " causeth crudities, obstructions, excremental humours, quencheth the natural heat^ dulls the spirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing v/hatsoever." " "> Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris." I "for, a negrlected field I Shall for the fire its thorns a;id thistles yield." As fern grows in unfilled grounds, and all manner of weeds, so do gross humours in an idle body, Ignavum corrmnpuni otia corpus. A horse in a stable that never travels, a hawk in a mew that seldom flies, are both subject to diseases ; which left unto themselves, are most free from any such incumbrances. An idle dog will be mangy, and how shall an idle person think to escape ? Idle- ness of the mind is much worse than this of the body ; wit without employ- ment is a disease, *^ ^77^(70 animi, ruhigo ingenii : the rust of the soul, ^a plague, a hell itself. Maximum animi nocumentuin, Galen calls it. " ^ As in a standing pool, worms and filthy creepers increase {et vitium capiunt ni moveantur aquce, the water itself putrefies, and air likewise, if it be not con- tinually stirred by tlie wind), so do evil and corrupt thoughts in an idle person," the soul is contaminated. In a commonwealth, where is no public enemy, there is likely civil wars, and they rage upon themselves : this body of ours, when it is idle, and knows not how to bestow itself, macerates and vexeth itself with cares, griefs, false fears^, discontents, and suspicions ; it tortures and preys upon his own bowels, and is never at rest. Thus much I dare boldly say, " He or she that is idle, be they of what condition they will, never so rich, so well allied, fortunate, happy, let them have all things in abundance and felicity that heart can wish and desire, all contentment, so long as he or she or they are idle, they shall never be pleased, never well in body and mind, but weary still, sickly still, vexed still, loathing still, weeping, sighing, griev- ing, suspecting, offended with the world, vvdth every object, wishing themselves gone or dead, or else carried away with some foolish phantasy or other. And this is the true cause that so many great men, ladies, and gentlewomen, labour of this disease in country and city ; for idleness is an appendix to nobility ', •Nihil magis excaecat intellectum, quam otium. Gordonius de ohservat. vit. hura. lib. 1. •» Path. lib. 1. cap. 17. exercitationis intermissio, inertem colorem, languidos spiritus, et ignavos, et ad omnes actiones seuniores reddit, cruditates, obstructiones, et excrementorum proventus facit. c Hor. Ser. 1. Sat. 3. d Seneca. « Mcsrorem anirai, et maciem, Plutarch calls it. ' Sicut in stagno generantur vermes, sic et otioso malai cogitationes. Sen. -ICO Causes of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 2, they count it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, and will therefore take no pains ; be of no vocation ; they feed liberally, fare well, want exercise, action, employment (for to work, I say, they may not abide), and company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humours, wind, crudities ; their minds disquieted, dull, heavy, &c. care, jealocisy, fear of some diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too ^'fami- liarly on them. For what will not fear and phantasy work in an idle body? what distempers will they not cause ? when the children of * Israel murmured against Pharaoh in Egypt, he commanded his officers to double their task, and let them get straw themselves, and yet make their full number of bricks ; for the sole cause why they mutin3^ and are evil at ease, is, "they are idle." When you shall hear and see so many discontented persons in all places where you come, so many several grievances, unnecessary complaints, fear, suspi- cions, t the best means to redress it is to set them awork, so to busy their minds : for the truth is, they are idle.^ Well they may build castles in the air for a time, and soothe up themselves with phantastical and pleasant humours, but in the end they will prove as bitter as gall, they shall be still I say discon- tent, suspicious, ^ fearful, jealous, sad, fretting and vexing of themselves ; so long as they be idle, it is impossible to please them, Otio qui nescit uti, plus habet negotii quam qui negotimn in negotio, as that 'Agellius could observe : He that knows not how to spend his time, hath more business, care, grief, anguish of mind, than he that is most busy in the midst of all his business, Otiosus animus nescit quid volet : An idle person (as he follows it) knows not when he is well, what he would have, or whither he would go, Qtium illuc ventum est illinc luhet, he is tired out with everything, displeased with all, weary of his life : Nee bene domi, nee militice neither at home nor abroad, errat, et propter vitam vivitur, he wanders and lives besides himself. In a word. What the mischievous effects of laziness and idleness are, I do not find any where more accurately expressed, than in these verses of Philolaches in the J Comical Poet, which for their elegancy I will in part insert. " Novarum sedium esse arbitror similem ego hominem, Quanclo hie iiatus est : Ei rei argumenta dicani. jEdes quando sunt ad amussim expolitte, Quisque laudat fabrum, atqiie exempluni, expetil, &c. At ubi illo migrat nequam homo Indiligcnsque, &c. Tempestas venit, confrhigit tegulas, imbi'icesque, Putrifacit aer operani fabri, &c. Dicani ut homines similes esse sediura arbitremini, Fabri parentes fundamentum substruunt liberoruin, Expoliunt, docent literas, nee parcunt sumptui, Ego autem sub fabrorum potestate frugi fui, Postquam autem migravi in ingenium meum, Perdidi operam fabrorum illico, oppido, Venit ignavia, ea mihi tempestas fuit, Adventuqiie suo grandinem et imbrem attuUt, Ilia mihi virtutem deturbavit, &e." " A vouno' man is like a fair new house, the carpenter leaves it well builfc, in good" repair of solid stuff" ; but a bad tenant lets it rain in, and for want of reparation, fall to decay, &c. Our parents, tutors, friends, spare no cost to brino- us up in our youth, in all manner of virtuous education; but when we are left to ourselves, idleness as a tempest drives all virtuous motions out of our minds, et nihili sumus, on a sudden, by sloth and such bad ways, we come to nought." Cousin german to idleness, and a concomitant cause, which goes hand in hand with it, is^nimia solitudo, too much solitariness, by the testimony of all physicians, cause and symptom both ; but as it is here put for a cause it is B Now this leg, now that arm, now their head, heart, &c. * Exod. v. f (For they cannot well tell what aileth them, or what they would have themselves) my heart, my head, my husband, my son, &c. h Prov. xviii. Pigrum dejicit timer. Heautontimorumenon. 'Lib, 19. c. 10. $Plautus, Prol. Mostel. * Piso, Montaltus, Mercurialis, &c. Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness, a Cause. 161 either coact, enforced, or else voluntarilj. Enforced solitariness is commonly seen in students, monks, friars, anchorites, that by tlieir order and course of life must abandon all company, society of other men, and betake themselYes to a private cell : Otio superstitioso seclusi, as Bale and Hospinian well term it, such as are the Carthusians of our time, that eat no flesh (by their order), keep perpetual silence, never go abroad. Such as live in prison, or some desert place, and cannot have company, as many, of our country gentlemen do in solitary houses, they must either be alone without companions, or live beyond their means, and ectertain all comers as so many hosts, or else converse with their servants and hinds, such as are unequal, inferior to them, and of a con- trary disposition : or else as some do, to avoid solitariness, spend their time with lewd fellows in taverns, and in alehouses, and thence addict themselves to some unlawful disports, or dissolute courses. Divers again are cast upon this rock of solitariness for want of means, or out of a strong apprehension of some infirmity, disgrace, or through bashfulness, rudeness, simplicity, they cannot apply themselves to others' company. Nullum solum infelici gratius solitudine, ubi nullus sit qui miser iam exprohret ; this enforced solitariness takes place, and produceth his effect soonest in such as have spent their time jovially, perad venture in all honest recreations, in good company, in some great family or populous city, and are upon a sudden confined to a desert country cottage far off, restrained of their liberty, and barred from their ordinary associates ; solitariness is very irksome to such, most tedious, and a sudden cause of great inconvenience. Voluntary solitariness is that which is familiar with melancholy, and gently brings on like a syren, a shoeing-horn, or some sphinx to this irrevocable gulf, ^ a primary cause, Piso calls it ; most pleasant it is at first, to such as are melancholy given, to lie in bed whole days, and keep their chambers, to walk alone in some solitary grove, betwixt wood and water, by a brook side, to meditate upon some delightsome and pleasant subject, which shall affect them most; amahilis insania, et mentis gratissimus error: a most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in the air, to go smiling to themselves, acting an infinite variety of parts, which they suppose and strongly imagine they represent, or that they see acted or done: JBlandcB quidem ab initio, saith Lemnius, to conceive and meditate of such pleasant things, some- times, " " present, past, or to come," as Khasis speaks. So delightsome these toys are at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even whole years alone in such contemplations, and fantastical meditations, which are like unto dreams, and they will hardly be drawn from them, or willingly interrupt, so pleasant their vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary business, they cannot address themselves to them, or almost to any study or employment, these fantastical and bewitching thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so continually set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and detain them, they cannot, I say, go about their more necessary business, stave off or extricate themselves, but are ever musing, melancholizing, and carried along, as he (they say) that is led round about a heath with a Puck in the night, they run earnestly on in this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melancholy meditations, and cannot well or williugly refrain, or easily leave off, winding and unwinding themselves, as so many clocks, and still pleasing their hamours, until at last the scene is turned ujjon a sudden, by some bad object, and they being now habituated to such vain meditations and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, subrusticus \ A qnibus malum, velut h. primaria causa, occasionem nactum est. ™ Jucimda rermn prassentiam. pribteritarum, et futuraiaxm meditatio. 162 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. pudor, discontent, cares, and weariness of life surprise them in a moment, and they can think of notliing else, continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plague of melancholy seizeth on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal object to their minds, which now by no means, no labour, no persuasions the}^ can avoid, hceret lateri lethalis arundo (the arrow of death still remains in the side), they may not be ridof it, "they cannot resist. I may not deny but thatthereissomeprofitablemeditation,contemplation,andkind of solitariness to be embraced, which the fathers so highly commended, ° Hierom, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnify in their books ; a paradise, a heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and better for'the soul : as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemj)lations, as Siraulus a courtier in Adrian's time, Dioclesian the em])eror, retired themselves, &c., in that sense, Vatia solus scit vivere, Vatia lives alone, which the Romans were wont to say, when they com- mended a country life. Or to the bettering of their knowledge, as Demoeritus, Cleanthus, and those excellent philosophers have ever done, to sequester them- selves from the tumultuous world, or as in Pliny's villa Laurentana, Tully's Tus- culan, Jovius' study, that they might better v a care stiidiis et Deo, serve God, and follow their studies. Methinks, therefore, our too zealous innovators were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbeys and religious houses, pro- miscuously to fling down all; they might have taken away those gross abuses crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved and raged against those fiiir buildings, and everlasting monuments of our forefathers' devotion, consecrated to pious uses ; some monasteries and colle- giate cells might have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise employed, here and there one, in good towns or cities at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were not desirous, or fit to marry; or otherwise willing to be troubled with common affairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for more conveniency, good education, better com- pany sake, to follow their studies (I say), to the perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and as some truly devoted monks of old had done, freely and truly to serve God. Por these men are neither solitary, nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in ^Esop, that objected idleness to him; he was never so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio Africanus in ^Tully, Nun- quam minus solus, quain cum solus ; nunqicam Qninus otiosus, quam quum esset otiosus; never less solitary, than when he was alone, never more busy, than when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato in his dialogue de Amove, in that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how a deep meditation coming into Socrates' mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigia cogitahundus, from morning to noon, and when as then he had not yet finished his mQ,diih2(.tio\\, perstahat cogilans, he so continued till the evening, the soldiers (for he then follow^ed the camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night, but he persevered immoveable ad exortum solis, till the sun rose in the morning, and then saluting the sun, went his ways. In what humour constant Socrates did thus, I know not, or how he might be affected, but this would be pernicious to another man ; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess; but this is otiosum otium, it is far otherwise with these men, according to Seneca, Omnia nobis mala solitudo persuadet ; this solitude undoeth us, pugnat cum vita sociali ; 'tis a destructive solitariness. These men are devils alone, as the saying is. Homo " Facilis descensus ATerni : Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras, Hie labor, hoc opus est. Virg. oHieronimiis ep. 72. dixit oppida et urbes videri sibi tetros cavceres, solitadinem Paradisum : sol ;m scorpionibus iiifectum, sacco amictus, humi cubaus, aqua et berbis victitaus, Komanis prsetulit deliciis. POffic. 3. Mem. 2. Subs. 7.] Sleeping and Waking, Causes, 1G;T solus aut Deus, aut Dc&mon : a man alone, is either a saint or a devil, mens ejus aut languescit, aut tuviescit; and * F«? soli in this sense, woe be to him that is so alone. These wretches do frequently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures become beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, Misan- thropi ; they do even loathe themselves, and hate the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezzars, by too much indulging to these pleasing humours, and through their own default. So that which Mercurialis, co?^s?.7. 1 1. sometimes expostulated with his melancholy patient, may be justly applied to every solitar}^ and idle person in particular. '^Natiira cle te videtur conqueri 2)osse, &c, " Nature may justly complain of thee, that whereas she gave thee a good wholesome temperature, a sound body, and God hath given thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many good parts, and profitable gifts, thou hast not only contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, over - thrown their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solita- riness, and many other ways, thou art a traitor to God and nature, an enemy to thyself and to the world." Ferditio tua ex te; thou hast lost thyself wilfully, cast away thyself, "thou thyself art the efEcient cause of thine own misery, by not resisting such vain cogitations, but giving way unto them." SuBSECT. YII. — Sleeping and Waking, Causes. What I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing better than moderate sleep, nothing worse than it, if it be in extremes, or un- seasonably used. It is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep overmuch ; Somnus supra Tnodum prodest, as an only antidote, and nothing olTends them more, or causeth this malady sooner, than waking, yet in some cases sleep may do more harm than good, in that phlegmatic, swinish, cold, and sluggish melancholy which Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters, sighing most part, &c. "" It dulls the spirits, if overmuch, and senses j fills the head full of gross humours ; causeth. distillations, rheums, great store of excre- ments in the brain, and all the other parts, as ^Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. Or if it be used in the day-time, upon a ii\\\ stomach, the body ill-composed to rest, or after hard meats, it increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, crying out, and much unquietness; such sleep prepares the body, as *one observes, " to many perilous diseases." But, as I have said, waking overmuch, is both a symptom, and an ordinary cause. " It causeth dryness of the brain, frenzy, dotage, and makes the body dry, lean, hard, and ugly to behold," as "Lemnius hath it. " The temperature of the brain is corrupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, choler increased, and the whole body inflamed :" and, as may be added out of Galen 3. de sanitate tuendd, Avicenna 3. 1. " ''It overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudities, harts concoction," and what not ? Not with- out good cause therefore Crato consil. 21, lib. 2 ; Hildesheim, spicel. 2, de Delir. et Mania, Jacchinus, Arculanus on Rhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon lip this overmuch waking as a principal cause. * Eccl. 4. iXatiira de te videtur conqueri posse, quod cum ab ea teinperatissimum corpus adeptus sis, tarn prseclarum a Deo ac utile donum, non contempsisti modo, verum corrupisti, sedasti, prodidisti, optiinam temperaturam otio, crapula, et aliis vitaj erroribus, &c. 'Path. lib. cap. 17. Kernel, corpus infiigidat, omnes sensus, mentisque vires torpore debilitat. ^Lib. 2. sect. 2. cap. 4. Magnam excremen- toruiii vim cerebro et aliis partibus conservat. 'Jo. Katzius lib. de rebus 6 non naturalibus. Prteparat corpus talis somnus ad niultas periculosas £egritudines. " Instit. ad vitam optimam cap. 26. cerebro siccitatem adfert, phrenesin et delirium, corpus aridum facit, squalidum, strigosum, humores adurit, tempe- ramentum cerebri corrumpit, maciem inducit : exsiccat corpus, bilem accendit, profundos reddit oculos, calorem auget. ^Naturalem calorem dissipat, Isesa concoctione cruditates facit. Attenuant juvenuni vigilat£e corpora noctes. 164 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. MEMB. III. SuBSECT. I. — Passions and Perf,whations of the Mind, hotv they cause Melancholy. As that gymnosopliist in ''Phitarcli made answer to Alexander (demanding which spake best), Every one of his fellows did speak better than the other : so I may say of these causes ; to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more grievous than other, and this of passion tbe greatest of all. A most frequent and ordinary cause of melancholy, "^fublmen perturbationu'/n (Piccolomineus calls it) this thunder and lightning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy alterations in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and temperature of it. For as the body works upon the mind by his badhumours,troubliugthe spirits, sending gross fumes into the brain, and so^er conseqiiens disturbing the soul, and all the faculties of it, ■ Corpus onustmn, Hesternis vitiis animum quoque prssgravat una." with fear, sorrow, (fee, which are ordinary symptoms of this disease : so on the other side, the mind most effectually works upon the body, producing by his passions and perturbations miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and sometimes death itself. Insomuch that it is most true which Plato saith in his Charmides, omnia corporis mala ah anima procedere ; all the "mischiefs of the body proceed from the soul : and Democritus in ^Plutarch iirgeth, Damnatum iri animam a corpore, if the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soid, surely the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence had caused such inconveniences, having authority over the body, and using it for an instrument, as a smith does his hammer (saith •"Cyprian), imputing all those vices and maladies to the mind. Even so do ''Philostratus, non coinquinatv/r co^yus, nisi consensu animce ; the body is not corrupted, but by the soul. Lodovicus Yives will have such turbulent commo- tions proceed from ignorance and indiscretion.^ All philosophers impute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better, by com- mand of reason, and hath not done it. The Stoics are altogether of opinion (as *"Lipsius and ^Piccolomineus record), that a wise man should be ^-^clBHc, with- out all manner of passions and perturbations whatsoever, as ^Seneca reports of Cato, the 'Greeks of Socrates, and ^lo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa, so free from passion, or rather so stupid, that if they be wounded with a sword, they will only look back. ^Lactantius 2 instit. will exclude "fear from a wise man :" others except all, some the greatest passions. But let them dispute how they will, set down in Thesi, give precepts to the contrary; we find that of '"Lemnius true by common experience ; " No mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either a god, or a block." They are born and bred with us, we have them from our parents by inheritance. A parentihus habemus malum hunc assem, saith '^'F oiezm^, Nascitur una nobiscum, aliturque, 'tis pro- pagated from Adam, Cain was melancholy, fas Austin hath it, and who is not? Good discipline, education, philosophy, divinity (I cannot deny), may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at some times, but most part they domineer, and are so violent, ''that as a torrent {torrens velut aggere rupto) bears down all before, and overflows his \>di-nk^,sternit agros,sternit sato, (lays waste the yVita Alexan. == GracT. 1. c. 14. * Hor. " The body oppressed by yesterday's vices weigbs down the spirit also." » Perturbationes clavi sunt, quibus corpori animus seu patibulo affigitur. Jamb, de mist. bLiij. de sanitat. -tuend. <= Prolog, de virtute Christi; Quos utitur corpore, ut faber malice. <» Vita Apollonij lib. 1. ^ Lib. de anim. ab inconsiderantia, et ignorantia omnes animi motas. ^Dc I'liysiol. Stoic. sGrad. 1. c. 32. '' Kpist. 104. i/Elianus. ''Lib. 1. cap. 6. si quis ense percusserit cos, tantum respiciunt. ^ Terror in sapiente esse non debet. ^ De occult, nat. mir. 1. 1. c. 16. Nemo nioitalium qui affectibus non ducatur : qui non movetur, aut saxum, aut deus est. ° Instit. 1. 2. de bumanorum affect, morborumque curat. t Epist. 105. oGranatensis. Mem. 3. Sabs. 1.] Perturhations of the Mind. IGj fields, prostrates the crops), tliey overwhelm reason, jud gin ent, and pervert the temperature of the body ; Fertur ^ equts auriga, nee audit currus habenas. Now such a man (saith^ Austin) "that is so led, in a wise man's eye, is no better than he that stands upon his head." It is doubted by some, Gravioresne morbi a perturhationihus, an ab humoribus, whether humours or perturbations cause the more grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 41, most true, "The spirit is willing, the flesh is weak," we cannot resist; and this of "Philo Judseus, " Perturbations often ofiend the body, and are most frequent causes of melancholy, turning it out of the hinges of his health." Vives compares them to "^ Winds upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent quite overturn the ship." Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if they be reiterated, "*as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do these perturbations penetrate the mind :" "and (as one observes) " produce a habit of melancholy at the last, which having gotten the mastery in our souls, may well be called diseases." How these passions produce this efl'ect, ^Agrippa hath handled at large, Occult. Philos. I. 11. c. 63. Gcirdan, I. 14; subtil. Lemnius, I. l,c. 12, de occult. nat. mir. etlib. 1. caj). l6. Suarez, Met. disput. 18. sect. 1, art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12. of his Melancholy Treatise, Wright the Jesuit in his book of the Passions of the Mind, &c. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he misconceiving or amplifying presently communi- cates to the heart, the seat of all affections. The pure spirits forthwith flock from the brain to the heart, by certain secret channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented / which immediately bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits; in sadness, much melancholy blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper impression, and greater tumult, as the humours in the body be likewise prepared, and the tem- perature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger ; so that the first step and fountain of all our grievances in this kind, is ^ Imsa imaginatio, which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration, and confusion of spirits and humours. By means of which, so dis- turbed, concoction is hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as^'Dr. jS'avarrawell declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn, from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with^Arnoldus, Maxi- ma vis est p)hantasice, et huic unifere, non autem corporis int&mperiei, omnis mdanclhvlicB causa est ascribenda : " Great is the force of imagination, and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, than to P Virg. QDe civit. Dei, 1. 14. c. 9. qualis in ocnlis hominnm qni inversis pedibus ambulat, talis, in oculis sapientum, cui passiones dominantur. rLib. de Decal. passioiies iiiaxirae corpus offendunt et animam, et frequentissimfie causae melancholias, dimoventes ab ingenio et sanitate pristina. 1. 3. de anima. « Frtena et stimuli animi, vekit in mari qua>dam ani-x. leves, qutBdam placid*;, qiutdara turbu- Icntaj : sic in corpore quaedam alfectiones excitant tantum, quasdam ita movent ut de statu judicii depellant. t Vt gutta lapidem, sic paulatim hte penetrant animum. " Usu valentes recte morbi animi vocantur. X Imaginatio movet corpus, ad c jus motum excitantur humores, et spiritus vitales, quibus alteratur. y Eccles. xiii. 26. " The heart alters the countenance to good or evil, and distraction of the mind causeth flistemperature of the body." « Spiritus et sang'ds a la^sa imaginatione contarainantur, humores enira mutati actiones animi immiitant, Piso. "Montani, consil. 22. Hre vero quomodo causent melancholiam, claram; et quod concoctionem impediant, et membra principalla debilitent. ^ Breviar. 1. 1. cap. 1& 166 Causes of Melanclioly. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. the distemperature of the body." Of which imagination, because it hath so great a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be improper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression howso- ever some dislike, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of * Beroaldus's opi- nion, " Such digressions do mightily delight and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." SuBSECT. II. — Of tlie force of Imagination. What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy of the soul, I will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it j which, as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholr persons, in keeping the species of objects so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual and "^ strong meditation, until at length it produceth in some parties real effects, causeth this and many other maladies. And although this fantasy of ours'be a subordinate faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or outward distemperatures, defect of organs, which are unapt, or otherwise contaminated, it is likewise unapt, or hindered, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, which by reason of humours and concourse of vapours troubling the fantasy, imagine many times absurd and prodigious things, and in such as are troubled with incubus, or witch-ridden (as we call it), if they lie on their backs, they suppose an old woman rides, and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of breath; when there is nothing offends, but a concourse of bad humours, which trouble the fan- tasy. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the night in their sleep, and do strange feats: '^ these vapours move the fantasy, the fantasy the appetite, which moving the animal spirits causeth the body to walk up and down as if they were awake. Fracast. I. 3. de intellect, refers all ecstasies to this force of imagination such as lie whole days together in a trance : as that priest whom *CeLsus speaks of, that could separate himself from his senses when he list, and lie like a dead man, void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do as much, and that when he list. Many times such men when they come to themselves, tell strange things of heaven and hell, what visions they have seen; as that St. Owen, in Matthew Paris, that went into St. Patrick's purgatory, and the monk of Evesham in the same author. Those common apparitions in Bede and Gregory, Saint Bridget's revelations, Wier. I. 3. de lamiis, c. 11. Caesar Vanninus, in his Dialogues, &c. reduceth (as I have formerly said), with all those tales of witches' progresses, dancing, riding, transformations, operations, &c. to the force of ^imagination, and the ^devil's illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as are awake : how many chimeras, antics, golden mountains and castles in the air do they build unto themselves? I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathematicians. Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt imagination, anger, revenge, lust, am- bition, covetousness, which prefers falsehood before that which is right and good, deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. ^Bernardus Penottus will have heresy and superstition to proceed from this fountain; as he falsely imagineth, so he belie veth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, * Solent hujusmodi egressiones favorabiliter oWectare, et lectorem lassum jucunde refovere, stomachumque nauseantem, quodam quasi condimento reficere, et ego libenter excurro. sAbimaginatione oii;,iitiir atfectiones, quibus anima componitur, aut turbata detarbatur, Jo. Sarisbnr. Matolog. lib. i. c. 10. ^ Scalig. exercit. • Qui quoties volebat, niortuo similis jacebat auferens se a seiisibus, et quum pungeretur dolorem nou sensit. ^Idem Nymannus orat. de Imaginat. g Verbis et unctionibus se consecrant daiinoni pessimai mulieres, qui iis ad opus suum utitur, et earum phantasiam regit, ducirque ad loca ab ipsis (icsi- derata, corpora rero earum sine sensu permanent, quaj umbra cooperit diabolus, ut nulli sint couspicua, et ^>ost, umbra sublata, propriis corporibus eas restituit. 1. 3. c. 11. Wier. ^ Dcnario medico. Mem. 3. Subs. 2. OfikeForceoflmaginalion. 167 and it shall be, contra gentes, he will have it so. But most especially in passions and aflfections, it shows strange and evident effects: what will not a fearful man conceive in the dark'? What strange forms of bugbears, devils, witches, goblins'? Lavater imputes the greatest cause of spectrum s, and the like appa- ritions, to fear, which above all other passions begets \hQ strongest imagination (saith ^Wierus), and so likev/ise, love, sorrow, joy, &c. Some die suddeiily, as she that saw her son come from the battle at Cannae, &c. Jacob the patriarch, by force of imagination, made speckled lambs, laying speckled rods before his sheep. Persina that Ethiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing the picture of Perseus and Andromeda, instead of a blackamoor, was brought to bed of a fair white child. In imitation of whom belike, a hard-favoured fellow in Greece, because he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, Eleyantissimas imayines in thalamo collocavit, t&c, hung the fairest pictures he could buy for money in his chamber, '•' That his wife by frequent sight of them, might conceive and bear such children." And if we may believe Bale, one of Pope Nicholas the Third's concubines by seeing of "^ a bear was brought to bed of a monster. " If a woman (saith ^ Lemnius), at the time of her conception think of another man present or absent, the child will be like him." Great- bellied women, when they long, yield us prodigious examples in this kind, as moles, warts, scars, harelips, monsters, especially caused in their children by force of a depraved fantasy in them : Ii^sam si^eciem quam animo effigiat, f'xtui inducit : She imprints that stamp upon her child which she °^ conceives unto herself. And therefore Lodovicus Yives, lib. 2. de Christ, fcem. gives a special caution to great -bellied women, ""That they do not admit such absurd conceits and cogitations, but by all means avoid those horrible objects, heard or seen, or filthy spectacles." Some will laugh, v/eep, sigh, groan, blush, tremble, sweat, at such things as are suggested unto them by their imagination. Avicenna speaks of one that could cast himself into a palsy when he list ; and some can imitate the tunes of l)irds and beasts that they can hardly be dis- cerned : Dagebertus' and Saint Francis' scars and wounds, like those of Christ's (if at the least any such were), " Agrippa supposeth to have happened by force of imagination : that some are turned to wolves, from men to vfomen, and women again to men (which is constantly believed) to the same im.agina- tion; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes. ^IVierus ascribes all those famous transformations to imagination ; that in hydrophobia they seem to see the picture of a dog, still in their water, "^ that melancholy men and sick men. conceive so many fantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls; that they are heavy, light, transparent, great and little, senseless and dead (as shall be showed more at large, in our '"' sections of symptoms), can be imputed to nought else, but to a corrupt, Mse, and AT.olent imagination. It works not in sick and melancholy men only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound : it makes them suddenly sick, and "" alters their temper- ature in an instant. And sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension, as * Yalesius proves, will take av/ay diseases : in both kinds it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this kind, that they ^Solet tirnor, pr^ omnibus affectrous, fortes imagiaationes gignere, post, amor, &c. 1. 3. c 8. '^ Ex viso urso, talem peperit. ^Lib. 1. cap. 4. de occult, uat. mir. si inter amplexus et suavia cogitet de uno, aufc alio absente, ejus effigies solet in foetu elucere. "' Quid non foetui adhuc matri unito, subita spirituuni vibratione per nervos, quibus matrix cerebro conjuncta est, imprimit impregnatte imaginatio? lit si ima- ginetur malum granatu-.n, illius notus secum prol'eret fcetns : Si leporem, infans editur supremo labello bifido, et dissecto : Vehemens cogitatio movet reriim species. Wier. lib. 3. cap. 8. " Ne dum uterum gestent, adiuittant absm-das cogitationes, sed et visu, auditUL;j:e fteda et horrenda devitent. <> Occult. Philos. lib. 1. cap. 64. FLib. 3. de Lamiis, cap. 10. qAgrippa, lib. 1. cap. 61. * Sect. 3. memb. I. subsect. 3. ""Malleus malefic, fol. 77. corpus mutari potest in diversas ^egritudines, ex foiti apprehea- Rione. *l'r. Vales. 1. 5. cont. 6. noiiuunciuam etiam morbi diutiu'iii consequuutur, quandoque cui-antur. 168 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. ■will have the same disease. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortime-teller, or physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously api)rehend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A thing familiar in China (saith Ricckis the Jesuit), " * If it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that day comes they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes they die upon it." Dr. Cotta in his discovery of ig- norant practitioners of physic, cap. 8. hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do. The one of a parson's wife in Northamptonshire, An. 1607, that coming to a physician, and told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured (a disease she was free from), the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous fit of a sciatica : and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was so troubled with the cramp, after the same manner she came by it, because her physician did but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of fantasy. I have heard of one that coming by chance in company of him that was thought to be sick of the plague (which was not so) fell down suddenly dead. An- other was sick of the plague with conceit. One seeing his fellow let blood falls down in a swoon. Another (saith " Cardan out of Aristotle), fell down dead (which is familiar to women at any ghastly sight), seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ^ Lodovicus Vives), came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, that lay over a brook in the dark, without harm, the next day perceiving what danger he was in, fell down dead. Many will not believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, and deride when they hear of them; but let these men consider with themselves, as ^Peter Byarus illustrates it. If they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they would be giddy, upon, which they dare securely walk upon the ground. Many (saith Agrippa), ^"strong-hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights, dazzle, and are sick, if they look but down from a high place, and what moves them but conceit?" As some are so molested by fantasy; so some again, by fancy alone, and a good conceit, are as easily recovered. We see commonly the tooth-ache, gout, falling-sickness, biting of a mad dog, and many such maladies, cured by spells, words, characters, and charms, and many green wounds by that now so much used Unguentum Armarium, magnetically cured, which Crollius and Goclenius in a book of late hath defended, Libavius in a just tract as stiffly contradicts, and most men controvert. All the world knows there is no virtue in such charms or cures, but a strong conceit and opinion alone, as ^ Pomponatius holds, " which forceth a motion of the humours, spirits, and blood, which takes away the cause of the malady from the parts affected." The like we may say of our magical effects, superstitious cures, and such as are done by momitebanks and wizards. " As by wicked incredulity many men are hurt (so saith "^Wierus of charms, spells, &c.), we find in our experience, by the same means many are relieved." An empiric oftentimes, and a silly chirurgeon, doth more strange cures than a rational physician. Nymannus gives a reason, because the patient puts his confidence in him, ^ which Avicenna " prefers before art, precepts, and all remedies what- soever." 'Tis opinion alone (saith ''Cardan), that makes or mars physicians, and he doth the best cures, according to Hippocrates, in whom most trust. So t Expeclit. in Sinas, 1 . 1 . c. 9. tantum porro multi prrcdictoribus hisce tribuunt ut ipse metus fidem faciat : nam si praedictum iis fuerit tali die eos morbo corripiendos, ii, ubi dies advenerit, in morbum incidunt, et vi metQs afflicti, cum sgritudine, aliquando etiam cum morte colluctantur. " Subtil. 18. ^ lib. 3. de anima, cap. de mel. y Lib. de Peste. ^ Lib. 1. cap. 63. Ex alto despicientes aliqui prse timore contremiscunt, caligant, infirmantur; sic singultus, febres, morbi comitiales quandoque sequuntur, quandoque recedunt. »Lib. de Incantatione. Imaginatio subitum liumorum et spirituum motum infert, unde vario affectu rapi- tur sanguis, ac una morbiflcas causas partibus affectis eripit. * Lib. 3. c. 18. de prtestig. Ut impia credulitate quis Iseditur, sic et levari eundem ci-edibile est, usuque observatum. ^ Mgv'i persuasio et liducia, omni arti et consilio et medicinae prseferenda. Avlcen. cpiurgg sanat in quern plux'es confidunt. lib. de sapientia. Mem. 3. Subs. 3.] Division of Perturbations. 1G9 diversely doth tliis mntasy of ours affect, turn, and wind, so imperiously com- mand our bodies, which as another "^Proteus, or a chameleon, can take all shapes ; and is of such force (as Ficinus adds), that it can work upon others, as well as ourselves." How can otherwise blear eyes in one man cause the like aifection in another? Why doth one mans yawning ^make anotlier yawn 1 One man's pissing provoke a second many times to do the like 1 Why doth scraping of trenchers offend a third, or hacking of files'? Why doth a carcass bleed when the murderer is brought before it, some weeks after the murder hath been done ? Why do witches and old women fascinate and bewitch children : but as Wierus, Paracelsus, Cardan, Mizaldus, Valleriola, Coesar Vanninus, Campanella, and many philosophers think, the forcible ima- gination of the one party moves and alters the spirits of the other. Nay more, they can cause and cure not only diseases, maladies and several infirmities, by this means, as Avicenna de anim. I. 4. sect. 4. supposeth in parties remote, but move bodies from their places, cause thunder, lightning, tempests, which ■opinion Alkindus, Paracelsus, and some others, approve of. So that I may certainly conclude this strong conceit or imagination is astrum hominis^ and the rudder of this our ship, which reason should steer, but overborne by fimtasy cannot manage, and so suffers itself and this whole vessel of ours to be over- ruled, and often overturned. Read more of this in Wierus, I. 3. de LamiiSf c. 8, 9, 10. Franciscus, Valesius med. controv. I. 5. cont. 6. Marcellus Dona- tus, I. 2. c. 1. de hist. med. mirahil. Levinus Lemnius, de occidt. nat. lair. I. 1. c. 12. Cardan, I. 18. de rerum var. Com. Agri})pa, de occult, 'philos. caj?. 64, Q5. Camerarius, 1 cent. cap. 54. horarum subcis. ISTymannus, Qiiorat de I'Diag. Laurentius, and him that is instar omnium, Fienus, a famous physician of Antwerp that wrote three books de viribus imaginationis. I have thus far digressed, because this imagination is the medium deferens of passions, by whose means they work and produce many times prodigious eflieots : and as the fantasy is more or less intended or remitted, and their humours disposed, so do perturbations move, more or less, and take deeper impression. SuBSECT. III. — Division of Perturhations. Perturbations and passions, which trouble the fantasy, though they dwell between the confines of sense and reason, yet they rather follow sense than reason, because they are drowned in corporeal organs of sense. They are commonly ^reduced into two inclinations, irascible and concupiscible. The Thomists subdivide them into eleven, six in the coveting, and five in. the in- vading, Aristotle reduceth all to pleasure and pain, Plato to love and hatredj- e Vives to good and bad. If good, it is present, and then we absolutely joy and love; or to come, and then we desire and hope for it. If evil, we abso- lutely hate it; if present, it is sorrow; if to come, fear. These four passions '^ Bernard compares " to the wheels of a chariot, by which we are carried in this world." All other passions are subordinate unto these four, or six, as some will : love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear ; the rest, as anger, envy, emulation, pride, jealousy, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontent, despair, ambi- tion, avarice, &c., are reducible unto the first; and if they be immoderate, they ^consume the spirits, and melancholy is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men there are, that can govern themselves, and curb in these inordinate affections, by religion, philosophy, and such divine precepts, of meekness, patience, and the like; but most part for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, they suffer themselves wholly to be led by sense, ^Marcilius Ficinus 1. 13, c 18. de theolog. Platonica. Imaginatio est tanqnam Proteus vel Cham.Tleon, corpus propriura et alienum iionnimquam afficiens. « Cur oscitantes oscitent, Wierus. f T. W. Jcsnlr. g 3. de Anima. h Ser. 35. H* quatuor passiones sunt tanquam rot* in curru, quibus vehimur lioc mundo. 'Harum quippe immoderalione, spii'ltus marcescunt. Fei'uel. 1.1. Path. c. 18. 170 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. and are so far from repressing rebellious inclinations^ that tliey give all en- couragement unto tliem, leaving the reins, and using all provocations to far- ther them : bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, ^ custom, education, and a perverse will of their own, they follow on, wheresoever their unbridled affec- tions will transport thesn, and do more out of custom, self-will, than out of reason. Gontumax voluntas, as Melancthon calls it, Tnalumfacit : this stub- born will of ours perverts judgment, which sees and knows what should and ought to be done, and yet will not do it. Mancijjia gulce, slaves to their se- veral lusts and appetite, they precipitate and plunge Hhemselves into a laby- rinth of cares blinded with lust, blinded with ambition ; " ™ They seek that at God's hands which they may give unto themselves, if they could but re- frain from those cares and perturbations, wherewith they continually macerate their minds." But giving way to these violent passions of fear, grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, &c., they are torn in pieces, as Actseon was with his dogs, and " crucify their own souls. SuBSECT. lY. — SorroiD a cause of Melancholy. Sorrow. Insanns clolor^ In this catalogue of passions, which so much torment the soul of man, and cause this malady (for I will briefly speak of them all, and in their order), the first place in this irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by sorrow. An inseparable companion, " ° The mother and daughter of melancholy, her epitome, symptom, and chief cause :" as Hippocrates hath it, they beget one another, and tread in a ring, for sorrow is both cause and symptom of this disease. How it is a symptom shall be shown in its place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth. Dolor nonnullus insanice causa fuit, et aliormn riiorhorum insanahilium, saith Plutarch to Apollonius; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of this mischief, ^Lemnius calls it. So doth Khasis, cont. I. 1. tract. 9. Guianerius, Tract. 15, c. 5. And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as ^ Felix Plater observes, and as in "" Cebes' table may well be coupled with it. * Chrysostom in his seventeenth epistle to Olympia, describes it to be a cruel torture of the soul, a most inexplicable grief, poisoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very heart, a perpetual executioner, continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwind, a tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse than any fire, and a battle that hath no end. It crucifies worse than any tyrant ; no torture, no strappado, no bodily punishment is like unto it. 'Tis the eagle without question which the poets feigned to gnaw* Prometheus heart, and " no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart," Eccles. xxv. 15, 16. "" Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," a domineering passion : as in old Home, when the Dictator was created, all infe- rior magistracies ceased ; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. " It driesujDthe bones," saith Solomon, ch. IT.Prov., "makes them hollow-eyed, pale, and lean, furrow-iaced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, shrivelled cheeks, k Mala consuetndine depravatur ingenium ne bene faciat. Prosper Caleims, 1. de atru bile. Thira facinnt homines e consuetudine, qiiam e ratione. A teneris assuescere multum est. Video meliora probpque, de- teriora sequor. Ovid. i Kemo la;ditur nisi a seipso. "' Multi se in inquietudinem proecipitant ambitione et cnpiditatibus excfecati, non intelliaunt se illud a diis petere, quod sibi ipsis si velint pra-stare possint, si curis et perturbationibus, qnibus assidue se macerant, Imperare vellent. " Tanto studio miseriarum causas, et alimenta dolorum qua^rimus, vitamque secus felicissimam, tristem et niiserabilem efScimus. Petrarch, prajfat. de Remediis, &c. <> Timor et moestitia, si diu perseverent, causa et soboles atri humoris sunt, et in circulum se procreant. Hip. Aphoris. 23. 1. 6. Idem Montaltus cap. 19. Victorius Faventinus pract. imag. p Multi ex moerore et metu hue delapsi sunt. Lemn. lib. 1. cap. 16. i Multa cura et tristitia faciunt accedere melancholiam (cap. 3. de mentis alien.) si altas radices agat, in veram fixamque degeneratme- lancholiam et in desperationem desinit. ' Hie luctus, ejus verb soror desperatio simul ponitur. « Anima- rum crudele tormentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinea, non solum ossased cordapertingens, perpetuus carnifex, vires animae consumens, jugis nox, et tenebrte profundcT, tempestas et turbo et febris non apparens, omni igne validius incendens; longior, et pugnse finem non habens crucem circumfert dolor, facienique omni tyranno crudeliorem prse se fert. 'Kat, Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. " Tally 3. Tusc. omuis perturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor. Mem. 3. Subs. 5.] Fear, a Cause. 171 dry bodies, and quite perverts their temperature tliat are misaffected with it. As EleoTiora, that exiled mournful duchess (in our ^English Ovid), laments to her noble husband Humphrey, duke of Glocester, " Sawest thou those eyes in whose sweet cheerful look Duke Kumphry once such joy and pleasure took, Sorrow hath so despoil'd me of all grace, Thou could"st not say this was my Elnors face. Like a foul Gorgon," &c. " y it hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomach, colour, and sleep, thickens the blood (^ Feruelius I. 1. cap. 18, de morb. causis), con- taminates the spirits." (^ Piso.) Overthrows the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body and mind, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howl and roar for very anguish of their souls. David confessed as much, Psalm xxxviii. 8, '•' I have roared for the very disquietness of my heart." And Psalm cxix. 4 part, 4 v. "My soul melteth away for very heaviness," v. 83, " I am like a bottle in the smoke." Antiochus complained that he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief, ''Christ himself, Vir dolorum, out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat blood, Mark xiv. "His soul was heavy to the death, and no sorrow was like unto his." Crato consil. 21, 1. 2, gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of ° grief; and Montanus consil. 30, in a noble matron, "^ that had no other cause of this mischief." I. S. D. in Hildes- heim, fully cured a patient of his that was much troubled with melancholy, and for many years, "*but afterwards, by a little occasion of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are common, how it causeth melancholy, 'desperation, and sometimes death itself; for (Eccles. xxxviii. 15), " Of heaviness comes death ; worldly sorrow causeth death." 2 Cor. vii. 10, Psalm xxxi. 10. " My life is wasted with heaviness, and my years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog? Niobe into a stone? but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor ^ died for grief; and how ^ many myriads besides? Tanta illi est feritas, tanta est insania luctus. ' Melancthon gives a reason of it, " ^ the gathering of much melancholy blood about the heart, which collection extin- guisheth the good spirits, or at least duUeth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with great pain ; and the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffasedunder the ribs, on the left side, makes those perilous hypo- chondriacal convulsions, which happen to them that are troubled with sorrow." SuBSECT. Y. — Fear, a Cause. Cousin- GERMAN to sorrow, is fear, or rather a sister, ^Jw5 Achates, and con- tinual companion, an assistant and a principal agent in j)rocuring of this mis- chief; a cause and symptom as the other. In a word, as ^ Vii'gil of the Harpies, I may justly say of them both, ** Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee SKvior ulla I " A sadder monster, or more cniel plague so fell, Pestis et ira Deum stygiis sese extulit undis." | Or vengeance of the gods, ne'er came from Styx or Hell." This foul fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a god by the Lace- ^ 51. Drayton in his Her. ep. ' Crato consil. 21. lib. 2. moestitia nniversum infrigidat coi-pus, calorem innatum extinguit, appetitum dcstruit. ^Cor refrigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat, innatumque calorera obruit, vigilias inducit, concoctionera lahefactat, sauguinem incrassat, exaggeratque melancholicum succum. » Spiritus et sanguis hoc contaminatur. Piso. ^ iijarc. vi. 16. ll. « !Mcerore maceror, marcesco et conscnesco miser, ossa atque pellis sum misera macritudine. Plaut. ^ Malum inceptum et actum a tristitia sola. « Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de melancholia, moerore animi postea accedente, in priora symp- tomata incidit. f Vives 3. de anima, c. de moeiore. Sabin. in Ovid. s Herodian. 1. 3. moerore magis quam morbo consumptus est. ^ Bothwellius atrihilarius obiit. Brizarrus Genuensis hist. &c. ' So great is the fierceness and madness of melancholy. ^ Moestitia cor quasi percussum constringitur, tremit et languescit cum acri sensu doloris. In tristitia cor fugiens attrahit ex Splene lentum humorem mclan- cholicum, qui effusus sub costis in sinistro latere hypochondriacos flatus tacit, quod sape accidit iis qui diuturna cura et moestitia confiictantur. Melancthon. ' Lib. 3. Mn. 4. ■172 . Causes of Melancholij. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. dsemonians, and most of those other torturing ™ affections, and so was sorrow amongst the rest, under the name of Angerona Dea, thej stood in such awe of them, as Austin de Civitat. Dei, lib. 4. cap. 8. noteth out of Yarro, fear was commonly ° adored and painted in their temples with a lion's head ; and as Macrobius records I. 10. Saturnalium; " ° in the calends of January, Angerona had her holy day, to whom in the temple of Yolupia, or goddess of pleasure, their augurs and bishops did yearly sacrifice; that, being propitious to them, she might expel all cares, anguish, and vexation of the mind for that year fol- lowing." Many lamentable effects this fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, ^ it makes sudden cold and heat to come over all the body, palpitation of the heart, syncope, &c. It amazeth many men that are to speak, or show themselves in public assemblies, or before some great per- sonages, as Tully confessed of himself, that he trembled still at the beginning of his speech ; and Demosthenes, that great orator of Greece, before Philippus. It confounds voice and memory, as Lucian wittingly brings in Jupiter Tragoedus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to make a speech to the rest of the gods, that he could not utter a ready word, but was compelled to use Mercury's help in prompting. Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, they know not where they are, what they say, "^what they do, and that which is worse, it tortures them many days before with continual affrights and susj^icion. It hinders most honourable attempts, and makes their hearts ache, sad and heavy. They that live in fear are never free, "■ resolute, secure, never merry, but in continual pain: that, as Yives truly said. Nulla est miseria in tjor quam nietus, no greater misery, no rack, nor torture like unto it, ever sus})icious, anxious, solicitous, they are childishly drooping without reason, without judgment, " ^ especially if some terrible object be offered," as Plutarch hath it. It causeth oftentimes sudden madness, and almost all manner of diseases, as I have sufficiently illustrated in my * digression of the force of imagination, and shall do more at large in my section of " terrors. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to come to us, as ^ Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizeth over our fantasy more than all other affections, especially in the dark. "We see this verified in most men, as ^ Lavater saith, Quce inetuunt, Jingunt; what they fear they conceive, and feign unto themselves; they think they see goblins, hags, devils, and many times become melancholy thereby. Cardan subtil, lib. 18. hath an example of such an one, so caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus Csesar durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente, saith '^ Suetonius, Nunquam tenebris evigilavit. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto themselves, if they go over a church-yard in the night, lie, or be alone in a dark room, how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future events, foreknowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the emperor, Adrian and Domitian, Quod sciret ultimum viiai diem, saith Suetonius, valde solicitus, much tortured in mind because he foreknew his end ; with many such, of which I shall speak more opportunely in another place. ^ Anxiety, mercy, pity, indigiiation, &c., and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I voluntarily omit; read more of them in " Carolus Pascalius, "" Dandinus, &c. >" Et metiim ideo deam sacrarunt ut 'bouam mentem concederet, Varro, Lactantius, Aug. " Liliits Girald. Syntag. 1. de diis miscellaniis. " Calendis Jan. feriie sunt divaj Angerona;, cui pontifices in sacello Volupire sacra faciunt, quod angores et anhni solicitudines propitiata propellat. p Timor inducit frigus, cordis palpitationem, vocis defectum atque pallorem. Agrippa lib. 1. cap. 63. Timidi semper spiritus hatent frigidos. Mont. Urebat me a^mulatio propter stultos. > tiier. 12. 1, ^ Hab. 1. i Invidit privati nomen supra principis attolli. •" Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part 6. "Pei-itur^To dolore et invidia, si quern viderint omatiorem se in publicum prodiisse. Platina dial, amorum. <> Ant. Guianerius lib. 2. cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii ferainu vicinam elegantius se vestitara videns, lea;nre instar in virum insurgit, &c. p Quod insigni equo et ostro veheretur, quanquam nuUius cum injuria, ornatum ilium tanquam lajsiB gravabantnr. i Quod pulchi-itudine omnes excelleret, puellae indignatse occiderunt. '' Late patet invidiee foecundaa pemities, et livor radix omnium malorum, fons cladium, inde odium surgit, emulatio. Cyprian ser. 2. de Livore. * Vale- rius 1. 3. cap. 9. « Qualis est animi tinea, qute tabes pectoris zelare in altero vel aliorum faelicitatem suam facere miseriam, et velut quosdam pectori suo admovere carnilices, cogitationibus et sensibus suis adhibere tortores, qui se intestinis cruciatibus lacerent. Non cibus talibus l^etus, uon potus potest esse jucundus; suspiratur semper et gemitur, et doletur dies et noctes, pectus sine intermissione laceratui*. 176 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. to make another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder:" and a little after, "* Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, thou art a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst not be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow;" and whensoever thou art thoroughly affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no j)erturbation so frequent, no passion so common. ^KaL Kepa/JioXh Kepa/JLe'i Koreei Kal reinovi TexTMi/, Kai TTTcoxi)? TTTiDxiJ^ (p()oveei Ka'i aoiSoi uotdcb, A potter emulates a potter; J A beggar emulates a beggar; One smith envies another : | A singing man his brother. Every society, corporation, and private family is full of it, it takes hold almost of all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman, even amongst gossips it is to be seen, scarce three in a company but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two of them, some simuUas, jar, private grudge, heart-burning in the midst of them. Scarce two gentlemen dwell together in the country (if they be not near kin or linked in marriage), but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children, friends and followers, some contention about wealth, gentry, precedency, &c., by means of which, like the frog in ^^sop, "that would swell till she was as big as an ox, burst herself at last;" they will stretch beyond their fortunes, callings, and strive so long that they consume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, to get a few bombast titles, for amhitiosa fau'peHate laboramus omnes, to outbrave one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate their souls, and through contentions or mutual invita- tions beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, but with bitter invectives they fall foul one on the other, and their adherents; Scotists, Thomists, Reals, Nominals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, &c., it holds in all professions. Honest ^emulation in studies, in all callings is not to be disliked, 'tis inge- niorum cos, as one calls it, the whetstone of wit, the nurse of wit and valour, and those noble Romans out of this spirit did brave exploits. There is a modest ambition, as Themistocles was roused up with the glory of Miltiades; Achilles' trophies moved Alexander, " * Ambire semper, stulta confidentia est, Ambii'e nunquam, deses arrogantia est." 'Tis a sluggish humour not to emulate or to sue at all, to withdraw himself, neglect, refrain from such places, honours, offices, through sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashfulness, or otherwise, to which by his birth, place, fortunes, educa- tion, he is called, apt, fit, and well able to undergo ; but when it is immoderate, it is a plague and a miserable pain. What a deal of money did Henry VIII. and Francis I. king of France, spend at that ^famous interview? and how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave other, spent themselves, their livelihood and fortunes, and died beggars? * Adrian the emperor was so galled with it, that he killed all his equals ; so did Nero. This passion made ''Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxenus the poet, because they did excel and eclii)se his glory, as he thought ; the Romans exile Coriolanus, con- tQuisquis est ille quem semularis, cui invides is te subterfugere potest, at tu non te ubicunque fugeris, adversarius tuus tecum est, hostis tmis semper in pectore tuo est, pernicies intus inclusa, ligatus es, victus, zelo dominante captivus : nee solatia tibi ulla subveniunt: hinc diabolus inter initia statim raundi, et periit primus, et perdidit, Cyprian ser. 2. de zelo et livore. " Hesiod. Op. et Dies. -sRana cupida £equandi bovem, se distendebat, &c. y ^mulatio alit ingenia : Paterculus poster, vol. * Grotius. Epig. lib. 1. " Ambition always, is a foolish confidence, never, a slothful arrogance." ' Anno 1519, be- tween Ardes and Quine. * Spartian. ^ Plutarch. Mem. 3. Subs. 9.] Anger, a Cause. 177 fine Camillus, miirder Sclpio ; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, &c. When Kichard I. and Philij^ of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in the Holy Land, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant man, insomuch that all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Francum urebat Regis victoria, saith mine ''author, tarn cegre ferebat liichardi gloriam, ut carpere dicta., calumniari facta ; that he cavilled at all his pro- ceedings, and fell at length to open defiance ; he could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded his territories, and professed open war. " Hatred stirs up contention," Pro v. x. 12, and they break out at last into immortal enmity, into virulency, and more than Yatinian hate and rage; "^they persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts, hostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, fire, sword, and the like, and will not be reconciled. "Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa ; that of Cneius Papirius, and Quintus Fabius in Pome; Caesar and Pompey; Orleans and Burgundy in France; York and Lancaster in England : yea, this passion so rageth ^ many times, that it subverts not men only, and families, but even populous cities, * Carthage and Corinth can witness as much, nay flourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, faction, and desire of revenge, invented first all those racks and wheels, strapadoes, brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment one another. How happy might we be, and end our time with blessed days and sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought to do, put up injuries, learn humility, meekness, jDatience, forget and forgive, as in * God's word we are enjoined, compose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions in this kind, "and think better of others," as ^Paul would have us, " than of ourselves: be of like affection one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and proud, so factious and seditious, so malicious and envious ; we do invicem angariare, maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, and precipitate ourselves into that gulf of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melan- choly, heap upon us hell and eternal damnation. SuBSECT. IX. — Anger, a Cause. Anger, a perturbation, which carries the spirits outwards, preparing the body to melancholy, and madness itself: Ira furor hrevis est, "anger is tem- porary madness ;"andas''Piccolomineus accounts it, one of the three most violent passions. Areteus sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18. ^. 1.) of this malatly. "^Magninus gives the reason, Exfrequenti ira supra modum calefunt; it overheats their bodies, and if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith St. Ambrose. 'Tis a known saying, Furor fit loisa sa^pius 2)atientia,H\Q most patient spirit that is, if he be often provoked, will be incensed to madness ; it will make a devil of a saint : and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ira, calls it tenehras rationis, morbum animce, et dannonem pessi- inuni; the darkening of our understanding, and a bad angel. ^Lucian, in Abdicato, torn. 1. will have this passion to work this effect, especially in old "Johannes Heraldus, 1. 9. c. 12. de bello sacr. ^ Nulla dies tantura poterit lenire furorem. ^Eterna bella pace sublata gerunt. Jurat odiuin, nee ante invisum esse desinit, quam esse desiit. Paterculus, vol. 1. e Ita stevit hrec stygia ministra ut urbes subvertat aliquando, deleat populos, provincias alioqui florentes redigat in solitudines, mortales vero niiseros in profunda miseriarum valle miserabiliter iinmergat. * Carthago a^mula Romani imperii funditus interiit. Salust. Catil. fPaul. 3 Col. eRom. 12. ^ Grad. 1. c. 54. i Ira et moeror et ingens animi consternatio melancliolicos facit. Areteus. Ira immodica gignit insaniam. ''Reg. sanit. parte 2. c. 8. in apertam insaniam mox ducitur iratus. 'Gilberto pognato interprete. Multis, et prassertim senibus ira impotens insaniam fecit, et importuna calumnia, ha^-c initio perturbat animum, paulatim vergit ad insaniam. Porro iiiulierum corpora multa infestant, et in hunc morbum adducunt, pr.iicipub si qute oderint aut iiivideaut, &c. h£ec paulatim in insaniam tandem evaduuf. N Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. men and women. " Anger and calumny (saith he) trouble them at first, and after a while break out into madness: many things cause fury in women, especially if they love or hate overmuch, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things by little and little lead them on to this malady." From a dispo- sition they proceed to an habit, for there is no difference between a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his fit ; anger, as Lactantius describes it. L. de Ira Dei, ad Donatum, c. 5. is "^sceva animi tempestas, dhc, a cruel tem- pest of the mind ; " making his eyes sparkle fire, and stare, teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, his face pale, or red, and what more filthy imitation can be of a mad man?" " ° Ora turaent ira, ferveseiint sanguine ven«, Lumina Gorgonio sagviiis angue micant." They are void of reason, inexorable, blind, like beasts and monsters for the time, say and do they know not what, curse, swear, rail, fight, and what not? How can a mad man do more? as he said in the comedy, °Iracundia nan sum apud me, I am not mine own man. If these fits be immoderate, continue long, or be frequent, without doubt they provoke madness. Montanus, co925t^. 21, had a melancholy Jew to his patient, he ascribes this for a principal cause : Irascebatur levihus de causis, he was easily moved to anger. Ajax had no other beginning of his madness; and Charles the Sixth, that lunatic French king, fell into this misery, out of the extremity of his passion, desire of revenge and malice, ^incensed against the duke of Britain, he could neither eat, drink, nor sleep for some days together, and in the end, about the calends of July, 1392, he became mad upon his horseback, drawing his sword, striking such as came near him promiscuously, and so continued all the days of his life, JSmil. lib. 10. Gal. hist. JEgesippus de excid. ui'his Hieros. I. 1. c. 37. hath such a story of Herod, that out of an angry fit, became mad, "^ leaping out of his bed, he killed Josippus, and played many such bedlam pranks, the whole court could not rule him for a long time after : sometimes he was sorry and repented, much grieved for that he had done, Postquam deferbuit ira, by and by outrage- ous again. In hot choleric bodies, nothing so soon causeth madness, as tliis passion of anger, besides many other diseases, as Pelesius observes, cap. 21. 1. 1. de hum. affect, causis; Sanguinem iraminuit, fel auget: and as ""Yalesius con- troverts, Afed. controv. lib. 5. contro. 8. many times kills them quite out. If this were the worst of this passion, it were more tolerable, " * but it ruins and subverts whole towns, *cities, families and kingdoms;" Nulla pestis humano generi pluris stetit, saith Seneca, de Ira, lib. 1. No plague hath done man- kind so much harm. Look into our histories, and you shall almost meet with no other subject, but what a company "of hare-brains have done in their rage. We may do well therefore to put this in our procession amongst the rest; " From all blindness of heart, from pride, vain-glory, and hypocrisy, from envy, hatred and malice, anger, and all such pestiferous perturbations, good Lord deliver us." SuBSECT. X. — Discontents, Cares, Miseries^ Terence. p Infensus Britannise Duci, et in ultionem versus, nee cibum cepit, nee quietem, ad Calendas Julias 1392, comites occidit. nDe consol. 1. 2. Nemo facile cum conditione sua concordat, inest singulis quod imperiti petant, experti horreanfe. nEsse in honore juvat, mox displicet. " Hor. Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cares, d'c. 181 plague, one mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes servitutem, and you may as soon separate weight from lead, heat from fire, moisiness from water, brightness from the sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities are but so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow (^as he right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, and all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole-hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy still, going to and fro, in and out, and crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cut each other in a globe or map. " Now light and merry, but (^ as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful and heavy; now hoping, then distrusting; now patient, to-morrow crying out; now pale, then red; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halt- ing," &c. Some few amongst the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, maybe Pullus Jovis, in the world's esteem, Gallince Jilius albce, an happy and fortu^ nate man, ad invidiam felix, because rich, fair, well allied, in honour and office; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say, that of all others, "he is most miserable and unhappy. A fair shoe. Hie soccus novus, elegans, as he ^ said, sed nescis ubi urat, but thou knowest not where it pincheth. It is not another man's opinion can make me happy : but as * Seneca well hath it, " He is a miserable wretch that doth not account himself happy ; though he be sovereign lord of a world, he is not happy, if he think himself not to be so ; for what availeth it what thine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thyself dislike it?" A common humour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike their own : "^Cui placet alterius, sua nimirum est odio sors; but "" qui Jit Meccenas, <&g., how comes it to pass, what's the cause of it? Many men are of suclia perverse nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^Theodoret) " neither with riches nor poverty, they complain when they are well and when they are sick, grumble at all fortunes, prosperity and adversity; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren, plenty or not plenty, nothing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor without." This for the most part is the humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, and most unhappy, as we thiuk at least; and show me him that is not so, or that ever was otherwise. Quintus Metellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the Romans, inso^ much that as ^ Paterculus mentioneth of him, you can scarce find of any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in a word, £o7ia animi, co7'poris etfortunce, goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had P. Mutianus, ° Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedemonian lady was such another in "^Pliny's conceit, a king's wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter : and all the world esteemed as much of Polycrates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Agiaus, Omni vita felix, ah omni periculo iinmunis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible) ; the Romans of their ® Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, government of passions, and con- tempt of the world: yet none of all these were happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died a violent death, and so P Borrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nihil aliud sunt quara humanarum ?erumnarum domicilia, quibna luctus et moeror, et mortalium varii i.ifinitiquelabores, et omnis generis vitia, quasi septis includuntur. <3 Nat. Cliytreus de lit. Europse. Lajtus nunc, mox tristis; nunc sperans, paulo post diifidens; patiens hodie, eras ejulans; nunc pallens, I'ubens, currens, sedens, claudicans, tremens, &c. ^ Sua cuique calamitas prjecipua. * Cn. Gr£ecinus. ' ' Epist. 9. 1. 7. Miser est qui se beatissinmm non judicat; licet imperet mundo non est beatus, qui se non putat : quid enim refert qualis status tuus sit, si tlbi videtur malus ? " Hor. ep. 1. 1. 4. ^ Hor. Ser. 1. Sat. 1. "Lib. de curat. grjEC. affect, cap. 6. de provident. Multis niliil placet atque adeo et divitias damnant, et paupertatem, de morbis expostulant, bene valentes graviter ferunt, atque ut semel dicam, nihil eos delectat, &c. ^ Vix uUius gentis, setatis, ordinis, hominem invenies cujus felicitatem fortun33 Metelli compares, vol. 1. « P. Crassus Mutianus, quinque habuisse dicitur rerum bonaruni maxima, quod esset ditissimus, quod esset nobilissimus, eloquentissimus, juriscon- sultissimus, pontifex maximus. Theocritus Idyll. 15. [Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cares, ^-c. 183 formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table in a soft cliair at ease, but he doth not remember in the meantime that a tired waiter stands behind him, " an hungry fellow ministers to him full, he is athirst that gives him drink (saithPEpictetus) and is silent whilst he speaks his pleasure ; pensive, sad, when he laughs." Pleno se proluit auro: he feasts, revels, and profusely spends, hath variety of robes, sweet music, ease, and all the pleasures the world can afford, whilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, w^ants clothes to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights peradventure from sun. to sun, sick and ill, weary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and sorrow of heart. He loathes and scorns his inferior, hates or emulates his equal, envies his superior, insults over all such as are under him, as if he were of another species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or human infirmities. Generally they love not, are not beloved again : they tire out others' bodies with con- tinual labour, they themselves living at ease, caring for none else, sibi nati; and are so far many times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, even most worthy and well deserving, better than them- selves, those whom they are by the laws of nature bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lies, they will let them cater v/aul, starve, beg, and hang, before they will any ways (though it be in their power) assist or ease: "^so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful; so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition. And being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards another, how is it possible but that we should be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ? If this be not a sufiicient proof of their discontent and misery, examine every condition and calling apart. Kings, princes, monarchs, and magistrates seeni to be most happy, but look into their estate, you shall 'find them to be most encumbered with cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousy : that as ^ he said of a crown, if they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not stoop to take it up. Quern mihi regem dabis (saith Chrysostom) non curis plenum? What king canst thou show me, not full of cares'? "^Look not on his crown, but consider his afflictions ; attend not his number of servants, but multitude of crosses." Nihil aliud potestas culminis, quam tempestas mentis, as Gregory seconds him; sovereignty is a tempest of the soul : Sylla-like they have brave titles but terrible fits: splendjorem titulo, cruciatum animo : which made * Demosthenes vow, si velad tribunal, vel adinteritum ducerefur : if to be a judge, or to be condemned, were put to his choice, he would be con^ demned. Rich men are in the same predicament ; what their j)ains are, stuld nesciunt, ipsi sentiunt: they feel, fools perceive not, as I shall prove elsewhere, and their wealth is brittle, like children's rattles : they come and go, there is no certainty in them : those whom they elevate, they do as suddenly depress, and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are as so many asses to bear burdens; or if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselves, and consume their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emulation, (fcc. The poor I reserve for another "^ place, and their discontents. For particular professions, I hold as of the rest, there's no content or security in any; on what course will you pitch; how resolve? to be a divine, 'tis con- temptible in the world's esteem ; to be a lawyer, 'tis to be a wrangler ; to be a physician, '^pudet lotii, 'tis loathed; a philosopher, a madman; an alchymist, a beggar; a poet, esurit, an hungry jack; a musician, a player; a schoolmas- ter, a drudge; an husbandman, an emmet; a merchant, his gains are uncer- p Qni sedet in mensa, non meminit sibi otioso ministrare negotiosos, edenti esurientes, bibenti sitientes, &c. •JQuandoin adolescentia sua ipsi vixerint, lautius et liberius volnptates suas expleverint, illi gnatis impo- nunt duriores continentise leges. rLugubris Ate luctuqiie fero Kegum tumidas obsidet arces. Res est iu- quieta fa?Ucitas. s pius aloes quam melli.s liabet. Non humi jacentem tolleres. Valer. 1. 7. c. 3. 'Xon diadema aspicias, sed vitam afflictione refertam, non catervas satellitum, sed curarum multitudinem. * Aa Plutarch relateth. *■■ Sect. 2. memb. 4. subsect. 6. ^Stercus et urina, medicoium fercula prima. 184 Causes of Mdanchohj. [Part 1. Sec. 2. tain; a meclianician, base ; a chirurgeon, fulsome; a tradesman, a ^liar; a tailor, a thief; a serving- man, a slave; a soldier, a butcher; a smith, or a metalman, the pot's never from's nose; a courtier, a parasite, as he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself; I can show no state of life to give con- tent. The like you may say of all ages ; children live in a perpetual slavery, still under that tyrannical government of masters; young men, and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares of the world, to treachery, false- hood, and cozenage, " '• Incedit per ignes, I " you incautious tread Suppositos cineri doloso," | On fires, with faithless ashes overlieacl." *old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, silicernia, dull of hearing, weak sighted, hoary, wrinkled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot know their own face in a glass, a burthen to themselves and others, after 70 years, " all is sorrow" (as David hath it), they do not live but linger. If they be sound, they fear diseases; if sick, weary of their lives : Non est vivere sed valere, vita. One complains of want, a second of servitude, ^another of a secret or incurable disease ; of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, shipwreck, persecution, imprisonment, disgrace, repulse, '^ contumely, calumny, abuse, injury, contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scofts, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single life, too many children, no children, false servants, unhappy children, barrenness, banishment, oppression, frustrate hopes and ill success, &c. "d Talia de gen ere hoc adeo sant multa, loquacem ut I " But, every various instance to repeat, Delassare valent Fabium " \ Would th-e even Fabius of incessant prate." Talking Fabius will be tired before he can tell half of them ; they are the subject of whole volumes, and shall (some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. In the meantime thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucify the soul of man, ^attenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, shrivel them up like old apples, make them as so many anatomies (^ ossa atque pellix est totus, ita curis macet), they cause tempusfcedum et squalidum^ cumbersome days, ingrataque tempora, slow, dull, and heavy times: make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs, as sorrow did in ^Cebes' table, and groan for the very anguish of our souls. Our hearts fail us as David's did, Psal. xl. 12, "for innumerable troubles that compassed him ;" and we are ready to confess with Hezekiah, Isaiah Iviii. 17, "behold, for felicity I had bitter grief;" to weep with Heraclitus, to curse the day of our birth with Jeremy, xx. 14, and our stars with Job : to hold that axiom of Silenus, " ^ better never to have been born, and the best next of all, to die quickly :" or if we must live, to abandon the world, as Timon did ; creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast all into the sea, as Crates Thebanus ; or as Theombrotus Ambrociato's 400 auditors, precipitate ourselves to be rid of these miseries. SuBSECT. XI. — Concupiscible Appetite, as Desires^ Ambition, Causes. These concupiscible and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, mutually mixed one with the other, and both twining about the heart : both good, as Austin holds, /. 14, c. 9, de civ. Dei, "'if they be moderate; both pernicious if they be exorbitant." This concupiscible appetite, howsoever it may seem to ca^rry with it a show of pleasure and delight, and our concupiscences most part affect us with content and a pleasing object, yet if they be in extremes, they rack and wring us on the other side. A true saying it is, "Desire hath no rest;" is infinite in itself, endless; and as '^one calls it, a perpetual rack, 'or y Nihil lucrantur, nisi admodum mentiendo. TuU. OfSc. z Hor. 1. 2. od. 1. ^Rarusfelix idemque senex. Seneca in Her. asteo. ' bOniit'to aagros, exules, mendicos, quos nemo audet foelices dicere. Card, lib. 8. c. 46. de rer. var. « Spretseque injuria formge. <* Hor. • Attenuaiit vigiles corpus miserabile ciirge. f Plautus. g Ha?c qute crines evellit, arumna. ^ optimum non nasci, aut cito mori. » Bonae si rectam ralionem sequuutur, \m\\di si exorbitant. k Tho. Buovie. Prob. 18. i Molam asinariam. Mem. 3. Subs. 11,] • Amhifion, a Caused 185 horse-mill, according to Austin, still going round as in a ring. Tliey are not so continual, as divers, feliciiis atomos denumerare possem, saith "* Bernard, quani motus cordis; nunc hcec, nunc ilia cogito, you may as well reckon up the motes in the sun as them. ''"It extends itself to every thing," as Guianerius will have it, " that is superfluously sought after :" or to any ° fervent desire, as Fernelius interprets it ; be it in what kind soever, it tortures if immoderate, and is (according to ^ Plater and others) an especial cause of melancholy. MuUuosis concupisceniiis dilaniantur cogitationes mece, '^Austin confessed, that lie was torn a pieces with his manifold desires : and so doth ^ Bernard com- plain, " that he could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then I desire to be such and such." 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being they are so various and many, impossible to apprehend all. I will only insist upon some few of the chief, and moat noxious in their kind, as that exorbitant appetite and desire of honour, which we com- monly call ambition; love of money, which is covetousness, and that greedy desire of gain : self-love, pride, and inordinate desire of vain-glory or applause, love of study in excess; love of women (which "will require a just volume of itself), of the other I will briefly speak, and in their order. Ambition, a proud covetousness, or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the mind, composed of envy, pride, and covetousness, a gallant madness, one * defines it a pleasant poison, Ambrose, " a canker of the soul, an hidden plague:" * Bernard, " a secret poison, the father of livor, and mother of hypo- crisy, the moth of holiness, and cause of madness, crucifying and disquieting all that it takes hold of." " Seneca calls it, rem solicitam, timidam, vanam, ventosam, a windy thing, a vain, solicitous, and fearful thing. For commonly they that, like Sysiphus, roll this restless stone of ambitiou, are in a perpetual agony, still ^ perplexed, semper taciti, tristesque recedunt (Lucretius), doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loath to ofiend in word or deed, still cogging and collogue- ing, embracing, capping, cringing, applauding, flattering, fleering, visiting, waiting at men's doors, with all afikbility, counterfeit honesty and humility.'' If that will not serve, if once this humour (as ^ Cyprian describes it) possess his thirsty soul, ambitionis salsugo uhi bibulam aniniam possidet, by hook and by crook he will obtain it, " and from his hole he will climb to all honours and offices, if it be possible for him to get up, flattering one, bribing another, he will leave no means unessay'd to win all." "^ It is a wonder to see how slavishly these kind of men subject themselves, when they are about a suit, to every inferior person; what pains they will take, run, ride, cast, plot, countermine, protest and swear, vow, promise, what labours undergo, early up, down late; how obsequious and affable they are, how popular and courteous, how they grin, and fleer upon every man they meet; with what feasting and inviting, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, in seeking that many times, which they had much better be without ; as *" Cyneas the orator told Pyrrhus : with what waking nights, painful hours, anxious thoughts, and bitterness of mind, inter spevique me^wmgwe, distracted and tired, they consume the interim of their time. There can be no greater plague for the present. If they do obtain their suit, which with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not so freed, ™ Tract, de Inter, c. 92. " Circa qnamlibet rem mundi haec passio fieri potest, quae superflub diligatur. Tract. 15, c. 17. ° Ferventius desiderium. p Imprimis vero Appetitus, &c. 3. de alien, meht. • Per diversa loca vagor, nullo temporis momento quiesco, talis et talis esse cupio, illud atque illud habere desidero. s Ambros. 1. 3. super Lucam, aerugo animse. t Nihil animum cruciat, nihil molestius inquietat, secretum virus, pestis occulta, &c. epist. 126. " Ep. 88. " Nihil infelicius his, quantus iia timor, quanta dubitatio, quantus conatus, quanta solicitudo, nulla illis a molestiis vacua hora. » Semper attonitus, semper pavidus quid dicat, faciatve: ne displiceat humilitatem simulat, honestatem mentitur. y Cypr. Prolog, ad ser. To. 2. cunctos honorat, universisinclinat, subsequitur, obsequitur, frequentat curias, visitat, optimates amplexatur, applaudit, adulatur : per fas et nefasc latebris, in omnem gradum ubiaditus patet se ingerit, discurrit. ^ TurbiB cogit ambitio regem inservire, ut Homerus Agamemnonera querentem inducit. » Plutarchus. Quin convivemur, et in otic nos oblectemur, quouiam in proniptu id nobis sit, &c. 186 Causes of Melancholy, [Part. 1. Sec. 2. their anxiety is anew to begin, for tliey are never satisfied, nihil aliud nisi imperium spirant, their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sovereignty and honour, like ^ Lues Sforsia that huffing duke of Milan, " a man of singular wisdom, but profound ambition, born to his own, and to the destruction of Italy," though it be to their own ruin, and friends' undoing, they will contend, they may not cease, but as a dog in a wheel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in a chain, so ''Budseus compares them ; ^ they climb and climb still, with much labour, but never make an end, never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and then a viscount, and then an earl, &c. j a doctor, a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune to prsetor; from bailiff to major; first this office, and then that; as Pyrrhus in ** Plutarch, they will first have Greece, then Africa, and then Asia, and swell with ^sop's frog so long, till in the end they burst, or come down with Sejanus, ad Gemo/iias scalas, and break their own necks; or as Evangel us the piper in Lucian, that blew his pipe so long, till he fell down dead. If he chance to miss, and have a canvass, he is in a hell on the other side ; so dejected, that he is ready to hang himself, turn heretic, Turk, or traitor in an instant. Enraged against his enemies, he rails, swears, fights, slanders, detracts, envies, murders : and for his own part, si appetitum expLre non potest, furore corripitur ; if he cannot satisfy his desire (as^Bodine writes) he runs mad. So that both ways, hit or miss, he is distracted so long as his ambition lasts, he can look for no other bat anxiety and care, discontent and grief in the meantime, ^ madness itself, or violent death in the end. The event of this is common to be seen in populous cities, or in princes' courts, for a courtier's life (as Budseus describes it) " is a '^ gallimaufry of ambition, lust, fraud, imposture, dissimulation, detraction, envy, pride; 'the court, a common conventicle of flatterers, time-servers, politicians," &c. ; or as ^ Anthony Perez will, " the suburbs of hell itself." If you will see such discontented persons, there you shall likely find them. ■ And which he observed of the markets of old Borne, " Qui perjurum convenire viilt hominem, mitto in Comitiuin; Qui mendacem et gloriosum, apucl CluasinoB sacrum; iJites, damnosos maritos, sub basilica quserito," &c. Perjured knaves, knights of the post, liars, crackers, bad husbands, &c. keep their several stations; they do still, and always did in every commonwealth. Subs EOT. XIL — <>ihafyvpta, Covetousness, a Cause. Plutakch, in his "^ book whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than those of the soul, is of opinion, " if you will examine all the causes of our miseries in this life, you shall find them most part to have had their beginning from stubborn anger, that furious desire of contention, or some unjust or im- moderate affection, as covetousness," &c. "From whence are wars and con- tentions amongst you?" * St. James asks: 1 will add usury, fraud, rapine, simony, oppression, lying, swearing, bearing false witness, &c. are they not from this fountain of covetousness, that greediness in getting, tenacity in keeping, sordity in spending; that they are so wicked, "" unjust against God, their neighbour, themselves;" all comes hence. "The desire of money is the root of all evil, and they that lust after it, pierce themselves through with many ^ Jovius liist. 1. 1. vir singulari prudentia, sed profunda ambitione, ad exitium Italise natus. <= Ut hedera arbori adliaeret, sic ambitio, etc. ^ Lib. 3. de contemptu rerum fortuitarum. Magno conatu et impetu moventur, super eodem centro rotati, non proficiunt, nee ad finem perveniunt. e yua, Pyrrlii. *■ Ambitio in insaniam facile delabitur, si excedat. Patritius 1. 4. tit. 20. de regis instit. s Lib. 5. de rep. cap. 1. h Imprimis vero appetitus, seu concupiscentia nimia rei alicujus, honestte vel inhonestas, phantasiam lajdunt ; unde multi ambitiosi, philauti, irati, avari, insani, &c. Felix Plater 1. 3. de mentis alien. ' Aulica vita coUuvies ambitionis, cupiditatis, simulationis, iiTipostura2, fraudis, invidise, superbiee Titanniccc, diversorium, aula, et commune conventiculum assentandi, artiiicum, &c. Budajus de asse. lib. 5. '^ In his Aphor. « Plautus Curcul. Act. 4. Seen. 1. »" Tom. 2. Si examines, omnes miseriae causits vel a furioso contendondi studio, vel ab injusta cupiditate, originem traxisse scies. Idem fere Chrysostomus com. in c. 6. ad liomun. ser. 11. * Cap. 4. 1. " Ut sit iuiquus in deum, in pro^iimum, in seipsum. Mem. 3. Subs. 12.] CovetousJiess, a Cause. 187 sorrows," 1 Tim. vi. 10. Hippocrates therefore in his Epistle to Crateva, an herbalist, gives him this good counsel, that if it were jDosssible, " ^'amongst other herbs, he should cut up that weed of covetousness by the roots, that there be no remainder left, and then know this for a certainty, that together with their bodies, thou mayst quickly cure all the diseases of their minds." For it is indeed the pattern, image, epitome of all melancholy, the fountain of many miseries, much discontented care and woe; this "inordinate or immoderate, desire of gain, to get or keep money," as ^Bonaventure defines it: or, as Austin describes it^ a madness of the soul, Gregory, a torture ; Chrysostom, an insatiable drunkenness; Cyprian, blindness, speciosum supplicium, a plague subverting kingdoms, families, an tin curable disease; Budseus, an ill habit, " "^yielding to no remedies : " neither, ^sculapius nor Plutus can cure them : a continual plague, saith Solomon, and vexation of spirit, another hell. 1 know there be some of opinion, that covetous men are happy, and worldly-wise, that there is more pleasure in getting of wealth than in spending, and no delight in the world like unto it. 'Twas J. Bias' problem of old, " With what art thou not weary] with getting money. What is more delectable? to gain." What is it, trow you, that makes a poor man labour all his lifetime, carry such great burdens, fare so hardly, macerate himself, and endure so much misery, undergo such base offices with so great patience, to rise up early, and lie down late, if there were not an extraordinary delight in getting and keeping of money? What makes a merchant that hath no need, satis sujyerque doiiii, to range all over the world, through all those intemperate * Zones of heat and cold; volun- tarily to venture his life, and be content with such miserable famine, nasty usage, in a stinking ship ; if there were not a pleasure and hope to get money, which doth season the rest, and mitigate his indefatigable pains? What makes them go into the bowels of the earth, an hundred fathom deep, endangering their dearest lives, enduring damps and filthy smells, when they have enough already, if they could be content, and no such cause to labour, but an extraor- dinary delight they take in riches. This may seem plausible at first show, a popular and strong argument ; but let him that so thinks, consider better of it, and he shall soon perceive, that it is far otherwise than he supposeth ; it may be haply pleasing at the first, as most part all melancholy is. For such men likely have some lucida intervalla, pleasant symptoms intermixed; but you must note that of t Chrysostom, " 'Tis one thing to be rich, another to be covetous :" generally they are all fools, dizzards, mad-men, "" miserable wretches, living beside themselves, sine artefruendi, in perpetual slavery, feai", suspicion, sorrow, and discontent, plus aloes quammellis habent; and are indeed, " rather possessed by their money, than possessors:" as * Cyprian hath it, mancipati pecuniis; bound prentice to their goods, as t Pliny ; or as Chrysostom, sei^vi dlvitiarum, slaves and drudges to their substance ; and we may conclude of them all, as *Yalerius doth of Ptolomseus king of Cyprus, " He was in title a king of that island, but in his mind, a miserable drudge of money:" -§ potiore metallis Libertate carens wanting his liberty, which is better than gold. Damasippus the Stoic, in Horace, proves that all mortal men dote by fits, some one way, some another, oSi vero, Crateva, inter cseteras herbarum radices, avaritias racTicem secare posses amaram, ut nullas reliquiae essent, probe scito, &c. p Cap. 6. Diette salutis: avaritia est amor imnioderatus pecuniiE vel acquirendae, vel retinendae. t Ferum proi'ecto dirumque ulcus animi, remediis noii cedens medendo exasperatur. q Malus est morbus maleque afficit avaritia siquidem censeo, &c. avaritia difficilius curatur quam insania : quoniam hac omnes fere medici laborant. Hip. ep. Abderit. % Extremes currit mercator ad Indos. Hor. * Qua re non es lassus? lucrum faciendo : quid maxime delectabile? lucniri. f Horn. 2. aliud avarus aliud dives. '^ Divitiaj ut spinas animum hominis timoribus, solicitudinibus, angoribus inirifice pungunt, vexant, cruciant. Greg, inborn. « Epist. ad Donat. cap. 2. J Lib. y. ep. 30. tLib. 9. cap. 4. iusulae rex titulo, sed animo pecunice miserabile mancipium. § Hor. 10. lib. 1. 188 Causes of MelamJwly. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. but tliat covetous men "are madder than the rest; and he that shall truly look into their estates, and examine their symptoms, shall find no better of them, but that they are all ^ fools, as Nabal was, Re et nomine (1. Reg. 2o). For what greater folly can there be, or || madness, than to macerate himself when he need not? and when, as Cyprian notes, " ^he may be freed from his burden, and eased of his pains, will go on still, his wealth increasing, when he hath enough, to get more, to live besides himself," to starve his genius, keep back from his wife ^and children, neither letting them nor other friends use or enjoy that which is theirs by right, and which they much need perhaps ; like a hog, or dog in the manger, he dotli only keep it, because it shall do nobody else good, hurting himself and others : and for a little momentary pelf, damn his own soul ! They are commonly sad and tetric by nature, as !A.hab's spirit was, be- cause he could not get Naboth's vineyard, (3. Reg. 21.) and if he lay out his money at any time, though it be to necessary uses, to his own children's good, he brawls and scolds, his heart is heavy, much disquieted he is, and loath to part from it : Miser abstinet et timet uti, Hor. He is of a wearish, dry, pale constitution, and cannot sleep for cares and worldly business ; his riches, saith Solomon, will not let him sleep, and unnecessary business which he heapeth on himself; or if he do sleep, 'tis a very unquiet, interrupt, unpleasing sleep: with his bags in his arms, -congestis uijdique sacci? Indormit inliians, And though he be at a banquet, or at some merry feast, " he sighs for grief of heart (as * Cyprian hath it) and cannot sleep though it be upon a down bed; his wearish iDody takes no rest, ''troubled in his abundance, and sorrowful in plenty, unhappy for the present, and more unhappy in the life to come." Basil. He is a perpetual drudge, "restless in his thoughts, and never satisfied, a slave, a wretch, a dust-worm, semper quod idolo suo immolet, sedulus qhservat, Cypr. prolog, ad sermon, still seeking what sacrifice he ruay ofier to his golden god, per fas et nefas, he cares not how, his trouble is endless, ^crescunt divitice, tamen curtce nescio quid sem2^er abest rei: his wealth increaseth, and the more he hath, the more ^he wants: like Pharaoh's lean kine, which devoured the fat, and were not satisfied. 'Austin therefore defines covetousness, quarum- lihet rerum inhonestam et iiisatiabilem cupiditatem, a dishonest and insatiable desire of gain; and in one of his epistles compares it to hell; "^ which devours all, and yet never hath enough, a bottomless pit," an endless misery; in quern scopulum avaritice cadaver osi series ut plurimilm iTnpingunt, and that which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and dis- trust. He thinks his own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen him, his servants are all false : " If his doors ci-eek, then out he cries anon, His goods are gone, and he is quite undone.** " Rem snam periisse, seque eradicarier, Et divum atque hominum clamat continuo fidem, De suo tigillo finnus si qua exit foras." Timidus Plutus, an old proverb. As fearful as Plutus; so doth Aristophanes and Lucian bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man, " ^ They are afraid of tempests for their corn ; they are afraid of their "Danda est hellbori multo pars maxima avaris. ^ Luke, xii. 20. Stulte, hac nocte eripiam animam tuara. II Opes quide n mortalibus sunt dementia. Theog. ' y Ed. 2. iib. 2. Exonerare cum se possit et relevare ponderibus pergit magis fortunis augentibus pertinaciter incubare. ^ jvfon amicis, non liberis, non ipsi sibi quidquam impertit; possidet ad hoc tantum, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Hieron. ad Paulin. tam deest quod habet quam quod non habet. * Epist. 2. lib. 2. Suspirat in convivio, bibat licet gemrais et toro molliore marcidum corpus condiderit, vigilat in pluma. ^ Angustatur ex abundantia, contristatur ex opulentia, infelix prgesentibus bonis, infelicior in futuris. « lllorum cogitatio nunquam cessat qui pecunids supplere diligunt. Guianer. tract. 15. c. 17. ^ Hor. 3. Od. 24. Quo plus sunt potte, plus sitiuntur aquas. e jjor. 1. 2. Sat. 6. si angulus ille proximus accedat, qui nunc deformat agellum. 'Lib. 3. de lib. arbit. Immoritur studiis, et amore senescit habendi. s A varus vir inferno est similis, &c. modum non habet, hoc egentior quo plura habet. *> Erasm. Adag. chil. 3. cent. 7. pro. 72. Nulli fidentes omnium formidant opes, ideo pavidum malum vocat Euripides: metuunt tempestates ob frumentuin, amicos ne rogent, inimicos ne iaudant, fures ne rapiaat, beilam timcnt, pacem timent, summos, medios, iuhmos. Mem. 3. Sabs. 13.] Ljve of GcLming, d)c. 1S9 friends lest tliej sliould ask somefcliing of them, beg or borrow; tbey are afraid of their enemies lest they hurt them, thieves lest they rob them; they are afraid of war and afraid of peace, afraid of rich and afraid of poor; afraid of all." Last of all, they are afraid of want, that they shall die beggars, which makes them lay up still, and dare not use that they have : what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss? and were it not that they are loath to' lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and sometimes die to save charges, and make away themselves, if their corn and cattle miscarry; though they have abundance left, as ^ Agellius notes. ^ Valerius makes men- tion of one that in a famine sold a mouse for 200 pence, and famished himself: such are their cares, ^griefs and perpetual fears. These symptoms are elegantly expressed by Theophrastus in his character of a covetous man ; '•'° lying in bed, he asked his wife whether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the carcase be sealed, and whether the hall door be bolted ; and though she say all is well, he riseth out of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and barelegged, to see whether it be so, with a dark lantern searching every corner, scarce sleeping a wink all night." Lucian in that pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Mycillus the cobbler disputing with his cock, sometimes Py- thagoras ; where after much speech pro and con to prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras' cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to Gnyphon the usurer's house at midnight, and after that to Eucrates ; whom they found both awake, casting up their accounts, and telling of their money, ° lean, dry, pale and anxious, still suspecting lest somebody should make a hole through the wall, and so get in ; or if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sud- den, and running to the door to see whether all were fast. Plautus, in his Aulularia, makes old Euclio ^ commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the fire to be put out, lest any body should make that an errand to come to his house : when he washed his hands, "^he was loath to fling away the foul water, complaining that he was undone, because the smoke got out of his roof. And as he went from home, seeing a crow scratch upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omen, an ill sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their actions, shall find these and many such passages not feigned for sport, but really performed, veri- fied indeed by such covetous and miserable wretches, and that it is, " * manifesta ptirenesis LTt locuples moriaris egenti vivere fato." A mere madness, to live like a wretch, and die rich. SuBSECT.XIIL — Love of Gaming, dac. and pleasures immoderate ; Causes, It is a wonder to see, how many poor, distressed, miserable wretches, one shall meet almost in every path and street, begging for an alms, that have been well descended, and sometimes in flourishing estate, now ragged, tattered, and ready to be starved, lingering out a painf al life, in discontent and grief of body and mind, and all through immoderate lust, gaming, pleasure and riot. ' Tis the common end of all sensual epicures and brutish prodigals, that are stupified and carried away headlong with their several pleasures and lusts. Cebes in his 'Hall Cliar. k Agelliuslib. 3. cap. 1. interdmn eo sceleris perveniunt ob lucrnra, ut vitam propriara comiiiutent. Lib. 7. cap. 6. => Omnes perpetuo morbo agitantur, suspicatur omnes timidus, sibique ob aaramiusidiari putat, nunquain quiescens, Plin. Prooem. lib. 14. ° Cap. 18. in lecto jacens interrogat uxorem an arcain probe clausit, an capsiila, &c. E lecto surgens nudus et absque calceis, accensa Licerna omnia obiens et lustrans, et vix somno indulgens. o Curis extenuatus, vigilans et secam suppatans. P Cas'e qaemquam alienum in aedes intromiseris. Ignem extingui volo, ne causje quidquam sit quod te quis- quain quseritet. Si bona fortuna veaiat ne intromiseris; Occlude sis fores arabobus pessulis. Discrutior animi quia dorao abeundu n est mihi : Xiaiis herciile invitus abeo, nee quid aga-u scio, q Piorat a^uum proiundere, &c, periit dum lainus de tig'Uo exit ioras. * Jiif. Sat. 14. 190 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. table, S. Ambrose in liis second book of Abel and Cain, and amongst tbe rest Lucian in his tract da Mercede conductis, hath excellent well deciphered such men's proceedings in his picture of Opulentia, whom he feigns to dwell on the top of a high mount, much sought after by many suitors ; at their first com- ing they are generally entertained by pleasure and dalliance, and have all the content that possibly may be given, so long as their money lasts : but when their means fail, they are contemptibly thrust out at a back door, headlong, and there left to shame, reproach, despair. And he at first that had so many attendants, parasites, and followers, young and lusty, richly arrayed, and all the dainty fare that might be had, with all kind of welcome and good respect, is now upon a sudden stript of all, ""pale, naked, old, diseased and forsaken, cursing his stars, and ready to strangle himself ; having no other company but repentance, sorrow, grief, derision, beggary and contempt, which are his daily attendants to his life's end. As the ^prodigal son had exquisite music, merry company, dainty fare at first ; but a sorrowful reckoning in the end ; so have all such vain delights and their followers. ^Tristes voluptatum exitus, et quis- quis voluptatum suarum reminisci volet, intelliget, as bitter as gall and worm- wood is their last ; grief of mind, madness itself. The ordinary rocks upon which such men do impinge and precipitate themselves, are cards, dice, hawks and hounds, Insanum venandi studium, one calls it, insance substraciiones : their mad structures, disports, plays, &c., when they are unseasonably used, imprudently handled, and beyond their fortunes. Some men are consumed by mad fantastical buildings, by making galleries, cloisters, terraces, walks, orchards, gardens, pools, rillets, bowers, and such like places of pleasure ; Inutiles do/nos, '^Xenophon calls them, which howsoever they be delightsome things in themselves, and acceptable to all beholders, an ornament and befit- ting some great men ; yet unprofitable to others, and the sole overthrow of their estates. Forestus in his observations hath an example of such a one that became melancholy upon the like occasion, having consumed his substance in an unpro- fitable building, which would afterward yield him no advantage. Others, I say, are '^ overthrown by those mad sports of hawking and hunting ; honest recrea- tions, and fit for some great men, but not for every base inferior person ; whilst they will maintain their falconers, dogs, and hunting nags, their wealth, saith ^ Salmutze, " runs away with hounds, and their fortunes fly away with hawks." They persecute beasts so long, till in the end they themselves degenerate into beasts, as "^ Agrippa taxeth them, ''Actaeon-iike, for as he was eaten to death by his own dogs, so do they devour themselves and their pa- trimonies, in such idle and unnecessary disports, neglecting in the mean time their more necessary business, and to follow their vocations. Over- mad too sometimes are our great men in delighting, and doting too much on it. " ''When they drive poor husbandmen from their tillage," as <^Sarisburiensis objects, Polycrat. I. I.e. 4. '- fling down country farms, and whole towns, to make parks, and forests, starving men to feed beasts, and ^ punishing in the mean time such a man that shall molest their game, more severely than him that is otherwise a common hacker, or a notorious thief." But great men are some ways to be excused, the meaner sort have no evasion why they should not be 'Ventricosus, nudus, pallidus, Iseva ipiidorem occnltans, dextra seipsum strangulans, occurrit autep exeunti pcenitentia his miserum conficiens, &c. «Luke xv. * Boethius. " In Oeconora. Quid si nunc ostendam eos qui magna vi argenti domus inutiles sedificant, inquit Socrates. * Savisburiensis Polycrat. 1. 1. c. 14. venatores omnes adhuc institutionem redolent centaurorum. Raro invenitur quisquara eoriirn modestus et gravis, raro continens, et ut credo sobrius unquam. y Pancirol. Tit. 23. avolant opes cum accipitre. -^Insignis venatorum stultitia, et supervacanea cura eorum, qui dum nimium venation! insistunt, ipsi abjecta omni hmnanitate in feras degenerant, ut Acteon, &c. » Sabin. in Ovid. Metamor. b Agrippa de vanit. scient. Insanum venandi studium, dum a novalibus arcentur agricolaa subtrahunt pra^dia rusticis, agricolonis praacluduntur sylvae et prata pastoribus ut augeantur pascua feris Majestatis reus agricola si gnstarit. « A novalibus suis arcentur agricolae, dum feraj habeant vagandi libertatem : istis, ut pascua augeantur, prtedia subtrahuntur, &c. Sarisburiensis. d Feris quam hominibus ffiquiores. Cambd. de Gail. Conq. qui 36 Ecclacrum, donata reducit opimum. It makes them fat and lean, as frost doth conies. " ^ And who is that mortal man that can so contain himself, that if he be immoderately commended and applauded, will not be moved?" Let him be what he will, • Tul. Som. Scip. tBoetliius. " Putean. Cisalp. hist. lib. 1, ^piutarch. Lycurgo. * Epist. 13. Illud te admoneo, ne eorum more facias, qui non proficere, sed conspici cupiunt, qua2 in liabitu tuo, aut genere vitee notabilia sunt, asperum cultuni et vitiosum caput, negligentiorem barbam, iudictum ai"gento odium, cubile humi positum, et quicquid ad laudem perversa via sequitur, evita. y Per. "■ Quis vero tam bene modulo suo metiri se novit, ut eum assiduse et imraodicje laudationes non moveant ? Hen. Steph. Mem. 3. Subs. 14.] Vahi-glorij, Pride, Joy, Praiie. 197 those parasites will overturn him : if he be a king, he is one of the nine worthies, more than a man, a god forthwith, '^ edlctum Domini Beique nostri: and they will sacrifice unto him, • " t di vinos si tu patiaris honores, Ultro ipsi dabimus meritasque sacrabimus aras." If he be a soldier, then Themistocles, Epaminondas, Hector, Achilles, duo fulrtiina belli, triumviri terrarum, dhc, and the valour of both Scipios is too little for him, he is invictisshnus, serenissimus, midtis trophceis ornaiissimus, naturce dominies, although he be lepiis galeatus, indeed a very coward, a milk- sop, X ^-iT-d as he said of Xerxes, postremus in pugnd, primus in fugd, and such a one as never durst look his enemy in the face. If he be a big man, then is he a Samson, another Hercules ; if he pronounce a speech, another Tully or Demosthenes: as of Herod in the Acts, '-'the voice of God and not of man;" if he can make a verse. Homer, Virgil, &c. And then my silly weak patient takes all these eulogiums to himself; if he be a scholar so commended for his much reading, excellent style, method, &c,, he will eviscerate himself like a spider, study to death, Laudatas ostendit avis Junonia pennas, peacock-like he will display all his feathers. If he be a soldier, and so applauded, his valour extolled, though it be ijnpar congressus, as that of Troilus, and Achilles, Infelix puer, he will combat with a giant, run first upon a breach, as another ^Philip- pus, he will ride into the thickest of his enemies. Commend his housekeeping, and he will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself. - " laudataque virtus Crescit, et immensum gloria calcar habet." § he is mad, mad, mad, no woe with him ; impatiens consortis erit, he will over the ''Alps to be talked of, or to maintain his credit. Commend an ambi- tious man, some proud prince or potentate, si plus cequo laudetur (saith 'Erasmus) cristas erigit, exuit liominem, Deum se putat, he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man but a god. ' II niliil est quod credere de se Non audet quum laudatur diis squa potestas." ^ How did this work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupiter's son, and go like Hercules in a lion's skin? Domitian a god (^'^'■''' Do minus Deus noster sic fieri juhet), like the ft Persian kings, whose image was adored by all that came into the city of Babylon. Commodus the emperor was so gulled by his flatter- ing parasites, that he must be called Hercules. "^ Antonius the Homan would be crowned with ivy, carried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king of Thrace, was married to ^Minerva, and sent three several messengers one after another, to see if she were come to his bed-chamber. Such a one was ^Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus Jovianus, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian king, brother of the sun and moon, and our modern Turks, that will be gods on earth, kings of kings, God's shadow, commanders of all that may be commanded, our kings of China and Tartary in this present age. Such a one was Xerxes, that would whip the sea, fetter Neptune, stidtdjactantid, and send a challenge to Mount Athos; and such are many sottish princes, brought into a fool's paradise by their parasites, 'tis a common humour, incident to all m.en, when they are in great places, or come to the solstice of honour, have • done, or deserved well, to applaud and flatter themselves. Stultitiam suam ♦Mart. fStroza. "If you will accept divine honours, we will willingly erect and consecrate altars to you." J Justin. ^Livius. Gloria tantura elatus, non ira, in medics hostes irruere, quod completis muris conspici se pugnantem, a muro spectantibus, egregium ducebat. § "Applauded virtue grows apace, and glory includes within it an immense impulse." it I demens, et stevas curre per Alpes. Aude Aliquid, «fcc. ut pueris placeas, et declamatio fias. Juv. Sat. 10. «Jn MoritE Encom. || Juvenal. Sat. i. 1[ " There is nothing which over-lauded power will not presume to imagine of itself." ** Sueton. c. 12. in Domitiano. f f Brisonius. '^ Antonius ab assentatoribus evectus Librum se patrem appellari jussit, et pro deo se venditavit redimitus hedera, et corona velatus aurea, et thyrsura tenens, cothurnisque succinctus curru velut Liber pater vectus est Alexandrine. Pater, vol. post. « j^jjjnervie uuptias ambit, taiito furorQ percitus, ut satellites mitteret ad videndam num dea in thalamis Tenisset, Insania postmodum correptus, ob nimiam inde arrogantiara. ^ Bene ferre magnara disce fortunam. Hor. Fortunam reverenter habe, quicunque repentij Dives ab exili progrediei-e loco. Ausonius. 'Processit squalidus et submissus, ut hesterni diei gaudium intemperans hodie castigaret. ™ Uxor Henr. 8. "Neutrius se fortuntB extremum libenter experturam dixit : sed si necessitas alterius subinde imponeretur, optare se difficilem et adversam : quod in hac nulli unquam defuit solatium, in altera multis consilium, &c. Lod. Vives. oPeculiaris furor, qui ex Uteris fit. p Nihil magis auget, ac assidua studia, et profundse cogitationes. iNon desunt, qui ex jugi studio, et intempestiva lucubratione, hue devenerunt, hi prte cseteris enim plerunque melancholia solent infestari. f Study is a continual and earnest meditation, applied to something with great desire. Tally. >" Et illi Qui sunt subtilis in'^enii, et multa; praameditationis, de faclU iucidunt in melauclio.iam. ^Ob studiorum solicitudinem 111). 5. Tit. 5. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 199 good scholars are never good soldiers^ which a certain Goth well perceived, for when his countrymen came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cried out against it, by no means they should do it, " *leave them that plague, which in time will consume all their vigour, and martial spirits." The ''Turks abdicated Cornutus the next heir from the empire, because he was so much given to his book : and 'tis the common tenet of the world, that learning dulls and diminisheth the spirits, and so per conseqiiens produceth melancholy. Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to this malady than others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sihi eb musis, free from bodily exercise, and those ordinary disports which other men use : and many times if discontent and idleness concur with it, which is too frequent, they are precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study; too much learning (as ''Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad ; 'tis that other extreme which effects it. So did Trincavellius, lib. 1., consil. 12 and 13, find by his experience, in two of his patients, a young baron, and another that contracted this malady by too vehement study. So Forestus, observat. I. 10, observ. 13, in a young divine in Louvaine, that was mad, and said "^ he had a bible in his head:" Marsilius Ficinus de sanit. tuend. lib. 1, cap. 1, 3, 4, and lib. 2, cap. 16, gives many reasons, '"'why- students dote more often than others." The first is their negligence ; " * other men look to their tools, a painter will wash his pencils, a smith will look to his hammer, anvil, forge; a husbandman will mend his plough-irons, and grind his hatchet, if it be dull ; a falconer or huntsman will have an especial care of his hawks, hounds, horses,, dogs, &c. ; a musician will string and unstring his lute, &c.; only scholars neglect that instrument, their brain and spirits (I mean) which they daily use, and by which they range over all the world, which by much study is consumed." Vide (saith Lucian) ne funiculum nimis inteiidendo, aliquandd abrumpas : " See thou twist not the rope so hard, till at length it "break." Ficinus in his fourth chap, gives some other reasons; Saturn and Mercury, the patrons of learning, they are both dry planets : and Origanus assigns the same cause, why Mercurialists are so poor, and most part beggars; for that their president Mercury had no better fortune himself. The destinies of old put poverty upon him as a punishment ; since when, poetry and beggary are Gemelli, twin-born brats, inseparable companions; "'And to this day is every scholar poor; Gross gold from them runs headlong to the boor : " Mercury can help them to knowledge, but not to money. The second is con- templation, " "^ w^hicli dries the brain and extinguisheth natural heat; for whilst the spirits are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomach and liver are left destitute, and thence come black blood and crudities by defect of con- coction, and for want of exercise the superfluous vapours cannot exhale," &c. The same reasons are repeated by Gomesius, lib. 4, cap. 1. de sale ^Nymannus orat. de Imag. Jo. Yoschius, lib. 2, cap. 5, depeste: and something more they add, that hard students are commonly troubled with gouts, catarrhs, rheums, *GasparEns, Thesaur. Polit. Apoteles. 31. Grrecis hanc pestem relinquite, qufe dubium non est qnin brevi omnem ils vigore:n ereptura, Martiosque spiritas exhaustura sit; ut ad anna tractanda plane inhabiles futuri sint. " Knoles, Turk. Hist. ^ Acts, xxvi. 24. v Nimiis studiis melancholiius evasit, dicens se Blblium in capite habere. ^ Cur melancholia assidua, crebrisque deliramentis vexentur eorum aniiiii ut desipere cogantur. » Solers quilibet artifex instrumenta sua diligentissime curat, penicellos pictor; malleos incudesque faber ferrarius ; miles equos, arma venator, auceps aves et canes, cythavara cytharaadus, &c., soli musarum mystse tam negligentes sunt, ut instrumentum illud quo mundum universum metiri solent, spiritum scilicet, penitus negligere videantur. ^ Arcus et arma tibi non sunt imitaiKi.i Diana. Si nunquam cesses tendere mollis erit. Ovid. "^Ephemer. "^ Contemplatio cerebrum exsiccat et extinguit calorein naturalem, unde cerebrum frigidura et siccum evadit quod est melanchoiicum. Aec.cdit ad hoc, (]uod natura in contemplatione, cerebro prorsus cordique intenta, stom.ichmn hepar.iue destituit, unde ex alimentis male coctis, sanguis crassus et niger efflcitui-, d-.iw nimio otio meiiibrorain. Bupei'tlui vapores non exhalaut. «= Oerebruai exsiccator, corpora S4;nsim gra.il'js, unt. 200 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. cachexia, bradiopepsia, bad eyes, stone and colic, ^crudities, oppilations, vertigo, winds, consumptions, and all such diseases as come by overmuch sitting ; they are most part lean, dry, ill-coloured, spend their fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives, and all through immoderate pains, and extraordinary studies. If you will not believe the truth of this, look upon great Tostatus and Thomas Aquinas's works, and tell me whether those men took pains % peruse Austin, Hierom, Thomas rubore confusus dixit se de aigumento cogitAsse. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 201 with the silver in kino* Hiero's crown, ran naked forth from the bath and cried Ivo'^xa, I have found : " ^ and was commonly so intent to his studies, that he never perceived what was done about him : when the city was taken, and the soldiers now ready to rifle his house, he took no notice of it." St. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, and asked at last where he was, Marul- lus, lib. 2, cap. 4. It was Democritus's carriage alone that made the Abderites suppose him to have been mad, and sent for Hippocrates to cure him : if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a laughing. Theophrastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he continually wept, and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacus, because he ran like a madman, "^ saying, "he came from hell as a spy, to tell the devils what mortal men did." Your greatest students are commonly no better, silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, absurd, ridiculous to others, and no whit experienced in worldly business ; they can measure the heavens, range over the world, teach others . wisdom, and yet in bargains and contracts they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men fools? and how should they be otherwise, " but as so many sots in schools, when (as '" he well observed) they neither hear nor see such things as are commonly practised abroad?" how should they get experience, by what means? "^ T knew in my time many scholars," saith ^neas Sylvius (in an epistle of his to Gasper Scitick, chancellor to the em- peror), " excellent well learned, but so rude, so silly, that they had no common civility, nor knew how to manage their domestic or public affairs." "Pagla- rensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, when he heard him tell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal." To say the best of this profession, I can give no other testimony of them in general, than that of Pliny of Isseus; "^ He is yet a scholar, than which kind of men there is nothing so simple, so sincere, none better, they are most part harm- less, honest, upright, innocent, plain-dealing men." Now, because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconve- niences as dotage, madness, simplicity, &c., Jo. Yoschius would have good scholars to be highly rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, " to have greater " privileges than the rest, that adventure them- selves and abbreviate their lives for the public good." But our patrons of learning are so far now-a-days from respecting the muses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward which they deserve, and are allowed by those indulgent privileges of many noble princes, that after all their pains taken in the universities, cost and charge, expenses, irksome hours, laborious tasks, wearisome days, dangers, hazards (barred interim from all pleasures which other men have, mewed up like hawks all their lives), if they chance to wade through them, they shall in the end be rejected, contemned, and which is their greatest misery, driven to their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggary. Their familiar attendants are, '■ Fallentes morbi, luctus, curffique laborque Et mctus, et malesuada fames, et turpis egestas, Terribiles visu formee " — " Grief, labour, care, pale sickness, miseries, Fear, filtiiy poverty, hunger that cries, Terrible monsters to be seen with eyes." If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough to make them all melancholy. Most other trades and professions, after some seven years' apprenticeship, are enabled by their craft to live of them- selves. A merchant adventures his goods at sea, and though his hazard be great, p Plutarch, vita Marcelli, ISTec sensit Tirbem captam, nee milites in domum irruentes, adeo intentus 8*udiis, &c. iSub Fm'ise larva circumivit urbem, dictitans se exploratorem ab inferis venisse, delaturum djemonibus mortalium peccata. ""Pytronius. Ego arbitror in scholis stiiltissimos fieri, quia nihil eorura quse in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident. ^ Novi meis diebus, plerosque studiis literarum deditos, qui disciplinis admodum abundabant, sed nihil civilitatis habentes, nee rem publ. nee domesticara regere nr)rant. Stupuit Paglarensis et furti vilicum accusavit, qui suem fcetani undecim porcellos, asinam unura duntaxat puUum enixam retulerat. • Lib. 1. Epist. 3. Adliuc scholasticus tantum est; quo genere hominum, nihil aut est simplicius, aut sincerius aut melius. "Jure privilegiandi, qui ob commune bonum abbreviant sibi vstam. * Virg. 6 JEa. 202 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. yet if one sliip return of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husband- man's gains are almost certain; quihus ipse Jupiter nocere non potest (whom Jove himself can't harm), ('tis * Cato's hyperbole, a great husband himself) ; only scholars methinks are most uncertain, unrespected, subject to all casual- ties and hazards. For first, not one of a many proves to be a scholar, all are not capable and docile, "" ex omni ligno non fit Mercurius : we can make majors and officers every year, but not scholars: kings can invest knights and barons, as Sigismund the emperor confessed; universities can give de- grees; and Tu quod es, e populo quilihet esse potest; but he nor they, nor all the world, can give learning, make philosophers, artists, orators, poets; we can soon say, as Seneca well notes, virum bo7ium, 6 divitein, point at a rich man, a good, a happy man, a prosperous man, sumptuose vestitum, Calamis- tratum, bene olentem, magno tenijyoris impendio constat hceo laudatio, 6 virum literarum, but 'tis not so easily performed to find out a learned man. Learn- ing is not so quickly got, though they may be willing to take pains, to that end sufficientlyinformed,and liberally maintained by their patrons and parents, yet few can compass it. Or if they be docile, yet all men's wills are not an- swerable to their wits, they can apprehend, but will not take pains; they are either seduced by bad companions, vel in puellam impingunt, vel in pocu- Iwn (they fall in with women or wine), and so spend their time to their friends' grief and their own undoings. Or put case they be studious, industrious, of ripe wits, and perhaps good capacities, then how many diseases of body and mind must they encounter 1 No labour in the world like unto study. It may be, their temperature will not endure it, but striving to be excellent to know all, they lose health, wealth, wit, life and all. Let him yet happily escape all these hazards, cei^eis intestinis, with a body of brass, and is now con- summate and ripe, he hath profited in his studies, and proceeded with all applause : after many expenses, he is fit for preferment, where shall he have it? he is as far to seek it as he was (after twenty years' standing) at the first day of his coming to the University. For what course shall he take, being now capable and ready] The most parable and easy, and about which many are employed, is to teach a school, turn lecturer or curate, and for that he shall have falconer's wages, ten pound per annum, and his diet, or some small stipend, so long as he can please his patron or the parish ; if they ap- prove him not (for usually they do but a year or two), as inconstant as tthey that cried "Hosanna" one day, and "Crucify him" the other; serving-man- like, he must go look a new master ; if they do, what is his reward 1 "y Hoc quoque temanet ut pueros elementa docentem ■ I "At last thy snow-white age in suburl) schools, Occupet extremis in vicis alba senectus." | Shall toil in teaching boys their grammar rules." Like an ass, he wears out his time for provender, and can show a stum rod, togam tritam et laceram, saith % Hsedus, an old torn gown, an ensign of his infelicity, he hath his labour for his pain, a modicum to keep him till he be decrepid, and that is all. Grammaticus non est fcelix, &c. If he be a trencher chaplain in a gentleman's house, as it befel "^ Euphormio, after some seven years' service, he may perchance have a living to the halves, or some small rectory with the mother of the maids at length, a poor kinswomen, or a cracked chambermaid, to have and to hold during the time of his life. But if he ofiend his good patron, or displease his lady mistress in the mean time, "^Ducetur Plants velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus, Poneturque foras, si quid tentaverit unquam Hiscere" as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, * Plutarch, vita ejus, Certum asrricolationis lucrum, &c. ^ Quotannis fiunt consules et proconsules : Rex et Poeta quotannis non nascitur. f Mat. 21. y Hor. epist. 20. 1. 1. $ Lib. 1. de contcm. amor. 'Satvricon. "Juv. Sat. 5. Mem. 3. Subs. 15. Study, a Cause. 203 away with liim. If he bend his forces to some other studies, with an intent to be a secretis to some nobleman, or in such a place with an ambassador, he shall find that these persons rise like apprentices one under another, and in so many tradesmen's shoj^s, when the master is dead, the foreman of tlie shop com- monly steps in his place. ISTow for poets, rhetoricians, historians, philosophers, •" mathematicians, sophisters, &c. ; they are like grasshoppers, sing they inust in summer, and pine in the winter, for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe that pleasant tale of Socrates, which he told fair Phsedrus under a plane tree, at the banks of the river Iseus; about noon when it was hot, and the grasshoppers made a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell him a tale, how grasshoj^pers were once scholars, musicians, poets, (fee, before the Muses were born, and lived without meat and drink, and for that cause were turned by Jupiter into grasshoppers. And may be turned again, In Tythoni Cicadas, aiit Lyciorum ranas, for any reward I see they are like to have : or else in the meantime, I would they could live as they did, without any viaticum, like so many ^manucodiatJB, those Indian birds of para- dise, as we commonly call them, those I mean that live with the air and dew of heaven, and need no other food? for being as they are, their " * rhetoric only serves them to curse their bad fortunes," and many of them for want of means are driven to hard shifts; from grasshoppers they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and make the muses, mules, to satisfy their hunger- starved paunches, and get a meal's meat. To say truth, 'tis the common for- tune of most scholars, to be servile and poor, to complain pitifully, and lay open their wants to their respectless patrons, as t Cardan doth, as |Xilander and many others : and which is too common in those dedicatory epistles, for hope of gain, to lie, flatter, and with hyperbolical eulogiums and commenda- tions, to magnify and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his excellent vir- tues, whom they should rather, as '^JMachiavel observes, vilify and rail at downright for his most notorious villainies and vices. So they prostitute them- selves as fiddlers, or mercenary tradesmen, to serve great men's turns for a small reward. They are like § Indians, they have store of gold, but know not the worth" of it: for I am of Synesius's opinion, " ®King Hiero got more by Simonides' acquaintance, than Simonides did by his;" they have their best education, good institution, sole qualification from us, and when they have done well, their honour and immortality from us: we are the living tombs, registers, and as so many trumpeters of their fames : what was Achilles with- out Homer? Alexander without Arrian and Curtius? who had known the Caesars, but for Suetonius and Dion? Vixerunt fortes ante Agamernnona Jlulri: sed o;nnes illaclirymabiles Urgeiitur, ignvtique longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro." " Before great Agamemnon reign' d, F.eign'd kings as gi'eat as lie, and brave. Whose huge ambition's now contain'd In the small compass of a grave : In endless night they sleep, unwept, unkno-wn, No hard they had to make ;ill time their own." they are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them; but they under- value themselves, and so by those great men are kept down. Let them have that encyclopgedian, all the learning in the world; they must keep it to them- selves, " ^live in base esteem, and starve, except they will submit," as Budseus well hath it, " so many good parts, so many ensigns of arts, virtues, be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate potentate, and live under his insolent *> Ars colit astra. c Aldrovandus de Avibus. 1. 12. Gesner, &c. * Literas habent queis sibi et fortune sute maledicant. Sat. ^lenip. f Lib. de libris Propriis fol. 2i. J Pr^fat. translat. Plutarch. d Polit. disput. laudibus e.xtollunt eos ac si virtutibus poUerent quos ob inflnita scelera potius vituperare oporteret. § Or as horses kno^s' not their strength, they cous^ider not their own worth. e Plura ex Simonidis familiaritate Hiero consequutus est, quam ex Hieronis Simonides. || Hor. lib. 4. od. 9. ^1 Inter inertes et plebeios fere jacet, ultinmm locum habens, nisi tot artis virtiitisque insignia, turpiter, obnoxie, supparisitando fascibus subjecerit protervie insolentisque potentice, Lib. 1. de contempt, rerum fortuitaruiu. 204 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. worsliip, or honour, like parasites," Qui tanquam "mures alienum panem come- dunt. For to say truth, artes hce non sunt lucrative, as Guido Bonat that great astrologer could foresee, they be not gainful arts these, sed esurientes et famelicce, but poor and hungry, " * Dat Galenus opes, dat Justinianus honores, I " The rich physician, honour'd lawyers ride, Sed genus et species cogitur ire pedes : " | Whilst the poor scholar foots it by their side." Poverty is the muses' patrimony, and as that poetical divinity teacheth us, when Jupiter's daughters were each of them married to the gods, the muses alone were left solitary. Helicon forsaken of all suitors, and I believe it was, because they had no portion. " Calliope longum caslebs cur vixit in sevum ? I " Why did Calliope live so long a maid ? Nempe nihil dotis, quod numeraret, erat."' | Because she had no dowry to be paid." Ever since all their followers are poor, forsaken and left unto themselves. Insomuch, that as ^Petronius argues, you shall likely know them by their clothes. " There came," saith he, " by chance into my company, a fellow not very spruce to look on, that I could perceive by that note alone he was a scholar, whom commonly rich men hate: I asked him what he was, he answered, a poet : I demanded again why he was so ragged, he told me this kind of learning never made any man rich." "g Qui Pelago credit, raagno se foenore tollit, Qui pugnas et rostra petit, priecingitur auro Vilis adulator picto jacet ebrius ostro, Sola pruinosis horret facundia pannis." " A merchant's gain is great, that goes to sea; A soldier embossed all in gold ; A flatterer lies fox'd in brave array; A scholar only ragged to behold"" All which our ordinary students, right well perceiving in the universities, how unprofitable these poetical, mathematical, and philosophical studies are. how little respected, how few patrons; apply themselves in all haste to those three commodious professions of law, physic, and divinity, sharing themselves between them, ^rejecting these arts in the meantime, history, philosophy, philology, or lightly passing them over, as pleasant toys fitting only table-talk, and to furnish them with discourse. They are not so behoveful : he that can tell his money hath arithmetic enough: he is a true geometrician, can measure out a good fortune to himself; a perfect astrologer that can cast the rise and fall of others, and mark their errant motions to his own use. The best optics are, to reflect the beams of some great men's favour and grace to shine upon him. He is a good engineer, that alone can make an instrument to get preferment. This was the common tenet and practice of Poland, as Cromerus observed not long since, in the first book of his history; their universities were generally base, not a philosopher, a mathematician, an antiquary, &;c., to be found of any note amongst them, because they had no set reward or stipend, but every man betook himself to divinity, hoc solum in votis habens, opimum sacerdotium, a good parsonage was their aim. This was the practice of some of our near neighbours, as tLipsius inveighs, " they thrust their children to the study of law and divinity, before they be informed aright, or capable of such studies," Scilicet omnibus artibus antistat spes lucri, etfor- onosior est cumulus auri, quam quicquid Greed Latinique deliraides scripserunt. Ex hoc numero deinde veniunt ad gubernacula reipub. intersunt et prcesunt con- siliis regum, 6 pater, 6 p)atria ? so he complained, and so may others. For even so we find, to serve a great man, to get an office in some bishop's court (to practise in some good town), or compass a benefice, is the mark we shoot at, as. being so advantageous, the highv^^ay to preferment. Although many times, for aught I can see, these men fail as often as the * Buchanan, eleg. lib. ^In SatjTicon. intrat sen ex, sed cultu non ita speciosus, ut facile appareret eura hac nota literatum esse, quos divites odisse solent. Ego in quit Poeta sum : Quare ergo tam male vestitus es ? Propter hoc ipsum ; amor ingenii neminem un quam divitem fecit. s Petronius Arbiter. i^ Oppressus paupertate animus, nihil eximium aut sublime cogitare potest, amoenitates literarum, aut elegantiara, quoniam nihil prtesidii in his ad vitse comniodum videt, primo negligere, mox odisse incipit. itens. t Epistol. qusest, lib. 4. Ep. 21. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Why the Muses are MelancliGly. 205 rest in their projects, and are as usually frustrate of tlieir hopes. For let him be a doctor of the law, an excellent civilian of good worth, where shall he practise and expatiate ? Their fields are so scant, the civil law with us so con- tracted with prohibitions, so few causes, by reason of those all-devouring municipal laws, quihus nihil illiteratius, saith ' Erasmus, an illiterate and a barbarous study (for though they be never so well learned in it, I can hardly vouchsafe them the name of scholars, except they be otherwise qualified), and so few courts are left to that profession,! such slender offices, and those com- monly to be compassed at such dear rates, that I know not how an ingenious man should thrive amongst them. Now for physicians, there are in every village so many mountebanks, empirics, quacksalvers, paracelsians, as they call themselves, Caucifici et sanicidce, so '"' Clenard terms them, wizards, alche- mists, poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians' men, barbers, and good wives, professing great skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be their patients. Besides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them such harpies, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent; and as ^ he said, litigious idiots, " Quibus loquacis affatim arrogantise est, Peritife parum aut nihil, Nee ulla mica literarii salis, Crumenimulga natio : Loquuteleia turba, litium stroph?e, Maligna litigantium cohors, togati vultuiN Lavernoe alumni, Agyrtse," &c. " Which have no skill but prating arrogance, No learning, such a purse-milking nation : Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litigious rout Of cozeners, that hauut this occupation," &c. that they cannot well tell liow to live one by another, but as he jested in the Comedy of Clocks, they were so many, ^ onajor jycirs populi aridd reptant fame, they are almost starved a great part of them, and ready to devour their fel- lows, \ Et noxid calliditate se cori'ipere, such a multitude of pettifoggers and empirics, such impostors, that an honest man knows not in what sort to com- pose and behave himself in their society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout, scientioi nomen, tot su7n2:)tibus par turn et vigiliis, prqfiteri dispudeaf, postquam, s suam segnitiem accusaret, cum obscurce sortis homines ad sacerdotia et pontificatus evectos, (&g., he chid him for his backwardness, yet he was still the same: and for my part (though I be not worthy perhaps to carry Alexander's books) yet by some overweening and well- wishing friends, the like speeches have been used to me ; but I replied still with Alexander, that I had enough, and more peradventure than I deserved; and with Libanius Sophista, that rather chose (when honours and offices by the emperor were offered unto him) to be talis Sophista, quam talis Magiatratus. I had as lief be still Democritus junior, -and privus pi'ivatus, si mihijam dare- tur optio, quami talis fortasse Doctor, talis Dominus. Sed quorsum hcec? For the rest 'tis on both sides /acwiw^ detestandum, to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church, that which God's and men's laws have bestowed on it; but in them most, and that from the covetousness and ignorance of such as are interested in this business; 1 name covetousness in the first place, as the root of all these mischiefs, which, Achan-like, compels them to commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not) to their own ends, *■ that kindles God's wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and a heavy visitation upon themselves and otliers. Some out of that insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be enriched, care not how they come by it per fas et nefas, hook or crook, so they have it. And otliers when they have with riot and prodigality embezzled their estates, to recover themselves, make a prey of the church, robbing it, as * Julian the apostate did, spoil parsons of their revenues (in keeping half back *as a great man amongst us observes) : "and that maintenance on which they should live:" by means whereof, barbarism is increased, and a great decay of christian professors : for who will apply himself to these divine studies, his son, or friend, when after great pains taken, they shall have nothing whereupon to live? But with what event do they these things? "*0pe3que totis viribus -venamini, At inde messis uccidit misemma." They toil and moil, but what reap they 1 They are commonly unfortunate families that use it, accursed in their progeny, and, as common experience evinceth, accursed themselves in all their proceedings. " With what face (as "he quotes out of Aust.) can they expect a blessing or inheritance from Christ in heaven, that defraud Christ of his inheritance here on earth?" I would all our simoniacal patrons, and such as detain tithes, would read those judicious tracts of Sir Henry Spelman, and Sir James Sempill, knights ; those late elaborate and learned treatises of Dr. Tilflye, and Mr. Montague, which they have written of that subject. But though they should read, it would be to small purpose, dames licet et mare coelo confundas; thunder, lighten, preach hell and damnation, tell them 'tis a sin, they will not believe it ; denounce and terrify, they have ''cauterised consciences, they do not attend, as the enchanted adder, they stop their ears. Call them base, irreligious, profane, barbarous, pagans, atheists^ epicures, (as some of them surely are) with the bawd in Plautus, Euge, optime, they cry and applaud themselves with that miser, ^simid ac nummios contemplor in area: say what you will, quocunque modo rem: as a dog barks at the moon, to no purpose are your sayings : Take your heaven, let them have money. A base, profane, epicurean, hypocritical rout : for my part, let them pretend what zeal they v/ill, counterfeit religion, blear the worki's eyes, bombast themselves, and stuff out their greatness with church spoils, shine like so many peacocks; so cold is my charity, so defective in this behalf, that I shall never think better of them, than that they are rotten at core, their 'Deura habent iratum, sibique mortem aeternam acquirunt, aliis miserabilem ruinam. Serrarius in Josuam, 7. Euripides. » Nicepliorus lib. 10. cap. 5. ' Lord Cook, In his Reports, second part, fol. 4i. * Em-ipides. « Sir Heniy Spelman, de uou temerandis Ecclesiis. * 1 Tim. 4. 2. J Hor. 208 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. bones are full of epicnrean hypocrisy, and atheistical marrow, they are worse than heathens. For as Dionysius Halicarnasseus observes, Antiq. Roin. lib. 7. ^Primuiii locum, &c. "Greeks and Barbarians observe all religious rites, and dare not break them for fear of offending their gods; but our simoniacal con- tractors, our senseless Achans, our stupified patrons, fear neither God nor devil, they have evasions for it, it is no sin, or not due jure divino, or if a sin, no great sin, &c. And though they be daily punished for it, and they do manifestly perceive, that as he said, frost and fraud come to foul ends ; yet as "Chrysostom follows it. Nulla ex pcend sit correctio, et quasi adversis maXitia hominum provocetur, crescit quotidie quodpuniatur : they are rather worse than better, — iram atque animos a crimine sumunt, and the more they are corrected, the more they offend: but let them take their course, ""Rode, caper, vites, go on still as they begin, 'tis no sin, let them rejoice secure, God's vengeance will overtake them in the end, and these ill-gotten goods, as an eagle's feathers, " will consume the rest of their substance ; it is '^ aurum Tholosanum, and wiH produce no better effects. "^Let them lay it up safe, and make their convey- ances never so close, lock and shut door," saith Chrysostom, " yet fraud and covetousness, two most violent thieves, are still included, and a little gain evil gotten will subvert the rest of their goods." The eagle in JEsop, seeing a piece* of flesh, now ready to be sacrificed, swept it away with her claws, and carried it to her nest; but there was a burning coal stuck to it by chance, which unawares consumed her young ones, nest, and all together. Let o-ur simoniacal church-choppiug patrons, and sacrilegious harpies, look for no better success. A second caiise is ignorance, and from thence contempt, successit odiuon in liter as ab ignorantid vulgi; which ^Junius well perceived : this hatred and con- tempt of learning proceeds out of ^ignorance; as they are themselves barbarous, idiots, dull, illiterate, and proud, so they esteem of others. Sint Meccenates, non deerunt, Flacce, Marones: Let there be bountiful patrons, and there will be painful scholars in all sciences. But when they contemn learning, and think themselves sufficiently qualified, if they can write and read, scramble at a piece of evidence, or have so much Latin as that emperor had, ^^qui nescit dissimulare, nescit vivere, they are unfit to do their country service, to perform or undertake any action or employment, which may tend to the good of a commonwealth, except it be to fight, or to do country justice, with common sense, which every yeoman can likewise do. And so they bring up their children, rude as they are themselves, unqualified, untaught, uncivil most part. * Quis e nostra juven- tute legitime instituitur Uteris ? Quis oratores aut philosophos tangit ? quis his- toriam legit, illam rerum agendarum quasi animam 1 prmcipitant parentes vota tua, (kc. 'twas Lipsius' complaint to his illiterate countrymen, it may be ours. Now shall these men judge of a scholar's worth, that have no worth, that know not what belongs to a student's labours, that cannot distinguish between a true scholar and a drone % or him that by reason of a voluble tongue, a strong voice, a pleasing tone, and some trivially polyanthean helps, steals and gleans a few notes from other men's harvests, and so makes a fairer show, than he that is truly learned indeed: that thinks it no more to preach, than to speak, "'or to run away with an empty cart;" as a grave man said ; and thereupon vilify us, and our pains; scorn us, and all learning. ""Because they are rich, and have » Primum locum apud omnes gentes habet patritius deorum cultus, et geniorum, nam hunc diutissimb custodiunt, tarn Gr^ci quam Barbari, &c. -Tom. 1. de steril trium annorum sub Elil sermone b Ovid. Fast. « De male qusesitis vix gaudet tertius hseres. " Strabo, lib. 4. Geog. _ « Nihil facihus opes evertet, quam avaritia et fraude parta. Et si enim seram addas tali arcae, et exteriore janua et vecte earn communias, intus tamen fraudem et avaritiam, &c. In 5. Corinth. f Acad. cap. 7. 6Ars neminem habet inimicum prseter ignorantem. ^ u e that cannot dissemble cannot live. * Lpist. ques-t. lib. 4. epist. 21. Lipsius. i Dr. King, in his last lecture on Jonah, sometime right reverend lord bishop of London. k QuitMis Oive^-et otium, hi barbaro fastu literas contemnunt. Mera. 3. Subs. 1-5.] Study, a Cause. 209 otlier means to live, tliey tliink it concerns them not to know, or to trouble themselves with it; a fitter task for younger brothers, or poor men's sons, to be pen and inkhorn men, pedantical slaves, and no whit beseeming the calling of a gentleman, as Frenchmen and Germans commonly do, neglect therefore all human learning, what have they to do with it % Let mariners learn astro- nomy; merchants, factors study arithmetic ; surveyors get them geometry; spectacle-makers optics; landleapers geography; town-cleiks rhetoric, what should he do with a spade, that hath no ground to dig; or they with learning, that hath no use of it ] thus they reason, and are not ashamed to let mariners, apprentices, and the basest servants, be better qualified than themselves. lu former times, kings, princes, and emperors, were the only scholars, excellent in all faculties. Julius Caesar mended the year, and writ his own Comtaentaries, media inter prjelia semper, Stellarum coelique plagis, superisque vacavit." ^Antonius, Adrian, Nero, SeA^e. Jul. (fee. ™ Michael the emperor, and Isacius, were so much given to their studies, that no base fellow would take so much pains: Orion, Perseus, Alphonsus, Ptolomeus, famous astronomers; Sabor, Mithridates, Lysimachus, admired physicians: Plato's kings all: Evax, that Arabian prince, a most expert jeweller, and an exquisite philosopher ; the kings of Egypt were priests of old, chosen and from thence, — Idem rex hominum, Phcehique sacerdos : but those heroical times are past; the Muses are now banished in this bastard age, adsordida tuguriola, to meaner persons, and con- fined alone almost to universities. In those days, scholars were highly beloved, ° honoured, esteemed; as old Ennius by Scipio Africanus, Vii'gil by Augustus; Horace by Mecsenas: princes' companions; dear to them, as Anacreon to Poly- crates; Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded, Alexander sent Xeno- crates the Philosopher fifty talents, because he was poor, visu rerum, aut ei^Ur- ditione prcestantes viri, mensis oUm regmn adhibiti, as Philostratus relates of Adrian and Lampridius of Alexander Severus : famous clerks came to these princes' courts, velut in Lycceum, as to a university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi diviim epidis accumbentes; Archilaus, that jMacedonian king, would not willingly sup without Euripides (amongst the rest he drank to him at supper one night and gave him a cup of gold for his pains), delectatus poetce suavi sermone; and it was fit it should be so; because, as t Plato in his Pro- tagoras well saith, a good philosopher as much excels other men, as a great king doth the commons of his country; and again, °qico?iiam illis nihil dkest, et minime egere solent, et disciplinas quas profitentur, soli a contemptu vindicare possunt, they needed not to beg so basely, as they compel ^scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chufi" for a meal's meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts which they professed. Now they would and cannot : for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keep them poor, will make them study; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pampered, '^Alendos volunt, non saginandos, ne melioris mentis flammida extin- guatur; a fat bird will not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt, and so by this dei)res- sion of theirs, ""some want means, others will, all want ^encouragement, as being forsaken almost; and generally contemned. 'Tis an old saying, Sint 3IeccEnates, non deerunt, Flacce, Mar ones, and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes, I may not deny it, the main fault is in oui selves. Our academics * Lncan. lib. 8. i Spartian. Soliciti de rebus nimis. m Xicet. 1. Anal. Fumis lucubrationum- Bordebant. " Grammaticis olim et dialectices jurisqne professoribus, qui specimen eruditionis dedissent, eadem dignitatis insignia decreverunt Imperatores, quibus ornabant lieroas. Krasm. ep. Jo. Fabio epis. Vien. t Probus vir et Fliilosophus magis pra-stat inter alios honxines, quam rex inclitus inter plebeios. o lleinsius prsefat. Poematum. p Servile nomen Scholaris jam. i Seneca. ^ijaud facile eniergunt, &c. « Media quod noctis ab hora sedisti qua nemo faber, qua nemo sedebat, qui docet obliquo luuaui deducere ferro : rara tameu merces. Juv. Sat. 7. 210 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. too frequently offend in neglecting patrons, as * Erasmus well taxetli, or making ill choice of them ; negligimus oblatos aut amjplectimur 'parmn aptos, or if we get a good one, non studemus Tuutuis officiis favorem ejus alere, we do not ply and follow him as we should. Idem mihi accidit Adolescenti (saith Erasmus) acknowledging his fault, et gravissiTne peccavi, and so may 1 1 say myself, I have offended in this, and so peradventure have many others. "We did not spondere magnatum favorihus, qui cceperunt nos am^olecti, apply ourselves with that readiness we should : idleness, love of liberty, immodicus amor libertatis effecit ut diu cum perfidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci paupertate col- luctarer, bashfulness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remiss. So some offend in one extreme, but too many on the other, we are most part too forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent ; we commonly complain deesse Mcecenates, of want of encouragement, want of means, when as the true defect is in our own want of worth, our insufficiency : did Msecenas take notice of Horace or Yirgil till they had shown themselves first '? or had Bavins and Me vius any patrons ? Egregium specimen dent, saith Erasmus, let them approve themselves worthy first, sufficiently qualified for learning and manners, before they presume or impudently intrude and put themselves on great men as too many do, with such base flattery, parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate, that it is a shame to hear and see. Immodicce laudes conciliant invidiam, p)Otius quam laudem, and vain commendations derogate from truth, and we think in conclusion, non melius de laudato, pejits de laudante, ill of both, the cornmender and commended. So we oftend, but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. How beloved of old, and how much respected was Plato to Diony sins'? How dear to Alexander was Aristotle, Demeratus to Philip, Solon to Croesus, Anexarcus and Trebatius to Augustus, Cassius to Vespatian, Plutai'ch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hiero? how honoured? " t Sed hffic prius fuere, nunc rccondita Senent quiete," those days are gone; Et spes, et ratio studiorum in Crnsare tantum:^ as he said of old, we may truly say now, he is our amulet, our "sun, our sole comfort and refuge, our Ptolemy, our common Msecenas, Jacobus munificus. Jacobus pacificus, mysta Musarum, Rex Platonicus : Grande decus, columenque nos- trum: a famous scholar himself, and the sole patron, pillar, and sustain er of learning : but his worth in this kind is so well known, that as Paterculus of Cato, Jam ipsum laudare nefas sit: and which § Pliny to Trajan, Seria te carmina, honorque mternus annalium, non licec brevis et pudenda proidicatio colet. But he is now gone, the sun of ours set, and yet no night follows, Sol occubuit, nox mdla sequuta est. We have such another in his room, \\aureus alter. Avuls2is,similifrondescitvirgametaUo, and long may he reign and flourish amongst us. Let me not be malicious, and lie against my genius, I may not deny, but that we have a sprinkling of our gentry, here and there one, excellently well learned, like those Fuggeri in Germany; Dubartus, Du Plessis, Sadael, in France; Picus Mirandula. Schottus, Barotius, in Italy; Apparent rarinanies in gurgite vasto. But they are but few in respect of the multitude, the major part (and some again excepted, that are indifferent) are wholly bent for hawks and hounds, and carried away many times with intemperate lust, gaming and drinking. If they read a book at any time (si quod est interim otii a venatu, poculis, aled, scortis) 'tis an English Chronicle, St. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis * Chil. 4. Cent. 1. adag. 1. f Had I done as others did, put myself forward, I might have haply heen as great a man as many of my equals. ^ Catullus, Juven. $ All our hopes and inducements to study are centred in Csesar alone. " Nemo est quern non Phcehus hie noster, solo intuitu lubentiorem reUdat. § Panegyr. || Yirgil. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 211 de Gaul, kc, a play book, or some pamphlet of news, and that at sucli seasons only, when they cannot stir abroad, to drive away time, ^ their sole discourse is dogs, hawks, horses, and what news? If some one have been a traveller in Italy, or as far as the emperor's court, wintered in Orleans, and can court his mistress in broken French, wear his clothes neatly in tlie newest fashion, sing some choice outlandish tunes, discourse of lords, ladies, towns, palaces, and cities, he is complete and to be admired : ^ otherwise he and they are much at one ; no difference between the master and the man, but worshipful titles : wink and choose betwixt him that sits down (clothes excepted) and him that holds the trencher behind him : yet these men must be our patrons, our governors too sometimes, statesmen, magistrates, noble, great, and wise by inheritance. Mistake me not (I say again) Vos, 6 Patritius sanguis, you that are worthy senators, gentlemen, I honour your names and persons, and with all sub mis- si veness, prostrate myself to your censure and service. There are amongst you, I do ingenuously confess, many well-deserving patrons, and true patriots, of my knowledge, besides many hundreds which I never saw, no doubt, or heard of, pillars of our commonwealth, ''whose worth, bounty, learning, for- wardness, true zeal in religion, and good esteem of all scholars, ought to be consecrated to all posterity; but of your rank, there are a debauched, cor- rupt, covetous, illiterate crew again, no better than stocks, merum pecus (testor Deum, non mihi videri dignos ingenui hominis appellatione), barbarous Thracians, et quis ille thrax qui hoc neget ? a sordid, profane, pernicious com- pany, irreligious, impudent and stupid, I know not what epithets to give them, enemies to learning, confounders of the church, and the ruin of a common- wealth ; patrons they are by right of inheritance, and put in trust freely to dispose of such livings to the church's good; but (hard task-masters they prove) they take away their straw, and compel them to make their number of brick; they commonly respect their own ends, commodity is the steer of all their actions, and him they present in conclusion, as a man of greatest gifts, that will give most; no penny, * no pater-noster, as the saying is. Nisi preces auro fulcias, amj)lius ii-ritas : ut Cerberus offa, their attendants and officers must be bribed, feed, and made, as Cerberus is with a sop by him that goes to hell. It was an old saying, Ovinia Romce venalia, (all things are venal at Rome), 'tis a rag of Popery, which will never be rooted out, there is no hope, no good to be done without money. A clerk may offer himself, approve his ^ worth, learning, honesty, religion, zeal, they will commend him for it ; but ^prohitas laudatur et alget. If he be a man of extraordinary parts, they will flock afar off to hear him, as they did in Apuleius, to see Psyche : 'iiiulti mortales conjiuebant ad mdendum sceculi decus, speculum gloriosum, laudatur ab omni- bus, spectatur ab ornnibus, nee quisquam non rex, non regius, ciqndus ejus mip- iiarum petitor accedit; mirantur quidem divinam /ormam omnes, sed ut si~ midacrum fabre politum mirantur; many mortal men came to see fair Psyche the glory of her age, they did admire her, commend, desire her for her divine beauty, and gaze upon her; but as on aipicture; none would marry her, qu/^d indotata, fair Psyche had no money. ""So they do by learning; . d didicit jam dives avarus Tantum admirari, tantum laudaie disertos, Ut pueri Junonis avem — " " Yonr rich men have now learn'd of latter days T" admire, commend, and come together To hear and see a worthy scholar ipeak. As children do a peacock's leather." s Earns enim ferme sensus commnnis in ilia Fortnna. Juv. Sat. 8. y Quis enim generosum dixerit hunc que Indignus genere, et pra^claro nomine tantum, Insignis. Juv^. Sat. 8. 'I have often met with myself and conferred with divers worthy gentlemen in the countiy, no whit inferior, if not to be preferred for divers kinds of learning to many of our academics. ' Ipse licet Musis venias comitatus, Homere, Mil tamen attuleris, ibis, iiomere, foras. b Et legat historicos auctores, noverit omnes Tanquam tmgues digitosque suos. Juv. Sat. 7. * Juvenal. <= Tu vero licet Orpheus sis, saxa sona testudinis emolliensj nisi plumbea eorum corda, auri vel argenti malleo emollias, &c. balisburiensis Policrat. lib. 6. c lU. * Juven. Sat. 7. 212 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. He shall liave all the good words that may be given, ® a proper man, and 'tis pity he hath no preferment, all good wishes, but inexorable, indurate as he is, he will not prefer him, though it be in his power, because he is indotatus, he hath no money. Or if he do give him entertainment, let him be never so well qualified, plead affinity, consanguinity, sufficiency, he shall serve seven years, as Jacob did for Rachel, before he shall have it. ^If he "will enter at first, he must yet in at that Simoniacal gate, come off soundly, and put in good security to perform all covenants, else he will not deal with, or admit him. But if some poor scholar, some parson chaff, will offer himself; some trencher chap- lain, that will take it to the halves, thirds, or accept of what he will give, he is welcome; be conformable, preach as he will have him, he likes him before a million of others ; for the best is always best cheap : and then as Hierom said to Cromatius, patella dignum operculum, such a patron, such a clerk; the cure is well supplied, and all parties pleased. So that is still verified in our age, which ^Chrysostom complained of in his time, Qui opulentiores sunt, in or- dinem parasitorum cogunt eos, et ipsos tanquam canes ad mensas suas enutriunt, eorumque impudentes Ventres iniquarum ccenarum reliquiis differtiunt, iisd'im pro arbitrio abutentes : Rich men keep these lecturers, and fawning parasites, like so many dogs at their tables, and filling their hungry guts with the offals of their meat, they abuse them at their pleasure, and make them say what they propose. " ^ As children do by a bird or a butterfly in a string, pull in and let him out as they list, do they by their trencher chaplains, prescribe, com- mand their wits, let in and out as to them it seems best." If the patron be precise, so must his chaplain be ; if he be papistical, his clerk must be so too, or else be turned out. These are those clerks which serve the turn, whom they commonly entertain, and present to chm^ch livings, whilst in the meantime we that are University men, like so many hide-bound calves in a pasture, tarry out our time, wither away as a flower ungathered in a garden, and are never used; or as so many candles, illuminate ourselves alone, obscuring one an- other's light, and are not discerned here at all, the least of which, translated to a dark room, or to some country benefice, where it might shine apart, would give a lair light, and be seen over all. Whilst we lie waiting here as those sick men did at the Pool of * Bethesda, till the Angel stirred the water, ex- pecting a good hour, they step between, and beguile us of our preferment, I have not yet said, if after long expectation, much expense, travel, earnest suit of ourselves and friends, we obtain a small benefice at last ; our misery begins afresh, we are suddenly encountered with the flesh, world, and devil, with a new onset ; we change a quiet life for an ocean of troubles, we come to a ruinous house, which before it be habitable, must be necessarily to our great damage repaired ; we are compelled to sue for dilapidations, or else sued our- selves, and scarce yet settled, we are called upon for our predecessor's arrear- ages ; first-fruits, tenths, subsidies, are instantly to be paid, benevolence, pro- curations, &c., and which is most to be feared, we light upon a cracked title, as it befel Clenard, of Brabant, for his rectory and charge of his Begince; he was no sooner inducted, but instantly sued, coepimusque (tsaith he) strenue litigare, et implacabili bello confligere: at length, after ten years' suit, as long as Troy's siege, when he had tired himself, and spent his money, he was fain to leave all for quietness' sake, and give it up to his adversary. Or else we are insulted over, and trampled on by domineering officers, fleeced by those greedy harpies to get more fees; we stand in fear of some precedent lapse; we tall ^Euge bene, no need, Dousa epod. lib. 2 dos ipsa scientia sibique congiarium est. fQuatuor ad portas Ecclesias itiis ad omnes; sanguinis aut Simonis, pr£esulis atque Dei. Holcot. 8 Lib. contra Gentiles de Babila martyre. h Prfescribunt, imperant, in ordinem cogunt, ingenium nostrum prout ipsis videbitur, astringunt et relaxant ut papilionem pueri aut bruchum nlo demittunt, aut attrahunt, nos a libidine sua pendere Ecquum censentes. Heinsius. t Joh. 5. fEpist. lib. 2. Jam suffectus in locum deniortui, protinus exortus est adversarius, &c., post multos labores, sumptus, &c. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 213 amongst refractory, seditious sectaries, peevish puritans, perverse papists, a lascivious rout of atheistical Epicures, that will not be reformed, or some liti- gious people (those wild beasts of Ephesus must be fought with) that will not pay their dues without much repining, or compelled by long suit; Laid clericis ojypido infesti, an old axiom, all they think well gotten that is had from the church, and by such uncivil, harsh dealings, they make their poor minister weary of his place, if not his life ; and put case they be quiet honest men, make the best of it, as often it falls out, from a polite and terse academic, he must turn rustic, rude, melancholise alone, learn to forget, or else, as many do, become maltsters, graziers, chapmen, kc. (now banished from the academy, all commerce of the muses, and confined to a country village, as Ovid was from Home to Pontus), and daily converse with a company of idiots and clowns. Nos interim quod attmet {jiec enim immunes ah hac noxd sumus) idem reatus manet, idem nobis, etsi non multo gravius-, crimen objici potest : nostra enim culpa sit, nostra incurid, nostra avaritid, quod tarn frequentes, foedceque fiant in Ecclesid nundinatio)ies, templum est vcenale, deusque) tot sordes incc- hantur, tanta grassetur impietas, tanta nequitia, tarn insa.nus m'seriarum Euripus, et turbarum cestuariuni, nostro inquam, omnium {Academicorum im- primis) vitio sit. Quod tot Resp. ma lis afficiatur, a yiobis seminarium ; ultrd malum hoc accersimus, et qudvis contumclid, qudvis interim miserid digni. qui pro virili non occurrimus. Quid etrim fieri posse speramus, quum tot indies sine delectu pauperes alumni, terrcefilii, et cujuscunque or dines homunciones ad gradus certatim admittantur? qui si definitionem, distinctionemque unam aut alteram memoriter edidicerint,et pro more tot annos in dialecticd posuerint,non refert quo profectu, quales demum sint, idiot(B, nugatores, otiatores, aleatores^ compotores, indignijihidinis voluptatumque administri, '■'• Sponsi Penelopes, ne- bulones,Alcinoique'' modo tot annos in academid insumpserint, et sepro togatis venditarint; lucri causa, et amicorum intercessu prcEsentantur : addo etiam et magnificis nonnunquam elogiis morum et scientice: et jam valediciuri testimonialibus hisce litteris, amplissime conscriptis in eorum gratiam hono- rantur, ah iis, qui Jidei slice, et existimationis jacturam jy^oculduhio faciunt. Doctores enim et professores {quod ait ' ille) id unum curant, ut ex professio- nibus frequentibus, et tnmultuariis potias quam legitimis, commoda sua pro- mo veant, et ex dispendio publico suu m faciant incrementum. Id solum in votis ha- bentannui pier unique magistratus,ut ah incipientium numero^ pecunias emuri- gant,nec multum interest qui sint, liter atores an literati,modd pingues, nitidi, ad aspectum speciosi, et quod verho dicam, pecuiiiosi sint. ^ Philosophastri licen- tiantur in artibus, artem qui non habent,"^ Eosque sapientes esse jabent, qui nulla pr^editi sunt sapientia, et nihil ad gradum prseterquam velle adferunt. Theologastri {solvant modo) satis superque docti, per omnes honorum gradus evehuntur et ascendunt Atque hincjit quod tam viles scurrce, tot passim idiotce, Uterarum crepusculo positi, larvae pastorum, circumforanei, vagi, harbi, fungi, erassi, asini, merum pecus, insacrosanctos theologioe aditus, illotispedibus irrum- pant,pr(Bterinverecundamfrontemadferentes nihil, vulgar es quasdani quis- qudias, et scholarium qucedam nugamenta, indigna quce vel recipiantur in triviis. Hoe illud indignum genus hominum et famelicum, indigum, vagum, ventris mancipium, ad stivam potiiis relegandum, ad haras aptius quam ad aras, quod divinas hasce literas turpiter prostituit; hi sunt qui pulpita com- plent, m To 2. Nutrices non quasvis, sed maxirne probas deligamus. ^ Nutrix non sit lasciva ftut teraulenta, Hier. ' Proliibendum ne stolida Ltctet. «> Pars. f tutrices interdum matribus sxmt meliores. 2r8 Causes of Melancholy. [Part 1. Sec. 2. than mothers; and therefore except the mother be most virtuous, staid, a woman of excellent good parts, and of a sound complexion, I would have all children in such cases committed to discreet strangers. And 'tis the only way; as by marriage they are ingrafted to other families to alter the breed, or if any thing be amiss in the mother, as Ludovicus Mercatus contends, Tom. 2. lib. de morh. hcered. to prevent diseases and future maladies, to correct and qualify the child's ill-disposed temperature, which he had from his parents. This is an excellent remedy, if good choice be made of such a nurse. SuBSECT. II. — Education a Cause of Melanclioly. Education, of these accidental causes of Melancholy, may justly challenge the next place, for if a man escape a bad nurse, he may be undone by evil bringing up. "^ Jason Pratensis puts this of education for a principal cause; bad parents, step-mothers, tutors, masters, teachers, too rigorous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such as have the tuition and oversight of children, offend many times in that they are too stern, always threatening, chiding, brawling, whipping, or striking; by means of which their poor children are so disheartened and cowed, that they never after have any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in any thing. There is a great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the making or marring of a child. Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears, and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherwise unruly : but they are much to blame in it, many times, saith Lavater, de spectris, part 1 . cap. 5. ex onetu in tnorbos graves inci- dunt et noctu dormientes clamant, for fear they fall into many diseases, and cry out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives : these things ought not at all, or to be sparingly done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, impatient, hare-brained schoolmasters, aridi magistri, so * Fabius terms them Ajaces flagelliferi, are in this kind as bad as hangmen and executioners, they make many children endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school, with bad diet, if they board in their houses, too much severity and ill-usage, they quite pervert their temperature of body and mind: still chiding, railing, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, that they arefracti animis, moped many times weary of their lives, t nimia severitate drfciunt et desperant, and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a grammar scholar. Frceceptorum ineptiis discruciantur ingenia puerorum, ° saith Eras- rnus, they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. St. Austin, in the first book of his confess, et 4. ca. calls this schooling meticulosam necessitatem, and else- where a martyrdom, and confesseth of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for learning Greek, mdla verba oioveram, et scevis terroribus et poenis, ut nossera, instabatur mihi vehementer, I knew nothing, and with cruel terrors and punishment I was daily compelled, p Beza complains in like case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris, that made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to drown himself, had he not met by the way with an uncle of his that vindicated him from that misery for the time, by taking him to his house. Trincavellius, lib. 1. consil. 16. had a patient nineteen years of age, extremely melancholy, ob nimium studium, Tarvitii et prceceptoris minas, by reason of overmuch study, and his "^tutor's threats. Many masters are hard-hearted, and bitter to tlieir servants, and by that means do so deject, with terrible speeches and hard usage so crucify them, that they become desperate, and can never be recalled. n Lib. de morbis capitis, cap. de mania; Hand postrema causa supputatitr educatio, inter has mentis abalienationis causas. Injusta novei'ca. * Lib. 2. cap. 4. f Idem. Et quod maxime nocet, dum in teneris ita timent nihil conantur. o"The pupil's faculties are perverted by the indiscretion of tli^ ma.ster." p Prajfat. ad Testam. til. I. 18, saw one that lost his wits by mistaking of an echo. If one sense alone can cause such violent commotions of the mind, what may we think when hearing, sight, and those other senses are all troubled at once? as by some earthquakes, thunder, lightning, tempests, &c. At Bologna in Italy, Anno lo04, there was such a fearful earthquake about eleven o'clock in the night (as ^Beroaldus, in his book de terrce motu, hath commended to pos- terity) that all the city trembled, the people thought the world was at an end, actum de mortalibus, such a fearful noise, it made such a detestable smell, the inhabitants were infinitely affrighted, and some ran mad. Audi rem atrocem, et annalibus memorandam (mine author adds), hear a strange story, and worthy to be chronicled : I had a servant at the same time called Fulco Argelanus, a bold and proper man, so grievously terrified with it, that he '^ was first melan- choly, after doted, at last mad, and made away himself. At "" Fuscinum in Japona " there was such an earthquake, and darkness on a sudden, that many men were offended with headache, many overwhelmed with sorrow and melan- choly. At Meacum whole streets and goodly palaces were overturned at the i Subitus occursus, inopinata lectio. ^Li^, de auditione. * Theod. Prodromus, lib. 7. Amorura. 1 Kffuso cernens fugientes agmine tm-mas, Quis mea nunc inflat cornua Faunus ait. Alciat. embl. 122. «n Jud. 6. 19. ° Plutarchus vita ejus. » In furorem cum sociis versus. p Subitarius terrte motus. " Epist. ult. ad Atticum. ■ Our young master, a fine towardly gentleman, God bless him, and hopeful ; why ? he is heir apparent to the right worshipful, to the I'ight honourable, &c. t nummi, nummi : vobis hunc priEStat honorem. « Exinde sapere eum omnes dicinius, ac quisque fortunam habet. Plaut., Pseud. 228 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. belong unto him, every man riseth to him, as to Themistocles in the Olympics, if he speak, as of Herod, Vox Dei, non hominis, the voice of God, not of man. All the graces, Veneres, pleasures, elegances attend him, "" golden fortune accompanies and lodgeth with him; and as to those Roman emperors, is placed in his chamber. -Secura naviget aura, Fortunaraque suo teiiiperet arbitrio : " he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure, jovial days, splendour and magnificence, sweet music, dainty fare, the good things, and fat of the land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows are at his command, all the world labours for him, thousands of artificers are his slaves to drudge for him, run, ride, and post for him : * Divines (for Pythia Philip- 2nsat), lawyers, physicians, philosophers, scholars are his, wholly devote to his service. Everyman seeks his "" acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him, though he be an oaf, a ninny, a monster, a goosecap, uxorein ducat Danaen, t when and whom he will, hunc optant generum Rex et Regina he is an excellent ''match for my son, my daughter, my niece, &c. Quicquid calcaverit hie, Rosafiet, let him go whither he will, trumpets sound, bells ring, &c., all happiness attends him, every man is willing to entertain him, he sups in ''Apollo wheresoever he comes; what preparation is made for his '^ entertain- ment ! fish and fowl, spices and perfumes, all that sea and land affords. What cookery, masking, mirth to exhilarate his person ! " ^ Da Ti-ebio, pone ad Trebium, vis frater ab illis Ilibus ? What dish will your good worship eat of 1 " % dulcia poma, I " Sweet apples, and wliate'er thy fields afford, Et quoscunque feret cultus tibi fundus honores, Before thy Gods be served, let serve thy Lord." Ante Lareni, gustet venerabilior Lare dives." | What sport will your honour have ? hawking, hunting, fishing, fowling, bulls, bears, cards, dice, cocks, players, tumblers, fiddlers, jesters, &c., they are at your good worship's command. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terraces, gal- leries, cabinets, pleasant walks, delightsome places, they are at hand : ''in aureis lac, vinum in argenteis, adolescentulce ad nutuiii speciosce, wine, wenches, &c., a Turkish paradise, a heaven upon earth. Though he be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet if he be born to fortunes (as I have said), ^jure licEveditario sape7'e juhetur, he must have honour and office in his course: ^Nenio nisi dives honore dignus (Ambros. offic. 21.) none so worthy as himself: he shall have it, atqiie esto quicquid Servius aut Labeo. Get money enough and command § kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, hands, and affections ; thou shalt have popes, patriarchs to be thy chaplains and para- sites: thou shalt have (Tamerlane-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be thy laundresses, emperors thy footstools, build more towns and cities than great Alexander, Babel tovvers, pyramids and mausolean tombs, &c., command heaven and earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal, aura emitur diadema, argento ccelum panditu7', denarius philosophum conducit, nummus jus cogit, obolus literatum pascit, metaUam sanitatem conciliat, ces amicos conglutinat \\ And therefore not without good cause, John de Medicis, that rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, calling his sons, Cosmo and Laurence, before him, amongst other sober sayings, repeated this, animo quieto digredior, quod » Aurea fortuna, principum cubiculis reponi solita. Julius Capitolinus vita Antonini. y Petronius. * Theologi opulentis adhserent, Jui-isperiti pecuniosis, literati nummosis, liberalibus artifices. « Multi ilium juvenes, multte petiere puellae. t " He may have Danae to wife." » Dummodo sit dives, barbarus ille placet. ^ Plut. in Lucullo, a rich chamber so called. « Pauls pane melior. Herodotus vita ejus. Scaliger in poet. Potcntiorum £edes ostiatim adiens, aliquid accipiebat, canens carmina sua, concomitante eum puerorum choro. * Plautus Ampl. <= Ter. Act. 4 .Seen. 3. Adelph. Plegio. f l-)onat. vita ejus. j " liedi.ced to the greatest necessity, he withdrew from the gaze of the public to tlie most remote village in Ureece " § Euiipides. ^ Plutarch, vita ejus. e Vita Ter. 'Gomesius, lib. 3. c, 21, de sale. 234 Causes of Melanchohj. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. scorned his old familiar friend because of his apparel, ^Hominem video pannis, annisque ohsitum, hie ego ilium contempsi prce me. King Persius overcome sent a letter to * Paul us ^milius, the Koman general; Persius P. Consuli, S. but he scorned him any answer, tacite exprohrans fortunam suam (saith mine author), upbraiding him with a present fortune, t Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of Exeter, exiled, run after his horse like a lackey, and would take no notice of him; '"tis the common fashion of the world. So that such men as are poor may justly be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery, and all may pray with ^Solomon, " Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor poverty; feed me with food convenient for me." SuBSECT. VII. — A heap of other Accidents causing Melancholy, Death of Friends, Losses, Sc. In this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intri- cate 1 find the passage, multce ambages, and new causes as so many by-paths offer themselves to be discussed : to search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter for Theseus : I will follow mine intended thread ; and point only at some few of the chiefest. Death of Friends.] Amongst which, loss and death of friends may chal- lenge a first place, inulti tristantur, as J Yives well observes, post delicias, con- vivia, dies festos, many are melancholy after a feast, holiday, merry meeting, or some pleasing sport, if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, or want their ordinary companions, some at the departure of friends only whom they shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her calf, or a child takes on that goes to school after holidays. Ut nis levarat tuus adventus, sic discessus affiixit, (which §Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not so welcome to me, as thy departure was harsh. Montanus, consil. 132. makes mention of a country woman that parting with her friends and native place, became grievously melan- choly for many years ; and Trallianus of another, so caused for the absence of her husband : which is an ordinary passion amongst our good wives, if their husband, tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour, they take on presently with sighs and tears, he is either robbed, or dead, some mischance or other is surely befallen him, they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in mind, till they see him again. If parting of friends, absence alone can work such violent effects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in this world to meet again? This is so grievous a tor- ment for the time, that it takes away their appetite, desire of life, extinguisheth all delights, it causeth deep sighs and groans, tears, exclamations, (" dulce germen matris, 6 sanguis meus, Elieu tepentes, &c. 6 llos tener.")|l howling,' roaring, many bitter pangs (^lamentis gemituque et fcemineo ululatu Tecta fremunt), and by frequent meditation extends so far sometimes, " ^ they think they see their dead friends continually in their eyes," ohservantes imagi- nes, as Conciliator confesseth he saw his mother's ghost presenting herself still before him. Quod nijiiis miseri volunt, hoc facile credunt, still, still, still, that good father, that good son, that good wife, that dear friend runs in their minds : l^otus animus hue una cogitatioae defixus est, all the year long, as ** Pliny com- eTer. Eunuch. Act. 2. Seen. 2. * Liv. dec. 9. 1. 2. f Cominens. »> lie that hath 5/. per annum coming in more than others, scorns him that hath less, and is a better man. ' Prov. xxx. 8. $ ])e anima, cap. Ue marore. § Lib. 12. Epist. || " Oh sweet offspring, oh my very blood; oh tender flower," &c. ^ Virg. 4. ^En. ^ Patres mortuos coram astantes et filios, &c. Marcellus Douatus. ** Epist. lib. 2. Yirginium video, audio, detunctuni cogito, allo^uor. Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Oilier Accidents and Grievances. 235 plains to Romanus, "metliiiiks I see Virginius, I Jiear Virginias, I talk with Yirginius," &c. "*Te sine, vjb miscro mihi, lilia ni.^a vidcntur, Pallentesque rosa\ nee dulce rubens hyacinthus, NuUos nee myrtus, nee lauras spirat odores." They that are most staid and patient, are so furiously carried headlong by the passion of sorrow in this case, that brave discreet men otherwise, oftentimes forget themselves, and weep like children many months together, " t as if that they to water would," and will not be comforted. They are gone, they are gone; what shall I do? " Fountains of tears "wlio gives, who lends me groans. Deep sighs siitficient to express my moans ? Mine eyes are dry, ray breast in pieces torn, My loss so great, I cannot enough mourn." " Abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo, Quis dabit in lachrj'mas t'ontem mihi ? quis satis altos Accendetgemitus, et acerbo verba dolori? Exhaurit pietas oculos, et hiantia frangit Pectora, nee plenos avido sinit edere questus, Magna adeo jactura preniit," &c. So Stroza Filius, that elegant Italian poet, in his Epicedium, bewails his father's death, he could moderate his passions in other matters (as he confess- eth), but not in this, he yields wholly to sorrow, " Nunc fateor do terga malis, mens ilia fatiscit, Indomitus quondam vigor et constantia mentis." How doth ' Quintilian complain for the loss of his son, to despair almost : Cardan lament his only child in his book da libris propriis, and elsewhere in many other of his tracts, :|:St. Ambrose his brother's death? an e^o possum non cogitare de te, aut sine lachrymis cogitare? amari dies, oflehiles noctes, <^c. "Can 1 ever cease to think of thee, and to think with sorrow? bitter days, O nights of sorrow," &c. Gregory Nazianzen, that noble Pulcheria ! decorem, doc. fios recens, pullulans, d'c. Alexander, a man of most invincible courage, after Hephestion's death, as Curtius relates, triduumjacuit ad moriendum obsti- natus, lay three days together upon the ground, obstinate, to die with him, and would neither eat, drink, nor sleep. The woman that communed with Esdras (lib. 2. cap. 10.) when her son fell down dead, "fled into the field, and would not return into the city, but there resolved to remain, neither to eat nor drink, but mourn and fast until she died." "E^achel wept for her children, and would not be comforted because they were not." Matt. ii. 18. So did Adrian the emperor bewail his Antinous; Hercules, Hylas; Orpheus, Eurydice; David, Absalom; (0 my dear son Absalom;) Austin his mother Monica, Niobe her children, insomuch that the ™ poets feigned her to be turned into a stone, as being stupified through the extremity of grief ^jEgeus, signo lugubrifitii consternatus, in mare se prcecipitem dedit, impatient of sorrow for his son's death, drowned himself Our late physicians are full of such examjDles. Mon- tanus, consil. 242. ° had a patient troubled with this infirmity, by reason of her husband's death, many years together. Trincavellius, I. 1. c. 14. hath such another, almost in despair, after his ^ mother's departure, ut se ferine prcecipi- tem daret; and ready through distraction to make away himself : and in his Eifteenth counsel, tells a story of one fifty years of age, "that grew desperate upon his mother's death;" and cured by Fallopius, fell many years after into a relapse, by the sudden death of a daughter which he had, and could never after be recovered. The fury of this passion is so violent sometimes, that it daunts whole kingdoms and cities. Vespasian's death was pitifully lamented all over the Koman empire, totus orbis lugebat, saith Aurelius Victor. Alex- ander commanded the battlements of houses to be pulled down, mules and horses to have their manes shorn off, and many common soldiers to be slain, to accompany his dear Hephestion's death; which is now practised amongst * Calphumius Grsecus. " Without thee, ah ! wretched me, the lilies lose their whiteness, the roses be- come pallid, the hyacinth forgets to blush ; neither the myrtle nor the laurel retains its odours," t Chaucer. 1 PriBfat. lib. 6. JLib. de obitu Satyrifratris. ""^ Ovid. Met. " Plut. vita ejus. oNobilia martoiiii melancholica ob mortem mariti. fEx matris obitu in desperatiouem iucidit. 236 Causes of Melancholy, [Part. 1. Sec. 2. the Tartars, when "^a great Cham dieth, ten or twelve thousand must be slain, men and horses, all they meet; and among those the 'Pagan Indians, their wives and servants voluntarily die with them. Leo Decimus was so much be- wailed in Eome after his departure, that as Jovius gives out, ^ communis solus, puhlica hilaritas, the common safety of all good fellowship, peace, mirth, and plenty died with him, tanquam eodem septdchro cum Leone condita lugebantur; for it was a golden age whilst he lived, *but after his decease, an iron season succeeded, harbara vis et/oeda vastitas, et dira malorum omnium incommoda, wars, plagues, vastity, discontent. When Augustus Caesar died, saith Paterculus, orhis ruinam timueramus, we were all afraid, as if heaven had fallen upon our heads, ^Budseus records, how that, at Lewis the Twelfth his death, tarn suhita mutatio, ut qui prius digito coelum attingere videbantur, nunc humi derepente serpere, sideratos esse diceres, they that were erst in heaven, upon a sudden, as if they had been planet-strucken, lay grovelling on the ground; " t Concussis cecidere animis, seu frondibus ingens Sylva dolet lapsis" they looked like cropped trees. ^ At Kancy in Lorraine, when Claudia Yalesia^ Henry the Second French king's sister, and the duke's wife deceased, the temples for forty days were all shut up, no prayers nor masses, but in that room where she was. The senators all seen in black, and for a twelve- month's space throughout the city, they were forbid to sing or dance. "§1^011 ulli pastores illis egcre diebus "The swains forgot their sheep, nor near the brink Frigida (Daphne) boves ad flumina, nulla nee Of running waters brought their herds to drink; amnem The tliirsty cattle, of themselves, abstain'd Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam." From water, and their gi-assy fare disdain' d." How were we affected here in England for our Titus, delicice humani generis, Prince Henry's immature death, as if all our dearest friends' lives had exhal- ed with his? ||Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented in Epirus. In a word, as ''he saith of Edward the First at the news of Edward of Caernar- von his son's birth, immortaliter gavisus, he was immortally glad, may we say on the contrary of friends' deaths, immortaliter gementes, we are diverse of us as so many turtles, eternally dejected with it. There is another sorrow, which arises from the loss of temporal goods and fortunes, which equally afflicts, and may go hand in hand with the preced- ing; loss of time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes, will much torment; but in my judgment, there is no torture like unto it, or that sooner procureth this malady and mischief: " ^ Ploratur lachrymis amissa pecunia veris : " | " Lost money is bewailed with grief sincere : " it wrings trne tears from our eyes, many sighs, much sorrow from our hearts, and often causes habitual melancholy itself, Guianerius, tract. 15. 5. repeats this for an especial cause: "^Loss of friends, and loss of goods, make many men melancholy, as I have often seen by continual meditation of such things." The same causes Arnoldus Villanovanus inculcates, Breviar. I. 1. c. 18. ex rerum amissione, damno, amicorum morte, &c. Want alone will make a man mad, to be Sans argent will cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like ^ Irishmen in this behalf, who if they have a good scimitar, had rather have a blow on their arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods : and the grief that cometh hence, qMathias ^ Michou. Boter. Amphitheat. 'Lo. Vertoman. M. Polus Venetus, lib. 1. cap. 54. perimunt eos quos in via obvios habent, dicentes, Ite, et domino nostro regi servite in alia vita. Nee tam in homines insaniunt sed in equos, &c. s vita ejus. * Lib. 4. vitaa ejus, auream tetatem condiderat ad humani generis salutem quum nos statim ab optimi principis excessu, vere ferream pateremur, famem, pestem, &c. » Lib. 5. de asse. f Maph. " They bacame fallen in feelings, as the great forest laments its fallen leaves." $0rtelius Itinerario: ob annum integrum k cantu, tripudiis, et saltationibus tota civitas abstinei-e jubetur, §Virg. II See Barletius de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. lib. 13. hist. "Mat. Paris. ^juvenalis. y Multi qui res araatas perdiderant, ut filios, opes, non sperantes recuperare, propter assiduam talium con- siderationem melancholici fiunt, ut ipse vidi. » Stanihurstus, Hib, Hist. Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 237 continuetli long (saith * Plater) " and out of many dispositions procureth an habit." ^ Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of 22 years of age, that so became melancholy, oh amissam pecuniam, for a sum of money which he had unhappily lost. Skenckius hath such another story of one melancholy, because he overshot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary building. ^ Roger, that rich bishop of Salisbury, exutus opibus et castris a Reye Step)hano, spoiled of his goods by king Stephen, vi doloris absorptus, atque in amentiam versus,indecentia/ecit,thYough. grieirsiii. mad, spoke and did he knew not what. Nothing so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind to make away themselv^es. A poor fellow went to hang himself (which Ausonius hath elegantly expressed in a neat t Epigram), but finding by chance a pot of money, flung away the rope, and went merrily home, but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged himself with that rope which the other man had left, in a discontented humour. " At qui condiderat, postquam non reperit aunim, Aptavit collo, quern reperit laqueum." Such feral accidents can want and penury produce. Be it by suretyship, ship- wreck, fire, spoil and pillage of soldiers, or what loss soever, it boots not, it will work the like effect, the same desolation in provinces and cities, as well as private persons. The Komans were miserably dejected after the battle of Cannae, the men amazed for fear, the stupid women tore their hair and cried. The Hungarians, when their king Ladislaus and bravest soldiers were slain by the Turks, Luctus publicus, (&c. The Venetians, when their forces were over- come by the French king Lewis, the French and Spanish kings, pope, emperor, all conspired against them at Cambray, the French lierald denounced open war in the senate : Lauredane Venetorum dux, SfC, and they had lost Padua, Brixia, Yerona, Forum Julii, their territories in the continent, and had now nothing left but the city of Venice itself, ef urhi quoque ipsi (saith \ Bembus) timendum putarent,SiTid the loss of that was likewise to be feared, ^an^ws repente dolor omnes tenuit, ut nunquam alias, ^c, they were pitifully plunged, never before in such lamentable distress. Anno 1527, when Pome was sacked by Burbonius, the common soldiers made such spoil, that fair § churches were turned to stables, old monuments and books made horse-litter, or burned like straw; relics, costly pictures defaced; altars demolished, rich hangings, car2:)ets, &c., trampled in the dirt. || Their wives and loveliest daughters con- stuprated by every base cullion, as Sejanus' daughter was by the hangman in public, before their fathers' and husbands' faces. Noblemen's children, and of the wealthiest citizens, reserved for princes' beds, were prostitute to every com- mon soldier, and kept for concubines; senators and cardinals themselves dragged along the streets, and put to exquisite torments, to confess where their money was hid ; the rest murdered on heaps, lay stinking in the streets ; infants' brains dashed out before their mothers' eyes. A lamentable sight it was to see so goodly a city so suddenly defaced, rich citizens sent a begging to Venice, Naples, Ancona, &c., that erst lived in all manner of delights. "^ Those proud palaces that" even now vamited their tops up to heaven, were dejected as low as hell in aninstant." Whom will not such misery make discontent? Terence the poet drowned himself (some say) for the loss of his comedies, which suffered shipwreck. When a poor man hath made many hungry meals, got together a small sum, which he loseth in an instant ; a scholar spent many an hour's study to no purpose, his labours lost, &c., how should it otherwise be? I may con- * Cap. 3. Melancholia semper venit ob jacturam pecunise, victorise, repulsam, mortem liberorum, quibus longo post tempore animus torquetur, et a dispositione sit habitus. »Consil. 26. ^ Nubrigensis. t Epig. 22. % Lib. 8. Venet. hist. § Templa ornamentis nudata, spoliata, in stabula equorum et asinorum versa, &c. Insulas hurai conculcatse, peditte, &c. || In ocuUs maritovum dilectissimie conjuges ab Hispanorum lixis constupratje sunt. FiliiTj magnatum thoris destinataj, &c. ^ Ita fastu ante unum mensem turgida civitas, et cacuminibus coelum pulsai'e visa, ad inferos usque paucis diebus dejecta. ^3S Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. elude with Gregory, temporalium amor, quantum affi^cit mm hmret possession tantum qxmm suhtraMtur, urit dolor; riches do not so much exhilarate us with their possession, as they torment us with their loss. Next to sorrow still I may annex such accidents as procure fear; for besides those terrors which I have *" before touched, and many other fears (which are infinite) there is a superstitious fear, one of the three great causes of fear in Aristotle, commonly caused by prodigies and distoal accidents, which much trouble many of us. (Nescio quid animus mihi prcesac/it mali.) As if a hare cross the way at our going forth, or a mouse gnaw our clothes : if they bleed three drops at nose, the salt fall towards them, a black spot appear in their nails, &c., with many such, which Delrio, Tom. 2. I. 3. sect. 4, Austin Niphus in his book de Auyuriis, Polydore Virg., I. 3. de Prodigiis, Saris- huriensis, Polycrat. l.\. c. 13., discuss at large. They are so much affected, that with the very strength of imagination, fear, and the devil's craft, " "^they pull those misfortunes they suspect upon their own heads, and that which they fear shall come upon them," as Solomon foretelleth, Prov. x. 24. and Isaiah denounceth, Ixvi, 4. which if " ^ they could neglect and contemn, would not come to pass, Eorum vires nostrd resident opinione, ut morhi gravitas cegrotan- tiitm cogitatione, they are intended and remitted, as our opinion is fixed, more or less. N. N. dat poenas, saith ^ Crato of such a one, utincojn non attralieret : he is punished, and is the cause of it ^ himself: * Dum fata fug imus, fata stulti incurrimus, the thing that I feared, saith Job, is fallen upon me. As much we may say of them that are troubled with their fortunes; or ill destinies foreseen : multos angit prcescientia malorum : The foreknowledge of what shall come to pass, crucifies many men : foretold by astrologers, or wizards, iratam ob caelum, be it ill accident, or death itself: which often falls out by God's permission ; quia dwmonem timent (saith Chrysostom) Deus idea permittit accidere. Severus, Adrian, Domitian, can testify as much, of whose fear and suspicion, Sueton, Herodian, and the rest of those writers, tell strange stories in this behalf. ^ Montanus, consil. 31. hath one example of a young man, exceeding melancholy upon this occasion. Such fears have still tormented mortal men in all ages, by reason of those lying oracles, and juggling priests, t There was a fountain in Greece, near Ceres' temple in Achaia, where the event of such diseases was to be known; "A glass let down by a thread," Nihil aique amarum, quiun diu pe-'dere: quidam roquiore animo ferunt praicidi spem suam quam trahi. Seneca, cap. 3. lib. 2. da Den. Virg. Plater, observat. lib. 1. 242 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. many again if slie died, " No cut to iinkindness," as the saying is, a frown and hard speech, ill respect, a brow-beating, or bad look, especially to cour- tiers, or such as attend upon grea.t persons, is present death : Ingenium vultu statque caditque suo, they ebb and flow with their masters' favours. Some persons are at their wits' ends, if by chance they overshoot themselves, in their ordinary speeches, or actions, which may after turn to their disadvan- tage or disgrace, or have any secret disclosed. lionseus, epist. miscel. 3, reports of a gentlewoman, 25 years old, that falling foul with one of her gossijDS, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter Vv^hat) in public, and so much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudines queer ere, omnes ah se ablegare, Sicut ex animi atfectionibus corpus languescit : sic ex corporis vitiis, et mor- ' borum plerisque cruciatibus animum videmus hebetari. Galenus. Mem. 5. Subs. 1.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 245 fear, sorrow, obtrectation, emulation, &c., si mentis intimos recessus occupdrint, saith 'Lemniiis, corpori quoque infesta sunt, et illi teterrimos onorbos ioiferunt, cause grievous diseases in the body, so bodily diseases affect the soul by con- sent. Now the chiefest causes proceed from the ^ heart, humours, spirits : as they are purer, or impurer, so is the mind, and equally suffers, as a lute out of tune, if one string or one organ be distempered, all the rest miscarry, ^corpus onustum hesternis vitiis, animum quoque i^rmgravat una. The body is domi-^ cilium animcs, her house, abode, and stay ; and as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter smell, according to the matter it is made of; so doth our soul per- form all her actions, better or worse, as her organs are disposed; or as wine savours of the cask wherein it is kept; the soul receives a tincture from the body through which it works. We see this in old men, children, Europeans; Asians, hot and cold climes; sanguine are merry ; melancholy, sad ; phlegmatic, dull ; by reason of abundance of those humours, and they cannot resist such passions which are inflicted by them. For in this infirmity of human nature, as Melancthon declares, the understanding is so tied to, and captivated by his inferior senses, that without their help he cannot exercise his functions, and the will being weakened, hath but a small power to restrain those outward parts, but suffers herself to be overruled by them ; that I must needs conclude with Lemnius, spiritus et humores maximum nocumentum obtinent, spirits and humours do most harm in ™ troubling the soul. How should a man choose but be choleric and angry, that hath his body so clogged with abundance of gross humours? or melancholy, that is so inwardly disposed? That thence comes then this malady, madness, apoplexies, lethargies, &c., it may not be denied. Now this body of ours is most part distempered by some precedent diseases, which molest his inward organs and instruments, andso^sr consequens cause melancholy, according to the consent of the most approved physicians. " "This humour (as Avicenna, I. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4, c. 18. Arnoldus, breviar. I. I.e. 18. JsLCchinufi, comment, in 9 Rhasis, c. 15. Montaltus, c. 10. Nicholas Piso, c. de Melan. &c., suppose) is begotten by the distemperature of some inward part, innate, or left after some inflammation, or else included in the blood after an "ague, or some other malignant disease." This opinion of theirs concurs with that of Galen, I. 3. c. 6. de locis affect. Guianerius gives an instance in one so caused by a quartan ague, and Montanus, consil. 32. in a young man of twenty eight years of age, so distempered after a quartan, which had molested him five years together : Hildesheim, sjncel. 2. de Mania, relates of a Dutch baron, grievously tormented with melancholy after a long^ague: Galen, I. de atra bile, c. 4. puts the plague a cause. Botaldus in his book de lue vener. c. 2. the French pox for a cause, others phrensy, epilepsy, apoplexy, because those diseases do often degenerate into this. Of suppression of hemorrhoids, haemorrhagia, or bleeding at the nose, menstruous retentions (although they deserve a larger explication, as being the sole cause of a proper kind of me- lancholy, in more ancient maids, nuns and widows, handled apart by Roder- icus a Castro, and Mercatus, as I have elsewhere signified), or any other evacuation stopped, I have already spoken. Only this I will add, that this melancholy which shall be caused by such infirmities, deserves to be pitied of all men, and to be respected with a more tender compassion, according to Laurentius, as coming from a more inevitable cause. 5 Lib. 1. c 16. ^ Corporis itidem morbi animam per consensum, a lege consortii afflciunt, et qnan- quam objecta mnltos motus turbulentos in homine concitet, prsecipua tamen causa in covde et humoribus spiritibusque consistit, &c. i Hor. Vide ante. "' Humores pravi mentem obnubilant. » Hie humor vel a partis intemperie generatur A'el relinquiturpostinflammationes, vel crassior in venis conclusus vel torpidus malignam qualitatem contrahit. <> Ssepe constat in febre liominem Melancholicum vel post febrem reddi, aut alium morbum. Calida intemperies innata, vel a febre contracra. p Raro quis diuturuo morbo laborat, qui noa sit melancholicus. Mercurialis de affect, capitis, lib. 1. cap. 10. de Melauc. 2i6 Causes of Mdancholy, [Part. 1. Sec. 2. SuBSECT. II. — Dlstemperature of particular There is almost no part of the body, which being distempered, dofch not cause this malady, as the brain and his parts, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, matrix or womb, pylorus, mirache, mesentery, hypochondries, meseraic veins; and in a word, saith '^Arculauus, "there is no part which caasethnot melan- choly, either because it is adust, or doth not expel the superflaity of the nutri- ment. Savanarola, Pract. major, rubric. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. is of the same opinion, that melancholy is engendered in each particular part, and " Crato in consil. 17. lib. 2. Grordonius, v/ho is instar omnium, lib. med. partic. 2. cap. 19. confirms as much, putting the " ® matter of melancholy, sometimes in the stomach, liver, heart, brain, spleen, mirache, hypochondries, when as the melancholy humour resides there, or the liver is not well cleansed " from melancholy blood." The brain is a familiar and frequent cause, too hot, or too cold, " Hhrough adust blood so caused," as Mercurialis will have it, " within or without the head," the brain itself being distempered. Those are most apt to this dis- ease, "'^ that have a hot heart and moist brain," which Montaltus, cap. 11. de. Melanch. approves out of Halyabbas, Rhasis, and Avicenna. Mercurialis, consil. 11. assigns the coldness of the brain a cause, and Salustius Salvianus, Tfhed. lect. I. 2. c. 1. ^ will have it "arise from a cold and dry dlstemperature pf the brain." Piso, Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, will have it proceed from a "^hot dlstemperature of the brain;" and ^ JMontaltus, cts/;. 10. from the brain's heat, scorching the blood. The brain is still distempered by him- self, or hy consent : by himself or his proper affection, as Pavencinus calls it, " * or by vapours which arise from the other parts, and fame up into the head, altering the animal faculties." Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania, t\\mk.^\t may be caused from a "^distem- perature of the heart; sometimes hot; sometimes cold." A hot liver, and a cold stomach, are put for usual causes of melancholy: Mercurialis, consil. 11. et consil. 6. consil. 86. assigns a hot liver and cold stomach for ordinary causes. '^ Monavius, in an epistle of his to Crato in Scoltzius, is of opinion, that hypo- chondriacal melancholy may proceed from a cold liver; the question is there discussed. Most agree that a hot liver is in fault; " "^the liver is the shop of humours, and especially causeth melancholy by his hot and dry dlstemperature. ® The stomach and meseraic veins do often concur, by reason of their obstruc- tions, and thence their heat cannot be avoided, and many times the matter is so adust and inflamed in those parts, that it degenera,tes into hypochondriacal melancholy." Guianerius, c. 2. Tract. 15. holds the meseraic veins to be a sufficient * cause alone. The spleen concurs to this malady, by all their con- sents, and suppression of hemorrhoids, dum non expurget altera causa lien, saith Montaltus, if it be " ^too cold and dry, and do not purge the other parts as it ought," consil. 23. Montanus puts the " ^ spleen stopped," for a great cause. * Christopherus a Vega reports of his knowledge, that he hath known melancholy caused from putrefied blood in those seed- veins and womb ; " ^ Arca- q Ad nonum lib. Rhasis ad Almansor. c. 16. Universaliter h, qnacunqtie parte potest fieri m elan ctiolic us, Vel quia adimtar, vel quia non expellit supei-fluitatem excrementi. •• A Liene, jccinore, iitero, et aliis partibus o'dtur. ^ Materia Melancholia aliqaandoin corde, in stomacho, hepate, ab hypocondriis, myrache, eplene, cum ibi reraanet humor melancholicus. ' Et sanguine adusto, intra vel extra caput. " Qui calidum cor habent, cerebrum humidum, facile melancholici. 'f Sequitur melancholia malam intemperiem frigidam et siccam ipsius cerebri. SiBpe fit ex calidiore cerebro, ant corpore coUigenti melancholiara, Piso. z Vel per propriam affectionera, vel per consensum, cum vapores exhalant in cerebrum. Montalt. cap. 14. » Aut ibi gignitur melancholicus furaus, aut aliunde vehitur, alterando aniniales facultates. ^ Ab intern- perie cordis, modo calidiore, modo frigidiore. <=Epist. 209. Scoltzii. ^ Oificma Immornm hepar concurrit, Ac. « Ventriculus et venog meseraicie concurrunt, quol haj partes obstractte sunt, &e. 'Per so san- guinem adurentes. s Lien frigidus et siccus, cap. 13. '> Splen obstriictns. ' De arte med., lib. 3. cap. 'li. Ha sanguinis put /edine in vasis serninariis et utero, et quandoque aspennate diuretento, vel sanguine mcn- struo in melancholiam verso per putrefactionem, vel adustiouem. Mem. 5. Siil)3. 3.] Causes of Ilead-Melanclijhj. 24:7 laniis, from that menstruons blood turned into melanchol}^, and seed too long detained (as I have already declared) by putrefaction or adustion." The mesenterium, or midriff, diaphragma, is a cause which the ' Greeks called ■^fi^a.r. because by his inflammation the mind is much troubled with convulsions and dotage. All these, most part, offend by inflammation, cor- rupting humours and spirits, in this non-natural melancholy : for from these are engendered fuliginous and black spirits. And for that reason ""Montaltus cap. 10. de causis melan. will have "the efficient cause of melancholy to be hot and dry, not a cold and dry distemperature, as some hold, from the heat of the brain, roasting the blood, immoderate heat of the liver and bowels, and inflammation of the pylorus. And so much the rather, because that," as Galen holds, "all spices inflame the blood, solitariness, waking, agues, study, meditation, all which heat: and therefore he concludes that this distempera- ture causing adventitious melanclioly is not cold and dry, but hot and dry." But of this I have sufflciently treated in the matter of melancholy, and hold that this may be true in non-natural melancholy, which produceth madness, but not in that natural, which is more cold, and being immoderate, produceth a gentle dotage. ° Which opinion Geraldus de Solo maintains in his com- ment upon E-hasis. SuBSECT. IIT. — Causes of Head-Melancholy. After a tedious discourse of the general causes of melancholy, I am now returned at last to treat in brief of the three particular species, and such causes as properly appertain unto them. Although these causes promiscuously con- cur to each and every particular kind, and commonly produce their effects in that part which is most weak, ill-disposed, and least able to resist, and so cause all three species, yet many of them are proper to some one kind, and saldom found in the rest. As for example, head-melancholy is commonly caused by a cold or hot distemperature of the brain, according to Laurentius, cap. 5 de melan. but as ° Hercules de Saxonia contends, from that agitation or distemperature of the animal spirits alone. Salust. Salvianus, before men- tioned, lib. 2. cajj. 3. de re med. will have it proceed from cold : but that I take of natural melancholy, such as are fools and dote : for as Galen Y>^rites, lib. 4. de puis. 8. and Avicenna, " ^ a cold and moist brain is an insepara,ble com- panion of folly." But this adventitious melancholy which is here meant, is caused of a hot and dry distemperature, as "^Damascen, the Arabian, lib. 3. cap. 22. tiiinks, and most writers : Altomarus and Piso call it " '"an innate burning intemperateness, turning blood and choler into melancholy." Both these opinions may stand good, as Bruel maintains, and Cappivaccius, si cerebrum sit calidius, " ' if the brain be hot, the animal spirits will be hot, and thence comes madness; if cold, folly." David Grusius, TJieat. morb. Hermet. lib. 2, cap. 6. de «^ra6iZ0,grantsmelancholy tobe a disease of an inflamed brain, but coldnotwith- standing of itself : calidaper accidens, frigida per se, hot by accident only; I am of Capivaccius' mind for my part. Now this humour, according to Salvianus, is sometimes in the substance of the brain, sometimes contained in the membranes and tunicles that cover the brain, sometimes in the passages of the ventricles of the brain, or veins of those ventricles. It follows many times " *phrensy, long diseases, agues, long abode in hot places, or under the sun, a blow on the head," as Khasis informeth us : Piso adds solitariness, waking, inflammations 'Magirus. ^ Ergo efficiens causa melan cholioe est calida et sicca intemperies, non frigida et sicca, quod multi opinati sunt, oritur enim a calore cerebri assante sanguinem, &c., turn quod aromata sanguinera incendunt, solitudo, vigiliiB, febrispriBcedens, meJitatio, studium, et hi'ec omnia caleiaciunt, ergo ratura sit, &c. "Lib. 1, cap. 13. de Melanch. "Lib. 3. Tract, posttium. de melan. pA fatuitate insepa- rabilis cerebri frigiditas. i Ab interno calore assatur. "^ Intemperies innata exurens, flavam bilem ac sangainem in mdancholiam convertens. s Si cerebrum sit calidius, fiet spiritas aninialis caliii'ir, et deJirium maniacura; si frigidior, fiet fatuitas. ' Melaacliolia capitis accedit post plireuesim aut lougaui muram sub sole, aut percussionem in capite, cap. 13. lib. 1. ^48 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. of the head, proceeding most part " from much use of spices, hot wines, hot meats : all which Montanus reckons up, consil. 22. for a melancholy Jew; and Heurnius repeats, cap. 1 2. de Mania : hot baths, garlic, onions, saith Guiane- rius, bad air, corrupt, much ^waking, &c., retention of seed or abundance, stopping of haemorrhagia, the midriff misaffected; and according to Trallianus, /. 1. 16. immoderate cares, troubles, griefs, discontent, study, meditation, and, in a word, the abuse of all those six non-natural things. Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 16. lib. 1. will have it caused from a ^ cautery, or boil dried up, or an issue. Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 2. cur a. 67. gives instance in a fellow that had a hole in his arm, " "" after that was healed, ran mad, and when the wound was open, he was cured again." Trincavellius, consil. 13. lib. 1. hath an example of a melancholy man so caused by overmuch continuance in the sun, frequent use of venery, and immoderate exercise : and in his cons. 49. lib. 3. from a "headpiece overheated, which caused head- melancholy. Prosper Calenus brings in Cardinal Csesius for a pattern of such as are so melancholy by long study ; but examples are infinite. SuBSECT. ly. — Causes of Hypochondriacal, or Windy Melancholy. In repeating of these causes, I must crambem bis coctam apponere, say that again which I have formerly said, in applying them to their proper species. Hypochondriacal or flatuous melancholy, is that which the Arabians call myra- chial, and is in my judgment the most grievous and frequent, though Bruel and Laurentius make it least dangerous, and not so hard to be known or cured. His causes are inward or outward. Inward from divers parts or organs, as midriff, spleen, stomach, liver, pylorus, womb, diaphragma, meseraic veins, stopping of issues, &c. Montaltus, cap. 15. out of Galen recites, "^heat and obstruction of those meseraic veins, as an immediate cause, by which means the passage of the chilus to the liver is detained, stopped or corrupted, and turned into rumbling and wind." Montanus, consil. 233, hath an evident demon- stration, Trincavellius another, lib. 1, cap. 12, and Plater a third, observat. lib. 1, for a doctor of the law visited with this infirmity, from the said obstruction and heat of these meseraic veins, and bowels; quoniam inter ventriculum etjecur vencB effervescunt, the veins are inflamed about the liver and stomach. Some- times those other parts are together misaffected; and concur to the production of this malady : a hot liver and cold stomach, or cold belly : look for instances in Hollerius, Victor Trincavellius, co?zsi^. 35, 1. 3, Hildesheim, Spicel. 2,fol. 132, Solenander, consil. 9, pro cive Lugdunensi, Montanus, consil, 229, for the Earl of Montfort in Germany, 1549, and Frisimelica in the 233 consultation of the said Montanus. I. Caesar Claudinus gives instance of a cold stomach and over- hot liver, almost in every consultation, con. 89, for a certain count; and con. 106, for a Polonian baron, by reason of heat the blood is inflamed, and gross vapours sent to the heart and brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them, cons. 89, " "^ the stomach being misaffected," which he calls the king of the belly, because if he be distempered, all the rest suffer with him, as being deprived of their nutriment, or fed with bad nourishment, by means of which come crudities, obstructions, wind, rumbling, griping, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, besides heat, will have the weakness of the liver and his obstruction a QdiUS>Q, facultatem debilem jecinoris, which he calls the mineral of melancholy. Laurentius assigns this reason, because the liver over hot draws the meat undigested out of the stomach, and burneth the humours. Montanus, cons. 244, proves that some- "Qui bibunt vina potentia, et saspe sunt sub sole, ^ Curae validje, largiores vini et aromatum usus. r A cauterio et ulcere exsiccato. ^ Ab ulcere curato Incidit in insaniam, aperto vulnere cuvatur. » A galea nimis calefacta. b Exuritur sanguis et veniB obstruuntur, quibus obstructls prohibetur transitus Chili ad jecur, corruinpitur et in rugitus et flatus vertitur. « Storaacbo laeso I'obur corporis imminuitui', et reJiqua membra alimento orbata, &c. Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 249 times a cold liver may be a cause. Laiirentius, c. 12, Trincavellins, lih. 12, consil., and Gualter Bruel, seems to lay tlie greatest fault upon the spleen, that doth not his duty in purging the liver as he ought, being too great, or too little, in drawing too much blood sometimes to it, and not expelling it, as P. Cnemiandrus in a "^ consultation of his noted tumoreni lienis, he names it, and the fountain of melancholy. Diodes supposed the ground of this kind of melancholy to proceed from the inflammation of the pylorus, which is the nether mouth of the ventricle. Others assign the mesenterium or midriff distempered by heat, the womb misaffected, stopping of haemorrhoids, with many such. All which Laurentius, cap. 12, reduceth to three, mesentery, liver, and spleen, from whence he denominates hepatic, splenetic, and meseraic melancholy. Outward causes, are bad diet, care, griefs, discontents, and in a word all those six non-natural things, as Montanus found by his experience, consil. 244, Solenander, consil. 9, for a citizen of Lyons, in France, gives his reader to understand that he knew this mischief procured by a medicine of cantharides, which an unskilful physician ministered his patient to drink ad vsnerem exci- tandam. But most commonly fear, grief, and some sudden commotion, or perturbation of the mind, begin it, in such bodies especially as are ill-disposed. Melancthou, tract. 14, caj?. 2. de animd, will have it as common to men, as the mother to women, upon some grievous trouble, dislike, passion, or discontent. Por as Camerarius records in his life, Melancthon himself was much troubled with it, and therefore could speak out of experience. Montanus, consil. 22, pro delirante Judceo confirms it, ^grievous symptoms of the mind brought him to it. Randolotius relates of himself, that being one day very intent to write out a physician's notes, molested by an occasion, he fell into a hypochondriacal fit, to avoid which he drank the decoction of wormwood, and was freed. ^Melanc- thon (" seeing the disease is so troublesome and frequent) holds it a most neces- sary and profitable study, for every man to know the accidents of it, and a dangerous thing to be ignorant," and would therefore have all men in some sort to understand the causes, symptoms, and cures of it. SuBSECT. Y. — Causes of Melancholy from the whole Body. As before, the cause of this kind of melancholy is inward or outward. In- ward, *' ^when the liver is apt to engender such a humour, or the spleen weak by nature, and not able to discharge his office." A melancholy temperature, retention of haemorrhoids, monthly issues, bleeding at nose, long diseases, agues, and all those six non-natural things increase it. But especially ''bad diet, as Piso thinks, pulse, salt meat, shell-fish, cheese, black wine, &c. Mer- curialis out of Averroes and Avicenna condemns all herbs : Galen, lih. 3. de loc. affect, cap. 7, especially cabbage. So likewise fear, sorrow, discontents, &c., but of these before. And thus in brief you have had the general and particular causes of melancholy. Now go and brag of thy present happiness, whosoever thou art, brag of thy temperature, of thy good parts, insult, triumph, and boast ; thou seest in what a brittle state thou art, how soon thou may est be dejected, how many several ways, by bad diet, bad air, a small loss, a little sorrow or discontent, an ague, &c. ; how many sudden accidents may procure thy ruin, what a small tenure of happiness thou hast in this life, how weak and silly a creature thou art. " Humble thyself, therefore, under the mighty hand of God," 1 Peter, v. 6. know thyself, acknowledge thy present misery, and make right use of it. d Hildesheim. " Habuit sasva animi symptomata quae impediunt concoctionem, &c. ''Usitatissimus morbus eiira sit, utile est hujus visceris accidentia considerare, nee leve peric;ilum hujus causas morbi ignorantibus. g Jecur aptura ad generandani talem humorem, splen natura imbecillior. Piso, Altomarus, Guianerius. ^ Melancholiam, quae fit a i-edundantia humoris in toto corpore, victus imprimis geuerat qui eum liumorem parit. ^^^ Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1, See. 3. Qui stat vicleM ne caclat. Thou dost now flourish, and hast hona animi, corpo- ris, etfortunce, goods of body, mind, and fortune, nescis quid serus secum vesper ferat, thou knowest not what storms eaid tempests the late evening may bring with it. Be not secure then, " be sober and watch," 'fortuoiam reverenter hahe, if fortunate and rich; if sick and poor, moderate thyself. I have said. SECT. III. MEMB. I. SuBsECT. I. — Syjiij^toms, or Signs of Melancholy in the Body. Parrhasius, a painter of Athens, amongst those Olynthian captives Philip of Macedon brought home to sell, ''bought one very old man; and when he had him at Athens, put him to extreme torture and torment, the better by his example to express the pains and passions of his Prometlieus, whom he was then about to paint. I need not be so barbarous, inhuman, curious, or cruel, for this purpose to torture any poor melancholy man, their symptoms are plain, obvious and familiar, there needs no such accurate observation or far-fetched object, they delineate themselves, they voluntarily betray themselves, they are too frequent in all places, I meet them still as I go, they cannot conceal it, their grievances are too well known, I need not seek far to describe them. Symptoms therefore are either 'universal or particular, saith Gordonius, lib. Tii'id. cup. 1 9, 2:)ari. 2, to persons, to species : " some signs are secret, some manifest, some in the body, some in the mind, and diversely vary, according to the inward or outward causes," Cappivaccius : or from stars, according to Jovianus Pontanus, cle reh. ccelest. lib. 10. caj). 13, and celestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixed, Ficinus, lib. 1, cap. 4c, cle sanit. tuendd: as they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, intended or remitted, so will ^tius have nielancholica deliria muUifurniia, diversity of melancholy signs. Lauren- tins ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, natures, inclina-tions, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixed with other diseases, as the causes are divers, so must the signs be, almost hifinite, Altomarus, cap. 7. art. jnied. And as wine produceth divers eftects, or that herb Tortocolla in ™Lau- rentius, " which makes some laugh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some sing, some howl, some drink," &c., so doth this our melancholy humour work several signs in several parties. But to confine them, these general symptoms may be reduced to those of the body or the mind. Those usual signs appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, be these cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more or less adust. From "these first qualities arise many other second, as that of "colour, black, swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c., some are impense rubri, as Montaltus, cap. 16, observes out of Galen, lib. 3, cle locis affectis, very red and high coloured. Hippocrates in his book ^de insania et melan. reckons up these signs, that they are '• "^lean, withered, hollow-eyed, look old, wrinkled, harsh, much troubled with wind, and a griping in their bellies, or belly-ache, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, flaggy beards, singing of the ears, vertigo, light-headed, little or no sleep, and that interrupt, terrible and fearful dreams," ^ Anna soror, qucB me suspensam insomnia terrent 2 The same symptoms are repeated by Melanelius in his book of melancholy collected out of Galen, i Ausonius. ^ Seneca, cont. lib. 10, cont. 5. i QuEedam nniversalia, particularia, qusEdara manifesta, quffidam in corpore, qusdam in cogitatione et animo, qusedam k stellis, quaidam ab humoribus, quas ut vinum corpus varie disponit, &c. Diversa phantasmata pro varietate causis externje vel interna. ™ Lib. 1. de risu. fol. 17. Ad ejus .sum alii sudant, alii vomunt, flent, bibunt, saltant, alii rident, tremunt, dormiunt, &c. n T. Bright, cap. 20. " Nigrcscit hie humor aliquando supercalefactus, aliquando sup erf rigef actus. Melanel. e Gal. P Interprete F. Calvo i Oculi his excavantur, venti gignuntur circum praicordia, et acidi ructus, sicci i'ere ventres, vertigo, tinnitus aurium, somni pusilli, somnia terribilia et interrupta. » Virg. Mu. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Symj^toms of the Body. 251 Buitus, y3i]tius, by PJnasis, Gordonius, and all the janiors, "* continual, sharp, and stinking belchings, as if their meat in their stomachs vere putrefied, or that they had eaten lish, dry bellies, absurd and interrupt dreams, and many phantastical visions about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery." * Some add palpitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptoms, and a leaping iii many parts of the body, saltum in multis corporis partiblcs, a kind of itching, saith Laurentius, on the superficies of the skin, like a flea- biting sometimes. "Montaltus, cap. 21. puts fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign, and so doth Avicenna, oculos habeiites pcdpitantes, tremuli, vehementer rubicundi, d'c, lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates' aphorisms. ^ Rhasis makes " head-ache and a binding heaviness for a principal token, much leaping of wind about the skin, as well as stutting, or tripping in speech, &c., hollow eyes, gross veins, and broad lips," To some too, if they be ftir gone, mimical gestures are too familiar, laughing, grinning, fleering, murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange mouths and faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, (fee. And although they be commonly lean, hirsute, uncheerful in countenance, withered, and not so pleasant to behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, restless, unapt to go about any business; yet their memories are most j)art good, they have happy wits, and excellent apprehensions. Their hot and dry brains make them they cannot sleep, Ingentes liabent et erebras vi'jUias (Areteus), mighty and often watchings, sometimes w^aking for a month, a year together. ^' Hercules de Saxonia ftiithfuUy averreth, that he hath heard his mother sv/ear, she slept not for seven months together: Trincavellius, Tom. 2. cons. 16. speaks of one that waked 50 days, and Skeuckius hath examples of two years, and all vritliout oflence. In natural actions their appetite is greater than their concoction, multa apjjetant, 2Xouca digerunt, as Rhasis hath it, they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they " ^ do eat much, yet they are lean, ill-liking," saith Areteus, "withered and hard, much troubled vv'ith costiveness," crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c. Their pulse is rare and slow, except it be of the ^ Carotides, which is very strong; but that varies according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius h?th proved at large, Spigmaticce arti's, I. 4. c. 13. To say truth, in such chronic diseases the pulse is not much to be respected, there being so much superstition in it, as ^ Crato notes, and so many difierences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or understood of any man. Their urine is most part pale, and low coloured, zirina pauca, acris, hiliosa, (Areteus), not much in quantity ; but this, in my judgment, is all out as uncer- tain as the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions not to be respected in chronic diseases. " " Their melancholy excrements in some very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part," and thence proceeds wind, palpitation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness of heart and heartache, and intolerable stupidity and dalness of spirits. Their excrements or stool hard, black to some and little. If the heart, brain, liver, spleen, be misatfected, as usually they are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many diseases accompany, as incubus, ^ apoplexy, epilepsy, vertigo, those frequent wakings and terrible » Assidufe eaque acidse nictationes quss cilnim virulentum culentumqiie nidorein, etsi nil tale in!:;:estuTn sit, referaut Ob cruditatem. Ventres hisce aridi, sonmus pleruinque parens et interruptus, somnia absuruis- smia, turbiueuta, corporis tremor, cr.vilis gravedo, strepitus circa aures et visiones ante oculos, ad venerem prodigi _ t Altomarus, Bruel, Piso, Montalttis. "Frequentes habent oculorum nictationes, aliqui tamen fixis oculis plerumque sunt. ^ Cent. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Signa hujus morbi sunt plurimus saltus, sonitus auriuni, capitis gravedo, lingua titubat, oculi excavantur, &c. y In Pantheon cap. de Melancholia. « Alvus arida nihil dejiciens, cibi capaces, nihilominus tamen cxtenuatisimt. ''Xic. Piso. Inflatio carotidum, r?" ,.« Andrteas Dudith Rahamo. ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. multa in pulsibiis superstitio, ausim etiam dicere, tot cilterentias quoj describuntur a Galeno, neque inteiligi a quoquam nee observari posse. c T. Brighr, ^^Y:- r„ dPost 40 «tat. annum, saith Jacchinus mV^. 9 Ehasis. Idem Mercuiialis, consil. 86. Trinca- vtlhus, Tom. 2. cons. 17. 252 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3, dreams, ^ intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing, bashfulness, blush- ing, trembling, sweating, swooning, &c. ^AU their senses are troubled, they think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in the following discourse. SuBSECT. II. — Symptoms or Signs in the Mind. Fear.'] Arculanus in 9 Rhasis ad Almansor. cap. 16. will have these symptoms to be infinite, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties, "for scarce is there one of a thousand that dotes alike," ^Laurentius, c. 16. Some few of greater note I will point at; and amongst the rest, fear and sorrow, which as they are frequent causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates ^ and Galen's aphorisms, they are most assured signs, inse- parable companions, and characters of melancholy ; of present melancholy and habituated, saith Montaltus, cap. 11. and common to them all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all Neoterics hold. But as hounds many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving themselves to be at a fault, so do they. For Diodes of old (whom Galen confutes), and amongst the juniors, 'Hercules de Saxonitl, with Lod. Mercatus, cap. 17. I. 1. de melan. take just exceptions at this aphorism of Hippocrates, 'tis not always true, or so generally to be understood, " fear and sorrow are no commoii symptoms to all melancholy ; upon more serious consideration, I find some (saith he) that are not so at all. Some indeed are sad, and not fearful ; some fearful and not sad; some neither fearful nor sad; some both." Four kinds he excepts, fa- natical persons, such as were Cassandra, ISTanto, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sybils, whom '''Aristotle confesseth to have been deeply melancholy. Bap- tista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. 1. cap. 8, they were atrd bile perciti : dsemoniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, are of this rank : some poets, such as laugh always, and think themselves kings, cardinals, &c., sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. ' Baptista Porta confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold; but lovers, sybils, enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that I think I may truly conclude, they are not always sad and fearful, but usually so : and that ° without a cause, timeni de non timendis (Gordonius), quceque momenti nan sunt, "although not all alike (saith Altomarus), ° yet all likely fear, ** some with an extraordinary and a mighty fear," Areteus. "^Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, lib. 3. de lac. affect, cap. 7. Some are afraid tliat heaven will fall on their heads : some they are damned, or shall be. '"^They are troubled with scruples of consciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, that they shall be so sick of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every object, they shall die themselves forthwith, or that some of their dear friends or near allies are certainly dead ; imminent danger, loss, disgrace, still torment others, &c. ; that they are all glass, and therefore will suffer no man to come near them : that they are all cork, as light as feathers; others as heavy as lead; some are afraid their heads will fall otf their shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. 'Montanus, consil. 23, speaks of one "that durst not walk alone from e Gordonius. modbrident, modb flent, silent, &c. fFernelius, consil. 43 et 45. Montanus, consil. 230. Galen de locis affectis, lib. 3. cap. 6. « Aphorism, etlib. de Melan. i^Lib. 2. cap. 6. de locis affect, timor et moestitia, si diutiiis perseverent, &c. ' Tract, posthumo de Melan. edit. Venetiis 1620. per Bolzettara Bibliop. Mihi diligentius banc rem consideranti, patet quosdam esse, qui non laborant mcerore et timore. kProb. lib. 3. ' Physiog. lib. 1. c. 8. Quibus multa frigida bills atra, stolidi et timidi, at qui calidi, inge- niosi, amasii, divinosi, spiritu instigati, &c. ™ Omnes exercent metus et tristitia, et sine causa. •> Omnes timent licet non omnibus idem timendi modus. Jitius Tetrab. lib. 2. sect. c. 9. "Ingenti pavore trepidant. p Multi mortem timent, et tamen sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt, alii coeli ruinam timent. i Affligit eos plena sorupulis couscientia, divinse misericordias diffidentes, Oreo se destinant foeda lamentatione deplo- rautes. ' JSou ausus egredi dome ne deiiceret. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Symptoms of the Mind. 253 home, for fear he should swoon or die." A second "* fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should meet the devil, a thief, be sick ; fears all old women as witches, and every black dog or cat he sees he suspecteth to be a devil, every person comes near him is malificiated, every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his ruin; another dares not go over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lie in a chamber where cross beams are, for fear he be tempted to hang, drown, or precipitate himself If he be in a silent audi- tory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud at unaware.s, some- thing indecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of being stifled for want of air, and still carries biscuit, aquavitae, or some strong waters about him, for fear of deli qui urns, or being sick ; or if he be in a throng, " middle of a church, multitude, where he may not well get out, though he sit at ease, he is so misaffected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforehand, bat when it comes to be performed, he dare not adventure, but fears an infinite number of dangers, disasters, &c. Some are " 'afraid to be burned, or that the "Aground will sink under them, or ^swallow them quick, or that the king will call them in question for some fact they never did (Rhasis cont.) and that they shall surely be executed." The terror of such a death troubles them, and they fear as much and are equally tormented in mind, *'^as they that have committed a murder, and are pensive without a cause, as if they were now presently to be put to death." Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienat. They are afraid of some loss, danger, that they shall surely lose their lives, goods, and all they have, but why they know not. Trincavellius, consil. 13. lib. 1. had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being hanged, and could not be persuaded for three years together, but that he had killed a man. Plater, ohservat. lib. 1. hath two other examples of such as feared to be executed without a cause. If they come in a place where a robbery, theft, or any such offence hath been done, they presently fear they are sus- pected, and many times betray themselves without a cause. Lewis XL, the Prench king, suspected every man a traitor that came about him, durst trust no ofiicer. Alii formidolosi omnium, alii quorundam (Fracastorius, lib. 2. de Intellect.) "^some fear all alike, some certain men, and cannot endure their companies, are sick in them, or if they be from home." Some suspect * treason still, others "are afraid of their ^dearest and nearest friends." [Melanelius e Gale/10, Ruffo, uEtio^ and dare not be alone in the dark for fear of hobgoblins and devils : he suspects every thing he hears or sees to be a devil, or enchanted, and imaaulo post prodigi. Now pro- digal, and then covetous, they do, and by-and-by repent them of that which they have done, so that both ways they are troubled, whether they do or do not, want or have, hit or miss, disquieted of all hands, soon weary, and still seeking change, restless, I say, fickle, fugitive, they may not abide to tarry in one place long. 2" Romse rus optans, absentem rusticus urbem Tollit ad astra " no company long, or to persevere in any action or business. « " Et similis regum pueris, pappare minutum Poscit, et iratus mamraaa lallare recusat." eftsoons pleased, and anon displeased, as a man that's bitten with fleas, or that cannot sleep turns to and fro in his bed, their restless minds are tossed and vary, they have no patience to read out a book, to play out a game or two, walk a mile, sit an hour, &c., erected and dejected in an instant; animated to undertake, and upon a word spoken again discouraged. Passionate.'] Extreme passionate, Quicquid volunt valde volunt; and what they desire, they do most furiously seek : anxious ever and very solicitous, distrustful, and timorous, envious, malicious, profuse one while, sparing ano- t Luget et semper tristatur, solitudinem amat, mortem sibi precatur, vitam propriam odio habet. " Facile in iram incidunt. Aret. * Ira sine causa, velocitas iriE. Savanarola, pract. major, velocitas irae signum. Avicenna, 1. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. Angor sine causa. y Suspicio, diffldentia, symptomata, Crato Ep. Julio Alexandrio cons. 185 Scoltzii. ^ Hor. " At Rome, wishing tor the fields ; in the country, extolling the city to the skies." » Fers. Sat. 3. 18. " And like the children of nobility, require to eat pap, and, angry at the nurse, refuse her to sing lullaby." Mem. 1. Sabs. 2.] Symptoms of the Mind. 257 ther, but most part covetous, muttering, repining, discontent, and still com- plaining, grudging, peevish, injuricu'ioni tenaces, ])vone to revenge, soon troubled, and most violent in all their imaginations, not affable in speech, or apt to vul- gar compliment, but surly, dull, sad, austere; cogitahundi still, very intent, and as ^Albertus Durer paints melancholy, like a sad woman leaning on her arm with fixed looks, neglected habit, &c., held therefore by some proud, soft, sottish, or half-mad, as the Abderites esteemed of Democritus : and yet of a deep reach, excellent apprehension, judicious, wise, and witty: for I am of that ''nobleman's mind, " Melancholy ad vanceth men's conceits, more than any humour whatsoever," improves their meditations more than any strong drink or sack. They are of profound judgment in some things, although in others non recte judicant inquieti, saith Fracastorius, lib. 2. delntell. And as Arculanus, c. 16. m 9. llhasis terms it. Judicium jjlerumque perversum. cor- rupti, cum judicant honesta inhonesia, et arnicitiam habent pro inimicitia : they count honesty dishonesty, friends as enemies, they will abuse their best friends, and dare nor offend their enemies. Cowards most part et ad inferendam in- juriam timidissimi, saith Cardan, lib. 8. cap. 4. de rerum varietate: loth to offend, and if they chance to overshoot themselves in word or deed : or any small business or circumstance be omitted, forgotten, they are miserably tor- mented, and frame a thousand dangers and inconveniences to themselves, ess 7)iusca elephantem,!^ oxiGQ they conceit it: overjoyed with every good rumour, tale, or prosperous event, transported beyond themselves : with every small cross again, bad news, misconceived injury, loss, danger, afflicted beyond mea- sure, in great agony, perplexed, dejected, astonished, impatient, utterly un- done : fearful, suspicious of all. Yet again, many of them desperate hare- brains, rash, careless, fit to be assassins, as being void of all fear and sorrow, according to ^ Hercules de Saxonid, " Most audacious, and such as dare walk alone in the night, through deserts and dangerous places, fearing none." Amorous^ " They are prone to love," and '""easy to be taken; Proioensi ad aTn^'Vem et excandescentiam [Montaltics, cap. 21). quickly enamoured, and dote npon all, love one dearly, till they see another, and then dote on her, Ut hanc, et hanc, et illam, et omnes, the present moves most, and the last commonly they love best. Yet some again Anterotes, cannot endure the sight of a woman, ablior the sex, as that same melancholy ^duke of Muscovy, that was instantly sick if he came but in sight of them ; and that ^ Anchorite, that fell into a cold palsy when a woman was brought before him. Humorous.] Humorous they are beyond all measure, sometimes profusely laughing, extraordinarily merry, and then again weeping without a causa (which is familiar with many gentlewomen), groaning, sighing, pensive, sad, almost distracted, multa absurda fingunt, et a ratione aliena (saith ^Frambe- sarius), they feign many absurdities, vain, void of reason: one supposeth him- self to be a dog, cock, bear, horse, glass, butter, &c. He is a giant, a dwarf, as strong as an hundred men, a lord, duke, prince, &c. And if he be told he hath a stinking breath, a great nose, that he is sick, or inclined to such or such a disease, he believes it eftsoons, and perad venture by force of imagination will work it out. Many of them are immovable, and fixed in their conceits, others vary upon every object, heard or seen. If they see a stage-play, they run upon that a week after; if they hear music, or see dancing, they have nought but bagpipes in their brain; if they see a combat, they are all for arms. ^If abused, an abuse troubles them long after; if crossed, that cross, &c. E,estless bin his Dutch -vrork picture. " T-io^varcI, cap. 7. differ. d Tract, de mel. cap. 2. Noctu ambulant per sylvas, et loca periculosa, neminem timent. * Facile atnant. Altom. cBodine. *'Io. Major vitis patruin, fol. 202. Paulus Alabas Ercmita tanta solitudjie perseverat, ut nee vestem nee vultum mulierls liM-re possit, &c. s Consult, lib. 1. 17. Cons. ^ Generally as they are pleased or displeased, so are their continual cogitations pleasing or displeasing, • .s 258 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. in tlieir thoughts and actions, continually meditating, Velet cegfi somnia, vance finguntur species; more like dreams, than men awake, they fain a company of antic, fantastical conceits, they have most frivolous thoughts^ impossible to be effected; and sometimes think verily they hear and see present before their eyes such phantasms or goblins, they fear, suspect, or conceive, they still talk with, and follow them. In fine, cogitationes somniantibus similes, id vigilant, quod alii somniant cogitahundi : still, saith Avicenna, they wake, as others dream, and such for the most part are their imaginations and conceits, ' ab- surd, vain, foolish toys, yet they are ^ most curious and solicitous, continual, et supra modam, Rhasis, coni. lib. 1. cap. 9. prcemeditantur de aliqua re. As serious in a toy, as if it were a most necessary business, of great moment, im- portance, and still, still, still thinking of it : sceviunt in se, macerating them- selves. Though they do talk with you, and seem to be otherwise employed, and to your thinking very intent and busy, still that toy runs in their mind, that fear, that suspicion, that abuse, that jealousy, that agony, that vexation, that cross, that castle in the air, that crotchet, that whimsy, that fiction, that pleasant waking dream, whatsoever it is. JVec interrogant (saith ^ Fracas- torius) nee interrogatis rede respondent. They do not much heed what you say, their mind is on another matter; ask what you will, they do not attend, or much intend that business they are about, but forget themselves what they are saying, doing, or should otherwise say or do, whither they are going, distracted with their own melancholy thoughts. One laughs upon a sudden, another smiles to himself, a third frowns, calls, his lips go still, he acts with his hand as he walks, &c. 'Tis proper to all melancholy men, saith ""Mer- curialis, con. 11. "What conceit they have once entertained, to be most intent, violent, and continually about it." Invitus occurrit, do what they may they cannot be rid of it, against their wills they must think of it a thousand times over, Perpetuo 7iiolestantur nee oblivisci possunt, they are continually troubled with it, in company, out of company; at meat, at exercise, at all times and places, "^non desinunt ea, quce minime volunt, cogitare, if it be offen- sive especially, they cannot forget it, they may not rest or sleep for it, but still tormenting themselves, SysipJd saxum volvunt sibi ipsis, as °Bruner observes, Perp)etaa calamitas et iniserabile Jiagellum. JBashfidness.] ^Crato, "^Laurentius, and Fernelius, put bashfulness for an ordinary symptom, subrusticus pudor, or vitiosus pudor, is a thing which much haunts and torments them. If they have been misused, derided, disgraced, chidden, &c,, or by any perturbation of mind misaffected, it so far troubles them, that they become quite moped many times, and so disheartened, dejected, they dare not come abroad, into strange companies especially, or manage their ordinary affiirs, so childish, timorous, and bashful, they can look no man in the face; some are more disquieted in this kind, some less, longer some, others shorter, by fits, (fee, though some on the other side (according to '"Fracastorius) be inverecundi et psrtinaces, impudent and peevish. But most part they are very shamefaced, aad that makes them with Pet. Blesensis, Christopher Urs- wick, and many such, to refuse honours, offices and preferments, which some- times fall into their mouths, they cannot speak, or put forth themselves as others can, timor has, pudor impedit illos, timorousness and bashfulness hinder their proceedings, they are contented with their present estate, unwilling to undertake any office, and therefore never likely to rise. For that cause they seldom visit their friends, except some familiars : pauciloqui, of few words, J Omnes exercent vanse intensspque animi cogitationes, (N. Piso Bruel) et assidu^. k Curiosi de rebus minimis. Areteus. ' Lib. 2. de Intell. '" iloc melaMcholicis omnibus proprium, ut quas semel jmaginationes valde receperint, non facile rejiciant, sed liae etiam vel invitis semper occm-rant. " Tullius de Senect. <> Consil. med. pro Hypochondriaco. p Consil. 43. i Cap. 5. "^ Lib. 2. de InteU. Mem. 1. Sabs. 2.] Symptoms of the Mind. 259 and oftentimes wholly silent. * Frambeserius, a Frencbman, had two such jDatients, omnino taciturnos, their friends could not get them to speak : Roderi- cus a Fonseca, consult, tom. 2. S5. consil. gives instance in a young man, of twenty-seven years of age, that was frequently silent, bashful, moped, solitary, that would not eat his meat, or sleep, and yet again by fits apt to be angry, &c. Solitariness.'] Most part they are, as Plater notes, deddes, taciturni, cegre impulsi nee nisi coacti 2^rocedunt, (he , they v/ill scarce be compelled to do that which concerns them, though it be for their good, so diffilent, so dull, of small or no compliment, unsociable, hard to be acquainted with, especially of stran- gers; they had rather write their minds than speak, and above all things love solitariness. Oh voluptcUem, an oh timorem soli sunt ? Are they so solitary for pleasure (one asks) or pain? for both ; yet I rather think for fear and sorrow, &c. *"Hinc raetuunt ctipiuntque, dolent fiigiuntque, nee " Hence 'th they grieve and fear, avoiding light, auras And shut themselves in prison dark from sight." Respiciunt, clausi tenebris, et carcere creco." As Bellerophon in "Homer, "Qui raiser in sylvis moerens errabat opacis, I " That ^randered in the woods, sad, all alone. Ipse suum cor edens, hominum vestigia vitans." j Forsaking men's society, malung great moan." They delight in floods and waters, desert places, to walk alone in orchards, gardens, private walks, back lanes, averse from company, as Diogenes in his tub, or Timon Misanthropus, ^they abhor all companions at last, even their nearest acquaintances and most familiar friends, for they have a conceit (I say) every man observes them, will deride, laugh to scorn, or misuse them, confining themselves therefore wholly to their private houses ovG\\^m\)&o^,fagiunthomines sine causa (saith E,hasis) et odio haoent, cOiit. /. 1. c. 9. they will diet themselves, feed and live alone. It was one of the cliiefest reasons why the citizens of Abdera suspected Democritus to be melancholy and mad, because that, as Hippocrates related in his epistle to Philopoemenes, "^he forsook the city, liv^ed in groves and hollow trees, upon a green bank by a brook side, or con- fluence of waters all day long, and all night." Quce quidem (saith he) plurimum atra hile vexatis et melancliolicis eveniunt, deserta frequentant, hominumque con- gressum aversantur; '^wliich is an ordinary thing v/ith melancholy men. The Egyptians therefore in their hieroglyphics expressed a melancholy man by a hare sitting in her form, as being a most timorous and solitary creature, Pierius, Hieroglyph. I. 12. But this, and all precedent symj^toms, are more or less apparent, as the humour is intended or remitted, hardly perceived in some, or not at all, most manifest in others. Childish in some, terrible in others; to be derided in one, pitied or admired in another ; to him by fits, to a second conti- nuate : and howsoever these symptoms be common and incident to all persons, yet they are the more remarkable, frequent, furious and violent in melancholy men. To speak in a word, there is nothing so vain, absurd, ridiculous, extra- vagant, impossible, incredible, so monstrous a chimsera, so prodigious and strange, ^such as painters and poets durst not attempt, which they will not really fear, feign, suspect and imagine unto themselves : and that which ""Lod. Viv. said in a jest of a silly country fellow, that killed his ass for drinking up the moon, ut lunam mundo redder et, you may truly say of them in earnest ; they will act, conceive all extremes, contrarieties, and contradictions, and that in infinite varieties. Melancholici plane incredihilia sibi persuadent, ut vix omnibus soicidis duo reperti sint, qui idem imaginati sint [Erastus de Lamiis)., scarce two of two thousand that concur in the same symptoms. The tower of "Consult. 15. et 16. lib. 1, 'Virg. Mn. 6 ° Iliad. 3. ^ Si malum exasperetur, homines odio habent et solitaria petunt. y Democritus solet noctes et dies apud se degere, plerumque autem in speluncis, sub amoenis arborum umbi'is vel in tenebris, et mollibus lierbis, vel ad aquarura crebra et qiiieta flueuta, &e. z Gaudet tenebris, aliturque dolor. Ps. Ixii. Vigilavi et factus sum velut nycticorax in domicilio, passer solitarius in teraplo. » Et quae vix audet fabula, monstra parit. i>Iq cap. 18. 1. 10. de civ. dei, Lunam ab Asino epotam videns. 260 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. Babel never yielded such confusion of tongues, as the chaos of melancholy doth variety of symptoms. There is in all melancholy similitudo dissimilis, like men's faces, a disagreeing likeness still ; and as in a river we swim in the same place, though not in the same numerical water; as the same instrument affords several lessons, so the same disease yields diversity of symptoms. Which howsoever they be diverse, intricate, and hard to be confined, I will adventure yet in such a vast confusion and generality to bring them into some order; and so descend to particulars. SuBSECT. III. — Particular Symptoms from the influence of Stars, parts of the Body, and Humours. Some men have peculiar symptoms, according to their temperament and crisis, which they had fuom the stars and those celestial influences, variety of wits and dispositions, as Anthony Zara contends, Anat. ingen. sect. 1. memh. 11, 12, 13, 14, plurimum irritant infuentice ccelestes, unde cientur animi cegri- tudines et morhi corporu7)%. ''One saith, diverse diseases of the body and mind proceed from their influences, "^as I have already proved out of Ptolemy, Pon- tanus, Lemnius, Cardan, and others, as they are principal significators of man- ners, diseases, mutually irradiated, or lords of the geniture, &c. Ptolomeus in his centiloquy, Hermes, or whosoever else the author of that tract, attributes all these symptoms, which are in melancholy men, to celestial influences : which opinion, Mercurialis de affect, lib. cap. 10. rejects; but, as I say, °Jovianus Pontanus and others stiffly defend. That some are solitary, dull, heavy, churl- ish ; some again blithe, buxom, light, and merry, they ascribe wholly to the stars. As if Saturn be predominant in his nativity, and cause melancholy in his temperature, then ^he shall be very austere, sullen, churlish, black of colour, profound in his cogitations, full of cares, miseries, and discontents, sad and fearful, always silent, solitary, still delighting in husbandry, in woods, orchards, gardens, rivers, ponds, pools, dark walks and close: Cogitationes sunt velle cedificare, velle arbores plantare, agros colere, d'c. To catch birds, fishes, &c., still contriving and musing of such matters. If Jupiter domineers, they are more ambitious, still meditating of kingdoms, magistracies, offices, honours, or that they are princes, potentates, and how they would carry themselves, &c. If Mars, they are all for wars, brave combats, monomachies, testy, choleric, hare- brain, rash, furious, and violent in their actions. They will feign themselves victors, commanders, are passionate and satirical in their speeches, great brag- gers, ruddy of colour. And though they be poor in show, vile and base, yet like Telephus and Peleus in the ^ poet, Amp>ullas jactant et sesquipedalia verba, "forget their swelling and gigantic words," their mouths are full of myriads, and tetrarchs at their tongues' end. If the sun, they will be lords, emperors, in conceit at least, and monarchs, give offices, honours, &c. If Yenus, they are still courting of their mistresses, and most apt to love, amorously given, they seem to hear music, plays, see fine pictures, dancers, merriments, and the like. Ever in love, and dote on all they see. Mercurialists are solitary, much in contemplation, subtile, poets, philosophers, and musing most part about such matters. If the moon have a hand, they are all for peregrinations, sea voyages, much affected with travels, to discourse, read, meditate of such things; wan- dering in their thoughts, diverse, much delighting in waters, to fish, fowl, &c. Bufc the most immediate symptoms proceed from the temperature itself, and the organical parts, as head, liver, spleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, sto- mach, &c., and most especially from distemperature of spirits (which, as'' Her- cules de Saxonia contends, are wholly immaterial), or from the four humours in Velc. 1. 4 c. 5. d Sect. 2. Memb. 1 . Subs. 4. ^De reb. coelest. lib. 10. c. 13. f I. de Indagine 'Goclenius. s Hor. de art. poet. *' Tract. 7. de Melan. Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, ^c, 261 those seats, whether they be hot or cold, natiu'al, unnatural, innate or adventi- tious, intended or remitted, simple or mixed, their diverse mixtures, and several adustions, combinations, which may be as diversely varied, as those 'four first qualities in ''Clavius, and produce as many several symptoms and monstrous fictions as wine doth effect, which as Andreas Bachius observes, lib. 3. de vino, cap. 20. are infinite. Of greater note be these. If it be natural melancholy, as Lod, Mercatus, lib. 1. cap. 17. de melan. T, Bright, c. 16. hath largely described, either of the" spleen, or of the veins, faulty by excess of quantity, or thickness of substance, it is a cold and dry humour, as Montanus affirms, consil. 2Q. the parties are sad, timorous and fearful. Prosper Calenus, in his book de atra bile, will have them to be more stupid than ordinar}^, cold, heavy, dull, solitary, sluggish ; Si Tnidtam atrani bilem etfrigidam, hcibent. Hercules de Saxonia, c. 19. I. 7. "^holds these that are naturally melancholy, to be of a leaden colour or black," and so doth Guianerius, c. 3. tract. 15. and such as think themselves dead many times, or that they see, talk with black men, dead men, spirits and goblins frequently, if it be in excess. These symptoms vary according to the mixture of those four humours adust, which is unnatural melancholy. For as Trallianus hath written, cap. 16, I. 7. '"''There is not one cause of this melancholy, nor one humour which begets, but diverse diversely intermixed, from whence proceeds this variety of symptoms:" and those varying again as they are hot or cold. "°Cold melancholy (saith Benedic. Vittorius Faventinus pract. mag.) is a cause of dotage, and more mild symptoms; if hot or more adust, of more violent passions, and furies," Fracastorius, I. 2. de intellect, will have us to consider well of it, " "with what kind of melancholy every one is troubled, for it much avails to know it; one is enraged by fervent heat, another is possessed by sad and cold; one is fearful, shamefaced; the other impudent and bold; asAjax, A)-ma rapit superosque farens in proilia poscit: quite mad or tending to mad- ness: Nunc hos, nunc impetit illos. Bellerophon on the other side, solis errat inale sanus in agns, wanders alone in the woo'ls; one despairs, weeps, and is weary of his life, another laughs, &c. All which variety is j^roduced from the several degrees of heat and cold, which ^ Hercules de Saxonia will have wholly proceed from the distemperature of spirits alone, animal especially, and those immaterial, the next and immediate causes of melancholy, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, and from their agitation proceeds that diversity of symptoms, which he reckons up in the '^thirteenth chap, of his Tract of Melancholy, and that largely through every part. Others will have them come from the diverse adustion of the four humours, which in this unnatural melancholy, by corrup- tion of blood, adust choler, or melancholy natural, "''by excessive distemper of heat turned, in comparison of the natural, into a sharp lye by force of adus- tion, cause, according to the diversity of their matter, diverse and strange symptoms," which T. Bright reckons up in his following chapter. So doth * Arculanus, according to the four principal humours adust, and many others. For example, if it proceed from phlegm (which is seldom and not so fre- quently as the rest), Ht stirs up dull symptoms, and a kind of stupidity, or impassionate hurt : they are sleepy, saith "Savanarola, dull, slow, cold, blockish, ass-like, Asininam melajicholiam, ""Melancthon calls it, "they are much given to weeping, and delight in v/aters, ponds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling," &c. 'IltiTTiiduTn, calidum, frigidum, siccum. >« Com. in 1. c. Johannis de Sacrobosco. ^ Si residefc melancholia naturalis, tales plumbei culoris aut nigri, stupidi, solitarii. m Xon una melancholias causa est, nee unus humor vitii parens, sed plures, et alius aliter niutatus, unde non omnes eadem sentiunt symp- tomata. n Humor frigidus delirii causa, humor calidus faroris. o Multum refert qua quisque melan- chulia teneatur, hunc fervens et accensa agitat, ilium tristis et fVigens occupat : hi timidi, illi inverecundi, intrepidi, &c. pCap. 7. et 8. Tract, de Mel. qSigna melancholi:^ ex intemperie et agitatione spirituum sine materia. 'T. Bright, cap. 16. Treat. Mel. sCap. 16. ii. 9. Rhasis. 'Bright, c. 16. "Pract. major. Somnians, piger, frigidus. iDe anima, cap. de humor. Si a Phlegmate semper in aquis fere sunt, et circa fluvios plorant multum. 2G2 Syniptains of Melanclioly. [Part. 1, Sec. 3. {Arnoldus, hreviar. 1. cap. 18.) The j are ^pale of colour, slothful, apt to sleep, heavy; ''much troubled with head-ache, continual meditation, and muttering to themselves ; they dream of waters, ''that they are in danger of drowning, and fear such things, Rhasis. They are fatter than others that are melancholy, of a muddy complexion, apter to spit, ^ sleep, more troubled with rheum than the rest, and have their eyes still fixed on the ground. Such a patient had Her- cules de Saxonia, a widow in Venice, that was fat and very sleepy still; Chris- tophorus a Yega another affected in the same sort. If it be inveterate or violent, the symptoms are more evident, they plainly denote and are ridiculous to others, in all their gestures, actions, speeches ; imagining impossibilities, as he in Christophorus h. Yega, that thought he was a tun of wii)e, *^and that Sien- nois, that resolved within himselfnot to piss, for fear he should drown all the town. If it proceed from blood adust, or that there be a mixture of blood in it, " ^ such are commonly ruddy of complexion, and high-coloured," according to Salust Salvianus, and Hercules de Saxonia. And as Savanarola, Yittorius Faventinus Emper. farther adds, "®the veins of their eyes be red, as well as their faces." They are much inclined to laughter, witty and merry, conceited in discourse, pleasant, if they be not far gone, much given to music, dancing, and to be in women's company. They meditate wholly on such things, and think ^they see or hear plays, dancing, and such-like sports (free from all fear and sorrow, as ^Hercules de Saxonia supposeth). If they be more strongly possessed with this kind of melancholy, Arnoldus adds, Breviar., lib. 1. cap. 18., like him of Argos in the Poet, that sate laughing ^all day long, as if he had been at a theatre. Such another is mentioned by ' Aristotle, living at Abydos, a town of Asia Minor, that would sit after the same fashion, as if he had been upon a stage, and sometimes act himself ; now clap his hands, and laugh, as if he had been well pleased with the sight. AVolfius relates of a country fellow called Brunsellius, subject to this hamour, "^Hhat being by chance at a sermon, saw a woman fall off from a form half asleep, at which object most of the company laughed, but he for his part v/as so much moved, that for three whole days after he did nothing but laugh, by which means he was much weakened, and worse a long time following." Such a one was old Sophocles, and Democritus himself had hilare delirium, much in this vein. Laurentius, cap. 3. de melan. thinks this kind of melancholy, which is a little adust with some mixture of blood, to be that which Aristotle meant, when he said melancholy men of all others are most witty, which causeth many times a di\T.ne ravishment, and a kind of enthusiasmus, which stirreth them up to be excellent philosophers, poets, prophets, &c. Mercurialis consil. 110. gives instance in a young man his patient, sanguine melancholy, "k)f a great wit, and excellently learned." If it arise from choler adast, they are bold and impudent, and of a more harebrain disposition, apt to quarrel, and think of such things, battles, com- bats, and their manhood, furious; impatient in discourse, stiff, irrefragable and prodigious in their tenets ; and if they be moved, most violent, outrageous, "" ready to disgrace, provoke any, to kill themselves and others; Arnoldus adds, stark mad by fits, " " they sleep little, their urine is subtile and fiery. (Guia- nerius.) In their fits you shall hear them speak all manner of languages, y Pigra nascitur ex colore pallido et albo, Here, de Saxon. « Savanarola. aMuros cadere in se, ant sabniergi timent, cum torpore et segnitie et fluvlos amant tales, Alexand. c. 16. lib. 7. •> Semper fere dormit somnolenta c. 16. 1.7. <= Laurentius. ^ Cap. 6. de mel. Si a sanguine, venit rubedo oculorura et faciei, plurimus risus. « VeniB oculorum sunt rubrcB, vide an praecesserit vini et aromatum usus, et frequens balneum, Trallian. lib. 1. 16. an priecesserit mora sub sole, f Kidet patiens si a sanguine, putat se videre choreas, musicam audire, ludos, &c. e Cap. 2. Tract, de Melan, ^ Hor. ep. lib, 2. quidam baud ignobilis Argis, &c. - Lib. de reb. mir. ^ Cum inter concionandum mulier dormiens e subsellio caderet, et omnes reliqui qui id viderent, riderent, tribiis p;)st diebus, &c. ' Juvenis et non vulgaris eruditionis. >" Si Ix ebolera, furibundi interliciunt se et alios, putant se videre pugnas. " Uriiia Bubtilis et iguea, parum dormiuiit. Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, d'c. 263 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, that never were taught or knew them before." Apponensis in com. in Pro. sec. 30. speaks of a mad woman that spake excel- lent good Latin : and E,hasis knew another, that could prophesy in her fit, and foretel things truly to come. ° Guianerius had a patient could make Latin verses when the moon was combust, otherwise illiterate. Avicenna and some of his adherents will have these symptoms, when they happen, to proceed from the devil, and that they are rather dcemoniaci, possessed, than mad or melan- choly, or both together, as Jason Pratensis thinks, Immiscent se mali genii, &c., but most ascribe it to the humour, which opinion Mental tus, cap. 2 L stiffly maintains, confuting Avicenna and the rest, referring it wholly to the quality and disposition of the humour and subject. Cardan de rerum var. lib., 8. cap. 10. holds these men of all others fit to be assassins, bold, hardy, fierce, and adventurous, to undertake any thing by reason of their choler adust. ^This humour, says he, prepares them to endure death itself, and all manner of tor- ments with invincible courage, and 'tis a wonder to see with what alacrity they will undergo such tortures," ut supra naturam res videatur : he ascribes this generosity, fury, or rather stupidity, to this adustion of choler and melan- choly : but I take these rather to be mad or desperate, than properly melan- choly : for commonly this humour so adust and hot, degenerates into madness. If it come from melancholy itself adust, those men, saith Avicenna, " "^are usually sad and solitary, and that continually, and in excess, more than ordi- narily suspicious, more fearful, and have long, sore, and most corrupt imagi- nations ;" cold and black, bashful, and so solitary, that as "^ Arnoldus writes, " they will endure no company, they dream of graves still, and dead men, and think themselves bewitched or dead:" if it be extreme, they think they hear hideous noises, see and talk " ^ with black men, and converse familiarly with devils, and such strange chimeras and visions" (Gordonius), or that they are possessed by them, that somebody talks to them, or within them. Tales Tnelancholici plerumque dcemoniaci, Montaltus, consil. 26. ex Avicenna. "Vales- cus de Taranta had such a woman in cure, "*that thought she had to do with the devil : " and Gentilis Fulgosus qucest. 55. writes that he had a melancholy friend, that ""had a black man in the likeness of a soldier" still following him wheresoever he was. Laurentius, cap. 7., hath many stories of such as have thought themselves bewitched by their enemies; and some that would eat no meat as being dead. ^ Anno 1550 an advocate of Paris fell into such a melancholy fit, that he believed verily he was dead, he could not be per- suaded otherwise, or to eat or drink, till a kinsman of his, a scholar of Bourges, did eat before him dressed like a corse. The story, saith Serres, was acted in a comedy before Charles the Ninth. Some think they are beasts, wolves, hogs, and cry like dogs, foxes, bray like asses, and low like kine, as King Prsetus' daughters. ^ Hildesheim, spice/. 2. de mania, hath an example of a Dutch baron so aflected, and Trincavellius, lib. 1. consil. 11., another of a nobleman in his country, "''that thought he v/as certainly a beast, and would imitate most of their voices," with many such symptoms, which may properly be reduced to this kind. If it proceed from the several combinations of these four humours, or spirits, Here, de Saxon, adds hot, cold, dry, moist, dark, confused, settled, con- stringed, as it participates of matter, or is without matter, the symptoms are likewise mixed. One thinks himself a giant, another a dwarf; one is heavy o Tract. 15. c. 4. P Ad hjec perpstranda furore rapti ducuntur, crnciatus quosvis tolerant, et mortem, et furore exacerbato audent et ad suppliciaplusirritautur, rairum est quantam hal)eant in tonnentis patien- tiam. q Tales plus c.'eterls timent, et continue tristantur, valde suspiciosi, solitudinem diligunt, corrnptis- siraas habent imaginationes, &c. f Si a melancholia adusta, tristes, de sepulchris somniant, timent ne fascinentur, putant se mortuos, aspici nolunt. ^ videntur sibi videre monachos nigros et dajmones, et suspenses et mortuos. * Quavis nocte se cum dremone coire piitavit. " Semper fere vidisse militem nigrum pr£esentem. ^ Anthony ile Verdeur. >' Quidam mugitus bourn ajniulantur, et pecora se putant, ut PrjBti filiie. ^ Bare quidam mugitus bourn, et rugitus asiuorron, et aliorum aninialium voces effingit. 2G4 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. as lead, another is as llglit as a feather. Marcellus Donatus, I. 2. cap. 41. makes mention out of Seneca, of one Senecchio, a rich man, " ^ that thought himself and every thing else he had, great : great wife, great horses, could not abide little things, bat would have great pots to drink in, great hose, and great shoes bigger than his feet." Like her in '' Trallianus, that supposed she " could shake all the world with her finger," and was afraid to clinch her hand together, lest she should crush the world like an apple in pieces : or him in Galen, that thought he was ° Atlas, and sustained heaven with his shoul- ders. Another thinks himself so little, that he can creep into a mouse-hole: one fears heaven will fall on his head: a second is a cock; and such a one, ^ Guianerius saith he saw at Padua, that would clap his hand3 together and crow. ® Another thinks he is a nightingale, and therefore sings all the night long; another he is all glass, a pitcher, and will therefore let nobody come near him, and such a one ^Laurentius gives out upon his credit, that he knew in France. Christophorus a Yega, cap. 3., I. 14, Skenckius and Marcellus Donatus, I. 2. cap. 1. have many such examples, and one amongst the rest of a baker in Ferrara, that thought he was composed of butter, and durst not sit in the sun, or come near the fire for fear of being melted : of another that thought he was a case of leather, stuffed with wind. Some laugh, weep; some are mad, some dejected, moped, in much agony, some by fits, others conti- nuate, &c. Some have a corrupt ear, they think they hear music, or some hideous noise as their phantasy conceives, corrupt eyes, some smelling : some one sense, some another. ^ Lewis the Eleventh had a conceit every thing did stink about him, all the odoriferous perfumes they could get, would not ease him, but still he smelled a filthy stink. A melancholy French poet in ^ Lau- rentius being sick of a fever, and troubled with waking, by his physicians was appointed to use unguentum populeum to anoint his temples; but he so dis- tasted the smell of it, that for many years after, all that came near him he imagined to scent of it, and would let no man talk with him but aloof off, or wear any new clothes, because he thought still they smelled of it; in all other things wise and discreet, he would talk sensibly, save only in this. A gentle- man in Limousin, saith Anthony Verdeur, was persuaded he had but one leg, affrighted by a wild boar, that by chance struck him on the leg; he could not be satisfied his leg was sound (in all other things well) until two Fran- ciscans by chance coming that way, fully removed him from the conceit. SeU abunde fdhularum cmdivimus, — enough of story-telling. SuBSECT. lY. — Symptoms from Education, Custom, Continuance of Time, our Condition, 'mixed loith other Diseases, by Fits, Inclination, (he. Another great occasion of the variety of these symptoms proceeds from custom, discipline, education, and several inclinations, " ' this humour will imprint in melancholy men the objects most answerable to their condition of life, and ordinary actions, and dispose men according to their several studies and callings." If an ambitious man become melancholy, he forthwith thinks lie is a king, an emperor, a monarch, and walks alone, pleasing himself with a vain hope of some future preferment, or present as he supposeth, and withal acts a lord's part, takes upon him to be some statesman or magnifico, makes conges, gives entertainment, looks big, &c. Francisco Sansovino records of a melancholy man in Cremona, that would not be induced to believe but that a Omnia magna putabat, uxorem magnam, grandes eqiios, abhorrult omnia parva, magna pocula, et calceamenta pedibus majora. ^ Lib. 1. cap. 16. putavit se uno digito posse totum mundum contei'ere. eSustinet liumeris eoelum cum Atlante. Alii coeli ruinam liment. ** Cap. 1. Tract. 15. alius se gallum putat, alius lusciniam. e Tiullianus. ^ Cap. 7, de rnel. s Anthony de Yerdeui-. '^ Cap. 7 de mel. »X.aui-entius, cap. 6. Mem. 1. Subs, -i.] Symptoms from Custom. 2G5 he was pope, gave pardons, made cardinals, &c. ^' Cliristopliorus a Vega makes mention of another of his acquaintance, that thought he was a king, driven from his kingdom, and was very anxious to recover his estate. A covetoiis person is still conversant about j^urchasing of lands and tenements, plotting in his mind how to compass such and such manors, as if he were already lord of, and able to go through with it; all he sees is his, re or s/;e, he hath devoured it in hope, or else in conceit esteems it his own: like him in ^Athenseus, that thought all the ships in the haven to be his own. A las- civious inamorato plots all the day long to please his mistress, acts and struts, and carries himself as if she were in presence, still dreaming of her, as Pam- ])hilus of his Glycerin m, or as some do in their morning sleep. "'Marcellus Donatus knew such a gentlewoman in Mantua, called Elionora Meliorina, that constantly believed she was married to a king, and " " would kneel down and talk with him, as if he had been there present with his associates ; and if she had found by chance a piece of glass in a muck-hill or in the street, she would say that ifc was a jewel sent from her lord and husband." If devout and reli- gious, he is all for fasting, prayer, ceremonies, alms, interpretations, visions, prophecies, revelations, °lie is inspired by the Holy Ghost, full of the Spirit: one while he is saved, another while damned, or still troubled in mind for his sins, the devil v/ill surely have him, &c. more of these in the third partition of love-melancholy. ^ A scholar's mind is busied about his studies, he applauds himself for what he hath done, or hopes to do, one while fearing to be out in. his next exercise, another while contemning all censures; envies one, emulates another; or else with indefatigable pains and meditation, consumes himself. So of the rest, all which vary according to the more remiss and violent im- pression of the object, or as the humour itself is intended or remitted. For some are so gently melancholy, that in all their carriage, and to the outward apprehension of others it can hardly be discerned, yet to them an intolerable burden, and not to be endured. '^Qucedam occulta qucedam manifesta, some signs are manifest and obvious to all at all times, some to few or seldom, or hardly perceived ; let them keep their own counsel, none will take notice or suspect them. They do not express in outward show their depraved imagi- nations," as ''Hercules de Saxonia observes, " but conceal them wholly to themselves, and are very wise men, as I have often seen; some fear, some do not fear at all, as such as think tliemselves kings or dead, some have more signs, some fewer, some great, some less, some vex, fret, still fear, grieve, lament, suspect, laugh, sing, weep, chafe, &c. by fits (as I have said) or more during and permanent." Some dote in one thing, are most childish, and ridi- culous, and to be wondered at in that, and yet for all other matters most dis- creet and wise. To some it is in disposition, to another inhabit; and as they write of heat and cold, we may say of this humour, one is inelancholicus ad octo, a second two degrees less, a third half-way. 'Tis superparticular, sesqui- altera, sesquitertia, and superbipartiens tertias, quintas Jllelancholice, d'c, all those geometrical proportions are too little to express it. " ® It comes to many by fits, and goes; to others it is continuate: many (saith *Faventinus) in spring and fall only are molested, some once a year, as that Roman "Galen speaks of: ^one, at the conjunction of the moon alone, or some unfortunate aspects, at such and such set hours and times, like the sea-tides, to some ^Lib. 3. cap. 14. qui se regem putavit regno expulsum. ' Dipnosophist. lib. Thrasilaus putavit omnes naves in Pireuui portum appellentes snas esse. ™ De hist. Med. mirab. lib. 2. cap. 1. n Geiiibus flexis loqui cum illo voluit, et adstare jam turn putavit, etc. oGordonius, quod sit propheta, et inflatus a spirit'! sancto. p Qui forensibus causis insadat, nil nisi arresta cogitat, et supplices libellos, alius non nisi versiis facit. P. Forestus. i Gordonius. ' Verbo non exprimunt, nee opere, sed alta mente recondunt, et sunt viri prudentissimi, quos ego sajpe novi, cum multi sint sine timore, ut qui se reges et mortuos putant, pliira sigua quidam habent, pauciora, majora, minora. « Trallianus, lib. 1. 16. alii .intervalla qusedam habent, ut etiam eonsueta administrent, alii in continuo delirio sunt, &c. t Prac. mag. Vere tautum et autumno. " Lib. de humoribas. ^ Guiauerius. 266 Symptoms of M eland lohj. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. women when they be with child, as ^Plater notes, never otherwise: to othere 'tis settled and fixed : to one led about and variable still by that ignis fatuus of phantasy, like an arthritis or running gout, 'tis here and there, and in every joint, always molesting some part or other; or if the body be free, in a myriad of forms exercising the mind, A second once peradventure in his life hath a most grievous fit, once in seven years, once in five years, even to the extremity of madness, death, or dotage, and that upon some feral accident or perturba- tion, terrible object, and that for a time, never jDcrhaps so before, never after. A third is moved upon all such troublesome objects, cross fortune, disaster, and violent passions, otherwise free, once troubled in three or four years, A fourth, if things be to his mind, or he in action, well pleased, in good com- pany, is most jocund, and of a good complexion: if idle, or alone, a la mort, or carried away wholly with pleasant dreams and phantasies, but if once crossed and displeased, " Pectore concipiet nil nisi triste suo ; " | " He will imagine naught save sadness in his heart ; " his countenance is altered on a sudden, his heart heavy, irksome thoughts crucify his soul, and in an instant he is moped or weary of his life, he will kill himself A fifth complains in his youth, a sixth in his middle age, the last in his old age. Generally thus much we may conclude of melancholy; that it is ''most plea- sant at first, I say, mentis gratissimus error^^ a most delightsome humour, to be alone, dwell alone, walk alone, meditate, lie in bed whole days, dreaming awake as it were, and frame a thousand fantastical imaginations unto them- selves. They are never better pleased than when they are so doing, they are in paradise for the time, and cannot well endure to be interrupt; with him in the poet, ^^;o^ me occidistis, amid, non servdstis, ait ? you have undone him, he complains if you trouble him : tell him what inconvenience will follow, what will be the event, all is one, caQiis ad vomitum, '''tis so pleasant he cannot refrain. He may thus continue peradventure many years by reason of a strong temperature, or some mixture of business, which may divert his cogitations : bub at the last Icesa imaginatio, his phantasy is crazed, and now habituated to such toys, cannot but work still like a fate, the scene alters upon a sudden, fear and sorrow supplant those pleasing thoughts, suspicion, discontent, and perpetual anxiety succeed in their places ; so by little and little, by that shoeing- horn of idleness, and voluntary solitariness, melancholy this feral fiend is drawn on, ''et quantum vertice ad auras jEthereas, tantum radice in Tartar a tendit, " extending up, by its branches, so far towards Heaven, as, by its roots, it does down towards Tartarus;" it was not so delicious at first, as now it is bitter and harsh; a cankered soul macerated with cares and discontents, toidium vita}, impatience, agony, inconstancy, irresolution, precipitate them unto unspeakable miseries. They cannot endure company, light, or life itself, some imfit for action, and the like. "^ Their bodies are lean and dried up, withered, ugly, their looks harsh, very dull, and their souls tormented, as they are more or less entangled, as the humour hath been intended, or according to the con- tinuance of time they have been troubled. To discern all which symptoms the better, ^Phasis the Arabian makes three degrees of them. The first is,/alsa cogitatio, false conceits and idle thoughts: to misconstrue and amplify, aggravating every thing they conceive or fear; the second is,/also cogitata loqui, to talk to themselves, or to use inarticulate incon- dite voices, speeches, obsolete gestures, and plainly to utter their minds and conceits of their hearts, by their words and actions, as to laugh, v»'eep, to be silent, not to sleep, eat their meat, &c. : the third is to put in practice that y De mentis alienat. cap. 3. * Levinus Lemnins, Jason Pratensis, blanda ab initio. * " A most agreeable mental delusion." "Hor. i> FaciJis descensus Averni. ^Virg. *! Corpus cadaverosum. I'si. livii. cariosa est f'acies mea pras segritudine animai. « Lib. U. ad Almansorem. 4.] Symptjms from Oustom. 2G7 whicli they ^thiuk or speak. Savanarola, Rub. 11. Tract. 8. cap, 1. decegrUu- dine, confirms as iiiucli, "^vvheii lie begins to express tliat in words, which he conceives in his heart, or talks idly, or goes from one thing to another," which ^Gordonius calls nee caput hahentia nee caudam (''having neither head nor tail"), he is in the middle way: "'but when he begins to act it likewise, and to put his fopperies in execution, he is then in the extent of melancholy, or madness itself." This progress of melancholy you shall easily observe in them that have been so affected, they go smiling to themselves at first, at length they laugh out; at first solitary, at last they can endure no company: or if they do, they are now dizzard^3, past sense and shame, quite moped, they care not what they say or do, all their actions, words, gestures, are farious or ridi- culous. At first his mind is troubled, he doth not attend what is said, if you tell him a tale, he cries at last, what said you? but in the end he mutters to himself, as old women do many times, or old men when they sit alone, upon a sudden they laugh, whoop, halloo, or run away, and swear they see or hear players, ^devils, hobgoblins, ghosts, strike, or strut, &c., grow humorous in the end : like him in the poet, soipe ducentos, scepe decern servos (" at one time followed by two hundred servants, at another only by ten"), he will dress himself, and undress, careless at last, grows insensible, stupid, or mad. ^ He howls like a wolf, barks like a dog, and raves like Ajax and Orestes, hears music and outcries, vrhich no man else hears. As '"^ he did whom Amatus Lusitanus mention eth cent. 3, cura. 55, or that woman in "^ Springer, that spake many languages, and said she vvas possessed : that farmer in ° Pros- per Calenus, that disputed and discoursed learnedly in philosophy and astro- nomy with Alexander Achilles his master, at Bologna, in Italy. But of these I have already spoken. Who can sufficiently speak of these symptoms, or prescribe rules to com- prehend them? as Echo to the painter in Aasonius, vane, quid affectas, Sanguinem adurit caput calidius, et inde fumi melancholici adusti, animum exagitant. <= Lib. de loc. atfect. cap. 6. ^Cap. 6. « Hildesheim, spicel. 1. derael. In Uypochondriaca melancholia adeo ambigua sunt sjTuptomata, ut etiam exercitatissimi medici de loco affecto statuere non possint. '"Medici de loco affecto nequeunt statuere. g Tract, posthumo de mel. Pata\ii edit. 1620. per Bozettum Bibliop. cap. 2. h Acidi ructus, cruditates, sestus in prscordiis, flatus, iuterdam ventriculi dolores vehementes, sumptoque cibo concoctu difflcili, sputum humidara idque maltum sequetur, &c. Hip. lib. demel. Galenus, Melaneliuse Ruffo et ^Etio, Altomarus, Piso, Montaltus, Bruel, Wecker, &q. 270 Symptoms of Melancholy., [Part 1. See. 3. unseasoiia,ble sweat all over the body,"as'OctavIus Horatianus^ lih. 2. cap. 5. calls it; cold joints, indigestion, Hhey cannot endure their own fulsome belchings, continual wind about their hypochondries, heat and griping in their bowels, prcecordia sursum convelluntur, midriif and bowels are pulled up. the veins about their eyes look red, and swell from, vapours and wind," Their ears sing now and then, vertigo and giddiness come by fits, turbulent dreams, dryness, leanness, apt they are to sweat upon all occasions, of all colours and com- plexioas. Many of them are high-coloured, especially after meals, which symp- tom Cardinal Csecius was much troubled with, and of which he complained to Prosper Calenus his physician, he could not eat, or drink a cup of wine, bat he was as red in the face as if he had been at a mayor s feast. That symptom alone vexeth many. ^Some again are black, pale, ruddy, sometimes their shoulders, and shoulder blades ache, there is a leaping all over their bodies, sudden trembling, a palpitation of the heart, and that cardiaca passio, grief in the mouth of the stomach, which maketh the patient think his heart itself acheth, and sometimes suffocation, difflcuUas anhelitus, short breath, hard wind, strong pulse, swooning. Montanus, consil. 55, Trincavellius, ^■iS. 3. consil. 36, et 37. Feriielius, cons. 43. Frambesarius, consult, lib. 1. consil. 17. Hildesheim, Claudinus, &c., give instance of every particular. The peculiar symptoms, which properly belong to each part be these. If it proceed from the stomach saith ^Savanarola, 'tis full of pain and wind, Guianerius adds vertigo, nausea, much spitting, &c. If from the myrach, a swelling and wind in the hypochon- dries, a loathing, and appetite to vomit, pulling upward. If from the heart, aching and trembling of it, much heaviness. If from the liver, there is usually a pain in the right hypochondrie. If from the spleen, hardness and grief in the left hypochondrie, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion, Avicenna. If from the meseraic veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite. Here, de Saxonia. If from the hypochondries, a rumbling inflation, concoction is hindered, often belching, &c. And from these crudities, windy vapours ascend up to the brain which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heaviness, many terrible conceits and chimeras, as Lemnius well observes, I. 1, c. 16. " as ™a black and thick cloud covers the sun, and intercepts his beams and light, so doth this melancholy vapour obnubilate the mind, enforce it to many absurd thoughts and imaginations," and compel, good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising to the brain from the "lower parts, "as smoke out of a chimney") to dote, speak, and do that which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms. One by reason of those ascending vapours and gripings, rumbling beneath, will not be persuaded but that he hath a serpent in his guts, a viper, another frogs. Trallianus rebates a story of a woman, that imagined she had swallowed an eel, or a serpent, and Felix Platerus, ohservat. lib. 1. hath a most memorable example of a countryman of his, that by chance falling into a pit where frogs and frogs' spawn was, and a little of that water swallowed, began to suspect that he had likewise swallowed frogs' spawn, and with that conceit and fear, his phantasy wrought so far, that he verily thought he had young live frogs in his belly, qui vivebant ex alimento suo, that lived by his nourishment, and was so certainly persuaded of it, that for many years follow- ing he could not be rectified in his conceit : He studied physic seven years together to cure himself, travelled into Italy, France and Germany to confer with the best physicians about it, and A° 1609, asked his counsel amongst the rest j he told him it was wind, his conceit, &c., but mordicus contradicere, et ore et scriptis probare nitebatw: no saying v/ould serve, it was no wind, but 'Circa prfecordia de assidua inflatione quertintur, et cum sudore totius corporis importuno, frig-idos articulos ssepe patiuntur, indigestione laboraut, r actus sues insuaves perhorrescunt, viscerum dolores habent. k Montaltus, c. 13. Wecker, Fuchsius c. 13. Altomarus, c. 7. Laurentius, c. 73. Bruel, Gordon. 'Pract. major : dolor in eo et veutositas, nausea. '" Ut atra densaqua nubes soli effusa, radios et lumeu ejus intercipit et offoscat; sic, &c. " Ut fumus fe camino. Mem. 2. SuLs. 4.] Symr)toms of Women s MelaivJijly. 271 real frogs: "and do you nob hear them croak?" Platerlis would have de- ceived him, by putting live frogs into his excrements; but he, being a physician himself, would not be deceived, vir prudens alias, et doctus, a wise and learned man otherwise, a doctor of physic, and after seven years' dotage in this kind, a phantasia liberatus est, he was cured. Laurentius and Goulart have many such examples, if you be desirous to read them. One commodity above the rest which are melancholy, these windy flatuous have, lucida inter valla, their symptoms and pains are not usually so continiiate as the rest, but come by fits, fear and sorrov,'-, and the rest : yet in another they exceed all others; and that is, ° they are luxurious, incontinent, and prone to venery, by reason of wind, et facile amant, et quamlihet fere amant. (Jason Pratensis.) p Khasis is of opinion, that Yenus doth many of them mnch good; the other symptoms of the mind be common with the rest. SuBSECT. III. — Symptoms of Melanclioly ahoxindirig in the lohole body. Their bodies that are affected with this universal melancholy are most part black, ""^the melancholy juice is redundant all over," hirsute they are, and lean, they have broad veins, their blood is gross and tliick. " "^ Their spleen, is weak," and a liver apt to engender the humour; they have kept bad diet, or have had some evacuation stopped, as haemorrhoids, or months in women, which ^ Trallianus, in the cure, would have carefully to be inquired, and withal to observe of what complexion the party is of, black or red. For as Forrestus and HoUerius contend, if Hhey be black, it proceeds from abundance of natural melancholy; if it proceed from cares, agony, discontents, diet, exer- cise, &c., they may be as well of any other colour : red, yellow, pale, as black, and yet their whole blood covvwjgi vp)rceruhri colore scepe sunt tales, scepefavl, (saith ""Montaltus, cap. 22.) The best way to discern this species, is to let them bleed, if the blood be corrupt, tliick and black, and they withal free from those hypochondriacal symptoms, and not so grievously troubled with them, or those of the head, it argues they are melancholy, a toto corpore. The fumes which arise from this corrupt blood, disturb the mind, and make them fearful and sorrowful, heavy hearted as the rest, dejected, discontented, solitary, silent, weary of their lives, dull and heavy, or merry, &c., and if far gone, that which Apuleius wished to his enemy, by way of imprecation, is true in them; " ^ Dead men's bones, hobgoblins, ghosts, are ever in their minds, and meet them still in every turn: all the bugbears of the night, and terrors, fairy- babes of tombs, and graves are before their eyes, and in their thoughts, as to women and children, if they be in the dark alone." If they hear, or read, or see any tragical object, it sticks by them, they are afraid of death, and yet weary of their lives, in their discontented humours they quarrel v/ith all the world, bitterly inveigh, tax satirically, and because they cannot otherwise vent their passions or redress what is amiss, as they mean, they will by violent death at last be revenged on themselves. SuBSECT. lY. — Symptoms of Maids, Nuns, and Widows' Melancholy. Because Lodovicus Mercatus in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. and Rodericus a Castro de morh. mulier. cap. 3. lib. 2. two famous physicians » Hypochondriaci maxime affectant coire, et rtmltiplicatur coitus in ipsis, eo quod ventositates multipli- cantur in hypochondriis, et coitus stepe allevat has ventositates. p Cont. lib. 1. tract. 9. t Melancholici ingeniosi omnes, summi viri in artibus et disciplinis, sive circum imperatoriam aut reip. dis- ciplinam omnes fere melancholici. Aristoteles. yAdeo miscentur, ut sit duplum sanguinis ad reliqua duo, ''Lib. 2. de intellectione. Pingui sunt Minerva phlegmatici : sanguinei amabiles, grati, hilares, at nou ingeniosi ; cholerici celeres motu, et ob id contempLitiouis impatientes : Melancholici solum excelleiites, &c. " Ti'epidantium vox tremula, quia cor qaatitur. ^ Ob ariditatem qute reddit nervos linguae torpidos. " Licoutineutia linguse ex copia flatuum, et velocitate imaginatiouis. d Calvities ob siccitatis excessum. 278 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. wind from ill concoction, weakness of natural heat, or a distempered heat and cold; ® Palpitation of the heart from, vapours, heaviness and aching from the same cause. That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Kedness of the face, and itching, as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pismires, from a sharp subtile wind. ^Cold sweat from vapours arising from the hypochondries, which pitch upon the skin ; leanness for want of good nourishment. Why their appetite is so great, ^^tius answers: Os ventris frigescit, cold in those inner parts, cold belly, and hot liver, causeth crudity, and intention proceeds from perturbations, *" our souls for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so many intentive operations, being exhaust, and overswayed by passion, she cannot consider the reasons which may dis- suade her from such affections. ' Bashfulness and blushing is a passion proper to men alone, and is not only caused for ""some shame and ignominy, or that they are guilty unto themselves of some foul fact committed, but as ^ Fracastorius well determines, ob defectum 2)roprium, et timorem, "from fear, and a conceit of our defects; the face labours and is troubled at his presence that sees our defects, and nature, willing to help, sends thither heat, heat draws the subtilest blood, and so we blush. They that are bold, arrogant, and careless, seldom or never blush, but such as are fearful." Anthonius Lodovicus, in his book de pudore, will have this sub- tile blood to arise in the face, not so much for the reverence of our betters in presence, """ but for joy and pleasure, or if any thing at unawares shall pass from us, a sudden accident, occurse, or meeting;" (which Disariusin "Macrobius confirms) any object heard or seen, for blind men never blush, as Dandinus observes, the night and darkness make men impudent. Or that we be staid before our betters, or in company we like not, or if any thing molest and offend us, eru~ hescentia turns to rubor, blushing to a continuate redness. "Sometimes the extremity of the ears tingle, and are red, sometimes the whole face, Etsi nihil vitiosum commiseris, as Lodovicus holds: though Aristotle is of opinion, omnis pudor ex viiio commisso, all shame for some offence. But we find other- wise, it may as well proceed ^from fear, from force and inexperience (so •^Dandinus holds), as vice; a hot liver, saith Duretus [notis in Hollerium:) " from a hot brain, from wind, the lungs heated, or after drinking of wine, strong drink, perturbations," &c. "Laughter, what it is," saith ''Tully, "how caused, where, and so suddenly breaks out, that desirous to stay it, we cannot, how it comes to possess and stir our face, veins, eyes, countenance, mouth, sides, let Democritus determine." The cause that it often affects melancholy men so much, is given by Gomesius, lib. 3. de sale genial, cap. 18. abundance of pleasaiit vapours, which, in san- guine melancholy especially, break from the heart, "*aiid tickle the midriff, because it is transverse and full of nerves : by which titillation, the sense being moved, and arteries distended or pulled, the spirits from thence move and possess the sides, veins, countenance, eyes." See more in Jossius de risu etfletu, Vives 3 de Animd. Tears, as Scaliger defines, proceed from grief and pity, " 'or from the- heating of a moist brain, for a dry cannot weep." That they see and hear so many phantasms, chimeras, noises, visions, &c., c^tius. f Lauren, c. 13. KTetrab. 2. ser. 2. cap. 10. 'i Ant. Lodovicus, prob. lib 1. sect. 5. de atrabilariis. ' Subrusticus pudor vitiosus puclor. i^ Ob ignominiam aut turpitudinera iacti, Ac. 1 De symp. et Antip. cap. 12. laborat facies ob prsesentiatn ejus qui defectum nostrum videt, et natura Ljuasi opem latura calorem illuc mittit, calor sanguinem trahit, unde rubor, audaces non rubeut, &c. °» Ob gaudium et voluptatem foras exit sanguis, aut ob melioris revereutiam, aut ob subitum occursum, aut si quid incautius exciderit. " Com. in Arist. de anima. Coeci ut plurimum impudentes, nox facit impudentes. "Alexander Aphrodisiensis makes all bashfulness a virtue, eamque se refert in seipso experiri solitum, etsi esset admodum senex. p Sffipe post cibum apti ad ruborem, ex potu vini, ex timore stepe et ab hepate calido, cerebro calido, &c. i Com. in Arist. de anima, tam a vi et inexpeiientia qua. a a vitio. ''2. De oratore. quid ipse risus, quo pacto concitatur, ubi sit, &c. »Diapliragma titillant, quia transversum et nervosum, quatitillatione nioto sensu atque arteriis distentis, spiritus inde latera, venas, os, oculos occupaut. ^Ex calefacdone humidi cerebri : nam ex sicco lachrymas non fluunt. Mem. 3.] Causes of these Symptoms. 279 as Fienus hatli discoursed at large in his book of iaiagination, and '^Lavater de spectris, part. 1. cap. 2. 3. 4. their corrupt phantasy makes them see and hear that which indeed is neither heard nor seen, Qui multum jejunant, aut nodes ducunt insomnes, they that much fast, or want sleep, as melancholy or sick men commonly do, see visions, or such as are weak-sighted, very timorous by nature, mad, distracted, or earnestly seek. Sahini quod volunt somniant, as the saying is, they dream of that they desire. Like Sarmiento the Spa- niard, who when he was sent to discover the straits of Magellan, and confine places, by the Prorex of Peru, standing on the top of a hill, Ainxmssimain planitiem despicere sibi visus fait, cedificia Tnagnifica, quamplurimos Pages, altas Turves, splendida Templa, and brave cities, built like ours in Europe, not, saith mine ^author, that there was any such thing, but that he was vanis- simus et nimis credulus, and would fain have had it so. Or as^Lod. Mercatus proves, by reason of inward vapours, and humours from blood, choler, &c., diversely mixed, they apprehend and see outwardly, as they suppose, divers images, which indeed are not. As they that drink wine think all runs round, when it is in their own brain ; so is it with these men, the fault and cause is inward, as Galen affirms, ""mad men and such as are near death, quas extra se videre putant Imagines, intra oculos habent, 'tis in their brain, which seems to be before them; the brain as a concave glass reflects solid bodies. Senes etiam decrepiti cerebrum habent concavum et aridum, ut imaginentur se videre (saith '''Boissardus)5'i6ce nan sunt, old men are too frequently mistaken and dote in like case : or as he that looketh through a piece of red glass, judgeth every- thing he sees to be red; corrupt vapours mounting from the body to the head, and distilling again from thence to the eyes, when they have mingled themselves with the watery crystal which receiveth the shadows of things to be seen, make all things appear of the same colour, which remains in the humour that over- spreads our sight, as to melancholy men all is black, to phlegmatic all white, &c. Or else as before the organs, corrupt by a corrupt phantasy, as Lemnius, lib. 1. cap. 16. well quotes, " ''cause a great agitation of spirits, and humours, which wander to and fro in all the creeks of the brain, and cause such appa- ritions before their eyes." One thinks he reads something written in the moon, as Pythagoras is said to have done of old, another smells brimstone, hears Cerberus bark : Orestes now mad supposed he saw the furies tormenting him, and his mother still ready to run upon him — " mater obsecro noli me persequi His furiis, aspectu anguineis, horribilibr.s, Ecce ecce me invadunt, in me jam ruunt;" " but Electra told him thus raving in his mad fit, he saw no such sights at all, it was but his crazed imagination. "Quiesce, quiesce miser in linteis tuis, Non cernis etenim quse videre te putas." d So Penthens(in Bacchis Euripidis) saw two suns, two Thebes, his brain alone was troubled. Sickness is an ordinary cause of such sights. Cardan, subtil. 8. Mens cegra laboribus et jejuniis fracta, facit eos videre, audire, dbc. And. Osi- ander beheld strange visions, and Alexander ab Alexandre both, in their sick- ness, which he relates de rerum varietat. lib. 8. cap. 44. Albategnius that noble Arabian, on his death-bed, saw a ship ascending and descending, which Eracastorius records of his friend Baptista Tirrianus. Weak sight and a vain persuasion withal, may effect as much, and second causes concurring, as an oar iRes mirandas imaginantur : et putant se videre quae nee vident, nee audiunt. * Laet. lib. 13, cap. 2. descript. Indise Occident. y Lib. 1. ca. 17. cap. de mel. ^ Insani, et qui morti vicini sunt, res quas extra se videre putant, intra oculos habent. » Cap. 10. de Spirit, apparitione. b De occult. Nat. inirac. <=" O mother ! I beseech you not to persecute me with those horrible-looking furies. See I see ! they attack, they assault me I" ^ " Peace ! peace ! unhappy being, for you do not see what you thinlt you see." 280 Symploms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. in water makes a refraction, and seems bigger, bended, double, &c. The thick- ness of the air may cause such effects, or any object not well discerned in the dark, fear and phantasy will suspect to be a ghost, a devil, &c. ^Quod nimis miseri timent, hoc facile creclunt,we are apt to believe, and mistake in such cases. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. cap. 1. brings in a story out of Aristotle, of one Antepharon which likely saw, wheresoever he was, his own image in the air, as in a glass. Vitellio, lib. 10. perspect. hath such another instance of a familiar acquaintance of his, that after the want of three or four nights' sleep, as he was riding by a river side, saw another riding with him, and using all such gestures as he did, but when more light appeared, it vanished. Eremites and anchorites have frequently such absurd visions, revelations by reason of much fasting, and bad diet, many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot hath well showed in his book of the discovery of witchcraft, and Cardan, subtil 18. sufEtes, perfumes, suffumigations, mixed candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they were dead, or with horse-heads, bulls'-horns, and such like brutish shapes, the room full of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Baptista Porta, Alexis, Albertus, and others, glow-worms, fire-drakes, meteors, Ignis fatuus, which Plinius, lib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux, with many such that appear in moorish grounds, about churchyards, moist valleys, or where battles have been fought, the causes of which read in Goclenius, Yelourius, Finkius, (fee, such fears are often done, to frighten children with squibs, rotten wood, &c., to make folks look as if they were dead, ^solito majores, bigger, lesser, fairer, fouler, Z6i astantessine capitibus videantur ; aut toti igniti, aut forma dcemonum, accipe pilos canis nigri, &c., saith Albertus; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptrics; who knows not that if in a dark room, the light be admitted at one only little hole, and a paper or glass put upon it, the sun shining, will represent on the opposite wall all such objects as are illuminated by his rays? with concave and cylinder glasses, we may reflect any shape of men, devils, antics (as magicians most part do, to gull a silly spectator in a dark room), we will ourselves, and that hanging in the air, when 'tis nothing but sucli an horrible image as ^ Agrippa demonstrates, placed in another room. Eoger E icon of old is said to have represented his own image walking in the air by t'l^s art, though no such thing appear in his perspectives. But most part it is in the brain that deceives them, although I may not deny, but that oftentimes the devil deludes them, takes his opportunity to suggest, and repre- sent vain objects to melancholy men, and such as are ill-affected. To these you may add the knavish impostures of jugglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Roger Bacon speaks, &c,, de miracidis naturae et artis, cap. 1. ^they can counterfeit the voices of all birds and brute beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak within their throats, as if they spoke afar off, that they make their auditors believe they hear spirits, and are thence much astonished and affrighted with it. Besides, those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering place of Gloucester* with us, or like the duke's place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is rcA^erberated by a concave wall ; a reason of which Blancanus in his Echometria gives, and mathematically demonstrates. So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. " As the fool thinketh, so the bell clinketh." Theophilus in Galen thought he heard music from vapours, which made his ears sound, &c. Some are deceived by e Seneca. Quod metuunt nimis, nunquam amoveri posse, nee tolli putant. ^Sanguis upupse cum melle compositus er centaurea, &c. Albertus. s Lib. 1. occult, philos. Imperiti liomines dtemonum et umbravura imagines videre se putant, quum nihil sint aliud, quara simulachra animse expertia. ^ Pytho- 'nissEe vocum varietatem in ventre et gutture fingentes, tbrmant voces humanas a longe vel prope, prout voiunt, ac si spii-itus cum tiomine loqueretur, et sonos brutorum lingunt, &c. ' Gloucester cathedral. . Mem. 1.] Prognostics of Melancholy. 281 echoes, some by roaring of waters, or concaves ami reverberation of air in the ground, hollow places and walls. ^ At Cadurcum, in Aquitaine, words and sentences are repeated by a strange echo to the full, or whatsoever you shall play upon a musical instrument, more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing spoken seven times, as at Olym- pus, in Macedonia, as Pliny relates, lib. 36, cap. 15. Some twelve times, as at Charenton, a village near Paris, in France. At Delphos, in Greece, here- tofore was a miraculous echo, and so in many other places. Cardan, subtil. I. 18, hath wonderful stories of such as have been deluded by these echoes. Blancanus the Jesuit, in his Echometria, hath variety of examples, and gives his reader full satisfaction of all such sounds by way of demonstration. ^ At Barrey, an isle in the Severn mouth, they seem to hear a smith's forge : so at Lipari, and those sulphureous isles, and many such like which Olaus speaks of in the continent of Scandia, and those northern countries. Cardan, de rerum var. I. 15, c. 84, mentioneth a woman, that still supposed she heard the devil call her, and speaking to her, she was a painter's wife in Milan : and many such illusions and voices, which proceed most part from a corrupt imagination. Whence it comes to pass, that they prophesy, speak several langaiages, talk of astronomy, and other unknown sciences to them (of which they have been ever ignorant) : ^ I have in brief touched, only this I will here add, that Arcu- lanus, Bodin. lib. 3. cap. 6, dcemon. and some others, ° hold as a manifest token that such persons are possessed with the devil ; so doth ° Hercules de Saxonia, and Apponensis, and fit only to be cured by a priest. But ^Guianerius, "^Mon- taltus, Pomponatius of Padua, and Lemnius, lib. 2, cap. 2, refer it wholly to the ill-disposition of the ' humour, and that out of the authority of Aristotle, prob. 30. 1, because such symptoms are cured by purging; and as by the striking of a flint fire is enforced, so by the vehement motion of spirits, they do elicere voces inauditas, compel strange speeches to be spoken : another ar- gument he hath from Plato's reminiscentia, which all out as likely as that which ^Marsilius Ficinus speaks of his friend Pierleonus; by a divine kind of infusion he understood the secrets of nature, and tenets of Grecian and barbarian philosophers, before ever he heard of, saw, or read their works : but in this I should rather hold with Avicenna and his associates^ that such symptoms proceed from evil spirits, which take all opportunities of humours decayed, or otherwise to pervert the soul of man : and besides, the humour itself is Balneum Diaboli, the devil's bath ; and as Agrippa proves, doth entice him to seize upon them. SECT. TV. MEMB. I. Prognostics of Melancholy. Prognostics, or signs of things to come, are either good or bad. If this malady be not hereditary, and taken at the beginning, there is good hope of cure, recens curationem non habet difficilem, saith Avicenna, I. 3, Fen. 1, Tract. 4, c. 18. That which is with laughter, of all others is most secure, gentle, and remiss, Hercules de Saxonia. " * If that evacuation of haamorrhoids, or varices, which they call the water between the skin, shall happen to a melan- ''Tam Clare et articulate audies repetittim, ut perfectior sit Echo quam ipse dixeris. ^ Blowing of bellows, and knocking of hammers, if they apply their ear to the cliff. m Memb. 1. Sub. 3. of this partition, cap. 16. in 9. Khasis. n Sigua damonis nulla sunt nisi quod loquantur ea quae ante nescie- bant, ut Teutonicum aut aliud Idioma, &c. "Cap. 12. tract, de mul. p Tract. 15. c. 4. serpent so pestiferous ? Or put on shirt tliat's dipt in Nessus' blood? My pain's past cure; physic can do no good." No torture of body like unto it, Siculi non invenere tyranni majus tormen^ turn, no strappadoes, hot irons, Phalaris' bulls. » Nee ira deum tantum, nee tela, nee hostis, Quantum sola noces animis illapsa." "Jove's wrath, nor devils can Do so much harm to th' soul of man. All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonities, insuavities are swallowed up, and drowned in this Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small brooks ; 'tis coagulum omnium 03rumnarum : which ^ Ammianus applied to his distressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of human adversity, the 'quintessence, and upshot ; all other diseases whatsoever, are but fiea-bitings to melancholy in extent : 'Tis the pith of them all, '^Hospitium est calamitatis ; quid verbis opus est 1 *' Quamcunquemalam rem quseris, illic reperics : " I "What need more words 1 'tis calamities inn, I Where seek for any mischief, 'tis within ; " d Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. moesti degunt, dum tandem mortem quam timent, suspendio aut submersione, aut aliqua alia vi, prsecipitant ut multa tristia exemjila vidimus. » Arculanus in 9. Rhasis, c. 16. cavendum ne ex alto se prsecipitent aut alias Isedant. f omnium opinionibus incogitabile malum. Lucian. Mortesque mille, mille dum vivit neces gerit, peritque. Heinsius Austriaco. k Regina morborum cui famulantur omnes et obediunt. Cardan. •> Eheu quis intus Scorpio, &c. Seneca Act. 4. Here. Et. ' Silius Italicus. ^Lib. 29. lilic omnis imbouitas et insuavitas consistit, ut Tertulliani verbis utar. orat. ad. martyr. >" Pluutus. Mem. 1.] Prognostics of Melanchohj. 285 and a melanclioly man is that true Prometliens, which is bound to Caucasus ; the true Titius, whose bowels are still by a vulture devoured (as poets feign) for so doth °Lilius Geraldus interpret it, of anxieties, and those griping cares, and so ought it to be understood. In all other maladies, we seek for help, if a leg or an arm ache, through any distemperature or wound, or that we have an ordinary disease, above all things whatsoever, we desire help and health, a present recovery, if by any means possible it may be procured ; we will freely part with all our other fortunes, substance, endure any misery, drink bitter potions, swallow those distasteful pills, suffer our joints to be seared, to be cut off, any thing for future health : so sweet, so dear, so precious above all other things in this world is life: 'tis that we chiefly desire, long life and happy days, ° multos da, Jupiter, annos, increase of years all men wish ; but to a melancholy man, nothing so tedious, nothing so odious; that which they so carefully seek to preserve ^he abhors, he alone; so intolerable are his pains ; some make a question, graviores morbi corporis an animi, whether the diseases of the body or mind be more grievous, but there is no comparison, no doubt to be made of it, multo enim soivior longeque est atrocior animi, quam corporis cruciatus [Lem. I. 1. c. 12.) the diseases of the mind are far more grievous. — Totum hie pro vubiere corpus, body and soul is misaffected here, but the soul especially. So Cardan testifies, de rerum var. lib. 8. 40. "^ Maximus Tyrius a Platonist, and Plutarch, have made just volumes to prove it. "" Lies adimit (Egritudinem hominihus, in other diseases there is some hope likely, but these unhappy men are born to misery, past all hope of recovery, incurably sick, the longer they live the worse they are, and death alone must ease them. Another doubt is made by some philosophers, whether it be lawful for a man, in such extremity of pain and grief, to make away himself: and how these men that so do are to be censured. The Platonists approve of it, that it is lawful in such cases, and upon a necessity ; Plotinus, I. de heatitud. c. 7. and Socrates himself defends it, in Plato's Phjedon, " if any man labour of an incurable disease, he may despatch himself, if it be to his good." Epicurus and his followers, the cynics and stoics in general, affirm it, Epictetus and ^Seneca amongst the rest, quamcunque veram esse viam ad lihertatem, any way is allowable that leads to liberty, " *let us give God thanks, that no man is compelled to live against his will;" ""quid ad hominem claustra, career, cus- todia ? liherum ostium habet, death is always ready and at hand. Vides ilium prcecipitem locum, illud flumen, dost thou see that steep j^lace, that river, that pit, that tree, there's liberty at hand, effugia servitutis et doloris sunt, as that Laconian lad cast himself headlong {non serviam, aiebatpuer) to be freed of his misery : every pain in thy body, if these be nimis operosi exitus, will set thee free, quid tua refertfinem facias an accipias ? there's no necessity for a man to live in misery. Malum est necessitati vivere; sed in necessitate vivere, neces- sitas nidla est. Ignavus qui sine causa moritur, et stultus qui cum dolore vivit, Idem epi. 58. Wherefore hath our mother the earth brought out poisons, saith '^ Pliny, in so great a quantity, but that men in distress might make away themselves? which kings of old had ever in a readiness, ad incertafortunce venenum sub custode promj^tum, Livy writes, and executioners always at hand. Speusippes being sick was met by Diogenes, and, carried on his slaves' shoul- ders, he made his moan to the philosopher; but I pity thee not, quoth Dioge- nes, qui cum talis vivere sustines,th.on mayest be freed when thou wilt, meaning by death. ^ Seneca therefore commends Cato, Dido, and Lucretia, for their generous courage in so doing, and others that voluntarily die, to avoid a greater n Vit. Herculis. o Persius. p Quid est miserius in vita, quam vellemori? Seneca. iTom. 2. Libello, an graviores passiones, &c. ^xer. » Patet exitus ; si pugnare non vultis, licet fugere ; quis vos tenet invitos ? De provid. cap. 8. ' Agamus Deo gratias, quod nemo invitus in vita teneri potest. »Epist.26. Seneca etde sacra. 2. cap. 15. et Epist. 70. et 12. »Lib. 2. cap. 83. Terra mater nostri miserta. yEpist. 24. 71. 22. 286^ Prognostics of Melanchohj. [Part. 1. Sec. 4. mischief, to free themselves from misery, to save their honour, or vindicate their good name, as Cleopatra did, as Sophonisba, Syphax's wife did, Hanni- bal did, as Junius Brutus, as Yibius Yirius, and those Campanian senators in Livy {Dec. 3. lib. 6.) to escape the Roman tyranny, that poisoned themselves. Themistocles drank bull's blood rather than he would fight against his coun- try, and Demosthenes chose rather to drink poison, Publius Crassi^^ms, Cen- sorius and Plancus, those heroical Romans to make away themselves, than to fall into their enemies' hands. How many myriads besides in all ages might I remember, qui sibi lethum Insontes peperere manu ? d'c. "^ Rhasis in the Mac- cabees is magnified for it, Samson's death approved. So did Saul and Jonas sin, and many worthy men and women, quorum memoria celebratur in Eccle- sia, saith ^Leminchus, for killing themselves to save their chastity and honour, when Pome was taken, as Austin instances, I. 1. de Givit. Dei, cap. 16. Jerom vindicateth the same in lonam; et Ambrose, I. 3. de virginitate commendeth Pelagiafor so doing. Eusebius, lib. 8. cap. 15. admires a Roman matron for the same fact to save herself from the lust of Maxentius the Tyrant. Adel- helmus, abbot of Malmesbury, calls them Beatas virgines quce sic, &c. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that wise, discreet, renowned Roman senator, Tully's dear friend, when he had been long sick, as he supposed of an incurable disease, vitamque produceret ad augendos dolores, sine spe salutis, was resolved volun- tarily by famine to despatch himself to be rid of his pain ; and when as Agrippa, and the rest of his weeping friends earnestly besought him, oscidan- tes obsecrarent ne id quod natura cogeret, ipse acceleraret, not to ofier violence to himself, "with a settled resolution he desired agaiu they would approve of his good intent, and not seek to dehort him from it : " and so constantly died, precesque eorum taciturnd sua obstinatione depressit. Even so did Corellius Rufas, another grave senator, by the relation of Plinius Secundus, ejyist. lib. 1. epist. 12. famish himself to death; pedibus correptus cum incredibiles cruciatus et indignissima tornienta pateretur , a cibis omnino abstinuit; ''neither he nor Hispilla his wife could divert him, but destinatus mori obstinate magis, (fee, die he would, and die he did. So did Lycurgus, Aristotle, Zeno, Chrysippus, Empedocles, with myriads, &c. In wars, for a man to run rashly upon immi- nent danger, and present death, is accounted valour and magnanimity, ''to be the cause of his own, and many a thousand's ruin besides, to commit wilful murder in a manner, of himself and others, is a glorious thing, and he shall be crowned for it. The '^Massagetse in former times, ® Barbiccians, and I know not what nations besides, did stifle their old men after seventy years, to free them from those grievances incident to that age. So did the inhabitants of the island of Choa, because their air was pure and good, and the people generally long lived, antevei'tebant fatum suum, 2:)riusquam manci forent aut imbecillitas accederet, papavere vel cicutd, with poppy or hemlock they pre- vented death. Sir Thomas More in his Utopia commends voluntary death, if he be sibi aut aliis molestus, troublesome to himself or others (" ^especially if to live be a torment to him), let him free himself with his own hands from this tedious life, as from a prison, or sufier himself to be freed by others." ^ And 'tis the same tenet which Laertius relates of Zeno of old. Juste sapiens sibi mortem corisciscit, si in acerbis doloribus versetur, membrorum mutilatione aut morbis cegre curandis, and which Plato 9. de legibus approves, if old age, poverty, ignominy, &c., oppress, and which Fabius expresseth in effect. [Free- fat. 7. Institut.) Nemo nisi sua culpa diu dolet. It is an ordinary thing in « Mac. 1 4. 42. « Vindicatio Apoc. lib. ^ ".Finding that he would be destined to endure excruciating pain of the feet, and additional tortures, he abstained from food altogether." « As amongst Turks and others. ''Bohemus, de moribus gent. e^Elian. lib. 4. cap. 1. omnes 70. annum egressos interficiunt. ^Lib. 2. Prassertim quum tormentum ei vita sit, bona spe fretus, accrba vita velut h. carcere si eximat, vel ab aliis eximi sua voluntatepatintar. sNam quis amphoram exsiccans foecem exorberet, (Seneca, epist. 58.) quia in poenas et risum viveret ? stulti est manere in vita cum sit miser. Mem. 1. Prognostics of Melancholy. 287 China, (saith Mat. Riccius the Jesuit,) "''if they be in despair of better for- tunes, or tired and tortured with misery, to bereave themselves of life, and many times, to spite their enemies the more, to hang at their door," Tacitus the historian, Plutarch the philosopher, much approve a voluntary departure, and Aust. de civ. Dei, I. 1. c. 29. defends a violent death, so that it be under- taken in a good cause, nemo sic mortuus, qui nonfuerat aliquando moriturus; quid autem interest quo mortis genere vita ista finiatur, quando ille cui Jinitur, iterum niori non cogitur ? d'c, 'no man so voluntarily dies, but volens nolens, he must die at last, and our life is subject to innumerable casualties, who knows when they may happen, utrum satius est unam perpeti moriendo, an omnes timere vivendo, ^rather suffer one, than fear all. " Death is better than a bitter life," Ecclus. xxx. 17. 'and a harder choice to live in fear, than, by once dying, to be freed from all. Theombrotus Ambraciotes persuaded I know not how many hundreds of his auditors, by a luculent oration he made of the miseries of this, and happiness of that other life, to precipitate themselves. And having read Plato's divine tract de anima, for example's sake led the way first. That neat epigram of Callimachus will tell you as much, " Jamque vale Soli cum diceret Ambrociotes, In Stygios fcrtur desiluisse lacus, Morte nihil rtignum passus : sed forte Platonis Divini eximium de nece legit opus." » " Calenus and his Indians hated of old to die a natural death : the Circum- cellians and Donatists, loathing life, compelled others to make them away, witli many such: "but these are false and pagan positions, profane stoical para- doxes, wicked examples, it boots not what heathen philosophers determine in this kind, they are impious, abominable, and upon a wrong ground. " JSTo evil is to be done that good may CO me of it;" reclamat Christus, reclamat Scriptura^ God, and all good men are ^ against it: He that stabs another can kill his body; but he that stabs himself, kills his own soul. ^Male meretur qui dat tnendico quod edat; nam et illud quod dat perit; et illi producit vitajn ad tniseriam : he that gives a beggar an alms (as that comical poet saith) doth ill, because he doth but prolong his miseries. But Lactantius, I. 6. c. 7. de vero cultu, calls it a detestable opinion, and fully confutes it, lib. 3. de sap. cap. 18. and S. Austin, ep. 52. ad Macedonium, cap. 61. ad Dulciiium Trihunum: so doth Hierom to Marcella of Blesilla's death, iV^ori recipio tales animas,(kc., he calls such men martyres stultm PhilosophicE : so doth Cyprian de duplici mar- tyrio ; Si qui sic r)ioriantur, aut infirmitas, aut ambitio, aut dementia cogit eos ; 'tis mere madness so to do, "^ furor est ne nioriare mori. To this effect writes Arist. 3. Etliic. Lipsius Manuduc. ad Stoicam FhilosopJiiam lib. 3. dissertat. 23. but it needs no confutation. This only let me add, that in some cases, those ^ hard censures of such as offer violence to their own persons, or in some desperate fit to others, which sometimes they do, by stabbing, slashing, &c., are to be mitigated, as in such as are mad, beside themselves for the time, or found to have been long melancholy, and that in extremity, they know not what they do, deprived of reason, judgment, all, *as a ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon the next rock or sands, and suffer shipwreck. ^ Epedit. ad Sinas. 1. 1. c. 9. Vel bonorum desperatione, vel malorum perpessione fracti etfatigati, vel manus violentas sibi inferunt vel ut inimicis suis segre faciant, &e. i " No one ever died in this way, who would not have died sometime or other; but what does it signify how life irself may be ended, since he who comes to the end is not obliged to die a second time ?" ^ So did Anthony, Galba, Vitellius, Otho, Aristotle him- self, &c. Ajax in despair; Cleopatra to save her honour. ^Inertius deligitur diu vivere, quam in timore tot morborum semel moriendo, nullum deinceps formidare. "^ " And now when Ambrociotes was bidding- farewell to the light of day, and about to cast himself into the Stygian pool, although he had not been guilty of any crime that merited death : but, perhaps, he had read that divine work of Plato upon Death." » Curtius 1. 1 6. oLaqueus prceeisus, cont. 1.1.5. quidam naufragio facto amissis tribus liberis, et uxore, suspendit se ; priBcidit illi quidam ex prfEtereuntibus laqueum ; A lioerato reus fit maleficii. Seneca. p See Lipsius Manuduc. ad Stoicam philosophiain lib, 3. dissert. 22. D. Kings 14 Lect. on Jonas. D. Abbot's 6 Lect. on the same prophet. qPlautus. "• Martial. « As to be buried out of Christian bm-ial with a stake. Idem. Plato y. de legibus, vult separatim sepeliri, qui sibi ipsis mortem cousciscunt, &c., lose their goods, «)Sc. t J^avis destituta nauclero, in terribilem aliquem scopulum Impingit. 288 Prognostics of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 4. "P. Forestus liath a stoiy of two melancholy brethren, that made away them- selves, and for so foul a fact, were accordingly censured to be infamously buried, as in such cases they use : to terrify others, as it did the Milesian virgins of old, but upon farther examination of their misery and "madness, the censure was ^revoked, and they were solemnly interred, as Saul was by David, 2 Sam. ii. 4. and Seneca well adviseth, Irascere interfectori, sed miserere inter- fecti; be justly offended with him as he was a murderer, but pity him now as a dead man. Thus of their goods and bodies we can dispose ; but what shall become of their souls, God alone can tell; his mercy may come inter poniem etfontem, inter gladium et jugulum, betwixt the bridge and the brook, the knife and the throat. Quod cuiquam contigit, cuivis potest : Who knows how he may be tempted? It is his case, it may be thine: ^Quce sua sors hodie est, eras fore vestra potest. We ought not to be so rash and rigorous in our censures, as some are; charity will judge and hope the best: God be merciful unto us all. "Observat, ^Seneca tract. 1. 1. 8. c. 4. Lex, Homicida in se insepultus abjiciatur, contradicitur; Eo quodafferre sibi manus coactus sit assiduisinalis; summam infajlicitatem suam iii hoc removit, quod existi- mabat licere misero mori. y Buchanan. Jileg. lib. THE SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. f Sect. 1. General to all, which contains Cure of melancholy is either Unlawful means forbidden, Lawful means, , which are \ Mem. 1. From the devil, magicians, witches, &;'c., by charms, spells, incantations, images, &c. Quest. 1. Whether they can cure this, or other such like diseases ? Quest. 2. Whether, if they can so cure, it be law- ful to seek to them for help ? 2. Immediately from God, a Jove principium, by prayer, &c. 3. Quest. 1. Whether saints and their relics can help this infirmity? Quest. 2. Whether it be lawful in this case to sue to them for aid? Subsect. 1. Physician, in whom is required science, confidence, honesty,' &c. 2. Patient, in whom is required obedi- ence, constancy, willingness, patience, confidence, bounty, &c., not to practise on himself. 3. Physic, ( Dietetical T> which -< Pharmaceutical ^ consists of ( Chirurgical n Particular to the three distinct species, 05 gj ttr. Such meats as are easy of digestion, well-dressed, hot, sod, &c., young, moist, of good nourishment, &c. Bread of pure wheat, well-baked, AVater clear from the fountain. Wine and drink not too strong. r Mountain birds, partridge, pheasant. or 4. Medi- ately by Nature, which concerns and works by Matter and qua- lity. 1. '^Subs. Flesh Qj^Qjj antimony, tobacco, as vomits. ) ' -^ [More gentle; as senna, epithyme, polipody, myr- obalanes, fumitory, &c. ^ Stronger ; aloes, lapis Armenus, lapis lazuli, black hellebore. f ^ . Liquid ; as potions, juleps, syrups, M tb ' ^ "vvine of hellebore, bugloss, &c. '^^ \ S' i Solid ; as lapis Armenus, and lazuli, J I 1 pills of Indae, pills of fumitory, &c. s^ I Electuaries, diasena, confection of ha- o [ mech, hierologladium, &;c. Not swallowed: tories, &c. Down- ward. 2. Subs. 'Superior , parts. as gargansms, mastica- Nostrils, sneezing powders, odoraments, perfumes, &c. Interior parts ; as clysters strong and weak, and suppositories of •lor parts ; as clysters strong anc Castilian soap, honey boiled, &c. [ Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all tbe distinct species. ^ r^-u' -IT,- With knife, horseleeches. n Chirurgical physic, J ^ . ^ ^ ^ich consists of <; Cauteries,''and searing with hot irons, boring. ^^ * * Dropax and sinapismus. ' Issues to several parts, and upon several occasions. 05 Sect. 5. Cure of head-me- lancholy. Memh. 1. 1. Subsect. Moderate diet, meat of good juice, moistening, easy of digestion. Good air. Sleep more than ordinary. Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature. Exercise of body and mind not too ^■iolent, or too remiss, passions of the mind, and perturbations to be avoided. 2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the ann, forehead, &c,, or with cupping-glasses. ^Preparatives; as syrup of borage, bugloss, epithyme, hops, with their distilled waters, &c. Prepara tives and ( purgers, Purgers ; as Montanus, and Matthiolus helleborismus, Quer- cetanus, syrup of hellebore, extract of hellebore, pulvis Hali, antimony prepared, Rulandi aqua mirabills ; which are used, if gentler medicines -will not take place, with Arnoldus, vinum buglossatum, senna, cassia, myrobalanes, aurum potabile, or before Hamech, Pil. Inda;, Hiera, Pil. do lap. Armeno, lazuli. Cardan's nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezings, masticatories, nasals, cupping-glasses. To open the hcemorrhoids with horseleeches, to apply horse- 4. Averters. < leeches to the forehead without scarification, to the shoulders, thighs. Issues, boring, cauteries, hot irons in the suture of the croAvn. I A cup of wine or strong drink Bezars stone, amber, spice, resolvers <* ^o^serves of borage, bugloss, roses, fumitory, hinderers 1 Confection of alchermes. Electuarium Icetificans (jfaleni et Rhans, ^'C. , DiamargaritumfHg. diaboraginatmn, <^c. 292 Synoims of the Second Partition. 6. Correctors of accidents, as. Com- \ pounds. Odoraments of roses, violets. Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of nymphea, lettuce, mallows, &c. Epithymes, ointments, bags to the heart. Fomentations of oil for the belly. Baths of sweet water, in which were sod malloAvs, violets, roses, water-lilies, borage flowers, ramshcads, &c. C Poppy, nymphea, lettuce, roses, ' Simples \ purslane, henbane, mandrake,. ( nightshade, opium, &c. Inwardly J or ( Liquid ; as syrups of poppy, ver- taken, \ basco, violets, roses. ( Solid ; as requies Nicholai, Phi- Ionium^ Romanmn^ Lauda- y num Paracelsi. Oil of nymphea, poppy, violets, I'oses, man- f or drake, nutmegs. Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. Frontals of I'ose-cake, rose-vinegar, nutmeg. Ointments, alablastritum, unguentum po- Outward-^ puleum, simple, or mixed with opium. ly used, Irrigations of the head, feet, sponges, as music, murmur and noise of waters. Frictions of the head and outward parts, sacculi of henbane, wormwood at his pillow, &c. Against terrible dreams ; not to sup late, or eat peas, cab- bage, venison, meats heavy of digestion, use balm, hart's tongue, &c. Against ruddiness and blushing, inward and outward remedies. ^ 2. Memh. TDiet, preparatives, purges, averters, cordials, correctors, as before. Cure of me- j Phlebotomy in this kind moi*e necessary, and more frequent, lancholy over j To correct and cleanse the blood with fumitory, senna, succory, dandelion, the body. (^ endive, &c. '' Subsect. 1. Phlebotomy, if need require. Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that they must not be so vehement. Use of pennyroyal, wormwood, centaury sod, which alone hath cured many. To provoke urine with aniseed, daucus, asarum, &c., and stools, if need be, by clysters and suppositories. To respect the spleen, stomach, liver, hypochondries. To use treacle now and then in winter. To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate. ( Galanga, gentian, enula, angelica, cala- Roots, < mus aromaticus, zedoaiy, china, con- ( dite ginger, &c. r Pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay leaves, J and berries, scordium, bethany, laveu- i der, camomile, centaury, wormwood, (^ cummin, broom, orange pills. ( Saffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, pep- ( per, musk, zedoary with wine, &c. 5 Aniseed, fennel-seed, ammi, cary, cum- min,nettle, bays, parsley,granaparadisi. -n^ Cure of liypo- chondria- cal or windy melan- choly. 3. Meyn. Inwardly taken. -^ 2. to ex- pel wind. Herbs, Spices, Seeds, g C Dianisum,diagalanga,diaciminum,diacalaminthes, g^ J electuarium debaccis lauri,benedictalaxativa,&;c., i» i pulvis carminativus, and pulvis descrip. Antidota- . i C rio Florentino, aromaticum, rosatum, Mithridate. Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the hypochondries without scarification, oil of camomile, rue, aniseed, their decoctions, &c. THE SECOND PARTITION. THE CUEE OF MELANCHOLY. THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. Unlawful Cures rejected. Inveterate Melancholj, howsoever it may seem to be a continuate, inexor- able disease, bard to be cured, accompanying tbem to their graves, most part, as " Montanus observes, yet many times it may be helped, even that which is most violent, or at least, according to the same ''author, " it may be mitigated and much eased." Nil desperandurn. It may be hard to cure, but not impos- sible for him that is most grievously affected, if he be but willing to be helped. Upon this good hope I will proceed, using the same method in the cure, which I have formerly used in the rehearsing of the causes; first general, then particular; and those according to their several species. Of these cures some be lawful, some again unlawful, which though frequent, familiar, and often used, yet justly censured, and to be controverted. As first, whether by these diabolical means, which are commonly practised by the devil and his ministers, sorcerers, witches, magicians, &c., by spells, cabalistical words, charms, characters, images, amulets, ligatures, philters, incantations, &c., this disease and the like may be cured? and if they may, whether it be lawful to make use of them, those magnetical cures, or for our good to seek after such means in any case 1 The first, whether they can do any such cures, is questioned amongst many writers, some affirming, some denying. Yalesius, cont. med. lib, 5. cap. 6, Malleus Maleficor. Heurnius, I. 3. pract. med. cap. 28, Cselius, lib, 16. c. 16, Delrio, torn. 3, Wierus, lib. 2. de prcestig. deem., Libanius Lavater, de sped. part. 2. cap. 7, Holbrenner the Lutheran in Pistorium, Polydor Virg., I. 1. de prodig.. Tandlerus, Lemnius (Hippocrates and Avicenna amongst the rest), deny that spirits or devils have any power over us, and refer all with Pomponatius of Padua to natural causes and humours. Of the other opinion are Bodinus, DcemonomanticB, lib. 3. cap. 2, Arnoldus, Marcellus Empyricus, I. Pistorius, Paracelsus, Apodix. Magic, Agrippa, lib. 2. de occidt, Fliilos. cap. 36. 69. 71. 72. et I. 3. c. 23. et 10, Marcilius Ficinus, de vit. ccelit. compar. cap. 13. 15. 18. 21. (&c., Galeottus, de promiscua doct. cap. 24, Jovianus Pontanus, torn. 2, Plin. lib. 2^. c. 2, Strabo, lib. 15. Geog. Leo Suavius: Goclenius, de ung. armar., Oswoldus Crollius, Ernestus Burgravius, Dr. Flud, &c. Cardan de subt. brings many proofs out of Ars Notoria, and Solomon's decayed works, old Hermes, Artefius, Costaben Luca, Picatrix, &c., that such cures may be done. They can make fire it shall not burn, fetch back thieves or stolen goods, shew their absent faces in a glass, make serpents lie stiU, stanch blood, salve gouts, epilepsies, biting of mad dogs, tooth-ache, "Cpnsil. 235. pro Abbate Italo. ^ Consil. 23. aut curabitur, aut certe minus afficietui-, si volet. 294 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. melanclioly, et omnia mundi Diala, make men immortal, young again as the "Spanish marquess is said to have done by one of his slaves, and some which jugglers in ^ China maintain still (as Tragaltius writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in physic, and some of our modern chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells, philosopher's stones and charms. " ^Many doubt," saith Nicholas Taurellus, " whether the devil can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever common experience confirms to our astonishment, that magicians can work such feats, and that the devil with- out impediment, can penetrate through all the parts of our bodies, and cure such maladies by means to us unknown." Daneus in his tract de Sortiariis sub- scribes to this of Taurellus; Erastus ds Lamiis, maintaineth as much, and so do most divines, out of their excellent knowledge and long experience they can commit ^agentes cum patientihus, coUigere semina rerum, eaque materice appli- care, as Austin infers de Civ. Dei et de Trinit, lib. 3. cap. 7. et 8. they can work stupendous and admirable conclusions; we see the effects only, but not the causes of them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common; cunning men, wizards, and white- witches, as they call them, in. every village, which if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, Servatores in Latin, and they have commonly St. Catharine's wheel printed in the roof of their mouth, or in some other part about them, resistunt incantatorum pixestigiis (^ Boissardus writes), morhos a sagis motos propulsant, d'c, that to doubt of it any longer, "^or not to believe, were to run into that other sceptical extreme of incredulity," saith Taurellus. Leo Suavius in his comment upon Paracelsus seems to make it an art, which ought to be approved; Pistorius and others stifly maintain the use of charms, words, characters, (fee. Ars vera est, sed pauci artifices reperluntur; the art is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. de hist, mir. cap. 1. proves out of Josephus' eight books of antiquities, that " 'Solomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away devils, and that Eleazar did as much before Vespasian." Langius in his 7ned. epist. holds JupiterMenecrates, that did so many stupendous cures in his time, to have used this art, and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this kind, the devil is an expert physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. \. cap. 18. and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to produce such effects, as Lavater, cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. 1, Polid. Yirg., lib. 1. de prodigiis, Delrio and others admit. Such cures may be done, and as Paracels;, Tom. 4. de morb. ament. stiffly maintains, "^ they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual physic." ^Arnoldus, lib. de sigilliSf sets down the making of them, so doth E-ulandus and many others. Roc posito, they can effect such cures, the main question is whether it be lawful in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a wizard's advice. 'Tis a common practice of some men to go first to a witch and then to a physician, if one cannot the other shall, Flectere si nequeant superos Acheronta movebunt. " "" It matters not," saith Paracelsus, "whether it be God or the devil, angels, or unclean spirits cure him, so that he be eased." If a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what matter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out ] and if I be troubled with such a malady, what care I whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers by God's permission, redeem me ? He calls a <= Vide Renatum Morey, Animad. in scholam Salernit. c. 38. si ad 40 annos possent producere yitam, cur non ad centum ? si ad centum, cur non ad mille 1 <* Hist. Chinensum. • Alii dubitant an dsraon possit morbos curare quos non fecit, alii negant, sed quotidiana experientia confirmat, magos magno mul- torum stupore morbos curare, singulas corporis partes citra impedimentum permeare, et modis nobis iguotis curji-e. f Agentia cum patientibus conjugunr. e Cap. 11. de Servat. ^ Msec alii rident, sed vereor ne dum nolumus esse creduli, vitium non effugiamus incredulitatis. « Refert Solomonem mentis morbos curasse, et daemones abegisse ipsos carminibus, quod et coram Vespasiano fecit Eleazar. '' Spirituales morbi spiritualiter curari debent. ' Sigillum ex auro peculiar! ad Melancholiam, &c. m Lib. 1. de occult. Piiilos. nihil refert an Deus an diabolus, angeli an immundi spiritus gegro opem ferant, mode morbus curetur. Mem. 2.] Lawful Cures from God. 295 " magician God's minister and his vicar, applying that of vos estis dii profanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastas, part. 1. fol. 45. And elsewhere he encourageth his jjatients to have a good faith, "°a strong imagination, and they shall find the eflfects : let divioes say to the contrary what they will." He proves and contends that many diseases cannot otherwise be cured. Incantatione orti incantatione curari dehent; if they be caused by incantation, ^they must be cured by incantation. Constantinus, lib. 4. approves of such remedies: Bartolus the lawyer, Peter ^rodius, rerum Judic. lib. 3. tit. 7. Salicetus Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of themj modb sint ad sanitatem, quce a magis fiunt, secils non, so they be for the parties' good, or not at all. But these men are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, deem. lib. 3. cap. 2, Godel- manus, lib. 1. cap. 8, Wierus, Delrio. lib. 6. qucest. 2. tom. 3. inag. inquis., Erastus de Lamiis; all our ^divines, schoolmen, and such as write cases of conscience are against it, the scripture itself absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Levit. cap. xviii. xix. xx, Deut. xviii. &c.. Bom. viii. 19, "Evil is not to be done, that good may come of it." Much better it were for such patients that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life, than to hazard their souls' health for ever, and as Delrio counselleth, '""much better die, than be so cured." Some take upon them to expel devils by natural remedies, and magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive church, as that above cited of Josephus, Eleazar,Ir8eneus, Tertullian, Austin. Eusebius makes mention of such, and magic itself hath been publicly professed in some universities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracow in Polaud : but condemned anno 1318, by the chancellor and university of ^ Paris. Our pontifical writers retain many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the church; besides those in baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in Christ's name. Bead Hieron. Meugus cap. 3, Pet. Tyreus, ^:)ari. 3. cap. 8. what exorcisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of "*fire suffumigations, lights, cutting the air with swords," cap. 57. herbs, odours: of which Tostatus treats, 2 Heg. cap. 16. qucest. 43. you shall find many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of ex- orcisms among them, not to be tolerated, or endured. MEMB. II. Lawful Cures, first from God. Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are commonly such which God hath appointed, ""by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats, &c., and the like, which are prepared and applied to our use, by art and industry of physicians, who are the disj)en3ers of such treasures for our good, and to be "^honoured for necessities' sake," God's intermediate ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove princijnum, we must first begin with Sprayer, and then use physic ; not one without the other, but both together. To i^ray alone, and reject ordinary means, is to do like him in ^sop, that when his cart was " Magus minister et Vicarius Dei. oUtere forti imaginatione et experieris efFectum, dicant in adversum quii-quid volunt Theologi. p Idem Plinius contendit quosdam esse morbos qui incantationibus solum curentur. «jQui talibus credunt, aut ad eorum domos euntes, aut suis domibus introducunt, aut interrogant, sciant se tidem Cliristianam et baptismum prasvaricasse, et Apostatas esse. Austin de superstit. observ. lioc pacto a Deo deflcitur ad diabolum, P. Mart. ^Mori prasstat quam superstitiose sanari, Disquis. mag. 1. 2. c. 2. sect. 1. quaast. 1. Tom. 3. sp.Lumbard. « Suffitus, gladiorum ictus, &c. " Tlie Lord hath created medicines of the eartii, and he that is wise will not abhor them, Ecclus. xxxviii. 4. ^ My son fail not in thy sickness, but pray unto the Lord, and he will make thee whole, Ecclus. ixxviii. 9. J Hue omne prin- cipium, hue refer exitum. Hor. 3. carm. Ud. 6. 296 Cure of Mdancfholy, [Part. 2. Sec. i: "non Siculi dapes iDulcem elaborabunt saporem, Non animum cytheratve cantus. stalled, lay flat on his back, and cried aloud, help Hercules ! but that was to little purpose, except as his friend advised him, rotis tute ipse annitaris, he whipped his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God works by means, as Christ cured the blind man with clay and spittle : " Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.'' As we must pray for health of body and mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve and continue it. Some kind pf devils are not cast out but by fasting and prayer, and both necessarily required, not one without the other. For all the physic we can use, art, excel- lent industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, niljuvat imrnensos Crate7'o promittere montes: it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us. a Non domus et fundus, non seris acervus et auri J*lgi'oto possunt domino deducere febres." " With house, with land, with money, and Avith gold, The master's fever will not be controU'd." "VVe must use our prayer and physic both together : and so no doubt but our prayers will be available, and our physic take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah prac- tised, 2 Kings XX, Luke the Evangelist : and which we are enjoined, Coloss. iv. not the patient only, but the physician himself. Hippocrates, a heathen, required this in a good practitioner, and so did Galen, Kb. de Flat, et Hipp, dog. lib. 9. cap. 15. and in that tract of his, an mores sequantur temp. cor. ca. 11. 'tis a rule which he doth inculcate, ""and many others. Hyperius in his first book de sacr. sc7'ipt. led. speaking of that happiness and good success which all physicians desire and hope for in their cures, "^tells them that "it is not to be expected, except with a true faith they call upon God, and teach their patients to do the like." The council of Lateran, Canon 22. decreed they should do so j the fathers of the church have still advised as much : " what- soever thou takest in hand (saith ^ Gregory) let God be of thy counsel, consult with him; that healeth those that are broken in heart (Psal. cxlvii. 3.), and bindeth up their sores." Otherwise as the prophet Jeremiah, cap. xlvi. 11. denounced to Egypt, In vain shalt thou use many medicines, for thou shalt have no health. It is the same counsel which ^^Comineus that politic historio- grapher gives to all christian princes, upon occasion of that unhappy overthrow of Charles Duke of Burgundy, by means of which he was extremely melan- choly, and sick to death : insomuch that neither physic nor persuasion could do him any good, perceiving his preposterous error belike, adviseth all great men in such cases, "^to pray first to God with all submission and penitency, to confess their sins, and then to use physic." The very same fault it was, which the prophet reprehends in Asa king of Judah, that he relied more on physic than on God, and by all means would have him to amend it. And 'tis a fit caution to be observed of all other sorts of men. The prophet David was so observant of this precept, that in his greatest misery and vexation of mind, he put this rule first in practice. Psal. Ixxvii. 3, " When I am in heaviness, I will think on God." Psal. Ixxxvi. 4, " Comfort the soul of thy servant, for nnto thee I lift up my soul : " and verse 7, " In the day of trouble will I call upon thee, for thou hearest me." Psal. liv. 1, " Save me, O God, by thy name," &c. Psal. Ixxxii. psal. xx. And 'tis the common practice of all good men, Psal. cvii. 13, "When their heart was humbled with heaviness, they cried to the Lord in their trouble, and he delivered them from their distress." "Music and fine fare can do no good. « Hor. 1. 1 . ep. 2. bSint CrcEsi et Crassi licet, non hos Pactolus aureas undas agens eripiet unquam ^ miseriis. « Scientia de Deo debet in medico infixa esse, Mesue Arabs. Sanat omnes languores Deus. For you shall pray to your Lord, that he would prosper that which is given for ease, and then use physic for the prolonging of life, Ecclus. xxxviii. 4. * Omnes optant quandam in medicina fselicitatem, sed banc non est quod expectent, nisi Deum vera fide invocent, atque sgros similiter ad ardentem vocationem excitent. « Lemnius e Gregor. exhor. ad vitam opt. instit. cap. 48. Quicquid meditaris aggredi aut perficere, Deum in consilium adhibeto. ' Comraentar. lib. 7. ob infelicem pugnam contristatus, in aegritudinem incidit, ita ut a medicis curari non posset. sin his animi mal.s prmceps imprimis ad Deum precetur, et peccatis veniam exoret, inde ad medicinam, &c. Mem. 3.] Saints' Cure rejected. 297 And they have found good success in so doing, as David confesseth^ Psal. xxx. 11, " Thou hast turned my mourning into joy, thou hast loosed my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness." Therefore he adviseth all others to do the like, Psal. xxxi. 24, " All ye that trust in the Lord, be strong, and he shall estal)lish your heart." It is reported by *Suidas, speaking of Hezekiah, that there was a great book of old, of King Solomon's writing, which contained medicines for all manner of diseases, and lay open still as they came into the temple : but Hezekiah, king of Jerusalem, caused it to be taken away, because it made the people secure, to neglect their duty in calling and relying upon God, out of a confidence on those remedies. ^Minutius that worthy consul of Home, in an oration he made to his soldiers, was much offended with them, and taxed their ignorance, that in their misery called more on him than upon God. A general fault it is all over the world, and Minutius's speech concerns us all, we rely more on physic, and seek oftener to physicians, than to God himself As much faulty are they that prescribe, as they that ask, respecting wholly their gain, and trusting more to their ordinary receipts and medicines many times, than to him that made them. I would wish all patients in this behalf, in the midst of their melancholy, to remember that of Siracides, Ecc. i. 11. and 12, " The fear of the Lord is glory and gladness, and rejoicing. The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart, and giveth gladness, and joy, and long life :" and all such as prescribe physic, to begin in nomine Dei, as ' Mesne did, to imitate Laelius 'k Fonte Eugubinus, that in all his consultations, still concludes with a prayer for the good success of his business; and to re- member that of Crete one of their predecessors, fuge avaritiam, et sine oratione et invocatione Dei nihil facias, avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. MEMB. III. Whether it he lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. That we must pray to God, no man doubts ; but whether we should pray to saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully controverted. Whether their imagCxS, shrines, relics, consecrated things, holy water, medals, benedictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the cross, be available in this disease? The papists, on the one side, stiffly maintain how many melancholy, mad, demoniacal persons are daily cured at St. Anthony's Church in Padua, at St. Vitus' in Germany, by our Lady of Loretto in Italy, our Lady of Sichem in the Low Countries : ^Quce et ccecis lumen, cegi^is salutem, mortuis vitam, clcmdis gressum reddit, omnes mor- hos corporis, animi, curat, et in ipsos dcemones imperium exercet; she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands the devil him- self, saith Lipsius, " twenty-five thousand in a day come thither," ^quis nisi nu- men in ilium locum sic induxit ; who brought them? in auribus, in ocidis omnium gesta, nova novitia; new news lately done, our eyes and ears are full of her cures, and who can relate them all ] They have a proper saint almost for every peculiar infirmity : for poison, gouts, agues, Petronella : St. Romanus for such as are possessed ; Valentine for the falling sickness ; St. Vitus for madmen, &c. and as of old ™ Pliny reckons up gods for all diseases (Febri fanum dicatum est), Lilius Giraldus repeats many of her ceremonies : all affec- * Greg. Tholoss. To. 2. 1. 28. c. 7. Syntax. In vestibule templi Solomonis liber remediomm cnjusque morbi fuit, quem revulsit Ezecliias, quod populus neglecto Deo nee invocato, sanitatem inde peteret. h Livius 1. 23. Strepunt auves clamoribus plorantium sociorum, sa'pius nos quam deorum invocantium opem. i Rulandus adjungit optimam orationem ad finem Empyricorum. Mercurialis, consil. 25. ita concludit. Montanus passim, &c. et plures alii, &lq. k Lipsius. i Cap. 26. "» Lib. 2. cap. 7. de Deo Morbisque in genera descriptis deos reperimus. 298 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. tioiis of tlie mind were heretofore accounted gods," love, and sorrow, virtue, honour, liberty, contumely, impudency, had their temples, tempests, seasons, Crepitus Ventris, dea Vacuna, dea Cloacina, there was a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught, or jakes, Prema, Premunda, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all ''offices. Varro reckons up 30,000 gods: Lucian makes PodagTa the gout a goddess, and assigns her priests and ministers : and melancholy comes not behind; for as Austin mentioneth, lih. 4. de Civit. Dei, cap. 9. there was of old Angerona dea, and she had her chapel and feasts, to whom (saith PMacrobius) they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified as well as the rest. 'Tis no new thing, you see this of papists; and in my judg- ment, that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedicated his ^pen after all his labours, to this our goddess of melancholy, than to his Virgo Halensis, and been her chaplain, it would have become him better: but he, poor man^ thought no harm in that which he did, and will not be persuaded but that he doth well, he hath so many patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, and more than he there saith of his lady and mistress.; read but superstitious Coster and Gretser's Tract de Cruce, Laur. Arcturus Fanteus de Invoc. Sanct., Bellarmine, Delrio, dis. mag. torn. 3. I. 6. qucest. 2. sect, 3, Greg. Tolosanus, torn. 2. lih. 8. caqj. 24, Syntax. Strozius Cicogna, lih. 4. cap. 9, Tyreus, Hieronymus Mengus, and you shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, relics, crosses, exorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, &c. Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives it out, that Christ's countenance, and the Virgin Mary's, would cure melancholy, if one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard, in his book de pulch. Jes. et Mar. confirms the same out of Carthu- sianus, and I know not whom, that it was a common proverb in those days, for such as were troubled in mind to say, eamus ad videndum JiliumMarice, let us see the son of ^lary, as they now do post to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilary's at Poictiers in France. ''In a closet of that church, there is at this day St. Plilary's bed to be seen, " to which they bring all the madmen in the country, and after some prayers and other ceremonies, they lay them down there to sleep, and so they recover." It is an ordinary thing in those parts, to send all their madmen to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of St. Tubery in ^another place. Giraldus Camhrensis Itin. Gamh. c. 1. tells strange stories of St. Ciricius' stafiT, that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say as much (as 'Hospinian observes) of the three kings of Cologne; their names written in parchment, and hung about a patient's neck, with the sign of the cross, will produce like effects. Kead Lipomannus, or that golden legend of Jacohus de Voragine, you shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our "Jesuits in Japan and China, of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xave- rius's life, &c. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a mad woman by hanging St. John's gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy water did as much in Japan, &c. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such examples. But we, on the other side, seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. xlvi. 1, " God is our hope and strength, and help in trouble, ready to be found." For their catalogue of examples, we make no other answer, but that they are false fictions, or diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an ordinary thing on St. Anthony's day in Padua, to bring diverse madmen and demoniacal persons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parties be so affected indeed, but prepared by their priests, by n Selden prolog, cap. 3. de diis Syris. Rofinus. » See Lilii Giraldi syntagma de diis, &c. p 12 Cal. Januarii ferias celebrant, ut angores et animi solicitudines propitiata depellat. i Hanc divae pennara consecravi, Lipshis. •• Jodocus Sincerus itin. Gallite. 1617. Hue mente captos deducunt, et statis oratio- nibus, sacrisque peractis, in ilium lectum dormitum ponunt, &c. » In Gallia Narbonensi. t Lib. de orig. Festorum. Collo suspensa et pergamena inscnpta, cum signo crucis, &c. u Em. Acosta com. rerum ~ in Oriente gest. h. societat. Jesu, Anno 1568. Epist. Gonsalvi. Feraandis, Anno 1660. h Japonia. Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] Fatient. 293 certain oiatments and drams, to cozen tlie commonalty, as ''Hildeslieim well saith ; the like is commonly practised in Bohemia as Mathiolus gives us to understand in his preface to his comment upon Dioscorides. But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume published at home to this purpose. "^A declaration of egregious poj)ish impostures, to withdraw the hearts of religious men under pretence of casting out of devils, practised by Father Edmunds, alias Weston, a Jesuit, and divers Bomish priests, his wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &c. which were pretended to be possessed." But these are ordinary tricks only to get opinion and money, mere impostures, ^scula- pius of old, that counterfeit god, did as many famous cures; his temple (as ''Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, and as many several tables, inscrip- tions, pendants, donories, &c. to be seen in his church, as at this day our Lady of Loretto's in Italy. It was a custom long since, ^ ■ " suspendisse potenti Vestimenta maris deo."* — Uor. Od. 1. lib. 5. Od. To do the like, in former times they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 'Tis the same devil still, called heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Yenus, JEsculapius, &c. as ^Lactantius, lib. 2. cle orig. erroris, c. 17. observes. The same Jupiter and those bad angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of St. Sebastian, Barbara, &c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our lady succeeds Yenus (as they use her in many offices), the rest are otherwise supplied, as °Lavater writes, and so they are deluded. " "^ And God often winks at these impostures, because they forsake his word, and betake themselves to the devil, as they do that seek after holy water, crosses," &c. Wierus, lib. 4. cap. 3. What can tlhese men plead for themselves more than those heathen gods, the same cures done by both, the same spirit that seduceth; but read more of the pagan gods' effects in Austin c^e Civitate Dei, I. 10. cap. 6. and of iEsculapius especially in Cicogna, I. 3. coup. 8, or put case they could help, why should we rather seek to them, than to Christ himself, since that he so kindly invites us unto him, " Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden, and I will ease you," Mat. xi. and we know that " there is one God, one Mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ" (1 Tim. ii. 5.), who gave himself a ransom for all men. We know that "we have an ^advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ" (1 John ii. 1.), that " there is no other name under heaven, by which we can be saved, but by his," who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of God, and from ^whom we can have no repulse, solus vult, solus potest, curat universos tanquam singulos, et ^ itnumquemque nostrum ut solum, we are all as one to him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we then seek to any other but to him ? MEMB. lY. SuBSECT. I. — Physician, Patient, Physic. Of those diverse gifts which our apostle Paul saith God hath bestowed on man, this of physic is not the least, but most necessary, and especially con- ducing to the good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities (" for of the most high cometh healing," Ecclus. xxxviii. 2.) we must seek to, ^ Spicel. de mortis dremoniacis, sic a sacrificulis parati nnguentis Magicis corpori illitis, ut stultse plebecnlte persuadeant tales curari h Sancto Antonio. y Printed at London 4to. by J. Roberts, 1G05. z Greg. lib. 8. Cujus fanura ajgrotantium multitudino refertura, undiquaque et tabellis pendentibus, in quibus sanati lan- guores erant inscripti. " " To offer the sailor's garments to the deity of the deep." ^ JIali angeli sump- serunt olim nomen Jovis, Jnnonis, Apollinis, &c. quos Gentiles deos credebant, nunc S. Sebastiani, Barbar*, &c. nomen habent, et alioriim. = Part. 2. cap. 9. de spect. Veneri substituunt Virginem Mariam. dAd h«c ludibria Deus connivet frequenter, ubi relicto verbo Dei, ad Satanam curritur, quales hi sunt, qui aquam lustralem, crucem, &c. lubricai fidei hominibus offerunt. e Chariot est ipsis homo quam sibi, Paul. ^Bernardi 6 Austin. 300 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. and rely upon the Physician, ^who is Manus Dei, saith Hierophihis, and to whom he hath given knowledge, that he might be glorified in his wondrous works. " With such doth he heal men, and take away their pains," Ecclus. sxxviii. 6, 7. " When thou hast need of him, let him not go from thee. The hour may come that their enterprises may have good success," ver. 13. It is not therefore to be doubted, that if we seek a physician as we ought, we may be eased of our infirmities, such a one I mean as is sufficient, and worthily so called; for there be many mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, in every street almost, and in every village, that take upon them this name, make this noble and profitable art to be evil spoken of and contemned, by reason of these base and illiterate artificers : but such a physician I speak of, as is approved, learned, skilful, honest, &c , of whose duty Wecker, Antid. cap. 2. ei Syntax. Tried. Crato, Julius Alexandrinus medic. Heurnius, prax. med. lib. 3. cap, 1. &€., treat at large. For this particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, ' Paracelsus will have to be a magician, a chemist, a philosopher, an astrologer; Thurnesserus, Severinus the Dane, and some other of his followers, require as much : "many of them cannot be cured but by magic." ^ Paracelsus is so stiff for those chemical medicines, that in his cures he will admit almost of no other physic, deriding in the mean time Hippocrates, Galen, and all their followers : but magic and all such remedies I have already censured, and shall speak of chemistry ^ elsewhere. Astrology is required by many famous phy- sicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelius; ™ doubted of, and exploded by others: I will not take upon me to decide the controversy myself, Johannes Hossurtus, Thomas Boderius, and Maginus in the preface to his mathematical physic, shall determine for me. Many physicians explode astrology in physic (saith he), there is no use of it, UJiam artem ac quasi temerariam insectantur, ao gloriam sibi ab ejus imperitia aucupari : but I will reprove physicians by phy- sicians, that defend and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicen., &c., that count them butchers without it, homicidas medicos Astrologice ignaros, dsc. Paracelsus goes farther, and will have his physician ° predestinated to this man's cure, this malady; and time of cure, the scheme of each geniture inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering astrologically observed; in which Thurnesserus and some iatromathematical professors, are too superstitious in my judgment. " "Hellebore will help, but not alway, not given by every physician," &c., but these men are too peremptory and self-conceited as I think. But what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach"? A blind man cannot judge of colours, nor I peradventure of these things. Only thus much I would require, honesty in every physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, harpy- like to make a prey of his patient; Carnificis namque est (as p Wecker notes) inter ipsos cruciatus ingens precium exposcere, as a hungry chirurgeon often produces and wiredraws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, " Non missura cuterti, nisi plena cruoris hirudo.'"^ Many of them, to get a fee, will give physic to every one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morbum, as "^Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often falleth out, which by good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectification of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. This is Naturae helium inferre, to oppugn nature, and to make a strong body weak. Arnoldus in his 8 and 11 Aphorisms gives cautions against, and expressly forbiddeth it, " * A wise phy- ^ Ecclus. xxxviii. In the siglit of great men he shall be in admiration. » Tom. 4. Tract. 3. de morbis amentium, horum multi non nisi a Magis curandi et Astrologis, quoniam origo ejus k coelis petenda est. •^ Lib. de Podagra. 'Sect. 5. m Langius. J. Cagsar Claudinus consult. " Pra^destinatum ad hunc eurandu'.n. <> Helleborus curat, sed quod ab orani datus medico vanura est. p Antid. gen. lib. 3. cap. 2. " Quod sspe evenit. lib. 3. cap. 1. cum non sit necessitas. Frustra fatigant remediis segros qui victus ratione curari possunt. Heurnius. » Modcstus et sapiens medicus, nunquam properabit ad pharmacum, nisi cogente necessitate. 41. Aphor. prudens et plus •mediciu cibis prius inedicinalibus quara mcdicinis puris morbum expellere satagat. Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] Patient. 301 sician will not give physic but upon necessity, and first try medicinal diet, before he proceed to medicinal cure." * In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that think longis syrupis expugnare dcemones et aninii phantasmata, they can purge phantastical imaginations and the devil by physic. Another caution is, that they proceed upon good gounds, if so be there be need of physic, and not mistake the disease; they are often deceived by the "similitude of syuiptoms, saith Heurnius, and I could give instance in many consultations, wherein they have prescribed opposite physic. Sometimes they go too per- functorily to work, in not prescribing a just ^course of physic : To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than good. Montanus, consil. 30. inveighs against such perturbations, "that purge to the halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose." 'Tis a crabbed humour to purge, and as Lauren tins calls this disease, the reproach of physicians : Bessardus, Jiagellum rnedicorum, their lash ; and for that cause, more carefully to be respected. Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though he neglect his own health, it behoves a good physician not to leave him hel23less. But most part they offend in that other extreme, theyprescribe too much physic, and tire out their bodies with continualpotions, to no purpo ;e. JEtius, tetrabib. 2. 2. ser. cap. 90. will have them by all means therefore " ^to give some respite to nature," to leave off now and then ; and LseliusaFonteEugubinus in his consultations, found it (as he there witnesseth) often verified by experience, "^that after a deal of physic to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered." 'Tis that which Nic. Piso, Donatus Altomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem naturm, to give nature rest. SuBSECT. II. — Concerning the Patient. "When these precedent cautions are accurately kept, and that we have now got a skilful, an honest physician to our mind, if his patient will not be con- formable, and content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Many things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf : First that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows upon himself, and to save charges endanger his health. The Abderites, when they sent for "^Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, " ^ all the gold they had, if all the city were gold he should have it." jSTaaman the Syrian, when he went into Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six thousand pieces of gold, and ten change of raiments (2 Kings v. 5). Another thing is, that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his grief; if aught trouble his mind, let him freely disclose it, ^^ Stultorum incurata pudor mains ulcera celat:'" by that means he procures to himself much mischief, and runs into a greater inconve- nience : he must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. Pars sanitatis velle sanarifuit (Seneca). 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health ; and not to defer it too long. "''Qui blandiendo dulce nutrivit malum, I ," He that by clierisbing a mischief doth provoke, Sero recusat feiTe quod subiit jugum." | Too late at last refuseth to cast off his yoke." " d Helleborum frustra cum jam cutis fegi-a tumebit, I " When the skin swells, to seek it to appease Poscentes videas ; venienti occurrite morbo." | With hellebore, is vain ; meet your disease." By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of their grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchedness and peevishness; they undo themselves. The citizens, I know *Brev. 1. c. 18. u Similitudo siepe bonis medicis imponit. ^Qui melancholicis prsebent remedia non satis valida, Longiores morbi imprimis solertiam medici postulant et fidelitatem, qui enim tumultuario hos tractant, vires absque uUo coramodo ladunt et fi-angunt, &c. yXaturse reraissionera dare oportet. « Flerique hoc morbo medicina nihil profecisse visi sunt, et sibi demissi invaluerunt. » Abderitani ep. Hippoc. b Quicquid auri apud nos est, libenter persolvemus, etiamsi tota urbs nostra aurum esset. 'Seneca. <»Pers. 3. Sat. 302 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. not of what city now, when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it ; and when the plague begins in many places and they certainly know it, they command silence and hush it up; but after they see their foes now marching to their gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify and resist when 'tis too late ; when the sickness breaks out and can be no longer concealed, then they lament their supine negligence : 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejudice, a loathing and distaste of physic, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of it. " Barbarous immanity fMelancthon terms it) and folly to be deplored, so to contemn the precepts of health, good remedies, and voluntarily to pull death, and many maladies upon their own heads." Though many again are in that other extreme too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take physic on every small occasion,to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impediment : if their finger do bat ache, run, ride, send for a physician, as many gentlewomen do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, upon every toy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, by amplifying that which is not. ^Hier. Cappivaccius sets it down as a common fault of all " melancholy persons to say their symptoms are greater than they are, to help themselves." And which ^ Mercurialis notes, consil. 53. " to be more troublesome to their physicians, than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of physic." A third thing to be required in a patient, is confidence, to be of good cheer, and have sure hope that his physician can help him. ^ Damascen the Arabian requires likewise in the physician himself, that he be confident he can cure him, otherwise his physic will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will cer- tainly help him, make him believe so at least. 'Galeottus gives this reason, because the form of health is contained in ther physician's mind, and as Gralen holds " ^ confidence and hope to be more good than physic," he cures most in whom most are confident. Axiochus sick almost to death, at the very sight of Socrates recovered his former health. Paracelsus assigns it for an only cause, why Hippocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for any extraordinary skill he had ; ^ but " because the common people had a most strong conceit of his worth." To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, and con- stancy, not to change his physician, or dislike him upon every toy ; for he that so doth (saith " Janus Damascen) " or consults with many, falls into many errors ; or that useth many medicines." It was a chief caveat of "Seneca to his friend Lucilius,that he should not alter his physician, or prescribed physic: " Nothing hinders health more ; a wound can never be cured that hath seve- ral plasters." Crato, consil. 186. taxeth all melancholy persons of this fault : *' ° 'Tis proper to them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to seek another and another;" (as they do commonly that have sore eyes) twenty one after another, and they still promise all to cure them, try a thousand remedies ; and by this means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and difficult to be cured, " They try many (saith PMontanus) and profit by none:" and for this cause, consil. 24. he enjoins his patient before he take him in hand, '"^perseverance and sufferance, for in such e De anima. Barbara tamen immanitate, et deploranda inscitia contemnunt pr^cepta sanitatis, mortem ct morbos ultro accersunt. ^ Consul. 173. e Scoltzio Melanch. iEgrorum hoc fere proprium est, ut graviora dicant esse symptomata, quam revera sunt. e Melancholici plerumque medicis sunt molesti, ut alia aliis adjungant. ^ Oportet infirmo imprimere salutem, utcunque promittere, etsi ipse desperet. Nullum medi- camentum efficax, nisi medicus etiam fuerit fortis imaginationis. • De promise, doct. cap. 15. Quoniam saniratis formam animi medici continent. '' Spes et confidentia plus valent quam medicina. ' Fselicior in medicina ob fidem Ethnicorum. "> Aphoris. 89. .^ger qui plurimos consulit medicos, plerumque in errorem singulorum cadit. ° Nihil ita sanitatem impedit, ac remediorum crebra mutatio, nee venit vulnus ad cicatricem in quo diversa medicamenta tentantur. o Melancholicorum proprium quum ex eorum arbitrio non fit subita mutatio in melius, alterare medicos qui quidvis, &c. p Consil. 31. Dum ad varia se conferunt, nullo prosunt. i Imprimis hoc statuere oportet, requiri perseverantiam, et tolerantiara. Exiguo enim tempore nihil ex, &c. Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Phyde. 303 a small time no great matter can be eiTocted, a,nd upon that condition be will administer physic, otherwise all his endeavour and counsel would be to small purpose." And in his 31. counsel for a notable matron, he tells her, """if she will be cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular perseverance ; if she remit, or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success." Consil. 230. for an Italian abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why this disease is so incurable, ''^because the parties are so restless and impatient, and will therefore have him that intends to be eased, Ho take physic, not for a month, a year, but to apply himself to their prescrip- tions all the days of his life." Last of all, it is required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, without an approved physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a book ; for so, many grossly mis- take, and do themselves more harm than good. That which is conducing to one man, in one case, the same time is opposite to another. "^An ass and a mule went laden over a brook, the one with salt, the other with wool : the mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby much eased ; he told the ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise at the next water, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. "Many things (saith ^Penottus) are written in our books, which seem to the reader to be excellent remedies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for physic poison." I remember in Yalleriola's observa- tions, a story of one John Baptist, a Neapolitan, that finding by chance a pamphlet in Italian, written in praise of hellebore, would needs adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and had not he been sent for, the poor fellow had poisoned himself From whence he concludes out of Damascenus, 2 e^ 3 Aphorism, "^that without exquisite knowledge, to work out of books is most dangerous : how unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril." I could recite such another example of mine own knowledge, of a friend of mine, that finding a receipt in Brassivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person ; but had not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscretion hazarded himself : many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cautions, which I should think fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as ""Montanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. SuBSECT. III. — Concerning Physic. Physic itself in the last place is to be considered ; " for the Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them." Ecclus.xxxviii. 4. ver. 8. " of such doth the apothecary make a confection," &c; Of these medicines there be diverse and infinite kinds, plants, metals, animals, &c., and those of several natures, some good for one, hurtful to another : some noxious in themselves, corrected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, mixed, &c., and therefore left to be managed by discreet and skilfuJ physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To this purpose they have invented method, and several rules of art, to put these remedies in order, for their particular ends. Physic (as Hippocrates defines it) is nought else but ""addition and subtraction ;" and as it is required in all other diseases, so in this of melan- 'Si curari vult, opus est pertinaci perseverantia, fideli obedientia, et patientia singulari, si tedet aut desperet, nullum habeblt effectum. s^Egritudine amittunt patientiam, et inde morbi incurabiles. tNon ad mensem aut annum, sed oportettoto vitise curriculo curationi opevam dare. u Camerarius emb. 55. cent. 2. * Praifat. de nar. med. In libellis quas vulgo versantur apud literatos, incautiores multa legunt, a quibus decipiuntui-, eximia illis, sed portentosum hauriunt veuenum. i^Operari ex libris, absque cognitione et solerti ingenio, periculosum est. Unde monemur, quam inslpidum scriptis auctoribus credere, quod hie suo didicit periculo. ^ Consil 23. h32C omnia si quo ordiue decet, egerit, vel curabitur, vel certe minus afiicietur. 'Fuchsius, cap. 2. lib. I. 304 Oure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. choly it ought to be most accurate, it being (as ^Mercurialis ackuowledgeth) so common an affection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. Several prescripts and methods I find in several men, some take upon them to cure all maladies with one medicine, severally applied, as that Panacea Aurum potabile, so much controverted in these days, Herha solis, ^c. Paracelsus reduceth all diseases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Kavelascus, Leo Suavius, and others adhere and imitate : those are leprosy, gout, dropsy, falling-sickness. To which they reduce the rest ; as to leprosy, ulcers, itches, furfurs, scabs, &c. To gout, stone, cholic, toothache, headache, &c. To dropsy, agues, jaundice, cachexia, &c. To the falling-sickness, belong palsy, vertigo, cramps, convulsions, incubus, apoplexy, &c. '"^If any of these four principal be cured (saith Eavelascus) all the inferior are cured," and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is too general, and by some contradicted : for this peculiar disease of melancholy, of which I am now to speak, I find ■several cures, several methods and prescripts. They that intend the practic cure of melancholy, saith Diiretus in his notes to Hollerius, set down nine peculiar scopes or ends ; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons, ^lianus Montaltus, cap. 2&, Faventinus in his empirics, Hercules de Saxonia, &c., have their several injunctions and rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, which I mean to follow. AtcitrriTtxri, Pharmaceutica, and Chirurgica, diet, or living, apothecary, chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, G-uianerius, &c., and most, prescribe j of which I will insist, and speak in their order. SECT. II. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Diet rectified in Substance. Diet, Aiairy]rix^, victus, or living, according to ''Fuchsius and others, com- prehend those six non-natural things, which I have before specified, are especial causes, and being rectified, a sole or chief part of the cure. ^Johannes Arcu- lanus, cajy. 16. in 9. Rhasis, accounts the rectifying of these six a sufficient cure. Guianerius, tract. 15, cap. 9. calls them, propriam et primam cur am, the principal cure : so doth Montanus, Crato, Mercurialis, Altomarus, &c., first to be tried, Lemnius, instit. cap. 22. names them the hinges of our health, ^no hope of recovery v/ithout them. Reinerius Solenander, in his seventh consul- tation for a Spanish young gentlewoman, that was so melancholy she abhorred all company, and would not sit at table with her familiar friends, prescribes this physic above the rest, guo good to be done without it. '^ Areteus, lib. 1. cap. 7. an old physician, is of opinion, that this is enough of itself, if the party be not too far gone in sickness. 'Crato, in a consultation of his for a noble patient, tells him plainly, that if his highness will keep but a good diet, he will warrant him his former health. ^Montanus, consil. 27. for a nobleman of France, admonishethhis lordship to be most circumspect in his diet, or else all his other physic will ^be to small purpose. The same injunction I find verbatim in J. Ccesar Glaudinus, Respon. 34, ScoUzii, consil. 183, Trallianus, cap. 16, lib. 1, Lcelius a fonte jEugubinus often brags, that he hath done more cures in this kind by rectification of diet, than all other physic besides. So that in a word I may say to most melancholy men, as the fox said to the weasel, that could b In pract. med. Iijec affectio nostris temporibus frequentissima, ergo maxiine pertinet ad nos hujus cura- tioneni intelligere. c Si aliquis horum morborura summus sanatur, sanantur omnes inferiores. «• Instit. cap. 8. sect. 1. Victus nomine non tarn cibus et potus, sed aex', exercitatio, somnus, vigilia, et reliquse res sex non-naturales continentur. * Sufflcit plerumque regimen rerum sex non-naturaliiim. f Et in his potissima sanitas consistit. e Nihil hie agendum sine exquisita vivendi ratione, &c. *> Si recens malum sit, ad pristinum habitum recuperandum alia medela non est opus. • Consil. 99. lib. 2. si celsitudo tua, rectam victus rationem, &c. ^ Moneo, Domine, ut sis prudens ad victum, sine quo caetera vemedia frustra adhibentur. i Omnia remedla irrita et vana sine tia. Novistis me plerosque ita laborantes, victu potius quam raedicamentis curasse. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diet rectified. 305 not get out of tlie garner, Macra cavum repetes, quern mctcra suhisti, ™ the six non-natural things caused it, and they must cure it. Which howsoever I treat of, as proper to the meridian of melancholy, yet nevertheless, that which is here said with him in ° Tully, though writ especially for the good of his friends at Tarentum and Sicily, yet it will generally serve ° most other diseases, and help them likewise, if it be observed. Of these six non-natural things, the first is diet, properly- so called, which consists in meat and drink, in which we must consider substance, quantity, quality, and that opposite to the precedent. In substance, such meats are generally commended, which are " ^ moist, easy of digestion, and not apt to engender wind, not fried, nor roasted, but sod (saith Yalescus, Altomarus, Piso, &c.), hot and moist, and of good nourishment;" Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. admits roast meat, "^ if the burned and scorched superficies, the brown we call it, be pared off. Salvianus, lib. 2. cap. 1. cries out on cold and dry meats; 'young flesh and tender is approved, as of kid, rabbits, chickens, veal, mutton, capons, hens, partridge, pheasant, quails, and all mountain birds, which are so familiar in some parts of Africa, and in Italy, and as ^Dublinius reports, the common food of boors and clowns in Palestine. Galen takes exception at mutton, but without question he means that rammy mutton, which is in Turkey and Asia Minor, which have those great fleshy tails, of forty-eight pounds weight, as Yertomannus witnesseth, navig. lib. 2. cap, 5. The lean of fat meat is best, and all manner of broths, and pottage, with borage, lettuce, and such wholesome herbs, are excellent good, especially of a cock boiled; all spoon meat. Arabians commend brains, but ^Laurentius, c. 8. excepts against them, and so do many others; "eggs are justified as a nutritive wholesome meat, butter and oil may pass, but with some limitation; so ''Crato con- fines it, and " to some men sparingly at set times, or in sauce," and so sugai* and honey are approved. ^ All sharp and sour sauces must be avoided, and spices, or at least seldom used : and so saifron sometimes in broth may be tolerated ; but these things may be more freely used, as the temperature of the party is hot or cold, or as he shall find inconvenience by them. The thinnest, whitest, smallest wine is best, not thick, nor strong ; and so of beer, the middling is fittest. Bread of good wheat, pure, well purged from the bran, is preferred; Laurentius, cap. 8. would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. Water.] Pure, thin, light water by all means use, of good smell and taste, like to the air in sight, such as is soon hot, soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much approves, if at least it may be had. Hain water is purest, so that it fall not down in great drops, and be used forthwith, for it quickly putrefies. Next to it, fountain water that riseth in the east, and runneth eastward, from a quick running spring, from flinty, chalky, gravelly grounds : and the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the purest, though many springs do jdeld the best water at their fountains. The waters in hotter countries, as in Turkey, Persia, India, within the tropics, are frequently purer than ours in the north, more subtile, thin, and lighter, as our merchants observe, by four ounces in a poimd, pleasanter to drink, as good as our beer, and some of them, as Choaspis in Persia, preferred by the Persian kings before wine itself. " = Clitorio quicunque sitim de fonte lavarit Yina fugit gaudetque meris abstemius undis." m " When you are again lean, seek an exit through that hole by which lean you entered." " I. de finihus Tarentinis et Siculis. oModo non multum elongentur. PLib. 1. de nielan. cap. 7. Calidi et humidi cibi, concocta faciles, flatus exortes, elixi non assi, neque Mxi sint. i Si interna tantum pulpa devore- tur, non superficies torrida ab igne. "^Bene nutrieutes cibi, tenella ffitas multum valet, carnes non virosie, nee pingues. « Hoedoper. peregr. Hierosol. t Inimicastomacho. "Not fried or buttered, but potclied. ^Consil. 16. Non improbatur butyrum et oleum, si tamen plusquam par sit, non profundaiur : sacchari et mellis usus, utiliter ad ciborum condimenta comprobatur. > Mercurialis, consil. 88. acerba omnia evitentur. ^ Ovid. Met. lib. 15. " Whoever has allayed his thirst with the water of the Clitorius, avoids wine, and abstemious deliglits in pure M'ater only." X 306 . Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2. Sec. 2. Many rivers I deny not are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nile in Egypt, Tiber at Rome, but after they be settled two or three days, defecate and clear, very commodious, useful and good. Many make use of deep wells, as of old in the Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided; to fetch it in carts or gondolas, as in Venice, or camels' backs, as at Cairo in Egypt, ^ Radziviiius observed 8000 camels daily there, employed about that business ; some keep it in trunks, as in the East Indies, made four square with descending steps, and 'tis not amiss: for I would not have any one so nice as that Grecian Calls, sister to Nicephorus, emperor of Constanti- nople, and ^married to Dominitus Silvius.duke of Venice, that out of incredible wantonness, communi aqua uti nolehat, would use no vulgar water; but she died tantd (saithmine auihov) foetidissimi purls copid, of so fulsome a disease, that no water could wash her clean. '^ Plato would not have a traveller lodge in a city that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream running by it; illudenim animum, hoc corruiiipit valetudiuem, one corrupts the body, the other the mind. But this is more than needs, too much curiosity is naught, in time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever, pure water is best, and which (as Pindarus holds) is better than gold ; an especial ornament it is, and "very commodious to a city (according to "^Vegetius) when fresh springs are included within the v/alls," as at Corinth, in the midst of the town almost, there was arx aUissima scatens fontibus, a goodly mount full of fresh water springs : " if nature afford them not they must be had by art." It is a wonder to read of those ^ stupend aqueducts, and infinite cost hath been bestowed in Home of old, Constantinople, Carthage, Alexandria, and such populous cities, to convey good and wholesome waters: read ^ Frontinus, Lipsius de adinir. ^ Flmius, lib. 3. cap. 11, Strabo in his Geogr. That aqueduct of Claudius was most eminent, fetched upon arches fifteen miles, every arch 109 feet high: they had fourteen such other aqueducts, besides lakes and cisterns, 700 as I take it; ^ every house had private pipes and channels to serve them for their use. Peter Gillius, in his accurate description of Constantinople, speaks of an old cistern which he went down to see, 336 feet long, 180 feet broad, built of marble, covered over with arch- work, and sustained by 333 pillars, 12 feet asunder, and in eleven rows, to contain sweet water. Infinite cost in channels and cisterns, from Nilus to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the ad- miration of these times ; ' their cisterns so curiously cemented and composed, that a beholder would take them to be all of one stone : when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, their house is half built. That Segovian aqueduct in Spain, is much wondered at in these days, ^upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying sweet water to every house : but each city almost is full of such aqueducts. Amongst the rest Mie is eternally to be commended, that brought that new stream to the north side of London at his own charge: and Mr. Otho Nicholson, founder of our water-works and elegant conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, to be conveniently provided of it : although Galen hath taken exceptions at such waters, which run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam quce in iis generatur, for that unctuous ceruse, which causeth dysenteries and fluxes; ""yet as Alsarius Crucius of Genua well answers, it is opposite to common experience. If that were true, most of our Italian cities, Montpelier in France, with infinite others, would find this inconvenience, but there is no such matter. Eor private families, in what aPeregr. Ilier. t> The Dukes of Venice were then permitted to marry. cDe Legibus. d Lib. 4. cap. 10. Magna urbis utilitas cum perennes fontes muris includuntur, quod si natura non prisstat, effodiendi, &c. « Opera gigantum dicit aliquis. »'De aquseduct. s Curtius Fons a quadragesirao lapide in xu-bem opere arcuate perductus. Plin. 36. 15. '' Quteque domus i^omse fistulas habebat et canales, &.c. s Lib. 2. ca. 20. Jod. a Meggen. cap. 15. pereg. Hier. Bellonius. ^ Cypr. Echovius delit. Hisp. Aqua pro- iluens inde in oranes fere domos ducitur, in puteis quoque ajstivo tempore frigidissima conservatur. ' Sir Hugh Middleion, Baronet. "' De qusesitis med. cent. fol. 354. Mem. 1. Subs 2.] Diet rectified, ' 307 sort they should furnish themselves, let them consult with P. Crescentius, de Agric. I. 1. c. 4, Pamphilius Hirelicus and the rest. Amongst fishes, those are most allowed of, that live in gravelly or sandy waters, pikes, perch, trout, gudgeon, smelts, flounders, &c. Hippolitiis Salvi- anus takes exception at carp ; but I dare boldly say with ° Dubravius, it is an excellent meat, if it come not from "muddy pools, that it retain not an unsavoury taste. Urinacius Marinus is much commended by Oribasius, -^tius, and most of our late writers. PCrato, consil. 21 lib. 2. censures all manner of fruits, as subject to putre- faction, yet tolerable at sometimes, after meals, at second course, they keep down vapours, and have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet cherries, plums, sweet apples, pear-mains, and pippins, which Laurentius extols, as having a peculiar property against this disease, and Plater magnifies, omnibus modis appropriata conveniunt, but they must be corrected for their windiness : ripe grapes are good, and raisins of the sun, musk-melons well corrected, and sparingly used. Pigs are allowed, and almonds blanched. Trallianus discom- mends figs, "^ Salvianus olives and capers, which " others especially like of, and so of pistick nuts. Montanus and Mercurialis out of Avenzoar, admit peaches, * pears, and apples baked after meals, only corrected with sugar and aniseed, or fennel-seed, and so they may be profitably taken, because they strengthen the stomach, and keep down vapours. The like may be said of preserved cherries, plums, marmalade of plums, quinces, &;c., but not to drink after them. * Pome- granates, lemons, oranges are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. " Crato will admit of no herbs, but borage, bugioss, endive, fennel, aniseed, balm ; Callenius and Arnoldus tolenite lettuce, spinage, beets, &c. The same Crato will allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of potatoes, pars- nips, but all corrected for wind, j^o raw salads; but as Laurentius prescribes, in broths ; and so Crato commends many of them : or to use borage, hops, balm, steeped in their ordinary drink. ^Avenzoar magnifies the juice of a pomegranate, if it be sv/eet, and especially rose water, which he would have to be used in every dish, which they put in practice in those hot countries about Damascus, where (if we may believe the relations of Yertomannus) many hogs- heads of rose water are to be sold in the market at once, it is in so great request with them. SuBSSCT. II. — Diet rectified in quantity. Man alone, saith ^Cardan, eats and drinks Avithout appetite, and useth all his pleasure without necessity, animce vitio, and thence come many inconveni- ences unto him. For there is no meat whatsoever, though otherwise wholesome and good, but if unseasonably taken, or immoderately used, more than the stomach can well bear, it will engender crudity, and do much harm. There- fore "^Crato adviseth his^'patient to eat but twice a-day,and that at his set meals, by no means to eat without an appetite, or upon a full stomach, and to put seven hours' difference between dinner and supper. Which rule if we did observe in our colleges, it would be much better for our healths : but custom, that tyrant, so prevails, that, contrary to all good order and rules of physic, we scarce admit of five. If after seven hours' tarrying he shall have no stomach n De piscibus lib. liabent omnes in autitiis, modo non sint ^ ceeuoso loco. ° De pise. c. 2. 1. 7. Plu- riraum prajstat ad utilitatem et jucunditatern. Idem Trallianus, lib. 1. c. 16. pisces petrosi, et molles carne. p Elsi onmes putredini sunt obnoxji, ubi secundis mensis, incepto jam priore, devorentur, commodi succi prosunt, c^ui dulcedine sunt pi'iediti. Ut dulcia cerasa, poma, &c. i Lib. 2. cap. 1. ^ Montanus, consil. 24. « Pyra qu* grato sunt sapore, cocta mala, poma tosta, et saccharo, vel anisi semine conspersa, utiliter statim a prandio vel a coena sumi.possuut, eo quod ventriculuni roborent et vapores caput petentes reprimant. Mont. tPunica mala aurantia commode permittiintur modb non sint aastera et acida. " Ulera omnia prajter boraginem, buglossum, intybum, feniculum, anisum, raelissura, vitari debent. * Mer- cr.rialis, pract. Med. y Lib. 2. de com. Solus homo edit bibitque, &c. ^ Consil. 21, 18. si plus ingcratur quaai par est, et ventriculus tolerare posset, nocet, et cruditates generat, &c. 308 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 let him defer his meal, or eat very little at his ordinary time of repast. This very counsel was given by Prosper Calenus to Cardinal Caesius, labouring of this disease ; and *Pla,terus prescribes it to a patient of his, to be most severely kept. Guianerius admits of three meals a day, but Montanus, consil. 23. ^;ro Ahh. Italo, ties him precisely to two. And as he must not eat overmuch, so he may not absolutely fast ; for as Celsus contends, lib. 1. Jacchinus, 15 in 9. Bhasis, t repletion and inanition may both do harm in tw^o contrary extremes. Moreover, that which he doth eat must be well % chewed, and not hastily gob- bled, for that causeth crudity and wind ; and by all means to eat no more than he can well digest. "Some think (saith § Trincavellius, lib. 11. cap. 29. de curand. loart. hum.) the more they eat the more they nourish themselves : " eat and live, as the proverb is, "not knowing that only repairs man which is well concocted, not that which is devoured." Melancholy men most part have good ^ appetites, but ill digestion, and for that cause they must be sure to rise with an appetite : and that which Socrates and Disarius the physicians in ^Macrobius so much require, St. Hierom enjoins Rusticus to eat and drink no more than will " satisfy huager and thirst. "^Lessius, the Jesuit, holds twelve, thirteen, or fourteen ounces, or in our northern countries, sixteen at most, for all students, weaklings, and such as lead an idle sedentary life, of meat, bread, &c., a fit proportion for a whole day, and as much or little more of drink. Nothing pesters the body and mind sooner than to be still fed, to eat and ingurgitate beyond all measure, as many do. " ^ By overmuch eating and continual feasts they stifle nature, and choke up themselves; which, had they lived coarsely, or like galley slaves been tied to an oar, might have happily prolonged many fair years." A great inconvenience comes by variety of dishes, which causeth the pre- cedent distemperature, " ^than which (saith Avicenna) nothing is worse ; to feed on diversity of meats, or overmuch," Sertorius-like, in lucem ccenare, and as commonly they do in Muscovy and Iceland, to prolong their meals all day long, or all night. Our northern countries offend especially in this, and we in this island (amjoliter viventes in prandiis et coenis, as ^ Polydore notes) are most liberal feeders, but to our own hurt. ^ Pei^sicos odi puer apparatus : " Excess of meat breedeth sickness, and gluttony causeth choleric diseases : by surfeiting many perish, but he that dieteth himself prolongeth his life," Ecclus. xxxvii. 29, 30. We account it a great glory for a man to have his table daily furnished with variety of meats ; but hear the physician, he pulls thee by the ear as thou sittest, and telleth thee, " 'that nothing can be more noxious to thy health than such variety and plenty." Temperance is a bridle of gold, and he that can use it aright, ^ ego non summis viris coirqjaro, sed simillimum Deo judico, is liker a god than a man : for as it will transform a beast to a man again, so will it make a man a god. To preserve thine honour, health, and to avoid therefore all those inflations, torments, obstructions, cru- dities, and diseases that come by a full diet, the best way is to H'eed sparingly of one or two dishes at most, to hs^Ye ventrem bene ^noratum, as Seneca calls it, """to choose one of many, and to feed on that alone,"as Crato adviseth his patient. The same counsel "Prosper Calenus gives to Cardinal Csesius, to use a moderate * Observat. lib. 1. Assuescatbis in die cibos sumere, certa semper hora. f ISTe plus ingerat cavcndum qu?>m ventriculus ferre potest, semperque surgat a mensa non satur. % Siquidem qui s,tminiansuin velociter ingerunt cibum, venti'iculo laborem inferunt, et flatus maximos promovent, Crato. § Quidam maxime comedere nituntur, putautes earatione se vires refecturos ; ignorantes, non ea qua? irgerunt posse vires reficere, sed qiize probe concoquunt. ^Multa appetunt, pauca digerunt. ^ Saturnal. lib. 7. cap. 4. <= Modicus et temperatus cibus et carni et animaj utilis est. ^ Hygiasticon reg. Uncise 14 vel 16 per diem sufflciant, computato pane, came ovis, vel aliis obsonii«, et totidem vel paulo plures uncias potCis. "Idem, reg. 27. Plures in domibus suis brevi tempore pascentes extinguuntur, qui si triremibiis vincti fuissent, aut gregario pane pasti, sani et incolumes in longam tetatem vitam prorogassent. ^ JSfiliil deterius quam diversa nutrientia simul adjungere, et comedendi tempus prorogare. sLib. 1. hist. h Hor. ad lib. 5. ode ult. ^ Ciborum varietate et copia in eadem mensa nihil nocentius homini ad salutem, Fr. Valeriola, observ. 1. 2. cap. 6. k Tul. orat. pro M. Marcel. ' Nullus cibum sumere debet, nisi stomaclius sit vacuus. Gordon, lib. med. 1. I.e. 11. E multis edixliis unum elige, relictisque cacteris, ex eo comede. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Diet Rectified. 309 and simple diet : and, tlioiigh his table be jovially furnished by reason of his state and guests, yet for his own part to single out some one savoury dish, and feed on it. The same is inculcated by °Crato, consil. 9. I. 2. to a noble personage affected with this grievance ; he would have his highness to dine or sup alone, without all his honourable attendance and courtly company, with a private friend or so, ^ a dish or two, a cup of E-henish wine, &c. Mon- tanus, consil. 24. for a noble matron enjoins her one dish, and by no means to drink between meals. The like, consil. 229. or not to eat till he be an hungry, which rule Berengarius did most strictly observe, as Hilbertus, Ceno- mecensis Episc. writes in his life. -" cui non fuit unqiiara Ante sitim potus, nee cibus ante famem," and which all temperate men do constantly keep. It is a frequent solemnity still used with us, when friends meet, to go to the alehouse or tavern, they are not sociable otherwise : and if they visit one another's houses, they must both eat and drink. I reprehend it not, moderately used ; but to some men nothing can be more offensive; they had better, I speak it with Saint *^ Am- brose, pour so much water in their shoes. It much avails likewise to keep good order in our diet, " ""to eat liquid things first, broths, fish, and such meats as are sooner corrupted in the stomach ; harder meats of digestion must come last." Crato would have the supper less than the dinner, which Cardan, Contradict, lih.l. Tract. 5. contradict. 18. disallows, and that by the authority of Galen, 7. art. curat, cap, 6. and for four reasons he will have the supper biggest : I have read many treatises to this purpose, I know not how it may concern some few sick men, but for my part generally for all, I should subscribe to that custom of the Romans, to make a sparing dinner, and a liberal supper ; all their preparation and invi- tation was still at supper, no mention of dinner. Many reasons I could give, but when all is said pro and con, ^Cardan's rule is best, to keep that we are accustomed unto, though it be naught, and to follow our disposition and appe- tite in some things is not amiss; to eat sometimes of a dish which is hurtful, if we have an extraordinary liking to it. Alexander Severus loved hares and apples above all other meats, as 'Lampridius relates in his life; one pope pork, another peacock, &c. ; what harm came of if? I conclude our own experience is the best physician; that diet which is most propitious to one, is often per- nicious to another, such is the variety of palates, humours, and temperatures, let every man observe, and be a law unto himself. Tiberius, in "Tacitus, did laugh at all such, that thirty years of age would ask counsel of others con- cerning matters of diet ; I say the same. These few rules of diet he that keeps, shall surely find great ease and speedy remedy by it. It is a wonder to relate that prodigious temperance of some hermits, anchorites, and fathers of the church : he that shall but read their lives, written by Hierom, Athanasius, &c., how abstemious heathens have been in this kind, those Curii and Fabritii, those old philosophers, as Pliny records, lib. 11. Xenophon, lib. 1. devit. Socrat, emperors and kings, as Nicephorus relates, Eccles. hist., lib. 18. cap. 8. of Mauritius, Ludovicus Pius, &c., and that admirable ^example of Ludovicus Cornarus, a patrician of Venice, cannot but admire them. This have they done voluntarily and in health; what shall these private men do that are visited with sickness, and » L. de atra bile. Simplex sit citrns et non varins; quod licet dignitati tiice ob convivas diificile videatur, &c. " Celsitudo tua pi audeat sola, absque apparatu aulico, contentus sit illustrissunus princeps duobus tantura ferculis, vinoque Khenano solum in mensa uratur. p Semper intra satietatem a mensa recedat, uno ferculo contentus. i Lib. de Hel. et Jejunio. Multo melius in terram vina fudisses. "^ Crato. ISIultum refert non ignorare qui cibi priores, etc., liquida pr£ecedant carnium jura,pisces, fructus, &c. Coena brevier sitprandio. ^Xract. 6. contradict. 1. lib. 1. t Super omnia quotidianum leporem liabuit, et pomis indalsit. " Annal. 6. Eidere solebat eos, qui post 30 a-tatis annum, ad coguoscenda corporisuo noxiu vel utilia, alicujus cousiliiindigerent. -^A Lessio edit. 16U. 310 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. necessarily ^ enjoined to recover, and continne their health ? It is a hard thing to observe a strict diet, et qui medice vivit, misere vivit,'^ as the saying is, quale hoc ipsuni erit vivere, his si privatus fueris ? as good be buried, as so much debarred of his appetite; excessit medicina rnalum, the physic is more troublesome than the disease, so he complained in the poet, so thou'thinkest : yet he that loves himself will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater inconvenience; e 7)ialis minimwni, better do this than do worse. And as ^ Tally holds, "better be a temperate old man than a lascivious youth." 'Tis the only sweet thing (which he adviseth) so to moderate ourselves, that we may have senectutem in juventute, et in juventute senectutem, be youthful in our old age, staid in our youth, discreet and temperate in both. MEMB. II. Retention and Evacuatiom rectified, I HAVE declared in the causes what harm costiveness hath done in procuring this disease ; if it be so noxious, the opposite must needs be good, or mean at least, as indeed it is, and to this cure necessarily required; maxime conducit, saith Montaltus, cap. 27. it very much avails. ^Altomarus, cap. 7. " commends walking in a morning into some fair green pleasant fields, but by all means first, by art or nature, he will have these ordinary excrements evacuated." Piso calls it Benpficium Ventris, the benefit, help or pleasure of the belly, for it doth much ease it. Laurentius, cajJ. 8, Crato, consil. 21. I. 2. prescribes it once a day at least : where nature is defective, art must supply, by those leni- tive electuaries, suppositories, condite prunes, turpentine clysters, as shall be shown. Prosper Calenus, lib. de ati^a bile, commends clysters in hypochon- driacal melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves; ^ Peter Cnemander, in a consultation of his pro hypochondriaco, will have his patient continually loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of potions and clysters. Mercu- rialis, consil. 88. if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes " clys- ters in the first place: so doth Montanus, consil, 24. consil. 31 et 229. he commends turpentine to that purpose : the same he ingeminates, consil. 230. for an Italian abbot. 'Tis very good to wash his hands and face often, to shift his clothes, to have fair linen about him, to be decently and comely attired, for sordes vitiant, nastiness defiles and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want, it duUeth the spirits. Baths are either artificial or natural, both have their special uses in this malady, and as ^Alexander supposeth, lib. 1. cap. 16. yield as speedy a remedy as any other physic whatsoever, ^tius would have them daily used, assidua balnea, Tetra. 2. sect. 2. cap. 9. Galen cracks how many several cures he hath performed in this kind by use of baths alone, and Kufus pills, moistening them which are otherwise dry. Rhasis makes it a principal cure, Tota cura sit in humectando, to bathe and afterwards anoint with oil. Jason Pratensis, Lau- rentius, cap. 8. and Montanus set down their peculiar forms of artificial baths. Crato, consil. 17. lib. 2. commends mallows, camomile, violets, borage to be boiled in it, and sometimes fair water alone, and in his following counsel, Balneum aquce dulcis solum soepissime profuisse compertum habemus. So doth Puchsius, lib. 1. cap. 33, Frisimelica, 2. consil. 42. in Trincavellius. Some y Egyptii olim omnes morbos curabant vomitu et jejunio. Bohsmus, lib. 1 . cap. 5. * " He M'ho lives medically lives miserably." « Cat. Major : Melior conditio senis viventis ex prsescripto artis medicae, quam adolescentis luxuriosi. » Debet per amoeiia exerceri, et loca viridia, excretis prius arte vel natura aivi excrementis. *> Hildeslieim, spicel. 2. de mel. Primum omnium operam dabis ut singulis diebus habeas beneficium ventris, semper cavendo ne alvus sit diutius astricta. ^ gi non sponte, clisteribus purgetur. d Balneorum u.sus dulcium, siquid aliud, ipsis opitulatur. Credo li Lib. 2. Descript. terree sanctaj. t^atur. qua^st. lib. 4. cap. 2. 'Lib.de reg. Congo. m Excrcit. 47. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 315 droppiog perpetual sliowers wliicli are so frequent to the inliabitants within the tropics, when the sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senegal, Maragnan, Oronoco and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy hereafter no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself or Cauchinthina? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what cause they proceed, from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or earth's motion, which Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his system of the world, so eagerly proves, and firmly demonstrates; or winds, as "some will. Why in that quiet ocean of Zur, in mari jxicifico, it is scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Mediterranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, and diverse? Why the current in that Atlantic Ocean should still be in some places from, in some again towards the north, and why they come sooner than go? and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that Indian Ocean, the mer- chants come in three weeks, as ° Scaliger discusseth, they return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is from east to west. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, meteors, uhi nee aurce neo venti spirant (insomuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so subtile), 12J0 paces high, according to that measure of Dicearchus, or 78 miles perpendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aristotle about Caucasus; and as ^Blancanus the Jesuit contends out of Clavius and jSTonius demonstrations de Crepusculis: or rather 32 sta- diums, as the most received opinion is; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 1580 paces, Exerc, 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of America, whetlier there be any such great city of Mauoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire, where the highways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid and Yaladolid in Spain ; or any such Amazons as he relates, or gigantic Pa^tagones in Chica; with that mira- culous mountain "^Ybouyapab in the Northern Brazil, cujus jugum steriiitiir in a/iioenissimam planitiem, (he. or that of Pariacacca so high elevated in Peru. 'The pike of Teneriffe how high it is? 70 miles, or 50 as Patricius holds, or 9 as Snellius demonstrates in his Eratosthenes: see that strange ^Cirknick- zerksey lake in Carniola, whose waters gush so fast out of the ground, that they will overtake a swift horseman, and by and by with as incredible celerity are supped up : which Lazius and Wernerus make an argument of the Argonauts sailing under ground. And that vast den or hole called *Esmellen in Musco- via, quce visitur horreudo hiatu, d^c. which if any thing casually fall in, makes such a roaring noise, that no thunder, or ordnance, or v/arlike engine can make the like; such another is Gilber's Cave in Lapland, with many the like. I Avould examine the Caspian Sea, and see where and how it exonerates itself, after it hath taken in Volga, Jaxares, Oxus, and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where ? What vent the Mexican lake hath, the Titicacan in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, of which Acosta, I. 3. c. 16. hot in a cold country, the spring of which boils up in the middle twenty foot square, and hath no vent but exhalation : and that of Mare morCuum in Palestine, of Thrasj'-mene, at Periizium in Italy : the Mediterranean itself For from the ocean, at the Straits of Gibraltar, there is a perpetual current into the Levant, and so likewise by the Thracian Bosphorus out of the " See M. Carpenter's Geography, lib. 2. cap. 6. et Bern. Telesius, lib. de mari. °Exercit. 52. de maris raotu caus£e investigand* : prima reciprocationis, secunda varietatis, tertia celeritatis, quarta cessatiouis, quinta privationis, sexta contrarietatis. Patricius saith 52 miles in height. pLib. de explicatione locorum Mathem. Aristot. ^Laet. lib. 17. cap. 18. descript. occid. Ind. ^Luge alii vocant. *'Geor. V.'criierus. Aqii£e tanta celeritate erumpunt et absorbentur, ut expedite equiti aditum intercludant. t Boia- saraus de Magis, cap. de Pilapiis. 316 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. Eaxine or Black Sea, besides all tliose great rivers of Nile, Po, Rhone, &c. how is this water consumed, by the sun or otherwise'? I would find out with Trajan the fountains of Danube, of Ganges, Oxus, see those Egyptian pyramids, Trajan's bridge, Grotto de Sybilla, Lucullus's fish-ponds, the temple of Nidrose, &c. And, if I could, observe what becomes of swallows, storks, cranes, cuckoos, nightingales, redstarts, and many other kind of singing birds, water-fowls, hawks, &c. some of them are only seen in summer, some in winter; some are observed in the "snow, and at no other times, each having their sea- sons. In winter not a bird is in Muscovy to be found, but at the spring in an instant the woods and hedges are full of them, saith ""Herbastein : how comes it to pass? Do they sleep in winter, like G-esner's Alpine mice; or do they lie hid (as ^Olaus affirms) "in the bottom of lakes and rivers, spiritum conti- nentes .? often so found by fishermen in Poland and Scandia, two together, mouth to mouth, wing to wing; and when the spring comes they revive again, or if they be brought into a stove, or to the fire-side." Or do they follow the sun, as Peter Martyr, legat. Bahylonica I. 2. manifestly convicts, out of his own knowledge; for when he was ambassador in Egypt, he saw swallows, Spanish kites, ''and many such other European birds, in December and January very familiarly flying, and in great abundance, about Alexandria, ubifioridce tunc arbores ac viridaria. Or lie they hid in caves, rocks, and hollow trees, as most think, in deep tin-mines or sea-clifis, as *Mr. Ciirew gives out? I con- clude of them all, for my part, as ''Munster doth of cranes and storks; whence they come, whither they go, incompertum adhuc, as yet we know not. We see them here, some in summer, some in winter; "their coming and going is sure in the night : in the plains of Asia (saith he) the storks meet on such a set day, he that comes last is torn in pieces, and so they get them gone." Many strange places, Isthmi, Euripi, Chersonesi, creeks, havens, promontories, straits, lakes, baths, rocks, mountains, places, and fields, where cities have been ruined or swallowed, battles fought, creatures, sea-monsters, remora, &c. minerals, vegetals. Zoophytes were fit to be considered in such an expedition, and amongst the rest that of ""Harbastein his Tartar lamb, ^ Hector Boethius' goosebearing tree in. the orchards, to which Cardan, lib. 7. cap. 36. de rerum varietat. subscribes : ®Yertomannus' wonderful palm, that ^fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see to write ; those spherical stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c. usually found in the metal mines in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland near Nokow and Pallukie, as ^ Munster and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world affords : amongst the rest, I would know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo Suavius, in his comment on Paracelsus de sanit. tuend. and ^Gaguinus records in his description of Muscovy, "that in Luco- moria, a province in Russia, lie fast asleep as dead all winter, from the 27 of November, like frogs and swallows, benumbed with cold, but about the 24 of April in the spring they revive again, and go about their business." I would examine that demonstration of Alexander Picolomineus, whether the earth's " In campis Lovicen. solum visuntur in nive, et • iibinam vere, asstate, autumno se occultant. Hermes Polit. 1. 1. Jul. Bellius. " Statim Ineimte vere sylvK strepunt eorurn cantilenis. Muscovit. comment, y Immergunt se fluminibus, lacubusque per hyemem totam, &c. ^ Caeterasque volacres Pontum hyeme adveniente e nostris regionibus Europeis transvolantes. * Survey of Cornwall. ^ Porro ciconiae quonam e loco veniant, quo se conferant, incompertum adhuc, agmen venientium, descendentium, ut gruum venisse cernimus, nocturnis opmor temporibus. In patentibus Asia3 campis certo die congregant se, earn quEe novissime advenit lacerant, inde avolant. Cosmog. 1. 4. c. 126. 'Comment. Mtiscov. ^ Hist. bcot. 1. 1. e Vertomannus, 1. 5. c. 16. menlionetli a tree that bears fruits to eat, wood to burn, bark to make ropes, wine and water to drink, oil and sugar, and leaves as tiles to cover houses, flowers, for clothes, &c. f Animal infectum Cusino, ut quis legtre vel scribere possit sine alterius ope luminis. g Cosmog. lib. 1. cap. 435 et lib. 3. cap. 1. habent ollas a natura formatas e terra exti-actas, similes illis a figulis factis, coronas, pisces, aves, et onmes animantium species. ^ Ut solent hirundines et ranse prse frigoris magni- tudiue mori, et postea redeunte vere 24. Aprilis reviviscere. • Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 317 superficies be bigger tlian the sea's : or that of Archimedes be true, the super- ficies of all water is even? Search the depth, and see that variety of sea- monsters and fishes, mermaids, sea-men, horses, &c. which it affords. Or whether that be true which Jordanus Bruiius scoffs at, that if God did not detain it, the sea would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and which Josephus Blancanus the Jesuit in his interpretation on those mathema- tical places of Aristotle, foolishly fears, and in a just tract proves by many cir- cumstances, that in time the sea will waste away the land, and all the globe of the earth shall be covered with waters; risum teneatis, amicil what the sea takes away in one place it adds in another. Methinks he might rather sus- pect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow up, carcasses, &c. that all-devouring fire, omnia devoi'ans et consumens, will sooner cover and dry up the Vcist ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true seat of that terrestrial 'paradise, and where Ophir was whence Solomon did fetch his gold: from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus, as Do- minicus ISTiger, Arias Montanus, Goropius, and others will. I would censure all Pliuy's, Solinus', Strabo's, Sir John Mandeville's, Glaus Magnus', Marcus Polus' lies, correct those errors in navigation, reform cosmographical charts, and rectify longitudes, if it were possible ; not by the compass, as some dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise of magnetical bodies, cap. 43. for as Cabeus, magnet. pJiilos. lib. 3. caj:). 4. fully resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find them out. I would have a c^nveniant place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, ^ Lucian's Menippus, at St. Patrick's purgatory, at Trophonius' den, Hecla in Iceland, ^tna in Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth : do stones and metals grow there still'? how come fir trees to be ^digged out from tops of hills, as in our mosses, and marshes all over Europe? How come they to dig up fish bones, shells, beams, ironworks, many fathoms under ground, and anchors in mountains far remote from all seas. "Anno 1460 at Bern in Switzerland 50 fathom deep, a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily found in tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ''Pomponius Mela in his first book, c. de Numidia, and familiarly in the Alps, saith ° Blancanus the Jesuit, the like is to be seen: came this from earthquakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians suppose, or is there a vicissitude of sea and land, as Anaximenes held of old, the mountains of Thessaly would become seas, and seas again mountains ? The whole world belike should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commanding powers, and turned inside out, as we do haycocks in harvest, top to bottom, or bottom to top : or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his centre ; that which is under the poles now, should be translated to the equinoctial, and that which is under the torrid zone to the circle arctic and antarctic another wdiile, and so be reciprocally warmed by the sun : or if the Avorlds be infinite, and every fixed star a sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella conclude) cast three or four worlds into one ; or else of one world make three or four new, as it shall seem to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21,500 miles in ^compass, its diameter is 7,000 from us to our antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space? What is the centre of the earth? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inhabited (as ^Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose chaos is the earth : or with fairies, • Vid. Pererium in Gen. Cor. h Lapide, et alios. kin Necyomantia, Tom. 2. ' Fracastorius, lib. de simp. Georgius Merula, lib. de mem. Julius Billius, &c. " Simlerus, Ortelius. Brachiis centum sub terra reperta est, in qua quadraginta octo cadavera inerant, anchoras, &c. ° Pisces et conchse in monribus reperiuntur. " Lib. de locis Mathemat. Aristot. p Or plain, as Patricius holds, -which Austin, Lactan- tius, and some others, held of old as round as a trencher. i Li. de Zilphia et Pigmeis, they penetrate the earth as we do the air. 318 Cure of Melanclioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. as the woods and waters (according to liini) are with nymphs, or as the air with spirits ? Dionisiodorus, a mathematician in ""Piinj, that sent a letter ad superos after he was dead, from the centre of the earth, to signify what distance the same centre was from the supeijicies of the same, viz., 42,000 stadiums, might have done well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Yirgil in his ^neides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others poetically describe it, and as many of our divines think? In good earnest, Anthony Kusca, one of the society of that Ambrosian College, in Milan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. 1. cap. 47. is stiff in this tenet, 'tis a corporeal fire tow, cap). 5, I. 2. as he there disputes. " Whatsoever philosophers write (saith *Surius), there be certain mouths of hell, and places appointed for the punishment of men's souls, as at Hecla in Iceland, where the ghosts of dead men are familiarly seen, and sometimes talk with the living : God would have such visible places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such punishments after death, and learn hence to fear God." Kranzius, Dan. hist. lib. 2. cap. 24. subscribes to this opinion of Surius, so doth Colerus, cap. 12. lib. de immortal, animce (out of the authority belike of St. Gregory, Durand, and the rest of tlie schoolmen, who derive *s much from ^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Hiera, and those sulphureous vulcanian islands) making Terra del Fuego, and those frequent volcanoes in America, of which Acosta, lib. 3. cap. 24. that fearful mount Ilecklebirg in Norway, an especial argument to prove it, "* where lamentable screeches and bowlings are continually heard, which strike a terror to the auditors; fiery chariots are commonly seen to bring in the souls of men in the likeness of crows, and devils ordinarily go in and out." Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo, as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by "Kornmannus, mirac. Qnort.lib. 1. caj). 38, Camerarins, oper. sue. cap. 37, Bredenbachius, pereg. ter, sanct. and some others, " where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, after awhile hide themselves again: thousands of people come yearly to see them." But these and such like testimonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits, and they will have no such local known place, more than Styx or Phlegethon, Pluto's court, or that poetical />2/erw^ts, where Homer's soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c., to which they ferried over in Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, compendiaria ad inferos via, which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a mortuis nauluni eo loci exposcunt (saith ^ Gerbelius), and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well then, is it hell, or purgatory, as Bellarmine: or Limbus patrum, as Gallucius will, and as Rusca will (for they have made maps of it), ^or Ignatius parlour? Yirgil, some- time bishop of Saltburg(as Ay eutmns Anno 7 4:5. relates) by Bonifacius bishop of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held antipodes (which they made a doubt whether Christ died for), and so by that means took away the seat of hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted that opinion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius, that held the earth round as a trencher (whom Acosta and common experience more largely con- fute), but not as a ball ; and Jerusalem where Christ died the middle of it ; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks feigned : because when Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends east and west, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken away by our latter divines : Franciscus Kibera, in cap. 14. Apocalyps. will have hell a material and local fire in the centre of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as he defines it out of those words, Exivit sanguis de terra per stadia mille sexcenta, &c. But Lessius rLil>. 2. c. 112. sCommentar. ad annum 1537. Quicquid dieunt Philosophi, qusedam sunt Tartar! ostia, et loca puniendis animis destinata, ut .Hecla mons, &c. ubi mortuorum spiritus visuntur, &c. voluit Deus extare talia loca, ut di.scant mortales. ' Ut)i miserabiles ejulantiura voces audiuntur, qui auditoribus liorrorem incutiunt liaud vulgarem, &c. " Ex sepulchris apparent mense Martio, et rursus sub terrain se abscondunt, As tliey come from tlie sea, so they return to the sea again by secret passages, as in all likelihood the Caspian Sea vents itself into the Euxine or ocean. « Seneca, quwst. lib. cap. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1), 12. de causis aeiuarum perpetu's. ^ In lis nee puUos hirund nes excludunt, neque, &c. Th. Ravennas, lib. de vit. hom. prajrog. ca. ult. ^At Quito in Peru. Plus auri quam terrai fod:tur in aurifodinis. g Ad Caput bonaj spei incolse sunt nigerrimi : Si sol causa, cur non H spani et Itali sequc n gri, in eadeai latitudlne, a;que distantes ab JSquatore, illi ad AusU-um, hi ad Boream ? qui 320 Cure of Mdanclwly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. honm spei are 'blaclianiores, and yet botli alike distant from tlie equator : nay, they that dwell in the same parallel line with these negroes, as about the Straits of Magellan, are white coloured, and yet some in Presbyter John's country in Ethiopia are dun ; they in Zeilan and Malabar parallel with them again black : Manamotapa in Africa, and St. Thomas Isle are extreme hot, both under the line, coal black their inhabitants, whereas in Peru they are quite opposite in colour, very temperate, or rather cold, and yet both alike elevated. Moscow in 53. degrees of latitude extreme cold, as those northern countries usually are, having one perpetual hard frost all winter long ; and in 52. deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and snow all summer, as Button's Bay, &c. or by fits; and yet " England near the same latitude, and Ireland very moist, warm, and more temperate in winter than Spain, Italy, or France. Is it the sea that causeth this difference, and the air that comes from it? Why then is 'Ister so cold near the Euxine, Pontus, Bithynia, and all Thrace ? friyidas regiones Maginus calls them, and yet their latitude is but 42. which should be hot : ^ Quevira, or Nova Albion in America, bordering on the sea, was so cold in July, that our ^Englishmen could hardly endure it. At JSToremberga in 45. lat. all the sea is frozen ice, and yet in a more southern latitude than ours. New England, and the island of Cambrial Colchos, which that noble gentleman Mr. Yaughan, or Orpheus junior, describes in his Golden Fleece, is in the same latitude with Little Britain in France, and yet their winter begins not till January, their spring till May; which search he accounts worthy of an astro- loger : is this from the easterly winds, or melting of ice and snow dissolved within the circle arctic; or that the pJr being thick, is longer before it be warm by the sunbeams, and once heated like an oven will keep itself from cold % Our climes breed lice, '"Hungary and Ireland male audiuntm. this kind; come to the Azores, by a secret vii^tue of that air they are instantly consumed, and all our European vermin almost, saith Ortelius. Egypt is watered with JSTilus not far from the sea, and yet there it seldom or never rains : Rhodes, an island of the same nature, yields not a 'cloud, and yet our islands ever dropping and inclining to rain. The Atlantic Ocean is still subject to storms, but in Del Zur, or Mari pacifico, seldom or never any. Is it from tropic stars, o,2oertio por- tarum, in the dodecotemories or constellations, the moon's mansions, such aspects of planets, such winds, or dissolving air, or thick air, which causeth this and the like differences of heat and cold ? Bodine relates of a Portugal ambassador, that coming from "Lisbon to oDantzic in Spruce, found greater heat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, legate to Philip III., king of Spain, residing at Ispahan in Persia,1619, in his letter to the Marquess of Bedmar, makes mention of greater cold in Ispahan, whose latitude is 31. gr. than ever he felt in Spain, or any part of Europe. The torrid zone was by our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and moisteniiig showers, the breeze and cooling blasts in some parts, as '^ Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica in Chili is by report one of the sweetest places that ever the sun shined on, Olympus terrcE, a heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova Hispania, Peru, Brazil, &c., in some again hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very desert, and still in the same latitude. Many times we find great diversity of air in the same "^country, by reason of the site to seas, sub Presbytero Johan. habitant subfusci sunt, in Zeilan et Malabar nigri, ^que distantes ab iEquatare, eodemque coeli parallelo : sed hoc magis mirari quis possit, in tota America nusquam nigros inveniri, prseter paocos m loco Qaareno illis dicto : quae hujus coloris causa efficiens, coelive an terrai quaLtas, an soli pro- prietas, aut ipsorum hominum innata ratio, aut omnia ? Ortelius in Africa Theat. ^ Regio quoeiinque anni tempore temperatissima. Ortel. Multas Gallije et ItaL« regiones, molli tepore, et benigna quadara temperie prorsus antecellt, Jovi. ' Lat. 45. Danubii. '' Quevira, lat. 40. ^In Sir Fra. Drake's voyage. ™ Lansius orat. contra Hungaros. " Lisbon, lat. 38. " Dantzic, lat. 54 p De nat. novi orb s l.b. 1. cap. 9. Suaviss:mus omnium locus, &c. q The same variety of weather Lod. Guicc.ardiac observes betwixt Liege and Ajax not far distant, descrlpt. Belg. Mem. 3] Digression of Air. 321 hills or dales, want of water, nature of soil, and tlie lil^e : as in Spain Arra- gon is asyeva et sicca, harsh and evil inhabited; Estremadura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains; Andalusia another paradise ; Valencia a most pleasant air, and continually green ; so is it about 'Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other, continual snow to be seen all summer long on the hill tops. That their houses in the Alps are three quarters of the year covered with snow, who knows nof? That Teneriffe is so cold at the to)), extreme hot at the bottom : Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestine, with many such, tantos inter ardores fidos nivibus, * Tacitus calls them, and Radzivilus, epist. 2. fol. 27. yields it to be far hotter there than in any part of Italy: 'tis true; but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, and therefore cold, ob paucam solarium radiorum refractionem, as Serrarius answers, cora. in 3. cap. Josua qucest. 5. Abidensis, qucest. 37. In the heat of summer, in the king's palace in Escurial, the air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast which comes from the snowy mountains of Sierra de Cadarama hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all other countries. The causes of these alterations are commonly by reason of their nearness (I say) to the middle region : but this diversity of air, in places equally situated, elevated and distant from the pole, can hardly be satisfied with that diversity of plants, birds, beasts, which is so familiar with us : w^th Indians, everywhere, the sun is equally distant, the same vertical stars, the same irradiations of planets, aspects like, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not much different. Under the equator itself, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanos, as Herrera, Laet, and ^Acosta contend, there is tarn Tiiirabilis et inopinata vaHetas, such variety of weather, ut meritb exerceat ingenia, that no philosophy can yet find out the true cause of it. When I consider how temperate it is in one place, saith "" Acosta, within the tropic of Capricorn, as about Laplata, and yet hard by at Potosi, in that same altitude, mountainous alike, extreme cold ; extreme hot in Brazil, &c. Hie ego, saith Acosta, philo- sophiain Aristotelis meteorologicam vehementer irrisi, ciirn, d^c, when the sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and light- ning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather : when the sun is verti- cal, their rivers overflow, the morning fair and hot, noon-day cold and moist : all which is opposite to us. How comes it to pass? Scaliger, poetices, I. 3. c. 16. discourseth thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this teme- raria siderum dispositio, this rash placing of stars, or as Epicurus vii^,fortuita, or accidental 1 Why are some big, some little, why are they so confusedly, unequally situated in the heavens, and set so much out of order 1 In all other things nature is equal, proportionable, and constant; there hejustce dimensiones, et prudens partium dispositio, as in the fabric of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members are correspondent, cur non idem coelo opere omnium pulcherrimo ? Why are the heavens so irregular, neque pycvribus molibus, neque paribus inter- vallis, whence is this difierence 1 Diversos (he concludes) efficere locorum Genios, to make diversity of countries, soils, manners, customs, characters, and constitutions among us, iLt quanturth vicinia ad cliaritatem addat, sidera distra- hant ad perniciem, and so by this meRusJluvio vel monte distincti sunt dissi- miles, the same places almost shall be distinguished in manners. But this reason is weak and most insufficient. The fixed stars are removed since Ptolemy's time 2Q gr. from the first of Aries, and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies, so should countries vary, and diverse alterations would follow. But this we perceive not; as in Tully's time with us in Britain, caelum visu fcedum, et in quo facile generaniar nubes, d^c, 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine, r Magin. Quadus. « Hist. lib. 5. t Lib. 11. cap. 7. ^ Lib. 2. cap. 9. Cur. Potosi et Plata, nrbes in tam tenui intervallo, utraque montosa, &c. 322 Cure of Melarnlwly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. Theat. nat. lib. 2. and some others, will have all these alterations and effects immediately to proceed from those genii, spirits, angels, which rule and domi- neer in several places; they cause storms, thunder, lightning, earthquakes, ruins, tempests, great winds, floods, &c., the philosophers of Conimbra, will refer this dive7:sity to the influence of that empyrean heaven : for some say the eccentricity of the sun is come nearer to the earth than in Ptolemy's time, the virtue therefore of all the vegetals is decayed, *men grow less, &c. There are that observe new motions of the heavens, new sta.vs, palantia sidera, comets, clouds, call them what you will, like those Medicean, Burbonian, Austrian planets, lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, hide and show themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the planets, above and beneath the moon, at set times, now nearer, now farther off, together, asunder; as he that plays upon a sackbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes, do they their stations and places, though to us undis- cerned ; and from those motions proceed (as they conceive) diverse alterations. Clavius conjectures otherwise, but they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Coeli-Syria, is a ^Paradise, by reason of the plenty of waters, in promptib causa est, and the deserts of Arabia barren, because of rocks, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountains quod inaquosoj (saith Adricomius) tnontes hahens asperos, saxosos, prmcipites, horroHs et oiwrtis speciem prce se/erentes, "unin- habitable therefore of men, birds, beasts, void of all green trees, plants, and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manured, 'tis evident." Bohemia is cold, for that it lies all along to the north. But why should it be so hot in Egypt, or there never rain? Why should those ""etesian and north-eastern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, at set times, one way still, in the dog-days only : here perpetual drought, there dropping showers ; here foggy mists, there a pleasant air; here ''terrible thunder and lightning at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the year, there open in the same latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite is to be found 1 Sometimes (as in ''Peru) on the one side of the mountains it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, there wind, with infinite such. Fromundus in his Meteors will excuse or solve all this by the sun's motion, but when there is such diversity to such as Fericeci, or very near site, how can that position hold? Who can give a reason of this diversity of meteors, that it should rain 'stones, frogs, mice, &c., rats, which they call Lemmer in Norway, and are manifestly observed (as "^Munster writes) by the inhabitants, to descend and fall with some feculent showers, and like so many locusts, consume all that is green. Leo Afer speaks as much of locusts, about Pez in Barbary there be infinite swarms in their fields upon a sudden: so at Aries in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mischief, all their grass and fruits were devoured, magna incolarum admiratione et cons^e^^Tia^'ione (as Yaleriola, obser. med. lib. 1. obser. 1. relates) caelum subito obumbrabant, &g., he concludes, ®it could not be from natural causes, they cannot imagine whence they come, but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, corn, wood, stones, worms, wool, blood, &c., lifted up into the middle region by the sunbeams, as 'Baracellus the physician disputes, and thence let fall with showers, or there engendered? ^Cornelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestial influences : others suppose they are immediately from God, or prodigies raised by art and illusions of spirits, which are princes of the air; to whom Bodin., lib. 2. Theat, » Terra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos. y Nav. 1. 1. c. 5. ■ Strabo. » As under the equator in many parts, showers here at such a time, winds at such a time, the Brise they call it. ^ Ferd. Cortesius, lib. Novus orbis inscript. <: Lapidatum est. Livie. -Epit. Astron. lib. 4. • Malta saiie hinc consequuntur absui-da, et si nihil aliud, tot Cometce in sethere animadversij qui nullius orbis ductum comitantur, id ipsuui suScieater refellunt. Tycho, astr. epist. page 107. 324 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. &c,, are absurd and ridiculous. For who is so mad to think that there shouhl be so many circles^ like subordinate wheels in a clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add and subtract at their pleasure. *Maginus makes eleven heavens, subdivided into their orbs and circles, and all too little to serve those particular appearances : Fracastorius, seventy-two homocentrics ; Tycho Brahe, Nicholas Kamerus, Helisseus E,oeslin, have peculiar hypotheses of their own inventions; and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we admit of equators, tropics, colures, circles arctic and antarctic, for doctrine's sake (though Ramus thinks them all unnecessary), they will have them supposed only for method and order, Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of epicycles in epicycles, &c., to calculate and express the moon's motion: but when all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise; not (as he holds) hard, impenetrable, subtile, transparent, cfec.,or making music, as Pytha- goras maintained of old, and Robert Constantine of late, but still, quiet, liquid, open, &c. If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not amiss in this aerial progress to make wings and fly up, which that Turk in Busbequius made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople believehe would perform: and some new-fangled wits, methinks, sliould some time or other find out : or if that may not be, yet with a Galileo's glass, or Icaromenippus' wings in Lucian, command the spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be generation and corruption, as some think, by reason of ethe- real comets, that in Cassiopeia, 1572, that in Gygno, IGOO, that in Sagittarius, 1604, and many like, which by no means Jul. Csesar la Galla, that Italian philosopher, in his physical disputation with Galileus, de phenomenis in orbe lunm, cap. 9. will admit: or that they were created ah initio, and show them- selves at set times : and as "Heliseeus Poeslin contends, have poles, axle-trees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For, non pereunt, sed 'niinuuntur et disjxirenf, ''Blancanus holds they come and go by fits, casting their tails still from the sun : some of them, as a burning-glass projects the sunbeams from it; though not always neither ; for sometimes a comet casts his tail from Yenus, as Tycho observes. And as ^ Helisseus Poeslin of some others, from the moon, with little stars about them ad stuporem astronomorum ; cum multis aliis in cobIo miraculis, all which argue with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian stars, that the heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in which the planets move certis legihus ac metis. Examine likewise. An coelum sit cola- ratum ? Whether the stars be of that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in * number, 1026, or 1725, as J. Bayerus; or as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads; or as Galileo discovers by his glasses, infinite, and that via lactea, a confused light of small stars, like so many nails in a door : or all in a row, like those 12,000 isles of the Maldives in the Indian ocean? Whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be eighteen times bigger than the earth; and as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semi-diameters distant from it? Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers : or so many habitable worlds, as Democritus ? Whether they have light of their own, or from the sun, or give light round, as Patritius discourse th? An ceque diste^it a centro mundi? Whether light be of their essence; and that light be a substance or an accident ? Whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cawse heat ? Whether there be such a precession of the equinoxes as Copernicus holds, or that the eighth sphere move? An hene philosoplientur., R. Bacon and J. Dee, Aphorism, de multiplicatione specierum ? Whether there be any such images ascending with each degree of the zodiac in the east, as Aliacensis feigns? An t In Theoricis planetanim, three above the firmament, which all wise men reject, u Theor. nova ccelest. Meteor. » Lib. de fahrica mundi. y Lib de Cometis. * An sit crux et nubecula in coelis ad Polum Antarcticum, quod ex Corsalio refert Patritius. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 32o aqua super ccelum ? as Patritius and the schoolmen will, a crystalline ^watery lieaven^ which is ''certainly to be nnderstood of that in the middle region? for otherwise, if at Noah's flood the water came from thence, it must be above a hundred years falling down to us, as "some calculate. Besides, An terra sit animata .? which some so confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c., are derived, and into which again, after some revolutions, as Plato in his Timseus, Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss, they return (see Chalcidius and Ben- nius, Plato's commentators), as all philosophical matter, in materiam primam. Keplerus, Patritius, and some other Neoterics, have in part revived this opinion. And that every star in heaven hath a soul, angel or intelligence to animate or move it, &c. Or to omit all smaller controversies, as matters of less moment, and examine that main paradox, of the earth's motion, now so much in question : Aristarchus Samius, Pythagoras maintained it of old, Democritusand many of their scholars,DidacusAstanica, Anthony Fascarinus, a Carmelite, and some other commentators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 4. Qui commovet terram de loco suo, &c., and that this one place of scripture makes more for the earth's motion than all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes most contradict. Hov/soever, it is re- vived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a supposition, as he himself coufesseth in the preface to pope Nicholas, but now maintained in good earnest by ''Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, K-otman, Gilbert, Digges, Galileo, Campanella, and especially by ^Lansbergias, naturce, 7'ationi, et veritati consentaneum, by Origanus, and some ^others of his followers. Por if the earth be the centre of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most I'eceived ^opinion is, which they call inordinatam coeli dispositioneni, though stifHy maintained by Tyclio, Ptolemeus, and their adherents, quis ille furor ? &c., what fury is that, saith ^Dr. Gilbert, satis animose, as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the heavens about with such incomprehensible celerity in twenty-four hours, when as every point of the firmament, and in the equator, must needs move (so 'Clavius calculates) 176,660 in one 24:6th part of an hour : and an arrow out of a bow must go seven times about the earth whilst a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, or compass the earth 1884 times in an hour, which is supra humanam cogitationem, beyond human conceit : ocyor et jacido, et ventos cequante sagitta. A man could not ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 years, as the firmament goes in 23 hours : or so much in 2.03 years, as the firmament in one minute : quod incredibile videtur : and the *" pole-star, which to our thinking, scarce movethout of its place, goeth a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 20,000 semi-diameters of the earth from us, with the rest of the fi.xed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impossibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to the earth, the sun immovable in the centre of the whole world, the earth centre of the moon, alone, above $ and ^ beneath 'b, V-, $, (or as 'Origanus and others will, one single motion to the earth, still placed in the centre of the world, which is more probable,) a single motion to the firmament, which moves in 30 or 26 thou- sand years : and so the planets, Saturn in 30 years absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in 3, &c., and so solve all appearances better than any way whatsoever : calculate all motions, be they in longum or latum, direct, stationary, retrograde, ascent or descent, without epicycles, intricate aGilbertus Origanus. '^ See this discussed in Sir Walter Raleigh's history, in Zanch. ad Gasman. <=Vidl Fromundum de Meteoris, lib. 5. artic. 5. et Lansbergium. "iPeculiari libello. ^ Comment, in motum terras, Middlebergi, 1630. 4. 'Peculiar! libello. eSee Mr. Carpeuters Geogr. cap. 4. lib. 1. Campanella et Origanus praef. Ephemer. where Scripture places are answered. '» De Magnete^ 'Com- ment, in 2 cap. sphasr. Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. J'Dlst.S. gr. l.aPulo. JPra;!:'. Ephem. 3^0 . Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 2. eccentrics, &c., recti as commodiusque per unicum motwn terrm, saith Lansber- gius, much more certain than by those Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true they say, according to optic principles, the visible appearances of the planets do so indeed answer to their magnitudes and orbs, and come nearest to mathematical observations and precedent calculations, there is no repugnancy to physical axioms, because no penetration of orbs; but then between the sphere of Saturn and the firma- ment^ there is such an incredible and vast ""simce or distance (7,000,000 semi- diameters of the earth, asTycho calculates) void of stars : and besides, they do so enhance the bigness of the stars, enlarge their circuit, to solve those ordinary objections or parallaxes and retrogradations of the fixed stars, that alteration of the poles, elevation in several places or latitude of cities here on earth (for, say they, if a man's eye were in the firmament, he should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth, but it would still appear punctum indivisi- bile and seem to be fixed in one place, of the same bigness) that it is quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd as dispropor- tional (so some will) as prodigious, as that of the sun's swift motion of heavens. But hoc posito, to grant this their tenet of the earth's motion : if the earth move, it is a planet, and shines to them in the moon, and to the other planet- ary inhabitants, as the moon and they do to us upon the earth : but shine she doth, as Galileo, " Kepler, and others prove, and then per consequens, the rest of the planets are inhabited, as well as the moon, which he grants in his dis- sertation with Galileo's Nuncius Sidereus "" that there be Jovial and Saturn inhabitants," &c., and those several planets have their several moons about them, as the earth hath hers, as Galileo hath already evinced by his glasses : ^four about Jupiter, two about Saturn (though Sitius the Florentine, Fortunius Licetus, and Jul. Csesar^la Galla cavil at it) yet Kepler, the emperor's mathe- matician, confirms out of his experience that he saw as much by the same help, and more about Mars, Venus, and the rest they hope to find out, peradventure even amongst the fixed stars, which Brunus and Brutius have already averred. Then (I say) the earth and they be planets alike, inhabited alike, moved about the sun, the common centre of the world alike, and it may be those two green children which '^Nubrigensis speaks of in his time, that fell from heaven, came from thence ; and that famous stone that fell from heaven in Aristotle's time, olymp. 84, a7i7io tertio, ad Capuce Fluenta, recorded by Laertius and others, or Ancile or buckler in l^uma's time, recorded by Festus. We may likewise insert with Campanella and Brunus, that which Pythagoras, Aristarchus, Samius, Heraclitus, Epicurus, Melissus, Democritus, Leucippus maintained in their ages, there be 'infinite worlds, and infinite earths or systems, in injlnito cetliere, wliich ^Eusebius collects out of their tenets, because infinite stars and planets like unto this of ours, which some stick not still to maintain and pub- licly defend, sperahundus expecto innumerabilium mundorum in ceternitate per arnhulaiio'iiefib^ cyC. (Nic. Hill. Londinensis philos. Epicur.) For if the firma- ment be of such an incomparable bigness, as these Copernical giants will have it, infinitum, aut ivfinito proximum, so vast and full of innumerable stars, as being infinite in extent, one above another, some higher, some lower, some nearer, some farther ofi", and so far asunder, and those so huge and great, inso- "> Which may be full of planets, perhaps, to us unseen, as those about Jupiter, &c, n Luna circum- terrestris Planeta quum sit, consentaneum est esse In Luna vivcntes creaturas, et singulis Planetarum globis suiserviunt circulatores, ex qua considei-atione, de eorum incolis summa probabilitate concludinnis, qiiod et Tychoni Braheo, e sola consideration e vastitatis eorum visum fuit. Kepi, dissert, cam. nun. sid. f. 29. o Temperare non possum quin ex inventis tuis hoc moneam, veri non absimile, non tam in Luna, sed etiam in Jove, et reliquis Planetis incolas esse. Kepi. fo. 26. Si non sint accolsB in Jovis globo, qui notent adnii- randam banc varietatem oculis, cui bono quatuor illi Planetas Jovem circumcursitant? p Some of those above Jupiter I have seen myself by the help of a glass ei^ht feet long. iRerum Angl. 1. 1. c. 27 de v-iridibus pueris. 'Infiniti alii mundi, vel ut Brunus, terraj huic uostrte similes. * Libro Cont. philos. cap. 29. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 327 mucli that if the whole sphere of Saturn, and all that is included in it, totum aggregatwm (as Eromundus of Louvain in his tract, de immohilitate terrce argues) evehatur inter Stellas, videri a nobis non poterat, tarn immanis est dis~ tantia inter tellurem etjixas, sed instar puncti, d:c. If our world be small in respect, why may we not suppose a plurality of worlds, those infinite stars visible in the firmament to be so many suns, with particular fixed centres; to have likewise their subordinate planets, as tlie sun hath his dancing still round hiral which Cardinal Cusanus, Walkarinus, Brunus, and some others have held, and some still maintain, Aninim Aristotelismo innutritce, etminutis specio- lationihus assuetce, secus forsan, dx. Though they seem close to us, they are infinitely distant, and so per consequens, they are infinite habitable worlds: what hinders? Why should not an infinite cause (as God is) produce infinite effects? as Nic. Hill. Democrit. philos. disputes: Kepler (I confess) will by no means admit of Brunus's infinite worlds, or that the fixed stars should be so many suns, with their compassing planets, yet the said 'Kepler between jest and earnest in his perspectives, lunar geography, " et somnio suo, dissertat, cum nunc, sider. seems in part to agree with this, and partly to contradict; for the planets, he yields them to be inhabited, he doubts of the stars; and so doth Tycho in his astronomical epistles, out of a consideration of their vastity and greatness, break out into some such like speeches, that he will never believe those great and huge bodies were made to no other use than this that we perceive, to illuminate the earth, a point insensible in respect of the whole. But who shall dwell in these vast bodies, earths, worlds, " ^ if they be inhabited? rational creatures?" as Kepler demands, "or have they souls to be saved? or do they inhabit a better part of the world than we do? Are we or they lords of the world? And how are all things made for man?" Difficile est nodmn hunc expedire, eo quod nondicm omnia quce hue pertinent explorata habemus : 'tis hard to determine : this only he proves, that we are 2)rcEcipuo mundi sinu, in the best place, best world, nearest the heart of the sun. y Thomas Campanella, a Calabrian monk, in his second book de sensu rerum, cap. 4, subscribes to this of Kepler; that they are inhabited he cer- tainly supposeth, but with what kind of creatures he cannot say, he labours to prove it by all means : and that there are infinite worlds, having made an apology for Galileo, and dedicates this tenet of his to Cardinal Cajetanus. Others freely speak, mutter, and would persuade the world (as ''Marinus Marce- nus complains) that our modern divines are too severe and rigid against mathe- maticians; ignorant and peevish, in not admitting their true demonstrations and certain observations, that they tyrannise over art, science, and all philosophy, in suppressing their labours (saith Pomponatius), forbidding them to write, to speak a truth, all to maintain their superstition, and for their profit's sake. As for those places of Scripture which oppugn it, they will have spoken ad captuni vulgi, and if rightly understood, and favourably interpreted, not at all against it: and as Otho Gasman, Astrol. cap. 1. part. 1. notes, many great divines, besides Porphyrins, Proclus, Simplicius, and those heathen philosophers, doc- trind et cetate venerandi, Mosis Genesin 7nundanam popidaris nescio cujus ruditatis, quce longe absit a vera Fhilosoj^horio/n eruditione, insimidant : for Moses makes mention but of two planets, and d, no four elements, &c. Bead more on him, in " Grossius and Junius. But to proceed, these and such like * Kepler fol. 2. dissert. Quid impedit quin credamus ex Ms initii?, plures alios mundos detegendos, vel (nt Democrito placuit) inflnitos ? " Lege Somnium Kepleri, edit. 1635. xQuid igitux inqiiies, si sint in coelo plures globi, similes nostrse telluris, an cum illis certabimus, quis meliorem mundi plagam teneat? Si nobiliores illorum globi, nos non sumus creatm'arum rationalium nobilissimi : quomodo igitur omnia propter hominem? quomodo nos domini op^rum Dei ? Kepler, fol. 29. y Franckfort, quarto, 1620. ibid. 4". 1622. J^Prtefat. in Comment, in Genesin. Modo suadent Theologos, surama ignoiatione versari, veras scientias admittere nolle, et tyrannidem exercere, ufc eos falsis dogmatibus, superstitionibus, et religiune Catholica detineant. » Theat. Biblico. 328 Care of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. insolent and bold attempts, prodigious paradoxes, inferences must needs follow, if it once be granted, which Eotman, Kepler, Gilbert, Diggeus, Origanus, Galileo, and others, maintain of the earth's motion, that 'tis a planet, and shines as the moon doth, which contains in it " ^both land and sea as the moon doth:" for so they find by their glasses that Macula in facie Lunce, "the brighter parts are earth, the dusky sea," which Thales, Plutarch, and Pytha- goras formerly taught : and manifestly discern hills and dales, and such like concavities, if we may subscribe to, and believe Galileo's observations. But to avoid these paradoxes of the earth's motion (which the Church of Rome hath lately ''condemned as heretical, as appears by Blancanus and Fromundus's writings) our later mathematicians have rolled all the stones that may be stirred : and, to solve all appearances and objections, have invented new hypo- theses, and fabricated new systems of the world, out of their own Dedalseanheads. Fracastorius will have the earth stand still, as before ; and to avoid that suppo- sition of eccentrics and epicycles, he hath coined seventy-two homocentrics, to solve all appearances. Nicholas Pamerus will have the earth the centre of the world, but movable, and the eighth sphere immovable, the five other planets to move about the sun, the sun and moon about the earth. Of which orbs Tycho Brahe puts the earth the centre immovable, the stars immovable, the rest with E-amerus, the planets without orbs to wander in the air, keep time and distance, true motion, according to that virtue which God hath given them. "^Helisseus Koeslin censureth both, with CojDernicus (whose hypothesis de terrce motu, Phi- lippus Lansbergius hath lately vindicated, and demonstrated with solid argu- ments in a just volume, Jansonius CiTesius ®hath illustrated in a sphere). The said Johannes Lansbergius, 1633, hath since defended his assertion against all the cavils and calumnies of Fromundus his Anti-Aristarchus, Baptista Morinus, and Petrus Bartholinus: Fromundus, 1634, hath written against him again, J. Posseus of Aberdeen, &c. (sound drums and trumpets), whilst Roeslin(I say) censures all, and Ptolemeus himself as insufiicient : one offends against natural philosophy, another against optic principles, a third against mathematical, as not answering to astronomical observations: one puts a great space between Saturn's orb and the eighth sphere, another too narrow. In his own hypo- thesis he makes the earth as before the universal centre, the sun to the five upper planets, to the eighth sphere he ascribes diurnal motion, eccentrics, and epicycles to the seven planets, which hath been formerly exploded; and so, Dum vitant stulti vitia in contraria currunt, ^as a tinker stops one hole and makes two, he corrects them, and doth worse himself : reforms some, and mars all. In the mean time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them, they hoist the earth up and down like a ball, make it stand and go at their plea- sures : one saith the sun stands, another he moves ; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound, and lest there should any paradox be wanting, he * finds certain spots and clouds in the sun, by the help of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus) a thing seen a thousand times bigger in piano, and makes it come thirty -two times nearer to the eye of the beholder : but see the demonstration of this glass in ^ Tarde, by means of which, the sun must turn round upon his own centre, or they about the sun. Fabricius puts only three, and those in the sun : Apelles 15, and those without the sun, floating like the Gyanean Isles in the Euxine sea. ^ Tarde, the Frenchman, hath observed thirty-three, and those neither spots nor clouds, as Galileo, Epist. ad Valserum, supposeth, but planets concentric with the sun, and not far from him with regular motions. 'Christo- •'His argumentis plane satisfecisti, do maculas in Luna esse mavia, dolucidas partes esse terram. Kepler, fol. 16. c Anno 1616. d In Hypothes. demundo. Edit. 1597. « Lugduni, 1633. f" Whilst these hlocklieads avoid one fault, they fall into its opposite." * Jo. Fahritius de maculis in sole. Witeh. "Itill. g In liurboniis sideribus. ^ Lib. de Burbouiis sid. Stellas sunt erraticfe, qme propriis orbibus feruntur, non longfe a Sole dissitis, sed juxta Solem. i Braccini fol. 1630. lib. 4. cap. 52. 55. 59. &c. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 329 pher Shemer, a German Suisser Jesuit, Ursicd Rosa, divides them in miaculas et faculas,2aid will have them to be fixed inSolis sitperficie : and to absolve theii* periodical and regular motion in twenty-seven or twenty-eight days, holding withal the rotation of the snn npon his centre ; and all are so confident, that they have made schemes and tables of their motions. The ^ Hollander, in his dissertatiunculd cum Jjjelle, censures all; and thus they disagree amongst themselves, old and new, irreconcilable in their opinions ; thus Aristarchus, thus Hipparchus, thus Ptolemeus, thus Albateginus, thus Alfraganus, thus Tycho, thus Hanierus, thus Eoeslinus, thus Fracastorius, thus Copernicus and his adherents, thus Clavius and Maginus, &c., Avith their followers, vary and determine of these celestial orbs and bodies : and so whilst these men contend about the sun and moon^ like the philosophers in Lucian, it is to be feared, the sun and moon will hide themselves^ and be as mncli ofi'ended as ^ she was with those, and send another messenger to Jupiter, by some new-fangled Icaroraenippus, to make an end of all those curious controversies, and scatter them abroad. But why should the sun and moon be angry, or take exceptions at mathe- maticians and philosophers'? when as the like measure is offered unto God himself by a company of theologasters : they are not contented to see the sun and moon, measure their site and biggest distance in a glass, calculate their motions, or visit the moon in a poetical fiction, or a dream, as he saith, "^Audax facinus et memorahile nunc incij)ia7n, neque hoc sceculo usurpatum prius, quid in Lunce regno hdc node gestum sit exponam, et quo nemo unquam nisi somni- ando pervenit, ""but he and Menippus: or as ° Peter Cuneus, Bond Jide agam, nihil eorum quce sci'ipturus sum, verum esse scitote, c&c, quce nee facta, necfatura sunt, dicam, ^stili tantum et ingenii causa, not in jest, but in good earnest these gigantical Cyclops will transcend spheres, heaven, stars, into that empy- rean heaven; soar higher yet, and see what God himself doth. The Jewiali Talmudists take upon them to determine how God spends his whole time, sometimes playing with Leviathan, sometimes overseeing the world, &c., like Lucian's Jupiter, that spent much of the year in painting butterflies' wings, and seeing who ofiered sacrifice; telling the hours when it should rain, how much snow should fall in such a place, which way the wind should stand in Greece, which way in Africa. In the Turks' Alcoran, Mahomet is taken up to heaven, upon a Pegasus sent on purpose for him, as he lay in bed with his wife, and after some conference with God is set on ground again. The pagans paint him and mangle him after a thousand fashions ; our heretics, schismatics, and some schoolmen, come not far behind : some paint him in the habit of an old man, and make maps of heaven, number the angels, tell their several '^ names, offices : some deny God and his providence, some take his office out of his hand, will "bind and loose in heaven, release, pardon, forgive, and be quarter- master with him ; some call his Godhead in question, his power, and attributes, his mercy, justice, providence: they will know with ^Cecilius, why good and bad are punished together, war, fires, plagues, infest all alike, why wicked men flourish, good are poor, in prison, sick, and ill at ease. Why doth he sufier so much mischief and evil to be done, if he be * able to help? why doth he not assist good, or resist bad, reform our wills, if he be not the author of sin, and let such enormities be committed, unworthy of his knowledge, wisdom, govern- k Lugdun. Eat. An. 1612, i Ne se suTjducant, et relicta statione decessum parent, ut curiositatis flnem faciant. m Hercules tuam fidera Satyra Menip. edit. 1608. ° " I shall now enter upon a bold and memorable exploit ; one never before attempted in this age. T shall explain this nighfs transactions in the kingdom of the moon, a place where no one has yet arrived, save in his dreams." ° Sardi venales Satyr. Menip. An. 16 1 2. p Puteani Comus sic incipit, or as Lipsius Satyre in a dream. iTritemius, 1. de 7. secundis. ■" They have fetched Trajanus' soul out of hell, and canonise for saints whom they list. * In Minutius. sine delectu tempestates tangunt loca sacra et profana, honoruni et malorum fata juxta, nullo ordine res fiunt, so uta legibus fortuna dominatur. ' Vel malus vel impotens, qui peccatum permittit, (i;c. uude haic superstitio ? 330 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. ment, mercy, and providence, why lets he all things be done by fortune and chance? Others as prodigiously inquire after his omnipotency, an possit plures similes creare deos ? an ex scarabceo deum ? &c., et quo demum ruetis sacrificuli? Some, by visions and revelations, take upon them to be familiar with God, and to be of privy council with himj they will tell how many, and who shall be saved, when the world shall come to an end, what year, what month, and whatsoever else God hath reserved unto himself, and to his angels. Some again, curious fantastics, will know more than this, and inquire with " Epicurus, what God did before the world was made? was he idle? Where did he bide? What did he make the world of? why did he then make it, and not before? If he made it new, or to have an end, how is he unchangeable, infinite, &c. Some will dispute, cavil, and object, as Julian did of old, whom Cyril confutes, as Simon Magus is feigned to do, in that "" dialogue betwixt him and Peter : and Ammonius the philosopher, in that dialogical disputation with Zacharias the Christian. If God be infinitely and only good, why should he alter or destroy the world? if he confound that which is good, how shall himself continue good ? If he pull it down because evil, how shall he be free from the evil that made it evil? &c., with many such absurd and brain-sick questions, intricacies, froth of human wit, and excrements of curiosity, &c., which, as our Saviour told his inquisitive disciples, are not fit for them to know. But hoo ! I am now gone quite out of sight, I am almost giddy with roving about: I could have ranged farther yet; but I am an infant, and not ^able to dive into these profundities, or sound these depths ; not able to understand, much less to discuss, I leave the contemplation of these things to stronger wits, that have better ability, and happier leisure to wade into such philoso- phical mysteries; for put case I were as able as willing, yet what can one man do? I will conclude with ''Scaliger, Nequaquam nos homines sumus, sed partes hominis, ex omnibus aliquid fieri potest, idque non magjium; ex singulis fere nihil. Besides (as Nazianzen hath it), Deus latere nos multa voluit: and with Seneca, cap. 35. de Gometis, Quid mirainur tarn rara mundi spectacula non teneri certis legibus, nondum intelligi ? riiultce sunt gentes quoe tantum de facie sciunt Gcelum, veniet tempus fortasse, quo ista quce nunc latent in lucem dies extrahat et longioris cevi diligentia, una cetas non svfiicit, pfosteri, o&c, when God sees his time, he will reveal these mysteries to mortal men, and show that to some few at last, which he hath concealed so long. For I am of *his mind, that Columbus did not find out America by chance, but God directed him at that time to discover it : it was contingent to him, but necessary to God ; he reveals and conceals to whom and when he will. And which ^ one said of history and records of former times, " God in his providence, to check our presumptuous inquisition, wraps up all things in uncertainty, bars us from long antiquity, and bounds our search within the compass of some few ages :" many good things are lost, which our predecessors made use of, as Pancirola will better inform you; many new things are daily invented, to the public good; so kingdoms, men, and knowledge ebb and flow, are hid and revealed, and when you have all done, as the Preacher concluded. Nihil est sub sole novum, (nothing new under the sun). But my melancholy spaniel's quest, my game is sprung, and I must suddenly come down and follow. Jason Pratensis, in his book de morbis capitis, and chaj)ter of melancholy, hath these words out of Galen, "°Let them come to me to know what meat and drink they shall use, and besides that, I will teach them what temper of » Quid fecit Deus ante mundum creatum ? ubi vixit otiosus a suo subjecto, &c. "^ Lib. 3. recog. Pet. cap. 3. Peter answers by the simile of an egg-shell, which is cunningly made, yet of necessity to be broken; so is the world, &c., that the excellent state of heaven might be made manifest. y Ut me pluma levat, sic grave mergit onus. ' Exercit. 184. » Laet. descript. occid. IndiaB. b Daniel principio historise. <= Veniant ad me audituri quo esculento, quo item poculento uti debeant, et prater alimentuui ipsum potumque, ventos ipsos docebo, item aeris ambientis temperiera, insuper regiones quas eligere, quas Yitare ex usu sit. Mem. 3.] jyigression of Air. 331 ambient air they shall make clioice of, what wind, what countries they shall choose, and what avoid." Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that to this cure of melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of air is necessarily required. This is performed, either in reforming natural or arti- ficial air. Natural is that which is in our election to choose or avoid : and 'tis either general, to countries, provinces; particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. AVhat harm those extremities of heat or cold do in this malady, I have formerly shown : the medium must needs be good, where the air is tem- perate, serene, quiet, free from bogs, fens, mists, all manner of putrefaction, contagious and filthy noisome smells. The "^Egyptians by all geographers are commended to be hilares, a conceited and merry nation : which I can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their air. They that live in the Orcades are registered by ® Hector Boethius and ^Cardan, to be of fair complexion, long- lived, most healthful, free from all manner of infirmities of body and mind, by reason of a sharp purifying air, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Boeoti, by reason of a foggy air in which they YiYQ^,^ BosotwDi in crasso jurares aere nation, Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. The clime changes not so much customs, manners, wits (as Aristotle Folid. lib. 6, caj). 4. Yegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist. cap. 5. hath proved at large) as constitutions of their bodies, and temperature itself. In all par- ticular provinces we see it confirmed by experience, as the air is, so are the inhabitants, dull, heavy, witty, subtle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound. In ^Perigord in France the air is subtle, healthful, seldom any plague or con- tagious disease, but hilly and barren: the men sound, nimble, and lusty; but in some parts of Guienne, full of moors and marshes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a great difference between Surrey, Sussex, and Romney Marsh, the wolds in Lincolnshire and the fens. He therefore that loves his health, if his ability will give him leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholesome, pleasant, and con- venient : there is nothing better than change of air in this malady, and gene- rally for health to wander up and down, as those ' Tartari Zaviolhenses, that live in hordes, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had their summer and winter houses; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Susa; now at Persepolis, then at Pasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith ''Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. - The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constanti- nople, sometimes at Adrianople, &c. The kings of Spain have their Escurial in heat of summer, ^Madrid for a wholesome seat, Yalladolid a pleasant site, &c., variety of secessus as all princes and great men have, and their several progresses to this purpose. LucuUus the Homan had his house at Pome, at Baise, &c. '"^Yhen Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero (saith Plutarch) and many noble men in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village, full of vmidows, galleries, and all offices fit for a summer house; but in his judgment very unfit for winter: Lucullus made answer that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changeth her country with the season; he had other houses furnished, and built for that purpose, all out as commodious as this. So Tully had his Tusculan, Plinius his Lam-etan village, and every gentleman of any fashion in our times hath the like. The ° bishop of Exeter had fourteen several houses all furnished, in times past. In Italy, though they bide in cities in winter, which is more gentleman- d Leo Afer, Maginus, &c. e Lib. 1. Scot. Hist. ^ Lib. L de rer. var. s Horat. ^ Maginus. 1 Haitonus de Tartaiis. ^ Cyropsed. li. 8. perpstuum inde ver. i The air so clear, it never breeds the plague. ™ Leander Albertus in Campania, h Plutarcho vita Luculli. Cum Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero, multique nobiles viri L. Lucullum EBstivo tempore convenissent, Pompeius inter coenam dum fami- liariter jocaus est, earn villam imprioais sibi sumptuosam, et eiegantem videri, fenestris, porticibus, ike. o Godwin, vita Jo. Voysye al. Harman. 332 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. like, all the summer they come abroad to their country-houses, to recreate themselves. Our gentry in England live most part in the country (except it be some few castles) building still in bottoms (saith ° Jovius) or near woods, corona arhorum vire^itium; you shall know a village by a tuft of trees at or about it, to avoid those strong winds wherewith the island is infested, and cold winter blasts. Some discommend moated houses, as unwholesome ; so Camden saith of PEw-elme, that it was therefore unfrequented, ob stagni vicini halitus, and all such places as be near lakes or rivers. But I am of opinion that these inconveniences will be mitigated, or easily corrected by good fires, as "^ one reports of Yenice, that graveolentia and fog of the moors is sufficiently qualified by those innumerable smokes. Nay more, ''Thomas Philol. Ravennas, a great physician, contends that the Venetians are generally longer-lived than any city in Europe, and live many of them 120 years. But it is not water simply that so much offends, as the slime and noisome smells that accompany such overflowed places, which is but at some few seasons alter a flood, and is suffi- ciently recompensed with sweet smells and aspects in summer, Ver pinget vario gemmantia i^rata colore, and many other commodities of pleasure and profit ; or else may be corrected by the site, if it be somewhat remote from the water, as Lindley, ^Orton super monteni, * Drayton, or a little more elevated, though nearer, as ''Caiicut, ^Amington, ^'Polesworth, ''Weddington (to insist in such places best to me known, upon the river of Anker, in Warwickshire, "Swarston, and ^ Drakesly upon Trent). Or howsoever they be unseasonable in winter, or at some times, they have their good use in summer. If so be that their means be so slender as they may not admit of any such variety, but must determine once for all, and make one house serve each season, I know no men that have given better rules in this behalf than our husbandry writers. '^Cato and Columella prescribe a good house to stand by a navigable river, good high- ways, near some city, and in a good soil, but that is more for commodity than health. The best soil commonly yields the worst air, a dry sandy plat is fittest to build upon, and such as is rather hilly than plain, full of downs, a Cotswold country, as being most commodious for hawking, hunting, wood, waters, and all manner of pleasures. Perigord in France is barren, yet by reason of the excellency of the air, and such pleasures that it affords, much inhabited by the nobility; as Nuremberg in Germany, Toledo in Spain. Our countryman Tusser will tell us so much, that the fieldone is for profit, the woodlaud for plea- sure and health; the one com^monly a deep clay, therefore noisome in winter, and subject to bad highways: the other a dry sand. Provision miay be had elsewhere, and our towns are generally bigger in the woodland than the fieldone, more frequent and populous, and gentlemen more delight to dwell in such places. Sutton Cold field in Warwickshire (where I was once a grammar scholar), may be a sufficient witness, which stands, as Camden notes, loco in- grato et sterili, but in an excellent air, and fall of all manner of pleasures. ^ Wadley in Berkshire is situate in a vale, though not so fertile a soil as some vales afford, yet a most commodious sight, wholesome, in a delicious air, a rich and pleasant seat. So Segrave in Leicestershire (which town ®I am now bound to remember) is situated in a champaign, at the edge of the wolds, and more barren than the villages about it, yet no place likely yields a better air. And he that built that fair house, ^WoUerton in Nottinghamshire, is much to be commended (though the tract be sandy and barren about it) for making choice o Descript. Brit. p In Oxfordshire. i Leander Albertus. ■" Cap. 21. de vit. horn, prorog. s The possession of Robert Bradshaw, Esq. t Of George Purefey, Esq. " The possession of William Purefey, Esq. » The seat of Sir John Reppington, Kt. y Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. * The dwelling-house of Hum. Adderley, Esq. * Sir John Harpar's, lately deceased. ^ Sir George Greselies, Kt. <= Lib. 1. cap. 2. ^ The seat of G. Purefey, Esq. e For I am now incumbent of that rectory, presented thereto by my right honourable patron the Lord Berkley. ^ Sir Francis Willoughby. Mem. 3.] Air rcctijied. 333 of such a place. Conslantine, lib. 2. cap. cle Agriciilt. praisetli mountains, hilly, steep places, above the rest by the seaside, and sucli as look toward the ^north upon some great river, as ^Farmack in Derbyshire, on the Trent, envi- roned with hills, open only to the north, like Mount Edgecombe in Cornwall, which 'Mr. Carew so much admires for an excellent seat: such is the general site of Bohemia: serenat Boreas, the north wind clarifies, "''but near lakes or marshes, in holes, obscure places, or to the south and west, he utterly disproves," those winds are unwholesome, putrefying, and make men subject to diseases. The best building for health, according to him, is in *<4iigh places, and in an excellent prospect," like that of Cuddeston in Oxfordshire (which place I must lionoris ergo mention) is lately and fairly ""built in a good air, good prospect, good soil, both for profit and pleasure, not so easily to be matched. P. Cres- centius, in his lib. 1. de Agric. cap. 5. is very copious in this subject, how a house shordd be wholesomely sited, in a good coast, good air, wind, &c., Yarro de re rust. lib. 1. cap. 12. "forbids lakes and rivers, marshy and manured grounds, they cause a bad air, gross diseases, hard to be cured: "°if it be so that he cannot help it, better (as he adviseth) sell thy house and land than lose thine health." He that respects not this in choosing of his seat, or building his house, is Qnente ca2Jtus,msi(\, ^Cato saith, "and his dwelling next to hell itself," according to Columella : he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a descent. Baptista Porta, Villce, lib. 1. ca]?. 22. censures Varro, Cato, Colu- mella, and those ancient rustics, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means have the front of a house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and hotter climes, I know not, in our northern countries I am sure it is best: Stephanus, a Frenchman, j^'^^csdio rustic, lib. 1. cap. 4. subscribes to this, approving especially the descent of a hill south or south-east, with trees to the north, so that it be well watered; a condition in all sites which must not be omitted, as Herbastein inculcates, lib. 1. Julius Csesar Claudinus, a physician, considt. 24:, for a nobleman in Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the '''east, and 'by all means to provide the air be clear and sweet; which Montanus, co?z5iZ. 229, counselleth the earl of Monfurt, his patient, to inhabit a pleasant house, and in a good air. If it be so the natural site may not be altered of our city, town, village, yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot countries, therefore, they make the streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africa, Italy, Greece, and many cities of France, in Languedoc especially, and Provence, those southern parts : Montpelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, narrow streets, to divert the sun's scalding rays, which Tacitus commends, lib. 15, Annal., as most agreeing to their health, "* because the height of buildings, and narrowness of streets, keep away the sunbeams." Some cities use galleries, or arched cloisters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berne in Switzerland, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the sun's scorching heat. They build on high hills, in hot coun- tries, for more air; or to the Eexside, as Baise, Naples, &c. In our northern coasts we are opposite, we commend straight, broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing to our clime. We build in bottoms for warmth : and that site of Mitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the ^gean sea, which Yitruvius ? ]\roiitani et maritimi salubriores, acclives, et ad Boream vergentes. hThe dwelling of Sir To. Burdet, Knight, Baronet. 'In liis Survey of Cornwall, bock 2. tp^p^e paludes, stagna, et loca con- cava, vel ad Aiistrum, vel ad Occidentem inclinatfe, domus sunt morbosre. ' Oportet igitur ad sanitateni domus in altioribus wdiflcare, et ad speculationem. ^ By Jolm Bancroft, Dr. of Divinity, my quondam tutor in Christ-church, Oxon. now the Right Reverend Lord Bishop Oxon. Avho built this house for himself and his successors. « Hyeme ent vehementer frigida, et estate non salubris : paludes enim faciunt CTassum aerem, et difHciles morbus. <> Vendas quot assibus possis, et si nequeas, relinquas. p Lib. 1. cap. 2. in Oreo habita i Aurora musis arnica, Vitruv. r^cles Orientem spectantes vir nobilissimiis inhabitet, et curet ut sit aer clarus, lucidus, odoriferus. Eligat habitationem optimo acre jucundam. • Quoniam angustiaj itmerum et altitudo tectorum, non perinde Soils calorera adraittit. 334 Cure of MehncJwly. [Rirt. 2. Sec. 2. so imicli discommends, magnificently builfc with fair houses, sed imjorudeMer positam, unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and when the south wind blew, the people were all sick, would make an excellent site in our northern climes. ^ Of that artificial site of houses I have sufficiently discoursed : if the plan of the dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, in opportune opening and shutting of windows, excluding foreign air and winds, and walking abroad at convenient times. * Crato, a German, com- mends east and south site (disallowing cold air and northern winds in this case, rainy weather and misty days), free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muck- hills. If the air be such, open no windows, come not abroad. Montanus will have his patient not to "stir at all, if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in March it is with us; or in cloudy, lowering, dark days, as in November, which we commonly call the black month ; or stormy, let the wind stand how it will, consil. 27. and 30. he must not "^open a casement in bad weather," or in a boisterous season, consil. 299, he especially forbids us to open windows to a south wind. The best sites for chamber windows, in my judgment, are north, east, south, and which is the worst, v/est. Levinus Lemnius, lib. 3. cap. 3. de occidt. nat. mir. attributes so much to air, and rectifying of wind and windows, that he holds it alone sufficient to make a mail sick or well; to alter body and mind. "^ A clear air cheers up the spirits, exhilarates the mind ; a thick, black, misty, tempestuous, contracts, overthrows." Great heed is therefore to be taken at what times we walk, how we place our windows, lights, and houses, how we let in or exclude this ambient air. The Egyptians, to avoid immoderate heat, make their windows on the top of the house like chimneys, with two tunnels to draw a thorough air. In Spain they commonly make great opposite windows without glass, still shutting those which are next to the sun : so likewise in Turkey and Italy (Yenice excepted, which brags of her stately glazed palaces), they use paper windows to like purpose ; and lie, sub dio, in the top of their flat-roofed houses, so sleeping under the canopy of heaven. In some parts of ^ Italy they have windmills, to draw a cooling air out of hollow caves, and disperse the sam.e through all the chambers of their palaces, to refresh them ; as at Costoza, the house of Csesareo Trento, a gentleman of Yicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to correct nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artificial air, which how- soever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to be seasoned with sweet perfumes, ""pleasant and lightsome as it may be; to have roses, violets, and sweet-smelling flowers ever in their windows, posies in their hand. Laurentius commends water-lilies, a vessel of v.^arm water to evaporate in the room, which v/ill make a more delightful perfume, if there be added orange- flowers, pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bays, rose water, rose- vinegar, benzoin, labdanum, styrax, and such like gums, which make a pleasant and acceptable perfume. ""Bessardus Bisantinus prefers the smoke of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. •"Guianerius prescribes the air to be moistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine, and sallow leaves, &c., *^to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-water, rose-vinegar, which Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to behold green, red, yellow, and white, and by all means to have light ♦Consil. 21. li. 2. Frigidus aer, nubilosus, densns, vitandus, gequ^ ac venti septentrionales, &c. ° Consil. 24. »Fenestram non aperiat. yDiscutit Sol lioirorera crassi spiritus, mentem exhilarat, non enim tam corpora, quam et animi mutationem inde subeunt, pro coeli et ventorum ratione, et saiii aliter atfecti ccelo r.ubilo, aliter sereno. De natura ventorum, see Pliny, lib. 2. cap. 26, 27, 28. Strabo, li. 7. &c. = Fines Morison parr. 1. c. 4. ^Altomarus car. 7. Briiel. Aer sit lucidus, benfe olens, humidus. Montaltus idem ca. 26. Olf actus rerum suavium. Laurentius, c. 8. bAnt.Pliilos.cap.de melanch. c Tract. 15. c. 9. ex redolentibus herbis et foliis vitis viiiifer^, salicis, &c. dpavimentunx aceto et aqua rosacea irrorare, Laurent, c. 8. Mem. 3.] • Air rectified. 335 enough, with windows in the day, wax candles in the night, neat chaml)er.s, good fires in winter, merry companions; for thongh mehmcholy persons love to be dark and alone, yet darkness is a great increaser of the humour. Although our ordinary air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have said, still to alter it j no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions. "^ Leo Afer speaks of many of his countrymen so cured, without all other physic : amongst the negroes, " there is such an excellent air, that if any of tbem be sick else- where, and brought thither, he is instantly recovered, of which he was often an eye-witness." ^Lipsius, Zuinger, and some others, add as much of ordinary travel. No man, saith Lipsius, in an epistle to Phil. Lanoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voyage, "°can be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation of countries, cities, towns, rivers, will not affect." ''Seneca the philosopher was infinitely taken with the sight of Scipio Africanus' house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns, baths, tombs, &c. And how was 'Tully pleased with the sight of Athens, to behold those ancient and fair buildings, with a remembrance of their wortliy inhabitants. Paulus JEmi- lius, that renowned Rom.an captain, after he had conquered Perseus, the last kin^ of Macedonia, and novv^ made an end of his tedious wars, thoufrh he had been long absent from Pome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumn (as kLivy describes it) made a pleasant peregrination all over Greece, accompanied with his son Scipio, and Atheneus the brother of king Eumenes, leaving the charge of his army with Sulpicius Gallus. By Thessaly he went to Delphos, thence to Megaris, Aulis, Athens, Argos, Lac edsemon, Megalopolis, &c. He took great content, exceeding delight in that his voyage, as v/ho doth not that shall attempt the like, though his travel be adjactationeni magis quam ad usum reipuh. (as 'one v/ell observes) to crack, gaze^ see fine sights and fashions, spend time, rather than for his own or public good 1 (as it is to many gallants that travel out their best days, together with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howsoever. For j^eregrination charms our senses with such unspeakable and sweet variety, "that some count him unhappy that never travelled, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his old age beholds the same still; still, still the same, the same. Insomuch that "Phasis, co7it. lib. 1. Tract. 2. doth not only commend, but enjoin travel, and such variety of objects to a melancholy man, "and to lie in diverse inns, to be drawn into several companies :" Montaltus, cap. 36. and many neoterics are of the same mind : Celsus a,dviseth him therefore that will continue his health, to have varium mtcB genus, diversity of callings, occupations, to be busied a,bout, " "sometimes to live in the city, sometimes in the country ; now to study or work, to be intent, then again to hawk or hunt, swim, run, ride, or exercise himself." A good prospect alone will ease melancholy, as Comesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. de Sale. The citizens of ^Barcino, saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much delighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which likethatof old Athens besides ^gina Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of delicious objects : so are those Neapolitans and inhabitants of Genoa, to see the ships, boats, and passengers go by, out of their windows, their whole cities being situated on the side of a hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almost hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames : or to have a «>Lib. 1. cap. de morb. Afrorum in Nigritanim regions tanta aevis temperies, ut siqiiis alibi morbosus eo advehatur, optimaj statira sanitati restituatur, qiiod niultis accidisse ipse meis oculis vidi. ^Lib. de peregrinat. s Epist. 2. cen. 1. Nee quisquam tam lapis aut frutex, quem non titillat amoena ilia, variaquc spectatio locorum, lu-bium, gentium, &c. iiEyist. 8G. iLib. 2. de legibus. k Lib. 45. 'Keeker- man prsefat. polit. m Fines Morison c. 3. part. 1. nMutatio de loco in locum, itinera, et voiagia longa et indeterminata, et hospitare in diversis diversoriis. oModo vuii esse, modo in ui'be, stepius in agro venari, &c. p In Catalonia in Spain. 336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. free prospect all over tlie city at once, as at Granada in Spain, and Fez in Africa, the river running betwixt two declining hills, the steepness causeth each house almost as well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every country is full of such "^ delightsome prospects, as well within land, as by sea, as Her- mon and 'E-ann in Palestina, Colalto in Italy, the top of Tagetus, or Acro- corinthus, that old decayed castle in Corinth, from which Peloponnesus, Greece, the Ionian and^gean seas were semel et simul at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great pyramid, three hundred yards in height, and so the sultan's palace in Grand Cairo, the country being plain, hath a mar- vellous fair prospect as well over Nilus, as that great city, five Italian miles long, and two broad, by the river side : from mount Sion in Jerusalem, the Holy Land is of all sides to be seen : such high places are infinite ; with us those of the best note are Glastonbury tower, Box Hill in Surrey, Bever Castle, Bod way Grange,* Walsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness, by the munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Lady Frances, countess dowager of Exeter : and two amongst the rest, which I may not omit for vicinity's sake, Oldbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill, *I was born : and Hanbury in Staffordshire, contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, andan ancient patrimony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother, William Burton, Esquire. ^Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for one of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, and pleasant meadows ontheother. There be those that say as much and more of St. Mark's steeple in Yenice. Yet these are at too great a distance : some are especially affected with such objects as be near, to see passengers go by in some great road-way, or boats in a river, in suhjectum forum despicere, to oversee a fair, a market-place, or out of a pleasant wiudowinto some thoroughfare street, to beholda continual conconrse, a promiscuous rout, coming and going, or a multitude of spectators at a theatre, a mask, or some such like show. But I rove : the sum is this, that variety of actions, objects, air, places, are excellent good in this infirmity, and all others, good for man, good for beast. ^Constantine the emperor, lib. 18. cap. 13. ex Leontio, ''holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner of sick cattle." Lselius ^ fonte ^ugubinus, that great doctor, at the latter end of many of his consultations (as commonly he doth set dov/n what success his physic had,) in melancholy most especially approves of this above all other remedies what- soever, as ajipears consult. 69, consult. 229. &c. "^Many other things helped, but change of air was that which wrought the cure, and did most good." MEMB. lY. Exercise rectified of Body and Mind. To that great inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and unseasonable exercise, too much solitariness and idleness on the other, must be opposed as an antidote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body and mind, as a most material circumstance, much conducing to this cure, and to the general preservation of our health. The heavens themselves run continually round, the sun riseth and sets, the moon increaseth and decreaseth, stars and planets keep their constant motions, the air is still tossed by the winds, the waters ebb and flow to their conservation no doubt, to "! Laudaturque domus longos quse prospicit agros. » Many towns there are of that name, saith Adri- comius, all high-sited. 'Lately resigned for some special reasons. ' At Lindley in Leicestershire, the possession and dwelling-place of i^^alph Burton, Esquire, my late deceased father. " In Icon animoram. « ^grotantes oves in alium locum transportandie sunt, ut alium aerem et aquam participantes, coalescant et corroborentur. yAlia utilia,sed ex mutatione aerispotissimum curatus. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectlM. 337 teach us that we should ever be in action. For which cause Hieron prescribes Kusticus the monk, that he be always occupied about some business or other, " ^that the devil do not find him idle." ''Seneca would have a man do some- thing, though it be to no purpose. ^Xenophon wisheth one rather to play at tables, dice^ or make a jester of himself (though he might be far better em- ployed), than do nothing. The "Egyptians of old, and many flourishing com- monwealths since, have enjoined labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be of some vocation and calling, and to give an account of their time, to pre- vent those grievous mischiefs that come by idleness ; " for as fodder, whip, and burthen belong to the ass : so meat, correction, and work unto the servant," Ecclus. xxxiii. 23. The Turks enjoin all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other, the Grand Seignior himself is not excused. " *^Iii our memory (saith Sabellicus), Mahomet the Turk, he that conquered Greece, at that very time when he heard ambassadors of other princes, did either carve or cut wooden spoons, or frame something upon a table." * This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jews are most severe in this examination of time. All well-governed places, towns, families, and every discreet person, will be a law unto himself But amongst us the badge of gentry is idleness : to be of no calling, not to labour, for that's derogatory to their birth, to be a mere spectator, a drone, fruges consumer e natus, to have no necessary employ- ment to busy himself about in church and commonwealth (some few governors exempted), " but to rise to eat," &c., to spend his days in hawking, hunting, &c., and such like disports and recreations (^ which our casuists tax), are the sole exercise almost, and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which they are too immoderate. And thence it comes to pass, that in city and country so many grievances of body and mmd, and this feral disease of melancholy so frequently rageth, and nov7 domineers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to spend their time (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or otherwise how to bestow themselves : like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather lose a pound of blood in a sin- gle combat, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, some trade, but they do all by ministers and servants, ad otia duntaxat se natos existimant, imb ad sui ipsius plerumque et aliorum perniciem, ^as one freely taxeth such kind of men, they are all for pastimes, 'tis all their study, all their invention tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were born some of them to no other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and inconveniences, our divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously ex- hort; and for this disease in particular, "^ there can be no better cure than continual business," as Rhasis holds, " to have some employment or other, which may set their mind awork, and distract their cogitations." Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, nor learning without study, neither can our health be preserved without bodily exercise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allows that exercise which is gentle, " ' and still after those ordinary frications" which must be used every morning. Montaltus, cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exercise if it be moderate ; " a wonderful help so used," Crato calls it, " and a great zNe te daemon otiosum inveniat. ^pj-jcstat aliud agere quam niliil. •» Lib. 3. de dicris Socratis. Qui tesseris et risui excitando vacant, aliquid faciunt, etsi liceret liis ineliora agere. c Amasis compelled eveiy man once a year to tellhow iie lived. "^'Nostra memoria Maliometes Othomannus qui Gntcise imperium subvertit, cum oratoram postulata audiret externarum gentium, cochlearia lignea assidue cslabat, aut aliquid in tabula afflngebat. « Sands, fol. 37. of his voyage to Jerusalem. ^ Perkins, Cases of Conscience, 1. 3. c. 4. q. 3. sLuscinius Gvunnio. " They seem to think they were born to idleness, — • nay more, for the destruction of themselves and others." « JSlon est cura melior quam injungere iis neces- saria, etopportuna; operum administratio ibis magnum sanitatis incrementum, et qu* repleant animos eorum, et incutiantiis diversas cogitationes. Cont. 1. tract. 9. 'Ante exercitium, leves toto corpore tricationes conveniunt. Ad hunc morbuni exercitationes, quum rectb et suo tempore hunt, mirifice condu- cunt, etsanitdtem tuentur, &c. Z o3S CuTG of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increas- ing natural heat, by means of which the nutriment is well concocted in the stomach, liver, and veins, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body." Besides, it expels excrements by sweat and other insensible vapours; insomuch, that "^ Galen prefers exercise before all physic, rectifica- tion of diet, or any regimen in what kind soever; 'tis nature's physician. 'Fulgentius, out of Gordonius ds conserv. vU. horn. lib. 1. co/:?. 7. terms exer- cise, " a spur of a dull, sleepy nature, the comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all mischiefs and vices." The fittest time for exercise is a little before dinner, a little before supper, "" or at anytime when the body is empty. Montanus, consil. 31. prescribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as ° Calenus adds, " after he hath done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, washed his hands and face, combed his head, and gargarised." What kind of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2. et 3. de sanit. tuend. and in what measure, "°till the body be ready to sweat," and roused up ; ad ruborem, some say, non ad sudorem, lest it should dry the body too much; others enjoin those wholesome businesses, as to dig so long in his garden, to hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and exercises, as sawing every day so long- together (epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds them), but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; ^tlie most forbid, and by no means will have it go farther than a beginning sweat, as being ^perilous if it exceed. Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likewise included, some properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easy, some hard, some with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some are artificial. Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends ludicm parvce pilce, to play at ball, be it v/ith the hand or racket, in tennis-courts or other- wise, it exerciseth each part of the body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great request of old amongst the Greeks, Komans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Herodotus, and Plinius. Some write, that Aganella, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the inventor of it, for she presented the first ball that ever was made to JSTausica, the daughter of King Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. The ordinary sports which are used abroad are hawking, hunting, hilares venandi labores, ""one calls them,because they recreate bodyand mind, ^another, the '' *best exercise that is, by which alone many have been "freed from all feral diseases." Hegesippus, lib. 1. cap. 37, relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melancholy by that means. Plato, 7. de leg. highly mag- nifies it, dividing it into three parts, " by land, water, air." Xenophon, m (Jyropoed. graces it with a great name, Deorum mnnus, the gift of the gods, a princely sport, which they have ever used, saith Langius, epist. 59. lib. 2. as well fur health as pleasure, and do at this day, it being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere all over the world. Bohemus, de mar. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12. styles it therefore, studium nobilium, communiter venantur, quod sibi solis licere contendunt, 'tis all their study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too much after it, they can do nothing else, discourse of nought else. Paulus Jovius, descr. ^Lib. 1. de sanitat. tuend. i Exercitiiira naturse dormientis stimulatio, raembrorum solatium, movborum medela, fuga vitioruin, medicina languorum, destructio oinnium malorum, Crato. "^ Alimentis in ventricula probe concoctis. " Jejimo ventre, vesica, et alvo ab excrementis purgato, fricatis membris, lotis nianibus ut oculis, &c., lib. de atra bile. ° Quousque corpus universum intumesc'at, et tloridum appareat, sudoreque, &c. POmnino sudorem vitent, cap. 7. lib. 1. Valescus de Tar. i Exercitium si cxcedat, vakie perifculosum. Salust. Salvianus de remed. lib. 2. cap. 1. ''Camden in Staffordshire. sEriaevallius, lib. 1. cap. 2. optima omnium exercitationum multi ab hacsolummodo morbis liberati. * Jo-epiius Quercetanus dialect, polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia exercitia praBstantiai laudem meretur. " Chyron in monte Pelio, prseceptor heroum eos a morbis animi vcnationibus et puris cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. Meii). 4.] Exercise rcclifud. 339 Brit, dotli in some sort tax our ^' " English noLility for it, for living in tlie country so mucli, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but hawking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with." Hawking comes near to hunting, the one in the air, as the other on the earth, a sport as much affected as the other, by some preferred. ^ It was never heard of amongst the Romans, invented some twelve hundred years since, and first mentioned by Firmicus, lib. 5. cap. 8. The Greek emperors began it, and now nothing so frequent : he is nobody that in the season hath not a hawk on his fist. A great art, and many ''books written of it. It is a wonder to hear * what is related of the Turks' officers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employed about it, how many hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only disport, how much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ^ Persian kings hawk after butterflies with sparrows made to that use, and stares : lesser hawks for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their sport to all seasons. The Muscovian emperors reclaim eagles to fly at hinds, foxes, &c., and such a one was sent for a present to ''Queen Elizabeth: some reclaim ravens, castrils, pies, &c., and man them for their pleasures. Fowling is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be it with guns, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking-horses, setting-dogs, decoy-ducks, &c., or otherwise. Some much delight to take larks with day-nets, small birds with chaff-nets, plovers, par- tridge, herons, snipe, &c. Henry the Third, king of Castile (as Mariana the Jesuit reports of him, lib. 3. cap. 7.) was much affected " ^ with catching of quails," and many gentlemen take a singular pleasure at morning and even- ing to go abroad with their quail-pipes, and will take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The ^ Italians have gardens fitted to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, spa,ririg no cost or industry, and are very much affected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the choro- graphy of his Isle of Huena, and Castle of TJraniburge, puts down his nets, and manner of catching small birds, as an ornament and a recreation, wherein he himself was sometimes employed. Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling, or otherwise, and yields all out as much pleasure to some men as dogs or hawks; '■ ^ When they draw their fish upon the bank," saith Nic. Henselius Silesiographise, cap. 3. speaking of that extraordinary delight his countrymen took in fishing, and in making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book de pise, telleth, how travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman, ''^booted up to the groins," wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any fisherman of them all: and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he excused himself, " ^ that if other men might hunt hares, why should not he hunt carps?" Many gen- tlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the arm-holes upon such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that to satisfy their pleasure, which a poor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch, in his book de soler. animal, speaks against all fishing, " ' as a filthy, base, illiberal em- ployment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor worth the labour." But he that shall consider the variety of baits for all seasons, and pretty de- X Nobilitas omnis fere iirbes fa^tidit, castellis, et liberiore ccelo gaudet, genevisque dignitatem una maxims venatione, et falconam auciipiis tuctur. y Jos. Scaliger. commeii- in Cir. in foL 344. Salmuth. 23. de Nov. repert. com. in Pancir. » Demetrius Constantinop. de re accipitraria, liber a P. Gillir latlne redditus. ^lius. epist. Aquilaj Symachi et Theodotionis ad Ptolomeum, &c. " Lonicerus, Gefiteus, Jovius. *'S. Antony Sherlie's relations. cHacluit. ^ Coturnicum aucupio. e Fines Morisou, part 3. c. 8. ''Non majorem voluptatem animo capiunt, quhm qui feras insectantur, aut missis canibus, comprehendunt. quum retia trahentes, squamosas pecudes in ripas adducunt. g More piscatorum cruribus ocreatas. ^ Si principibus venatio leporis non sit inhonesta, ne«cio quomodo piscatio cyprinorum videri debeat pudenda. ' Omnino turpis piscatio, nuUo studio digna, illiberalis credita est, quod nullum habet ingenium, nullam perspicaciam. 340 Cure of Melancliohj. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. vices wliicli our anglers have mventeJ, peculiar lines, false flies, several sleights, &c., will say, that it deserves like commendation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany them; but this is still and quiet: and if so be the angler catch no fish, yet he hath a wholesome walk to the brookside, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams; he hath good air, and sweet smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of birds, he sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-horns, coots, &c., and many other fowl, with their brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of horns, and all the sport that they can make. Many other sports and recreations there be, much in use, as wringing, bowling, shooting, which Ascam commends in a just volume, and hath in former times been enjoined by statute as a defensive exercise, and an '^ honour to our land, as well may witness our victories in France. Keelpins, tronks, quoits, pitching bars, hurling, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foils, football, baloon, quintan, &c., and many such, which are the common recreations of the countryfolks. Hiding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and tournaments, horse-races, wild-goose chases, which are the disports of greater men, and good in themselves, though many gen- tlemen by that means gallop quite out of their fortunes. But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of ^ Areteus, deam- bulatio per ammna loca, to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some good companions, to visit friends, see cities, castles, towns, ««m Visere soepb amnes nitidos,per amagnaque Tempe, 1 "To seethe pleasant fields, the crystal fountains, Et placldas summis sectari in montibas auras." 1 And take the gentle ah- amongst the mountains." " To walk amongst orchards, gardens, bowers, mounts, and arbours, artificial wildernesses, green thickets, arches, groves, lawns, rivulets, fountains, and such like pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne, brooks, pools, fishponds, between wood and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, ° uhi varice avium cantationes, Jlorum colores, pratorum frutices, &c., to disport in some pleasant plain, park, run up a steep hill sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation. Hortus lorincipis et domus ad deledationem facta, cum sylva, monte et jnscmd, vulgd la montagna : the prince's garden at Fer- rara ^ Schottus highly magnifies, with the groves, mountains, ponds, for a de- lectable prospect, he was much afiected with it; a Persian paradise, or pleasant park, could not be more delectable in his sight. St. Bernard, in the descrip- tion of his monastery, is almost ravished with the pleasures of it. " A sick *i man (saith he) sits upon a green bank, and when the dog-star parcheth the plains, and dries up rivers, he lies in a shady bower," Fronde sub arborea fer- ventia temperat astra, "and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, herbs, trees, to comfort his misery, he receives many delightsome smells, and fills his ears with that sweet and various harmony of birds: good God (saith he), what a company of pleasures hast thou made for man!" He that should be admitted on a sudden to the sight of such a palace as that of Escurial in Spain, or to that which the Moors built at Grenada, Fontainbleau in France, the Turk's gardens in his seraglio, wherein all manner of birds and beasts are kept for pleasure ; wolves, bears, lynxes, tigers, lions, elephants, &c., or upon the banks of that Thracian Bosphorus : the pope's Belvedere in Some, ""as pleasing as those horti kPrsecipuahinc Anglis gloria, crebrse victorias partas. Jovius. iCap. 7. m Fracastorius. "Ara- bulationes subdiales, quas hortenses aurae ministrant, sub fornice viridi, pampinis virentibus concamerata?.. » 'J heophylact. Pitinerat. Ital. i Sedet segrotus cespite viridi, et cum incleraentia Canicularis terras excoquit, et siccat flumina, ipse securus sedet sub arborea fronde, et ad doloris sui solatium, naribus suis gramineas redolet species, pascit oculos herbarum amaana viriditas, aures suavi modulamine demulcet pictarum concentus avium, iEris fulgorem et resonantia tecta corusco Auro atque electro nitido, scctoqae elcphanto, Argentoque simul. Talis Jovis ardua sedes, Aulaque coelicolum stellans tplendescit Olympo." " Such glittering of gold and brightest brass to shine, Clear amber, silver pure, and ivory so fine : Jupiter's lofty palace, where the gods do dwell. Was even such a one, and did it not excel." It will laxare animos, refresh the soul of man to see fair-built cities, streets, theatres, temples, obelisks, &c. The temple of Jerusalem was so fairly built of white marble, with so many pyramids covered with gold ; tectuinque templi fidvo coruscans aicro, nvmio suo ftdgore ohccecabat oculos itiyierantium, was so glorious, and so glistened afar off, that the spectators might not well abide the sight of it. Bat the inner parts were all so curiously set out with cedar, gold, jewels, &c., as he said of Cleopatra's palace in Egypt, "Crassumque trabes absconderat aurum, that the beholders were amazed. What so pleasant as to see some pageant or sight go by, as at coronations, weddings, and such like solemnities, to see an ambassador or a prince met, received, entertained with masks, shows, fireworks, &c. To see two kings fight in single combat, as Porus and Alexander ; Canute and Edmund Ironside ; Scanderbeg and Eerat Bassa the Turk; when not honour alone but life itself is at stake, as the "^poet of Hector, -"nee enim pro tergore Tauri, Pro bove nee certamen erat, quse prsemia cursus Esse Solent, sed pro magni vitaque animaque Hectoris." To behold a battle fought, like that of Cressy, or Agincourt, or Poictiers, qua nescio (saith Eroissart) an vetustas idlam proferre possit dariorem. To see one of Caesar's triumphs in old Home revived, or the like. To be present at an »Lib. 13. de animal, cap. 13. tPet. Gillius. Paul. Ilentzeus Itinerar. Italias. 1617. lod. Sincerus Itinerar. Gallioj, 1617. Simp. lib. 1. quest. 4. " Jucundissiuia deambulatio juxta mare, et navigatio prope terraTO. In utraque fluminis ripa. ^ Aurei panes, aurea obsonia. vis Margaritarum aceto subacta, &c. y Lucan. " The furniture glitters with brilliant gems, with yellow jasper, and the couches dazzle with their purple dye." ^ 300 pellices, pellicatores et pincernaa innumeri, pueri loti purpura induti, &c. ex omnium pulchritudine delecti. ^ Ubi omnia cantu sti-epunt. ^ Odyss. 6. " Lucan. 1.8. '' The timbers were concealed by solid gold." ^ Hiad. 10. " For neither was the contest for the hide of a bull, nor for a beeve, which are the usual prizes in the race, but for the life and soul of the great Hector." 342 . Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. interview, ®as that famous of Henry the EiglitL. and Francis tne First, so much renowned all over Europe; uhi tanto apparatu (saith Hubertus Yellius) tamque triumpliali portipd amho reges cum eorum conjagibus coiers, ut nulla unquam cetas tarn celebria festa viderit aut audierit, no age ever saw the like. So infi- nitely pleasant are such shows, to the sight of which oftentimes they will come hundreds of miles, give any money for a place, and remember many years after with singular deligTit. Bodine, when he was ambassador in England, said he saw the noblemen go in their robes to the parliament house, summd cutti ju~ cunditate vidimus, he was much affected v/itli the sight of it. Pomponius Columna, saith Jovius in his life, saw thirteen Frenchmen, and so many Italians, once fight for a whole army: Quod jucundissimum spectaculum in vita dlcit sua, the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life. Who would not have been affected with such a spectacle? Or that single combat of ^Breaute the Frenchman, and Anthony Schets a Dutchman, before the walls of Sylvaducis in Brabant, anno 1600. They were twenty-two horse on the one side, as many on the other, which like Livy's Horatii, Torquati and Corvini fought for their own glory and country's honour, in the sight and view of their whole city and army. ^ When Julius Csesar warred about the banks of Rhone, there came a barbarian prince to see him and the Boman army, and when he had beheld Csesar a good while, " ''I see the gods now (saith he) which before I heard of," nee foiliciorem ullam vitce mecB aut optavi, aut sensi diem: it was the happiest day that ever he had in his life. Such a sight alone were able of itself to drive away melancholy; if not for ever, yet it must needs expel it for a time. !Rad- zivilus was much taken with the pasha's palace in Cairo, and amongst many other objects Avhich that place afforded, with that solemnity of cutting the banks of the Nile by Imbram Pasha, Vv^hen it overflowed, besides two or three hundred gilded galleys on the water, he saw two millions of men gathered together on the land, with turbans as white as snov/; and 'twas a goodly sight. The very reading of feasts, triumphs, interviews, nuptials, tilts, tournaments, combats, and monomachies, is most acceptable and pleasant. ' Franciscus Modius hath made a large collection of such solemnities in two great tomes, which whoso will may peruse. The inspection alon«e of those curious iconographies of tem- ples and palaces, as that of the Lateran church in Albertus Durer, that of the temple of Jerusalem in '^ Josephiis, Adricomius, and Villalpandus : that of the Escuricil in Guadas, of Diana at Ephesus in Pliny, Nero's golden palace in Rome, ^Justinian's in Constantinople, that Peruvian Jugo's in ™Cusco, ut non ah hominihus, sed a doimoniis constructum videatur; St. Mark's in Venice, by Ignatius, with many such; prisco7^um artificum o^^e?'^ (saith that "interpreter of Pausanias}, the rare workmanship of those ancient Greeks, in theatres, obelisks, temples, statues, gold, silver, ivory, marble images, non minoreferme quum leguntur, quain quurii cernuntur, animum delectatione complent, affect one as much by reading almost as by sight. The country hath his recreations, the city his several gymnics and exer- cises. May games, feasts, wakes, and merry meetings, to solace themselves; the very being in the country ; that life itself is a suthcient recreation to some men, to enjoy such pleasures, as those old patriarchs did. Dioclesian, the emperor, was so much affected with it, that he gave over his sceptre, and turned gardener. Constantine wrote twenty books of husbandry. Lysander, when ambassadors came to see him, bragged of nothing more than of his orchard, hi sunt ordines mei. What shall I say of Cincinnatus, Cato, Tally, and many suchi how they have been pleased with it, to prune, • Between Ardes and Guines, 1519. f Swertius in delitiis, fol. 487. reteri Horatiorum exemplo, virtute et successu admirabiii, c^esis hostibus 17. in conspectu patriae, * See Lipsius Amphithe- atruni. Rosinus, lib. 5. Meursius de ludis Gnecorum. 1 150Q men at once, tigers, lions, elephants, horse?, dogs, bears, &c. "Lib. ult. et 1. 1. ad finem consuetudiae non minus laudabili quam veteri contuber- nia Rlietorum, Rythmorum in urbibus et nuinicipiis, certisque diebus exercebant se sagittarii, gladiatore?, &c. Alia Ingenii, animique exercitia, quorum praicipuum studium, principeni populum tragoediis, coraoe- diis, fabulis scenicis, aliisque id genus ludis recreare. * Orbis terras descript. part. 3. >' " What shall I say of their spectacles produced with the most magnificent decorations, — a degree of costliness never in- dulged in even by the Romans?" . 344 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. the emperor, was much delighted with catching flies; Augustus to play with nuts amongst children; ^Alexander Severus was often pleased to play with whelps and young pigs. * Adrian was so wholly enamoured with dogs and horses, that he bestowed monuments and tombs of them, and buried them in graves. In foul weather, or when they can use no other convenient sports, by reason of the time, as we do cock-tighting, to avoid idleness, I think (though some be more seriously taken with it, spend much time, cost and charges, and are too solicitous about it), ^Severus used partridges and quails, as many Frenchmen do still, and to keep birds in cages, with which he was much pleased, when at any time he had leisure from public cares and businesses. He had (saith Lampridius), tame pheasants, ducks, partridges, peacocks, and some 20,000 ringdoves and pigeons. Busbequius, the emperor's orator, when he lay in Constantinople, and could not stir much abroad, kept for his recre- ation, busying himself to see them fed, almost all manner of strange birds and beasts; this was something, though not to exercise his body, jQt to refresh his mind. Conradus Gesner, at Zurich in Switzerland, kept so likewise for his pleasure, a great company of wild beasts ; and (as he saith) took great delight to see them eat their meat. Turkey gentlewomen, that are perpetual prisoners, still mewed up according to the custom of the place, have little else besides their household business, or to play with their children to drive away time, but to dally with their cats, which they have in delitiis, as many of our ladies and gentlewomen use monkeys and little dogs. The ordinary recreations which we have in winter, and in most solitary times busy our minds with, are cards, tables, and dice, shovelboard, chess-play, the philosopher's game, small trunks, shuttlecock, billiards, music, masks, singing, dancing, ulegames, frolics, jests, riddles, catches, purposes, questions and commands, °merry tales of errant knights, queens, lovers, lords, ladies, giants, dv,^arfs, thieves, cheaters, witches, fairies, goblins, friars, &c., such as the old woman told Psyche in "^Apuleius, Boccace novels, and the rest, quarum auditione pueri delectantur, senes nar- ratione, which some delight to hear, some to tell; all are well pleased with. Amaranthus, the philosopher, met Hermocles, Diophantus, and Philolaus, his companions, one day busily discoi'irsing about Epicurus and Democritus' tenets, very solicitous which was most probable and came nearest to truth : to put them out of that surly controversy, and to refresh their spirits, he told them a pleasant tale of Stratocles the physician's wedding, and of all the par- ticulars, the company, the cheer, the music, &c,, for he was new come from it; with which relation they were so much delighted, that Philolaus wished a blessing to his heart, and many a good wedding, ^many such merry meet- ings might he be at, " to please himself with the sight, and others with the narration of it." News are generally welcome to all our ears, avide audimus, aures enim hominuTn novitate Icetantur ^ (as Pliny observes), we long after rumour to hear and listen to it, ^ densmn humeris bibit aure vulgus. We are most part too inquisitive and apt to hearken after news, which Caesar, in his ''Commentaries, observes of the old Cauls, they would be inquiring of every carrier and passenger what they had heard or seen, what news abroad % " quid toto fiat in orbe, Quid Seres, quid Thraces agant, secreta novercse, Et pueri, quis amet," &c. as at an ordinary with us, bakehouse or barber's shop. When that great Gonsalva was upon some displeasure confined by King Ferdinand to the city of Loxa in Andalusia, the only comfort (saith * Jovius) he had to ease his melan- I Lampridius. » Spai'tian. ^ Delectatus lusis catulorum, porcellorura, ut perdices inter se pugnarent, avit ut aves parvulaa sursum et deorsum volitarent, his maxime delectatus, ut solitudines publicas sublevaret. « r.rumaleslaite ut possint producere noctes. '^ Miles. 4. <-' dii similibus ssepe conviviis date ut ipse A'idendodelectetur, etpostinodum narrando delectet. Theod. prodromus Amorum dial, interpret. Gilberto (iaulinio. Epist. lib. 8. Kuifino. e Hor. ''Lib. 4. Gallic-e consuetudinis est ut viatores etiam invitos cousibtere cogaut, ct quid quisque eoruni audierit aut cognorit de qua re quairunt. ' Vita3 ejus lib. ult. Mem. 4.] Exercise rect'tfitd. 345 clioly thoughts, was to hear news, and to listen after those ordinary occurrences, which were brought him cum primis, by letters or otherwise out of the re- motest parts of Europe, Some men's whole delight is to take tobacco, and drink all day long in a tavern or alehouse, to discourse, sing, jest, roar, talk of a cock and bull over a pot, &c. Or when three or four good companions meet, tell old stories by the fireside, or in the sun, as old folks usually do, qucb ajyrici meminere senes, remembering afresh and with pleasure ancient matters, and such like accidents, which happened in their younger years ; others' best pas- time is to game, nothing to them so pleasant. ^^Ilic Veneri indulget, hunc decoquit cdea — many too nicely take exceptions at cards, Hables, and dice, and such mixed lusorious lots, whom Gataker well confutes. Which though they be honest recreations in themselves, yet may justly be otherwise excepted at, as they are often abused, and forbidden as things most pernicious; insanam Q^em et damnosam, '" Lemnius calls it. " For most part in these kind of disports 'tis not art or skill, but subtlety, cunnycatching, knavery, chance and fortune carries all away : " 'tis amhulatoria pecunia, "puncto mobilis horje Permutat dominos, et cedit in altera jura." ° They labour most part not to pass their time in honest disport, but for filthy lucre, and covet ousness of money. In foedissimum lucrum et avaritiam homi- num convertitur, as Daneus observes. Fons fraudum et malejlcioruin, 'tis the fountain of cozenage and villainy. "°A thing so common all over Europe at this day, and so generally abused, that many men are utterly undone by it," their means spent, patrimonies consumed, they and their posterity beggared; besides swearing, wrangling, drinking, loss of time, and such inconveniences, which are ordinary concomitants : " ^for when once they have got a haunt of such companies, and habit of gaming, they can hardly be drawn from it, but as an itch it will tickle them, and as it is with whoremasters, once entered, they cannot easily leave it off:" Vexat mentes insania cupido, they are mad upon their sport. And in conclusion (which Charles the Seventh, that good French king, published in an edict against gamesters) unde 2nce et hilaris vitce suj^ugium sihi suisque liberis totique famUice, &c. "Tliat v/hich was once their livelihood, should have maintained wife, children, family, is now spent and gone j " moeror et egestas, djc, sorrow and beggary succeeds. So good things may be abused, and that which was first invented to ''refresh men's weary spirits, when, they come from other labours and studies to exhilarate the mind, to entertain time and company, tedious otherwise in those long solitary winter nights, and keep them from worse matters, an honest exercise is contrarily perverted. Chess-pltiy is a good and witty exercise of the mind for some kind of men, and fit for such melancholy, Ehasis holds, as are idle, and have extravagant impertinent thoughts, -or troubled with cares, nothing better to distract their mind, and alter their meditations : invented (some say) by the ""general of an army in a famine, to keep soldiers from mutiny : but if it proceed from over- much study, in such a case it may do more harm than good ; it is a game too troublesome for some men's brains, too full of anxiety, all out as bad as study; besides it is a testy choleric game, and very offensive to him that loseth the mate. ^William the Conqueror, in his younger years, playing at chess with •^ Juven. 1 They account them unlawful because sortilegious. "> Instit. c. 44. In his ludis plerumque non avs aut peritia viget, sed fraus, fallacia, dolus, astutia, casus, fortuna, temeritas locum habent, non ratio, consilium, sapientia, &c. » " In a moment of fleeting time it changes masters and submits to new con- trol." AbusQS tam fi-equens hodie in Europa ut plerique crebro harum usu patrimonium profundant, exhaustisque facultatibus, ad inopiam redigantur. p Ubi semel prurigo ista animum occupat aigre discuti potest, solicitantibus undique ejusdem farinse liominibus, damnosas illas voluptates repetunt, quod et scor- tatoribus insitum, &c. Q Instituitur ista cxercitatio, non lucri, sed valetudinis et oblectamenti ratione, et quo animus defatigatus respiret, novasque vires ad subeundos labores denuo concipiat. r Latrunculorum Indus inventus est a duce, ut cmn miles intolerabili fame laboraret, altero die edens altero ludens, famis oblivisceretur. Bellonius. See more of this game in Daniel Souter's Palamedcs, vei de variis ludis, 1 . 3. 'D. Llayward in vita ejus. SiG Care of MdancliGhj. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. the Prince of France (Dauphine was not annexed to tLat crown in those days) losing a mate, knocked the chess-board about his pate, which was a cause afterward of much enmity between them. For some such reason it is belike, that Patritius, in his 3. hook, tit. 12. de reg. instit. forbids his prince to play at chess; hawking and hunting, riding, &c. he will allow; and this to other men, but by no means to him. In Muscovy, where they live in stoves and hot houses all winter long, come seldom or little abroad, it is again very necessary, and therefore in those parts, (saith * Plerbastein) much used. At Fez in Africa, where the like inconvenience of keejDing within doors is through heat, it is very laudable ; and (as ""Leo Afer relates) as much frequented. A sport fit for idle gentlewomen, soldiers in garrison, and courtiers that have nought but love matters to busy themselves about, but not altogether so convenient for such as are students. The like I may say of Col. Bruxer's philosophy game, D. Fulke's Metromachia and his Ouroiiomachia, with the rest of those intricate asti'ological and geometrical fictions, for such especially as are mathematically given ; and the rest of those curious games. Dancing, singing, masking, mumming, stage plays, howsoever they be heavily censured by some severe Catos, yet if opportunely and soberly used, may justly be approved. Melius estfodere, quam scdtare, ^saith Austin : but what is that if they delight in if? ^ Nertio saltat sobrius. But in what kind of dance? I know these sports have many oppugners, whole volumes writ against them ; ■when as all they say (if duly considered) is but ignoratio Elenchi; and some again, because they are now cold and wayward, past themselves, cavil at all such youthful sports in others, as he did in the comedy; they think them, illico Qiasci senes, d'c. Some out of preposterous zeal object many times trivial argu- ments, and because of some abuse, will quite take away the good use, as if they should forbid wine because it makes men drunk; but in my judgment they are too stern : there " is a time for all things, a time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. '• a time to embrace, a time not to embrace (verse 5), and nothing better than that a man should rejoice in his own works," verse 22 ; fur my part, I v/ill subscribe to the king's declaration, and was ever of that mind, those May games, wakes, and Whitsun ales, &c., if they be not at unseasonable hours, may justly be permitted. Let them freely feast, sing and dance, have their puppet-plays, hobby-horses, tabors, crowds, bagpipes, &c., play at ball, and barley-breaks, and what sports and recreations they like best. In Fran- conia, a province of Germany, (saith ''Aubanus Bohemus) the old folks, after evening prayer, went to the alehouse, the younger sort to dance : and to say truth with ''Salisburiensis, satiusfuerat sic otiari, quam turjnus occupari, better do so than worse, as without question otherwise (such is the corruption of man's nature) many of them will do. For that cause, plays, masks, jesters, gladiators, tumblers, jugglers, &c., and all that crew is admitted and winked at : ^ Tata jocularium scena j^rocedit, ei ideo spectacida admissa sunt, et injiiiita tyrocinia vanitatum, ut his occupentur, qui 2^&rniciosiils otiari solent : that they might be busied about such toys, that would otherwise more perniciously be idle. So that as " Tacitus said of the astrologers in Rome, we may say of them, genus liominum est quod in civitate nostra et vitabitur semiper etretinebitur, they are a debauched company most part, still spoken against^ as well they de- serve some of them (for I so relish and distinguish them as fiddlers, and musi- cians), and yet ever retained. " Evil is not to be done (I confess) that good may come of it : " but this is evil ^;er accidens, and, in a qualified sense, to avoid a greater inconvenience, may justly be tolerated. Sir Thomas More, in < Muscovit. coramentarium. " Inter cives Fessanos latrunculorum ludiis est usitatissimus, lib. 3. de. Africa. "='"Itisbettertodigtlian to dance." yXullius. "iS^'o sensible man danccs/' »i)emoi-. gent. apolycrat. 1. 1. cap. 8. b idem Salisbmiensis. cjiist.iij,. i. xtlem. 4.] Exercise rectified, 317 his Utopian Commonwealth, "^as he will have none idle, so will he have no man labour over hard, to he toiled out like a horse, 'tis more than slavish infelicity, the life of most of our hired servants and tradesmen elsewhere (ex- cepting his Utopians) but half the day allotted for work, and half for honest recreation, or whatsoever employment they shall think fit for themselves." If one half day in a week were allovv^ed to oui* household servants for their merry- meetings, by their hard masters, or in a year some feasts, like those Roman Saturnals, I think they would labour harder all the rest of their time, and both parties be better jideased: but this needs not (you will say), for some of them, do nought but loiter all the week long. This which I am at, is for such as are fracti animis, troubled in mind, to ease them, over-toiled on the one part, to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep themselves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employment will serve to the one, any honest recreation will conduce to the other, so that it be modera^te and sparing, as the use of meat and drink ; not to spend all their life in gaming, playing, and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do; but to revive our bodies and recreate our souls with honest RjDorts : of which as there be diverse sorts, and peculiar to several callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those of distinct natures, to fit that variety of humours which is amongst them, that if one will not, another may : some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind : (as to some it is both business and a plea- sant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, cattle, horse, &c. To build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accounts, &c.) some vv^ithout, some within doors; new, old, &c., as the season serveth, and as men are in- clined. It is reported of Philippus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy (by Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. ^Hcuter in his history) that the said duke, at the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king of Portugal, at Bruges in Flan- ders, which was solemnized in the deep of winter, w^hen, as by reason of unsea- sonable weather, he could neither haw k nor hunt, and was now tired with cards, dice, &c., and such other domestic sports, or to see ladies dance, with some of his courtiers, he would in the evening walk disguised all about the tov»m. It so Ibrtimed, as he was walking late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk; ^he caused his followers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old clothes, and attiring him after the court fashion, when he waked, he and they were all ready to attend upon his excel- lency, persuading him he was some great duke. The poor fellov/ admiring how became there, was served in state all the day long; after supper he saw them dance, heard music, and the rest of those court-like pleasures : but late at night, when he was vv'ell tippled, and again fast asleep, they put on his old robes, and so conveyed him to the place where they first found him. ISow the fellowhad notmadethem sogoodsport the day before as he did when he returned to himself; all the jest was, to see hov/ he ^looked upon it. In conclusion, after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, constantly believed it, would not otherwise be persuaded, and so the jest ended. ^ Antiochus Epiphanes would oi'ten disguise himself, steal from his court, and go into merchants', goldsmiths', and other tradesmen's shops, sit and talk with them, and sometimes ride or walk alone, and fall aboard with any tinker, clown, serving man, carrier, or whomsoever he met first. Sometimes he did ex hisjjerato give a poor fellow money, to see how he would look, or on set ^ Nemo desidet otiosus, ita nemo asinino more ad seram noctemlaborat; nam eaplusquam servilis aerumna, qua; opificum vita est, exceptis Utopiensibus, qui diem iu 24 horas dividunt, sex duntaxat operi deputant, reliquum a somno et cibo cujusque arbitrio permittitur. e Rerum Burgund. lib. 4. f Jussit liominem deferri ad palatium et lecto ducali collocavi, &c. mirari homo ubi se eo loci videt. s Quid interest, inquit Lodovicus Vives, (epist. ad Francisc. Bardiicem) inter diem illias et nostros aliquot anuos? uibil peniiiis, nisi quodj &c. h Hen, btepliuu. prtblat. Ueroduti. 348 Cure of Udaiicliolij. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. purpose lose liis purse as lie went, to watch who found it, and withal how he would be affected, and with such objects he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great men, to exhilarate themselves and others, all which are harmless jests, and have their good uses. But amongst those exercises, or recreations of the mind within doors, there is none so general, so aptly to be applied to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expel idleness and melancholy, as that of study : Studia senectutem ohlectant, adolescentiam alunt, secundas res ornant, adversis perfagium et solatiwni prce- hent, domi delectant, d'c, find the rest in Tulbj pro A^^chia Poeta} What so full of content, as to read, walk, and see maps, pictures, statues, jewels, marbles, which some so much magnify, as those that Phidias made of old so exquisite and pleasing to be beheld, that as ^^Chrysostom thinketh, "if any man be sickly, troubled in mind, or that cannot sleep for grief, and shall but stand over against one of Phidias' images, he will forget all care, or whatsoever else may molest him, in an instant f There be those as much taken with Michael Angelo's, Kaphael de XJ rhino's, Francesco Francia's pieces, and many of those Italian and Dutch painters, which were excellent in their ages ; and esteem of it as a most pleasing sight, to view those neat architectures, devices, escutcheons, coats of arms, read such books, to peruse old coins of several sorts in a fair gallery ; artificial works, perspective glasses, old relics, Koman antiquities, variety of colours. A good picture is falsa Veritas, et muta poesis : and though (as^Vives saith) artificialia delectant, sed mox fastidimus, artificial toys please but for a time; yet who is he that will not be moved with them for the present? When Achilles was tormented and sad for the loss of his dear friend Patroclus, his mother Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buckler made by Vulcan, in which were engraven sun, moon, stars, planets, sea, land, men fighting, running, riding, women scolding, hills, dales, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees, &c., with many pretty landscapes, and perspective pieces: with yight of which he was infinitely delighted, and much eased of his grief. " m Continuo eo spectaculo captus delenito moerore Oblectabatur, in maiiibus tenens dei spleudida dona." Who will not be affected so in like case, or to see those well-furnished cloisters and galleries of the E-oman cardinals, so richly stored with all modern pictures, old statues and antiquities ? Cujn se spectando recreet simul et legendo, to see their pictures alone and read the description, as ''JBoissardus well adds, whom will it not afi'ect'? which Bozius, Pomponius Lsetus, Marlianus, Schottus, Cavelerius, Ligorius, &c., and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some prince's cabinets, like that of the great dukes in Florence, of Felix Pla- terus in Basil, or noblemen's houses, to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite pieces, of men, birds, beasts, &c., to see those excellent landscapes, Dutch works^ and curious cuts of Sadlier of Prague, Albertus Durer, Goltzius Yrintes, &c., such pleasant pieces of perspective, Indian pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgical motions, exotic toys, &c. Who is he that is now wholly overcome with idleness, or other- wise involved in a labyrinth of worldly cares, troubles and discontents, that will not be much lightened in his mind by reading of some enticing story, true or feigned, where as in a glass he shall observe what our forefathers have done, the beginnings, ruins, falls, periods of commonwealths, private men's actions displayed to the life, &c. ° Plutarch therefore calls them, secundas imnsas et, ' " study is the deliglit of old age, the support of youth, the ornament of prosperity, the solace and refuge of adversity, the comfort of domestic life," &c. ^ Orat. 12. siquis animo fuerit atflictus aut agger, nee somnum admittens, is milii videtur e regione stans talis imyginis, ohlivisci omnium posse, quos humancC vit« atrociact difficiliaaccideresolent. i 3. De auima. m Iliad. 19. n Topogr. Kom. part. 1. o tiuod heroum couviviis legi solitas. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 349 hellaria, tlie second course and junkets, because tliey were usually read at noblemen's feasts. Wbo is not earnestly affected witli a passionate speech, well penned, an elegant poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of PHeliodorus, M6i ohlectatio qucedam placide fuit cum hilaritate conjuncta? Julian the Apostate was so taken with an oration of Libanius, the sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be quiet till he had read it all out. Legi orationem tuam, magna ex parte, Itesternd die ante prandium,pransusvero, sine ulld intermissione totam absolvi."^ argumenta! compositionem I I may say the same of this or that pleasing tract, which will draw his attention along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary delight to study. For what a world of books offers itself, in all subjects, arts, and sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the reader? In arithmetic, geometry, per- spective, optics, astronomy, architecture, sculpture, painting, of which so many and such elaborate treatises are of late written : in mechanics and their mys- teries, military matters, navigation, 'riding of horses, ^fencing, swimmiug, gardening, planting, great tomes of husbandry, cookery, falconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, (kc, with exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and what not? In music, metaphysics, natural and moral philosophy, philology, in policy, heraldry, genealogy, chronology, &c., they afford great tomes, or those studies of 'antiquity, &c., et "^ quid suhtilius Arithmeticis inventionibus, quid jucimdius Musicis rationibus, quiddivinius Astronomicis, quid rectius Geometricis demon- strationibus ? What so sure, what so pleasant 1 He that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologna in Italy, the steeple and clock at Strasburg,.will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archimedes, to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument : Archi- medis Cochlea, and rare devices to corrivate waters, musical instruments, and tri-sy liable echoes again, again, and again repeated, with myriads of such. What vast tomes are extant in law, physic, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, speculation, in verse or prose, &c. ! their names alone are the subject of whole volumes, we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well furnished, like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block that is affected with none of them. Some take an infi- nite delight to study the very languages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, &c. Methinks ilrwould please any man to look upon a geographical map, "^suavi animum delectatione alUcere, oh incredibilem rerum varietatem et jucuyiditatem, et ad pleniorem sui cognitionem excitare, chorographical, topographical delineations, to behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale and compass their extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the Great, as Platina writes, had three fair silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in the second E-ome neatly engraved, in the third an exquisite description of the whole world, and much delight he took in them. What greater pleasure can there now be, than to view those elaborate maps of Ortelius,^Mercator,Hondius, &;c. ? To peruse those books of cities, put out by Braunus and Hogenbergius ? To read those exquisite descriptions of Maginus, Munster, Herrera, Laet, Merula, Boterus, Leander, Albertus, Camden, Leo Afer, Adricomius, ISTic. Gerbelius, &c. ! Those famous expeditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, p Melanctlion de Heliodoro. <) I read a considerable part of your speech before dinner, but after I had dined I tinished it completely. Oh what arguments, what eloquence ! rpi^vines. 'Thibault. * As in travelling the rest go forward and look before them, an antiquary alone looks round about him, seeing things past, &c., hath a complete horizon. Janus Bifrons. "Cardan. " What is more subtle than arithmetical conclusions; what more agreeable than musical harmonies; what more divine than astronomical, what more certain than geometrical demonstrations ? " =' Hondius, prjefat. Merca- toris. "It allures the mind by its agreeable attraction, on account of the incredible variety aud pleiisant- ucss of the subjects, and excites to a farther step in knowledge." y Atlas Geog. 3 JO Cure f>f Md.tne]to!,y. [Part ^eo, L'. Marcus Polus tlie Yenetian, Lod. Yertomannns, Aloysius Ciulamustns, &c. ? Those accurate diaries of Portuguese, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver ^ Nort, (feu. Hakluyt's voj^ages, Pet. Martyr's Decades, Benzo, Lerius, Linschoten's rela- tions, those Hodseporiconsof Jod.a Meggen,Brocard the monk,Bredenl)achius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, &c., to Jerusalem, Egypt, and other remote places of the world? those pleasant itineraries of Paulus Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, &c., to read Bellonius' observations, P. Gillius his surveys; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, by Fratres a Bry. To see a well-cut herbal, herbs, trees, flowers, plants, all vegetables expressed in their proper colours to the life, as that of Matthiolus upon Dioscorides, Dela- campius, Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal of Beslar of Nuremburg, v/herein almost every plant is to his own bigness. To see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, &c., all creatures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact description of their natures, virtues, qualities, &c., as hath been accu- rately performed by^iian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondole- tius,Hippolytus Salvianus, &c. '^Arcana cceli,natur(je seer eta, ordmem universi scire majoris felicitatis et didcedinis est, quam cogitatione quis assequi jjossit, aid ino7'talis spe~rare. What more pleasing studies can there be than the mathe- matics, theoretical or practical parts'? as to survey land, make maps, models, dials, &c., with which I was ever much delighted myself Talis est Mathematmn pulchritudo (saith * Plutarch) ut his indignum sit divitiarum phaleras istas et bullas,et puellaria spectacida comparari ; such is the excellency of these studies, that all those ornaments and childish bubbles of wealth, are not worthy to be compared to them: credi mihi (""saith one) extingui didce erit Mathematicarum artium studio, I could even live and die with such meditations, °and take more delight, true contentof mind in themj than thou hast in all thy wealth and sport, how rich soever thou art. And as "^Cardan well seconds me, Honorijiyani onagis est et gloriosiim hcec intelligere, quam proviriciis jyra^esse, formosiim aut ditem juveneni esse.^ The like pleasure there is in all other studies, to such as are truly addicted to them, ^ea suavitas (one holds) ut cum quis ea degusta- verit, quasi poculis Circeis captus, non possit unquam ah illis divelli; the like sweetness, which as Circe's cup bewitcheth a student, he cannot leave ofij as well may witness* those many laborious hours, days and nights, spent in tlie voluminous treatises written by them ; the same content. ^Julius Scaliger was so much afiected with jioetry, that he brake out into a pathetical protesta-. tion, he had rather be the author of twelve verses *in Lucan, or such an ode in ^Horace, than emperor of Germany. 'Nicholas Gerbelius, that good old man, was so much ravished with a few Greek authors restored to light, with hope and desire of enjoying the rest, that he exclaims forthwith, ^ra&i^ws atquelndis omnibus erimus ditiores, we shall be richer than all the Arabic or Indian princes; of such '^esteem they were with him, incomparable worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysippus, two doting stoics (he was so much ena- moured of their works), before any prince or general of an army; andOrontius, the mathematician, so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him, Dlvinum et homine majorem, a petty god, more than a man; and well he might, for aught I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus, of Thebes, is as much ■renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules or Bacchus, his fellow citizens, for their warlike actions; et sifamamrespicias,7ion pauciores z Cardan. " To learn the mysteries of the heavens, the secret workings of nature, the order of the universe, is a greater happiness and gratification than any mortal can think or expect to obtain." »Lib. de cupid. divitiarum. b Leon. Diggs. prtefat. ad perpet. prognost. " I'lus capio voluptatis, &c. "^ In Hippcrchen. divis. 3. « " It is more honourable and glorious to understand these truths than to govern ■provinces, to be beautiful, or to be young." f Cardan, prtefat. rerum variet. sPoetices lib. ^ Lib. 3. Ode 9 Donee, gratus eram tibi, &c. • De Pelopones. lib. 6. descript. Graec. ^ Quos si integros haberemus, Dii boni, quas opes, quos thesauros teneremus ! JMem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 3:)! Aristotelh quam Alexandri meminerunt (as Cardan notes), Aristotb is more known than Alexander; for we have a bare relation of Alexander's deeds, hut Aristotle, totus vivit in monumentis, is whole in his works : yet I stand not upon this ; the delight is it, which I aim at, so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. ^King James, 1605, when he came to see our University of Oxford, and amongst other edifices now went to view that famous library, renewed by Sir Thomas Bodley, in imitation of Alexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speech. If I w'ere not a king, I v/ould be a university man: "°'and if it were so that I must be a prisoner, if I might have my wish, I would desire to have no other prison than that library, and to be chained together with so many good authors et mortuis magistris" So sweet is the delight of study, the more learning they have (as he that hath a dropsy, the more he drinks the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn, and the last day is prior is discipulus ; harsh at first learning is, radices amarce, \mtfructus dulces, accordhig to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last; the longer they live, the more they are enamoured with the Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Ley den in Holland, was mewed up in it all the year longh- and that which to thy thinking should have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater lil^iing. " °I no sooner (saith he) come into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice, and all such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance, a.nd melancholy herself, and in the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat, with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones, and rich men that know not this happiness." I am not ignorant in the meantime (notwith- standing this which I have said) hov/ barbarously and basely, for the most j)art, our ruder gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a treasure, so inestimable a benefit, as ^sop's cock did the jewel he found in the dunghill; and all through error, ignorance, and want of education. And 'tis a wonder, withal, to observe how much they will vainly cast away in unnecessary expenses, quotmodis i:)ereant (saith ■" Erasmus) magnatibus pecunice, quantum absumant cdea, scorta, compotationes, profectiones non necessarice, pompce, hella qucesita, ambitio, colax, morio, ludio, (&c., what in hawks, hounds, law.suits, vain building, gormandising, drinking, sports, plays, pastimes, &c. If a well-minded man to the Muses would sue to some of them for an exhibition, to the farther maintenance or enlargement of such a work, be it college, lecture, library, or whatsoever else may tend to the advancement of learning, they are so unwilling, so averse, that they had rather see these which are already, with such cost and care erected, utterly ruined, demolished or otherwise en^ ployed; for they repine many and grudge at such gifts and revenues so bestowed: and therefore it were in vain, as Erasmus well notes, vel ab his, vel a negotiator ibus qui se Mammonce dediderunt, impro- bumfortasse tcd.e officiiim exigere, to solicit or ask any thing of such men that are likely damned to riches ; to this purpose, Eor my part I pity these men, stidtos jubeo esse libenter, let them go as they are, in the catalogue of Ignora- mus. How much, on the other side, are all we bound that are scholars, to those munificent Ptolomies, bountiful Meecenates, heroical patrons, divine spirits, "pqai lioLis haec otia fecerunt, namque erit ille mihi semper Dens " "These blessings, friend, a Deity bestow'd, For never can I deem him less than God." That have provided for us so many well-furnished libraries, as well as in our 1 Isaack Wake musfe regnantes. '" Si unquam mihi in fatis sit, ut captivus ducar, si milii daretur optio, hoe cuperem carcere concludi, his catenis illigari, cum hisce captivis concatenatis astatem agere. "Epist. Primiero. Plerunque in qua siraul ac pedem posui, foribus pessulum obdo; ambitionem autem, amorem, libidinem, etc. exclude, quorum parens est ignavia, imperitia nutrix, et in ipso leternitatis gremio, inter tot illustres aniraas sedem mihi sumo, cum ingenti quidem animo, ut subinde magnatum me misereat, qui felicitatem hanc ignorant. <> Chil. 2. Cent. 1. Adag. 1. p Virg. eclog. 1. 3.)2 Ours of Mdanclioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. public academies in most cities, as in our private colleges? How sliall I remember "^Sir Thomas Bodlej, amongst the rest, ""Otho Nicholson, and the Right Keverend John Williams, Lord Bishop of Lincoln (with many other pious acts), who besides that at St. John's College in Cambridge, that in Westminster, is now likewise in Fieri v/ith a library at Lincoln (a noble precedent for all corporate towns and cities to imitate), quam te memorem (vir illustrissime), quibus elogiis ? But to my task again. Whosoever he is therefore that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with pleasing melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of employment knows not how to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science. Provided always that this malady proceed not from overmuch study; for in such case he adds fuel to the fire, and nothing can be more per- nicious; let him take heed he do not overstretch his wits, and make a skeleton of himself; or such inamoratos as read nothing but play-books, idle poems, jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Bourdeaux, &c. Such many times prove in the end as mad as Don Quixote. Study is only prescribed to those that are otherwise idle, troubled in mind, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and imaginations, to distract their cogitations (although variety of study, or some serious subject}, would do the former no harai), and divert their continual meditations another way. Nothing in this case better than study ; semper aliquid msmoriter edis- cant, saith Piso, let them learn something without book, transcribe, translate, &c. Read the Scriptures, which Hyperius, lib. 1. de quotid. script, lect. fol. 77. holds available of itself, " ^the mind is erected thereby from all worldly cares, and hath much quiet and tranquillity." For as * Austin well hath it, 'tis sci~ entia scientiarum, omnl melle dulcior, oinni pane suavior, (mini vino hilarior : 'tis the best nepenthe, surest cordial, sweetest alterative, presentest diverter : for neither as ''Chrysostom well adds, " those boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand under, in the heat of the day, in summer, so much refresh them v/ith their acceptable shade, as the reading of the Scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul, in sorrow and affliction." Paul bids "pray continually;" quod cibus corpor% lectio animm facit, saith Seneca, as meat is to the body, such is reading to the soul. " ''To be at leisure with- out books is another hell, and to be buried alive." ^Cardan calls a library the physic of the soul ; " ^divine authors fortify the mind, make men bold and constant; and (as Hyperius adds) godly conference will not permit the mind to be tortured with absurd cogitations." Rhasis enjoins continual conference to such melancholy men, perpetual discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, &c., alternos sermones edere ac bibere, ceque jucundum quam cibus, sive potuSy which feeds the mind as meat and drink doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis, not without good cause, would have somebody still talk seriously, or dispute with them, and sometimes "^to cavil and wrangle (so that it break not out to a violent 2>erturbation), for such altercation is like stirring of a dead fire to make it burn afresh," it whets a dull spirit, " and will not sufier the mind to be drowned in those profound cogitations, which melancholy men are commonly troubled with." ^ Ferdinand and Alphonsus, kings of Arragon and Sicily, were both cured by reading the history, one of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed physic would take place. Came- q Founder of our public library in Oxon. "• Ours in Christ Church, Oxon. » Animus levatur hide a curis multa quiete et tranquillitate fruens. ' Ser. 38. ad Fratres Erem. » Horn. 4. de pcenitentia. Nam neque arborum comae propecorum tuguriis factie, meridie per «statem, optabilem exhibentes umbram oves ita reflciunt, ac scripturarum lectio afflictas angore animas solatur et recreat. ^ Otium sine Uteris mors est, et vivi hominis sepultura. Seneca. y Cap. 99. 1. 57. de rer. var. ^ Fortem reddunt aninium et constantem; et pium colloquium non permittit animum absurda cogitatione torqueri. aAltercationibus utantur, quae non permittunt animum submergi profundis cogitationibus, de quibus otiose cogitat et tiista- tur in lis. '' Bodin. prefat. ad meth. hist. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 353 rariiis "" relates as mucli of Lorenzo cle' Medici. Heatlien pliilosophers are so fall of divine precepts in this kind, tliat, as some think, tliej alone are able to settle a distressed mind. ^Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolor em, &c. Epictetus, Plutarch, and Seneca; qucdis ille, quce tela, s£iitli Lipsius, adversus omnes animi casus administrat, et ipsam mortem, quoinodo vitia eripit, infert viriutes? when I read Seneca, '•' ''methinks I am beyond all human fortunes, on the top of a hill above mortality." Plutarch saith as much of Homer, for which cause belike Mceratus, in Xenophon, was made by his parents to con Homer's Iliads andOdysseys, without book, ut in virum bonum evaderet, as well to make him a good and honest man, as to avoid idleness. If this comfort be got from philosophy, what shall be had from divinity? What shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernard's divine meditations afford us? " Qui quid sit pulclivum, quid turpe, quid utile, quidnon, Plenius et melius Chrysippo et Craatore dicunt." ^ Nay, what shall the Scripture itself? Which is like an apothecary's shop, wherein are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, altera- tives, corroboratives, lenitives, &c. "Every disease of the soul," saith ^Austin, "hath a peculiar medicine in the Scripture; this only is required, that the sick man take the potion which God hath already tempered." ^ Gregory calls it "a glass wherein we may see all our infirmities," ignitum colloquium, Psalm cxix. 140, ' Origen a charm. And therefore Hierom prescribes Rus- ticus the monk, "^continually to read the Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read ; for as mastication is to meat, so is meditation on that which we read." I would for these causes wish him that is melancholy to use both human and divine authors, voluntarily to impose some task upon himself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, Cosmus Rosse- lius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkelius' Detectus, or practise Brachygraphy, &c., that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition in Euclid, in his fi.ve last books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : than which, as ^ Clavius holds, " in all human disciplines nothing can be more ex- cellent and pleasant, so abstruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy withal and full of delight," omnem hunumum captum supe- rare videticr. By this means you may define ex ungue leonem, as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great ™ Colossus, Solomon's temple, and Domitian's amphitheatre out of a little part. By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass of the firmament ; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways : by this art you may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of the earth, some say 148,450,800,000,000, assignando singulis j^ccssum quadratum (assigning a square foot to each), how many men, supposing all the w^orld as habitable as Prance, as fruitful and so long-lived, may be born in 60,000 years, and so may you demonstrate with "Archimedes how many sands the mass of the whole world might contain if all sandy, if you did but first know how much a small cube as big as a mustard-seed might hold, with infinite such. But in all nature whatis there so stupendous as to examineand calculate the motion of the planets, their magnitudes, apogees, perigees, eccentricities, how far distant from the e Opcrum subcis. cap. 15. ^ Hor. « Fatenduin est cacumine Olympi constitutus supra ventos et procellas, et omnes res humanas. f " Who explain what is fair, foul, useful, -worthless, more fully and faithfully than Chrysippiis and Grantor ?"' g In Ps. xxxvi. omnis morbus animi in scripturii habet medici- nam; tantum opus est ut qui sit teger, non recusetpotionem quam Deus temperavit. *» In moral, speculum quo nos intueri possimus. i Horn. 23. Ut incantatione viris fugatur, ita lectione malum. ^ Iterum atque iterum moneo, ut animam sacne scripturre lect'one occupes. Masticat divinum pabulum meditatio. 'Ad 2. deflnit. 2. elem. In disciplinis humanis nihil prajstantius reperitur : quippe miracula qutedam nuinerorum eruit tam abstrusa et recondita, tanta nihilo minus facilitate et voluptate, ut, &c. "> Which Contained 1,030,000 wei^i'lits of brass. "> Vide Clavium in com. de Sacrobosco. 2 A 354 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. earth, tlie bigness, thickness, compass of the firmament, each star, with their diameters and circumference, apparent area, superficies, by those curious helps of glasses, astrolabes, sextants, quadrants, of which Tjcho Brahe in his me- chanics, optics (^divine optics), arithmetic, geometry, and such like arts and instruments'? What so intricate and pleasing withal, as to peruse and prac- tise Heron Alexandrinus's works, c^e spiritalibus, de machinis hellicis, de machind se move7ite, Jordani Nemorarii de ponderibus proposit. 1 3, that pleasant tract of Machometes Bragdedinus de suiJerficierum divisionibus, Apollonius's Conies, or Commandinus's labours in that kind, de centra gravitatis, with many such geometrical theorems and problems'? Those rare instruments and mechanical inventions of Jac. Bessonus, and Cardan to this purpose, with many such experiments intimated long since by Boger Bacon, in his tract de ^Secretis artis et naturcE, as to make a chariot to move sine animali, diving boats, to walk on the water by art, and to fly in the air, to make several cranes and pulleys, qui- bus homo trahat ad se mille homines, lift up and remove great weights, mills to move themselves, Archita's dove, Albertus's brazen head, and such thauma- turgical works. But especially to do strange miracles by glasses, of which Proclus and Bacon writ of old, burning glasses, multiplying glasses, perspec- tives, ut unus homo appareat exercitus, to see afar off, to represent solid bodies by cylinders and concaves, to walk in the air, ut veraciter videant (saith Bacon) aui'um et argentwm et quicquid aliud volunt, et quumveniant ad locum visionis, nihil inveniant, which glasses are much perfected of late by Baptista Porta and Galileo, and much more is promised byMaginus and Midorgius,to be performed in this kind. Otocousticons some speak of, to intend hearing, as the other do sight ; Marcellus Yrencken, a Hollander, in his epistle to Burgravius, makes mention of a friend of his that is about an instrument, quo videbit qu(E in altera horizonte sint. But our alchymists, methinks, and Bosicrucians afford most rarities, and are fuller of experiments : they can make gold, separate and alter metals, extract oils, salts, lees, and do more strange works than Geber, Lullius, Bacon, or any of those ancients. Crollius hath made after his master Para- celsus, aurwn fulminans, or aurum volatile, which shall imitate thunder and lightning, and crack louder than any gunpowder; Cornelius Drible a perpetual motion, inextinguishable lights, linum non ardens, with many such feats ; see his book de naturd elementorum, besides hail, wind, snow, thunder, lightning, &c., those strange fire- works, devilish petards, and such like warlike machinations derived hence, of which read Tartalea and others. Ernestus Burgravius, a disciple of Paracelsus, hath published a discourse, in which he specifies a lamp to be made of man's blood, Lucerna vitce et mortis index, so he terms it, which chemically prepared forty days, and afterwards kept in a glass, shall show all the accidents of this life ; si lamj)as hie clarus, tunc homo hilaris et sanus cor- py)re et animo; sinebulosus et depressus, male afficitur, et sic pro statu hominis variatur, uade sumptus sanguis; ^and which is most wonderful, it dies with the party, cum homine perit, et evanescit, the lamp and the man whence the blood was taken, are extinguished together. The same author hath another tract of Mumia (all out as vain and prodigious as the first) by which he will cure most diseases, and transfer them from a man to a beast, by drawing blood from one, and applying it to the other, vel in plantam derivare, and an Alexi- pharmacum, of which Roger Bacon of old in his Tract, de retardanda senectute, to make a man young again, live three or four hundred years. Besides pana- ceas, martial amulets, unguentum armarium, balsams, strange extracts, elixirs, and such like magico-magnetical cures. Now what so pleasing can there be as the speculation of these things, to read and examine such experiments, or Distantias coelonim sola Optica dijiidicat. p Cap. 4. et 5. Ad horam sorani aures suavibus cantibus et sonis deliuire. p Lectio jucunda, aut sermo, ad quern attentior animus convertitur, aut aqua ab alto in subjectam pelvim delabatur, &c. Ovid. q Aceti sorbitio. '^ Attenuat melancholiam, et ad conciliandura somnum juvat. ^ Quod lieni acetum conveniat. t Cont. 1. tract. 9. meditandum de aceto. n Sect. 5. Merab. 1. Subsect. 6. ^ Lib. de sanit. tuenda. y In Som. Scip. fit enim fere ut cogitationes nostras et sei-mones pariant aliquid in somno, quale de Homero scribit Ennius, de quo videlicet sajpissime vigilaua solebat cogitare et loqui. 358 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. speeches in fhe day-time cause our fantasy to work upon the like in our sleep," which Eunius writes of Homer : Et canis in somnis leporis vestigia latrat : as a dog dreams of a hare, so do men on such subjects they thought on last. " * Somnia quae mentes ludunt volitantibus umbris, Nee delubi-a deum, nee ab ^there numina mittunt, Sed sibi quisque facit," &c. For that cause when Ptolemy, king of Egypt, had posed the seventy interpreters in order, and asked the nineteenth man what would make one sleep quietly in the night, he told him, "* the best way was to have divine and celestial medi- tations, and to use honest actions in the day-time." ^Lod. Yives wonders how- schoolmen could sleep quietly, and were not terrified in the night, or walk in the dark, they had such monstrous questions, and thought of such terrible matters all day long." They had need, amongst the rest, to sacrifice to god Morpheus, whom ''Philostratus paints in a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how to interpret them, read Artemidorus,Sambucus and Cardan; but how to help them, "^I must refer you to a more convenient place. MEMB. YI. SuBSECT. I. — Pertm^hations of the mind rectified. From himself, hj resisting to the utmost, confessing his grief to a friend, (kc. Whosoever he is that shall hope to cure this malady in himself or any other, must first rectify these passions and perturbations of the mind : the chiefest cure consists in them. A quiet mind is that voluptas, or summum honum of Epicurus; non dolere, curis vacare, animo tranquillo esse, not to grieve, but to want cares, and to have a quiet soul, is the only pleasure of the world, as Seneca trulyrecites his opinion, not that of eating and drinking, which injurious Aristotle maliciously puts upon him, and for which he is still mistaken, male audit et vapulat, slandered without a cause, and lashed by all posterity. " " Fear and sorrow, therefore, are especially to be avoided, and the mind to be miti- gated with mirth, constancy, good hope; vain terror, bad objects are to be removed, and all such persons in whose companies they be not well pleased.'* Gualter Bruel, Eernelius, consil. 43, Mercurialis, consil. 6, Piso, Jacchinus, cap. 15. hi 9. Phasis, Capivaccius, Hildesheim, &c., all inculcate this as an especial means of their cure, that their " ^minds be quietly pacified, vain con- ceits diverted, if it be possible, with terrors, cares, ^ fixed studies, cogitations, and v/hatsoever it is that shall any way molest or trouble the soul," because that otherwise there is no good to be done. "^The body's mischiefs," as Plato proves, " proceed from the soul : and if the mind be not first satisfied, the body can never be cured." Alcibiades raves (saith 'MaximusTyrius) and is sick, his furious desires carry him from Lyceus to the pleading place, thence to the sea, so into Sicily, thence to Lacedsemon, thence to Persia, thence to Samos, then again to Athens ; Critias tyranniseth over all the city ; Sardana- palus is love-sick; these men are ill-affected all, and can never be cured, till their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato, therefore, in that often-cited Counsel « Aristae hist. " Neither the shiines of the gods, nor the deities themselves, send down from the heavens those dreams which mock our minds Avith these flitting shadows,— we cause them to ourselves." a Optimum de coelestibus et honestis meditari, et ea facere. ^ Lib. 3. de causis corr. art. tam mira mon- stra qu^stionum srepe nascuntur inter eos, ut mirer eos interdum in somniis non terreri, aut de illis in tenebris audere verba facere, adeo res sunt monstrosse. « Icon. lib. 1. ^ Sect. 5. Memb. 1. Subs. 6, e Animi perturbationes summe fugiends, metus potissimum et tristitia : eorumque loco animus demulcendus hilaritate, animi coiistantia, bona spe; removendi terrores, et eorum consortium quos non probant. f Fliantasiag eorum placide subvertendse, terrores ab animo removendi. s Ab omni fixa cogitatione quo- vismodo avertantur. •» Cuncta mala corporis ab animo procedimt, quae nisi curentur, corpus curari minime potest, Charmid. > Disputat. An inorbi graviores corporis an animi. Ilenoldo interpret, ut parum absit a furore, rapitur a Lyceo iu conciouem, a condone ad mare, a mari in Siciliam, Alloquium cliai 1 juvat, et solamen amici. Emblem. 54. cent. I . « As David did to Jonathan, 1 Sam. ^x. J beneca, eSs 67. « Hie in civitate magna et turba magna nerainem reperire possumus .^^ocum suspu-are farm. Siriter aut jocari libera possimus. Quare te expectamus, te desideramus, te arcessmius. Multa sunt f mm qSmesolicitantetangunt,qu^mibi videor aures tuas nactus, unius ambulatioms sermone exhaume posse. h"i have nota single friend this day to whom I dare disclose my secrets. 'r'.i^f^^i; amicitia. i De tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amicum fidelem nancisci m quern secreta ^^tra infunda- Zs nihil »que oblectat animum, quam ubi sint pr^^parata pectora, in qu^ *^^^J'''n?riii''htraS quorum conscientia *que ac tua : quorum sermo solitudinem leniat sententia «°"«^' X..amus et peSarts tristitiam dissipet, conspectusque ipse delectet. - Comment. 1. 7. Ad Deum f i^^^Sf '"^f> ^f P"^^^^'^ veniara preceniur, inde ad amicos, et cui plurimum tribuiraus, nos patefaciamus totos, et animi vulnub quo afiiigimur : nihil ad reficieudum animum efficacius. Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] 3Ilnd rectified. 303 SuBSECT. II. — Help from friends hy counsel, coinf>rt, fair and foul rtieans^ witty devices^ satisfaction, alteration of Ids course of life, removing objects., d'c. When tlie patient of himself is not able to resist, or overcome these heart- eating passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that which i.s wanting. /Su(^ erit humanitatis et sapientice (which °Tully enjoineth in like case) siquid erratum, curare, aut improvisum, sua diligentid corrigere. Tliey must all join; nee satis medico, saith "Hippocrates, suumfecisse oflciam, nisi suum quoqae cegrotus, suum astantes, &c. First, they must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person (be it in what kind of melancholy soever) never be left alone or idle : but as pliysicians prescribe physic, cum custodid, let them not be left unto themselves, but with some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate and increase their disease ; non oporlet cegros hu- jusmodi esie solos val inter ignotos, vel inter eos quos non amant aut negligunt, as Kod. a Eonseca, torn. 1. consul. 35. prescribes. Lugentes custodire solemus (saith P Seneca) ne solitudine male utantur; we watch a sorrowful person, lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man ; set him about some business, exercise or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and still keep him otherwise intent; for his fantasy is so restless, operative and quick, that if it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melancholise, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discon- tent, suspicion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness be such that he cannot discern what is amiss, correct, or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persuasion, by fair or foul means, to aliena,te his mind, by some artificial invention, or some contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may any ways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and if it be possible, by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his grievances, and will not be known of them, " '^they must observe by his looks, gestures, motions, fantasy, what it is that offends," and then to apply remedies unto him : many are instantly cured, when their minds are satisfied. 'Alexander makes mention of a woman, " that by reason of her husband's long absence in travel, was exceeding peevish and melancholy, but when she heard her husband was re- turned, beyond all expectation, at the first sight of him, she was freed from ail fear, without help of any other physic restored to her former health.'* Trincavellius, consil. 12. lib. 1. hath such a story of a Venetian, that being much troubled with melancholy, "*and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, instantly recovered." As Alexander concludes, "'If our imaginations be not inveterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a cause." No better way to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in suspicion, suspense, or any way molested, secure him, Solvitur malum, give him satisfaction, the cure is ended; alter his course of life, there needs no other physic. If the party be sad, or otherwise affected, "consider (saith "Trallianus) the manner of it, all circum- stances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration," by removing the occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, '""monstrous and prodigious aspects," tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear they strike a great impression, renewed many times, and recall such chimeras n Ep. Q. frat. ° Aphor. prim. p Epist. 10. q Observando motus, gestus, manus, pedes, oculos, phantasiam, Piso. ^ Mulier melancholia correpta ex longa viri peregrinatione, et iracuude omnibus respondens, quum maritus domum reversus, prjEter spem, &c. ' Prse dolore moriturus qunm nunciatura esset uxorem peperisse flliura subito recuperavit. » Nisi affectus longo tempore infestaverit, tali artificio imaginationes curare oportet, pra?sertim ubi malum ab his velut a primaria causa occasionem habiierit. " Lib. 1. cap. 16. Si ex tristitia aut alio atfectu coeperit, speciem coiisidera, aut aliud q^uid eorum, quae subi- tam alterationem facere possuut. * Evitandi monstritici aspectus, &c. 3G4 Cure of Melamhdy. [] and terrible fictions into their minds. "''Make not so nracli as mention of them in private talk, or a dumb show tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive to their imaginations." And to those that are now in sorrow, ''Seneca "forbids all sad companions, and such as lament; a groaning companion is an enemy to quietness." *0r if there be any such party," at whose presence the patient is not well pleased, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means, must first be tried; no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one madness with another ; lie that so doth, is madder than the patient himself : " all things must be quietly composed ; eversa non evertenda,sed erigenda, things down must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; " ^he must be quietly and gently used," and we should not do any thing against his mind, but by little and little effect it. As a horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shooting of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he can not only endure, but is much more generous at the hearing of such things, much more courageous than before, and much delighteth in it : they must not be re- formed, ex ahrupto, but by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects they could not formerly away with. Many at first cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a sick man, which afterward become good chirurgeons, bold empirics : a horse starts at a rotten post afar off, which coming near he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the manner of making such kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last with those Koman matrons, to desire nothing more than in a public show, to see a full company of gladiators breathe out their last. If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distasteful and dis- pleasing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, consil. 229. to the Earl of Montfort, a courtier, and his melancholy patient, adviseth him to leave the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, " ^ cares, suspicions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place afibrded, and which surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first : " Maxima qumque domus servis est plena superhis ; a company of scoffers and proud jacks are commonly conversant and attendant in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft, quiet disposition (as many times they do) ex stuUo insanum, if once they humour him, a veryidiot, or starkmad. Athingtoo much practised in all common societies, and they have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow, or to take advantage of another man's weakness. In such cases as in a plague, the best remedy is cito, lorige, tarde : (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehensive, there can be no greater misery) to get him quickly gone farenough off, and not to be over-hasty in his return. If he be so stupid that he do not apprehend it, his friends should take some order, and by their discretion supply that which is wanting in him, as in all other cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain meditations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means seek to divert him, to dehort him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle, that by reason of his means otherwise will betake him- self to no course of life, they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to entangle himself, his want of employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suffered a repulse, disgrace, &c., if it be possible, y Neque enim tam actio, aut recordatio rerum Imjusmodi displicet, sed iis vel gestas alterius Imaginationi adumbrare, vehementer malestum. Galat. de mor. cap. 7. ^Tranquil. PriBcipue vitentur tristes, et omnia deplorantes; tranquiUitati inimicus est comes perturbatus, omnia gemens. » Illorum quoquc liominura, a quorum consortio abhorrent, priesentia amovenda, nee sermonibus ingratis obtundendi ; si quis insaniam ab insania sic curari sestimet, et proterve utitur, magis quam aeger insanit. Crato, consil. 184. . Scoltzii. •> Molliter ac suaviter seger tractetur, nee ad ea adigatur qu e non curat. 'Ob suspicioncs, curas, aemulationem, aiiibitionem, iras, &c. quas locus iUe ministrat, et quae fycissent melanchoiicuin. ■, Mem. G. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 3G5 relieve him. If lie desire auglit, let him be safcisaed ; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and if it may conveniently be, give him his heart's content; for the body cannot be cured till the mind be satisfied. ^Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no physic for Charmides' headache, " till first he had eased his troubled mind; body and soul must be cured together, as head and eyes." " e Oculura non curabis sine toto capite, Nee caput sine toto corpore, Nee totum corpus sine anima." If that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, fair promises, and good words, persuade him, advise him. " Many," saith ^G-alen, " have been cured by good counsel and persuasion alone." "Hea- viness of the heart of man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoiceth it," Prov. xii. 25. " And there is he that speaketh words like the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise man is health," ver. 18. Oratio namque saucii animi est 7'emedium, a gentle speecli is the true cure of a wounded soul, as ^Plutarch contends out of ^schylus and Euripides: "if it be wisely administered it easeth grief and pain, as diverse remedies do many other diseases." 'Tis incantationis instar, a charm, cestuantis animi refrigerium, that true Nepenthe of Homer, which was no Indian plant, or feigned medicine, which Epidamna, Thonis' wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius,7.*S'a^wr- nal., Goropius Hermat. lib. 9., Greg. ISTazianzen, and others suppose, but oppor- tunity of speech : for Helena's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus's girdle, Circe's cup, cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read will do as much ; multum cdlevor quum tu:ts literas lego, I am much eased, as ^TuUy wrote to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters, and as Julian us the Apostate once signified to Maximus the philosopher; as Alexander slept with Homer s works, so do I with thine epistles, tcmquam Fceoniis medicamentis, easque assidue tanquam recentes et novas iteramus; scribe ergo, et assidue scribe, or else come thyself; ami'ius ad aniicum venies. Assuredly a wise and well-spoken man may do what he will in such a case; a good orator alone, as ' TuUy holds, can alter affections by power of his eloquence, " comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel and mitigate fear, lust, anger,'* &c. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet and dear friend? Ille I'cgit dictis aninios et temperat iras. What may not he eflecf? As '^Chremes told Menedemus, " Fear not, conceal it not, O friend ! but tell me what it is that troubles thee, and I shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in the matter itself." ^ Arnoldua, lib. 1. breviar. cap. 18. speaks of a usurer in his time, that upon a loss, much melancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel, &c., are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in such a case, as ""Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a patient of his ; Porphyrins, the philosopher, in Plotinus's life (written by him), relates, that being in a discontented humour through insufierable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: but meeting by chance his master Plotinus, who perceiving by his distracted looks all was not well, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him efaucibus Erebi, pacified his unquiet mind, insomuch that he dNisi prius animum turbatissimum curasset; oculi sine capite, nee corpus sine animi curari potest, e E Grteco. " You shall not cure the eye, unless you cure the whole head also ; nor the head, unless the wliole body; nor the whole body, unless the soul besides." '"Et nos non paucos sanaviinus, animi motibus ad debitum revocatis, lib. 1. de sanit. tuend. gConsol. ad Apollonium. Si quis sapienter et suo tempore adhibeat, Remedia morbis diversis diversa sunt; dolentem sermo benignus sublevat. ^ Lib. 12. Epist. 'De nat. deorum consolatur afflictos, deducit perterritos a timore, cupiditates imprimis, et iracundias com- prirait. ^ Heauton. Act. 1. Seen. I. Nc metue, ne verere, crede inquam mihi, aut consolando, aut consilio, autre juvero. 'Novi fceneratorem avarum apud meos sic curatam, qui mulcam pecuuliim amiserat. >"Lib. 1. consil. 12. Incredibile dictu quantum juvent. ■* 3GG Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 2. was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed to think afterwards tliat he should ever entertain so vile a motion. Bj all means, therefore, fair pro- mises, good words, gentle persuasions, are to be used, not to be too rigorous at first, "°or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn, but rather," as Lemnius exhorteth, " to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to redress them :" but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfortable speeches, and good counsel will not take place ; then as Christopherus a Vega determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and chide, saith " Altomarus, terrify sometimes, or as Salvianus will have them, to be lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, ^that is affrighted without a cause, or as *^E.hasis adviseth, "one while to speak fair and flatter, another while to terrify and chide, as they shall see cause." When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which Savanarola and -^lian Montaltus so much commend, clavum clavo pellere, " '"to drive out one passion with another, or by sdme contrary passion," as they do bleeding at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief with another. * Christopherus ^ Vega accounts it rational physic, nan alienum a ratione : and Lemnius much approves it, " to use a hard wedge to a hard knot," to drive out one disease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to geld him, saith ^Platerus, as they did epileptical patients of old, because it quite alters the temperature, that the pain of the one may mitigate the grief of the other; " "and I knew one that was so cured of a quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies upon him." If we may believe ''Pliny, whom Scaliger calls mendaciorum patrem, the father of lies, Q. Fabius Maximus, that renowned consul of Rome, in a battle fought with the king of the AUobroges, at the river Isaurus, was so rid of a quartan ague. Valesius, in his controversies, holds this an excellent remedy, and if it be discreetly used in this malady, better than any physic. Sometimes again by some ^feigned lie, strange news, witty device, artificial invention, it is not amiss to deceive them. '""As they hate those," saith Alexander, " that neglect or deride, so they will give ear to such as will soothe them up. If they say they have swallowed frogs or a snake, by all means grant it, and tell them you can easily cure it; 'tis an ordinary thing. Philodotus, the physician, cured a melancholy king, that thought his head was off, by putting a leaden cap thereon; the weight made him perceive it, and freed him of his fond imagination. A woman, in the said Alexander, swallowed a serpent as she thought ; he gave her a vomit, and conveyed a serpent, such as she conceived, into the basin; upon the sight of it she was amended. The plea- santest dotage that ever I read, saith *Laurentius, was of a gentleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all the town should be drowned ; the physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the town was on fire, whereupon he made water, and was immediately cured. Another sup- posed his nose so big, that he should dash it against the wall if he stirred ; his physician took a great piece of flesh, and holding it in his hand, pinched him by the nose, making him believe that flesh was cut from it. Forestus, obs. lib. 1. had a melancholy patient, who thought he was dead, " ^ he put a fellow in a n Nemo istiusmodi conditionis hominibus insultet, aut in illos sit severior, vernra miseriae potius indo- lescat, vicemquedeploret. lib. 2. cap. 16. "Cap. 7. Idem Piso Laurentius, cap. 8. P Quod timet nihil est, ubi cogitur et videt. ^ Una vice blandiantur, una vice iisdem terrorem incutiant. "^Si vero fuerit ex novo maJo audito, vel ex anirai accidente, aut de amissione merciura, aut morte amici, introdii- cantur nova contraria his quee ipsum ad gaudia moveant; de hoc semper niti debemus, »fec. » Lib. 3 cap. 14. * Cap. 3. Castratio dim k veteribus usa in morbis desperatis, &c. " Lib. 1. cap. 5. sic morbum morbo, ut clavum clavo, retundimus, et malo nodo malum cuneum adhibemus. Novi ego qui ex subito hostium incursu et inopi nato timore quartanam depulerat. ^ Lib. 7. cap. 50. In acie pugnans febre quartana liberatus est. yJacchinus, c. 15. in 9. Rhasis, Mont. cap. 26. * Lib. I. cap. 16. aversantar eos qui eorum affectus rident, contemnunt. Si ranas et viperas comedisse se putant, concedere debemus, et spem de cura facere. * Cap. 8. de mel. '■ Cistam posuit ex Mcdicorura consilio prope eum, in qaeia alium se mortuum fingentem posuit; hie in cista jacens, &c. Mem. G. Subs. 3.] Perturhatlons redifi^J. 367 chest, like a dead man, by his bedside, and made him rear himself a little, and eat : the melancholy man asked the counterfeit, whether dead men use to eat meat? He told him yea; whereupon he did eat likewise and was cured." Lemnius, lib. 2. cap. 6. de 4. complex, hath many such instances, and Jovianus Pontanus, lib. 4. cap. 2. of Wisd. of the like : but amongst the rest I find one most memorable, registered in the Trench chronicles of an advocate of Paris before mentioned, who believed verily he was dead, &c. I read a multitude of examples of melancholy men cured by such artificial inventions. SuBSECT. III. — Music a remedy. Many and sundry are the means which philosophers and physicians have prescribed to exhilarate a sorrowful heart, to divert those fixed and intent cares and meditations, which in this malady so much offend; but in my judgment none so present, none so powerful, none so apposite as a cup of strong drink, mirth, music, and merry company. Ecclus. xl. 20. " Wine and music rejoice the heart." "^Rhasis, cont. 9. Tract. 15, Altomarus, cap. 7, ^lianus Montaltus, c. 2Q, Ficinus, Bened. Victor. Faventinns are almost immoderate in the commendation of it; a most forcible medicine ^Jacchinus calls it: Jason Pratensis, "a most admirable thing, and worthy of consider- ation, that can so mollify the mind, and stay those tempestuous affections of it." Musica est mentis medicina mcestce, a roaring-meg against melancholy, to rear and revive the languishing soul; "^affecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal spirits, it erects the mind, and makes it nimble." Lemnius, instit. cap. 44. This it will effect in the most dull, severe and sorrowful souls, " ^ expel grief with mirth, and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, most powerfully it wipes them all away," Salisbur. polit. lib. 1. cap. 6, and that which is more, it will perform all this in an instant : " ^ Cheer up the countenance, expel austerity, bring in hilarity (Girald. Camb. cap. 12. Topog. ^i5er.), inform our manners, mitigate anger;" Athenseus {Bipnosophist. lib. 14. cap. 10.), calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endowed with it : Dulcisonum rejlcit tristia corda melos, Eobanus Hessus. Many other properties ' Cassiodorus, epist. 4. reckons up of tliis our divine music, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but "it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it causeth quiet rest; it takes away spleen and hatred," be it instrumental, vocal, with strings, wind, ^Qucg a spiritu, sine manuum dexteritate gubernetur, &c. it cures all irksomcness and heaviness of the soul. 'Labouring men that sing to their work, can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music animates ; metus enim mortis, as ^ Censorinus informeth us, musica depellitur. *' It makes a child quiet," the nurse's song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudden, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in the street, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, regina sensiium, the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, siiie ore loquens, domiuatwu in animam exercet, and carries it beyond itseit) helps, '^ Serres. 1550 d In 9. Rliasis. Magnam vim habet musica. ^ Cap. de Mania. Admiranda profecto res est, et digna expensionc, quod sonorum concinnitas mentem emolliac, sistatque procellosas ipsius affec- tlones. t Languens animus inde eiigitur et reviviscit, nee tara aures afflcit, sed et sonitu per arterias nndique diffuse, spiritus tum vitales tuin animales excitat, mentem reddens agilem. &c. e Musica venustate sua mentes severiores capit, &c. ^ Animos tristes subito exhilarat, nubilos vultus serenat, austeritatem reponit, jucunditatem exponit, barbariemquo faeit deponere gentes, mores instituit, iracundiain mitigat. 'Cithara tristitiam jucundat. timidos furores attenuat, cruentam sevitiam blande reficit, lau- guorem, &c. k Pet Aretine. ' Castillo de aulic lib. 1. fol. 27. «• Lib. de Natali, cap. 12. 3GS Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exercit. 302, gives a reason of these effects, " ° because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with it," or else the mind, as some suppose harmonically composed, is roused up at the tunes of music. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures. You know the tale of Hercules Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphion, fmlices animas Ovid calls them, that could saxa movere sono testudinis, &c. make stocks and stones, as well as beasts and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and lamb; vicinumque lupo prcehuit agna lotus; clamosus graculus, stridula comix, et Jovis aquila, as Philostratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Orpheus ; and ° trees pulled up by the roots came to hear him, Et comitem qicercum 2nnus arnica irahit. Arion made fishes follow him, vv^hich, as common experience evinceth, ^ are much afiected with music. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightingales, if we may believe Calcagninus; and bees amongst the rest, though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. " "^ Harts, hinds, horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly de- lighted with it." Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants, Agrippa adds, lib. 2. caio. 24, and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain floating islands (if ye will believe it), that after music will dance. But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise 'of divine music, I will confine myself to my proper subject: besides that excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against ^despair and melancholy, and will drive away the devil himself Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in 'Philostratus, when ApoUonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, " That he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout." Ismenias the Theban, " Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone: as now they do those, saith ^Bodine that are troubled with St. Yitus's Bedlam dance. ^'Timotheus, the musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, and leave his dinner (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de civ. Del, lib. 17. cap. 14. so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's harmony drove away the evil spirits from king Saul, 1 Sam. xvi. and Elisha when he was much troubled by importunate kings, called for a minstrel, "and when he played, the hand of the Lord came upon him," 2 Kings iii? Censorinus de natali, cap. 12. reports how Asclepiades the physician helped many frantic persons by this means, phreneticorum mentes morho turbatas — Jason Pratensis, cap. de Mania, hath many examples, how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad, by this our music. Which because it hath such excellent virtues, belike ^Horner brings in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing at the banquet of the gods. Aristotle, Polit. I. 8. c. 5, Plato 2. de legibus, highly approve it, and so do all politicians. The Greeks, Romans, have graced music, and made it one of the liberal sciences, though it be now become mercenary. All civil Common- wealths allow it,: Cneius Manlius (as ^Livius relates) anno ab urb, cond. 567. brought first out of Asia to Borne singing wenches, players, jesters, and all n Quod spiritus qui in corde agitant tremulum et subsaltantem recipiunt aerem in pectus, et inde excitantur, k spiritu musculi moventur, &c. <> Arbores radicibus avulsse, &c. P M. Carew of Anthony, in descnpt. Cornwall, saith of whales, that they will come and show themselves dancing at the sound of a trumpet, tol. 35. 1. et fol. 154. 2 book. ^De cervo, equo, cane, urso idem compertum; musica afficiuntur. fNumen inest numeris. » Ssepe graves morbos modulatum carmen abegit, Et desperatis conciliavit opem. ♦ Lib. 5. cap. 7. Moerentibus moerorem adimam, la;tantem vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantem calidiorem, religiosum divine numine covreptum, et ad Deos colendos paratiorem. " Natalis Comes Myth. lib. 4. cap. 12. ^Lib. 5. de rep. Curat Musica furorem Sancti Viti. y Exilire e convivio. Cardan, subtil, liu- lo. »■ Iliad. 1. a Libro 9. cap. I . Psaltrias, sambucisiriasque et convivalia ludorum obkctameuta addaa epulis ex Asia invexit in urbem. Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] Mind rectified by Mirth. &69 kind of music to their feasts. Your princes, emperors, and persons of any quality, maintain it in their courts; no mirth without music. Sir Thomas More, in his absokite Utopian commonwealth, allows music as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epictetus calls mensam mutam prcesepe, a table without music a manger; for "the concert of musicians at a banquet, is a carbuncle set in gold; and as the signet of an emerald well trimmed with gold, so is the melody of music in a pleasant banquet." Ecclus, xxxii. 5, 6. ^ Louis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to come to Paris, told him that as a principal part of his entertainment, he should hear sweet voices of children, Ionic and Lydian tunes, exquisite music, he should have a , and the cardinal of Bourbon to be his confessor, which he used as a most plausible argument : as to a sensual man indeed it is, ''Lucian in his book, de saltatio7ie,is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in singing, dancing, music, women's company, and such like pleasures : '' and if thou (saith he) didst but hear them play and dance, I know thou wouldst be so well pleased with the object, that thou wouldst dance for company thy- self, without doubt thou wilt be taken with it." So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, exercit. 274. " "^I am beyond all measure affected with music, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, I am well pleased to be idle amongst them." And what young man is not? As it is acceptable and conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man. Provided always, his disease proceed not originally from it, that he be not some light inamorato, some idle phan- tastic, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress. In such cases music is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or break his wind; Incitamentuni enim amoris musica, for music enchants, as Menander holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, and the sound of those jigs and hornpipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. ^ Plato for this reason forbids music and wine to all young men, because they are most part amorous, ne ignis addatur igni, lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by hearing music, but it is a pleasing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such as are dis- content, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy : it expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith ^Plutarch, Musica magis dementat quam vinum ; music makes some men mad as a tiger; like Astolphos' horn in Ariosto; or Mercury's golden wand in Homer, that made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers efi'ects: and ^Theophrastus right well prophesied, that diseases were either procured by music or mitigated. SuBSECT. I Y. — Mirth and merry company, fair objects, remedies. Mirth and merry company may not be separated from music, both con- cerning and necessarily required in this business. " Mirth " (saith ^Yives) " purgeth the blood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasing and fine colour," prorogues life, whets the wit, makes the body young, lively and fit for any manner of employment. The merrier the heart the longer the life ; " A merry heart is the life of the flesh," Prov. xiv. 30. " Gladness prolongs his days," Ecclus. xxx. 22 ; and this is one of the three Salernitan doctors, Dr. fe Comineus. « Ista libenter et magna cum voluptate speetare soleo. Et scio te illecebris hisce cap turn iri et insuper tripudiaturum, haud dubie demulcebere. ^l-a. musicis supra om3iem fidem capior et oblector ; choreas libciitissime aspicio, pulchrarum foeminarum venustate detineor, otiari inter has solutus euris possum. « 3. De legibus. ^ Sympos. quest. 5. Musica multos magis dementat quam vinum, F Aninii morbi vel tx musica curantur vel inferuntur. ^ Lib. 3. de anima. Lietitia purgat sangainem,, valetudinem conservat, colorem inducit floreajtem, nitidum, gratum. ^ 370 Cure of Melanchohj. [Ptirt. 2. Sec. 2. Merryman, Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, ' which cure all diseases Mens hilaris, requies, moderata dieta. ^ Goniesius, prcefat lib. 3. desal. gen. is a great mag- nifier of honest mirth, by which (saith he) "v/e cure many passions of the mind in ourselves, and in our friends; " which ^ Galateus assigns for a cause why we love merry companions : and well they deserve it, being that as "^ Magriinus holds, a merry companion is better than any music, and as the saying is, comes jucundas in via pro vehiculo, as a waggon to him that is wearied on the way. Jucunda confahulatio, sales, joci, pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, melliti verhorum globuli, as Petronius, " Pliny, °Spondanus, PCselius, and many good authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helena's bowl, Venus's girdle, so renowned of old "^to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and glad- ness of heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, " ' Amor, voluptas, Venus, gaudium, I " Gratification, pleasure, love, joy, Jocus, ludaSjSermo suavis, suaviatio." | Mirth, sport, pleasant words and no alloy." are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our physicians generally prescribe this as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a sufficient cure of itself. " By all means (saith ^ Mesne) procure mirth to these men in such things as are heard, seen, tasted or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them have all enticements and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, ornaments, delightsome passages to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such things on which they are so fixed and intent. *Let them use hunting, sports, plays, jests, merry company," as Rhasis prescribes, " which will not let the mind be molested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear music, and have such companions with whom they are especially delighted ; '^ merry tales or toys, drinking, singing, dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guianerius, suffer them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his empirics, accounts it an especial remedy against melancholy, '' "^ to hear and see singing, dancing, maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows and fair maids." "For the beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance," Ecclus. xxxvi. 22. ^ Beauty alone is a sovereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits ; a charm, as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in discontented Menelaus, that was so often freed by Helena's fair face : and ^ TuUy 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenet. To expel griet^ and procure pleasure, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, sports, plays, and above the rest, exquisite beau- ties, quibus oculijucunde moventur et animi, are most powerful means, obv'ia forma^ to meet or see a fair maid pass by, or to be in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in his own person, if Plutarch belie him not ; for he reckons up the names of some more elegant pieces; *Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in Epicurus' garden, andj very familiar in his house. Neither did he try it himself alone, but if we may ; give credit to ^ Atheneus, he practised it upon others. For when a sad and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, " he laid him on a down bed, • Spiritus temper at, calorem excitat, natnralem virtutera corroborat, juvenile corpus diu servat, vitara prorogat, ingenium acuit, et hominem negotiis quibuslibet aptiorem reddit. Schola Salern. ''Dura contumelia vacant et festiva lenitate mordent, mediocres animi segritudines sanari solent, &c. ' De mor. fol. 57. Amamus ideo eos qui sunt faceti et jucundl. ^ Kegim. sanit. part. 2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus socius, narrationibus suis jucundis superat omnem melodiam. " Lib. 21. cap. 27. » Comment, in 4. Od\ ss. p Lib. 26. c. 15. qHomericum illud Nepenthes quod moerorem tollit, et cuthimiam, et hilaritatem parit. '■Plaut. Bacch. ^ De tegritud. capitis. Omni modo generet Letitiam in lis, de iis qu.e audiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantur, aut quocunque modo sentiri possunt, et aspectu for- niarum multi decoris et ornatus, et negotiatione jucunda, et blandientibus ludis, et promissis distrahantur eorum animi, de re aliqua quam timent et dolent. ' Utantur venationibu*, ludis, jocis, amicorum consort is, qusenon sinunt animum turbari, vino et canta et loci mutatione, etbiberia, et gaudio, ex quibus priEcipue delectantur. ° Piso. ex fabulis et ludis quEerenda delectatio. His versetur qui maxime grati sunt, cantus et chorea ad Iretitiara prosunt. ^ Praecipue valet ad expellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus, ludis, et sonis, et habitare cum familiaribus, et priecipue cum puellis jucundis. yPar. 5. de avocamentis, lib. de absolvendo luctu. ^Corporum complexus, cantus, ludi, formse, Dypnosoph. lib. 10. Coronavit tiorido serto inceudens odores, in culcitra plumea coUocavit dulciculam potiouera propiuans, psaltviam adduxit, &c. Mem. 6. Subs. 4. ' Mind rectified hy Mirth, 371 crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet delicately set out, and after a portion or two of good drink, which he adminis- tered, he brought in a beautiful young "^ wench that could play upon a lute, sing, and dance," &c,, Tully, 3 Tusc. scoifs at Epicurus, for this his profane physic (as well he deserved), and yet Phavorinus and Stobeus highly approve of it; most of our looser physicians in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this; and all of them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent use of honest sports, companies, and recreations, et incitandos ad Venerem, as '^.Rodericus a Fonseca will, aspectu et contactu pulcherrimm^um fceniinarum, to be drawn to such consorts whether they will or no. Not to be an auditor only, or a spectator, but sometimes an actor himself. Dulce est desipere in loco, to play the fool now and then is not amiss, there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry by fits, sing, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him; so would old Cato, ®Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. brings in Socrates as a principal actor, no man merrier than himself, and sometimes he would " ^ride a cockhorse with his children," equitare in arundine longd (though Alcibiades scoffed at hirn for it), and well he might ; for now and then (saitli Plutarch) the most virtuous, honest; and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys, as we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Lselius, *'* Qui ubi se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant, Virtus Scipiad* et mitis sapientia Lfeli, Nugari cum illo, et disciucti ludere, donee Decoqueretur olus, soliti " " Valorous Scipio and gentle Laslius, Removed from the scene and rout so clamorous, Were wont to recreate themselves their robes laid by Whilst supper by the cook was making ready." Machiavel, in the eighth book of his Florentine history, gives this note of Cosmo de' Medici, the wisest and gravest man of his time in Italy, that he would "''now and then play the most egregious fool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters, players and childish sports, to make himself merry, that he that should but consider his gravity on the one part, his folly and light- ness on the other, would surely say, there were two distinct persons in him." Now methinks he did well in it, though ' Salisburiensis be of opinion, that magis- trates, senators, and grave men, should not descend to lighter sports, ne res- 2')uhlica ludere videatur : but as Themistocles, still keep a stern and constant carriage. I commend Cosmo de' Medici and Castruccius Castrucanus, than whom Italy never knew a worthier captain, another Alexander, if "^Machiavel do not deceive us in his life: "when a friend of his reprehended him for dcmcing beside his dignity" (belike at some cushion dance), he told him again, qui sapit interdiu, vix unquam noctu desipit, he that is wise in the day may dote a little in the night. Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Decimus, that he was a grave, discreet, staid man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. And 'tis not altogether ^ unfit or misbeseeming the gravity of such a man, if that decorum of time, place, and such circumstances be observed. ^Misce stuUitiam consiliis brevem; and as "he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every man say to himself, or to his friend, *' Moll, once in pleasant company by chance, I Veil, if you will, your head, your soul reveal To him that only wounded souls can heal : Be in my house as busy as a bee, Having a sting for every one but me ; Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring honey : Let nothing waste, that costs or yieldeth money, o And when thou seest my heart to mirth incline. Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm with good cheer & wine : Then of sweet sports let no occasion 'scape, But be as wanton, toying as an ape." I wished that you for company would dance : Which you refused, and said, your years require, Now, matron-like, both manners and attire. Well, Moll, if needs you will be matron-like, Then trust to this, I will thee matron-like : Yet so to you my love may never lessen. As you for church, house, bed, observe this lesson : Sit in the church as solemn as a saint. No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint. « Ut reclinata suaviter in lectum puella, &c. •* Tom. 2. consult. 85. « Epist. Fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Heri demum bene potus, seroque redieram. ^ Valer. Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. Interposita arundine cruribus suis, cum ftliis ludens, ab Alcibiade risus est. e Hor. '^ Hominibus facetis, et ludis puerilibus ultra modum deditus, adeo ut si cui in eo tam gravitatem quam levitatem considerare liceret, duas personas distinctas in eo esse diceret. ' De nugis curial. lib. 1. cap. 4. Magistratus et viri graves, a ludis levioribus arcendi. ^ Machiavel vita ejus. Ab amico reprehensus, quod prteter dignitatem tripudiis operam daret, respondet, &c. ' There is a time for all things, to weep, laugh, mourn, dance, Eccles. iii. 4. "> Hor. . " Sir John Harrington, Epigr. 50. « Lucretia toto sis licet usque die, Thaida nocte volo. 372 Citre of Melanclioty. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. Those old p Greeks had their Lubentiam Deam, goddess of pleasure, and the Lacedemonians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Deo Risui sacrijicare, after their wars especially, and in times of peace, which was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that of "^Apuleius, who was made an instrument of their laughter himself : " "" Because laughter and merriment was to season their labours and modester life." ^Risus enim divum atque hominwm est ceterna voluptas. Princes use jesters, players, and have those masters of revels in their courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had no solemn dinner) used music, gladiators, jesters, &c., as* Suetonius relates of Tiberius, Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides music, in Xenophon's Sympos. Fhilippus ridendi artifex, Philip, a jester, was brought to make sport. Paulus Jovius, in the eleventh book of his history, hath a pretty digression of our English customs, which howsoever some may misconstrue, I, for my part, will interpret to the best. " "The whole nation beyond all other mortal men, is most given to banquetting and feasts; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainty cheer, exquisite music, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing and courting their mistresses, till it be late in the night." Volateran gives the same testimony of this island, commending our jovial manner of entertainment and good mirth, and methinks he saith well, there is no harm in it; long may they use it, and all such modest sports. Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids attending at his table, to play, sing, and dance by turns; and ''Lil. Geraldus of an Egyptian prince, that kept nine virgins still to wait upon him, and those of most excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks of that fiction of the nine Muses. The king of Ethiopia in Africa., most of our Asiatic princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, &c., solace themselves after supper amongst their queens and concubines, quce jucundioris oblectamenti causa (^ saith mine author) coram rege psallere et saltare consueverant, taking great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such means to exhilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say then, but to every melancholy man, " » Utere convivis, non tristibus utere amicis, I " Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, Quos nugae et risus, et joca salsa juvant." | Whose jests and merriments may make thee glad." Use honest and chaste sports, scenical shows, plays, games; ^Accedant juvenumque Chori, mistoique puellce. And as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an epistle to Bernard Canisianus, and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students, "''Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, per- plexity, anguish, grief of mind, live merrily," Icetitim coelum vos creavit: " ''Again and again I request you to be merry, if any thing trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it, ''let it pass. ^And this I enjoin- you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician; for without this mirth, which is the life and quintessence of physic, medicines, and whatsoever is used and applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no force." I) am fata sinunt, vivite Iceti (Seneca), I say be merry. " *'Nec lusibus virentem Viduemus hanc juventam." It was Tiresias the prophet's counsel to ^Menippus, that travelled all the p Lil. Giraldus hist. deor. Syntag 1. vivite ergo Iseti, amici, procul ab angustia, vivite la;ti. « Iterum precor et obtestor, vivite lasti : illud quod cor urit, negligite. "^ La;tus in prsesens animus quod ultra oderit curare. Hor He was both Sacerdos et Medicus. « Ha3c autem non tam ut sacerdos, amici, mando vobis, quam ut medicus; nam absque hac una tanquam medicinarum vita, medicinse omnes ad vitam produceudara adhibitas moriuntur : vivite laiti. ^ Locheus Anacreon. e Lucian. Necyomantia. Tom. 2. Mera. G. Subs. 4.] Mind rectified hy Mirth. 373 world over, even down to hell itself to seek content, and his last forewell to Menippiis, to be merry. " ''Contemn the world (saith he), and count that is in it vanity and toys ; this only covet all thy life long ; be not curious, or over solicitous in any thing, but with a well composed and contested estate to enjoy thyself, and above all things to be merry." "SiNumerus iiti censet sine arnore jocisque, Nil est jucundum, vivas in amore jocisque."! Nothing better (to conclude with Solomon, Eccles. iii. 22.), " Than that a man should rejoice in his affairs." 'Tis the same advice which every phy- sician in this case rings to his patient, as Capivaccius to his, " ''avoid over- much study and perturbations of the mind, and as much as in thee lies, live at heart's-ease:" Prosper Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal CaBsius, "'amidst thy serious studies and business, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever ehemay recreate thy mind." Nothing better than mirth and merry coaipauy in this malady. "™It begins with sorrow (saith Mon- tanus), it must be expelled with hilarity." But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the only medicine against melancholy, will therefore neglect their business; and in another extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a tavern or an ale-house, and know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking; malt-worms, men-iishes, or water-snakes, "^Qui bihunt solum ranai'um more, nihil comedentes, like so many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat, and drink; to sacrifice to Volupia, Rumina, Edulica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wish for Philoxenus' neck, Jupiter's trinoctium, and that the sun would stand still as in Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies noctesque pergrcecari et bibere. Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, basely prostitute themselves to every rogue's company, to take tobacco and drink, to roar and sing scur- rilous songs in base places. "o Invenies aliquem cum percussore jacentem, Permistum nautis, aut furibus, aut fugicivis." Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he would lie drinking all day long with carmen and tapsters in a brothel-house, is too frequent amongst us, with men of better note : like Timocreon of Hhodes, raulta bibejis, et multa volens, &c. They drown their wits, seethe their brains in ale, con- sume their fortunes, lose their time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calentures, tremor, get swoln jugulars, pimpled red faces, sore eyes, &c. ; heat their livers, alter their complexions, spoil their stomachs, overthrow their bodies; for drink drowns more than the sea and all the rivers that fall into it (meiie funges and casks), confound their souls, suppress reason, go from Scylla to Charybdis, and use that which is a help to their undoing. ^ Quid re/ert morbo an ferro pe7^eamve ruhid ? '^When the Black Prince went to set the exiled king of Castile into his kingdom, there was a terrible battle fought between the English and the Spanish : at last •the Spanish fled, the English followed them to the river side, where some drowned themselves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what difierence is between disowning and killing? As good be melancholy •> Omnia mundana nngas sestimp.. Hoc solum tota vita persequere, ut prwsentibas bene compositis, minime curiosus, aut uUa in re solicitus, quam plurimum potes vitam hilarem traducas. ' "If the world think that nothing can be happy without love and mirth, then live in love and jollity." ^ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania, fol. 161. Studia literarum et animi perturbationes fugiat, et quantum potest jucunde vivat. iLib. de atra bile. Gravioribus cuds ludos et facetias aliquando interpone, jocos, et quie solent animum relaxare. m Consil. 30. mala valetudo aucta et contracta est tristitia ac propterea exhilaratione animi removenda. » Athen. dypnosoph. lib. 1. oJuven. sat. 8. " You will tind him beside some cut-throat, along with sailors, or thie es, or runaways." pHor. " What does it signify whether I perish by disease or by the sword ! " i Frossard. hist. lib. 1. Hispani cum Anglorura vires fcrre non possent, in fugaui se dederuut, &c. Praecipites in tiuvium se dederuiit, ne iu hostium manus venirent. 374 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 3. still, as drunken beasts and beggars. Company a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is their sole misery and cause of perdition. As Hermione lamented in Euripides, maloe mulieres mefecerunt malam. Evil company marred her, may they justly complain, bad companions have been their bane. For, ^malus malum vult ut sit sui similis; one drunkard in a company, one thief, one whoremaster, will by his goodwill make all the rest as bad as himself, Nocturnos jures te formidare vapores," be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hate, be it good or bad, if you come amongst them, you must do as they do : yea, * though it be to the prejudice of your health, you must drink venenum pro vino. And so like grasshoppers, whilst they sing over their cups all summer, they starve in winter; and for a little vain merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. SECT. III. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — A Consolatory Digression, containing the Remedies of all manner of Discordents. Because in the preceding section I have made mention of good counsel, comfortable speeches, persuasion, how necessarily they are required to 'lie cure of a discontented or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole sufficient cure of themselves; I have thought fit in this fol- lowing section, a little to digress (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean a few remedies, and comfortable speeches out of our best orators, philosophers, divines, and fathers of the church, tending to this pur- pose. I confess, many have copiously written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, Xenocrates, Crantor, Lucian, Boethius: and some of late, Sadoletus, Cardan, Budseus, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, &c. And they so well, that as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum, areret ingeydum, de illorum posset f on- tibus irrigari, if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously irri- gated from those well-springs : and I shall but actum agere; yet because these tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomise, and briefly insert some of their divine precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast treatises to my small scale ; for it were otherwise impossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And although (as Cardan said of his book de consol.) " " I know beforehand, this tract of mine many will contemn and reject; they that are fortunate, happy, and in flourishing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable and unhappy, think them insuflicient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their misery; yet I will go on; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy, to bring them to a moderation, and make them reflect and know themselves, by seeing the inconstancy of human felicity, others' misery : and to such as are distressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some content and comfort." " "^'Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases, some affections of the mind are altogether incurable; yet these helps of art, physic, and philosophy must not be contemned." Arrianus and Plotinus are stiff in the contrary opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones, Insana stultce mentis hcec solatia.'^ ""Ter. *Hor. " Although you swear that you dread the night air." *'H Trt^i ^) airi^i, "either drink or depart." " Lib. de lib. propriis. Hos libros scio multos spernere, nam felices his se nou indigere putant, infelices ad solationem miseri* non sufHcere. Et tamen felLcibus rnoderationem, dum inconstan- tiam humanse felicitatis docent, prasstant; infelices si omnia recte asstimare velint, felices redderepossunt. ■w.NuUum medicamentum onmes sanare potest; suntaffectus animi quiprorsussunt insanabiles; nontamea 4itis opus sperai debet, aut medicinse, aut pliilpsophiie. x " The insane consolations of a foolish mind." .. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Memedies against Discontents. 375 Words add no courage, which ^Catiline once said to his soldiers, "a cap- tain's oration doth not make a coward a valiant man:" and as Job '^ feelingly- said to his friends, "you are but miserable comforters all." 'Tis to no purpose in that vulgar phrase to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings: as^PliniusSecundus, being now sorrowful and heavyfor the departure of his dear friend Cornelius Paifus, a Roman senator, wrote to his fellow Tiro in like case, ad/iibs solatia, sed nova aliqua, sedfortia, quce audierim nunquam^ legerim nunquam : nam quce, audivi, quoi legi omnia, tanto dolore superantur, either say something that I never read nor heard of before, or else hold thy peace. Most men will here except trivial consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in this behalf will be of small force; what can any man say that hath not been said? To what end are such parseuetical discourses? you may as soon remove Mount Caucasus, as alter some men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, and comfort and ease a little, though it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope I will adventure. ^Non mens hie sermo,'t\s not my speech this, but of Seneca, Plutarch, Epictetus, Austin, Bernard, Christ and his Apostles. If I make nothing, as ''Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing ; 'tis not my doctrine but my study, I hope T shall do nobody wrong to speak what I think, and deserve not blame in imparting my mind. J f it be not for thy ease, it may for mine own ; so Tully, Cardan, and Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help themselves as others ; be it as it may I will essay. Discontents and grievances are either general or particular; general are wars, plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, unseasonable weather, epi- demical diseases Avliich afflict whole kingdoms, territories, cities : or peculiar to private men, ^ as cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sick- ness, orbities, injuries, abuses, &c. Generally all discontent, ^homines qua- timur fortuncE salo. No condition free, quisque suos patimur manes. Even in the midst of our mirth and jollity, there is some grudging, some complaint^ as ^he saith, our wdiole life is a glucupricon, a bitter-sweet passion, honey and gall mixed together, we are all miserable and discontent, who can deny it? If all, and that it be a common calamity, an inevitable necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infers, "^who art thou that hopest to go free? Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the world?" Ferre qiHi'ni sorlem patiuntur omnes. Nemo recuset, ''^If it be common to all, why should one man be more disquieted than another ? " If thou alone wert dis- tressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be endured; but when the calamity is common, comfort thyself with this, thou hast more ieWowa, Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris; 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst thou be so impatient ? " 'Ay, but alas we are more miserable than others, what shall we do ? Besides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear and danger of common enemies : we have Bellona's whips, and pitiful outcries, for epithala- miums; for pleasant music, that fearful noise of ordnance, drums, and warlike trumpets still sounding in our ears; instead of nuptial torches, we have firing of towns and cities ; for triumphs, lamentations ; for joy, tears." "''So it is y Salust. Verba virtitteTn non aciaunt,nec imperatoris oratio facilfe timido fortern. « Job cap. 16. » Episl. 13. lib. 1. b ilor. ^Lib. 2. Essays, cap. G. <^ Alimn paupertas, allum ovbitas, hunc. raorbi, ilium timor, alium injuriaj, hunc insidice, ilium uxor, filii distiahunt, Cardan. ' Boethius, 1.1. met. o. f Apuleius, 4. florid. Nihil honiini tarn prospere datum divinitus, quinei admixtum sit aliquid difficultatis, in amplissima quaque Itetitia subest qucedam querimonia, conjugatione quadam inellis et fellis. s Si omnes premantur, quis tu es qui solus evade; e cupis ab ea lege qu£e nerainem prajterit ? cur te mortalem factum et universi non orbis regem tieri non doles ? *> pi^teanus, ep. 75. Neque cuiquam prsecipuedolendum eo quod accidit universis. ' Lorchan. Gallobelgicus, lib 3. Anno 1-598. de Belgis. Euge! sed eheu inquis quid agemus? ubi pro Epithalamio BelloniB flagellum,pro musica harmoniaterribilem lituorum et tubarum audias clangorem, pro taidis nuptialibus, villarura, pagorum, urb um videas incendia ; ubi pro jubilo lamenta, pro risu Actus aerem conipkut. iv Ita est protecto, et quisquis ha>c videre abnuis, huic scculo paruiu aptus es, aut potius nostrorum omnium conditionem ignoras, quibus I'eciproco quodaoi ngxu lata tristibua, tristia la;tis, iiivicem succedunt. 376 Cure oj Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. and so it was, and so it ever will be. He that refusetli to see and hear, to suffer this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows not the common condition of all men, to whom so long as they live, with a reciprocal course, joys and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another." It is inevitable, it may not be avoided, and why then shouldst thou be so much troubled? Grave nihil est humini quod/ert necessitas, as 'Tully deems out of an old poet, "that which is necessary cannot be grievous." If it be so, then comfort thyself in this, *'"that whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured:" make a virtue of necessity, and conform thyself to undergo it. "^Si longa est, levis est; si gravis est, hrevis est. If it be long, 'tis light ; if grievous, it cannot last. It will away, dies dolorem minuit, and if nought else, time will wear it out ; custom will ease it ; "oblivion is a common medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detriments whatsoever, "^and when they are once past, this commodity comes of infelicity, it makes the rest of our life sweeter unto us:" "^Atque hcec olim meniinisse juvahit, " recollection of the past is pleasant : " " the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant and delightsome than before it was." We must not think, the happiest of us all, to escape here with- out some misfortunes, "■■ Usque adeb nulla est sincera voluptas, Solicit umque aliquid Isetis intervenit " Heaven and earth are much unlike : " * Those heavenly bodies indeed are freely carried in their orbs without any impediment or interruption, to continue their course for innumerable ages, and make their conversions : but men are urged with many difficulties, and havediversehindrances, oppositions still cross- ing, interrupting their endeavours and desires, and no mortal man is free from this law of nature." We must not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to have a continuance of good success and fortunes, For- tuna nunquam perpetub est bona. And as Minutius Felix, the Roman consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his good fortunes, look not for that success thou hast hithei-to had ; "*It never yet happened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all things according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse." Even so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of Augustus : though he were Jupiter's almoner, Pluto's treasurer, Neptune's admiral, it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades' fortune, Narsetes, that great Gonsalvus, and most famous men's, that as "" Jovius concludes, " it is almost fatal to great princes, through their own default or otherwise circumvented with envy and malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously." 'Tis so, still hath been, and ever will be, Nihil est ah omni parte beatum, " There's no perfection is so absolute, That some impurity doth not pollute." Whatsoever is under the moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and so long as thou livest upon earth look not for other. " "*^Thou shalt not here find peaceable and cheerful days, quiet times, but rather clouds, storms, calumnies; such is our fate." And as those errant planets in their distinct orbs have their several motions, sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in apogee, perigee, iTn Tusc. fe vetere poeta. "■■ Cardan, lib. 1. de consol. Est consolationis genus non leve, quod 'h necessitate fit; sive feras, sive non feras, ferendum est tamen. "Seneca. oOmnidolori tempus est medicina ; ipsum luctum extinguit, injurias delet, omnis mali oblivionem adfert. p Habet hoc'quoque conimodum omnis infelicitas, suaviorem vitam cum abierit relinquit. i Virg. rOvid. " For tliere is no pleasure perfect, some anxiety always inters'enes." * Lorchan. Sunt namque infera superis, humana terrenis longe disparia. Etenim beatse mentes feruntur libere, et sine uUo impedimento, Stella?, aithereique orbes cursuset conversiones suas jam sseculis innumerabilibus constantissime conflciunt; verum homines magnis angustiis. Neque hac naturae lege est quisquam mortalium solutus. « Dionysius Halicar. lib. 8. non enim uiiquam contigit, nee post homines uatos invenies quentiuam, cui omnia ex animi sententia successerint, ita ut nulla in re fortuna s;t ei adversata. "Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. Ut ducibus fatale sit clarissimis a culpa sua, secus circumveniri cum malitia et invidia, imminutaque dignitateper contumeliam mori. * In terris purura ilium setherem non invenies, et ventos serenos ; nimbos potius, procellas, caluni- nias. Lips. cent. misc. ep. 8. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Remedies against Discontents. 377 oriental, occidental, combust, feral, free, and as our astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the heavens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &c. So we rise and fall in this world, ebb and flow, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to many accidents and casualties of fortunes, variety of passions, infirmities as well from ourselves as others. Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy but in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine, thou alone art unhappy, none so bad as thyself Yet if, as Socrates said, " ^ All men in the world should come and bring their grievances together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servitude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to be equally divided, wouldst thou share alike, and take thy portion '? or be as tliou art 1 " Without question thou wouldst be as thou art. If some Jupiter should say, to give us all content. y Jam faciam quod vultis; eris tu, qui moclb miles, Mercator ; tu consultus modo, vusticus ; Line vos, Vos hinc mutatis discedite partibus ; eia Quidstatis? nolint." " Well be't so then : you master soldier Shall be a merchant; you sir lawyer A counti-y gentleman ; go you to this, That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis ' ■"Every man knows his own, but not others' defects and miseries j and 'tis the nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes," not to examine or consider other men's, not to compare themselves with others : To recount their miseries, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, or ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their pros- perity, not what they have, but what tiiey want : to look still on them that go before, but not on those infinite numbers that come after. " * Whereas many a man would think himself in heaven, a petty prince, if he had but the least part of that fortune which thou so much repinest at, abhorrest, and accountest a most vile and wretched estate." How many thousands want that which thou hast? how many myriads of poor slaves, captives, of such as work day and night in coal-pits, tin-mines, with sore toil to maintain a poor living, of such as labour in body and mind, live in extreme anguish and pain, all which thou art free from 1 fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint : Thou art most happy if thou couldst be content, and acknowledge thy happiness ; ^Rem carendo non fruendo cognoscimus, when thou shalt hereafter come to want that which thou now loathest, abhorrest, and art weary of, ^nd tired with, when 'tis past thou wilt say thou wert most happy : and after a little miss, wish with all thine heart thou hadst the same content again, mightest lead but such a life, a world for such a life : the remembrance of it is pleasant. Be silent then, "^rest satis- lied, desine, intuensque in aliorum in/ortunia solare mentem, comfort thyself with other men's misfortunes, and as the moldiwarp in ^sop told the fox, com- plaining«for want of a tail, and the rest of his companions, tacete, quando ine ocidii' captum videtis, you complain of toys, but I am blind, be quiet. I say to thee, be thou satisfied. It is "^recorded of the hares, that with a general con- sent they went to drown themselves, out of a feeling of their misery; but when they saw a company of frogs more fearful than they were, they began to take courage and comfort aj,ain. Compare thine estate with others. Similes aliorum respice casus, mitius isia feres. Be content and rest satisfied, for thou art well in respect to others : be thankful for that thou hast, that God hath done for thee, he hath not made thee a monster, a beast, a base creature, as 'Si omnes homines sua mala suasque curas in unura cumulum conferrent, oequis divisura portionibus, &c. T llor. ser. lib. 1. ^ Quod unusquisque propria mala novit, aliorum nesciat, in CaUsa est, ut se inter alios miserura putet. Cardan, lib. 3. de consol. Plutarch, deconsol. ad ApoUonium. "Quara multos putas qui se coelo proximos putarent, totidem regulos, si de fortunfe tuje reliquiis pars iis minima contingat. Boeth. de consol. lib. 2. pros. 4. *>" Xoa know the value of a th.ng from wanting more than from enjoying it." •= Hesiod. Esto quod es; quod sunt-alii, sine quemlibet esse; Quod non es, noils ; quod poles esse, velis. ''Jisopifab. 378 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. lie might, but a man, a Christian, such a man ; consider aright of it, thou art full well as thou art. ^Quicquid vult, habere nemo potest, no man can have what he will, Illitd potest nolle quod non hahet, he may choose whether he will desire that which he hath not. Thy lot is fallen, make the best of it. " '^ If we should all sleep at all times (as Endymion is said to have done), who then were happier than his fellow ? " Our life is but short, a very dream, and while we look about, ^ immortalitas adest, eternity is at hand : "^our life is a pilgrim- age on earth, which wise men pass with great alacrity." If thou be in woe, sorrow, want, distress, in pain, or sickness, think of that of our apostle, " God chastiseth them whom he loveth : they that sow in tears shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 5. " As the furnace proveth the potter's vessel, so doth temptation try men's thoughts,'' Ecclus. xxv. 5, 'tis for ^ thy good, Periisses 7iisi periisses : hadst thou not been so visited, thou hadst been utterly undone : " as gold in the fire," so men are tried in adversity. Tribulatio ditat: and which Came- rarius hath well shadowed in an emblem of a thresher and corn. *'Si tritura absit paleis sunt abdita grana, I " As threshing separates from straw the corn, N OS crux mundanis separat a paleis ; " | By crosses from the world's chaff are we born." 'Tis the very same which ^Chrysostom comments, horn. 2. in 3 Mat. " Corn is hot separated but by threshing, nor men from worldly impediments but by tribulation." 'Tis that which ' Cyprian ingeminates, Ser. 4. de immort. 'Tis that which ™ Hierom, which all the fathers inculcate, " so we are catechised for eternity." 'Tis that which the proverb insinuates. Nocumentum docu- Qnentum ; 'tis that which all the world rings in our ears, Deus unicum hahet filium sine peccato, nidlum sineflagello : God, saith "Austin, hath one son without sin, none without correction. "°An expert seaman is tried in a tempest, a runner in a race, a captain in a battle, a valiant man in adversity, a Christian in tentation and misery." Basil, hom. 8. We are sent as so many soldiers into this world, to strive with it, the flesh, the devil; our life is a warfare, and who knows it not ? "^Non est ad astra mollis e terris via : "■ ''and therefore peradveuture this world here is made troublesome unto us," that, as Gregory notes, " we should not be delighted by the way, and forget whither we are going." " "■ Ite nunc fortes, tibi celsa magni Ducit exempli via : cur inertes Terga nudatis? superata tellns Sidera domat." Go on then merrily to heaven. If the way be troublesome, and you in misery, in many grievances : on the other side you have many pleasant sports, objects, sweet smells, delightsome tastes, music, meats, herbs, flowers, &c. to recreate your senses. Or put case thou art now forsaken of the world, dejected, con- temned, yeb comfort thyself, as it was said to Agar in the wilderness, "^God sees thee, he takes notice of thee : " there is a God above that can vindicate thy cause, that can relieve thee. And surely * Seneca thinks he takes delight in seeing thee. " The gods are well pleased when they see great men con- tending with adversity," as we are to see men fight, or a man with a beast. But these are toys in respect, " " Behold," saith he, " a spectacle worthy of God ; a good man contented with his estate." A tyrant is the best sacrifice e Seneca. ^Si dormirent semper omnes, nullus alio fselicior esset. Card. e Seneca de Ira. '^ Plato, .Axiocho. An ignoras vitam hanc peregrinationem, &c. quam sapientes cum gaudio percurrunt ? 'Sic expedit; medicus non dat qiiod patiens vult, sedquod ipse bonum scit. ^ Frunientum non egreditur nisi trituratum, &c. iNon est poena damnantis sed tlagellum corrigentis. '" Ad hsereditatem CBternam sic erudimur. " Confess. 6. °Naucleram tempestas, athletam stadium, ducem pugna, magnan;mum calamitas, Christianum vero tentatio probat et examinat. p Sen. Here. Fur. "The way from the earth to the stars is not so downy." ^ Ideo Deus asperum fecit iter, ne dum delectantur in via, obliviscantur eoruiii qu£e sv-nt in patria. ■■ Boethius, 1. fi. met. ult " Go now, brave fellows, whither the lofty patli of a great example leads. Why do you stupidly expose your backs ? The earth brings the stars to subjection." ^Boeth. pro. ult. Manet spectator cunctorum desuper prsescius deus, bonis proemia, malis supplicia dispcnsans. ' Lib. de provid. Voluptatem capiunt dii siquando magnos viros colluctantes . cum calumitate vident. u Ecce spectaculum Deo dignura. Yir fortis mala fortuna compositus. Mem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 379 to Jupiter, as tlie ancients held, and lils best object "a contented mind." For thy part then rest satisfied, "cast all thy care on him, thy burthen on him, " rely on him, trust on him, and he shall nourish thee, care for thee, give thee thine heart's desire;" say with David, "God is our hope and strength, in troubles ready to be found," Psal. xlvi. 1, "for they that trust in the Lord shall be as Mount Zion, which cannot be removed," Psal. cxxv. 1, 2. "as the mountains are about Jerusalem, so is the Lord about his people, from hence- forth and for ever.'* MEMB. II. Deformity of body, sickness, baseness of birth, peculiar discontents. Particular discontents and grievances, are either of body, mind, or for- tune, which as they wound the soul of man, produce tiiis melancholy, and many great inconveniences, by that antidote of good counsel and persuasion may be eased or expelled. Deformities and imperfections of our bodies, as lameness, crookedness, deafness, blindness, be they innate or accidental, tor- ture many men : yet this may comfort them, that those imperfections of the body do not a whit blemish the soul, or hinder the operations of it, but rather help and much increase it. Thou art lame of body, deformed to the eye, yet this hinders not but that thou mayest be a good, a wise, upright, honest man. " -' Seldom," saith Plutarch, " honesty and beauty dwell together," and often- times under a thread-bare coat lies an excellent understanding, scejye sub at- tritd latitat sapientia veste. ^ Cornelius Mussus, that famous preacher in Italy, when he came first into the pulpit in Venice, was so much contemned by reason of his outside, a little, lean, poor, dejected person, ^ they were all ready to leave the church; but when they heard his voice they did admire him, and happy was that senator could enjoy his company, or invite him first to his house. A silly fellow to look to, may have more wit, learning, honesty, than he that struts it out AmpvMis jactans, d'c., grandia gradiens, and is ad- mired in the world's opinion: Vilis scepe cadus nobile nectar habet, the best wine comes out of an old vessel. How many deformed princes, kings, em- perors, could I reckon up, philosophers, orators? Hannibal had but one eye, Appius Claudius, Timoleon, blind, Muleasse, king of Tunis. John, king of Bohemia, and Tiresias the prophet. "''The night hath his pleasure;" and for the loss of that one sense such men are commonly recompensed in the rest; they have excellent memories, other good parts, music, and many recreations; much happiness, great wisdom, as Tully well discourseth in his *" Tusculau questions: Homer was blind, yet who (saith he) made more accurate, lively, or better descriptions, with both his eyes? Deraocritus was blind, yet as Laertius writes of him, he saw more than all Greece besides, as ^ Plato con- cludes, Turn sane mentis ocidus acute incipit cernere, quum primiim corporis oculus deflorescit, when our bodily eyes are at worst, generally the eyes of our soul see best. Some philosophers and divines have evirated themselves, and put out their eyes voluntarily, the better to contemplate. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually running, fulsome in company, yet no man so eloquent and pleasing in his works. -5ilsop was crooked, Socrates purblind, long-legged, hairy ; Demociitus withered ; Seneca lean and harsh, ugly to behold, yet shew me so many flourishing wits, such divine spirits : Horace, a little blear-eyed contemptible fellow, yet who so sententious and wise? Mar- cilius Ficinus, Faber Stapulensis, a couple of dwarfs; '^Melancthon a short *1 Pet. V. 7. Psal. Iv. 22. yRaro sub eodem larc honestas et forma habitant. « Josephus Mussus vita ejus. "Uomuncio brcvis, inacilentus, umbra lKi;ainis, &c. Aii stuporem ejus eruditionem et eioquentiam admirati sunt. ''Nox habeC suas voluptates. <^ Lib. 5. ad finem. caecus potest esse sapiens et beatUSj &c. "^In cou%ivio, lib 25. * Joacluuius Cumeravius, vit. ejus. 380 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2, Sec. 3. hard-favonred man, parvus erat, sed magnus erat, &c., yet of incomparable parts all three. ^Ignatius Loyola, tlie founder of the Jesuits, by reason of a hurt he received in his leg, at the siege of Pampeluna, the chief town of Navarre in Spain, unfit for wars, and less serviceable at court, upon that ac- cident betook himself to his beads, and by those means got more honour than ever he should have done with the use of his limbs, and properness of person: ^ Vulnus nonpenetrat animum, a wound hurts not the soul. Galba the emperor was crook-backed, Epictetus lame : that great Alexander a little man of stature; ^Augustus Csesar of the same pitch; Agesilaus despicahili formd ; Boccharis a most deformed prince as ever Egypt had, yet as ' Diodorus Siculus records of him, in wisdom and knowledge fai- beyond his predecessors. A. Dom. 1306. ^ Uladeslaus Cubitalis that pigmy king of Poland reigned and fought more victorious battles than any of his long-shanked predecessors. Nullam virtus resi^uit staturam, virtue refuseth no stature, and commonly your great vast bodies, and fine features, are sottish, dull, and leaden spirits. What's in them 1 ^ Quid nisi pondus iners stolidoique ferocia mentis, What in Osus and Ephialtes (Neptune's sons in Homer), nine acres long ? ""Qui ut magnus Orion, [ " Like tall Orion stalking o'er the flood : Cum pedes incedit, medii per maxima ISTerei When with his brawny breast he cuts the waves, Stagna, viam findens humero supereminet undas." j His shoulder scarce the topmost billow laves." What in Maximinus, Ajax, Caligula, and the rest of tbose great Zanzum- mins, or gigantical Anakims, heavy, vast, barbarous lubbers 1 ■ si membra tibi dant grandia Parcse, Mentis eges ? " Their body, saitli ° Lemnius, " is a burden to them, and their spirits not so lively, nor they so erect and merry:" JVon est in magno corpore mica satis: a little diamond is more worth than a rocky mountain : which made Alexander Aphrodiseus positively conclude, " The lesser, the ° wiser, because the soul was more contracted in such a body." Let Bodine in his 5. c. method, hist, plead the rest : the lesser they are, as in Asia, Greece, they have generally the finest wits. And for bodily stature which some so much admire, and goodly pre- sence, 'tis true, to say the best of them, great men are proper, and tall, I grant, caput inter nuhila condunt (hide their heads in the clouds); but helli pysilli, little men are pretty : " Sed si bellus homo est Cotta, pusillus homo est."" Sickness, diseases, trouble many, but without a cause; "^It may be 'tis for the good of their souls : " Parsfatifuit, the flesh rebels against the spirit ; that which hurts the one, must needs help the other. Sickness is the mother of modesty, putteth us in mind of our mortality ; and when we are in the full career of worldly pomp and jollity, she pulleth us by the ear, and maketh us know ourselves. "^ Pliny calls it, the sum of philosophy, " If we could but perform that in our health, which we promise in our sickness." Quum infirmi sumus, ^ optimi sumus; for "what sick man" (as ^ Secundus expostulates with Rufus) " was ever lascivious, covetous, or ambitious? he envies no man, admires no man, flatters no man, dcspiseth no man, listens not after lies and tales," &c. And were it not for such gentle remembrances, men would have no moderation of themselves, they would be worse than tigers, wolves, and lions: who should keep them in awe? " princes, masters, parents, magistrates, judges, friends, enemies, fair or foul means cannot contain us, but a little sick- ness (as ' Chrysostom observes), will correct and amend us." And therefore ^Riber. vit. ejus. eMacrobius. hSueton. c. 7. 9. sLib. 1. Corpore exili et despecto, sed ingenio et prudentia longe ante se reges caeteros pra;veniens. <« Alexander Gaguinis hist. PolandiiB. Corpore parvus eram, cubito vix altior uno, Sed tamen in parvo corpore magnus erara. ' Ovid. ™ Virg. iEnei. 10. * "If the fates give you large proportions, do you not require faculties?" "Lib. 2. cap. 20. Oiieri est illis corporis moles, et spiritus minus vividi. ©Corpore breves prudentiores quum coarctata sit anima. Ingenio pollet cui vim natura negavit. pMultis ad salutem anima; profuit corporis segritudo, Petrarch. i Lib. 7. Summa est totius Philosophiae, si tales, &c. ^ " When we are sick we are most amiable." « Plinius, epist. 7. lib. Quern infirmum libido solicitat, aut avaritia, aut honores ? nemini invidet, neminem miratur, neminem despicit, scrmone maligno non alitiu:. »Nou terret princeps, mayister, parens, judex; at aegntudo superveniens, omnia correxit. Mem. 2.] Eemedies against Discontents. 381 with good discretion, " Jovianns Pontaniis caused tliis short sentence to be engraven on Ms tomb in l^aples : " Labour, sorrow, grief, sickness, want and woe, to serve proud masters, bear that superstitious yoke, and bury your dearest friends, &c., are the sauces of our life." If thy disease be continnate and painful to thee, it will not surely last : " and a light affliction which is but for a moment, causeth unto us a far more excellent and eternal weight of glory," 2 Cor. iv. 17. bear it with patience; women endure much sorrow in childbed, and yet they will not contain ; and those that are barren, wish for this pain; '•' be courageous, "" there is as much valour to be shewn in thy bed, as in an array, or at a sea fight:" aut vincetur, aut vincet, thou shalt be rid at last. In the mean time, let it take its course, thy mind is not any way disabled. Bihbaldus Pirkimerus, senator to Charles the Fifth, ruled all Germany, lying most part of his days sick of the gout upon his bed. The more violent thy torture is, the less it will continue : and though it be severe and hideous for the time, comfort thyself as martyrs do, with honour and immortality. ^'That famous philosopher Epicurus, being in as miserable pain of stone and cholic, as a man might endure, solaced himself with a conceit of immortality; " the joy of his soul for his rare inventions repelled the pain of his bodily torments." Basenes.s of birth is a great disparagement to some men, especially if they be wealthy, bear office, and come to promotion in a commonwealth; then (as *he observes), if their birth be not answerable to their calling, and to their fellows, they are much abashed and ashamed of themselves. Some scorn their own ftither and mother, deny brothers and sisters, with the rest of their kindred and friends, and will not sufter them to come near them, w^hen they are in their pomp, accounting it a scandal to their greatness to have such beggarly beginnings. Simon in Lucian, having now got a little wealth, changed his name from Simon to Simonides, for that there were so many beggars of his kin, and set the house on fire where he was born, because nobody should point at it. Others buy titles, coats of arms, and by all means screw^ themselves into ancient families, falsifying pedigrees, usurping scutcheons, and all because they would not seem to be base. The reason is, for that this gentility is so much admired by a company of outsides, and such honoui' attributed unto it, as amongst ° Germans, Frenchmen, and Yenetians, the gentry scorn the commonalty, and will not sufler them to match with them; they depress, and make them as so many asses, to carry burdens. In our ordinary talk and fallings out, the most opprobrious and scurrile name we can fasten upon a man, or first give, is to call him base rogue, beggarly rascal, and the like : whereas in my j udgment, this ought of all other grievances to trouble men least. Of all vanities and fopperies, to brag of gentility is the greatest; for what is it they crack so much of, and challenge such superiority, as if they were demi-gods? Birth? Tantanevos generis tenuitfidiiciavestrii^ Itisnon ens, a mere flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. Consider the be- ginning, present estate, progress, ending of gentry, and then tell me what it is. " ^ Oppression, fraud, cozening, usury, knavery, bawdry, murder, and tyranny, are the beginning of many ancient families: "^one hath been a blood-sucker, a parricide, the death of many a silly soul in some unjust quar- rels, seditions, made many an orphan and poor widow, and for that he is made "Xat. Chytrseus Europ. deliciis. Labor, dolor, segritudo, luctns, servire snperbis dominis, jugum ferre superstitionis, quos habet chares sepelire, &c. condimenta vita; sunt. » Xon tarn mari quam proelio virtus, etiam lecto exhibetur : vincctm- aut vincet; aut tu febrem relinques. aut ipsa te. Seneca, y Tullius lib. 7. fam. ep. Vesica; morbo laborans, et urinte mittenda diliicultate tanta, ut vix incr>imentum caperet ; repellebat h*c omnia animi gaudium ob memoriam inventorum. z Boeth. lib. 2. pr. 4. Jiuic sensus exuperat, sed est pudori degener sanguis. » Gaspar. Ens polit thes. •> " Does such presumption in your origiia possess you? " c Alii pro pecuniaemunt nobilitatem, alii illam leuocinio, aii. veneticiis, alii pavricidiis; multis perditio nobilitate conciliat, plerique adulatione, detractione, calumniis, &c. Agrip. de Vanit. sclent. "^Ex liomicidio s^epe orta nobilitas et streuua carnificiaa. 383 tJure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. ^. a lord or an earl, and his posterity gentlemen for ever after. Another hath been a bawd, a pander to some great men, a parasite, a slave, ^prostituted himself, his wife, daughter," to some lascivious prince, and for that he is exalted. Tiberius preferred many to honours in his time, because they were famous whore-masters and sturdy drinkers; ijiany come into this parchment- row (so ^one calls it), by flattery or cozening; search your old families, and you shall scarce find of a multitude (as ^neas Sylvius observes), qui sceleratam no)i habent ortum, that have not a wicked beginning; aut quiviet doloeofas- tigii non ascendunt, as that plebeian in ^Machiavel in a set oration proved to his fellows, that do not rise by knavery, force, foolery, villainy, or such indirect means. " They are commonly able that are wealthy; vii-tue and riches seldom settle on one man : who then sees not the beginning of nobility 1 spoils enrich one, usury another, treason a third, witchcraft a fourth, flattery a fifth, lying, stealing, bearing false witness a sixth, adultery the seventh," &c. One makes a fool of himself to make his lord merry, another dandles my young master, bestows a little nag on him, a third marries a cracked piece, &c. Now may it please your good worship, your lordship, who was the first founder of your ■family? The poet answers, ''^^Aut Pastor fuit, aut illud quod dicere nolo."^ Are he or you the better gentleman 1 If he, then we have traced him to his form. If you, what is it of which thou boastest so much ? That thou art his son. It may be his heir, his reputed son, and yet indeed a priest or a serv- ing man may be the true father of him; but we will not controvert that now ; married women are all honest; thou art his son's son's son, begotten and born infra quatuor niaHa, &c. Thy great great great grandfather was a rich citizen, and then in all likelihood a usurer, a lawyer, and then a a courtier, and then a a country gentleman, and then he scraped it out of sheep, &c. And you are the heir of all his virtues, fortunes, titles; so then, what is your gentry, but as Hierom saith, Opes antiquce, inveteratce divitice, ancient wealth ? that is the definition of gentility. The father goes often to the devil, to make his son a gentleman. For the present, what is it? " It bd^gan (saith 'Agrippa), with strong impiety, with tyranny, oppression," &c., and so it is maintained: wealth began it (no matter how got), wealth continueth and increaseth it. Those Boman knights were so called, if they could dispend per annum so much. ^In the kingdom of Naples and France, he that buys such lands, buys the honour, title, barony together with it; and they that can dispend so much amongst us, must be called to bear office, to be knights, or fine for it, as one observes, ^nohiliorum ex censu judicant, our nobles are mea- sured by their means. And what now is the object of honour? What main- tains our gentry but wealth ? "^JVobilitas sine re projectd vilior alga. Without means gentry is naught worth, nothing so contemptible and base. ° Disputare de nohilitate generis, sine divitiis, est disputare de nobilitate stercoris, saith Nevisanus the lawyer, to dispute of gentry without wealth, is (saving your reverence), to discuss the original of a mard. So that it is wealth alone that denominates, money which maintains it, gives esse to it, for which every man may have it. And what is their ordinary exercise? " °sit to eat, drink, lie down to sleep, and rise to play :" wherein lies their worth and sufficiency? in a few coats of arms, eagles, lions, serpents, bears, tigers, dogs, crosses, bends, fesses, &c., and such like baubles, which they commonly set up in their gal- ^ Plures ob prostitutas Alias, uxores, nobiles facti ; multos venationes, rapinse, cnsdes, pr^sti^ia, &c. ''Sat. Menip. sCum enim hos dici nob.les videmus, qui divitiis abimdant, diviti;B vero raro virtutis sunt comites, quis non videt ortum nobiiitatis degenerem ? hunc usui;e ciitaiunt, ilium spolia, proditiones; hie veneficiis ditatus, ille adulationibus, huic adulteria lucrum pr^ybsnt, uounuUis mendacia, quidam ex con- juge qua^stum faciunt, pleri.iueex natis, &c. Florent. hist. lib. 3. •> j^ven. "A shepherd, or sometliing that I should rather not tell." ' Kobusta improbitas a tyrannide incepta, &c. '^ (iasper Ens thesauro . polit. 1 Gresserus, Itinerar. fol. 266. m Hor. " Nobility without wealth is more worthless than sea-weed." "Syl. nup. lib. 4. num. 111. "Exod. xxxii. Mem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 383 leries, porches, wiiidoNVS, on bowls, platters, coaches, in tombs, cburclies, men's sleeves, &c, "^If he can hawk and hunt, ride a horse, play at cards and dice, swagger, drink, swear," take tobacco with a grace, sing, dance, wear his clothes in fashion, court and please his mistress, talk big fustian, '^ insult, scorn, strut, contemn others, and use a little mimical and apish compliment above the rest, he is a complete, [Egregiam verb laudem) a well-qualified gen- tleman; these are most of their employments, this their greatest commendation. "What is gentry, this parchment nobility then, but as ''Agrippa defines it, " a sanctuary of knavery and naughtiness, a cloak for wickedness and execrable vices, of jDride, fraud, contempt, boasting, oppression, dissimulation, lust, glut- tony, malice, fornication, adultery, ignorance, impiety?" A nobleman there- fore, in some likelihood, as he concludes, is an " atheist, an oppressor, an epi- cure, a ^gull, a dizzard, an illiterate idiot, an outside, a glow-worm, a proud fool, an arrant ass," Ventris et inguinis mancipium, a slave to his lust and belly, soldque libidine fortis. And as Salvianus observed of his countrymen the Aquitanes in France, sicut titulis primi faere, sic et vitiis (as they were the first in rank so also in rottenness); and Cabinet du E-oy, their own writer, distinctly of the rest. " The nobles of Berry are most part lechers, they of Touraine thieves, they of Narbonne covetous, they of Guienne coiners, they of Provence atheists, they of Rheims superstitious, they of Lyons treacherous, of Normandy proud, of Picardy insolent," &c. We may generally conclude, the greater men, the more vicious. In fine, as *^iieas Sylvins adds, "they are most part miserable, sottish, and filthy fellows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within." What dost thou vaunt of now 1 " "" What dost thou gape and wonder at 1 admire him for his brave apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks ? Why 1 a fool may be possessor of this as well as he ; and he that accounts him a better man, a nobleman for ha\ing of it, he is a fool himself" Now go and brag of thy gentility. This is it belike which makes the ^ Turks at this day scorn nobility, and all those huffing bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as have got it at first, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And for this cause, the Ragusian commonwealth, Switzers, and the united provinces, in all their aristocracies, or democratical monarchies (if I may so call them), exclude all these degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit of none to bear ofiSce, but such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought up. The ^Chinese observe the same customs, no man amongst them noble by birth ; out of their philosophers and doctors they choose magistrates : their politic nobles are taken from such as be morcditer nohdes, virtuous noble; ?iohilitas ut olim ah officio, non a naturdy as in Israel of old, and their oflice was to defend and govern their country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, -as too many do. Their Loysii, Mandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised themselves by their worth, are their noblemen only, though fit to govern a state; and why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth ? why should not he be as much respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had noble ancestors? nay, why not more? iov p/ures solem orientem, we adore the sun rising most part ; and how much better is it to say, Ego meis majoribus virtute prcduxi (I have outshone my ancestors in virtues), to boast pOmTiiiiin nobiliam sufiScientia in eo probattir si venatica noverint, si aleam, si corporis vires ingentibiis poculis commonstrent, si naturiB robur numerosa venere probent, &c. <> Difficile est, ut non sit superbus dives, Austin, ser. 24. 'Xobilitas nihil aliud nisi improbitas, furor, rapina, latrocinium, homicidium, luxus, venatio, violentia, &c. ' The fool took away m}- lord in the maslv, 'twas apposite. *De miser, curial. "Miseri sunt, inepti sunt, turpes sunt,multi ut parietes Eediiini suarum speciosi. ''^ Miraris aureas vestes, equos, canes, ordinem famalorum, lautas mensas, cedes, villas, pr;i;dia, piscinas, sylvas, &c. ha3c omnia stultus assequi potest. Pandalas noster lenocinio nobiltatus est. .£neas Sylvius. * Bellonius, observ. lib. 2. J" Mat. Riccius, lib, 1. cap. 3. Ad. regendam reinp. soli doctores, aut licentiati adsciscuntur, 384 Cure rf Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5; himself of liis virtues, than of 1 lis birth? Cathesbeiiis, sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a. slave, but for worth, valour, and manhood second to no king, and for that cause (as ^ Jovius writes) elected emperor of the Mame- lukes. That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valour made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo: the Turkey Pashas are all such. Pentinax, Phillippus Arabs, Maximinus, Probus, Aurelius, (fee, from common soldiers became emperors, Cato, Cincinnatus, &c.j consuls. Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus. Johan SecunduSj Nicholas Quintus, &c., popes. Socrates, Yirgil, Horace, lihertina parte natus. "" The kings of Denuiark fetch their pedigree, as some say, from one XJlfo, that was the son of a bear. ^ E tenui casa scepe vir magnus exit, many a worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander (by Olympia's confession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Conqueror, Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lumbard, P.Comes- tor, Bartholus, Adrian the fourth Pope, &c., bastards; and almost in every kingdom, the most ancient families have been at first princes' bastards: their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest spirits in all our annals, have been base. '^ Cardan, in his Subtleties, gives a reason why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so, per co7isequens, more fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, exposed to misery, became prince of Lucca and Senes in Italy, a most complete soldier and worthy captain ; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. "And 'tis a wonderful thing (''saith he) to him that shall consider of it, that all those, or the greatest part of them, that have done the greatest exploits here upon earth, and excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, obscure place, or of base and obscure abject parents." A most memorable observation, " Scaliger accounts it, et non jorcetereundurii, maod- 'inoTur)i virorimi plerosque patres iynoratos, niatres impudicas fuisse.^ " I could recite a great catalogue of them," every kingdom, every province will yield innumerable examples; and why then should baseness of birth be objected to any man? Who thinks worse of TuUy for being Arpinas, an upstart 1 Or Agathocles, that Sicilian king, for being a potter's son ? Iphicrates and Marius were meanly born. AVhat wise man thinks better of any person for his nobility? as he said in ^Machiavel, omnes eodem patre nati, Adam's sons, con- ceived all and born in sin, &c. " We are by nature all as one, all alike, if you see us naked ; let us wear theirs and they our clothes, and what is the difi[erence ? " To speak truth, as ^Bale did of P. Schalichius, " I more esteem thy worth, learning, honesty, than thy nobility; honour thee more that thou art a writer, a doctor of divinity, than Earl of the Pluns, Baron of Skradine, or hast title to such and such provinces," (fee. " Thou art more fortunate and great" (so ' Jovius writes to Cosmo de' Medici, then Duke of Florence) "for thy virtues, than for thy lovely wife, and happy children, friends, fortunes, or great duchy of Tuscany." So I account thee; and who doth not so indeed? ^ Abdolo- minus was a gardener, and yet by Alexander for his virtues made king of Syria. How much better is it to be born of mean parentage, and to excel in .Lib. l.hist. contlitione servus, cseterum acer bello, et animi magnitudine maximorum regnm nemini secundus : ob hsec aJIameluchis in regeni electus. " Glaus Magnus, lib. 18. Saxo Grammaticus, a quo rex Sueno et csetera Danorum regum stemmata. bgeneca de Ci.ntro. Philos. epist. ^ Corpora sunt et animo fortiores spurii, plerumque ob amoris vehementiam, seminis crass., (to. d Vita Castruccii. Kec prater rationem mirum videri debet, si quis rem considerare velit, omnes eos vel saltern maximam partem, qui in hoc terrarum orbe res prtestantiores iiggi'essi sunt, atque inter c:eteros ffivi sui heroas excel- luerunt, autobscuro, aut abjecto loco editos, et prognatos fuisse abjectia parentibus. Eoruni egoCatalo.um infinitum recensere possem. « Exercit. '265. ^ " It is a thing deserving of our notice, that most great men were born in obscurity, and of unchaste mothers." gFlor. hist. 1. 3. Quod si nudos nos conspici ontingat, omnium una eademque erit facies ; nam si ipsi nostras, nos eorum vestes induamus, nos, &c. Ut merito dicam, quod simplieiter sentiam, Faulum Schalichiura scriptorem, et doctorem, pluris facio quam comitem Hunnorum, et Baronem Skradinum ; Encyclopfediarn tuam et orbem disciplinarum omnihus provinc is antefero. Balseus, epist. nuncupat. ad 5 cent, ultimam script. Brit. iPrcefat. hist. lib. 1. virtute tua major, quam aut Hetrusci imperii fortuna, aut numerosce et decorte prolis felicitate beatior evadis. k Cmtiiis. Mem. 2.] Reniedies against Discontents. 385 worth, to be morally noble, which is preferred before that natural nobility, by divines, philosophers, and ^politicians, to be learned, honest, discreet, well- qualified, to be fit for any manner of employment, in country and common- wealth, war and peace, than to be Degeneres Neoptolemi, as many brave nobles are, only wise because rich, otherwise idiots, illiterate, unfit for any manner of service? "* Udalricus, Earl of Cilia, upbraided John Huniades with the base- ness of his birth, but he replied, in te Ciliensis comitatns turpiter extinguiiur, in me gloriose Bistricensis exoritur, thine earldom is consumed v^^itli riot, mine begins with honour and renown. Thou hast had so many noble ancestors; what is that to thee? Vix ect nostra voco, "when thou art a dizzard thyself: quod prodest, Pontice, longo stemmate censeri? &c. T conclude, hast thou a sound body, and a good soul, good bringing up"? Art thou virtuous, honest, learned, well-qualified, religious, are thy conditions good? — thou art a true nobleman, perfectly noble, although born of Thersites — dum mxlo tu sis jEacid(E similis,nonnatus, sed /actus, nohle xar i^oyjtv, ""for neither sword, nor fire, nor water, nor sickness, nor outward violence, nor the devil himself can take thy good parts from thee." Be not ashamed of thy birth tlien, thou art a gentleman all the world over, and shalt be honoured, when as he, strip him of his fine clothes, ^ dispossess him of his wealth, is a funge (which "^Poly- nices in his banishment found true by experience, gentry was not esteemed) like a piece of coin in another country, that no man will take, and shall be con- temned. Once more, though thou be a barbarian, born at Tontonteac, a villain, a slave, a Saldanian negro, or a* rude Virginian in Dasamonquepec, he a French monsieur, a Spanish don, a seignior of Italy, I care not how descended, of what family, of what order, baron, count, prince, if thou be well qualified, and he not, but a degenerate Neoptolemus, I tell thee in a word, thou art a man, and he is a beast. Let no terrce jilius, or upstart, insult at this which I have said, no worthy gentleman take offence. I speak it not to detract from such as are well deserving, truly virtuous and noble : I do much respect and honour true gentry and nobility; I was born of worshipful parents myself, in an ancient family, but I am a younger brother, it concerns me not : or had I been some great heir, richly endowed, so minded as I am, I should not have been elevated at all, but so esteemed of it, as of all other human happiness, honours, &c., they have their period, are brittle and inconstant. As 'he said of that great river Danube, it riseth from a small fountain, a little brook at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last to an incredible greatness by the confluence of sixty navigable rivers, it vanisheth in conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swaliowed up of the Euxine sea: I may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich marriages, purchases, offices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration of circumstances, fortunes,^ places, &c., by some prodigal son, for some default, or for want of issue they are defaced in an instant, and their memory blotted out. So much in the meantime I do attribute to Gentility, that if he be well- descended, of worshipful or noble parentage, he will express it in his conditions, 'nee enim feroces Progenerant aquilaj columbas." And although the nobility of our times be much like our coins, more in number and value, but less in weight and goodness, ^vith finer stamps, cuts, or outsides ' BocVme de rep. lib. 3. cap. 8. "> ^neas Silvius, lib. 2. cap. 29, " " If children be proud, Iiauffhty, foolish, they defile the nobility of their kindred,'" Eccl. xxii. 8. o Cujus possessio nee furto eri]ii, nee incendio absunii, nee aquarum voragine absorberi, vel vi morbi destrui potest. p Send them both to some strange place naked, ad ignotos, as Aristippus said, you shall see the difference. Bacon's Essays. 'i Fainili:.'.? splendor nihil opis attulit, &c. >■ Kluvius hie illustris, humanaruni rerum imago, qiny parvis ductaj sub initiis, in iinmensum crescunt, et subito evanescunt. lixilis hie primo fluvius, in ad- mirandam magnitudinem excrescit, tandemque in mari Eiixino evanescit. I. Stuckius pereg. mar. Euxini. * " For fierce eagles do not procreate timid nng-doves." 2c 386 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3'. than of old ; yet if he retain those ancient characters of true gentry, he will be more affable, courteous, gently disposed, of fairer carriage, better temper, or a more magnanimous, heroical, and generous spirit, than that vulgus hominum, those ordinary boors and peasants, qui adeo improbi, agrestes, et inculti plerum- que sunt, ne dicam maliciosi, ut nemini idlum humanitatis ojicium prcestent, ne tpsi Deo si advenerit, as ®one observes of them, a rude, brutish, uncivil, wild, a currish generation, cruel and malicious, incapable of discipline, and such as have scarce common sense. And it may be generally spoken of all, which 'Lemnius the physician said of his travel into England, the common people were silly, sullen, dogged clowns, sed mitior nobilitas, ad omne humanitatis qffijcium iiaratissima, the gentlemen were courteous and civil. If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such peasants are preferred by reason of their wealth, chance, error, &c,, or otherwise, yet as the cat in the fable, when she was tiu-ned to a fair maid, would play with mice ; a cur will be a cur, a clown will be a clown, he will likely savour of the stock whence he came, and that innate rusticity can hardly be shaken off. " " Licet supcrbiis arnltulet peciinia, Fortuna non mutat genus." And though by their education such men may be better qualified, and more refined ; yet there be many symptoms by which they may likely be descried, an affected fantastical carriage, a tailor-like spruceness, a peculiar garb in all their proceedings; choicer than ordinary in his diet, and as "Hierome well describes such a one to his JSTepotian ; '■' An upstart born in a base cottage, that scarce at first had coarse bread to fill his hungry guts, must now feed on kickshaws and made dishes, will have all variety of flesh and fish, the best oysters," &c. A beggar's brat will be commonly laore scornful, imperious, insulting, insolent, tljan another man of his rank : " Nothing so intolerable as a fortunate fool," as ^Tully found out long since out of his experience; Aspe- rius nihil est humili cum surgit in altmn, set a beggar on horseback, and he will ride a gallop, a gallop, &c. " * dessevit in omnes Dum se posse putat, nee bellua sasvior ulla est, Quam servi rabies in libera colla furentis ; " he forgets what he was, domineers, &c., and many such other symptoms he hath, by which you may know him from a true gentleman. Many errors and obliquities are on both sides, noble, ignoble, factis, natis; yet still in all callings, as some degenerate, some are well deserving, and most worthy of their honours. And as Bosbequius said of Solyman the Magnificent, he was tanto dignus imperio, worthy of that great empire. Many meanly descended are most worthy of their honour, politice nohiles, and well deserve it. Many of our nobility so born (which one said of Hephsestion, Ptolemeus, Seleucus, Anti- . gonus, &c., and the rest of Alexander's followers, they were all worthy to be monarchs and generals of armies) deserve to be princes. And I am so far forth of ^Sesellius's mind, that they ought to be preferred (if capable) before others, " as being nobly born, ingenuously brought up, and from their infancy trained to all manner of civility." For learning and virtue in a nobleman is more eminent, and, as a jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to his family as his noble family to him. In a word, many noblemen are an ornament to their order : many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and well deserving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity ; »Sabinus in 6. Ovid. Met. fab 4 «Lib. 1. de 4. Complexionibus. °IIor. ep. Od. 2. "And although he boast of his wealtli, Fortune has not changed his nature." « Lib. 2. ep. 15. Natus sordidc tuguriolo et paupere domo, qui vix milio rugientem ventrem, &c. y Nihil fortunate insipiente intolerabilius. » Claud. 1. 9. in Eutrop. " Lib. 1. de Rep. Gal. Quaniam et commodiore ut-nitur conditionej et honestiore loco nati, jam inde a parvulis ad morum civilitateru educati sunt, et tissuefacti. Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 38"7 excellent members and pillars of a commonwealth. And therefore to con- clude that which I first intended, to be base by birth^ meanly born, is no such disparagement. Et sic demonstratur, quod erat demonstrandum. MEMB. III. Against Poverty and Want, with such other Adversities. One of the greatest miseries that can befal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty or want, which makes men steal, bear false witness, swear, forswear, contend, murder and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself ohhv 'Xiviag (Saovrsi^ov ssri (popr/ov, no bnrden (saith ^Menander) so intolerable as poverty : it makes men desperate, it erects and dejects, census honores, census amicitias; money makes, but poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet if considered aright, it is a great blessing in itself, a happy estate, and yields no cause of discontent, or that men should therefore account themselves vile, hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfortunate. Christ him- self was poor, boi-n in a manger, and had not a house to hide his head in all his life, " ''lest any man should make poverty a judgment of God, or an odious estate." And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, they were all poor. Prophets poor. Apostles poor (Acts iii. " Silver and gold have I none"). " As sorrowing (saith Paul) and yet always rejoicing ; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things," 1 Cor. vi. 10. Your great Philosophers have been voluntarily poor, not only Christians, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored for a god in Athens, " '^ a nobleman by birth, many servants he had, an honourable attendance, much wealth, many manors, fine apparel ; but when he saw this, that all the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain and no whit availing to live well, he flung his burden into the sea, and renounced his estate." Those Curii and Fabricii will be ever re- nowned for contempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so much aifected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many kings and queens, that have forsaken their crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdicated themselves from these so much esteemed toys ; ®many that have refused honours, titles, and all this vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to compass and attain. Riches I deny not are God's good gifts, and blessings ; and honor est in honorante, honours are from God ; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought after, sued for, and may well be pos- sessed : yet no such great happiness in having, or misery in wanting of them. Dantur quideni bonis, saith ALUstin, 7ie quis mcda cestimet : malis autem ne quis nimis bona, good men have wealth that we should not think it evil ; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good ; as the rain falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, sed bonis in bonum, but they are good only to the godly. But *^compare both estates, for naturtil parts they are not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ^ Cardan well observes, " is no whit in- ferior to a prince's, most part better ; " and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily appear there is no such odds, no such extraordinary happiness in the one, or misery in the other. He is rich, wealthy, fat ; what gets he by it? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body and mind. He hath indeed b Nullum paupertate gravins onus. <=Ne quis irse divine judicium putaret, aut paupertas exosa foret. Gualr. in cap. 2. ver. 18. Lucas. a Inter proceres Thebanos numeratas, lectum liabuit genus, frequens famulitium, domus amplas, etc. Apuleius Florid. 1.4. e p. Blesensis, ep. 72. et 232. oblatos respui ho::oi-es ex onere metiens; motus a'.nbitiosos rogatus nonivi, &c. ^Sudat pauper foras in opere, dives in cogitatione; Iiic os aperit oscitatione, ille ructatione ; gravius ille fastidio, quam hie inedia cruciatur. 13er. ser. s In ilysperchen. Natura lequa est, puerosque videmus mendicorum nulla ex parte regum filiis diasiiniles, pleruraque saniores. 388 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. th variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sauce, dainty music, gay clotlaes, lords it bravely out, &c., and all that which Misillus admired in ^ Lucian ; but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, stone, pox, rheums, catarrhs, crudities, oppilations, 'melancholy, &c., lust enters in, anger, ambition, according to ^ Chrysostom, " the sequel of riches is pride, riot, intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses." " ' turpi fregenmt sascula luxu Divitiae moUes, " with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the poor man knows not of As Saturn in ™ Lucian answered the discontented commonalty (which, because of their neglected Saturnal feasts in Rome, made a grievous complaint and exclamation against rich men), that they were much mistaken in supposing such happiness in riches ; " " you see the best (said he) but you know not their several gripings and discontents : " they are like painted walls, fair without, rotten within : diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperance's effects ; "°and who can reckon half? if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind and vexation, to which they are subject, you would hereafter renounce all riches." " P si pateant pectora divitnm, Quantos intus sublimit agit Fortunametus ! Brutia Coro ■ that their breasts were but conspicuous, How full of fear within, how furious ! The narrow seas arenot so boisterous." Pulsante fretum mitior unda est." Yea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of the earth : suave est de magno tollere acervo (it is sweet to draw from a great heap), he is a happy man, "^adored like a god, a prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours, admires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things ; but (as I said) withal " ''pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth ; " for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, all manner of diseases : pecuniis augetur improbitas, the wealthier, the more dishonest. " ^He is exposed to hatred, envy, peril and treason, fear of death, degradation," &c., 'tis lubrica statio et proxima prcecipitioj and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. "* celsee graviore casu Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos Fulguramontes," the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers ; " in the more eminent place he is, the more subject to fall. "Rumpitur innumeris arbos uberrima pomis, Et subito nimise praecipitantur opes." As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own greatness they ruin themselves : which Joachimus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed in his 13 Emblem, cent. 1. Inoj^em se copia fecit. Their ^ means is their misery, though they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their lieges, obey, second his will and com- mands, as much as may be, yet too frequently they miscarry, they fat them- selves like so many hogs, as ^^neas Sylvius observes, that when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their princes, as Seneca by Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Haman by Ahasuerus : I resolve with Gregory, potestas culminis, est tempestas mentis ; et quo dignitas altior, casus gravior, h Gallo Tom. 2. iEt fe contubernio foedi atque olidi ventris mors tandem educit. Seneca, ep. 103. kDivitiarum sequela, luxus, intemperies, arrogantia, superbia, furor injustus, omnisque irratiouabilis motus. ' Juven. Sat. 6. " Efteminate riches have destroyed the age by the introduction of shameful luxury." ™ Saturn. Epist. » Vos quidem divites putatis felices, sed nescitis eorura miserias. ^ ^ Et quota pars hasc eorum qutB istos discruciant ? si nossetis metus et curas, quibus obnoxii sunt, plane fugi- endas vobis divitias existimaretis. p Seneca in Here, ffiteo. i Et diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. ^Flammasimul libidinis ingreditur; ira, furor et superbia, divitiarum sequela. Chrys. » Omnium oculis, odio, insidiis expositus, semper solicitus, fortunae ludibrium. t Hor. 2. 1. od. 10. " Quid me felicem . toties jactastis, amici ? Qui cecidit, stabili non fuit ille loco. Boetli. ^ Ut postquam impinguati fueriut, devoreutur. Mem. 3.] Remedies agaliisl Disco i da ds. 389 honour is a tempest, the higher thej are elevated, the more greviously dej^ressed. For the rest of his prerogatives which wealth affords, as he hath more his expenses are the greater. " When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what good cometh to the owners, bat the beholding thereof with the eyes?" Eccles. iv. 10. " y ;Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus iiiuc capiet venter plus quam meus" "an evil sickness," Solomon calls it, "and reserved to them for an evil," 12 verse. " They that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition." 1 Tim. vi. 9. " Gold and silver hath destroyed many," Ecclus. viii. 2. divitm scbcuU sunt laquei diaboli: so writes Bernard; worldly wealth is the devil's bait: and as the JMoon when she is fuller of light is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled me to pieces; but hear who saith, and who seconds it, an Apostle) therefore St. James bids them " weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them; their gold shall rast and canker, and eat their flesh as fire," James v. 1, 2, 3. I may then boldly conclude with. ^Theodoret, quotiescunque divitiis affluentem, &c. " As often as you shall see a man abounding in wealth," qui gemmis bibit et Serrano dormit in ostro, " and naught withal, I beseech you call him not happy, but esteem him unfortunate, because he hath many occasions offered to live unjustly; on the other side, a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occasions are taken from him." " a Non possiclentem multa vocaveris Eecte beatum; rectius occupat Nomen beati, qui deorum Muneribus sapienter uti, Duramque callet pauperiem pati, Pej usque letho flagitium timet." " He is not happy that is rich, And hath the world at will, But he that wisely can God's gifts Possess and use them still : That sutfers and with patience Abides hard poverty, And chooseth rather for to die; Than do such villainy." Wherein now consists his happiness? what privileges hath he more than other men ? or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents hath he not more than other men? " b Non enim gazse, neque consularis Summovet lictormiseros turaultus Mentis, et curas laqueata circum Tecta volantes." " Nor treasures, nor majors officers remove The miserable tumults of the mind: Or cares that lie about, or fly above [bin'd." Their high-roofed houses, with huge beams com- 'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him have Job's inventory, sint Crossi et Crassi licet, non hos Pactolus aureas undas agens, eripiat unqumn e miseriis, Croesus or rich Crassus cannot now command health, or get himself a stomach. " ''His worship," as Apuleius describes him, in all his plenty and great pro- vision, is forbidden to eat, or else hath no appetite (sick in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved with some chronic disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind), when as, in the meantime, all his household are merry, and the poorest seiwant that he keeps doth continually feast." 'Tis Bracteata felicitas, as "^Seneca terms it, tinfoiled happiness, infelix felicitas, an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness at all. His gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outvv^ard enemies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. " Reveraque metus hominum, cursque sequaces Nee metuunt fremitus armorum, aut ferrea tela, Audacterque inter reges, regumque potentes Versantur, neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro." "Indeed men still attending feai's and cares Nor armours clashing, nor fierce weapons fears : With kings converse they boldly, and kings' peers. Fearing no flashing that from gold appears." yHor. "Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may have been threshed in your granaries, your stomach will not contain more than mine." ^Cap. 6. de curat, grsec. affect, rap. deprovidentia; quo- tiescunque divitiis affluentem hominem videmus, eumque pessiraum, ne qua.-so huiic beatissimuui putenms, sed infelicem censeamus, &c. a Hor. 1. 2. Od. 2. ^Hor. lib. 2. <= Florid, lib. 4. r>ives illecibo interdicitur, et in omni copia sua cibum nou accipit, cum iuturea totum ejus servitium hilare sit, acque epuletur. ''Epist. 115. 390 Cure cf Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Look liow many servants he hath, and so many enemies he suspects ; for liberty he entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. * A countryman may travel from kingdom to kingdom, province to province, city to city, and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary disports, without any notice taken, all which a prince or a great man cannot do. He keeps in for state, ne majestatis dignitas evilescat, as our China kings, of Borneo, and Tartarian Chams, those aurea niancipia, are said to do, seldom or never seen abroad, ut major sit hominum erga se ohser- vantia, which the ^Persian kings so precisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, which he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotic dainties and continual viands ; Quippe voluptatem comTYiendat rarior usus, 'tis the rarity and necessity that makes a thing accept- able and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or mead. All exjcess, as ^Epictetus argues, will cause a dislike; sweet will be sour, which made that temperate Epicurus sometimes voluntarily fast. But they being always accustomed to the same ^dishes (which are nastily dressed by slovenly cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands), be they fish, flesh, compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed; nectars self grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to thetn but as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stuff: the other in gold, silver, and precious stones; but with what success? in auro bibifur venerium, fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples mittit parasitum, saith ^ Philostratus, a rich man em- ploys a parasite, and as the major of the city, speaks by the town clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself ^Nonius the senator hath a purple coat as stiff with jewels as his mind is full of vices; rings on his fingers worth 20,000 sesterces, and as 'Perox the Persian king, an union in his ear worth one hundred pounds weight of gold : ^ Cleopatra hath whole boars and sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in value; but to what end? " ■ Num tibi cum fauces urit sitis, aurea quteris Pocula?" Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold? Doth not a cloth suit be- come him as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, taffeti^s and tissues? Is not homespun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar lambs'- wool, dyed in grain, or a gown of giants' beards? Nero, saith ""Sueton., never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on ! what's the difference? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest difference. One like a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at last to his Lord's table; the other as a falcon is fed with partridge and pigeons, and carried on his master's fist, but when he dies is fiung to the muckhill, and there lies. The rich man lives like Dives jovially here on earth, temulentus dlvitiis, make the best of it; and " boasts himself in the multitude of his riches," Psalm xlix. 6, 11. he thinks his house " called after his own name, shall continue for ever; " " but he e Hor. et mihi curto Ire licet mulo vel si libet usque Tarentum. f Brisonius. e Si modum excesseris, suavissima sunt molesta. h Et in cupidiis gulie, coqaus et pueri illotis manibus ab exoneratione ventris omnia tractant, &c. Cardan. 1. 8. cap. 46. de rerum vai'ietate. iEpist. kPlin. lib. 57. cap. 6. •.Zonaras 3, annal. mPlutarcli. vit. ejus. »llor. Ser. lib. 1. Sat. 2. » Cay. 30. nullam vestem bis induit. «.vlem. 3.] lieniedies ayai,ist Discontads. 391 perislieth like a beast," verse 20. "his way utters his folly," verse 13. Qnale partamale dilahuntur; "like sheep they lie in the grave," verse 14. Puncto descendunt ad infernum, " they spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to hell," Job xxi. 13. For all physicians and medicines enforcing na- ture, a swooning wife, families' complaints, friends' tears, dirges, masses, Qienias, funerals, for all orations, counterfeit hired acclamations, eulogiums, epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mourners, solemnities, obelisks, and Mauso- leum tombs, if he have them, at least, ^he, like a hog, goes to hell with a guilty conscience {propter hos dilatavit infernus os swum), and a poor man's curse : his memory stinks like the snuff of a candle when it is put out ; scur- rilous libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him. When as poor Lazarus is Dei sacrarium, the temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath no more attendants but his own innocency, the heaven a tomb, desires to be dissolved, buried in his mother's lap, and hath a company of ^Angels ready to convey his soul into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind him. Crassus and Sylla are indeed still recorded, but not so much for their wealth as for their victories : Croesus for his end, Solo- mon for his wisdom. In a word, """to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keep, grief to lose it." "sQuid dignum stolidis mentibns imprecer? Opes, honores ambiant : Et cum falsa gravi moie paraverint, Turn vera cognoscant bona." But consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man hath (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, or so taken), fortunatos nimiu7}i bona si sua norinl: happy they are in the meantime if they would take notice of it, make use, or apply it to themselves. " A poor man wise is better than a foolish king," Eccles. ii. 13. " 'Poverty is the way to heaven, "the mistress of philosophy, ""the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister of innocency, and an upright mind." How many such encomiums might I add out of the fathers, philosophers, orators? It troubles many that are poor, they account of it as a great plague, curse, a sign of God's hatred, ipsum scelus, damned villainy itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach; but to whom, or why? ''^If fortune hath envied me wealth, thieves have robbed me, my father hath not left me such revenues as others have, that I am a younger brother, basely born, cui sine luce genus, sui'- dumque pareyitum nomen, of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I therefore to be blamed? an eagle, a bull, a lion is not rejected for his poverty, and why should a man?" 'Tis ^fortiince telum, non culpce, fortune's fault, not mine. "Good Sir, I am a servant (to use ** Seneca's words), howsoever your poor friend; a servant, and yet your chamber-fellow, and if you consider bet- ter of it, your fellow-servant." I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's sight peradventure thy better, my soul is more precious, and I dearer unto him. Etiani servi diis curce sunt, as Evangel us at large proves in Ma- crobius, the meanest servant is most precious in his sight. Thou art an epicure, I am a good Christian ; thou art many parasangs before me in means, favour, wealth, honour, Claudius's Narcissus, ^iero's Massa, Domitian's Par- thenius, a favourite, a golden slave; thou coverest thy floors with marble, thy roofs with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, &c., pAdgenerum Cereris sine csde et sanguine pauci descendant reges, et sicca morte tjTanni. q "God shall deliver his soul from the power of the grave,'' Psal. xlis. 15. r Contempl. Idiot. Cap. 37. divitiarum acquisitio magni laboris, possessio magni timoris, araissio magni doloris. « Boethias de coiisol. phil. 1.3. "How contemptible stolid minds! They covet riches and titles, and when the^' have obtained these com- modities of false weight and measures, then, and not before, they understand what is truly valuable." t Austin in Ps. Ixxvi. omnis Philosophise magisti-a, ad coslum via " Bonte mentis soror paupertas. »P£ed.igoga pietatis sobria, pia mater, cultu, simplex, habilu secura, consiliobeuesuada. Apul. y Cardan. Opprobrium non est paui)ertds : quodlatro eripit, aut pater non reliiiiiit, cur mihi vitio daretur, si fortana divitias invidit? nonaiiuihy, non, &c. ^ Tally. "Epist. 74. servus, suinme homo; servus sum, imuio contubernalis, servus sum, at humilis amicus, immo couservus si cogitaveris. 3 'J 2 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. wliat of all this? calcas opes, &c., what's all this to true happiness? I live and breathe under that glorious heaven, that august capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of stars, that clear ligLt of san and moon, those infinite creatures, plants, birds, beasts, fishes, herbs, 5x11 that sea and land afford, far surpassing all that art and opulentia can give. 1 am free, and which ^Seneca said of Eome, culmen liheros texit, sub marmore et auro postea servitus habitavit, thou hast Amalthece cornu, plenty, pleasure, the world at will, I am despicable and poor; but a word overshot, a blow in choler, a game at tables, a loss at sea, a sud- den fire, the prince's dislike, a little sickness, &c., may make us equal in an instant ; howsoever take thy time, triumph and insult awhile, cinis cequat, as " Alphonsus said, death will equalise us all at last, I live sparingly, in the mean time, am clad homely, fare hardly; is this a reproach? am I the worse for it? am I contemptible for it? am I to be reprehended? A learned man in ''Nevisanus was taken down for sitting amongst gentlemen, but he replied, " my nobility is about the head, yours declines to the tail," and they were silent. Let them mock, scoff, and revile, 'tis not thy scorn, but his that made thee so; " he that mocketh the poor, reproacheth him that made him," Pro v. xi. 5. "and he that rejoiceth at affliction, shall not be unpunished." For the rest, the poorer thou art, the happier thou art, ditior est, at non melior, saith ^Epictetus, he is richer, not better than thou art, not so free from lust, envy, hatred, ambition. " Beatus ille qui procul negotiis Paternarura bobiis exercet suis." Happy he, in that he is ^freed from the tumults of the world, he seeks no honours, gapes after no preferment, flatters not, envies not, temporiseth not, but lives privately, and well contented with his estate; " Nee spes corde avidas, nee curam pascit inanera Securus quo fata cadaiit," lie is not troubled with state matters, whether kingdoms thrive better by succession or election ; whether monarchies should be mixed, temperate, or ab- solute; the house of Ottomon's and Austria is all one to him; he inquires not after colonies or new discoveries ; whether Peter were at Rome, or Constan- tino's donation be of force; what comets or new stars signify, whether the earth stand or move, there be a new world in the moon, or infinite worlds, &c. He is not touched with fear of invasions, factions or emulations; "« Foelix ille animi, divisque simillimus ipsis, Quem non mordaciresplendens gloria fuco Solicitat, non fastosi mala gaudia luxus, Sed tacitos sinit ire dies, etpaupere cultu •• Exigit innocuse tranquilla silentia viUe." "A happy soul, and like to God himself, Whom not vain glory macerates or strife, Or wicked joys of that proud swelling pelf, But leads a still, poor, and contented life." A secure, quiet, blissful state he hath, if he could acknowledge it. But here is the misery, that he will not take notice of it; he repines at rich men's wealth, brave hangings, dainty fare, as 'Simonides objecteth to Hiero, he hath all the pleasures of the world, ^Hn lectis eburneis dormit, vinum phialis bibit, optimis unguentis delibuitur, " he knows not the affliction of Joseph, stretching himself on ivory beds, and singing to the sound of the viol." And it troubles him that he hath not the like; there is a difference (he grumbles) between Laplolly and Pheasants, to tumble i' th' straw and lie in a down bed, betwixt wine and water, a cottage and a palace. " He hates nature (as ^ Pliny characteriseth him) that she hath made him lower than a god, and is angry b Epist. 66 et 90. cPanormitan. rebus gestis Alph. ^ Lib. 4 num. 218. quidam deprehensus quod sederet loco nobilium,mea nobilitas, ait, est circa caput, vestra declinat ad caudam. ^'fanto beatior es, quanto collectior. f Non amoribus inservit, non appetit lionores, et qualitercunque relictus satis habet, hominem se esse meminit, invidet nemini, neminem despicit, nemiuem miratur, sermonibus malignis non attend t aut alitur. Plinius. KPolitianus in rustico. ''Gyges, regno Lydiai inflatus, sciscitatum misit Apollinem, an quis mortalium se lelicior esset. Aglaium Arcadum pauperrimura Apollo pr;etulit, qui ter- minos agri sui nunquam excesserat, rure sua contentus. Val. lib. 1. c 7. *Hor. ha;c est Vita solutorum miseraambitione, gravique. kAmosvi. J Prsefat. lib. 7. Odit na.tm-am quod infra deos sit ; irascitar diis quod quis illi antecedat. Mem. 3.] Memedies against Discontents. 393 with the gods that any man goes before him ;" and although he hath received much, yet (as "Seneca follows it) "he thinks it an injury that he hath no more, and is so far from giving thanks for his tribuneship, that he complains he is not praetor, neither doth that please him, except he may be consul." Why is he not a prince, why not a monarch, why not an emperor? Why should one man have so much more than his fellows, one have a-ll, another nothing ? Why should one man be a slave or drudge to another 1 One surfeit, another starve, one live at ease, another labour, without any hope of better fortune 1 Thus they grumble, mutter, and repine : not considering that inconstancy of human affairs, judicially conferring one condition with another, or well weighing their own present estate. What they are now, thou mayest shortly be ; and what thou art they shall likely be. Expect a little, compare future and times past with the present, see the event, and comfort thyself with it. It is as well to be discerned in commonwealths, cities, fomilies, as in private men's estates. Italy was once lord of the world, Rome the queen of cities, vaunted herself of two "myriads of inhabitants; now that all -commanding country is possessed by petty princes, ° Rome a small village in respect. Greece of old the seat of civility, mother of sciences and humanity; now forlorn, the nurse of barbarism, a den of thieves. Germany then, saith Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnificent cities: Athens, Corinth, Carthage, how flourishing cities, now buried in their own ruins! Corvorum, ferarum, aproruin ethestiarum lustra, like so many wildernesses, a receptacle of wild beasts. Yenice, a poor fisher- town; Paris, London, small cottages in Caesar's time, now m.ost noble empo- riums. Valois, Plantagenet, and Scaliger how fortunate families, how likely to continue ! now quite extinguished and rooted out. He stands aloft to-day, full of favour, wealth, honour, and prosperity, in the top of fortune's wheel : to-morrow in prison, worse than nothing, his son's a beggar. Thou art a poor servile drudge, Fc^x pojndi, a very slave, thy son may come to be a prince, vvith Maximinus, Agathocles, &c., a senator, a general of an army; thou standest bare to him. now, workest for him, drudgest for him and his, takest an alms of him: stay but a little, and his next heir perad venture shall consume all with riot, be degraded, thou exalted, and he shall beg of thee. Thou shalt be his most honourable patron, he thy devout servant, his posterity shall run, ride, and do as much for thine, as it was with pPrisgobald and Cromwell, it may be for thee. Citizens devour country gentlemen, and settle in their seats; after two or three descents, they consume all in riot, it returns to the city again. -Novus incola venit: Nam propria tellm'is herum natuva, neque ilium, Nee me, nee quenquam statuit; nos expulit ille : ll:um aut nequities, aut vafri inscitia juris." " have we liv'd at a more frugal rate Since this new stranger seiz'd on our estate? Nature will no perpetual heir assign. Or make the tarm his property or mine. He turn'd us out ; hut follies all his own, Or law-suits and their knaveries yet unknown, Or, all his follies and his law-suits past, Some long-lived heir shall turn him out at last.' A lawyer buys out his poor client, after a while his client's posterity buy out him and his ; so things go round, ebb and flow. "Nunc ager Umhreni sub nomine, nuper Ofelli Dictus erat, nulli proprins, sed cedit in usum Nunc mihi, nunc aliis ; " " The farm, once mine, now hears Umhrenus' name; The use alone, not property, we claim ; Then be not with your present lot deprest, And meet the future with undaunted breast ; " as he said then, ager cujus, quot hahes Dominos ? So say I of land, houses, moveables and money, mine to-day, his anon, whose to-morrow 1 In fine (as ■^ Machiavel observes), "virtue and prosperity beget rest; rest idleness; idleness riot ; riot destruction : from which we come again to good laws : good laws " De Ira, cap. 31. lib. 3. Et si mu'tum acceperit, injuria>Ta putat pluranon accepisse; non aG;itpro tribunatu gratias, sed queritur quod non sit ad praeturam perductus ; neque hrec gi'ata, si desit consulatus. n Lips admir. <> Of some 90,000 inhabitants now. p Read the story at Lirge in John Fox, his Acts and Monu- ments, q Hor. Sat. 2. ser. lib 2. ' 5 Florent. hist, virtus quietem parat, quies otium, otium ponv luxum generat, luxus interitum, a quo iterum ad saluberrimas, &c. 394 Cure of Melanclioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. engender virtuous actions; virtue, glory, and prosperity: and 'tis no dishonour then (as G-uicciardine adds) for a flourishing man, city, or state to come to ruin, ®nor infelicity to be subject to the law of nature." Ergo terrena calcanda, sitienda ccelestia, therefore (I say) scorn this transitory state, look up to heaven, think not what others are, but what thou art: ^Qaa parte locatus es in re : and what thou shalt be, what thou mayest be. Do (I say) as Christ himself did, when he lived here on earth, imitate him as much as in thee lies. How many great Csesars, mighty monarchs, tetrarchs, dynasties, princes lived in his days, in what plenty, what delicacy, how bravely attended, what a deal of gold and silver, what treasure, how many sumptuous palaces had they, what pro- vinces and cities, ample territories, fields, rivers, fountains, parks, forests, lawns, woods, cells, &c. ? Yet Christ had none of all this, he would have none of this, he voluntaril}^ rejected all this, he could not be ignorant, he could not err in his choice, he contemned all this, he chose that which was safer, better, and more certain, and less to be repented, a mean estate, even poverty itself ; and why dost thou then doubt to follow him, to imitate him, and his apostles, to imitate all good men: so do thou tread in his divine steps, and thou shalt not err eternally, as too many worldlings do, that run on in their own dissolute courses, to their confusion and ruin, thou shalt not do amiss. Whatsoever thy fortune is, be contented with it, trust in him, rely on him, refer thyself wholly to him. For know this, in conclusion, J^on est volentisnec currentis, sed mise- rentis Dei, 'tis not as men, but as God will. " The Lord maketh poor and maketh rich, bringeth low, and exalteth (1 Sam. ii. ver. 7, 8.), he lifteth the poor from the dust, and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill, to set them amongst princes, and make them inherit the seat of glory;" 'tis all as he pleaseth, how, and when, and v/hom ; he that appoints the end (though to us unknown) appoints the means likewise subordinate to the end. Yea, but their present estate crucifies and torments most mortal men, they have no such forecast, to see what may be, what shall likely be, but what is, though not wherefore, or from v/hom; hoc angit,t\\Q\Y present misfortunes grind their souls, and an envious eye which they cast upon other men's prosperities, Vicinumque pecus grandius uher hahet, how rich, how fortunate, how happy is he ? But in the meantime he doth not consider the other miseries, his infir- mities of body and mind, that accompany his estate, but still reflects upon his own false conceived woes and wants, whereas if the matter were duly examined ^ he is in no distress at all, he hath no cause to complain. " « toUe querelas, - I " Then cease complaining, ftiend, and learn to live. Pauper enim non est cui renim suppetit usus," He is not poor to whom kind fortune grants, ( Even with a frugal hand, what Nature wants," he is not poor, he is not in need. " ^ Nature is content with bread and water; and he that can rest satisfied with that, may contend with Jupiter himself for happiness." In that golden age,^so??i?zos dedit umbra saluhi'es, potum quoque, lubricus amnis, the tree gave wholesome shade to sleep under, and the clear rivers drink. The Israelites drank water in the wilderness; Samson, David, Saul, Abraham's servant when he went for Isaac's wife, the Samaritan woman, and how many besides might I reckon up, ^gypt, Palestine, whole countries in the ^Indies, that drank pure water all their lives. ^The Persian kings them- selves drank no other drink than the water of Ghaospis, that runs by Susa, which was carried in bottles after them, whithersoever they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put on in his journey: Gen. xxviii. 20. Bene est cui Deiis obtulit Parca quod satis est manu; bread is enough " " to strengthen the heart." And if you study philosophy aright, • Guicciard. in Hiponest; nulla infelicitas suhjectum esse legi naturae, &c. tPei'sius. nOmnes divites qui coelo et terra frui possunt. '^ Hor. lib. 1. epist. 12. y Seneca, epist. 15. panem et aquam natura desiderat, et hsec qui habet, ipso cum Jove de felicitate contendat. Cibus simplex famem sedat, vestis tenuis frigus arcet. Senec. epist. 8. »Boethias. » Muffseus et alii. bUrissonius. cPsal. Ixxxiv. , - Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 395 saith "* Maudarensis, " whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but troublesome." ^Ageilius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enougli to satisfy Dature, " of which there is no surfeit, the rest is not a feast, but a riot." ^S. Hierome esteems him rich " that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to be a slave : hunger is not ambitious, so that it hath to eat, and thirst doth not prefer a cup of gold." It was no epicurean speech of an epicure, he that is not satisfied with a little will never have enough : and very good counsel of him in the ^poet, " my son, medio- crity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious." "Divitioe grandes homini sunt vivere parcfe, MqxLO animo." And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est, nihil deest, thou hast little, thou wantest nothinaf. 'Tis all one to be han.^ed in a chain ot gold, or m a rope; to be filled with dainties or coarser meat. " ^ Si ventri bene, si lateri, pedibusque tuis, nil I " If belly, sides, and feet be well at ease, Divitiaj poterunt regales addere majas." | A prince's treasure can thee no more please.** Socrates in a fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of I3eople con vented to that purpose, exclaimed forthwith, " O ye gods what a sight of things do not I want 'I 'Tis thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind, and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy physician and 'chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, a healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an honest and happy man." For when virtue came from heaven (as the poet feigns), rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her, courtiers scoffed at her, citizens hated her, ^and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertainment. Poverty and Virtue dwell together. " • vitae tuta facultas Pauperis, angustique lares, 6 munera nondum lutellacta deiim." How happy art thou if thou couldst be content. " Godliness is a great gain, if a man can be content with that which he hath," 1 Tim. vi. 6. And all true happiness is in a mean estate. 1 have a little wealth, as he said, ^sed quas animus magnas facit, a kingdom in conceit : nil amplius opto Maia nate, nisi ut propria bKC mihi munera faxis; I have enough and desire no more. "oDii bene fecernnt inopis me quodque pusilll Fecerunt animi" 'tis very well, and to my content. ^ Vestem et fortunaifn concinnatn potius quam laxam, probo, let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which ^ Sebastian Foscarinus, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his tomb in St. Mark's Church, " Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best thing in the world : to contemn it." I will engrave it in my heart, it shall be my whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, Stercora stercus aniet, so that I may have security : bene qui latuit, bene vixit ; though I live obscure, 'yet I live clean and honest ; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silly reed may stand. Let them take glory, for that's their misery ; let them take honour, so that I may have heart's ease. dSi recte philosophemini, quicquid aptam moderationeni supergreditur, oneri potius qukm usui est. ^Lib. 7. 16. Cererismmius et aquis pocnlnm mortales quajrunt habere, et quorum satiesnunquam est, luxus autem, sunt csetera, non epuhe. f batis est dives qui pane non indiget; nimium potens qui servire noa cogitur. Ambitiosa non est fames, &c. 8 Euripides, Menalip. fili, mediocresdivitiiehominibus con- veniunt, nimia vero moles perniciosa. h Hor. i noctes ccensque deum. ^ Per mille fraudes doctosque dolos ejicitur, apud sociam paupertatem e;iusque cultores divertens, in eorum sinu ettutela deli- ciatur. ' Lucan. " protecting quality of a poor man's life, frugal means, gifts scarce yet understood by the gods themselves." '^ Lip. miscell. ep. 40. ° Sat. 6. lib. 2. o Hor. Sat. 4. p ApiQeius. 1 Cliytreus in Em-opre deliciis. Accipite, cives Veueti, quod est optimum in rebus humanis, res humanas contemnere. ' Vah, vivere etiam nunc lubet, as Demea said, Adelph. Act. i. Quam multis non egeo, qaam multa non desidero, ut Socrates in pompa, ille in nundinis. 396 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Due me, Jupiter, et tufatum,^ &c. Lead me, O GocI, whither thou wilt, I am ready to follow j command, I will obey. I do not envy at their wealth, titles, offices; "Stet quicunque voletpotens Aulas culmine lubrico, Me dulcis saturet quies," ' let me live quiet and at ease. '"■ Erimus fortasse (as he comforted himself) quando illi non erunt, when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our memory may flourish : ■ dant perennes Stemmata non peritura Musse." Let him be my lord, patron, baron, earl, and possess so many goodly castles, 'tis well for me^ that I have a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &c. "His me consolor victuriim suavius, ac si [sent." I " With which I feel myself more truly blest Quisstor avus pater atque meus, patruusque fuis- ] Than if my sires the quaestor's power possessed." I live, I thank God, as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, as if my father and uncle had been lord treasurer, or my lord mayor. He feeds of many dishes, I of one : * qui Christum curat, non multum curat quam de jjreciosis cihis siercus conficiat, what care I of what stuff my excre- ments be made ? " ^ He that lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never have enough," totus non sufficit orhis, the whole world cannot give him content. " A small thing that the righteous hath, is better than the riches of the ungodly," Psal. xxxvii. 16 ; "and better is a poor morsel with quietness, than abundance with strife," Pro v. xvii. 1. Be content then, enjoy thyself, and as ^Chrysostom adviseth, " be not angry for what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for what thou hast received." *' <= Si dat oluscula I Ne pete grandia, Mensa minuscula Lautaque prandia pace referta, | lite repleta."' But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter? or what hast thou not better than a rich man? '"^health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, diet, apparel, and what not," or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, easy, and well known), for as he inculcated to himself, "• Vitam quse faciunt beatiorem, Jucundissime Martialis, hsecsunt; lies non parta labore, sed relicta, Lis nunquam," &c. I say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that which I am sure he wants, a merry heart. " Passing by a village in the territory of Milan," saith ^St. Austin, " I saw a poor beggar that had got belike his bellyful of meat, jesting and merry ; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with me, What a deal of trouble, madness, pain, and grief do we sustain and exaggerate unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness which this poor beggar hath prevented us of, and which we peradventure shall never have 1 Por that which he hath now attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and present heart's ease, I cannot com- • Kpictetus, 77. cap quo sura destinatus, et sequar alacriter. *" Let whosoever covets it occupy the highest pinnacle of fame, sweet tranquillity shall satisfy me." " Puteanus, ep. 62. ^ Marullus. " The immortal Muses confer imperishable pride of origin." 7 Hoc erit in votis, modus agri non ita parvus, Hortus ubi et tecto vicinus jugis aquas fons, et paulum sylvse, &,c. Hor. Sat. 6. lib. 2. Ser. ^ Hieronym. » Seneca, consil. ad Albinum c. 11. qui continet se intra naturselimites, paupertatem non sentit ; qui excedit, eum ill opibus paupertas sequitur. b Hom. 12. Pro his quas accepisti gratias age, noli indignare pro his quae non accepisti. ^ Nat. Chytreus deliciis Europ. Gustonii in jedibus Hubianis in coeuaculo fe regions mensas. " If your table afford frugal fare with peace, seek not, in strife, to load it lavishly." ^ Quid non habet melius pauper quam dives ? vitam, valetudinem, cibum, somnum, libertatem, &c. Card. « Martial. 1.10. epig. 47. read it out thyself in the author. f Confess, lib. 6. Transiens per vicum queiidam Mediolanensem. animadverti pauperem quendam mendicum, jam credo saturum, jocantera atque ridentem, et ingemui et locatus sura cum amicis qui mecum erant, &c. Mem. 3.] Remedies against Biscon'enls. 307 p:iss with all my careful windings, and riimiiiig in and out. ^And surely the beggar was very merry, but I was heavy; he was secure, but I timorous. And if any man should ask me now, whether I had rather be merry, or still so solicitous and sad, I should say, merry. If he should ask me again, whether I had rather be as I am, or as this beggar was, I should sure choose to be as I am, tortured still with cares and fears; but out of peevishness, and not out of truth." That which St. Austin said of himself here in this place, I may truly say to thee, thou disconteuted wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, thou ambitious and swelling toad, 'tis not want but peevish- ness which is the cause of thy woes; settle thine affection, thou hast enough. '"^Denique sit finis qii?erendi, quoque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus, et finire laborem Incipias; parto, quod avebas, utere." Make an end of scraping, purchasing this manor, this field, that house, for this and that child ; thou hast enough for thyself and them : ■ "« quod petis hie est, Est UlubriSj animus si te non deficit asquus," Tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But " si angulus ille Proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum," O that I had but that one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture, si venam argentifors quis mihi monstret O that I could but find a pot of money now, to purchase, &c., to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son! &c. "''O if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or three years, I would pay my debts," make all my reckon- ings even ! but they are come and past, and thou hast more business than before. " O madness, to think to settle that in thine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youth thou canst not now compose having but a little." ^Pyrrhus would first conquer Africa, and then Asia, et turn suaviter agere, and then live merrily and take his ease: but when Cyneasthe orator told him he might do that already, id jam posse fieri, rested satisfied, condemning his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis, thou mayest do the like, and therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou hast enough ; he that is wet in a bath, can be no more wet if he be flung into Tiber, or into the ocean itself: and if thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold as big as the world, thou canst not have more than enough; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast; the mind is all; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the richer, as '"Censorinus well writ to Cerellius, quanta pauciora optas, non quo phc7'a 2^ossides, in wishing less, not having more. I say then, JVon adjiceopes, sedminue cujnditates^ tis ° Epicurus' advice), add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires; and as "Chrysostom well seconds him. Si vis ditari, contemne divitias; that's true plenty, not to have, but not to want riches, non habere, sed non indigere, vera ahundantia : 'tis more glory to contemn, than to possess ; et nihil egere, est deoriMn, " and to want nothing is divine." How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons could I reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imprisonment, banishment, galley slaves, condemned to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual thraldom, than all which thou art richer, thou art more happy, to whom thou art able to give sEtcerteille Itetabatur, ego ansius; securus ille, ego trepidus. Et si pereontaretur me quispiam an exultare mallem, an metuere, responderem, exultare : et si rursus interrogaret an ego talis essem, an qualia nunc sum, me ipsis curis confectum eligerem ; sed perversitate, non veritate. ^ Hor. > Hor. ep. lib. 1. ^'O si nunc morirer, inquit, quanta et qualia mihi imperfecta manerent : sed si mensibus decem vel o -to supervixero, omnia redigam ad libellum, ab ojiini debito creditoque me explicabo; prajtereunt interim menses decem, et octo, et cum illis anni, et adhuc restant pliu'a quam prius ; quid igitur speras, insane, finem quem rebus tuis non inveneras in juventa, in senecta impositurum ? dementiara, quum ob curas ct negotia tuo judicio sis infelix, quid putas futurum quum plura supererint? Cardan, lib. 8. cap. 40. de rer. var. ipiutarch. =»Lib. de natali. cap. 1. "ApudStobeum ser. 17. "Horn. 12. in 2. 398 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. an alms, a lord, in respect, a petty prince! ^be contented then I say, repine and mutter no more, ''for thou art not poor indeed but in opinion." Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will not use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their living by the sweat of their brows, by their trade, that have something yet; he that hath birds, may catch birds; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impotent, and unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, that languish and pine away, that have no means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success? as those old Britons complained to their lords and masters the Bomans, oppressed by the Picts, mare adharharos,har- bari ad mare, the barbarians drove them to the sea, the sea drove them back to the barbarians : our present misery compels us to cry out and howl, to make our moan to rich men : they turn us back with a scornful answer to our misfortune again, and will take no pity of us; they commonly overlook their poor friends in adversity; if they chance to meet them, they voluntarily for- get and will take no notice of them; they will not, they cannot help us. Instead of comfort they threaten us, miscal, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us bad language, or if they do give good words, what's that to relieve us ? According to that of Thales, Facile est alios Tiionere; who cannot give good counsel? 'tis cheap, it costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against fasting. Qui sojtur est plenolaudatjejunia ventre; " Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass, or loweth the ox when he hath fodder?" Job vi. 5. ^Neque enimpopulo Romano quidquam potest esse Icetius, no man living so jocund, so merry as the people of Rome when they had plenty; but when they came to want, to be hunger-starved, "neither shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor magistrates, could keep them in obedience." Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy philosophers : but in the meantime ''he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain themselves; but doth any poor man extol it? There "are those (saith ^Bernard), that approve of a mean estate, but on that condition they never want themselves : and some again are meek so long as they may say or do what they list; but if occasion be offered, how far are they from all patience?" I would to God (as he said), " *No man should commend poverty, but he that is poor," or he that so much admires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. " " Nunc si nos audis, atque es divinus Apollo, I " Now if thou hear'st us, and art a good man. Die mihi, qui nummos non habet, unde petat ;" | Tell him that wants, to get means, if you can." But no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world, ^ Vix habet in nobis jam nova plaga locum. Wq can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, ^ Et nihil inveni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet find no remedy: no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our souls, but we that endure it; we are distressed, forsaken, in torture of body and mind, in another hell : and what shall we do? When ''Crassus the Roman consul warred against the Parthians, after an unlucky battle fought, he fled away in the night, and left four thousand men, sore, sick, and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which, when the poor men perceived, clamoribus et ululatibus omnia complerunt, they made lamentable moan, and roared downright, as loud as Homer's Mars when he was hurt, which the noise of 10,000 men could not drown, and all for fear of present death. But our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far greater cause have we to lament ; the devil and the world persecutes us all, p Non in paupertate, sed in paupere (Senec.), non re, sed opinions labores. i Vobiscus Aureliano. sed si populus faraelicus inedia laboret, nee arma, leges, pudor, magistratus, coercerevalent. 'One of tlie richest men in Rome. »Serm. Quidam sunt qui pauperes esse volunt ita ut nihil illis desit, sic coiii- mendant ut nullam patiantur inopiam; sunt et alii mites, quamdiu dicitur et agitur ad eorum arbitrium, &c. t Nemo paupertatemcommendaret nisi pauper. " Petronius Catalec. "Ovid. "Tliere is no gpace left on oui- bodies for a fresh stripe." y Ovid. « Plutarcii. vit. Crassi. Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 399 good fortune hatli forsaken us, we are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nastiness, sickness, irksomeness, to continue all torment, labour and pain, to derision, and contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death; death alone we desire, death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do % Quod mcdefei^s, assuesce; feres bene accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but I may not, I cannot, In me con- sumpsit vires fortuna nocendo, I am In the extremity of human adversity ; and as a shadow leaves the body when the sun is gone, I am now left and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Qui jacet in terra, non hahet unde cadat ; comfort thyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and before it be long it will either overcome thee or thou it. If it be violent, it cannot en- dure, aut solvetur, aut solvet: let the devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, Ne tu cede mcdis, sed contra audentior ito, be of good courage ; misery is virtue's whetstone. " ^ Serpens, sitis, ardor, arenas, Dulcia virtuti,'' as Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Lybia, " Thirst, heat, sands, serpents, were pleasant to a valiant man;" honourable enterprises are accomj)anied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better. But j)ut case they continue ; thou art not so poor as thou wast born, and as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies insult over thee, thou art as bad as Job; yet tell me (saith Chrysostom), "was Job or the devil the greater conqueror? surely Job ; the ^ devil had his goods, he sat on the muck-hill and kept his good name; he lost his children, health, friends, but he kept his innocency; he lost his money, but he kept his confidence in God, which was better than any treasure." Do thou then as Job did, triumph as Job did, "" and be not molested as every fool is. Sed qua ratione potero ? How shall this be done? Chrysostom answers, facile si ccelum cogitaveris, with great facility, if thou shalt but meditate on heaven. ^ Hannah v/ept sore, and troubled in mind, could not eat ; " but why weepest thou," said Elkanah her husband, " and why eatest thou not? why is thine heart troubled? am not I better to thee than ten sons?" and she was quiet. Thou art here® vexed in this world; but say to thyself, "Why art thou troubled, O my soul?" Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and momentary pleasures of the world? be then pacified. And though thou beest now perad venture in extreme want, *'it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience, as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon him, and thou shalt be ^ crowned in the end. AVhat's this life to eternity? The world hath forsaken thee, thy friends and fortunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very hairs of thine head are numbered, that God is a spectator of all thy miseries, he sees thy wrongs, woes, and wants. " ^ 'Tis his good- will and pleasure it should be so, and he knows better what is for thy good than thou thyself His providence is over all, at all times; he hath set a guard of angels over us, and keeps us as the apple of his eye," Ps. xvii. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, honours, ofiices, and preferments, as so many glistening stars he makes to shine above the rest : some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, fire, and all violent mischances, and as the ' poet feigns of a Lucan. Ub. 9. b An quum super fimo sedit Job, an cum omnia abstulit diabolus, (fee, pecuniis privatus fiduciam deo habuit, omni thesauro preciosiorem. c Hsec videntes spoute pliilosophemini, nee insipientum affectibus agitemur. d 1 Sam. i. 8. e James i. 2. " My brethren, count it an exceeding joy, wlien you fall into divers temptations." f Aliflictio dat intellectum ; "quos Deus diligit, castigat. Deus optimum quemque aut mala valetudine aut luctu afficit. Seneca, g Quam sordet mihi terra quum coelum intueor. h Senec. de providentia, cap. 2. Diis ita visum, dii melius noruut quid sit in commodum meuui, illora. Iliad. 4. 400 Cure of Melanchohj. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. that Lycian Pandarus, Lycaon's son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face asleep, turned by the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously defends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth and corrects, as to him seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judgment, and all for our good, " The tyrant took the city (saith ^ Chrysostom), God did not hinder it ; led them away captives, so God would have it; he bound them, God yielded to it: flung them into the furnace, God permitted it: heat the oven hotter, it was granted: and when the tyrant had done his worst, God showed his power, and the children's patience; he freed them:" so can he thee, and can Mielp in an instant, when it seems to him good. "™ Rejoice not against me, O my enemy ; for though I fall, I shall rise : when T sit in darkness, the Lord shall lighten me." Remember all those martyrs what they have en- dured, the utmost that human rage and fury could invent, with what "* patience they have borne, with what willingness embraced it. " Though he kill me," saith Job, " I will trust in him," Justus ^ inexpugnahiUs, as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. The gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, but not rectam mentem, his soul is free. p "nempe, pecns, rem, Lectos, arsentum tollas licet; in manicis, et Compedibus sasvo teneas custode." "Perhaps, you mean, My cattle, money, moveables, or land. Then take them all.— But, slave, if I command, A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize." "^Take away his money, his treasure is in heaven: banish him his country, he is an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem: cast him into bands, his conscience is fi-ee; kill his body, it shall rise again; he fights with a shadow that contends with an upright man:" he will not be moved. " si fractus illabatur orbis, Impavidum ferient ruince. Though heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. lie is impenetrable, as an anvil hard, as constant as Job. "» Ipse deus simul atque volet me solvet, opinor." | "A god shall set me free whene'er I please." Be thou such a one; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience endure it ; thou mayest be restored as he was. Terris proscriptus, ad ccelum propera; ah hominibus desertus, ad Deumfuge. "The poor shall not always be forgotten, the patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever," Psal. ix. 18; ver. 9, "The Lord will be a refage of the oppressed, and a defence in the time of trouble." " Servus Epictetus, mutilati corporis, Irus I "Lame was Epictetus, and poor Irus, Pauper : at hcec inter charus erat superis." | Yet to them both God was propitious." Lodovicus Vert om annus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, saith Scaliger, he was vir deo charus, in that he did escape so many dangers, " God especially protected him, he was dear unto him : " Modo in egestate, trihulatione, convalle deplorationis, &c. " Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in agony, *in temptation; rest, eternity, happiness, im- mortality, shall be thy reward," as Chrysostom pleads, " If thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency." Non, si mde nunc et olim, sic erit semper; a good hour may come upon a sudden ; ^ expect a little. k Horn. 9. Voluit urbem tyrannus evertere, et Deus non prohibuit; vol'.iit captives ducere, non impedivit; voluit ligare, concessit, &c. i Psal. cxiii. De terra inopem, de stercore erigit pauperem. " Mieah, vii. 8. nPreme, preme, ego cum Findaro, lxfBanri(no^ ei/xc wt (peWrx; vir' aX/xa, iramersibilis sum sicut suber super maris septum. Lipsius. « Hie ure, hie seca, ut in tttcrnmn parcas, Austin. Diis fruitur iratis, superat et crescit mails. Mutium ignis, Fabricium paupertas, Rej,alum tormenta, Socratem veaenum superare non potuit. p Hor. epist. 16. lib. 1. q lloin. 5. Aufcret pecinias ? at habet in coelis : patria dejiciet, at in coelestem civitatem mittet : vincula iiijiciet? at habet solutam conscientiam : corpus inter- ficiet, at iterum resurget ; cum umbra pugnat qui cum justo pugnat. r Leonides. ^ Modo in pressura, in tentationibuSj erit postea bonum tuum requies, iieternitas, immortalitas. t Dabit Deus his quoque fiQeiu. Mein. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 401 Yea, but this expectation is it whicli tortures me in the mean time j ^futura expectans prcesentibus angor, whilst the grass grows the horse starves : ''despair not, but hope well, "ySpera, Batte, tibi melius lux Crastina ducet: Duin spirasspera" ■ Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alit agricolas ; " he thafc sows In tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 5. " Si fortune me tormente, Esperance me coutente." Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times prosperous events, and that may happen at last which never was yet. "A desire accomplished delights the soul," Pro v. xiii. 19. *** Grata superveniet quae non sperabitur bora : " I " Which makes m' enjoy my joys long wish'd at last, I Welcome that hour shall come when hope is past : " a lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, * Nube solet pulsd candidus ire dies. " The hope that is deferred, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire cometh, it is a tree of life," Pro v. xiii. 12, ^ suavissimum est voti compos jieri. Many men are both wretched and miserable at first, but afterwards most happy j and oftentimes it so falls out, as "^Machiavel relates of Cosmo de' Medici, that fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, ' that all his youth was full of perplexity, danger, and misery, till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden the sun of his honour broke out as through a cloud." Hun- niades was fetched out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor monastery , to be crowned kings, "Multa cadunt inter calicem supreraaque labra," ( "Many things happen between the cup and the lip." beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may happen % Nondimi omnium dierum Soles occiderunt, as Philippus said, all the suns are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. " Though my father and mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up,'* Psal. xxvii. 10. "Wait patiently on the Lord, and hope in him," Psal. xxxvii. 7. " Be strong, hope and trust in the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire," Psal. xxvii. 14. "Sperate et vosmet rebus serrate secundis." | "Hope, and reserve yourself for prosperity." Fret not thyself because thou art poor, contemned, or not so well for the pre- sent as thou wouldest be, not respected as thou oughtest to be, by birth, place, worth ; or that which is a double corrosive, thou hast been happy, honourable, and rich, art now distressed and poor, a scorn of men, a burden to the world, irksome to thyself and others, thou hast lost all : Miserum est fuisse felicem, and as Boethius calls it, Infelicissimum genus infortiinii ; this made Timon half mad with melancholy, to think of his former fortunes and present misfor- tunes : this alone makes many miserable wretches discontent. I confess it is a great misery to have been happy, the quintessence of infelicity, to have been honourable and rich, but yet easily to be endured; *^security succeeds, and to a judicious man a far better estate. The loss of thy goods and money is no loss ; " *thou hast lost them, they would otherwise have lost thee." If thy money be gone, "^thoii art so mach the lighter," and as Saint Hierome persuades Rusticus the monk, to forsake all and follow Christ : " Gold and silver are too heavy metals for him to carry that seeks heaven." " s Vel nos in mare proximum, I Summi materiam mali Gemmas et lapides, aurura et inutile, | Mittamus, scelerum si bene poenitet." " Seneca. ^ Nemo desperet meliora lapsus. r Theocritus. " Hope on, Battus, to-morrow maj' bring better luck; while there's life there's hope." ^Ovid. aQvid. bThales. "= Lib. 7. Flor. hist. Omnium felicissimus, et locupletissimus, &c., incarceratus sspe adolescentiam periculo mortis habuit, soli- citudiuis et discriminis pleuam, &c. ^ Lajtior successit securitas qufe simul cum divitiis cohabitare nescit. Camden. e pecuniam perdidisti, fortassis ilia te perderet manens. Seneca. ^Expeditior es ob pecuniarum jacturam. Fortuna opes auferre, non animura potest. Seneca. sHor. " Let us cast our jewels and gems, and useless gold, the cause of all vice, iuto the sea, since we truly repent of our sms." 402 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec, 3. Zeno tlie pliilosoplier lost all his goods by shipwreck, ''he might like of it, for- tune had done him a good turn : Opes a me animum auferre non potest : she can take away my means, but not my mind. He set her at defiance ever after, for she could not rob him that had nought to lose ; for he was able to contemn more than they could possess or desire. Alexander sent a hundred talents of gold to Phocion of Athens for a present, because he heard he was a good man : but Phocion returned his talents back again with ^permitte me in vaster u'in virura honum esse to be a good man still; let me bs as I am: iVo^^ QUI aurumposco, nee mi preciuni' That Theban Crates flung of his own accord his money into the sea, ahite, nummi, ego vos mergam ne mergar a vohis, I had rather drown you, than you should drown me. Can stoics and epicures thus contemn wealth, and shall not we that are Christians 1 It was mascula vox et pr cedar a, a generous speech of Cotta in ^'Sallust, "Many mise- ries have happened unto me at home, and in the wars abroad, of which by the help of God some I have endured, some I have repelled, and by mine own valour overcome : courage was never wanting to my designs, nor industry to my intents : prosperity nor adversity could never alter my disposition," " A wise man's mind," as Seneca holds, " ^ is like the state of the world above the moon, ever serene," Come then what can come, befall what may befall, infrac- tum invictumque ^ animum oj^ponas : Eebus angustis animosus atquefortis appare. {Trior. Od. 11. lib. 2.) Hope and patience are two sovereign reme- dies for all, the surest reposals, the softest cushions to lean on in adversity : " n Durum sed levius fit patientia, | " What can't be cured must be endured," Quicquid corrigere est nefas," | If it cannot be helped, or amended, "make the best of it ; ^necessitati qui se accommodate sapit, lie is wise that suits himself to the time. As at a game at tables, so do by all such inevitable accidents. ** q Ita vita est hominum, quasi cum ludas tesseris, Si illud quod est maxime opus jactu non cadit, lUud quod cecidit forte, id arte ut corrigas ; " If thou canst not fling v/hat thou woulJst, play thy cast as well as thou canst. Everything, saith ""Epictetus, hath two handles, tlie one to be held by, the other not : 'tis in our choice to take and leave whether we will (all which Sira23li- cius's commentator hath illustrated by many examples), and 'tis in our power, as they say, to make or mar ourselves. Conform thyself then to thy present fortune, and cut thy coat according to thy cloth, ^ Ut quimus (quod aiunt) quando quod volumus oion licet, " Be contented with thy loss, state, and calling, whatsoever it is, and rest as well satisfied with thy present condition in this life." " Esto quod es ; quod sunt alii, sine queralibet esse ; I "Be as thou art ; and as they are, so let Quod non es, nclis; quod potes esse, velis." | Others be still; what is and may be covet." And as he that is * invited to a feast eats what is set before him, and looks for no other, enjoy that thou hast, and ask no more of God than what he thinks fit to bestow upon thee. Non cuivis contingit adire Curinthum, we may not be all gentlemen, all Catos, or Lselii, as Tully telleth us, all honourable, illustrious, and serene, all rieh ; but because mortal men want many things, " " therefore," saith Theodoret, " hath God diversely distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another, that rich men might encourage and set poor men at work, poor men 'i Jubet me posthac fortuna expeditius Philorophari. ^ "^T do not desire riches, nor that a price should be set upon me." kjn frag. Quirites, multa mihi pericula domi, militise multa adversa fuere, quorum alia toleravi, alia deorum auxillo repuli et virtute mea ; nunquam animus negotio defuit, nee decretis labor; nullse res nee prosperee nee adversse ingenium mutabant. i Qualis mundi status supra lunam semper serenus. •" Bona mens nullum tristioris fortunas recipit incursum, Val. lib. 4. c. 1. Qui nil potest sperai'e, desperet nihil. " Hor. oJZquam memento rebus in ardnis servare mentem. lib. 2. Od. 3. p Epict. c. 18. iTer. Adelph. act. 4. sc. 7. ■■ Unaqu!:?que res duas habet ansas, alteram qu£e teneri, alteram qu<'8 non potest; in manu nostra quam volumus accipere. ^Ter. And. Act. 4. sc. 6. tEpictetus. Invitatus ad convivium, qua? apponuntur comedis, non qua;ris ultra; in mundo multa rogitas quse dii negant. " Cap. 6. de providentia. Mortales cum sint rerum omnium indigi, ideo deus aliis divitias, aliispaupertatem distribuit, ut qui opibus poUent, materiam subministrent.; qui vero inopes, exercitatas artibus mauus admoveant. IVIem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 403 might learn several trades to the common good. As a piece of arras is corn- posed of several parcels, some ■wrought of silk, some of gold, silver, crewel of diverse colours, all to serve for the exoneration of the whole : music is made of diverse discords and keys, a total sum of many small numbers, so is a com- monwealth of several unequal trades and callings. ^If all should be Croesi and Darii, all idle, all in fortunes equal, who should till the land"? As ^Mene- nius Agrippa well satisfied the tumultuous rout of Rome, in his elegant apologue of the belly and the rest of the members. Who should build houses, make our several stuffs for raiments 1 We should all be starved for company, as Poverty declared at large in Aristophanes' Plutus, and sue at last to be as we were at first. And therefore God hath appointed this inequality of states, orders, and degrees, a subordination, as in all other things. The earth yields nourishment to vegetables, sensible creatures feed on vegetables, both are substitutes to reasonable souls, and men are subject amongst themselves, and all to higher pov/ers, so God would have it. All things then being rightly examined and duly considered as they ought, there is no such cause of so general discontent, 'tis not in the matter itself, but in our mind, as we moderate our passions and esteem of things. Nihil aliud necessarium ut sis miser (saitli ^Cardan), qumn ut te miserum credas, let thy fortune be what it will, 'tis thy mind alone that makes thee poor or rich, miserable or happy. Vidi ego (saith divine Sen eca),w2 villa hilari et amoend mcestos,et media solitudine occupatos; noii locus sed animus facit ad tranquillitafem. I have seen men miserably dejected in a pleasant village, and some again well occupied and at good ease in a solitary desert. 'Tis the mind not the place that causeth tranquillity, and that gives true content, I will yet add a word or two for a corollary. Many rich men, I dare boldly say it, that lie on down beds, with delicacies pampered every day, in their well-furnished houses, live at less heart's ease, with more anguish, more bodily pain, and through their intemperance, more bitter hours, than many a prisoner or galley-slave; "^Moicenas in plumd ceque vigilat ac Regu- lus in dolio: those poor starved Hollanders, whom ^Bartison their captain left in Nova Zembla, anno 1596, or those ''eight miserable Englishmen that were lately leffc behind, to winter in a stove in Greenland, in 77 deg. of lat. 1630, so pitifully forsaken, and forced to shift for themselves in a vast, dark, and desert place, to strive and struggle with hunger, cold, desperation, and death itself. 'Tis a patient and quiet mind (I say it again and again), gives true peace and content. So for all other things, they are, as old '^Chremes told us, as we use them. "Parentes, patriam, amicos, genus, cognatos, divitias, Hsec perinde sunt ac illius animus qui ea possidet; Qui uti scit, ei bona ; qui utitur non recte, mala." " Parents, friends, fortunes, country, birth, alliance, &c., ebb and flow with our conceit ; please or displease, as we accept and construe them, or apply them to ourselves." Faber quisque fortunce suce, and in some sort I may truly say, prosperity and adversity are in our own hands. Neino Iceditur nisi a seipso, and which Seneca confirms out of .his judgment and experience. " *^ Every man's mind is stronger than fortune, and leads him to what side he will; a cause to himself each one is of his good or bad life." But will we, or nill we, make the worst of it, and suppose a man in the greatest extremity, 'tis a for- tune which some indefinitely prefer before prosperity; of two extremes it is the best. Luxuriant animi rebus plerumque secundis, men in ^prosperity forget ^ Si sint omnes equales, necesse est ut omnes fame pereant; quia aratro terram sulcaret, quis sementem faceret, quis plantas sereret, quis vinum exprimeret ? y Liv. lib. 1. = Lib. 3. de cons. » Seneca, b Vide Isaacum Fontanum descript. Amsterdam, lib. 2. c. 22. » Vide Ed. Pelham's book, edit. 1630. •^Heautontira. Act. 1. sc. 2. «Epist. 98. Omni fortima valentior ipse animus, in utramque partem res suas ducitj beataique ac misers Titte sibi causa est. f Portuna quem nimiuiu fovet stultum facit. Pub. Mimus. 404 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. God and tliemsGlves, tlicy are besotted with their wealth, as LirJs with hen- bane : ^miserable if fortune forsake them, but more miserable if she tany and overwhelm them : for when they come to be in great place, rich, they that were most temperate, sober, and discreet in their private fortunes, as Nero, Otho, Yitellius, Heliogabalus (optimi imjyeratores nisi imperassent) degenerate on a sudden into brute beasts, so prodigious in lust, such tyrannical oppressors, &c., they cannot moderate themselves, they become monsters, odious, harpies, what not ? Cum triumphos, opes, honores aclepti sunt, ad voluptatem et otium deinceps se convertunt: 'twas ^Cato's note, " they cannot contain." For that cause belike. ^Eutrapelus cuicnnque noeere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa; beatus enim jam, Cum pulchris tunicis sumet nova consilia et spes, Dormiet in lucem scorto, postponet honestum Officium." . " Etitrapelns when he would hiirt a knave, Gave him gay clothes and wealth to make liim brave : Because now rich he would quite change his mind, Keep whores, fly out, set honesty behind." On the other side, in adversity many mutter and repine, despair, &c., both bad, I confess. " '^ ut calceus olim Si pede major erit, subvertet : si minor, aret." " As a shoe too big or too little, one pincheth, the other sets the foot awry," sed e malis minimum. If adversity hath killed his thousand, prosperity hatli killed his ten thousand : therefore adversity is to be preferred ; ^ hcec frceno indiget, ilia solatio : ilia fallit, hcec instruit : the one deceives, the other instructs; the one miserably happy, the other happily miserable; and there- fore many philosophers have voliuitarily sought adversity, and so much com- mend it in their precepts. Demetrius, in Seneca, esteemed it a great infelicity, that in his lifetime he had no m.h^^ovi\\\\Q,miserum cui nihil unquam accidisset adversi. Adversity then is not so heavily to be taken, and we ought not in such cases so much to macerate ourselves: there is no such odds in poverty and riches. To conclude in ™Hierom's words, "I will ask our magniiicos that build with marble, and bestow a whole manor on a thread, what dif- ference between them and Paul the Eremite, that bare old man 1 They drink in jewels, he in his hand; he is poor and goes to heaven, they are rich and go to hell." MEMB. IV. Against Servitude, Loss of Liberty, Iinprisonment, Banishment. Servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, are no such miseries as they are held to be : we are slaves and servants the best of us all : as we do reverence our masters, so do our masters their superiors : gentlemen serve nobles, and nobles subordinate to kings, omne sub regno graviore regnum, princes them- selves are God's servants, reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis. They are subject" to their own laws, and as the kings of China endure more than slavish im- prisonment, to maintain their state and greatness, they never come abroad. Alexander was a slave to fear, Csesar of pride, Vespasian to his money {nihil enim refert rerum sis servus an hominum"^), Heliogabalus to his gut, and so of the rest. Lovers are slaves to their mistresses, rich men *.to their gold, courtiers generally to lust and ambition, and all slaves to our affections, as Evangelus well discourseth in °Macrobius, and ^ Seneca the philosopher, assiduam servitutem extremam et ineluctabilem he calls it, a continual slavery, to be so captivated by vices; and who is free? Why then dost thou repine? B Seneca de beat. vit. cap. 14. miseri si deserantur ab ea, miseriores si obruantur. tpiutarch. vit. ejus. i Hor. epist. lib. 1. ep. 18. ' ^ Hor. i Boeth. 2. ■" Epist. hb. 3. vit. Paul. Ermit. Libet eos nunc interrogare qui domus marmoribus vestiunt, qui uno filo villarum ponunt precia, huic seni modo quid unquam defuit ? vos gemma bibitis, ille concavis manibus naturae satisfecit; ille pauper paradisum capit, vos avarosgehenaa suscipiet. o"It matters little whether we are enslaved by men or things." o^atur. 1. 11. Alius libidini servit, alius ambitioni, oranes spei, omnes timori. PNat. lib. 3. Mem. 4.] Remedies against Discontents. 405 Satis est potens, Hierom saith, qui servlre non cogitur. Thou earnest no bur- dens, thou art no prisoner, no drudge, and thousands want that liberty, those pleasures which thou hast. Thou art not sick, arid what vvouldst thou have? But nitimur in vetitum,wQ must all eat of the forbidden fruib. Were we enjoined to go to such and such places, we would not willingly go: but being barred of our liberty, this alone torments our wandering soul that we may not go. A citizen of ours, saith '^Cardan, was sixty years of age, and had never been forth of the walls of the cityof Milan; the prince hearing of it, commanded him not to stir out : being now forbidden that which all his life he had neglected, he ear- nestlj^ desired, and being denied, dolore confecius mortem obiit, he died for grief. What I have said of servitude, I again say of imprisonment, we are all prisoners. '"What is our life but a prison? We are all imprisoned in an island. The world itself to some men is a prison, our narrow seas as so many ditches, and when they have comj^assed the globe of the earth, they would fain go see what is done in the moon. In * Muscovy, and many other northern parts, all over Scandia, they are imprisoned half the year in stoves, they dare not peep out for cold. At *Aden in Arabia, they are penned in all daylong with that other extreme of heat, and keep their markets in the night. What is a ship but a prison? And so many cities are but as so many hives of bees, ant- hills ; but that which thou abhorrest, many seek : women keep in all winter, and most part of summer, to preserve their beauties ; some for love of study : Demosthenes shaved his beard because he would cut oE all occasions from going abroad: how many monks and friars, anchorites, abandon the world! Monachus in ui'be, jnscis in arido. Art in prison? Make right use of it, and mortif}? thyself; " " Where may a man contemplate better than in solitariness," or study more than in quietness? Many worthy men have been imprisoned all their lives, and it hath been occasion of great honour and glory to them, much public good by their excellent meditation, ^Ptolemeus king of Egypt, cu7n virihus attenuatis infirma vcdetudine laboraret, miro discendi studio affec- tus, &c., now being taken with a grievous infirmity of body that he could not stir abroad, became Strato's scholar, fell hard to his book, and gave himself wholly to contemplation, and upon that occasion (as mine author adds), j'^ul- cherrimum regice ojyideiitice nionumeatum, &c., to his great honour built that renowned library at Alexandria, wherein were 400,000 volumes. Severinus Boethius never writ so elegantly as in prison, Paul so devoutly, for most of his epistles were dictated in his bands : " Joseph," saith ^Austin, " got more credit in prison, than when he distributed corn, and was lord of Pharaoh's house." It brings many a lewd riotous fellow home, many wandering rogues it settles, that would otherwise have been like raving tigers, ruined themselves and others. Banishment is no grievance at all, Omne solum forti patria, &c.,et patriaest uhicunque bene est, that's a man's country where he is well at ease. Many travel for pleasure to that city, saith Seneca, to which thou art banished, and what a part of the citizens are strangers born in other places! ^ Incolentibus l^atria, 'tis their country that are born in it, and they would think themselves banished to go to the place which thou leavest, and from which thou art so loth to depart. 'Tis no disparagement to be a stranger, or so irksome to be an exile. " ^The rain is a stranger to the earth, rivers to the sea, Jupiter in Egypt, the sun to us all. The soul is an alien to the body, a nightingale to the air, a swallow in a house, and Ganymede in heaven, an elephant at qConsol. 1. 5. "^ generose, quid est vita nisi career aiiimi ! sjierbastein. ' Vertomannus, navi^. 1. 2. c. 4. Commercia in nundinis noctu hora secunda ob nimios qui sjBviunt interdiu testus exercent. " Ubi verior contemplatio quam in solitudine? ubi stndium solidius quam in quiete ? x Alex. ab. Alex. gen. dier. lib. 1. cap. 2. yln Ps. Ixxvi. non ita laudatur Joseph cum frumenta distribuei'et, ac quum carcerem liabitaret. » Boethius. "^ Philostratus in deliciis. Peregriui sunt imbres in terra et fluvii in mari, Jupiter apud ^gyptos, sol apud omues; hospes anima in corpore, lusciuia in aere,.hirundo in domo, Gany- niedes coelo, &c. 406 Careo/Melanclwly. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Borne, a Phoenix in India;" and such things commonly please us best, which are most strange and come the farthest off. Those old Hebrews esteemed the whole v/orld Gentiles; the Greeks held all barbarians but themselves; our modern Italians account of us as dull Transalpines by way of reproach, they scorn thee and thy country which thou so much admirest. 'Tis a childish humour to hone after home, to be discontent at that which others seek ; to prefer, as base islanders and Norwegians do, their own ragged island before Italy or Greece, the gardens of the world. There is a base nation in the north, saith ^ Pliny, called Chauci, that live amongst rocks and sands by the seaside, feed on fish, drink water : and yet these base people account themselves slaves in respect, when they come to Rome. Ita est profectd (as he concludes), Tnultis fortuna iJirdt in poenam, so it is, fortune favours some to live at home, to their further punishment: 'tis want of judgment. All places are distant from heaven alike, the sun shines happily as warm in one city as in another, and to a wise man there is no difference of climes; friends are every where to him that behaves himself well, and a prophet is not esteemed in his own country. Alexander, Csesar, Trajan, Adrian, were as so many land-leapers, now in the east, now in the west, little at home, and Polus Yenetus, Lod. Vertomannus, Pinzonus, Cadamustus, Columbus, Americus Yespucius, Yascus Gama, Drake, Candish, Oliver Anort, Schoutien, got all their honour by vo- luntary expeditions. But you say such men's travel is voluntary; we are compelled, and as malefactors must depart: yet know this of ''Plato to be true, ultori Deo summa cura peTegrinus est, God hath an especial care of strangers, " and when he wants friends and allies, he shall deserve better and find more fiivour with God and men." Besides the pleasure of peregrination, variety of objects will make amends; and so many nobles, TuUy, Aristides, Themistocles, Theseus, Codrus, &c., as have been banished, will give sufficient credit unto it. Bead Pet. Alcionius his two books of this subject. MEMB. Y. Against Sorrow for Death of Friends or otherwise, vain Fear, &g. Death and departure of friends are things generally grievous, "Omnium, quce in humand vita contingunt, luctus atque mors sunt acerhissima, the most austere and bitter accidents that can happen to a man in this life, in (Eternum valedicere, to part for ever, to forsake the world and all our friends, 'tis ultimiim terrihilium, the last and the greatest terror, most irksome and troublesome unto us, ^ Homo quoties moritur, toties amittit suos. And though we hope for a better life, eternal happiness, after these painful and miserable days, yet we cannot compose ourselves willingly to die; the remembrance of it is most grievous unto us, especially to such who are fortunate and rich : they start at the name of death, as a horse at a rotten post. Say what you can of that other world, ® Montezuma that Indian prince, Bonum est esse /ac, they had rather be here. Nay, many generous spirits, and grave staid men otherwise, are so tender in this, that at the loss of a dear friend they will cry out, roar, and tear their hair, lamenting some months after, howling " O Hone," as those Irish women and ^Greeks at their graves, commit many indecent actions, and almost go beside themselves. My dear father, my sweet husband, mine only brother's dead, to whom shall I make my moan? me miserum I Quis dahit in lachrymas fontem, &c. What shall I do? "g Sed totum hoc studium luctu fraterna mihi mors 1 " My brother's death my study hath undone, Abstulit, hei misero frater adempte mihi ! " | Woe's me, alas, my brother he is gone ! " a Lib. 16. cap. 1. Nullam frugem habent, potns ex imbre : Et has gentes si vincantur, &c. ^ Lib. 5. de legibus. Cumque cognatis careat et amicis, majorem apud deos et apud homines misericordiam meretur. c Cardan, de consol. lib. 2. <* Seneca. « Benzo. f Suramo mane ululatum oriuntur, pectora percutientes, 12. Innuptaj puellte amictiB viridibus pannis, &c. k Lib. de consol. ' Prasceptis philosophise confirmatus adversus omnem fortunse vim, et te consecrata in coslumque reccpta, tanta affectus lijtitia sum ac voluptate, quantam animo capere possam, ac exulrare plane mihi vidcor, victorque de omni dolore et fortuna trium- phare. ■" Ut lignum uri natum, arista secari, sic homines mori. " Boeth. lib. 2. met. 3. ° Boeth. pNic. Hensel. Breslagr. tbl. 47. 'i 'I'wcnty then present. ' To Magdalen, the daughter of Charles the Seventh of France. Obcunt uoctcsquc dicsque, &.c. ^10 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 3. the like fate, data sunt ipsis quoquefata sepulchris, kingdoms, provinces, towns, and cities, have their periods, and are consumed. In those flourishing times of Troy, Mjcenae was the fairest city in Greece, Grcecice cunctce imperitahat, but it, alas, and that " 'Assyrian Nineveh are quite overthrown :" the like fate . hath that Egyptian and Boeotian Thebes, Delos, commune GrcecicB conciliabu- lum, the common council-house of Greece, *and Babylon, the greatest city that ever the sun shone on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. " "^Quid Pandionice restat nisi no/nen Athence?" Thus ^Pausanias complained in his times. And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cizicum, Sparta, Argos, and all those Grecian cities? Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns in Sicily, which had sometimes 700,000 inhabitants, are now decayed: the names of Hiero, Empedocles, &c., of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is remembered amongst the Scythians ; the world itself must have an end; and every part of it. Cceterce igitur urbes sunt mor- tales, as Peter ^ Gillius concludes of Constantinople, hcec sane quamdiu erunt homines, futur a mihi videtur immortalis; but 'tis not so : nor site, nor strength, nor sea, nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all must vanish at last. And as to a traveller, great mountains seem plains afar off, at last are not discerned at all; cities, men, monuments decay, -—nee solidis prodest sua macldna terris,^- the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are involved in perpetual night. "''Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from ^gina towards Megara, I began (saith Servius Sulpicius, in a consolatory epistle of his to Tullj) to view the country round about. ^Egina v^^as behind me, Megara before, Piraeus on the right hand, Corinth on the left:, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and overwhelmed before mine eyes, I began to think with myself, alas, why are we nwn so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much shorter, ^wlien so many goodly cities lie buried before us? Pcmember, O Servius, thou art a man ; and with that I was much confirmed, and corrected myself." Correct then likewise, and comfort thyself in this, that we must necessarily die, and all die, that we shall rise again : as Tully held; Jucundiorque multo congressus noster futur us, qua/m insuavis et acerhus diyressus, our second meeting shall be much more pleasant than our departure was grievous. Ay, but he was my most dear and loving friend, my sole friend, " b Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus I " And who can blame my woe ? " Tam chari capitis ? " ( Thou mayest be ashamed, I say with ° Seneca, to confess it, "in such a ""tem- pest as this to have but one anchor," go seek another : and for his part thou dost him great injury to desire his longer life. " ^ Vf ilt thou have him crazed and sickly still," like a tired traveller that comes weary to his inn, begin his journey afresh, "or to be freed from his miseries: thou hast more need rejoice that he is gone." Another complains of a most sweet wife, a young wife, Non- dum sustiderat fiavu7n Proserpina crinem, such a wife as no mortal man ever had, so good a wife, but she is now dead and gone, letkaioque jacet condita sarcophago. I reply to him in Seneca's words, if such a woman at least ever was to be had, " ^ He did either so find or naake her ; if he found her, he may as happily find another; if he made her," as Critobulus in Xenophon did by his, he may as good cheap inform a.nc)ther, ethona tam sequitur, qwam bona •AssjTiorum regio funditus deleta. 'Omnium quot unquam Sol aspexit url)ium maxima. "Ovid. "What of ancient Athens but the name remains? " '■'Arcad. lib. 8. yPrcefat. Topogr. Constantinop. * " Nor can its own structure preserve the solid globe." ' Epist. Tull. lib. 3. » Quum tot oppidoruin cadavera ante oeulos projecta jacent. '>Hor. lib. 1. Od. 24. ^j^g i-emed. fortuit. d^i-ubesce tauta tempestate quod art unam anchoram stabas. e Vis jegrum, et morbidum, sitibunduni — gaiide potais quod his malis liberatus sit. ^Uxorem bonam aut inveni.sti, aut sic feeisti; si iuveneiis, aliam habere te posse ex hoc iatelligamus : si feccr;s, bene spores, salvus est artifex. Mem. 5] Remedies against Discontents, 411 prima fuit; "he need not despair, so long as the same master is to be had." But was shegood? Had she been so tried peradventure as that Ephesian widow in Petronius, by some swaggering soldier, she might not have held out. Many a man would have been willingly rid of his : before thou wast bound, now thou art free; '-^and 'tis but a folly to love thy fetters though they be of gold." Come into a third place, you shall have an aged father sighing for a son, a pretty child ; " >> Impube pectus quale vel impia I " He now lies asleep, Molliret Thracum pectora." | Would make an impious Thraciaa weep." Or come fine daughter that died young, Nondum experta novi gaudia prima tori. Or a forlorn son for his deceased fathei'. But why ? Prior exiit, prior intravity he came first, and he must go first. ^ Tu frustra pius, hen, &c. What, wouldst thou have the laws of nature altered, and him to live always] Julius Csesar, Augustus, Alcibiades, Galen, Aristotle, lost their fathers young. And why ou the other side shouldst thou so heavily take the death of thy little son? "kXum quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat, Seel miser ante diem" he died before his time, perhaps, not yet come to the solstice of his age, yet was he not mortal? Hear that divine ^Epictetus, "If thou covet thy wife, friends, children should live always, thou art a fool." He was a fine child indeed, dignus AjMllineis lacJirymis, a sweet, a loving, a fair, a witty child, of great hojDe, another Eteoneus, whom Pindarus the poet and Aristides the rhetori- cian so much lament; but who can tell whether he would have been an honest man % He might have proved a thief, a rogue, a spendthrift, a disobedient son, vexed and galled thee more than all the world beside; he might have wrangled with thee and disagreed, or with his brothers, as Eteocles and Polynices, and broke thy heart; he is now gone to eternity, as another Ganymede, in the ""flower of his youth, "as if he had risen,". saith "Plutarch, "'from the midst of a feast," before he was drunk, "the longer he had lived, the worse he would have been," et quo vita longior (Ambrose t\\m\^), culpa numerosior, more sinful, more to answer he would have had. If he was naught, thou mayest be glad he is gone ; if good, be glad thou hadst such a son. Or art thou sure he was good? It may be he was an hypocrite, as many are, and howsoever he spake thee fair, peradventure he prayed, amongst the rest tliat Icaro Menippus heard at Jupi- ter's whispering-place in Lucian, for his father's death, because he now kept him short, he was to inherit much goods, and many fair manors after his de- cease. Or put case he was very good, suppose the best, may not thy dead son expostulate with thee, as he did in the same « Lucian, "why dost thou lament my death, or call me miserable that am much more happy than thyself? what misfortune is befallen me ? Is it because I am not so bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art ? What have I lost, some of your good cheer, gay clothes, music, singing, dancing, kissing, merry-meetings, thalami lubentias, (fee, is that it ? Is it not much better not to hunger at all than to eat : not to thirst than to drink to satisfy thirst : not to be cold than to put on clothes to drive away cold? You had more need rejoice that I am freed from diseases, agues, cares, anxieties, livor, love, covetousness, hatred, QnYj, malice, that I fear no more thieves, tyrants, enemies, as you do." "^Id cinerem et manes credis curare sepuUos ^ " Do they concern us at all, think you, when we are once t Stulti est compedes licet aureas amare. •> Hor. ' Hor. lib. 1 . Od. ?4. ^ Virg. 4 Mn. 1 Cap. 19. Si id studes ut uxor, amivi, liberi perpetuo vivant, stultus es. m Deus quos diligit juvenes rapit, Menan. » Consol. ad ApoL Apollonius tilius tuus in tlore decessit, ante nos ad reternitatem digressus, tanquam. e convivio abiens, priusquam in errorem aliquem e temulentia incideret, quales in longa senecta accidere solent. oTom. 1. Tract, de luctu. Quid me mortuum miserum vocas, qui te sum multo felicior ? aut quid acerbi mihi putas contigisse ? an quia non sum malus senex, ut tu facie rugosus, incurvus, &c. demens, quid tibi videtur in vita boni ? nimirum amicitias, coenas, &.C. Longe melius non esurire quam edere; non sitire, &c. Gaude potius quod morbos et febres efi'ugerim, angorem auimi, &c. Ejulatas quid prodest, quid laclirymffi, jtc. p Virgil. 412 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. dead?" Condole not others then overmuch, "wish not or fear thy death." '^Summum nee optes diem nee tnetuas ; 'tis to no purpose. "Excess! h vitfe jenimnis facQisque lubensque I "I left this irksome life with all mine iieart, Ne pejora ipsa morte dehinc videam." j Lest worse than death should happen to my part." ' Cardinal Brundusinus caused this epitaph in Rome to be inscribed on his tomb, to show his willingness to die, and tax those that were so loth to depart. Weep and howl no more then, 'tis to small purpose ; and as Tally adviseth us in the like case, Non quos amisimus, sed quantum lugere par sit cogitemus : think what we do, not whom we have lost. So David did, 2 Sam. xxii., ** While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept ; but being now dead, w^hy should I fast 1 Can I bring him again 1 I shall go to him, but he cannot return to me." He that doth otherwise is an intemperate, a weak, a silly, and indiscreet man, Though Aristotle deny any part of intemperance to be con- versant about sorrow, I am of * Seneca's mind, "he that is wise is temperate, and he that is temperate is constant, free from passion, and he that is such a one, is without sorrow," as all wise men should be. The *Thracians wept still when a child was born, feasted and made mirth when any man was buried : and so should we rather be glad for such as die well, that they are so happily freed from the miseries of this life. When Eteoneus, that noble young Greek, was so generally lamented by his friends, Piudarus the poet feigns some god saying, Silete, homines, non enim miser est, &c., be quiet good folks, this young man is not so miserable as you think; he is neither gone to Styx nor Acheron, sed gloriosus et senii expers heros, he lives for ever in the Elysian fields. He now enjoys that happiness which your great kings so earnestly seek, and wears that garland for v/hich ye contend. If our present weakness is such, we cannot moderate our passions in this behalf, we must divert them by all means, by doing something else, thinking of another subject. The Italians most part sleep away care and grief, if it unseasonably seize upon them, Danes, Dutch- men, Polanders and Bohemians drink it down, our countrymen go to plays : do something or other, let it not transpose thee, or by ""premeditation make such accidents familiar," as Ulysses that wept for his dog, but not for his wife, quod paratus esset animo obfirmato, (Plut. de anim. tranq^ "accustom thyself, and harden beforehand by seeing other men's calamities, and applying them to thy present estate ; " Prcevisum est levius quod fuit ante 7nalum. I will conclude with ^Epictetus, "If thoulovest a pot, remember 'tis but a pot thou lovest, and thou wilt not be troubled when 'tis broken : if thou lovest a son or wife, remember they were mortal, and thou wilt not be so impatient." And for false fears and all other fortuitous inconveniences, mischances, calamities, to resist and prepare ourselves, not to Mnt is best : ^Stultum est timere quod vitari non potest, 'tis a folly to fear that which cannot be avoided, or to be discovjcaged at all. ♦'«]Sram quisquis trepiduspavet vel optat, Abjecit clypeum, locoqiie motus Kectit qua valeat trahi catenam. "For he that so faints or fears, and yields to his passion, flings away his own weapons, makes a cord to bind himself, and pulls a beam upon his own head." MEMB. YI. Against Envy, Livor, Emulation, Hatred, Ambition j Self-love, and all other Affections. Against those other "passions and affections, there is no better remedy than as mariners when they go to sea, provide all things necessary to resist a tem- qHor I Chytreus deliciis Europre. •Epist. 85. * Sardus de mor. gen. "Prffime- ditatione facllem reddere queinque casum. Tlutarchus consolatione ad Apollonium. Assuefacere non casibus deoemus. TuU. lib. 3. Tusculan. quitst. « Cap. 8. Si oUam diligas, memento te ollam diligere, non pei-tin-baberis ea confracta; si filium aut uxorem, memento hominem a te diligi, &o. y Seneca. » iJoeih, lib. 1. pros. i. • Qui invidiam ferrc non potest, ferre coutemptum cogitur. Mem. C] Remedies against Discontents. 413 pest: to furnisli ourselves with philosophical and Divine precepts, other men's examples, ^ Per ecw/ztw ex aliis facere, sibi quod ex usu siet: To balance our hearts with love, charity, meekness, patience, and counterpoise those irregular motions of envy, livor, spleen, hatred, with their opposite virtues, as we bend a crookfed staff another way, to oppose " ^sufferance to labour, patience to reproach," bounty to CO vetousness, fortitude to pusillanimity, meekness to anger, humility to pride, to examine ourselves for what cause we are so much dis- quieted, on what ground, what occasion is it just or feigned 1 And then either to pacify ourselves by reason, to divert by some other object, contrary passion, or premeditation . "^Meditari seoum oportet quo pacta adversam cerumnani ferat, Pericla^ damna, exiliaperegre rediens semper cogitet, autfilii peccatum,, aut uxoris mortem, aut morbum JilicE, communia esse hcec: fieri posse., ut ne quid animo sit novum. To make them familiar, even all kind of calamities, that when they happen they may be less troublesome unto us. In secundis m^ditare, quo facto f eras adversa: or out of mature judgment to avoid the effect, or disannul the cause, as they do that are troubled with toothache, pull them quite out. "« ut vivat castor, sibi testes amputat ipse; I "The leaver Vxt&s off s stones to save the rest : Tu quoque siqua nocent, abjice, tutus eris." | Do thou the like witli that thou art opprest." Or as they that play at wasters, exercise themselves by a few cudgels how to avoid an enemy's blows : let us arm ourselves against all such violent incur- sions, which may invade our minds. A little experience and practice will inure us to it; vetula vulpes, as the proverb saith, laqueo haud capitur, an old fox is not so easily taken in a snare ; an old soldier in the world methinks should not be disquieted, but ready to receive all fortunes, encounters, and with that resolute captain, come what may come, to make answer. -" f non ulla laborum I " No labour comes at unawares to me O virgo nova mi facies inopinaque surgit, For I have long before cast what may be." Omnia percepi atque animo mecum ante peregi." \ " non hoc primum mea pectora vulnus Senserunt, graviora tuli ■ S The commonwealth of ^ Yenice in their armoury have this inscription, "Happy is that city which, in time of peace, thinks of war," a fit motto for every man's private house; happy is the man that provides for a future assault. But many times we complain, repine, and mutter without a cause, we give way to passions wemay resist, and will not. Socrates was bad bynature, envious, as he confessed to Zopirus the physiognomer, accusing him of it, froward and lascivious : but as he was Socrates, he did correct and amend himself. Thou art malicious, envious, covetous, impatient, no doubt, and lascivious, yet as thou art a Chris- tian, correct and moderate thyself. 'Tis something, I confess, and able to move any man, to see himself contemned, obscure, neglected, disgraced, undervalued, " 'left behind; " some cannot endure it, no, not constant Lipsius, a man dis- creet otherwise, yet too weak and passionate in this, as his words express, ^coilegas olim^ quos ego sine fremitu non intueor, nuper terrcB fijlios^ nunc McEcenates et Agrippas habeo, — summojam monte potitos. But he was much to blame for it : to a wise staid man this is nothing, we cannot all be honoured and rich, all Caesars; if we will be content, our present state is good; and in some men's opinion to be preferred. Let them go on, get wealth, offices, titles, honours, preferments, and what they will themselves, by chance, fraud, imposture, simony, and indirect means, as too many do, by bribery, flattery, and parasitical insinuation, by impudence and time-serving, let them climb up to advancement in despite of virtue, let them " go before, cross me on every ^ Ter. Heautont. «Epictetus, c. 14. Si labor objecttis fuerit tolerantiiB, convicium patientioe, &c., si ita consueveris, vitiis non obtemperabis. ^xer. Phor. eAlciatEmbl. f Yirg. -lEn. g" My breast was not conscious of this first wound, for 1 have endured still greater." •> Xat. Chytreus deliciis Europe, Felix civitasquas tempore pacis de bello cogitat. iQccupet extremura scabies; mihi turpe relinqui est. Hor. ^ Lipsius, epist. qurest. 1. 1 . ep. 7. 414 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. side," ^me non offendunt modo 7ion in oculos incurrant, as he said, correcting his former error, they do not offend nie so long as they run not into mine eyes. I am. inglorious and poor, compositd paupertate, but I live secure and quiet : they are dignified, have great means, pomp, and state, they are glorious; but what have they with it? "™Envy, trouble, anxiety, as much labour to maintain their place with credit, as to get it at first." I am contented with my fortunes, spectator e longinquo, and love Neptunum procul a terra spectarefurentem: he is ambitious, and not satisfied with his : "but what "gets he by it? to have all his life laid open, his reproaches seen : not one of a thousand but he hath done more worthy of dispraise and animadversion than commendation; no better means to help this than to be private." Let them run, ride, strive as so many fishes for a crumb, scrape, climb, catch, snatch, cozen, collogue, temporise and fleire, take all amongst them, wealth, honour, °and get what they can, it offends me not : r " P me mea tellus Lare secreto tutoque tegat," '^ I am well pleased with my fortunes," "^ Vivo et regno simul ista relinqicens. I have learned "in what state soever I am, therewith to be contented," Philip, iv. 11. Come what can come, I am prepared. Nave ferar magna an parvd^ ferar unus et idem. I am the same. I was once so mad to bustle abroad, and seek about for preferment, tire myself, and trouble all my friends, sed nihil labor tantus profecit; nam dum alios amicorum mors avocat, aliis ignotus sum, his invisus, alii large promittunt, intercedunt illi mecum soliciti, hi vand spe lactant; dam alios ambio, hos capto, Hits innotesco, Oitas perit, anni dejluunt, amicifatigantur, ego deferor^ etjam, mundi tcesus, humancEcjue satur infidelitatis, acquiesco. '"And so I say still; although I may not deny, but that I have had some ^bountiful patrons and noble benefactors, we ^i'm m^enm ingratus, and I do thankfully acknowledge it, I have received some kindness, quod Deus illis beneficium rependat, si non pro votisy fortasse pro meritis, more peradventure than I deserve, though not to my desire, more of them than I did expect, yet not of others to my desert ; neither am I ambitious or covetous, for this while, or a Suffenus to myself; what I have said, without prejudice or alteration shall stand. And now as a mired horse that struggles at first with all his might and main to get out, but when he sees no remedy, that his beating will not serve, lies still, I have laboured in vain, rest satisfied, and if I may usurp that of * Prudent i us, "Inveniportum; spes et fortuna valete, I " Mine haven's found, fortune and hope adieu, Uil mihi vobiscum, ludite nunc alios." j Mock others now, for 1 have done with you." - MEMB. YII. Against Repulse, Abuses, hijuries, Contempts, Disgraces, Contumelies, Slanders, Scoffs, SfC. Repidse^ I may not yet conclude, think to appease passions, or quiet the mind, till such time as I have likewise removed some other of their more eminent and ordinary causes, which produce so grievous tortures and discon- tents: to divert all, I cannot hope; to point alone at some few of the chiefest, is that which I aim at. iLipsius, epist. lih. 1. epist. 7. " Gloria comitem habet invidiam, pari onere premitur retinendo ac acquirendo. » Quid aliud ambitiosus sibi parat quam ut probra ejus pateant ? nemo vivens qui non habet in vita pluva vituperatione quam laude digna; his malis non melius occurritur, quam si bene latueris. <> Et omnes fama per urbes garrula laudet. p Sen. fler. Fur. ^ Hor. " I live like a king •without any of these acquisitions." ' " But all my labour was unprofitable ; for while death took off some of my friends, to others I remain unknown, or little liked, and these deceive me with false promises. Wliilst I am canvassing one party, captivating another, making myself known to a tliird, my age increases, years glide away, I am put off, and now tired of the world, and surfeited with liuman M'orthlessness, I rest content." * The right honourable Lady Frances Countess Dowager of Exeter. The Lord Berkley. tDistichon ejus in militera Christianum e Grceco. Lngraveu on the tomb of Fr. Puccius the Florentine m Home. Chytreus in deliciis. Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. ' 41-5 Repulse and disgrace are two main causes of discontent, but to an nnder- stauding man not so Lardlj to be taken. Csesar himself hath been denied, " and when two st^nd equal in fortune, birth, and all other qualities alike, one of necessity must lose. Why shouldst thou take it so grievously 1 It hath a familiar thing for thee thyself to deny others. If every man might have what he would, we should all be deified, emperors, kings, princes; if whatsoever vain hope suggests, insatiable appetite, affects, our preposterous judgment thinks fit were granted, we should have another chaos in an instant, a mere confusion. It is some satisfaction to him that is repelled, that dig- nities, honours, offices, are not always given by desert or worth, but for love, affinity, friendship, affection, ^ great men's letters, or as commonly they are bought and sold. '^ ^ Honours in court are bestowed not according to men's virtues and good conditions (as an old courtier observes), but as every man hath means, or more potent friends, so he is preferred." With us in France (^ for so their own countryman relates) " most part the matter is carried by favour and grace; he that can get a great man to be his mediator, runs away with all the preferment." Indignissimus plerumque prcefertur, Vatinius Catoni, illaudatus laudatissimo ; "Sei'vi dominantur; asolli Ornantur plialeris, dephaleraiitiir equi." * An illiterate fool sits in a man's seat, and the common people hold him learned, grave and wise. " One professeth (^Cardan well notes) for a thousand crowns, but he deserves not ten, when as he that deserves a thousand cannot get ten." Scdariurti non dat tnid/tis scdem. As good horses draw in carts as coaches. And oftentimes, which Machiavel seconds, ° PTiiicipes non sunt qui oh insig- nem virtutem pj'incipatu digni sunt, he that is most worthy wants employment; he that hath skill to be a pilot wants a ship, and he that could govern a com- mon v/ealth, a world itself, a king in conceit, wants means to exorcise his worth, hath not a poor office to manage, and yet all this while he is a better man that is fit to reign, etsi careat regno, though he want a kingdom, " '' than he that hath one, and knov/s not how to rule it :" a lion serves not always his keeper, but oftentimes the keeper the lion, and as ® Polydore Yirgil hath it, midti reges at pupilli oh inscitiam non regunt sed reguntur. Hiero of Syracuse was a brave king, but wanted a kingdom; Perseus of Macedon had nothing of a king, but the bare name and title, for he could not govern it : so great places are often ill bestowed, worthy persons uurespected. Many times too, the ser- vants have more means than the masters whom they serve, which ^ Epictetus counts an eye-sore and inconvenient. But who can help it? It is an ordi- nary thing in these days to see a base impudent ass, illiterate, unworthy, insuf- ficient, to be preferred before his betters, because he can put himself forward, because he looks big, can bustle in the world, hath a fair outside, can tem- porise, collogue, insinuate, or hath good store of friends or money; whereas a more discreet, modest, and better-deserving man shall lie hid or have a repulse. 'Twas so of old, and ever will be, and which Tiresias adviseth Ulysses in the ^poet, "Accipe qua ratione queas dltescere^' &c. is still in use; lie, flat- ter and dissemble: if not, as he concludes, ''•Ergo pauper eris,'' then go like a beggar as thou art. Erasmus, Melancthon, Lipsius, Bud^eus, Cardan, "PEcderatus in SOOLacedJBmoniorumnumerum non elechis risit, gi-atulari se dicens civitatem habere 300 cives se meliores. * Kissing goes bj' favour. y yEneas Syl. de miser, ciirial. Dantur honores in curiis non secundum honores et virtutes, sedut quisque ditior est atque potentior, eo raagis honoratur. ^Sesel- lius, lib. 2. de repub. Gallorum. Favore apud nos et gratia plerumque I'es agitur; et qui commodum aliquem nacti sunt intercessorera, aditum fere liabent ad omnes prajfecturas. ^ " Slaves govern ; asses are decked with trappings ; horses are deprived of them." ^ Imperitus periti munus occupat, et sic apud valgus habetur. Hie protitetur mille corouatis, cum nee decern mereatur; alius e diverso mille dignus, vix decern consequi potest. <^Epist. dedic. disput. Zeubbeo Bondemontio, et Cosmo Kucelaio. Non facile aut tutum in eum scribere qui potest proscribere. p Arcana tacere, otium recte coUocare, injuriam posse ferre, difflcillimum. iPsal. xlv. '•Rom. xii. sPsal. xiii. 12. 'Nullus tam severe inimiciim suum ■alcisci potest, quam Deus solet miserorum oppressores. u Arcturus in Plaut. "He adjudicates judgment again, and punislies with a still greater penalty." Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 419 If there be aay religion, any God, and that God be just, it shall be so; if thou believest the one, believe the other : Erit, erit, it shall be so. Nemesis comes after, sero sed serib^ stay but a little and thou shalt see God's just judgment overtake him. "^Raro antecedentem scelestum I "Yet with sure steps, though lame and slow, Deseruitpede poena claudo." | Vengeance o'ertakes the trembling villain's speed." Thou shalt perceive that verified of Samuel to Agag, 1 Sam. xv. 33. " Thy sword hath made many women childless, so shall thy mother be childless amongst other women." It shall be done to tliem as they have done to others. Conradinus, that brave Suevian prince, came with a well-prepared army into the kingdom of Naples, was taken prisoner by King Charles, and put to death in the flower of his youth ; a little after {iiltionem Conradini mortis, Pandul- phus Collinutius, Hist. Neap. lib. 5. calls it), King Charles's own son, with two hundred nobles, was so taken prisoner, and beheaded in like sort. Not in this only, but in all other offences, quo quisque peccat in eo punietur, rthey shall be punished in the same kind, in the same part, like nature, eye with or in the eye, head with or in the head, persecution with persecution, lust with effects of lust ; let them march on with ensigns displayed, let drums beat on, trumpets sound taratantarra, let them sack cities, take the spoil of countries, murder infants, deflower virgins, destroy, burn, persecute, and tyrannise, they shall be fully rewarded at last in the same measure, they and theirs, and that to their desert. **^ Ad generum Ceteris sine csede et sanguine pauci I " Few tyrants in their beds do die, Descendunt reges et sicca morte tyranui." [ But stabb'd or maim'd to hell they hie." Oftentimes too a base contemptible fellow is the instrument of God's justice to punish, to toi"ture, and vex them, as an ichneumon doth a crocodile. They shall be recompensed according to the works of their hands, as Haman was hanged on the gallows he provided for Mordecai; "They shall have sorrow of heart, and be destroyed from under the heaven," Thren. iii. 64, 65, QQ. Only be thou patient: ^vincit quipatitur: and in the end thou shalt be crowned. Yea, but 'tis a hard matter to do this, flesh and blood may not abide it; 'tis grave, grave! no (Chrysostom replies), non est grave, 6 homo! 'tis not so grievous, "^ neither had God commanded it, if it had been so difficult." But how shall it be done? "Easily," as he follows it, "if thou shalt look to heaven, behold the beauty of it, and what God hath promised to such asput up injuries." But if thou resist and go about vi'ni vi repellere, as the custom of the world is, to right thyself, or hast given just cause of offence, 'tis no injury then, but a condign punishment; thou hast deserved as much: A te principium, in te recidit crimen quod a tefuit; pcccdsti, quiesce, as Ambrose expostulates with Cain, lib. 3. de Abel et Cain. *^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was made to stand without dioov, patienterferendum,fortasse nos tale quid fecimus, quum in honore essemus, he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly showed others. 'Tis <^Tully's axiom, ferre ea molestissime homines non debent, quce ipsorum culpa contracta sunt, self do, self have, as the saying is, they may thank themselves. For he that doth wrong must look to be wronged again ; habet et musca. splenem, etformiccB sua bilis inest. The least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a stmg. ® An ass overwhelmed a thistle warp's nest, the little bird pecked his galled back in revenge ; and the humble-bee in the fable flung down the eagle's eggs out of Jupiter's lap. Bracides, in Plutarch, put his hand into a mouse's nest and hurt her young ones, she bit him by the finger : ^I see now (saith he) there is no creature so contemptible, that will not be revenged. 'Tis ^ Hor. 3. od. 2. y Wisd. xi. 6. ^ Juvenal. ^ Apud Christianos non qui patitur, sed qui facit injuriam miser est. Leo ser. b Neque prc'^cepissr t Deus si grave fuisset ; sed qua ratione potero ? facile si ccelum suspexeris; et ejus pulchritudine, et quod pollicetur Deus, &c. <^Valer. lib. 4. cap. I. d Kp. Q. frat. ^ Camerarius, £mb. Id. cent. 2. f Papse, intuit : nullum animal tarn pusillum quod non cupiat ulciscl. 420 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. lex talionis, and the nature of all things so to do : if thou wilt live quietly thy- self, ^do no wrong to others; if any be done thee, put it up, with patience endure it, for " ""this is thankworthy," saith our apostle, "if any man for con- science towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved ; for what praise is it if when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye take it patiently? But if when you do well, ye suffer wrong and take it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for hereunto verily we are called." Qui mala nonfert, ipse sibi testis est per impatientiam qubdhonus nan est, "he that cannot bear injuries, witnesseth against himself that he is no good man," as Gregory holds. " ' 'Tis the nature of wicked men to do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them." Improbitas nullo flectitur ohsequio. The wolf in the ''emblem sucked the goat (so the shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf's nature; 'a knave will be a knave. Injury is on the other side a good man's footboy, his, Jidus Achates, and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, miser a est fortuna quce caret inimico, he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies i"" it is a thing not to be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, that upright Cato of whom Paterculus gives that honourable eulogium, bene fecit quod aliterfacere non potuit, was "fifty times indicted and accused by his fellow citizens, and as ** Ammianus well hath it, Quis erit imiocens si clam vel palam accusdsse suffi- ciat? if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free ? If there were no other respect than that of Christianity, religion and the like, to induce men to be long-suffering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is sufficient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, dangers that attend upon it might restrain the cala- mities of contention: for as it is with ordinary gamesters, the games go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend ; the lawyers get all ; and therefore if they would consider of it, aliena pericula cautos, other men's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience might detain them. *The more they con- tend, the more they are involved in a labyrinth of woes, and the catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in Pliny ; p the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and killed him with the fall, so both were ruined. 'Tis a hydra's head, contention; the more they strive, the more they may : and as Praxiteles did by his glass, when he saw a scurvy face in it, brake it in pieces : but for that one he saw many more as bad in a moment : for one injury done they provoke another cum foenore, and twenty enemies for one. Noli irritare crabrones, oppose not thyself to a multitude : but if thou hast received a wrong, wisely consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. **I say the same of scoffs, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detractions, pasquilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : 'tis but opinion ; if we could neglect, contemn, or with patience .digest them, they would reflect on them that offered them at first. A wise citizen, I know not whence, had a scold to his wife: when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by that means madded her more, because she saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a crowd when one called him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, Ego, inquit, non rideor, took no notice of it. Socrates was brought upon the stage by Aristophanes, and 8 Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris. h I Pet. ii. » Siquidem maloram proprium est inferre damna, et bonorum pedissequa est injuria. k Alciat. emb. iNaturam expellas furca licet, usque recurret. ™ By many indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito qusefiunt aliis, furtum, convitia, &c. Et in iis in te admissis non excandesces. Epictetus. ^ Plutarch, quinquagies Catoni dies dicta ab inimicis. *'Lib. 18. *Hoc scio pro certo quod si cum stercore certo, vinco seu vincor, semper ego maculor. P Lib.- 8. cap. 2. 1 0bloquutus est, probrumque tibi intulit quispiam, sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maximam tibi coronam texueris si mansuete convitium tuleris. Chrys. in 6. cap. ad Rom. ser. 10. Mem. 7.] Itemcdies against Dlscontekts. 421 misused to liis face, but he laughed as if it concerned him not : and as ^lian relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befell him, going in or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance; even so should a Christian do, as Hierom describes him., pei^ infamiam et honam, famam gras- sari ad immorlalitatem, march on through good and bad reports to immor- tality, '"not to be moved: for honesty is a sufficient reward, prohitas sihi 'prcemium; and in our times the sole recompence to do well, is, to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at last, ^ Improhis ipsa nequitia swpplicium. As the diverb is, " Qui benfe fecerunt, illi sua facta sequentur; i " They that do well, shall have reward at last; Qui malfe fecerunt, facta sequentur eos : " | But they that ill, shall suffer for that's past." Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my notorious crimes and villainies are come to light [deprendi miserum est), my filthy lust, abominable oppression and avarice lies open, my good name's lost, my fortune's gone. I have been stigmatised, whipt at post, arraigned and condemned, I am a common obloquy, I have lost my ears, odious, execrable, abhorred of God and men. Be content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one passion another, one cloud another, one rumour is exj)elled by another; every day almost come new news unto our ears, as how the sun was eclipsed, meteors seen in the air, monsters born, prodigies, how the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an earthquake in Hel- vetia, Calabria, Japan, or China, an inundation in Holland, a great plague in Constantinople, a fire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made a lord, a bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some murder, treason, rape, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of admiration, detestation, constei-nation, but by and by they are buried in silence : thy father's dead, thy brother robbed, wife runs mad, neighbour hath killed himself; 'tis heavy, ghastly, fearful news at first, in every man's mouth, table talk; but after a while who speaks or thinks of it? It will be so with thee and thine offence, it will be forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &c., thou art not the first ofiender, nor shalt not be the last, 'tis no wonder, every hour such malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque hi populo, quocunque sub axe.* Comfort thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were guiltless him- self should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accuse thee that were faultless, how many executioners, how x^any accusers wouldst thou have ] If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret faults known, how many thousands would parallel, if not exceed thine ofience? It naay be the judge that gave sentence, the jury that condemned thee, the spectators that gazed on thee, deserved much more, and were far more guilty than thou thyself. But it is thine infelicity to be taken, to be made a public example of justice, to be a terror to the rest; yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldest peradventure be a saint in comparison ; vexat censurd columhas, poor souls are punished; the great ones do twenty thousand times worse, and are not so much as spoken of "»Non rete accipitri tenditur neque milvio, j "The net's not laid for kites or birds of prey, Qui male faciunt nobis ; illis qui nil faciunt tenditur." | But for the harmless still our gins we lay." Be not dismayed then, humanum est errare, we are all sinners, daily and hourly subject to temptations, the best of us is a hypocrite, a grievous offender in God's sight, Noah, Lot, David, Peter, &c., how many mortal sins do we commit 1 Shall I say, be penitent, ask forgiveness, and make amends by the sequel of thy life, for that foul offence thou hast committed? recover thy rTullius, epist. Dolabella, tu forti sis animo; et tua moderatio, constantia, eorum infamet inj-uriam. • Boethius, consol. Mb. 4. pros. 3. * " Amongst people in every climate." " Ter. Phor. 422 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. credit by some noble exploit, as Themistocles did, for he was a most debauched and vicious youth, sedjuventce maculas prcedaris factis delevit, but made the world amends by brave exploits; at last become a new man, and seek to be reformed. He that runs away in a battle, as Demosthenes said, may fight again; and he that hath a fall may stand as upright as ever he did before. Nemo des'peret meliora lapsus, a wicked liver may be reclaimed, and prove an honest man ; he that is odious in present, hissed out, an exile, may be received again with all men's favours, and singular applause; so Tully was in Rome, Alcibiades in Athens. Let thy disgrace then be what it will, quod fit, in- fectum non potest esse, that which is past cannot be recalled ; trouble not thy- self, vex and grieve thyself no more, be it obloquy, disgTace, &c. No better way, than to neglect, contemn, or seem not to regard it, to make no reckoning of it, Deesse robur arguit dicacitas : if thou be guiltless it concerns thee not : — " » Irrita vaniloquas quid curas spicula linguse, Latrantera curatne alta Diana canem ? " Doth the moon care for the barking of a dog 1 They detract, scoff and rail, saith one, ^and bark at me on every side; but I, like that Albanian dog some- times given to Alexander for a present, vindico me ah illis solo contemptu, I lie still and sleep, vindicate myself by contempt alone. ^ Expei^s terroris Achilles armatus: as a tortoise in his shell, ^virtute medme involvo, or an urchin round, 7iil moror ictus, ''a lizard in camomile, I decline their fury and am safe. "Integritas virtusque suo munimine tuta, I "Virtue and integrity are their own fence, Non patet adversae morsibus invidi« :" j Care not for envy or wliat comes from thence." Let them rail then, scoff, and slander, sapiens contumelia non afficitur, a wise man, Seneca thinks, is not moved because he knows, contra Sycophantce 7)ior- sum non est remedium, there is no remedy for it : kings and princes, wise, grave, prudent, holy, good men, divine, all are so served alike. ""0 Jane a tergo quern mdla ciconia pinsit, Antevorta and Postvorta, Jupiter's guardians^, may not help in this case, they cannot protect; Moses had a Dathan, a Corath, David a Shimei, God himself is blasphemed : nondum felix es si te nondum turha deridet. It is an ordinary thing so to be misused. ^Regimn \ est cum henefeceris male audire, the chiefest men and most understanding are so vilified; let him take his ® course. And as that lusty courser in ^sop, that contemned the poor ass, came by and by after with his bowels burst, a pack on his back, and was derided of the same ass : contcTunentur ah iis quos ipsi prius contempsere, et irridehuntur ah iis quos ipsi prius wrisere, they shall be contemned and laughed to scorn of those whom they have formerly derided. Let them contemn, defame, or undervalue, insult, oppress, scofi[' slander, abuse, wrong, curse and swear, feign and lie, do thou comfort thyself with a good conscience, m sinu gaudeas, when they have all done, " ^a good conscience is a continual feast," innocency will vindicate itself: and which the poet gave out of Hercules, diisfruitur iratis, enjoy thyself, though all the world be set against thee, contemn and say with him, Elogium mihi prce forihus, my posy is, "not to be moved, that ^my palladium, my breastplate, my buckler, with which I ward all injuries, offences, lies, slanders; I lean upon that stake of modesty, so receive and break asunder all that foolish force of liver and spleen." And whosoever he is that shall observe these short instruc- tions, without all question he shall much ease and benefit himself. »Camerar. Emb. 61. cent. 3. " Why should you regard the harmless shafts of a vain -speaking tongue — does the exalted Diana care for the barking of a dog ? " y Lipsius elect, lib. 3. ult. Latrant me, jaceo, ac taceo, &c. ^ Catullus. aThe symbol of I. Kevenheder, a Carinthian baron, saith Sambucus. •» The symbol of Gonzaga, duke of Mantua. <= Pers. Sat. 1. ^ Magni animi est injurias despicere, Seneca do Ira, cap. 31. « Quid turpius quam sapientis vitam ex insipientis sermone pendere ? Tullius 2. de finibus. *^Tua te conscientia salvare, in cubiculum ingredere, ubi secure requiescas. Minuft se quodammodo proba bonitas conscientiaa secretum, Boethius, 1. 1. pros. 4. sRingantur licet et maledicant; Palladium illud pectori oppono, non moveri : consisto modestiae veluti audi innitens, excipio et fi-ango stultissimum impetum livoris. Putean., lib. 2. epist. 58. Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 423 In fine, if princes would do justice, judges be upright, clergymen truly devout, and so live as they teach, if great men would not be so insolent, if soldiers would quietly defend us, the poor would be patient, rich men would be liberal and humble, citizens honest, magistrates meek, superiors would give good example, subjects peaceable, young men would stand in awe : if parents would be kind to their children, and they again obedient to their parents, brethren agree amongst themselves, enemies be reconciled, servants trusty to their masters, virgins chaste, wives modest, husbands would be lov- ing and less jealous : if we could imitate Christ and his apostles, live after God's laws, these mischiefs would not so frequently happen amongst us; but being most part so irreconcilable as we are, perverse, proud, insolent, factious, and malicious, prone to contention, anger and revenge, of such fiery spirits, so captious, impious, irreligious, so opposite to virtue, void of grace, how should it otherwise be ? Many men are very testy by nature, apt to mistake, apt to quarrel, apt to provoke and misinterpret to the worst, every thing that is said or done, and thereupon heap unto themselves a great deal of trouble, and disquietness to others, smatterers in other men's matters, tale-bearers, v/hisperers, liars, they cannot speak in season, or hold their tongues when they should,^ Et suam partem itidem tacere, cum aliena est oratio : they will speak more than comes to their shares, in all companies, and by those bad courses accumulate much evil to their own souls {qui contendit, sibi convicium /acit), their life is a perpetual brawl, they snarl like so many dogs, with their wives, children, servants, neighbours, and all the rest of their friends, they can agree with nobody. But to such as are judicious, meek, submissive, and quiet, these matters are easily remedied : they will forbear upon all such occasions, neglect, contemn, or take no notice of them, dissemble, or wisely turn it off. If it be a natural impediment, as a red nose, squint eyes, crooked legs, or any such imperfection, infirmity, disgrace, reproach, the best way is to speak of it first thyself, 'and so thou shalt surely take away all occasions from others to jest at, or contemn, that they may perceive thee to be careless of it. Yatinius was wont to scoff at his own deformed feet, to prevent his enemies' obloquies and sarcasms in that kind ; or else by prevention^ as Cotys, king of Thrace, that brake a company of fine glasses presented to him, with his own hands, lest he should be overmuch moved when they were broken by chance. And sometimes again, so that it be discreetly and moderately done, it shall not be amiss to make resistance, to take down such a saucy companion, no better means to vindicate himself to purchase final peace : for he that suffers him- self to be ridden, or through pusillanimity or sottishness will let every man baffle him, shall be a common laughing stock to flout at. As a cur that goes through a village, if he clap his tail between his legs, and run away, every cur will insult over him : but if he bristle up himself, and stand to it, give but a counter-snarl, there's not a dog dares meddle with him : much is in a man's courage and discreet carriage of himself Many other grievances there are, which happen to mortals in this life, from friends, wives, children, servants, masters, companions, neighbours, our own defaults, ignorance, errors, intemperance, indiscretion, infirmities, &c., and many good remedies to mitigate and oppose them, many divine precepts to counterpoise our hearts, special antidotes both in Scripture and human authors, which, whoso will observe, shall purchase much ease and quietness unto himself: I will point out a few. Those prophetical, apostolical admo- nitions are well known to all ; what Solomon, Siracides, our Saviour Christ himself hath said tending to this purpose, as " Tear God : obey the prince : •> Mil. glor. Act. 3. Plautus. i Bion said his father was a rogue, his mother a wliore, to prevent obloquy, and to show that nought belonged to hiua but goods of the mind. 424 Care of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. be sober and watcb : pray continually : be angry but sin not : remember tliy last : fashion not yourselves to tliis world, &c,, apply yourselves to the times : strive not with a mighty man : recompense good for evil, let nothing be done through contention or vain-glory, but with meekness of mind, every man esteeming of others better than himself: love one another;" or that epitome of the law and the prophets, which our Saviour inculcates, " love God above all, thy neighbour as thyself;" and " whatsoever you would that men should do unto you, so do unto them;" which Alexander Severus writ in letters of gold, and used as a motto, ''Hierom commends to Celantia as an excellent way, amongst so many enticements arid worldly provocations, to rectify her life. Out of human authors take these few cautions, " 'Know thyself. Be contented with thy lot. "Trust not wealth, beauty, nor parasites, they will bring thee to destruction. ^Have peace with all men, war with vice. ^Be not idle. "^Look before you leap. ^Beware of. Had I wist. ® Honour thy parents, speak well of friends. Be temperate in four things, lingua, locis, oculis, et poculis. Watch tldne eye. * Moderate thine expenses. Hear much, speak little, ^sus- tine et abstine. If thou seest aught amiss in another, mend it in thyself Keep thine own counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine intentions. ^Give not ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation: ^jest with- out bitterness : give no man cause of offence : set thine house in order: ^tako heed of suretyship. ^Fide et diffide, as a fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ^Live not beyond thy means. ^Give cheerfully. Pay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to thy money; <^omit not occasion, embrace oppor- tunity, lose no time. Be humble to thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, ®but not familiar. Flatter no man. ^Lie not, dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a good resolution. Speak truth, Be not opiniative, maintain no factions. Lay no wagers, make no compari- sons. ^Pind no faults, meddle not with other men's matters. Admire not thyself. ^Be not proud or popular. Insult not. Fortunam reverenter habe. ^Pear not that which cannot be avoided. ^Grieve not for that which cannot be recalled. ^Undervalue not thyself. "^Accuse no man, commend no man rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast not off an old friend, take heed of a reconciled enemy. ^If thou c()me as a guest stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, merciful, and patient. Do good to all. Be not fond of fair words. ° Be not a neuter in a faction; moderate thy passions. ^ Think no place without a witness. ^Ad- monish thy friend in secret, commend him in public. Keep good company. ^Love others to be beloved thyself. Ama tanquam osu7^us. Amicus tarda jias. Provide for a tempest. Noli irritare crabrones. Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make others merry. Marry not an old crony or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous or curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take thy pleasure soberly. Ocyrruwm ne terito. ® Live merrily as thou canst. * Take heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldest be met, sit as thou wouldest be k Lib. 2. ep. 25. l Nosce teipsum.. " Contentus aW. " Ne fidas opibus, neque parasitis, trahunt in prsecipitiam. oPacem cum hominibus habe, bellum cum vitiis. Othou. 2. imperat. symb. p Dfeinon te nunquam otioisura inveniat. Hieron. iDiu deliberandum quod statuendum est semel. "^ Insipientis est dicere non putaram. » Ames parentem, si sequum ; aliter, feras ; prsestes parentibus pietatem, amicis dilectionem. * Comprimelinguam. Quid de quoque viro et cui dicas ssepe caveto. Libentius audias tjuam loquaris; vive ut vivas. "Epictetus : optime feceris si ea fugeris qute in alio reprehendis. Nemiai dixeris qu£e nolis efferri. »Fuge susuiTones. Percontatorem fugito, &c. y Sint sales sine vilitate. Sen. « Sponde, presto noxa. » Camerar. emb. 55. cent. 2. cave cai credas, vel nemini fidas Epicarmus. t Tecum habita. « Bis dat qui cito dat. ^ Post est occasio calva. « Nimia familiaritas parit con- tcmptura. f Mendacium servile vitium. e Arcanum neque inscrutaberis ullius unquam, commissumque teges, Hor. lib. 1. ep. 19. Nee tua laudabis studia aut aliena reprendes, Hor. ep. lib. 18. ^ Ne te quaesiveris extra. ' Stultum est timere, quod vitari non potest. ^ De re amissa irreparabili ne doleas. 1 Tanti eris aliis quanti tibi fueris. "> Neminem vel laudes vel accuses. " NiUlius hospitis grata est mora longa. « Solonis lex apud Aristotelem; Gellius, lib. 2. cap. 12. p Nullum locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Deura cogita. i Secretb amicos admone, lauda palam. "^Ut ameris, amabilis esto. Eros et anteros gem elli Veneris, amatio etredamatio. Plat. « Dum fata sinunt vivite laiti, Seueca. 'Id apprime in vita utile, ex aliis observare aibi quod ex usu siet. Ter. Mem. 8. liemedies against Discontents. 425 found, "yield to the time, follow the stream. AYilt thou live free from fears and cares? ^Live innocently, keep thyself upright, thou needest no other keeper," &c. Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutarch, Epictetus, &c., and for defect, consult with cheese-trenchers and painted cloths. MEMB. VIII. Melancholy "Every man," saith ^Seneca, " thinks his own burthen the heaviest," and a melancholy man above all others complains most ; weariness of life, abhor- riug all company and light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashful- ness, and those other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery ; yet compared to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For first this disease is either in habit or disposition, curable or incurable. If new and in disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or a habit, yet they have lucida intervalla, sometimes well, and sometimes ill; or if more continuate, as the ^Yejentes were to the Romans, 'tis liostis magis assiduus quam gravis, a more durable enemy than dangerous : and amongst many inconveniences, some comforts are annexed to it. First it is not catching, and as Erasmus comforted himself, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most troublesome, and an intoler- able pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to the spectators, ghastly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wounds, sores, tetters, pox, pestilent agues are, which either admit of no company, terrify or offend those that are present. In this malady, that which is, is wholly to themselves : and those symptoms not so dreadful, if they be compared to the opposite extremes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitary, &c., therefore no such ambitious, impudent intruders as some are, no sharkers, no conycatchers, no prowlers, no smell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds,, drunkards, whore masters ; necessity and defect compel them to be honesty as Mitio told Demea in the ^comedy, " Hsec si neque ego neque tu fecimus, Non sinit egestas facere nos." "If we be honest 'twas poverty made us so:" if we melancholy men be not as bad as he that is worst, 'tis our dame melancholy kept us so : Non deerat voluntas sed facultas. ^ Besides they are freed in this from many other infirmities, solitariness makes them more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary humour in these times, ° Nam pol qui maxime cavet, is scepe cautor ca2:)tus est, " he that takes most heed, is often circumvented and overtaken." Fear and sorrow keep them temperate and sober, and free them from any dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men upon: they are therefore no sicaidi, roaring boys, thieves or assassins. As they are soon dejected, so they are as soon, by soft words and good persuasions reared. Wearisomeness of life makes them they are not so besotted on the transitory vain pleasures of the world. If they dote in one thing, they are wise and well understanding in most other. If it be inveterate, they are insensati, most part doting, or quite mad, insen- sible of any wrongs, ridiculous to others, but most happy and secure to them- selves. Dotage is a state which many much magnify and commend: so is simplicity and folly, as he said, ^ hie furor, 6 superi, sit mihi perpetuus. Some think fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, Nihil ^ Dum faror in cursu currenti cede furori. Cretizandum cum Crete. Temporibus servi, nee contra flamina tlato. ^ Nulla certior custodia innocentia : iuexpugnabile munlmentum munimento non egere. 5"Unicaique suum onus intolerabile videtur. ^Livius. ^^ Ter. Seen. 2. Adelphus. b"'T\vasuot the will but the way was wanting."' cpjautus. d Petronius Catul. 426 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. scire vita jucundissima, "'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing; iners niar- lorum remediuQn ignorantia, " ignorance is a downright remedy of evils." These curious arts and laborious sciences, Galen's, Tally's, Aristotle's, Jus- tinian's, do but trouble the world some think; we might live better with that illiterate Virginian simplicity, and gross ignorance; entire idiots do best, they are not macerated with cares, tormented with fears, and anxiety, as other wise men are: for as ®he said, if folly were a pain, you should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, but they are most free, jocund, and merry, and in some ^countries, as amongst the Turks, honoured for saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock. ^ They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and madmen tell commonly truth. In a word, as they are distressed, so are they pitied, which some hold better than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be foolish and quiet, quam sapereet ringi, to he wise and still vexed; bet- ter to be miserable than happy: of two extremes it is the best. SECT. IV. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — 0/ Physic which cureth with Medicines. After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural things and their several rectifications, all which are comprehended in diet, I am come now at last to Pharmaceutice, or that kind of physic which cureth by medicines, which apothecaries most part make, mingle, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind of physic, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other disease, because those countries which use it least, live longest, and are best in health, as ^Hector Boethius relates of the isles of Orcades, the people are still sound of body and mind, without any use of physic, they live commonly 120 years, and Ortelius in his itinerary of the inhabitants of the Forest of Arden, "Hhey are verj painful, long-lived, sound, &c. ^Martianus Capella, speaking of the Indians of his time, saith, they were (much like our western Indians now) "bigger than ordinary men, bred coarsely, very long-lived, inso- much, that he that died at a hundred years of age, went before his time." &c. Damianus A-Goes, Saxo-Grammaticus, Aubanus Bohemus, say the like of them that live in i^orway, Lapland, Einmark, Biarmia, Corelia, all over Scandia, and those northern countries, they are most healthful, and very long- lived, in which places there is no use at all of physic, the name of it is not once heard. Dithmarus Bleskenius in his accurate description of Iceland, 1607, makes mention, amongst other matters, of the inhabitants, and their manner of living, " which is dried fish instead of bread, butter, cheese, and salt meats, most part they drink water and whey, and yet without physic or physician, they live many of them 250 years." I find the same relation by Lerius, and some other writers, of Indians in America. Paulus Jovius in his description of Britain, and Levinus Lemnius, observe as much of this our island, that there was of old no use of "^physic amongst us, and but little at this day, except it be for a few nice idle citizens, surfeitmg courtiers, and stall-fed gentlemen lubbers. The country people use kitchen physic, and common experience tells us, that they live freest from all manner of infirmities, that make least use of apothecaries' physic. Many are overthrown by preposterous use of it, and ^Parmeno Caglestinas, Act. 8. Si stultitia dolor esset, in nulla non domo ejulatus audlrea. f Busbe- quius. Sands, lib. 1. fol. 89. ^ Qnis hodie beatior, quam cui licet stultum esse, et eorundem immunita- tibus frui. Sat. Menip. hLib. Hist. iParvo viventes, laboriosi, longsevi, suo contenti, ad centum annos vivunt. kLib. 6. de Nup. Philol. Ultra humanam fragilitatem prolixi, ut immature pereat qui . centenarius moriatur, &c. 1 Victus eorum caseo et lacte consistit, potus aqua et serum ; pisces loco panis babent; ita multos annos ssepe 250 absc^ue medico et medicina yivunt. ^ Lib. de 4. complex. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Medicinal Physic. 427 thereby get their bane, that might otherwise have escaped : ° some think phy- sicians kill as many as they save, and who can tell, " ° Qaot Themison cegros autumno occiderit uno V " How many murders they make in a year," qui- hus impune licet hominem occidei^e, " that may freely kill folks," and have a reward for it, and according to the Dutch proverb, a new physician must have a new church-yard; and who daily observes it not? Many that did ill under physicians' hands, have happily escaped, when they have been given over by them, left to God and nature, and themselves ; 'twas Pliny's dilemma of old, " ^ every disease is either curable or incurable, a man recovers of it or is killed by it ; both ways physic is to be rejected. If it be deadly it cannot be cured ; if it may be helped, it requires no physician, nature will expel it of itself" Plato made it a great sign of an intemperate and corrupt common- wealth, where lawyers and physicians did abound ; and the Romans distasted them so much that they were often banished out of their city, as Pliny and Celsus relate, for 600 years not admitted. It is no art at all, as some hold, no not worthy the name of a liberal science (nor law neither), as ^Pet. And. Canonherius, a patrician of Home and a great doctor himself, " one of their own tribe," proves by sixteen arguments, because it is mercenary as now used, base, and as fiddlers play for a reward. Juridicis, medicis, Jisco fas vivere rapto, 'tis a corrupt trade, no science, art, no profession ; the beginning, prac- tice, and progress of it, all is nought, full of imposture, uncertainty, and doth generally more harm than good. The devil himself was the first inventor of it : Inventum est medicina meuin, said Apollo, and what was Apollo, but the devil? The Greeks first made an art of it, and they were all deluded by Apollo's sons, priests, oracles. If we may believe Yarro, Pliny, Columella, most of their best medicines were derived from his oracles. -<3j]sculapius his son had his temples erected to his deity, and did many famous cures; but, as Lactantius holds, he was a magician, a mere impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, Podalirius, Melampius, Menecrates (another god), by charms, spells, and ministry of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in physic to any purpose, was Hippocrates, and his disciple and commen- tator Galen, whom Scaliger calls Fimbriam Hippocratis ; but as ^ Cardan cen- sures them, both immethodical and obscure, as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medicines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus holds, were rather done out of their patients' confidence, ^ and good opinion they had of them, than out of any skill of theirs, which was very small, he saith, they themselves idiots and infants, as are all their academical followers. The Arabians received it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new precepts and medicines of their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of professors, impostors, mounte- banks, empirics, disagreeing of sectaries (which are as many almost as there be diseases), envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They are so diflierent in their consultations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the parties' constitution, * disease, and causes of it, they give quite con- trary phj^sic ; " ^ one saith this, another that," out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Adrian, multitudo medicoQ^um princijyem interfecit, " a multitude of physicians hath killed the emperor;" plus a medico quam d morbo periculi, " more danger there is from the physician, than from the disease." Besides, there is much imposture and malice amongst them. "All arts (saith ^Cardan) ^Per mortes agunt experimenta et animas nostras negotiantur; et quod aliis exitiale hominem occidere, iis impunitas summa. Plinius. ** Juven. POmnis morbus lethalis aut curabilis, in vitara definit aut in mortem. TJtroque igitur modo medicina inutilis ; si lethalis, curari non potest ; si curabilis, non requirit medicum : natura expellet. ti'o diis habiti, were worthily counted gods by succeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at Delos, "Venus at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other gods were confined and adored alone in some peculiar places : .^Esculapius had his temple and altars every where, in Corinth, Lacedaemon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, &c. Pausanius records, for the latitude of his art, diety, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and wise men therefore I honour the name and calling, as I am enjoined "to honour the physician for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the physician liffceth up his head, and in the sight of great men he shall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them," Ecclus. Iviii. 1 . But of this noble sub- ject how many panegyrics are worthily written? For my part, as Sallust said of Carthage, priEstat silere quam pauca dicer ej I have said, yet one thing I will add, that this kind of physic is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which I say, then that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8. Aphorism. " ^ A discreet and goodly physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, then by pure medicine:" and m his ninth, "^he that may be cured by diet, must not meddle with physic." So in 11. Aphorism. " ^ A modest and wise physician will never hasten to use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too:" because (as he adds in his 13. Aphorism.), "^Whosoever takes much physic in his youth, shall soon bewail it in his old age : " purgative physic especially, which doth much debilitate nature. For which causes some physicians refrain from the use of purgatives, or else sparingly use them. ^Henricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a melancholy person, would have him take as few purges as he could, '• because there be no such medicines, which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the parts of our body, weaken nature, and cause that cacochymia," which °^ Celsns and others observe, or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth, "^that purgative physic is contrary to nature, takes away some of our best spirits, and consumes the very substance of our bodies :" But this, without question, is to be understood of such purges as are unsea- sonably or immoderately taken : they have their excellent use in this, as well as most other infirmities. Of alteratives and cordials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will amongst that infinite variety of medicines, which I find in every pharmacopoeia, every physician, herbalist, &c., single out some of the chiefest. SuBSECT. II. — Simples proper to Melancholy, against Exotic Simples. Medicines properly applied to melancholy, are either simple or compound. Simples are alterative or purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease; and they be herbs, stones, minerals, &c,, all proper to this humour. For as there be diverse distinct infirmities continually vexing us. ^"'Hdiiaoi 5' avQpainoKJL e(p hfJ-epri >j5' em vvktI AvTOfiaTOi (poirwari KaKa Ovr\ToT(TL (pkpovcrai "Diseases steal both day and night on men, For Jupiter hath taken voice from them :" So there be several remedies, as ^he saith, "each disease a medicine, for every f Chrys. hom. SPrudens et pius medicus, morbnm ante expellere satagit, cibis medicinalibns, quam puris medicinis. h Cuicunque potest per alimenta restitui sanitas, fugiendus est penitus usus medica- mentorum. i Modestus et sapiens medicus, nunquam properabit ad pharmaciam, nisi cogente necessitate. kQuicunque pharmacatur in juventute, deflebit in senectute. IHildesh. spic. 2. de mel. fol. 276. Nulla est ferme medicina purgans, quae non aliquam de viribus et partibus corporis depreedatur. ^ Lib. 1. et Bart, lib. 8. cap. 12. ^De vict. acut. Omne purgans medicamentum, corpori purgato contrariiim, &c. succos et spiritus abducit, substantiam corporis aufert. ° Hesiod. op. P fleurnius, prsef. pra. med. Quot morborum suntideie, tot remediorum genera variis potentiis decorata. 430 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 4. humour; and as some hold, every clime, every country, and more than that, every private place hath his proper remedies growing in it, peculiar almost to the domineering and most frequent maladies of it. As ^one discourseth, " wormwood groweth sparingly in Italy, because most part there they be mis- affected with hot diseases : but henbane, poppy, and such cold herbs : with us in Germany and Poland, great store of it in every waste." Baracellus Horto geniali, and Baptista Porta Physiogno7nic(E lib. 6. cap. 23, give many instances and examples of it, and bring many other proofs. For that cause belike that learned Puchsius of Nuremburg, " ^when he came into a village, considered always what herbs did grow most frequently about it, and those he distilled in a silver alembic, making use of others amongst them as occasion served." I know that mauy are of opinion, our northern simples are weak, imperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as those in the southern parts, not so fit to be used in physic, and will therefore fetch their drugs afar off: senna, cassia out of -^gypt, rhubarb from Barbary, aloes from Socotra: turbith, agaric, myro- balanes, hermodactils, from the East Indies, tobacco from the West, and some as far as China, hellebore from the Antycirse, or that of Austria which bears the purple flower, which Matthiolus so much approves, and so of the rest. In the kingdom of Valencia in Spain, ^Maginus commends two mountains, Mariola and Benagolosa, famous for simples;* Leander Albertus, "Baldus a mountain near the Lake Yenacus in the territory of Yerona, to which all the herbalists in the country continually flock ; Ortelius one in Apulia, Munster, Mons major in Istria: others Montpelier in France; Prosper Altinus prefers Egyptian simples, Garcias ab Horto Indian before the rest, another those of Italy, Crete, &c. Many times they are over-curious in this kind, whom Fuchsius taxeth, Instit. I, 1. sec. 1. cap. 1. "^ that think they do nothing, except they rake all over India, Arabia, Ethiopia, for remedies, and fetch their physic from the three quarters of the world, and from beyond the Garamantes. Many an old wife or country woman doth often more good with a few known and common garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their prodi- gious, sumptuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines;" without all ques- tion if we have not these rare exotic simples, we hold that at home which is in virtue equivalent unto them, ours will serve as well as theirs, if they be taken in proportionable quantity, fitted and qualified aright, if not much better, and more proper to our constitutions. But so 'tis for the most part, as Pliny writes to Gallus, " -^ We are careless of that which is near us, and follow that which is afar off, to know which we will travel and sail beyond the seas, wholly neglect- ing that which is under oiu* eyes." Opium in Turkey doth scarce offend, with us in a small quantity it stupifies : cicuta or hemlock is a strong poison in Greece, but with us it hath no such violent effects : I conclude with I. Yoschius, "who as he much inveighs against those exotic medicines, so he promiseth by our European, a full cure and absolute of all diseases; a capite ad calcem, nostrce regionis herbce nostris corporihus magis conducunt, our own simples agree best with us. It was a thing that Fernelius much laboured in his French practice, to reduce all his cure to our proper and domestic physic : so did ^ Janus Cornarius, and Martin Bulandus in Germany, T. B. with us, as appeareth by a treatise of his divulged in our tongue 1615, to prove the suffi.- *iPenottus denar. med. Qusecunqueregioproducitsimplicia, promorbisrei^ionis; crescitraro absynthium in Italia, quod ibi plerumque morbi calidi, sed cicuta, papaver, et herbas frigidse; apud nos Germanos et Polonos ubique provenit absyntliium. ^ Quum in villam venit, consideravit quae ibi crescebant medica- menta, simplicia frequentiora, et iis plerunque usus distillatis, et aliter, alimbacum ideo argenteuni circum- ferens. ^Herb« medicis utiles omnium in Apulia feracissimas. tGeog. ad quos magnus herbariorum Humerus undique confluit. Sincerus Itiner. Gallia. '^ Baldus mons prope Benacum herbilegis maxime notus. ^ Qui se niliil effecLsse arbitrantur, nisi Indiam, JSthiopiam, Arabiam, et ultra Garamantas a tribus mundi partibus exquisita remedia corradunt. Tutius ssepe medetur rustica anus una, &c. ^ Ep. lib. 8. Proximorum incuriosi longinqua sectamui', et ad ea cognoscenda iter ingredi et mare transmitters solemus ; at quae sub oculis posita negligimus. ^ Exotica rejecit, domesticia solum nos contentos esse voluit. Melcli. Adamus vit. ejus. Hem. 1. Subs. 3.] Medicinal Physic. 431 ciency of English medicines, to the cure of all manner of diseases. If our simples be not altogether of such force, or so apposite, it may be, if like industry were used, those far-fetched drugs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries whence now we have them, as well as cherries, artichokes, tobacco, and many such. There have been diverse worthy physicians, which have tried excellent conclusions in this kind, and many diligent, painful apothecaries, as Gesner, Besler, Gerard, &c., but amongst the rest those famous public gardens of Padua in Italy, Nuremburg in Germany, Leyden in Hol- land, Montpelier in France (and ours in Oxford now in fieri, at the cost and charges of the Right Honourable the Lord Dan vers. Earl of Danby), are much to be commended, wherein all exotic plants almost are to be seen, and liberal allowance yearly made for their better maintenance, that young students may be the sooner informed in the knowledge of them : which as ^Euchsius holds, " is most necessary for that exquisite manner of curing," and as great a shame for a physician not to observe them, as for a workman not to know his axe, saw, square, or any other tool which he must of necessity use. SuBSECT. III. — Alteratives, Herhs, other Vegetables, dec. Amongst these 800 simples, which Galeottus reckons up, lib. 3. de promise, doctor, cap. 3, and many exquisite herbalists have written of, these few follow- ing alone I find appropriated to this humour: of which some be alteratives; "^ which by a secret force," saith Renodseus, "and special quality expel future diseases, perfectly cure those which are, and many such incurable effects." This is as well observed in other plants, stones, minerals, and creatures, as in herbs, in other maladies as in this. How many things are related of a man's skull? What several virtues of corns in a horse-leg, '^of a wolf's liver, &c. Of '^diverse excrements of beasts, all good against several diseases ? What extraordinary virtues are ascribed unto plants ? ^ SatyriuTYi, et eruca peneni erigunt, vitex et nymphea semen extinguunt, %ome herbs provoke lust, some again, as agnus castus, water-lily, quite extinguisheth seed; poppy causeth sleep, cabbage resist eth drunkenness, &c., and that which is more to be ad- mired, that such and such plants should have a peculiar virtue to such parti- cular parts, ^as to the head, aniseeds, foalfoot, betony, calamint, eye-bright, lavender, bays, roses, rue, sage, marjoram, peony, &c. Eor the lungs, calamint, liquorice, enula campana, hyssop, horehound, water germander, &c. Eor the heart, borage, bugloss, saffron, balm, basil, rosemary, violet, roses, &c. Eor the stomach, wormwood, mints, betony, balm, centaury, sorrel, purslain. Eor the liver, darthspine or camsepitis, germander, agrimony, fennel, endive, suc- cory, liverwort, barberries. Eor the spleen, maidenhair, fingerfern, dodder of thyme, hop, the rind of ash, betony. Eor the kidneys, grumel, parsley, saxifrage, plantain, mallow. Eor the womb, mugwort, pennyroyal, fetherfew, savine, &c. Eor the joints, camomile, St. John's wort, organ, rue, cowslips, centaury the less, &c. And so to peculiar diseases. To this of melancholy you shall find a catalogue of herbs proper, and that in every part. See more in Wecker, Renodseus, Heurnius, lib. 2. cap. 19, &c. I will briefly speak of them, as first of alteratives, which Galen in his third book of diseased parts, prefers before diminutives, and Trallianus brags, that he hath done more cures on melancholy men ^by moistening, than by purging of them. .Borage.^ In this catalogue, borage and bugloss may challenge the chiefest place, whether in substance, juice, roots, seeds, flowers, leaves, decoctions, ^Instit. 1. 1. cap. 8. sec. 1. ad exquisitam curancii rationem, quorum cognitio imprimis uecessaria est. bQuaa casca vi ac specifica qualitate morbos futures arcent. lib. 1. cap. 10. Instit. Phar. *^ Galen, lib. epar lupi epaticos curat. dstercus pecoris ad Epilepsiam,.&c. ^ Priestpintle, rocket. fSabina faitum educit. s Wecker. Vide Oswaldum Crollium, lib. de internis rerum signaturis, de herbis purti- cularibus parti cuique convenientibus. hldem Laurentius, cap. 9. 432 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. distilled waters, extracts, oils, &c., for such kind of herbs be diversely varied. Bugloss is hot and moist, and therefore worthily reckoned up amongst those herbs which expel melancholy, and ^exhilarate the heart, Galen, lih, 6. cap. 80. de simpl. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 123. Pliny much magnifies this plant. It may be diversely used; as in broth, in ^ wine, in conserves, syrups, &c. It is an excellent cordial, and against this malady most frequently pre- scribed ; a herb indeed of such sovereignty, that as Diodorus, lib. 7.bibl. Piinius, lib. 25. cap. 2.etlib. 21. cap. 22. Plutarch, symjoos. lib. 1. cap. 1. Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 40. Caelius, lib. 19. c. 3. suppose it was that famous Nepenthes of 1 Homer, which Polydamna, Thonis's wife (then king of Thebes in Egypt), sent Helena for a token of such rare virtue, " that if taken steeped in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all thy dearest friends should die before thy face, thou couldst not grieve or shed a tear for them." " Qui semel id patera mistura Nepenthes laccho Hauserit, hiclachrymam, non si suavissima proles, Si germanas ei cliarus, materque paterque Oppetat, ante oeulos ferro confossus atroci." Helena's commended bowl to exhilarate the heart, had no other ingredient as most of our critics conjecture, than this of borage. £ahn.] Melissa balm hath an admirable virtue to alter melancholy, be it steeped in our ordinary drink, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan, lib. 8. much admires this herb. It h-eats and dries, saith ^Heurnius, in the second degree, with a wonderful virtue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melan- choly vapours from the spirits, Matthiol. in lib. 3. cap. 10. in Dioscoridem. Besides they ascribe other virtues to it, " "as to help concoction, to cleanse the brain, expel all careful thoughts, and anxious imaginations : " the same words in effect are in Avicenna, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Fuchsius, Leobel, Delacampius, and every herbalist. Nothing better for him that is melancholy than to steep this and borage in his ordinary drink. Matthiolus, in his fifth book of Medicinal Epistles, reckons up scorzonera, " "not against poison only, falling sickness, and such as are vertiginous, but to this malady; the root of it taken by itself expels sorrow, causeth mirth and lightness of heart." Antonius Musa, that renowned physician to Csesar Augustus, in his book which he writ of the virtues of betony, cap. 6. wonderfully commends that herb, animas hominum et corpora custodit, securas de metu reddit, it preserves both body and mind, from fears, cares, griefs ; cures falling sickness, this and many other diseases, to whom Galen subscribes, lib. 7. simpl. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 1. &c. Marigold is much approved against melancholy, and often used therefore in our ordinary broth, as good against this and many other diseases. Hop^ Lupulus, hop, is a sovereign remedy; Euchsius, cap. 58. Plant, hist. much extols it; "^it purges all choler, and purifies the blood. Matthiol. cap. 140. in 4. Dioscor. wonders the physicians of his time made no more use of it, because it rarifies and cleanseth : we use it to this purpose in our ordinary beer, which before was thick and fulsome. Wormwood, centaury, pennyroyal, are likewise magnified and much pre- scribed (as I shall after show), especially in hypochondriac melancholy, daily to be used, sod in whey : and as Rutfus Ephesias, ^ Areteus relate, by breaking wind, helping concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them alone. i Dicor borago, gaudia semper ago. k Vino infusum liilaritatem facit. 1 Odyss. A. ™ Lib. 2. cap. 2. prax. med. mira vi liEtitiam pr^bet et cor conflrmat, vapores melancholicos purgat k spiritibus. ^Proprlum est ejus animum hilarem reddere, concoctionem juvare, cerebri obstructiones resecare, solici- tudines fugare, solicitas imaginationes toUere. ° ScorzonertE non solum ad viperarum morsus, comi- tiales, vertiginosos, sed per se accommodata radix tristitiam discutit, hilaritatemque conciliat. PBilem utramque detrahit, sanguinem purgat. lectuntur Achivi: they dote, and in the meantime the poor patients pay for their new experiments, the commonalty rue it. Thus others object, thus I may conceive out of the weakness of my appre- hension ; but to say truth, there is no such fault, no such ambition, no novelty, or ostentation, as some suppose; but as °one answers, this of compound medi- cines, "is a most noble and profitable invention found out, and brought into physic with great judgment, wisdom, counsel and discretion." Mixed diseases must have mixed remedies, and such simples are commonly mixed as have reference to the part affected, some to qualify, the rest to comfort, some one part, sonie another. Cardan and Brassivola both hold that Nullum simplex medicamentum sinenoxd, no simple medicine is without hurt or offence; and although Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Diodes of old, in the infancy of this art, were content with ordinary simples: yet now, saith ^"^tius, necessity com- pelleth to seek for new remedies, and to make compounds of simples, as well to correct their harms if cold, dry, hot, thick, thin, insipid, noisome to smell, to make them savoury to the palate, pleasant to taste and take, and to preserve them for continuance, by admixtion of sugar, honey, to make them last months and years for several uses." In such cases, compouud medicines may be approved, and Arnoldus, in his 18. aphorism, doth allow of it. " *^If simples cannot, necessity compels us to use compounds ;" so for receipts and magistrals, dies diem docet, one day teacheth another, and they are as so many words or phrases, Qu melan. sacerdote, et consil. 148. pro hypochon- driaco, and cracks, "^'to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy per- sons, which he hath often given without ofience, and found by long experi- ence and observations to be such." Quercetan prefers a syi^up of hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Helle- bore's extract cap. 5. of his invention likewise (" a most safe medicine ^ and not unfit to be given children") before all remedies whatsoever. Paracelsus, in his book of black hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is prepared by him. "^It is most certain (saith he) that the virtue of this herb is great, and admirable in effect, and little differing from balm itself; and he that knows well how to make use of it, hath more art than all their books contain, or all the doctors in Germany can show." -^lianus Montaltus in his exquisite work de morh. capitis, cap. 31. de met. sets a sj^ecial receipt of his own, which in his practice " ^ he fortunately used ; because it is but short I will set it down." " 1^ Syrupi de pomis 5ij) aquas borag. §iiij. EUebori nigri per noctem infusi in ligatura 6 vel 8 gr. manfe facta coUatura exhibe." Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him, Valescus admires pulvis Hali, and Jason Pratensis after him : the confection of which ^ Quia corpus exiccant, moi-bum augent. yGuianei'ius, Tract. !">. c. 6. ^Piso. ^Rhasis, sfepe valent ex Helleboro. b Lib. 7. Exiguis medicamentis morbus non obsequitur. ^ Modo caute detur et robastis. dConsil. 10. 1. 1. ^Plin. 1. 31. c. 6. Navigationes ob vomitionera prosunt plurimis morbis capitis, et omnibus ob quos Helleborum bibitur. Idem Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 13. Avicenna tertia imprimis. 2Munquam dedimus, quin ex una aut altera assumptione, Deo juvante, fuerint ad salutem restituti. S Lib. 2. Inter composita purgantia melancholiara. h Longo experimento a se observatum esse, melan- cholicos sine offensa egregie curandos valere. Idem responsione ad Aubertum, veratrum nigrum, alias timidiim etpericulosum vini spiritii etiam et oleo commodum sicusui redditur, ut etiam pueris tuto adminis- trari possit. i Certum est hujus lierbse virtutem maximara et mirabilem esse, parumque distare a balsamo, Et qui norit eo recte uti, plus habet artis quam tota scribeutium cohors, aut omnes doctores in Germai.ia. k Quo fcliciter usu3 sura. Mem. 1. Subs. 3,] Freparntives and Furgers. 449 our new London Pharniacopo3ia hath lately revived. " ^Put case (saith he), all other medicines fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it, and 'tis a crowned medicine which must be kept in secret." " 1^. Epithymi sernuBC, lapidis lazuli, agarici ana ^ij. Scammonii, 5j) Chariophillorum nu^nero 20 : pulverisentnir Omnia, et ipsius pulveris scrup. 4. singulis septimanis assumat." To these I may add Arnoldi vinum Buglossatum, or borage wine before men- tioned, which °^Mizaldus calls vinum mirabile, a wonderful wine, and Sbockerus vouches to repeat verbatim amongst other receipts. Rubeus his ^compound water out of Savanarola : Pinetus his balm ; Cardan's Fulvis Hyacinthi, with which, in his book de curis admirandis, he boasts that he had cured many melancholy persons in eight days, which °Sckenkius puts amongst his observa- ble medicines; Altomarus his syrup, with which ^he calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done many excellent cures, and which Sckenkius cent. 7. observ. 80. mentioneth, Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 12. so much commends ; Rulandus' admirable water for melancholy, which cent. 2. cap. 96. he names Spiritum vitce aureum, Faiiaceam, what not, and his absolute medicine of 50 eggs, curat. Empir. cent. 1. cur. 5. to be taken three in a morn- ing, with a poAvder of his. ^Faventinus, prac. Empir. doubles this number of eggs, and will have 101 to be taken by three and three in like sort, which. Sallust Salvian approves, de red. med. lib. 2. c. 1 . with some of the same powder, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and mad men. " ]J. Epithymi, thvmi, ana drachmas duas, sacchari albi unciam unEnn> croci grana tria, Cinnamomi diachmam unaua; misce, fiat pulvis." All these yet are nothing to those *' chemical preparatives of ^gwa Chaltdonicc, quintessence of hellebore, salts, extracts, distillations, oils, Aurum potabile, &c. JDr. Anthony in his book de auropotab., edit. 1 600, is all and all for it. " ^ And though all the schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it in their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vege- tals will do no good, tiiey are. compelled to seek the help of minerals, though they use them rashly, unprofibably, slackly, and to no purpose." Rhenanus, a Dutch chemist, in his book de Sale e puteo emergente, takes upon him to apologise for Anthony, and sets light by all that speak against him. But what do I meddle with this great controversy, which is the subject of many volumes'? Let Paracelsus, Quercetan, Crollius, and the brethren of the rosy cross, defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and the Galenists oppugn. Para- celsus, he brags on the other side, he did more famous cures by this means, than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a monarch ; Galen, Hippo- crates, infants, illiterate, &c. As Thessalus of old railed against those ancient Asclepiadean writers, "*he condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes all antiquity (saith Galen as if he spake to him), declares himself a conqueror, and crowns his own doings." ^ One drop of their chemical preparatives shall do more good than all their fulsome potions. Erastus, and the rest of the Galenists vilify them on the other side, as heretics in physic; "^Paracelsus did that in pLysic, which Luther in divinity." "^ A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, a magician, he had the devil for his master, devils his familiar companions, and iHoc posito quod alice medicinje non valeant, ista tunc Dei misericordii valel)it,et estmedicina coronata qu« seci-etissime teneatur. ^ Lib. de artif. med. ° Sect. 3. Optimum remjdium aqua composita Savanarolse. ° Sckenkius, obsei-v. 31. PDonatus ab Altomari, cap. 7. Testor Deum, me multos melancholicos hujus solius syrupi usu curasse, facta prius purgatione. 1 Centum ova et unum, quolibet mai^e sumant ova sorbilia, cum sequent! pulvere supra ovum aspersa, et contineant quousque assumpserint centum et unum, maniacis et melancliolicis utilissimum remedium. ^ Quercetan. cap. 4. Phar. Oswaldus Ci-ollius. ^ Cap. 1. Licet tota Galeni^tarum schola, mineralia non sine impioet ingrato fastu a sua practica detestentiir; tamen in gravioribus morbis, omni vegetabllium derelicto subsidio, ad mineralia conftigiunt, licet sa temere, ignaviter, et inutiliter usurpent. Ad finem libri. t Veteres maledictis incessit, vincit, et cont^*^ omnem antiquitatem coronatar, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. 1. meth. c. 2. ^ Cod- j-onc^'is de sale absynthii. ^ Idem Paracelsus in medicina, quod Lutherus in theologia. yDisput. ia euji^em, parte 1. Magus ebrius, illiteratus, dcemonemprieceptorem habuit, daemones familiares, &c. 450 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 5. what he did, was done by the help of the devil." Thus they contend and rail, and every mart write books pro and con, et adhuc sub judice lis est : let them agree as they will, I proceed. SuBSECT. IV, — Averters. ^ AvERTERS and purgera must go together, as tending all to the same pur- pose, to divert this rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range, clysters and suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart, to the more iguoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, and those to be made with the boiled seeds of anise, fennel, and bastard saffron, hops, thyme, epithyme, mallows, fumitory, bugloss, polypody, senna, diasene, hamech, cassia, diacatholicon, hierologodium, oil of violets, sweet almonds, &c. For without question, a clyster opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most other maladies, but to do very much good ; (Jlysteres nutriunt, sometimes clysters nourish, as they may be prepared, as I was informed not long since by a learned lecture of our natural philosophy ^reader, which he handled by way of discourse, out of some other noted physi- cians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not sweat. Trinca- vellius, consil. 16. cap. 1. in head-melancholy forbid sit. P. Bayerus and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to bathe them with warm water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with nettles till they blister the skin, which likewise ^Basardus Visontinus so much magnifies. Sneezing, masticatories, and nasals are generally received. Montaltus, c. 34. Hildesheim, spicel. 3. fol. 136 and 238 give several receipts of all three. Hercules de Saxonia relates of an empiric in Venice " '^that had a strong water to purge by the mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melau- choly, and would sell for no gold." To open months and hsemorrhoids is very good physic, " °if they have been formerly stopped." Faventinus would have them opened with horse- leeches, so would Hercul. de Sax.; Julius Alexandrinus, consil. 185. Scoltzii thinks aloes fitter: '^most approve horse-leeches in this case, to be applied to the forehead, ® nostrils, and other places. Montaltus, C(X/>. 29. out of Alexander and others, prescribes "^cupping- glasses, and issues in the left thigh." Aretus, lib. 7. cap. 5, ^Paulus Kegolinus, Sylvius will have them without scarification, " applied to the shoulders and back, thighs and feet:" ^Montaltus, cap. 34. " bids open an issue in the arm, or hinder part of the head." ^Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, supposito- ries, and cupping-glasses, still without scarification, and the rest. Cauteries and hot irons are to be used " ^in the suture of the crown, and the seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good while. 'Tis not amiss to bore the skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours." Sallust. Salvi- anus, de remedies lib. 2. co^j. 1. "^because this humour hardly yields toother physic, would have the leg cauterised, or the left leg, below the knee, ™and the head bored in two or three places," for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours: "^I saw (saith he) a melancholy man at Home, that by no remedies could be healed, but when by chance he was wounded in the head, and the skall broken, he was excellently cured." Another, to the admiration ^ Master D. Lapworth. ^ Ant. PMlos. cap. de melan. frictio vertice, &c. b Aqua fortissima purgans os, nares, quatn non vult auro vendere. ^ Mercurialis, consil. 6. et 30. hasmorroidum et mensium proyocatio juvat, modo ex eorum suppressione ortum habuerit. d Lauren tins, Bruel, &c. * P. Bayerus, 1. 2. cap. 13. naribus, &c. f Cucurbitulse siccae, et fontanellas crura siuistro. ^ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. Vapores h cerebro trahendi sunt frictionibus universi, cucurbitulis siccis, humeris ac dorso atflxis, circa pedes et crura. h Fontanellam aperi juxta occipitium, aut brachium. i Balani, ligature, frictiones, &c. k Cauterium fiat sutura coronali, diu fluerepermittantur loca ulcerosa. Trepano etiain cranii densitas imminui poterit, ut vaporibus fuliginosis exitus pateat. 1 Quoniam difficulter cedit aliis medicamentis, ideo fiat in vertice cauterium, aut crure sinistro infra genu. '^ Fiant duo auttria cauteria, cum ossis perforatione. ^^ Vidi Romse melancholicum qui, adliibitis piultis remediis, sanari non poterat, sed cum cranium gladio fractum esset, optime sanatus est. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Alteratives. 451 of tlie beholders, ''"breaking liis bead with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage." Gordonius, cap. 13. part. 2. would have these cauteries tried last, when no other physic will serve. "^The head to be shaved and bored to let out fumes, which without doubt will do much good. I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain-pan broken ; so long as the wound was open he was well, but when his wound was healed, his dotage returned again." But Alexander Messaria, a professor in Padua, lib. 1. pract. med. cap). 21, de melancliol. will allow no cauteries at all, 'tis too stiff a humour and too thick as he holds, to be so evaporated. Guianerius, c. 8. Tract. 15. cured a nobleman in Savoy, by boring alone, ""* leaving the hole open a month together," by means of which, after two years' melancholy and madness, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the crown ; but Arculauus would have the cautery to be made with gold. In many other parts, these cauteries are prescribed for melancholy men, as in the thighs, {Mercurialis, consil. ^Q.) arms, legs. Idem, consil. G. and 19 and 25. Montanus, ^Q. Rodericus a Fonseca, torn. 2. consult. 84. pro hypo- chond. coxa dextrd, &c., but most in the head, "if other physic will do no good." SuBSECT. V. — Alteratives and Cordials, corrohorating, the Eeliques, and mending the Temperament. Because this humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be removed, the reliques are to be cleansed, by alteratives, cordials, and such means : the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain, ""which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually misaffect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some few days inserted after a purge, or like physic, as occasion serves, and are of such force, that many times they help alone, and as ^Arnoldus holds in his Aphorisms, are to be "preferred before all other medicines, in v/hat kind soever." Amongst this number of cordials and alteratives, I do not find a more present remedy, than a cup of wine or strong drink, if it be soberly and opportunely used. It makes a ma.n bold, hardy, courageous, "*whetteth the wit," if moderately taken, (and as Plutarch ""saith, Symp. 7. quoist, 12.) "it makes those which are otherwise dull, to exhale and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken, (Xenophon adds) ^as oil doth fire." "^A famous cordial," Matthiolus in Dioscoridem calls it, "an excellent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, helps concoction, fortifies the stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons, attenuates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours." And that which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear and sorrow. ^ Cur as edaces dissipat Evius. " It glads the heart of man," Psal. civ. 15. hilaritatis dulce seminarium. Helena's bowl, the sole nectar of the gods, or that true nepenthes in ^ Homer, which puts away care and grief, as Oribasius, 5. Collect, cap. 7. and some others will, was nought else but a cup of good wine. It makes the mind of the king and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and free man, poor and rich ; it turneth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, but oEt alterum vidi melancholicum, qui ex alto cadens non sine astantium admiratione, liberatus est. P Radatur caput et fiat cauterium in capite; procul dubio ista faciunt ad fumorura exhalationem ; vidi melancholicum h, fortuna gladio vulneiatum, et cranium fi-actum, quamdiu vulnus apertum, curatus optime; at cum vulnus sanatum, reversa est mania. 1 Usque ad duram matrem trepanari feci, et per mensem aperte stetit. i' Cordis ratio semper habenda quod cerebro compatitur, et sese invicem officiunt. ^ Aphor. 38. Medicina Tlieriacalis praj cffituris eligenda. t Galen, de temp. lib. 3. c. 3. moderate vinum sumptura acuit ingenium. ^ Tardos alitor et tristes thuris in modum exhalare facit. ^ Plilaritatem ut oleum flammara excitat. ^ Viribus retinendis cardiacmn eximium, nutriendo corpori alimentum optimum, aatatem floridam facit, calorem innatum fovet, concoctionem juvat, storaachum roborat, excre- mentis vlam parat, urinam movet, somnum conciliat, venena, frigidos flatus dissipat, crassos humores atteiiuat, coquit, discutit, &c. ^B.ov. lib. 2. od. 11. "Bacchus dissipates corroding cares." ^Odyss. A. 452 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. enriclietli his heart, and makes him speak by talents," Esdras iii. 19, 20, 21. It gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the ancients called Bacchus, Liher pater a liber ando, and ^sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an altar. "^ Wine measureably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerful- ness of mind, it cheereth God and men," Judges ix. 13. Imtiiim Bacchus dator, it makes an old wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be "* merry. " Bacchus et affiictis requiem mortalibiis affert, " Wine makes a troubled soul to rest, Crura licet duro compede vincta forent." Thougli feet with fetters be opprest." Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus's hands, and was prisoner in Syria, " ''spent his time with dice and drink that he might so ease his dis- contented mind, and avoid those continual cogitations of his present condition wherewith he was tormented." Therefore Solomon, Prov. xxxi. 6, bids " wine be given to him that is ready to ^'perish, and to him that hath grief of heart, let him drink that he forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more." Solicitis animis onus eximit, it easetli a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better ; which the prophet Zachariah perceived, when he said, "that in the time of Messias, they of Ephraim should be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine." All which makes me very well approve of that pretty description of a feast in ^Bartholomeus Anglicus, when grace was said, their hands washed, and the guests sufficiently exhilarated, with good discourse, sweet music, dainty fare, exhilarationis gratid, pocula iterum atque iterum offeruntur, as a corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and again. "Which as I. Fredericus Matenesius, Crit. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 6, & 7, was an old custom in all ages in every commonwealth, so as they be not enforced, bibere per violent iam, but as in that royal feast of ^ Ahasuerus, which lasted 180 days, "without compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels," when and what they would themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, still ready against fear, sorrow, and such trouble- some thoughts, that molest the mind; as brimstone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. "ISTo better physic" (saith 'Bhasis) " for a melancholy man : and he that can keep company, and carouse, needs no other medicines," 'tis enough. His countryman Avicenna, 31. doct. 2. cap. 8. pro- ceeds farther yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk : excellent good physic it is for this and many other diseases. Magninus, Eeg. san. part. 3. c. 31. will have them to be so once a month at least, and gives his reasons for it, "^because it scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluities, and keeps it clean." Of the same mind is Seneca the Philosopher, in his book de tranquil. lib. 1. c. 15. nonnunquam ut in aliis morbis ad ebrietatem usque veniendum; Cur as deprimit, tristitice medetur, it is good sometimes to be drunk, it helps sorrow, depresseth cares, and so concludes this tract with a cup of wine : Hahes, Serene charissime, quce ad tranquillitatem animce pertinent. But these are epicureal tenets, tending to looseness of life, luxury and atheism, maintained alone by some heathens, dissolute Arabians, profane Christians, and are exploded by Babbi Moses, tract. 4. Guliel. Placentius, lib. 1. cap. 8. Yalescus de Taranta, and most accurately ventilated by Jo. Sylvaticus, a late writer and physician of Milan, med. cont. cap. 14. where you shall find this tenet copiously confuted. bPausanias. « Syracides, xxxi. 28. dLegitur et prisci CatonisSsepe mero caluisse virtus, _ ^In pocula et aleam se prtecipitavit, et iis fere tempus traduxit, ut asgram crapula mentem levaret, et conditiouis prsesentis cogitationes quibus agitabatur sobrius vitaret. f So did the Athenians of old, as Suidas relates, and so do the Germans at this day. 8 Lib. 6. cap. 23. et 24. de rerum proprietat. h Esther, i. 8. i Tract. 1. cont. 1. 1. Non oestrus laudabilior eo, vel cura melior; qui melancholicus, utatur societate hominum et biberia; et qui potest sustinere usum vini, non indiget alia medicina, quod eo sunt omnia ad usum necessaria hujus passionis. kTum quod sequatur inde sudor, vouiitio, ui'ina, h quibus euperfluitates ti corpore removeutur et remanot corpus mundum, Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Cure of Ilead-MelancJioly. 453 Howsoever you say, if this be true, that wine and strong drink have such virtue to expel fear and sorrow, and to exhilarate the mind, ever hereafter let's drink and be merry. " 1 Prome reconditum, Lyde strenua, csecuTjum, I " Come, lusty Lyda, fill's a cup of sack, Capaciores, puer, hue affer Scyphos, And, sirrali drawer, bigger pots we lack, Et Chia villa aut Lesbia." j Aud Scio wines that have so good a smack." I say with him in °^A. Gellius, "let's maintain the vigour of our souls with a moderate cup of wine," ^Natis in usum IcetiticE scyphis, "and drink to refresh our mind; if there be any cold sorrow in it, or torpid bashfulness, let's wash it all away."— N unc vino pellite caras ; so saith * Horace, so saith Anacreon, MedvovTa yap ^e Ke7a9ai IIoXu Kpecaaov t] Oavovra. Let's drive down care with a cup of wine : and so say I too (though / drinh none myself), for all this may be done, so that it be modestly, soberly, oppor- tunely used : so that " they be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess," which our ° Apostle forewarns; for as Chrysostom well comments on that place, ad Icetitiam datum est vinum, non ad ebrietatem, 'tis for mirth wine, but not for madness : and will you know where, when, and how that is to be understood 1 Vis dicere ubi honum sit vinum ? Audi quid dicat Scripticra, hear the Scrip- tures, " Give wine to them that are in sorrow," or as Paul bid Timothy drink wine for his stomach's sake, for concoction, health, or some such honest occa- sion. Otherwise, as ^ Pliny tells us; if singular moderation be not had, " *^nothing so pernicious, 'tis mere vinegar, hlandus doimon, poison itself,'* But hear a more fearful doom, Habac. ii. 15. & 16. " Woe be to him that makes his neighbour drunk, shameful spewing shall be upon his glory." Let not good fellows triumph therefore (saith Matthiolus), that I have so much commended wine; if it be immoderately taken, "instead of making glad, it confounds both body and soul, it makes a giddy head, a sorrowful heart." And 'twas well said of the poet of old, " Wine causeth mirth and grief," ^nothing so good for some, so bad for others, especially as ^one observes, qui a causa calida male habent, that are hot or inflamed. And so of spices, they alone, as I have showed, cause head-melancholy themselves, they must not use wine as an * ordinary drink, or in their diet. But to determine with Laurentius, c. 8. de melan. wine is bad for madmen, and such as are troubled with heat in their inner parts or brains ; but to melancholy which is cold (as most is), wine, soberly used, may be very good. I may say the same of the decoction of China roots, sassafras, sarsaparilla, guaiacum: China, saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melancholy, and all infirmities proceeding from cold, even so sarsapa- rilla provokes sweat mightily, guaiacum dries, Claudinus, considt. 89. & 46. Montanus, Capivaccius, considt. 188. ScoUzii, make frequent and good use of guaiacum and China, ""so that the liver be not incensed," good for sucli as are cold, as most melancholy men are, but by no means to be mentioned in hot. The Turks have a drink called coffee (for they use no wine), so named of a berry as black as soot, and as bitter (like that black drink which was in use amongst the Laced£emonians, and perhaps the same), which they sip still of, and sup as warm as they can suffer; they spend much time in those coffee- houses, which are somewhat like our alehouses or taverns, and there they sit chatting and drinking to drive away the time, and to be merry together, 1 Hor. ™Lib. 15. 2. noct. Att. Vigorem animi moderate vini usu tueamnr, et calefacto simul refo- toque animo si quid in eo vel frigidje tristitisB, vel torpentis verecundiiB fuerit, diluamus. ^llov. 1. 1. Od. 27. * Od. 7. lib. 1. 26. Isam pra^stat ebrium me quam mortuum jacere. ^ Ephes. v. 18. ser. 19. in cap. 5. PLib. 14. 5. Kihil perniciosius viiibus, si modus absit, venenum. 1 Theocritus, Idyl. 13. vino dan IfEtitiam et dolorem. i^Eenodeus. s jiercurialis, consil. 25. Vinum filgidis optimum, ei? pessimum ferina melancholia. tl^'ernelius, consil. 4i et 45, rinum proMbet assiduum, et aromaia. ^ Modo jecur non iuc^tidatur. 454 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. because they find by experience tliat kind of drink, so used, belpetli dio-estion, and procuretli alacrity. Some of them take opium to this purpose. Borage, balm, saffron, gold, I have spoken of; Montaltus, c. 23. commends scorzonera roots condite. Garcias ab Horto, plant, hist. lib. 2. cap. 25. makes mention of an herb called datura, "^ which, if it be eaten, for twenty-four hours following takes away all sense of grief, makes them incline to laughter and mirth:" and another called bauge, like in effect to opium, " which j)uts them for a time into a kind of ecstasy," and makes them gently to laugh. One of the Roman emperors had a seed, which he did ordinarily eat to exhilarate himself. ^Christophorus Ayrerus prefers bezoar stone, and the confection of alkermes, before other cordials, and amber in some cases. " ^ Alkermes com- forts the inner parts;" and bezoar stone hath an especial virtue against all melancholy affections, " ^it refresheth the heart, and corroborates the whole body." ^ Amber provokes urine, helps the body, breaks wind, &c. After a purge, 3 or 4 grains of bezoar stone, and 3 grains of ambergrease, drunk or taken in borage or bugloss water, in which gold hot hath been quenched, will do much good, and the purge will diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the strength and substance of the body. ]^. confect. Alkermes §f5 lap. Bezoar. 9j. Succini albi subtiliss. pulverisat. 3jj- cum Syrup, de cort. citri; fiat electuarium. To bezoar stone most subscribe, Manardus, and ° many others; "it takes away sadness, and makes him merry that useth it; I have seen some that have been much diseased v/ith faintness, swooning, and melancholy, that tak- ing the weight of three grains of this stone, in the water of oxtongue, have been cured." Garcias ab Horto brags how many desperate cures he hath done upon melancholy men by this alone, when all physicians had forsaken them. But alkermes many except against; in some cases it may help, if it be good and of the best, such as that of Montpelier in France, which ^lodocus Sin- cerus, I tiller ario Gcdlicc, so much magnifies, and would have no traveller omit to see it made. But it is not so general a medicine as the other. Fernelius, consil. 49, suspects alkermes by reason of its heat, " ^nothing (saith he), sooner exasperates this disease, than the use of hot working meats and medicines, and would have them for that cause warily taken." I conclude, therefore, of this and all other medicines, as Thucydides of the plague at Athens, no remedy could be prescribed for it, Nam quod uni profuit, hoc aliis erat exitio : there is no catholic medicine to be had : that which helps one is pernicious to another. Diamargaritum frigidmn, diambra, diahoraginatum, electuarium Icetificans Galeni el Rhasis, de gemmis, dianthos, diaTiioschum didce et amarum, electua- rium conciliatoris, syrup. Cidoniorum, de pomis, conserves of roses, violets, fumitory, enula campana, satyrion, lemons, orange-pills condite, &c., have their good use. «f ;^^ DiamoscM dulcis et amari, ana ^ij, Diabuglossati, Diaboraginati, sacchari yiolacei, ana j. misce cum syrupo de pomis." Every physician is full of such receipts: one only I will add for the rareness of it, wliich I find recorded by many learned authors, as an approved medicine ^ Per 24 horas sensum doloris omnem tollit, et ridere facit. y Hildesheim, spicel 2. "^ Alkermes omnia vitalia viscera mire confortat. ^ Contra omnes melancholicos affectus confert, ac certum est ipsius usu omnes cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. b Succinum vero albissimum confortat ventriculum, flatum discutit, urinam moret, &c. c Garcias ab Horto, aromatum lib. 1. cap. 15, adversus omnes morbos melancholicos conducit, et venenum. Ego (inquit) utor in morbis melancholicis, &c ,_et deploratos hujus usu ad pristinam sanitatem restitui. See more in Bauhinus" book de lap. Bezoar c. 45. d Edit. 1617. Monspelii electuarium fit preciocissiraum Alcherm. &c. ^ Kihil morbum hunc aeque exasperat, ac alimentorum vel calidiorum usus. Alchermes ideo suspectus, et quod semel moneam, caute adhibenda calida medicamenta. f Sckenkius, 1. 1. Observat. de Mania, ad mentis aliena- tiofieao, et deaipientiam yitio cerebri obortam, in manuscripto codice Germanico, lale medicamentum repexi. Mem. l.-Subs. 5.] Cure of Head-Melancholy. 455 against dotage, head-melanclioly, and such diseases of the brain. Take a ^ram's head that never meddled with an ewe, cut off at a blow, and the horns only take away, boil it well, skin and wool together ; after it is well sod, take out the brains, and put these spices to it, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, mace, cloves, ana ^ f^, mingle the powder of these spices with it, and heat them in a platter upon a chafing-dish of coals together, stirring them well, that they do not burn; take heed it be not overmuch dried, or drier than a calf's brains ready to be eaten. Keep it so prepared, and for three days give it the patient fasting, so that he fast two hours after it. It may be eaten with bread, in an egg or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For fourteen days let him use this diet, drink no wine, &c. Gesner, hist animal, lib. 1. j^cig. 917, Caricterius, {pract. 13. m Nich. demetri. pag. 129. latro: Witenberg. edit. Tubing, pag. 62, mention this medicine, though with some variation; he that list may try it, *and many such. Odoraments to smell to, of rose-water, violet flowers, balm, rose-cakes, vinegar, &c., do much recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon. Prov. xxvii. 9. " They rejoice the heart," and, as some say, nourish: 'tis a question commonly controverted in our schools, osri odores nutriant: let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18. decide it; ^ many arguments he brings to prove it; as of Demo- critus, that lived by the smell of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few days, when for old age he could eat no meat. Ferrerius, lib. 2. meth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, of wine, saffron, &c., which he prescribed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men to smell to, and by it to have done very much good, ceque fere profuisse olfactu et potu, as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord t Yerulam, in his book de vita et morte, commends, therefore, all such cold smells as any way serve to refri- gerate the spirits. Montanus, consil. 31, prescribes a form which he would bave his melancholy patient never to have oat of his hands. If you will have them spagirically prepared, look in Oswaldus CroUius, Basil. Chymica. Irrigations of the head shaven, " ^of the flowers of water-lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, wild mallows, wether's-head," kc, must be used many mornings together. Montan., consil. 31, would have the head so washed once a week. Laelius ^ fonte Eugubinus, consult. 44, for an Italian count, troubled with head-melancholy, repeats many medicines which he tried, " ^ but two alone which did the cure ; use of whey made of goats' milk, with the extract of hellebore, and irrigations of the head with water-lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, &c., upon the suture of the crown." Piso commends a ram's lungs applied hot to the fore part of the head, ^or a young lamb divided in the back, exenterated, &c. ; all acknowledge the chief cure in moistening throughout. Some, saith Laurentius, use powders and caps to the brain; but forasmuch as such aromatical things are hot and dry, they must be sparingly administered. Unto the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, ointments, of which Laurentius, c. 9. de onelan. gives examples. Bruel prescribes an epi- theme for tbe heart, of bugloss, borage, water-lily, violet waters, sweet wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, cloves, &c. For the belly, make a fomentation of oil, ™in which the seeds of cummin, rue, carrots, dill, have been boiled. Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by ° Galen, g Caput arietis nondum experti venerem, uno ictu araputatum, cornibus tantum deraotis, integrum cum lana €t pelle bene elixabis, turn aperto cerebrum eximes, et addens aroraata, &c. * Cinis testudinia ustus, et vino potus melancholiam curat, et rasura cornu Rhinocerotis, &c. Sckenkius. hinstat in matrice, qubd sursum et deorsum ad odoris sensum prascipitatur. f Viscount St. Alban's. i Ex decocto florum nyrapliese, lactucse, violarum, chamomilis, althens, capitis vervecum, &c. k Inter auxilia multa adhibita, duo visa sunt remedium adferre, usus seri caprini cum extracto Hellebori, et irrigatio ex lacte Nymphese, violarum, &c. sutune coronali adhibita; liis remediis sanitate pristina adeptus est. 1 Confert et pulmo arietis, calidus aguus per dorsum divisus, exeuteratus, admotus sincipiti. ™ bemina cumiui, rufee, da4ici, auetM cocta. ^ Lib. 3. de locis aft'cct. 45 G Cure of Melanclioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. '^^tius, Rhasis, &c., of sweet water, in which are boiled the leaves of mallows, roses, violets, water-lilies, wether's-head, flowers of bugloss, camomile, melilot, &c. Guianer. ca}^. 8. tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they come forth of the baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphea, fresh capon grease, &c. Amulets and things to be borne about, I And prescribed, taxed by some, approved by Eenodseus, Platerus (amuleta inquit non negligenda), and others ; look for them in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &c. Bassardus Yiscontinus, ant. pJiilos. commends hypericon, or St. John's wort gathered on a ^Friday in the hour of "Jupiter, when it comes to his effectual operation (that is, about the full moon in July); so gathered and borne, or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this afiection, and diives away all fantastical spirits." ^Philes, a Greek author that flourished in the time of Michael Paleologus, writes that a sheep or kid's skin, whom a wolf worried, ^ Hoedus inhumani raptus ah ore lupi, ought not at all to be worn about a man, " because it causeth palpitation of the heart," not for any fear, but a secret virtue which amulets have. A ring made of the hoof of an ass's right fore foot carried about, &c. I say with ^Kenodseus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Peony doth cure epilepsy; precious stones, most diseases; *a wolf's dung borne with one helps the colic, "a spider an ag-ue, &c. Being in the country in the vacation time not many years since, at Lindley in Leicestershire, my father's house, I first observed this amulet of a spider in a nut- shell lapped in silk, &c., so applied for an ague by ^my mother; whom, although I knew to have excellent skill in chirurgery, sore eyes, aches, &c., and such experimental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to have done many famous and good cures upon diverse poor folks, that were otherwise destitute of help : yet among all other experiments, this methought was most absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranea cum febre ? For what antipathy 1 till at length rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found this very medicine in Diosco- rides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Alderovandus, cap. de Aranea, lib. de insectis, I began to have a better opinion of it, and to give more credit to amulets, when I saw it in some parties answer to experience. Some medicines are to be exploded, that consist of words, characters, spells, and charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius proves ; or the devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. SuBSECT. YI. — Correctors of Accidents to procure Sleep. Against fearful Dreams, Redness, (he. When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminutives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as waking, fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some ruddiness, &c. Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symptom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped, and sleep byall means procured, which sometimes is a sufiicient^ remedy of itself without any other physic. Sckenkius, in his Observations, hath an example of a woman that was so cured. The means to procure it, are inward or outward. Inwardly taken, are simples, or compounds; simples, as poppy, nymphea, violets, roses, lettuce, mandrake, henbane, nightshade or solanum, safii-on, hemp-seed, nutmegs, willows, with their seeds, juice, decoctions, dis- o Tetrab. 2. ser. 1 . cap. 10. P Cap. de mel. collectum die vener. hora Jovis cum ad Energiam venit, i. e. ad plenilunium Julii, inde gesta et collo appensa hunc affectum apprime juvat et fanaticos spiritus expellit. Altomarus, Laurentius, c 15. lUis utendum ssepius iteratia: a vehementioribus semper abstinendum ne ventrem exaspereut Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 461 medicines, ""because (as Sal vi anus adds) drouglit follows heat, wliicb increas- eth the disease :" and yet Baptisa Sylvaticus, controv. 32. forbids cold medi- cines, ""because they increase obstructions, and other bad symptoms." But this varies as the parties do, and 'tis not easy to determine which to use. "°The stomach most part in this infirmity is cold, the liver hot ; scarce there- fore (which Montanus insinuates, consil. 229. for the Earl of Manfort) can you help the one and not hurt the other :" much discretion must be used ; take no physic at all he concludes without great need. Lselius JEugubinus, consil. for an hypochondriacal German prince, used many medicines; but it was after signified to him in ^ letters, that the decoction of China and sassafras, and salt of sassafras, wrought him an incredible good." In his 108 consult, he used as happily the same remedies ; this to a third might have been poison, by over- heating his liver and blood. For the other parts look for remedies in Savanarola, Gordonius, Massaria, Mercatus, Johnson, &c. One for the spleen, amongst many other, T will not omit, cited by Hildesheim, spicel. 2. prescribed by Mat. Flaccus, and out of the authority of Benevenius. Anthony Benevenius in a hypochondriacal passion, " ^ cured an exceeding great swelling of the spleen with capers alone, a meat befitting that infirmity, and frequent use of the water of a smith's forge; by this physic he helped a sick man, whom all other physicians had forsaken, that for seven years had been splenetic." And of such force is this water, "'^'that those creatures as drink of it, have commonly little or no spleen." See more excellent medicines for the spleen in him, and ^Lod. Mercatus, who is a great magnifier of this medicine. This Chalyhs 2^Tceparatus, or steel-drink, is much likewise commended to this disease by Daniel Sennertus, I. 1. part 2. ca}-). 12. and admired by J. Coesar Claudinus, Respons. 29. he calls steel the proper * alexipharmacum of this malady, and much magnifies it; look for receipts in them. Averters must be used to the liver and spleen, and to scour the meseraic veins ; and they are either too open or provoke urine. You can open no place better than the hsemorrhoids, "which if by horse-leeches they be made to flow, "there may not be again such an excellent remedy," as Plater holds. Sallust. Salvian. will admit no other phlebotomy but this; and by his experience in an hospital which he kept, he found all mad and melancholy men worse for other bloodletting. Laurentius, cap. 15. calls this of horse-leeches a sure remedy to empty the spleen and meseraic membrane. Only Montanus, consil. 241. is against it; "^to other men (saith he) this opening of the haemorrhoids seems to be a profitable remedy ; for my part I do not approve of it, because it draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the thickest behind." ^tius, Yidus Yidius, Mercurialis, Fuchsius, recommend diuretics, or such things as provoke urine, as aniseeds, dill, fennel, germander, ground pine, sodden in water, or drunk in powder; and yet "^P. Bayerus is against them ; and so is Hollerius : " All melancholy men (saith he) must avoid such things as provoke urine, because by them the subtle or thinnest is evacuated, the thicker matter remains." Clysters are in good request. Trincavellius, lib. 3. cap. 38. for a young nobleman, esteems of them in the first place, and Hercules de Saxonia, Panth. ™Lib. 2. cap. 1. Quoniam caliditate conjuncta est siccitas qufe malum auget. ^Quisquis fi-igidis auxiiiis hoc morbo usus fuerit, is obstructionem aliaque symptomata augebit. o Ventriculiis ple- rumque frigidus, epar calidiim ; quomodo ergo veiitriculiim calefaciet, vel refrigerabit hepar siue alterius maximo detrimento ? P Significatum per literas, incredibilem utilitatem ex decocto Cliinte, et Sassafras percepisse. . 35. would have the thighs to be ^cauterised, Mercurialis prescribes beneath the knees; Lselius ^ugubinus consil. 77. for a hypochondriacal Dutchman, will have the cautery made in the right thigh, and so Montanus, consil. 55. The same Montanus, consil. 34. approves of issues in the arms or hinder part of the head. Bernardus Paternus in Hildesheim, spicel. 2. would have ^issues made in both the thighs; ^Lod. Mercatus prescribes them near the spleen, aut prope ventriculi regionem, or in either of the thighs. Ligatures, frictions, and cupping-glasses above or about the belly, without scarification, which ^Felix Platerus so much approves, may be used as before. SuBSECT. II. — Correctors to expel Wind. Against Costiveness, c&c. In this kind of melancholy one of the most offensive symptoms is wind, which, as in the other species, so in this, hath great need to be corrected and expelled. The medicines to expel it are either inwardly taken, or outwardly. Inwardly to expel wind, are simples or compounds : simples are herbs, roots, &c,, as galanga, gentian, angelica, enula, calamus aromaticus, valerian, zeodoti, iris, condite ginger, aristolochy, cicliminus, China, dittandcr, pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay-berries, and bay-leaves, betony, rosemary, hyssop, sabine, cen- taury, mint, camomile, stoechas, agnus castus, broom-flowers, origan, orange pills, &c. ; spices, as saffron, cinnamon, bezoar stone, myrrh, mace, nutmegs, pepper, cloves, ginger, seeds of anise, fennel, amni, cari, nettle, rue, Lib. 8. Eloquent, cap. 14. de affec- tibus mortalium vitio fit qui prjeclara quseque in pravos usus vertunt. ^ Quoties de amatoriis mentio facta est, tam vehementer excandui; tam severa tristitia violari aures meas obsceno sermone nolui, ut me tanquam unum ex Philosophis intuerentur. d Martial. " In Brutus' presence Lucretia blushed and laid my book aside; M'hen he retired, she took it up again and read." ^Lib. 4. of civil conversation. f Si male locata est opera scribendo, m ipsi locent iii legendo. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 4G7 Plotlnus, Maximus Tyrius, Alcinous, Avicenna, Leon Hebreus in three large dialogues, Xenophon, synipos. Theophrastus, if we may believe Athenseus, lib. 13. cap. 9. Picus Rlirandula, Marius j3^]quicola, both in Italian, Kornmannus, de linea Amoris, lib. 3. Petrus Godefridus hath handled in three books, P. Hsediis, and which almost every physician, as Arnoldus, Villanovanus, Valle- riola, Observat. med. lib. 2. observ. 7. ^lian Montaltus and Laurentius in their treatises of melancholy, Jason Pratensis, de morb. cap. Yalescus de Taranta, Gordonius, Hercules de Saxonia, Savanarola, Langius, &c., have treated of apart, and in their works. I excuse myself therefore with Peter Godefridus, Yalleriola, Ficinus, and in ^Langius' words: " Cadmus Milesius writ fourteen books of love, and why should I be ashamed to write an epistle in favour of young men, of this subject ?" A company of stern readers dislike the second of the ^aeids, and Virgil's gravity, for inserting such amorous passions in an heroical subject ; but ^Servius, his commentator, justly vindicates the poet's worth, wisdom, and discretion in doing as he did, Castalio would not have young men read the ^ Canticles, because to his thinking it was too light and amorous a tract, a ballad of ballads, as our old English translation hath it. He might as well forbid the reading of Genesis, because of the loves of Jacob and Rachael, the stories of Sichem and Dinah, Judah and Thamar ; reject the Book of Numbers, for the fornications of the people of Israel with the Moabites ; that of Judges, for Sampson and Dalilah's embracings ; that of the Kings, for David and Bersheba's adulteries, the incest of Ammon and Thamar, Solomon's concubines, &c., the stories of Esther, Judith, Susanna, and many such. Dicearchus, and some other, carp at Plato's majesty, that he would vouchsafe to indite such love toys : amongst the rest, for that dalliance with Agatho, " Suavia dans Agathoni, animam ipse in labra tenebam ; ^gra etenim properans tanquam abitura fait." For my part, saith ^ Maximus Tyrius, a great platonist himself, me non tan- turn adnmxitio habet, sed etiam stupor, I do not only admire but stand amazed to read, that Plato and Socrates both should expel Homer from their city, because he writ of such light and wanton subjects. Quod Junonem cum Jove in Ida concuTiibentes inducit, ab immortali nube contectos, Vulcan's net, Mars and Yenus' fopperies before all the gods, because Apollo fled when he was persecuted by Achilles, the ^gods were wounded and ran whining away, as Mars that roared louder than Stentor, and covered nine acres of ground with his fall, Yulcan was a summer's day falling down from heaven, and in Lemnos Isle brake his leg, &c., with such ridiculous passages ; when as both Socrates and Plato by his testimony writ lighter themselves : quid enim tain distat (as he follows it quam amans a temperante, formarum admirator a dementCy what can be more absurd than for grave philosophers to treat of such fooleries, to admire Autiloquus, Alcibiades, for their beauties as they did, to run after, to gaze, to dote on fair Phsedrus, delicate Agatho, young Lysis, fine Char- mides, hceccine Philosophum decent 1 Doth this become grave philosophers % Thus peradventure Callias, Thrasimachus, Polus, Aristophanes , or some of his adversaries and emulators might object ; but neither they nor ™Anytus and Melitus his bitter enemies, that condemned him for teaching Critias to tyran- nise, his impiety for swearing by dogs and plain trees, for his juggling sophistry, &c., never so much as upbraided him with impure love, writing or speaking of that subject; and therefore without question, as he concludes, both Socrates and Plato in this are justly to be excused. But suppose they had been a little SMeci. epist. 1. 1. ep. 14. Cadmus Milesius, teste Suida, de hoc Erotico Amore 14 libros scripsit, nee mo pigebit in gratiam a'iolescentum banc scribere epi^.tola!n. h Comment, in 2. iEneid. i:\Ieros amores meram impndicitiam sonave videtur nisi, &c. kSer. 8. IQuod risum et eonim ainores commemoret. ^Quum multa ei objecissent quod Critiam tyrannidem docuisset, quod Platonera juraiot loquacem sopbistam, &c. accusationom amoris nullam fecerunt. Ideoque honestus amor, «&c. 468 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. overseen, slionld divine Plato be defamed ? no, rather as he said of Cato's drunkenness, if Catowere drunk, it should be no vice at all to be drunk. They reprove Plato then, but without cause (as ^Ficinus pleads) " for all love is honest and good, and they are worthy to be loved that speak well of love." *' Being to speak of this admirable affection of love" (saith "Yalleriola) " there lies open a vast and philosophical field to my discourse, by which many lovers become mad, let me leave my more serious meditations, wander in these phi- losophical fields, and look into those pleasant groves of the Muses, where with unspeakable variety of flowers, we may make garlands to ourselves, not to adorn us only, but with their pleasant smell and juice to nourish our souls, and fill our minds desirous of knowledge," &c. After a harsh and unj^leasing dis- course of melancholy, which hath hitherto molested your patience and tired the author, give him leave with ^Godefridus the lawyer, and Laurentius {cap. 5.) to recreate himself in this kind after his laborious studies, " since so many grave divines and worthy men have without offence to manners, to help them- selves and others, voluntarily written of it." Heliodorus, a bishop, penned a love story of Theagines and Chariclea, and when some Gatos of his time repre- hended him for it, chose rather, saith ^ Nicephorus, to leave his bishopric than his book, ^neas Sylvius, an ancient divine, and past forty years of age (as *'he confesseth himself, after Pope Pius Secundus), indited that wanton history of Euryalus and Lucretia. And how many superintendents of learning could I reckon up that have written of light fantastical subjects ? Beroaldus, Eras- mus, Alpheratius, twenty-four times printed in Spanish, &c. Give me leave then to refresh my muse a little, and my weary readers, to expatiate in this delightsome field, hoc deliciarum campo, as Fonseca terms it, to ^season a surly discourse with a more pleasing aspersion of love matters : Edulcare mtam convenit,2& the poet invites us, curas nugis, &c., 'tis good to sweeten our life with some pleasing to3'^s to relish it, and as Pliny tells us, magna, pars studiosorum amcenitates quoirimus, most of our students love such pleasant * subjects. Though Macrobius teach us otherwise, " ^that those old sages banished all such light tracts from their studies to nurse's cradles, to please only the ear ;" yet out of Apuleius I will oppose as honourable patrons, Solon, Plato, ^Xenophon, Adrian, &c. that as highly approve of these treatises. On the other side methinks they are not to be disliked, they are not so xmfit. I will not peremptorily say as one did, '^tam suavia dicam facinora, ut mode sit ei qui talibus non delectetur, I will tell you such pretty stories, that foul befall him that is not pleased with them j Neque dicam ea quce vohis usui sit audivisse, et voluptati meminisse, with that confidence as Beroaldus doth his enarrations on Propertius. I will not expect or hope for that approbation which Lipsius gives to his Epictetus; plurisfacio quum relego; semper ut novum, et quum repetivi, repetendum, the more I read, the more shall I covet to read. I will not press you with my pamphlets, or beg attention, but if you like them you may. Pliny holds it expedient, and most fit, severitatem jucunditate etiam in scriptis condire, to season our works with some pleasant discourse ; Synesius approves it, licet in ludicris ludere, the ^poet admires it, Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit ^Carpunt alii Platonicam majestatem quod aiaori nimium indulserit, Dicearclius et alii; sed male. Omnis amor honestus et bonus, et amore dicfni qui bene dicunt de Amore. ''Med. obser. lib. 2. cap. 7. de admirando amoris affectu dicturus, Ingens patet campus et philosophicus, quo ssepe homin s ducuntur ad insaniam, libeat mode vagari, &c. quse non ornent modo, sed fragrantia et sacculentia jucunda plenius alant, &c. P Lib. 1. prsefat. de amoribus agens relaxandi animi causa laboriosissimis studiis fatigati; quando et Theologi se his juvari et juvare illassis movibus voluat. ^Hist. lib. 12. cap. 34. '^Prgefat. quid quadrageuario convenit cum amore? Ego vero agnosco amatorium scrip- tum mihi non convenire, qui jam meridiem prastergressus in vesperem feror. ^Eneas Sylvius, prsefat. s ut severiora studia lis amcenitatibus lector condire possit. Accius. tDiscum quam philosophum audire malunt. ^In Som. Scip. e sacrario suo tum ad cunas nutricum sapientes eliminarunt, solas aurium delitias profltentes. ^Babylonius et Ephesius, qui de Amore scripserunt, uterque amores JVIyrrhse, Cyrenei, et Adonidis. Suidas. y Pet. Aretiue, dial. Ital. ^Hor. " He has accoinplished every point who has joined the useful to the agreeable." Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 4G9 utile dulci; and there be those, without question, that are more willing to read such toys, than ^I am to write : " Let«.me not live/' saith Aretine's Antonia, "if I had not rather hear thy discourse, ''than see a play !" No doubt but there be more of her mind, ever have been, ever will be, as ^Hierome bears me witness, A far greater part had rather read Apuleius than Plato : Tully himself confesseth he could not understand Plato's Timseus, and therefore cared less for it; but every schoolboy hath that famous testament of Grunuius Corocotta Porcellus at his fingers' ends. The comical poet, "M siMnegoti credidit solum dari, Populo ut placerent, quas fecisset fal)ulas,"(i made this his only care and sole study to please the people, tickle the ear, and to delight; but mine earnest intent is as much to profit as to please; non tarn ut populo placerem, quam ut populum juvarem, and these my writings, I hope, shall take like gilded pills, which are so composed as well to tempt the appe- tite, and deceive the palate, as to help and medicinally work upon the whole body; my lines shall not only recreate, but rectify the mind. I think I have said enough; if not, let him that is otherwise minded, remember that of *Maudarensis, "• he was in his life a philosopher (as Ausonius apologizeth for him), in his epigrams a lover, in his precepts most severe; in his epistle to Casrellia, a wanton." Annianus, SuljDicius, Evemus, Menander, and many old poets besides, did in scriptis jji^urire, write Fescennines, Attellanes, and lasci- vious songs; Icetam materiam ; yet they had in moribus censwram, et severi- tatem, they v/ere chaste, severe, and upright livers. " Castum esse decet pium poetam Ipsum, versiculos nihil necesse est, Qui turn denique habent salem et leporem."^ I am of Catullus' opinion, and make the same apology in mine own behalf; Hoc etiam quod scribo, pQndet plerumque ex cdiorum sententia et auctoritate ; nee ipse for san insariio, sed insanientes sequor. Aiqui detur hoc insanire me; semel insanivimus omnes, et tute i2Jse opinor insanis aliquando, et is, et ille, et ego, scilicet.^ Homo smn, hmivtni a me nihil alienum puto : ^ And which he urgeth for himself, accused of the like fault, I as justly plead, Hasciva est nobis paylna,vitaproba est. Howsoevermy lines err. my life is honest, ^vitaverecundn est, 'iiiusa jocosa Tiiihi. But I presume I need no such apologies, I need not, as Socrates in Plato, cover his face when he spake of love, or blush and hide mine eyes, as Pallas did in her hood, when she was consulted by Jupiter about Mercury's marriage, quod super nuptiis r'irp'o co?i5M^?iMr, it isnosuchlascivious, obscene or wanton discourse; I have not ofi^'ended your chaster ears with any- thing that is here written, as many French and Italian authors in their modern language of late have done, nay some of our Latin pontifical writers, Zanches, Asorius, Abulensis, Burchardus, &c., whom ^Bivet accuseth to be more lasci- vious than Virgil in Priapeiis, Petronius in Catalectis, Aristophanes in Lycis- tratae, Martialis, or any other pagan profane writer, qui tarn atrociter ('one notes) hoc ge7iere peccdrunt ut multa ingeniosissime scripta obscoenitatum gratia castce mentes abhorreant. 'Tis not scurrile this, but chaste, honest, most part serious, and even of religion itself. "^Incensed (as he said) with the love of finding love, we have sought it, and found it." More yet, I have augmented ^ Legendi cnpidiores, quam ego scribendi, saith Lucian. b Plus capio voluptatis inde, quam spectand-'s in theatro ludis. ''Prooemio in Isaiam. Multo major pars Jlilesias fabulas revolventium quam Platonis libros. d " This lie took to be his only business, that the plays which he wi-ote should please the people." * In vita philosophus, in Epigram, amatoi', in Epistolis petulans, in prseceptis severus. ^ "1 he poet himself should be chaste and pious, but h'S verses need not imitate him in these respects ; they may therefore contain wit and humour." f "This that I \n-ite depends sometimes upon the opinion and authority of others: nor perhaps am I frantic, I only follow madmen : But thus far I may be deranged : we have all been so at some one time, and yourself, I think, art sometimes insane, and th.s man, and that man, and I also." S " I am mortal, and think no humane actiou unsuited to me." b Mart. i Ovid. k Isago. ad sac. scrip. cap. 13. iBarthius, notis in Coelestinam, ludum Hisp. '^Ficinus, Comment, c. 17. Amore inccnsi inveniendi amoiis, amorem quasiivimus et invenimus. 470 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1 and added sometliingto this light treatise (if light) which was not in the former editions, I am not ashamed to confess it, with a good "^author, quod extendi et locupletari hoc suhjectum plerique postulabant, et eorum importunitate victus, animurti utcunque remtentem eb adegi, ut jam sexta vice calamwm in Tnanuni sumerem, scriptionique longe et a studiis et professione ined alienee me accinge- rem, horas aliquas a seriis meis occupationihus interim suffuratuSy easque veluti ludo cuidam ac recreationi " ^ Cogor retxorsum Vela dai-e, atque iterare cursms Glim relLctos " €tsi nan ignorarem novos fortasse detractores novis hisce interpolationihus meis mi7iime defuturos? And thus much have I thought good to say by way of preface, lest any man (which ^ Godefridus feared in his book) should blame in me lightness, wanton- ness, rashness, in speaking of love's causes, enticements, symptoms, remedies, lawful and unlawful loves, and lust itself, ^'I speak it only to tax and deter others from it, not to teach, but to show the vanities and fopperies of this heroical or herculean love, ^and to apply remedies unto it. I will treat of this with like liberty as of the rest. "tSed dicam voMs, vos porro dicite multis Millibus, et facite haee charta loq^uatar anus." Condemn me not, good reader, then, or censure me hardly, if some part of this treatise to thy thinking as yet be too light ; but consider better of it ; Omnia munda mundis, ^ a naked man to a modest woman is no otherwise than a pic- ture, as Augusta Livia truly said, and ^mala mens, malus animus, 'tis as 'tis taicen. If in thy censure it be too light, I advise thee as Li^^sius did his reader for some places of Plautus, istos quasi Sir enum scopulos pr(Etervehare, if they like thee not, let them pass ; or oppose that which is good to that which is bad, and reject not therefore all. For to invert tliat verse of Martial, and withHierom Wolfiustoapplyit to my present purpose, sunt mala, sunt qucedam mediocria, sunt bonaplura; some is good, some bad, some is indifferent. I say further with him yet, I have inserted (^levicula qucedam et ridicula ascri- here non sum gravatus, circumforanea qucedam e theatris, e plateis, etiam e popims) some things more homely, light, or comical, litans gratiis, &c. which I would request every man to interpret to the best, and as Julius Csesar Scaliger besought Cardan {si quid urbajiiuscule lusumdnohis, per deos immortales te ore, Rieronyme Cardane, ne me male capias). I beseech thee, good reader, not to mistake me, or misconstrue what is here written ; Per Musas et Charites, et omnia Poetarum numina, henigne lector, oro te ne me male capias. 'Tis a comical subject; in sober sadness I crave pardon of what is amiss, and desire thee to suspend thy judgment, wink at small faults, or to be silent at least ; but if thou likest, speak well of it, and wish me good success. Extremum hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede lahorem.'^ I am resolved howsoever, velis, nolis, audacter stadium intrare, in the Olym- pics, with those ^liensian wrestlers in Philostratus, boldly to show myself in "^ Author CoelestinsB, Barth. Interprete. " That, overcome hy the solicitations of friends, who requested me to enlarge and improve my volumes, 1 have devoted my otherwise reluctant mind to the labour ; and now for the sixth time have I taken up my pen, and applied myself to literature very foreign indeed to my studies and prtv fessional occupations, stealing a few hours from serious pursuits, and devoting them, as it were, to recreation." <> Hor. lih. 1. Ode 34^ " I am compelled to reverse my sails, and retrace my former course." P " Although I was by no means ignorant that new calumniators would not be wanting to censure my new introductions." 1 H ffic prsedixi ne quis temere nos putaret sciipsisse de amorum lenociniis, de praxi, fornicationibus, adul- teriis, &c. ^ Tasando et ab his deterrendo humanam lasciviam et Insaniam, sed et remedia docendo : non igitur candidus lector nobis succenseat, &c. Commonitio erit juvenibus haec, hisce ut abstineant magis, et, omissa lascivia quae homines reddit insanos, virtutis incumbant studiis, (J-lneas Sylv.) et curam amoris si quis nescit, hinc poterit scire. sjyjartianus Capella, lib. 1. de nupt. philol. virginali suffusa rubore oculos pep'o obnubens, &c. t Catullus. " What I tell you, do you tell to the multitude, and make this treatise gossip like an old woman." ^ Viros nudos cast* feminjB nihil k statuis distare. ^Hony soit qui mal y pense. y P: aef Suid. » " Arethusa, smile on this my last laboui\" Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Ohje^Hs of Love. 471 this common stage, and in this tragi-comedy of love^ to act several parts, some satirically, some comically, some in a mixed tone, as the subject I have in hand'^ives occasion, and present scene shall require, or offer itself. SuBSECT. II. — Loves Beginning, Object, Definition, Division. " Love's limits are ample and great, and a spacious walk it hath, beset with thorns," and for that cause, which ^Scaliger reprehends in Cardan, "not lightly to be passed over." Lest I incur the same censure, I will examine all the kinds of love, his nature, beginning, difference, objects, how it is honest or dishonest, a virtue or vice, a natural passion, or a disease, his power and effects, how far it extends : of which, although something has been said in the first partition, in those sections of perturbations ("^ for love and hatred are the first and most common passions, from which all the rest arise, and are attend- ant," as Picolomineus holds, or as Nich. Caussinus, the 'prhnum mobile of all other affections, which carry them all about them), I will now more copiously dilate, through all his parts and several branches, that so it may better appear what love is, and how it varies with the objects, how in defect, or (which is most ordinary and common) immoderate, and in excess, causeth melancholy. Love universally taken is defined to be a desire, as a word of more ample signification : and though Leon Hebreus, the most copious writer of this sub- ject, in his third dialogue make no difference, yet in his first he distinguisheth them again, and defines love by desire. "^ Love is a voluntary affection, and desire to enjoy that which is good. ^Desire wisheth, love enjoys; the end of the one is the beginning of the other ; that which we love is present ; that which we desire is absent." "^It is worth the labour," saith Plotinus, "to consider well of love, whether it be a god or a devil, or passion of the mind, or partly god, partly devil, partly passion." He concludes love to participate of all three, to arise from desire of that which is beautiful and fair, and defines it to be " an action of the mind desiring that which is good." ^ Plato calls it the great devil, for its vehemency, and sovereignty over all other passions, and defines it an appetite, "^by which we desire some good to be present." Ficinus in his comment adds the word fair to this definition. Love is a desii^e of enjoying that which is good and fair. Austin dilates this common definition, and will have love to be a delectation of the heart, "^for something which we seek to win, or joy to have, coveting by desire, resting in joy." ^Scaliger, Exerc. 301. taxeth these former definitions, and will not have love to be defined by desire or appetite ; " for w^hen we enjoy the things we desire, there remains no more appetite :" as he defines it, " Love is an affection by which we are either united to the thing we love, or perpetuate our union ; " wliich agrees in part with Leon Hebreus. Now this love varies as its object varies, which is always good, amiable, fair, gracious, and pleasant. "^AU thiugs deske that which is good," as we are taught in the Ethics, or at least that which to them seems to be good ; quid enim vis ■mali (as Austin well infers) die mihi ? puto nihil in omnibus actioni- hus; thou wilt wish no harm, I suppose, no ill in all thine actions, thoughts or desires, nihil mali vis ; ^thou wilt not have bad corn, bad soil, a naughty tree, ''Exerc. 301. Campus amoris maximus et spinis obsitns, nee levissimo pede transvolandus. ^Grad. 1. cap. 29. Ex Pla'tone. priraee et cominunissimas perturbationes ex quibus ceterte oriuntur et earnm sunt pedis- sequse. bAmor est voluntarius atfectus et desiderium re bona fruendi. ''Desiderium optantis, amor eorum quibus fruimur ; amoris principium, desiderii finis, amatuui adest. dPrincipio 1. de amore. OperaB pretium est de amore considerare, utnim Deus, an Dtemon, an passio qujedam animae, an partim Deus, partim Daemon, passio partim, &c. Amor est actus animi bonmn desiderans. ^ Magnus Daemon convivio. f Boni pulchrique fruendi desiderium. SQodefridus, 1. 1. cap. 2. Amor est delectatio cordis, alicujus ad aliquid, propter aliquod desiderium in appetendo, et gaudium pertruendo per desiderium curreus, requies- cens per gaudium. h Non est amor desiderium aut appetitus ut ab omnibus hactenus traditum ; nam cum potimur amata re, non manec appetitus; est igitur affectus quo cum re amata aut unimur, aut unioneiu perpetuamus. i Omnia appetunt bonum. k Terrum non vis malam, malum segctem, sad bouaiu ai'borem, equum bouum, «iijc. 472 Love-Melanclwly. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. but all good ; a good servant, a good horse, a good son, a good friend, a good neighbour, a good' wife. From this goodness comes beauty ; from beauty, grace, and comeliness, which result as so many rays from their good parts, make us to love, and so to covet it : for were it not pleasing and gracious in our eyes, we should not seek, " ^ No man loves (saith Aristotle 9. mor. cap. 5.) but he that was first delighted with comeliness and beauty." As this fair object varies, so doth our love ; for as Proclus holds, Omne pulchrum amabile, every fair thing is amiable, and what we love is fair and gracious in our eyes, or at least we do so apprehend and still esteem of it. " "^ Amiableness is the object of love, the scope and end is to obtain it, for whose sake we love, and which our mind covets to enjoy." And it seems to us especially fair and good ; for good, fair, and unity, cannot be separated. Beauty shines, Plato saith, and by reason of its splendour and shining causeth admiration; and the fairer the object is, the more eagerly it is sought. For as the same Plato defines it, " ^ Beauty is a lively, shining or glittering brightness, resulting from efiiised good, by ideas, seeds, reasons, shadows, stirring up our minds, that by this good they may be united and made one." Others will have beauty to be the perfection of the whole composition, " ° caused out of the congruous symmetry, measure, order and manner of parts, and that comeliness which proceeds from this beauty is called grace, and from thence all fair things are gracious." For grace and beauty are so wonderfully annexed, " ^ so sweetly and gently win our souls, and strongly allure, that they confound our judgment and cannot be distinguished. Beauty and grace are like those beams and shinings that come from the glorious and divine sun," which are diverse, as they proceed from the diverse objects, to please and afiect our several senses. " *^ As the species of beauty, are taken afc our eyes, ears, or conceived in our inner soul,*, as Plato disputes at large in his Dialogue de j)ulchro, Phcedro, Hyppias, and after many sophistical errors confuted, concludes that beauty is a grace in all things, delighting the eyes, ears, and soul itself; so that, as Yalesius infers hence, whatsoever pleaseth our ears, eyes, and soul, must needs be beautiful, fair, and delightsome to us. "^'And nothing can more please our ears than music, or pacify our minds." Fair houses, pictures, orchards, gardens, fields a fair hawk, a fair horse is most acceptable unto us ; whatsoever pleaseth our eyes and ears, we call beautiful and fair ; " ^ Pleasure belongeth to the rest of the senses, but grace and beauty to these two alone." As the objects vary and are diverse, so they diversely affect our eyes, ears, and soul itself Which gives occasion to some to make so many several kinds of love as there be objects. One beauty ariseth from God, of which and divine love S. Dionysius,* with many fathers and Neoterics, have written just volumes, De amore Dei, as they term it, many pargeuetical discourses ; another from his creatures ; there is a beauty of the body, a beauty of the soul, a beauty from virtue, /orma??! 7)iartyruhi, Austin calls it, quam videmus ocidis animi, which we see with the eyes of our mind ; which beauty, as TuUy saith, if we could discern with these corporeal eyes, admirahiles sui amores excitaret, would cause admirable affec- tions, and ravish our souls. This other beauty which ariseth from those extreme parts, and graces which proceed from gestures, speeches, several motions, and proportions of creatures, men and women (especially from women, 1 Nemo amore capitur nisi qui faerit ante foi'raa specieque delectatus. ™ Amabile objectum araoris et Scopus, cujus adeptio est finis, cujus gratia amamus. Animus enim aspirat ut eo fruatur, et fonnam boni habet et prsecipue videtur et placet. Picolomineus, gi-ad. 7. cap. 2. et grad. 8. cap. 35. ^ Forma est vitalis fulgor ex ipso bonomanans, per ideas, semina, rationes, umbras effusus, animos excitansut perbonum in unura redigantm*. ° Pulchritudo est perfectio compositi ex congruente ordine, mensura et ratione partium consurgens, et venustas inde prodiens gratia dicitur et res omnes pulclu'^ gratiosa. P Gratia et pulchritudo ita sua\iter animos demulcent, ita vehementer alliciunt, et admirabiliter connectuntur, ut in unum confundant et distingui non possunt, et sunt tauquam radii et splendores divini solis in rebus variis vario modo fulgentes. 1 Species pulchritudin^s hauriuntur oculis, auribus, aut concipiimtur inteiTia mcnte. r Nihil hinc magis animos concihat qu^m musica, pulcliric pictuise, jedes, &c. ^ In reliquis seuisbiis voluptas, in his pulchritudo et gratia. t Lib. 4. de diviuis. Convivio Pluionis. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 473 which made those okl poets put the three graces still in Venus' company, as attending on her, and holding up her train) are infinite almost, and vary their names with their objects, as love of money, covetousness, love of beauty, lust, immoderate desire of any pleasure, concupiscence, friendship, love, good-will, &c. and is either virtue or vice, honest, dishonest, in excess, defect, as shall be showed in his place. Heroical love, religious love, &c. which may be reduced to a twofold division, according to the principal parts which are affected, the brain and liver. Amor et aniicitia, which Scaliger, Exerciiat. 301, Yalesius and Melancthon warrant out of Plato cpiXuv and s^av from that speech of Pausanias belike, that makes two Veneres and two loves, " ^^ One Venus is ancient without a mother, and descended from heaven, whom we call celestial ; the younger, begotten of Jupiter and Dione, whom commonly we call Venus." Picinus, in his comment upon this place, cap. 8, following Plato, calls these two loves, two devils, or good and bad angels according to us, which are still hovering about our souls. " ^The one rears to heaven, the other depresseth us to hell ; the one good, which stirs us up to the contemplation of that divine beauty for whose sake we perform justice and all godly offices, study philo- sophy, &c. j the other base, and though bad yet to be respected ] for indeed both are good in their own natures : procreation of children is as necessary as that finding out of truth, but therefore called bad, because it is abused, and withdraws our soul from the speculation of that other to viler objects," so far Picinus. S. Austin, lib. 15. de civ. Dei et sup. Psal. Ixiv., hath delivered as much in effect. " ^ Every creature is good, and may be loved well or ill : " and " ^ Two cities make two loves, Jerusalem and Babylon, the love of God the one, the love of the world the other ; of these two cities we all are citizens, as, by examination of ourselves, we may soon find, and of which." The one love is the root of all mischief, the other of all good. So, in his 15. cap. lib. de amor. Ecclesice, he will have those four cardinal virtues to be nought else but love rightly composed; in his 15. book de civ. Dei, cap. 22. he calls virtue the order of love, whom Thomas following 1. part. ^. qucest. 55. art. 1. and qucest. 56. 3. quoist. 62. art. 2. confirms as much, and amplifies in many words. ^ Lucian, to the same purpose, hath a division of his own, " One love was born in the sea, which is as various and raging in young men's breasts as the sea itself, and causeth burning lust : the other is that golden chain which was let down from heaven, and with a divine fury ravisheth our souls, made to the image of God, and stirs us up to comprehend the innate and incor- ruptible beauty to which we were once created." Beroaldus hath expressed all this in an epigram of his : — " Dogmata divini memovant si vera Platonis, Sunt geminje Veneres, et geminatus amor. Coelestis Venus est nullo senerata parents, Qu£B casto sanctos nectit amore viros. Altera sed Venus est totum vuljiata per orbem, Quae diviim mentes alligat, atque liominum ; Improba, seductrix, petulans," &c. " If divine Plato's tenets they be true, Two Veneres, two loves there be ; The one from heaven, unbegotten still, Which knits our souls in unitie. The other famous over all the world, Binding the hearts of gods and men ; Dishonest, wanton, and seducing she, Rules whom she will, both where and when. This twofold division of love, Origen likewise follows, in his Comment on the Canticles, one from God, the other from the devil, as he holds (understand- ing it in the worse sense), which many others repeat and imitate. Both which (to omit all subdivisions) in excess or defect, as they are abused, or degenerate, cause melancholy in a particular kind, as shall be shown in his place. Austin, ^ Ditge Veneres duo amores ; quarum nna antiquior et sine matre, coelo nata, quam ccelestem Venerem nuncupamns ; altera vero junior a Jove et Dione prognata, quam vulgarem Venerem vocamus. ^ Alter ad superna erigit, alter dejn-i'.nit ad interna; alter excitat hominem ad divinam pulchritudinein lustrandam, cujus causa philosophiaj studia et justitiae, &c. ^Onmis creatura cum bona sit, et bene amari potest et male. ^Duas civitates duo taciunt amores; Jerusalem facit amor Dei, Babylonem amor sseculi ; unus- quisque se quid amet interroget, et inveniet unde sit civis. b Alter mari onus, ferox, varius, tluctuans, ill animis, juvenum, mare referens, &c. alter aurea catena, coelo demissa, bonum furoremmentibus mittens, &c. 474 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3, Sec. 1. in another Tract, makes a threefold division of this love, which we may use well or ill : " ^ God, onr neighbour, and the world : God above us, our neigh- bour next us, the world beneath us. In the course of our desires, God hath three things, the world one, our neighbour two. Our desire to God, is either from God, with God, or to God, and ordinarily so runs. From God, when it receives from him, whence, and for v/hich it should love him : with God, when it contradicts his will in nothing : to God, when it seeks to him, and rests itself in him. Our love to our neighbour may proceed from him, and run witli him, not to him : from him, as when we rejoice of his good safety, and well doing: with him, when we desire to have him a fellow and companion of our journey in the way of the Lord : not in him, because there is no aid, hope, or confidence in man. From the world our love comes, when we begin to admire the Creator in his works, and glorify God in his creatures : with the world it should run, if, according to the mutability of all temporalities, it should be dejected in adversity, or over elevated in prosperity : to the world, if it would settle itself in its vain delights and studies." Many such partitions of love I could repeat, and subdivisions, but lest (which Scaliger objects to Cardan, Exercitat. 501.) " ^ I confound filthy burning lust with pure and divine love," I will folio v/ that accurate division of Leon Hebreus, dial. 2. betwixt Sophia and Philo, where he speaks of natural, sensible, and rational love, and handleth each apart. Natural love or hatred, is that sympathy or antipathy which is to be seen in animate and inanimate creatures, in the four elements, metals, stones, gravia tendunt deorsum^ as a stone to his centre, fire upward, and rivers to the sea. The sun, moon, and stars go still round, ^Amantes naturm debita exercere, for love of perfection. This love is manifest, I say, in inanimate creatures. How comes a loadstone to draw iron to it? jet chafi"? the ground to covet showers, but for love? No creature, S. Hierom concludes, is to be found, quod non aliquid amat, no stock, no stone, that hath not some feeling of love. 'Tis mofe eminent in plants, berbs, and is especially observed in vegetables ; as between the vine and elm a great sympathy, between the vine and the cabbage, between the vine and the olive, ^ Virgo fugit Bromium, between the vine and bays a gi-eat antipathy, the vine loves not the bay, "^nor his smell, and •will kill him, if he grow near him ; " the bur and the lentil cannot endure one another, the olive ^ and the myi-tle em-brace each other, in roots and branches if they grow near. Read more of this in Picolomineus, grad. 7. cap. 1. Crescentius, lib. 5. de a^?-ic., Baptista ToTta. de mag. lib. 1. cap. de plaiit. odio et element, sym., Fracastorius de sym. et antip. of the love and hatred of planets, consult with every astrologer. Leon Hebreus gives many fabulous reasons, and mora^liseth them withal. Sensible love is that of brute beasts, of which the same Leon Hebreus, dial. 2. assigns these causes. First, for the pleasure they take in the act of generation, male and female love one another. Secondly, for the preservation of the species, and desire of young brood. Thirdly, for the mutual agreement, as being of the same kind : Sus sui, canis cani, bos bovi, et asinus asino pul~ cherrimus videtur, as Epicharmus held, and according to that adage of Dioge- nianus, Adsidet usque graculus apud gtaculum, they much delight in one another's company, ^Foi'micce grata est formica, cicada cicadce, and birds of a feather will gather together. Fourthly, for custom, use, and familiarity, as if a dog be trained up with a lion and a bear, contrary to their natures, they will "Tria sunt, quT amari "k nobis bsnfe vel malfe possunt ; Deus, proxiraus, mnndus ; Deus supra nos ; juxfa DOS proximus ; infia nos niundus. Tria Deus, duo proximus, unum mundus liabet, &c. d Ne confua- dtim vesaiios et foedo.s amores beatis, sceleratum cum pure, divino, et vero, &c. ^Fonseca, cap. 1. Amor ex AuKustini forsan lib. 11. de Civit. Dei. Amorc in concussus stat mundus, &c. fAlciat. spovta: Vitis laurum non amat, nee ejus odorem ; si prope crescat, enecat. Lappus lenti adversatur. h Sympailiia olei et myi-ti ramorum et radicum se compleetentium. Mizaldus, secret, cent. 1. 47. ITlicocritus, eidyU. 9. Mera. 1. Sabs. 2.] Objects of Love. 475 lore eacli other. Hawks, dogs, liorses, love their masters and keepers: many- stories I could relate in this kind, but see Gillius de hist. anim. lib. 3. cap 14, those two Epistles of Lipsius, of dogs and horses, Agellius, &g. Fifthly for bringing up, as if a bitch bring up a kid, a hen ducklings, a hedge-sparrow a cuckoo, &c. The third kind is Amor cognitionis, as Leon calls it, rational love, Intellecti- vus amor, and is proper to men, on which I must insist. This appears in God, angels, men. God is love itself, the fountain of love, the disciple of love, as Plato styles him; the servant of peace, the God of love and peace; have peace with all men and God is with you. "kQuisquis veneratur Olympum, Ipse sibi muudain subjicit atque Deuin." "^By this love (saith Gerson) we purchase heaven, and buy the kingdom of God." This ™love is either in the Trinity itself (for the Holy Ghost is the love of the Father and the Son, &c., John iii. 35, and v. 20, and xiv. 31), or towards us His creatures, as in making the world. Amor mundum fecit, love built cities, mundi anima, invented arts, sciences, and all "good things, in- cites us to virtue and humanity, combines and quickens; keeps peace on earth, quietness by sea, mirth in the winds and elements, expels all fear, anger, and rusticity; Circidus a bono in bonum, a round circle still from good to good; for love is the beginner and end of all our actions, the efficient and instrumental cause, as our poets in their symbols, impresses, ^emblems of rings, squares, &c. shadow unto us, " Si rerum qiiaeris fuerit qiiis finis et ortus, I " If first and last of any thinj? you wit, Desine; nam causa est uuica solus amor." | Cease; love's the sole and only cause of it." Love, saith ^ Leo, made the world, and afterwards in redeeming of it, " God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son for it," John iii. 1 6. " Behold what love the Father hath showed on us, that we should be called the sons of God," 1 John iii. 1. Or by His sv/eet providence, in protecting of it; either all in general, or His saints eleat and church in particular, whom He keeps as the apple of His eye, whom he loves freely, as Hosea xiv. 5. speaks, and dearly respects, ^ Charior est ipsis homo quam sibi. Not that we are fair, nor for any merit or grace of ours, for we are most vile and base ; but out of His incomparable love and goodness, out of His Divine Nature. And this is that Homer's golden chain, which reacheth down from heaven to earth, by which every creature is annexed, and depends on his Creator. He made all, saith ^Moses, "and it was good;" He loves it as good. The love of angels and living souls is mutual amongst themselves, towards us militant in the church, and all such as love God; as the sunbeams irradiate the earth from those celestial thrones, they by their well wishes reflect on us, ^in salute hominum promovendd alacres, et constantes administri, there is joy in heaven for every sinner that repenteth; they pray for us, are solicitous for our good, * Casti genii. " Ubl regnat charitas, suave desiderium, La^titiaque et amor Deo conjunctus."* Love proper to mortal men is the third member of this subdivision, and the subject of my following discourse. k Mantuan. 1 Charitas munifica, qua mercamur de Deo regnum DeL ™ Polanus, partit. Zanchius de natura Dei, c. 3. copiose de hoc amore Dei agit. '^Nich. Bellas, discurs. 28. de amatoribus, virtn.tem provocat, conseiTat pacem in terra, tranquillitatem in aere, ventis laetitiam, &c. o Camei'arius, lunb. 100. cen. 2. P Dial. 3. ^Juven. rQen. i. ^ Caussinus. t Theodoret fe Plotiao . *•' Where charity prevails, sweet desire, joy, and love towards God are also present." 476 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. MEMB. 11. SuBSECT. I. — Love of Men, which varies as his Objects, Frofitahle, Fleasant, Honest. Yalesius, lib. 3. contr. 13. defines this love which is in men, "to be "an afiection of both powers, appetite, and reason." The rational resides in the brain, the other in the liver (as before hath been said out of Plato and others) ; the heart is diversely affected of both, and carried a thousand ways by consent. The sensitive faculty most part overrules reason, the soul is carried hood- winked, and the understanding captive like a beast. "^ The heart is variously inclined, sometimes they are merry, sometimes sad, and from love arise hope, and fear, jealousy, fury, desperation." Now this love of men is diverse, and varies as the object varies, by which they are enticed, as virtue, wisdom, eloquence, profit, wealth, money, fame, honour, or comeliness of person, &c. Leon Hebreus, in his first dialogue, reduceth them all to these three, utile, jucundurn,, honestum, profitable, pleasant, honest (out of Aristotle belike 8. inoral.) ; of which he discourseth at large, and whatsoever is beautiful and fair is referred to them, or any way to be desired. "-^To profitable is ascribed health, wealth, honour, &c., which is rather ambition, desire, covetousness, than love :" friends, children, love of women, ^all delightful and pleasant objects, are referred to the second. The love of honest things consists in virtue and wisdom, and is preferred before that which is profitable and pleasant : intellectual about that which is honest. '^St. Austin calls " profitable, worldly ; pleasant, carnal ; honest, spiritual. ^ Of and from all three, result charity, friendship, and trije love, which respects God and our neighbour." Of each of these I will briefly dilate, and show in what sort they cause melancholy. Amongst all these fair enticing objects, which procure love, and bewitch the soul of man, there is none so moving, so forcible as profit ; and that which carrieth with it a show of commodity. Health indeed is a precious thing, to recover and preserve which we will undergo any misery, drink bitter potions, freely give our goods : restore a man to his health, his purse lies open to thee, bountiful he is, thankful and beholding to thee ; but give him wealth and honour, give him gold, or what shall be for his advantage and preferment, and thou shalt command his affections, oblige him eternally to thee ; heart, hand, life, and all is at thy service, thou art his dear and loving friend, good and gracious lord and master, his Mecsenas ; he is thy slave, thy vassal, most devote, affectioned, and bound in all duty : tell him good tidings in this kind, there spoke an angel, a blessed hour that brings in gain, he is thy creature, and thou his creator, he hugs and admires thee j he is thine for ever. No loadstone so attractive as that of profit, none so fair an object as this of gold ; ° nothing wins a man sooner than a good turn, bounty and liberality com- mand body and soul : " Mnnera (cretle mihi) placant hominesque deosque ; I " Good turns doth pacify both God and men, Placatur donis Jupiter ipse datis." | And Jupiter himself is won by them." Gold of all other is a most delicious object ; a sweet light, a goodly lustre it hath : gratius aurum quam solem intuemur, saith Austin, and we had rather see it than the sun. Sweet and pleasant in getting, in keeping ; it seasons all our labours, intolerable pains we take for it, base employments, endure bitter flouts and taunts, long journeys, heavy burdens, all are made light and easy by 11 Aflfectns nunc appetitivas potentiee, nunc ratinnalis, alter cerebro residet, alter hepate, corde, &c. xcor varie inclinatur, nunc gaudens, nunc moerens ; statim ex amore nascitur Zelotypia, timor, ftiror, spt-s, desperatio. ^ Ad utile sanitas refertur ; utilium est ambitio, cupido, desiderium, potius quam amor ; exccssu.s, avar.tia. ^picolom. gvad. 7. cap. 1. *Lib. de amicit. utile mundanum, carnale jucundurn, spiritnale h luestum. b Ex singulis tribus fit charitas et amicitia, quas respicit deum et proximuui. '^ lienei'ac- ttirts priBvipub amamus. Yives 3. de anima. Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Objects of Love. 477 tills hope of gain ; At mihi plaudo ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemiJlor in area. The sight of gold refresheth our spirits, and ravisheth our hearts, as that Babylonian garment and ^golden wedge did Achan in the camp, the very sight and hearing sets on fire his soul with desire of it. It will make a man run to the antipodes, or tarry at home and turn parasite, lie, flatter, prostitute himself, swear and bear false witness ; he will venture his body, kill a king, murder his father, and damn his soul to come at it. Formosior auri massa, as ®he well observed, the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian pictures, that Apelles, Phidias, or any doting painter could ever make : we are enamour- ed with it, «' f Prima fere vota, et cunctis notissima templis, Diviti« ut crescant." All our labours, studies, endeavours, vows, prayers and wishes, are to get, how to compass it. " g Hsec est ilia ciii famulatur maximus orbis, Diva potens rerum, domitrixque pecuiiia fati." ^' This is the great goddess we adore and worship ; this is the sole object of our desire." If we have it, as we think, we are made for ever, thrice happy, princes, lords, &c. If we lose it, we are dull, heavy, dejected, discontent, miserable, desperate, and mad. Our estate and bene esse ebbs and flows with our commodity; and as we are endowed or enriched, so are we beloved and esteemed : it lasts no longer than our wealth ; when that is gone, and the object removed, farewell friendship : as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped, friends enough ; they were tied to thee by the teeth, and would follow thee as crows do a carcass : but when thy goods are gone and spent, the lamp of their love is out, and thou shalt be contemned, scorned, hated, injured. ^Lucian's Timon, when he lived in prosperity, was the sole spectacle of Greece, only admired ; who but Timon % Every body loved, honoured, applauded him, each man offered him his service, and sought to be Idn to him; but when his gold was spent, his fair possessions gone, farewell Timon : none so ugly, none so deformed, so odious an object as Timon, no man so ridiculous on a sudden, they gave him a penny to buy a rope, no man would know him. 'Tis the general humour of the world, commodity steers our affections throughout, we love those that are fortunate and rich, that thrive, or by whom we may receive mutual kindness, hope for like courtesies, get any good, gain, or profit; hate those, and abhor on the other side, which are poor and mise- rable, or by whom we may sustain loss or inconvenience. And even those that were now familiar and dear unto us, our loving and long friends, neighbours, kinsmen, allies, with whom we have conversed, and lived as so many Geryons for some years past, striving still to give one another all good content and entertainment, with mutual invitations, feastings, disports, offices, for whom we would ride, run, spend ourselves, and of whom we have so freely and honour- ably spoken, to whom we have given all those turgent titles, and magnificent eulogiums, most excellent and most noble, worthy, wise, grave, learned, valiant, &c., and magnified beyond measure : if any controversy arise between us, some trespass, injury, abuse, some part of our goods be detained, a joiece of land come to be litigious, if they cross us in our suit, or touch the string of our commodity, we detest and depress them upon a sudden : neither affinity, con- sanguinity, or old acquaintance can contain us, but ^ruptojecore exierit Capri- ficus. A golden apple sets altogether by the ears, as if a marrowbone or honey- comb were flung amongst bears : father and son, brother and sister, kinsmen are at odds: and look what malice, deadly hatred can invent, that shall be dJos. 7. ^ Petronius Arbiter. fJuyenalis. 8 Joh. Secund. lib. sylvaium. hLucianus, Timon. i Pers. 478 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. done, Terribile, diruon, pestilens, atrox, /erum, mutual injuries, desire of revenge, and how to hurt them, him and his, are all our studies. If our plea- sures be interrupt, we can tolerate it : our bodies hurt, we can put it up and be reconciled : but touch our commodities, we are most impatient : fair becomes foul, the graces are turned to harpies, friendly salutations to bitter impreca- tions, mutual feastings to plotting villanies, minings and counterminings ; good words to satires and invectives, we revile e contra, nought but his imperfections are in our eyes, he is a base knave, a devil, a monster, a caterpillar, a viper, a hogrubber, &c. Desinit in piscem mulier formosa superne; ^the scene is altered on a sudden, love is turned to hate, mirth to melancholy : so furiously are we most part bent, our affections fixed upon this object of commodity, and upon money, the desire of which in excess is covetousness : ambition tyran- niseth over our souls, as ^I have shown, and in defect crucifies as much, as if a man by negligence, ill husbandry, improvidence, prodigality, waste and consume his goods and fortunes, beggary follows, and melancholy, he becomes an abject, "^odious and "worse than an infidel, in not providing for his family." SuBSECT. II. — Pleasant Objects of Love. Pleasant objects are infinite, whether they be such as have life, or be with- out life; inanimate are countries, provinces, towers, towns, cities, as he said, ^ Pulcherrimam insulam videmus, etiam cum no?i videmus, we see a fair island by description, when we see it not. The °sun never saw a fairer city, Thessala Tempe, orchards, gardens, pleasant walks, groves, fountains, &c. The heaven itself is said to be ^fair or foul: fair buildings, fair pictures, all arti- ficial, elaborate and curious works, clothes, give an admirable lustre : we admire, and gaze upon them, ut pueri Junonis avem, as children do on a pea- cock: a fair dog, a fair horse and hawk, &c. ^^ Thessalus amat equum pul- linum, huculum J^gyptius, Lacedoimonius Catulum, &c., such things we love, are most gracious in our sight, acceptable unto us, and whatsoever else ma}'' cause this passion, if it be superfluous or immoderately loved, as Guianerius observes. These things in themselves are pleasing and good, singular orna- ments, necessary, comely, and fit to be had; but when we fix an immoderate eye, and dote on them over much, this pleasure may turn to pain, bring much sorrow, and discontent unto us, work our final overthrow, and cause melancholy in the end. Many are carried away with those bewitching sports of gaming, hawking, hunting, and such vain pleasures, as ^I have said : some with immo- derate desire of fame, to be crowned in the Olympics, knighted in the field, &c., and by these means ruinate themselves. The lascivious dotes on his fair mistress, the glutton on his dishes, which are infinitely varied to please the palate, the epicure on his several pleasures, the superstitious on his idol, and fats himself with future joys, as Turks feed themselves with an imaginary persuasion of a sensual paradise: so several pleasant objects diversely afiect diverse men. But the fairest objects and enticings proceed from men them- selves, which most frequently captivate, allure, and make them dote beyond all measure upon one another, and that for many respects : first, as some suppose, by that secret force of stars, [quod me tibi temperat astrum ?) They do sin- gularly dote on such a man, hate such again, and can give no reason for it. ^J}^on amo te Sabidi, ^c. Alexander admired Ephestion, Adrian Antinous, Nero Sporus, &c. The physicians refer this to their temperament, astrologers to trine and sextile aspects, or opposite of their several ascendants, lords of k"Tlie bust of a beautiful woman with the tail of a fish." iPart. 1. sec. 2. memb. snb. 12. «n 1 Tim. i. 8. » Lips, epist. Camdeno. ° Leland of St. Edmond^bury. P Ccelum serenum, ccelum visum faedum. Polid. lib. 1, de Anglia. <1 Credo equidem vivos ducent e mannore vultus. ^Max. Tyrius, ser. 9. ^ Part 1. ssc. 2. memb. 3.. t .Mart. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 479 their genitures, love and hatred of planets ; ^Cicogna, to concord and discord of spirits ; but most to outward graces. A merry companion is welcome and acceptable to all men, and therefore saith ^ Gomesius, princes and great men entertain jesters and players commonly in their courts. But ^ Fares cum pctribas fanllime congregantur, 'tis that ''similitude of manners which ties most men in an inseparable link, as if they be addicted to the same studies or dis- ports, they delight in one another's companies, " bii'ds of a feather will gather together : " if they be of divers inclinations, or opposite in manners, they can seldom agree. Secondly, "" affability, custom, and familiarity, may convert nature many times, though they be different in manners, as if they be country- men, fellow-students, colleagues, or have been fellow-soldiers, ^brethren in affliction {^acerha calamitatum socieias,divers{ etiamingenii homines conjungii), affinity, or some such accidental occasion, though they cannot agree amongst themselves, they will stick together like burrs, and hold against a third ; so after some discontinuance, or death, enmity ceaseth ; or in a foreign place; " Pascitur in viris livor, post fata quiescit : Et cecidere odia, et tristes mors obrait iras." A third cause of love and hate, may be mutual offices, acceptum henejicium, ^commend him, use him kindly, take his part in a quarrel, relieve him in his misery, thou winnest him for ever ; do the opposite, and be sure of a perpetual enemy. Praise and dispraise of each other, do as much, though unknown, as ®Schoppius by Scaliger and Casaubonus : mulus niulum scabit ; who but Sca- liger with him % what encomiums, epithets, eulogiums % Aniistes sapientice, perpetuus dictator, literaruin ornameiitum, Europce miracidum, noble Scaliger,^ incredibilis ingenii prcestantia, &c., diis 2^otius quara hominibus per omnia com- parandus, scripta ejus aurea ancylia de coelo delapsa poplitibus veneramur flexis, ^&c., but when they began to vary, none so absurd as Scaliger, so vile and base, as his books de Burdonum familid, and other satmcal invectives may witness. Ovid, in Ibin, Archilocus himself was not so bitter. Another great tie or cause of love, is consanguinity : parents are dear to their children, children to their parents, brothers and sisters, cousins of all sorts, as a hen and chickens, all of a knot : every crow thinks her own bird fairest. Many memorable examples are in this kind, and 'tis portenti simile, if they do not : "^ a mother cannot forget her child :" Solomon so found out the true owner : love of parents may not be concealed, 'tis natural, descends, and they that are inhuman in this kind, are unworthy of that* air they breathe, and of the four elements; yet many unnatural examples we have in this rank, of hard-hearted parents, disobedient children, of klisagreeing brothers, nothing so common. The love of kinsmen is grown cold, "^many kinsmen (as the saying is) few friends ;" if thine estate be good, and thou able, ^3ar pari referre, to requite their kind- ness, there will be mutual correspondence, otherwise thou art a burden, most odious to them above all others. The last object that ties man and man, is comeliness of person, and beauty alone, as men love women with a wanton eye : which Ttctr k^oyJ,v is termed heroical, or love-melancholy. Other loves (saith Picolomineus) are so called with some contraction, as the love of wine, gold, &c., but this of women is predominant in a higher strain, whose part affected is the liver, and this love deserves a longer explication, and shall be dilated apart in the next section. u Omnif. mag. lib. 12. cap. 3. ^ De sale geniali, 1. 3. c. 15. y Theod. Prodromus, amor. lib. 3. ^ Similitmio morum parit amicitiam. a VLves, 3. de anima. b Qui simul fccere naufragimn, aut una pertulere vincula velconsilii conjurationisve socieiate jnnguntur, invicem amant : Drutum et Cassiiim imicem infensos Ciesariainis dominatus coiiciliavit. ^milius Lepidus et Julius FJaccus, quum essent inimicissimi censores renunciati simultates illico deposuerc Scultet. cap. 4. de causa amor. « I'apinius. disocrates demonico jnsecipit ut quum alicujus amicitiam vellet, ilium laudet, quod laus iuitium amoiis sit, -sdtuperatio simultatum. ^ Suspect. lect. lib. 1. cap. 2. f" The priest of wisdom, perpetual dictator, ornament of literature, -wonder of Europe." 8 " incredible excellence ot genius, &c., more comparable to gods' than man's in every respect we venerate your \viitin^'S on bended knees, as we do the shield that fell tiom heaven." h isa. xlix. iEara est concordia fiatrum. kGrad. 1. cap. 22. 480 Love-Melancholy. [Part, 3. Sec. 1. SuBSECT. III. — Honest objects of Love. Beauty is the common object of all love, " %s jet draws a straw, so doth beauty love :" virtue and honesty are great motives and give as fair a lustre as the rest, especially if they be sincere and right, not fiicate, but proceeding from true form, and an incorrupt judgment ; those two Venus' twins, Eros and Anteros, are then most firm and fast. For many times otherwise men are deceived by their flattering gnathos, dissembling camelions, outsides, hypo- crites, that make a show of great love, learning, pretend honesty, virtue, zeal, m.ode3ty, with affected looks and counterfeit gestures : feigned protestations often steal away the hearts and favours of men, and deceive them, specie vir- tutis et umbra, when as reverd and indeed, there is no worth or honesty at all in them, no truth, but mere hypocrisy, subtilty, knavery, and the like. As true friends they are, as he that Caelius Secundus met by the highway side ; and hard it is in this temporising age to distinguish such companions, or to find them out. Such gnathos as these for the most part belong to great men, and by this glozing flattery, affability, and such like philters, so dive and insinuate into their favours, that they are taken for men of excellent worth, wisdom, learning, demi-gods, and so screw themselves into dignities, honours, offices ; but these men cause harsh confusion often, and as many times stirs as Relio- boam's counsellors in a commonwealth overthrew themselves and others. Tandlerus and some authors make a doubt, whether love and hatred may l)e compelled by philters or characters ; Cardan and Marbodius, by precious stones and amulets ; astrologers by election of times, &c. as ^I shall elsewhere dis- cuss. The true object of this honest love is virtue, wisdom, honesty, ^ real worth, Interna forma, and this love cannot deceive or be compelled, ut ameris amabilis esto, love itself is the most potent philtrum, virtue and wisdom, gratia gratum faciens, the sole and only grace, not counterfeit but open, honest, simple, naked, " ° descending from heaven," as our apostle hath it, an infused habit from God, which hath given several gifts, as wit, learning, tongues, for which they shall be amiable and gracious, Eph. iv. 11. as to Saul stature and a goodly presence, 1 Sam. ix. 1. Joseph found favour in Pharaoh's court, Gen. xxxix, for ^his person ; and Daniel with the princes of the eunuchs, Dan. xix. 19. Christ was gracious with God and men, Luke ii. 52. There is still some peculiar grace, as of good discourse, eloquence, wit, honesty, which is the primum mobile, first mover, and a most forcible loadstone to draw the favours and good wills of men's eyes, ears, and affections unto them. When " Jesus spake, they were all astonished at his answers (Luke ii. 47.), and wondered at his gracious words which proceeded from his mouth." An orator steals away the hearts of men, and as another Orpheus, quo vult, uncle vult, he pulls them to him by speech alone : a sweet voice causeth admiration ; and he that can utter himself in good words, in our ordinary phrase, is called a proper man, a divine spirit. For which cause belike, our old poets, Senatus popu- lusque poetarum, made Mercury the gentleman-usher to the Graces, captain of eloquence, and those charities to be Jupiter's and Eurymone's daughters descended from above. Though they be otherwise deformed, crooked, ugly to behold, those good parts of the mind denominate them fair. Plato commends the beauty of Socrates : yet who was more grim of countenance, stern, and ghastly to look upon 1 So are and have been many great philosophers, as ^ Gre- gory ISTazianzen observes, " deformed most part in that which is to be seen with the eyes, but most elegant in that which is not to be seen. " Scepe sub attritd latitat sapientia veste. -^sop, Democritus, Aristotle, Politianus, Melancthon, 1 Vives, 3. de anima, ut paleam succinum sic fonnam amor trahit. ™ Sect. seq. 'i Nihil diviiiius homine probo. o Jaines iii. 10. P Gratior est pulchro veniens e corpore virtus. ^ Orat 18. delormes plenimque philosophi ad id quod in aspectum cadit, ea parte elegantes quae oculos fagit. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Honest Objects of Love. 481 Gesner, &c. withered old men, Sileni Alcihiades, very liarsli and impolite to the eye ; but who were so terse, polite, eloquent, generally learned, temperate and modest 1 No man then living was so fair as Alcibiades, so lovely quo ad snperficieni,toi\iQ eye, as ^'Boethius observes, but he had Corpus turjJissimuni interne, a most deformed soul; honesty, virtue, fail' conditions, are great enticers to such as are well given, and much avail to get the favour and good- will of men. Abdolominus in Curtius, a poor man (but which mine authoe notes " ^ the cause of his poverty was his honesty"), for his modesty and con- tinency from a private person (for they found him digging in his garden) was saluted king, and preferred before all the magnificoes of his time, injecta oi vestis inirpura auroque distincta, "a purple embroidered garment was puo upon him, ^ and they bade him wash himself, and, as he was worthy, take upon him the style and spidt of a king," continue his continency and the rest of his good parts. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that noble citizen of Rome, was so fair conditioned, of so sweet a carriage, that he was generally beloved of all good men, of Caesar, Pompey, Antony, Tully, of divers sects, ^c. multas hceredi- tates (^ Cornelius Xepos Avaites) sold honitate consequutus. OpercB 2^'i'etium audire, &c. It is worthy of your attention, Livy cries, " ^ you that scorn all but riches, and give no esteem to virtue, except they be wealthy withal, Q. Cincinnatus had but four acj-es, and by the consent of the senate was chosen dictator of Home. Of such account were Cato, Fabricius, Aristides, Antonius, -Probus, for their eminent worth : so Caesar, Trajan, Alexander, admired for valoiu', ^H83phe3tion loved Alexander, but Parmenio the king : Titus delicice humani generis, and which Aurelius Yictor hath of Vespatian, the darling of his time, as ^ Edgar Etheling was in England, for his '"^ excellent virtues : their memoiy is yet fresh, sweet, and we love them many ages after, though they be dead : Suavem memoriam sui reliquif, saith Lipsius of his friend, living and dead they are all one. " ^ j j^ave ever loved as thou knowest (so Tully wrote to Dolabella) Marcus Brutus for his great wit, singular honesty, constancy, sweet conditions ; and believe it ^ there is nothing so amiable and fair as virtue." '• I*^^ do mightily love Calvisinus, (so Pliny writes to Sossius,) a most industrious, eloquent, upright man, which is all in all with me :" the affection came from his good parts. And as St. Austin comments on the 84th Psalm, " ® there is a peculiar beauty of justice, and inward beauty, which we see with the eyes of our hearts, love, and are enamoured with, as in martyrs, though their bodies be torn in pieces with wild beasts, yet this beauty shines, and we .love their virtues." The ^stoics are of opinion that a wise man is only fair ; and Cato in Tully 3 de Finibus contends the same, that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than those of the body, incomparably beyond them : wisdom and valour according to ^ Xenophon, especially deserves the name of beauty, and denominate one fair, et incomparcd)iliter pulchrior est (as Austin holds) Veritas Christianorum quam Helena Grcecormn. "Wine is strong, the king is strong, women are strong, but truth overcometh all things," Esd. i. 3, 10, 11, 12. "Blessed is the man that findeth wisdom, and getteth under- standing ; for the merchandise thereof is better than silver, and the gain thereof better than gold ; it is more precious than pearls, and all the things '^ 43 de consol. s Cau?a ei paupertatis, philosophia, sicnt plerisqtie probitas fuit. t Ablue corpus et cape regis animum, et in earn fortunam, qua dignus es continentiam istam profev. ''^Vita ejus. ^ Qui prae divitiis liumana spemunt, nee virtuti locum putant nisi opes affluant. Q. Cincinnatus consensu patrum in dictatorem Romauum electus. y Curtius. ^ Edgar Etheling, England's darling. ^ Morum suavitas, obvia comitas, prompta officia mortalium animos demerentiir. b Epist; lib. 8. Semper amavi ut tu scis, M. Brutum propter ejus summum ingenium, suavissimos mores, singularem probitatem et constantiani ; nihil est, mihi crede, virtute formosius, nihil amabilius. ^ Ardentes amores excitaret, si simulacrum ejus ad oculos penetraret. Pluto PhEedoue. d Epist. lib. 4. Valid'ssime diligo vinmi rectum, diseitum, quod apud me potentissimum est. ® Est quxdara pulchritndo justiJce quam ^^demus oculis cordis, amaraus, et exardescimus, ut in martyribus, qnum eorum membra bestir lacerarent, etsi alias defoiTiies, &c f Lipsius mannduc. ad Phys Stoic." lib. 3. ditf. 17. solus sapiens pulcher. S Fortitude et prudentia pulchritudmis laadem prfficipue merentur. 2 I 482 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. tliou canst desire are not to be compared to her," Pro v. ii. 13, 14, 15, a wise, true, just, upright, and good man, I say it again, is only fair : ^it is reported of Magdalene Queen of France, and wife to Lewis XI., a Scottish woman by birth, that walking forth in an evening with her ladies, she sjDied M. Alanus, one of the king's chaplains, a silly, old, ^ hard-favoured man fast asleep in a bower, and kissed him sweetly ; when the young ladies laughed at her for it, she replied, that it was not his person that she did embrace and reverence, but, with a platonic love, the divine beauty of ^ his soul. Thus in all ages virtue hath been adored, admired, a singular lustre hath proceeded from it : and the more virtuous he is, the more gracious, the more admired. ISTo man so much followed upon earth as Christ himself; and as the Psalmist saith, xlv. 2, " He was fairer than the sons of men." Chrysostom, Horn. 8 in Mat. Bernard, Ser. 1, de omnibus Sanctis ; Austin Cassiodore, Hier. in 9 Mat. inter? pret it of the ^ beauty of his person; there was a divine majesty in his looks, it shined like lightning and drew all men to it : but Basil, CyriL lib. 6. suiter. 55. Usay. Theodoret, Arnobius, &c. of the beauty of his divinity, justice, grace, eloquence, &c. Thomas in Psal. xliv. of both ; and so doth Baradius and Peter Morales, lib. de pulchriiud. Jesu et Marice, adding as much of Joseph and the "Virgin Mary, hcec alios forma prcEcesserit omnes, ^according to that pre- diction of SibyUa Cumea. Be they present or absent, near us, or afar off, this beauty shines, and will attract men many miles to come and visit it. Plato and Pythagoras left their coiintrj^, to see those wise Egyptian priests : Apol- lonius travelled into Ethiopia, Persia, to consult with the Magi, Brachmanni, gymnosophists. The Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon ; and " many," saith ^ Hierom, " went out of Spain and remote places a thousand miles, to behold that eloquent Livy" : ° Multi Romamnon ut urbem pulcherrvmam, aut tcrhis et orbis dominum Octavianum, sed ut hunc unum inviserent audirentque, a Gadibus profecti sunt. No beauty leaves such an impression, strikes so deep, ^ or links the souls of men closer than virtue. " *l Non per decs aut pictor posset, Aut statuarius ulliis fingere Talem pulchrituaiiiem qaalem virtus hatet ;" "no painter, no graver, no carver can express virtue's lustre, or those admirable rays that come from it, those enchanting rays that enamour posterity, those everlasting rays that continue to the world's end." Many, saith Phavorinus, that loved and admired Alcibiades in his youth, knew not, cared not for Alcibiades a man, nunc intuenies qucerebant Alcibiadem ; but the beauty oi Socrates is still the same ; ^ virtue's lustre never fades, is ever fresh and green, se per viva to all succeeding ages, and a most attractive loadstone, to draw and combine such as are present. For that reason belike, Homer feigns the three Graces to be linked and tied hand in hand, because the hearts of men are so firmly united with such graces. " ^ O sweet bands (Seneca exclaims), ■which so happily combine, that those which are bound by them love their binders, desiring withal much more harder to be bound," and as so many Geryons to be united into one. For the nature of true friendship is to combine, to be like affected of one mind, •' tVelle et nolle ambobus idem, satiataque toto Mens £Eyo" as the poet saith, still to continue one and the same. And where this love takes place there is peace and quietness, a true correspondence, perfect t Franc. Belforist. in hist. an. 1430. Eratautem foede deformis, et ea forma, qua'^citius pueri terreri possent, quam invitari ad osculum piiellse. k Deformis iste etsi videalur senex, diviiium animum habet. 1 Fulgebat vultu suo : fulgor et di-vina majestas homines ad se trahentes. ™ " She excelled all others in beauty." t^ PrMat. bib. vulgar. <>Pars inscrip. Tit. Livii status; Patavii. P A true love's knot. ^ Stobseus fe Gra3co. ^ Solinus, pulchri nulla est facies. ^0 dulcisiimi iaquei, qui tam feliciter devin- ciunt, ut etiam ^ vinctis diligantur, qui i gratiis vincti fcunt, cupiunt aretius deiigari et in unum redigi. i Statius. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Honest Objects of Love. 483 amity, a diapason of vows and wishes, the same opinions, as between '^ David and Jonathan, Damon and Pythias, Pylades and Orestes, ^Nysus and Euryahis, Theseus and Pirithous, -^they will live and die together, and pro- secute one another with good turns. ^Nam vinci in amove turinssimum putant, not only living, but when their friends are dead, with tombs and monuments, ISTenias, epitaphs, elegies, inscriptions, pyramids, obelisks, statues, images, pictures, histories, poems, annals, feasts, anniversaries, many ages after (as Plato's scholars did) they will parentare still, omit no good office that may tend to the preservation of their names, honours, and eternal memory. ^ Ilium coloribus, ilium cerd, ilium mre, &c. " He did express his friends in colours, in wax, in brass, in ivory, marble, gold, and silver (as Pliny reports of a citizen in Pome), and in a great auditory not long since recited a just volume of his life." In another place, ^speaking of an epigram which Martial had composed in praise of him, " ^ He gave me as much as he might, and w ould have done more if he could : though what can a man give more than honour, glory, and eternity 1 But that which he ^vrote peradventure, will not con- tinue, yet he wrote it to continue." 'Tis all the recompense a poor scholar can make his well-deserving patron, Mecsenas, friend, to mention him in his works, to dedicate a book to his name, to write his life, &c., as all our poets, orators, historiographers have ever done, and the greatest revenge such men take of their adversaries, to persecute them with satires, invectives, &c., * and 'tis both ways of great moment, as ^ Plato gives us to understand. Paulus Jovius, in the fourth book of the life and deeds of Pope Leo Decimus, his noble patron, concludes in these words, "® Because I cannot honour him as other rich men do, with like endeavour, affection, and piety, I have undertaken to write his life ; since my fortunes will not give me leave to make a more sumptuous monument, I will perform those rites to his sacred ashes, which a small, perhaps, but a liberal wit can aliord." But I rove. Where this true love is wanting, there can be no firm peace, friendship from teeth outward, counterfeit, or for some by-respects, so long dissembled, till they have satisfied their own ends, which, upon every small occasion, breaks out into enmity, open war, defiance, heart-burnings, whispering, calumnies, contentions, and all manner of bitter melancholy discontents. And those men which have no other object of their love, than greatness, wealth, authority, &c.. are rather feared than beloved j nee amant quemquam, nee amantur ah ullo : and howsoever borne with for a time, yet for their tyranny and oppression, griping, covetousness, currish hardness, folly, intemperance, imprudence, and such like vices, they are generally odious, abhorred of all, both God and men. " Non uxor salviim te vult, non filius, omnea Vicini oderunt," "wife and children, friends, neighbours, all the world forsakes tnem, would feign be rid of them, ' and are compelled many times to lay violent hands on them, or else God's judgments overtake them : instead of graces, come furies. So when fair ^Abigail, a woman of singular wisdom, was acceptable to David, Kabal was churlish and evil-conditioned ; and therefore ^Mordecai was received, when Haman was executed, Haman the favourite, " that had his seat above the other princes, to whom all the king's servants that stood in the ^ " He loved him as he loved his own soul," 1 Sam. xv. 1. " Beyond the love of women." ^ Virg. 9 Mn. Qui super exar.imem esse conjecit amiciira confessus. y Amicus animse dimidium, Austin, confess. 4. cap. 6. Quod de Virgilio Horatius: Et serves animse dimidium mese. ^Plinius. ^Illum argento et auro, ilium ebore, marmore aflSnirit, et nuper ingenti adhibito auditorio ingentem de vita ejus librum recitavit. epist. lib. 4. epist. 68. bLib. iv. ep. 61. Piisco suo. ® Dedit mihi quantum potuit maximum, datunis amplius si potuisset. Tametsi quid homini dari potest majus quam gloria, laus, et aeter- nitas? At non erunt fortasse quse scripsit. Ille tamen scripsit tanquam essent futura, * For, genua irritabile vatum. dLib. 13. de Legibus. Magnam enim vim habent,&c. ^pari tamen studio et pietate conscribendje vitie ejus munus suscepi, et postquam sumptuosa condere pro foituna non licuit, exiguo sed eo forte liberalis in genii monumento justa sanctissimo cineii solventur. f 1 Sam. xxv. 3. 6 Esther, iii. 2. 484 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. gates, bowed tlieir knees and reverenced." Tliough they flourish many times, such hypocrites, such temporising foxes, and blear the workl's eyes by flattery, bribery, dissembling their natures, or other men's weakness, that cannot so apprehend their tricks, yet in the end they will be discerned, and precipitated, in a moment : ^' surely," saith David, "thou hast set them in slippery places," Ps. xxxvii. 5. as so many Sejani, they will come down to the Gemonian scales; and as Eusebius in ^^Ammianus, that was in such authority, ad juhendum Imperatorem, be cast down headlong on a sudden. Or put case they escape, and rest unmasked to their lives' end, yet after their death their memory stinks as a snufi of a candle put ^ut, and those that durst not so much as mutter against them in their lives, will prosecute their name with satires, libels, and bitter imprecations, they shall male audire in all succeed- ing ages, and be odious to the world's end. MEMB. III. Charity composed of all three Kinds, Pleasant, Profitable, Honest. Besides this love that comes from profit, pleasant, honest (for one good turn asks another in equity), that which proceeds from the law of nature, or from discipline and philosophy, there is yet another love compounded of all these three, which is charity, and includes piety, dilection, benevolence, friendship, even all those virtuous habits ; for love is the circle equant of all other affections, of which Aristotle dilates at large in his Ethics, and is commanded by God, which no man can w^ell perform, but he that is a Christian, and a true rege- nerate man; this is, "^To love God above all, and our neighbour as ourself;" for this love is lychnus accendens et accensiis, a communicating light, apt to illumi- nate itself as well as others. All other objects are fair, and very beautiful, I confess ; kindred, alliance, friendship, the love that we owe to our country, nature, wealth, pleasure, honour, and such moral respects, &c., of which read ^copious Aristotle in his morals; a man is beloved of a man, in that he is a man ; but all these are far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true touch of religion, and a reference to God. Nature binds all creatures to love their young ones ; a hen to preserve her brood will run upon a lion, a hind will fight with a bull, a sow with a bear, a silly sheep with a fox. So the same nature urgeth a man to love his parents, (^ dii 7ne pater omnes oderint,ni temagisquam oculos amemmeos ! ) and this love cannot be dissolved, as Tully holds, "^^ without detestable ofience:" but much more God's commandment, which enjoins a filial love, and an obedience in this kind. *' ^ The love of brethren is great, and like an arch of stones, where if one be displaced, all comes down," no love so forcible and strong, honest, to the com- bination of which, nature, fortune, virtue, happily concur ; yet this love comes short of it. ^ Dulce et decorum pro patrid mori, ^it cannot be exj^ressed, what a deal of charity that one name of country contains. Amor laudis et 2)CLtrice pro stipendio est; the Decii did se devovere, Horatii, Curii, Scsevola, Begulus, Codrus, sacrifice themselves for their country's peace and good. " 4 Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes, I " One day the Fabii stoutly Avarred, Ad ■belliim missos perdidit una dies." | One day the Fabii were destroyed." Eifty thousand Englishmen lost their lives willingly near Battle Abbey, in defence of their country. ^"P. JEmilius, I. 6. speaks of six senators of Calais, that came with halters in their hands to the king of England, to die for^the h Amm. Marcellinus, 1.14. i Ut mundus duobus polis sustentatur : ita lex Dei, amore Dei et proximi ; duobus his fundamentis vincitur ; inachina mundi corruit, si una de polis turbatur ; lex perit divina si una ex his. k8et91ibro. 1 Ter. Adelph. 4, 5. '^Deamicit. i^Charitas parentuiu diiui nisi detestabili scelere non potest, lapidum fornicibus simillima, casura, nisi se inviceni sustentaret. Seneca. o " It is sweec to die for one's country." P Dii immortales, dici non potest quantum charitatis nomen aiudhabet. Q Ovid. Fast. rAnnol347. Jacob Mayer. Aunal. Fland. lib. 12. Mem, 3.] Division of Love. 485 rest. This love makes so many writers take such pains, so many historiogra- phers, physicians, &c., or at least, as they pretend, for common safety, and their country's benefit, ^ Sanctum nomeii amicitice, sociorum communio sacra; fi'iendship is a holy name, and a sacred communion of friends. "* As the sun is in the firmament, so is friendship in the world," a most divine and heavenly band. As nuptial love makes, this perfects mankind, and is to be preferred (if you will stand to the judgment of ^ CorneKus ISTepos) before afiB.nity or consanguinity; plus in amicitid valet similitudo morum quam affinitas, ial.3. b A coueilio Deorum rejectus et ad majorem ejus ignominiam, ideru sigiia. ^ Jlultas palmas con- tinirens qwse, simul crcscimt, rursus-que ad amantem rcgredieus, eamque manu attingens, quasi osculum iijutuo ministrare videtur, expediri concubitus gratiam fecit. PQuam vero ipsa desideret aflectu ramorum significat, et adullam respicit ; aniantur, &c Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Loves Power and Extent. 493 rol. de Nova repert. Tit. 1. de novo orhe, Mizaldns Arcanoruiri; Uh. 2. Sand's Voyages, ^^-6. 2.fol. 103. d'c. If sacli fury be in vegetals, what shall we think of sensible creatures, how much more violent and apparent shall it be in them ! • <1 Omiie adeb genus in terris hominumque ferarum, Et genus OBquoreum, pecudes, pictagque volucres In furias ignemque ruunt; amor omnibus idem.' " All kind of creatures in the earth, And fislies of the sea, And painted birds do rage alike ; This love bears equal sway." " ^Hic deus et terras et maria alta domat." Common experience and our sense will inform us how violently brute beasts are carried away with this passion, horses above the rest — -furor est insignis equarum. " ^ Cupid in Lucian bids Venus his mother be of good cheer, for he was now familiar with lions, and oftentimes did get on their backs, hold them by the mane, and ride them about like horses, and they would fawn upon him with their tails." Bulls, bears, and boars are so furious in this kind they kill one another : but especially cocks, * lions, and harts, which are so fierce that you may hear them fight half a mile off, saith ^Tarbervile, and many times kill each other, or compel them to abandon the rut, that they may remain masters in their places ; " and when one hath driven his co-rival away, he raiseth his nose up into the air, and looks aloft, as though he gave thanks to nature," which affords him such great delight. How birds are affected in this kind, appears out of Aristotle, he will have them to sing oh futuram venerem, for joy or in hope of their venery which is to come. " ^ Meyiss, priraum volucres te Diva, tuumque fcigniiicant initum, perculsse corda lua vi." " Fishes pine away for love and wax lean," if -^ Gomesius's authority may be taken, and are rampant too, some of them : Peter Gellius, lib. 10. de hist, animal, tells wonders of a triton in Epirus : there was a well not far from the shore, where the country wenches fetched water, they, ^tritons, stujyri causa would set upon them and carry them to the sea, and there drown them, if they would not yield ; so love tyrtinniseth in dumb creatures. Yet this is natural for one beast to dote upon another of the same kind ; but what strange fury is that, when a beast shall dote upon a man '? Saxo Grailimaticus, lib. 10. Dav. hist, hath a story of a bear that loved a woman, kept her in his den a long time and begot a son of her, out of whose loins proceeded many northern kings : tbis is the original belike of that common tale of Valentine and Orson : ^lian, Pliny, Peter Gellius, are full of such relations. A peacock in Lucadia loved a maid, and when she died, the peacock pined. " ^^A dolphin loved a boy called Hernias, and whpn he died the fish came on land, and so perished." The like adds Gellius, lib. 10. cap. 22. out of Appion, jEgypt. lib. 15. a dolphin at Puteoli loved a child, would come often to him, let him get on his back, and carry him about, " ^and when by sickness the cliild was taken away, the dolphin died." — " '^ Every book is full (saith Busbequius, the emperor's orator with the grand signior, not long since, ep. 3. leg at. Turc.) and yield such instances, to beheve which I was always afraid lest T should be thought to give credit to fables, until I saw a lynx which I had from Assyria, so affected towards one of my men, that it cannot be denied but that he was in love with him. When my man was present, the beast would use many notable enticements and pleasant motions, and when he was going, hold him back, and <1 Virg. 3. Georg. ^Propertius. ^Dial. deorum. Confide, mater, leonibus ipsis familiaris jam factus sum, etsoepe conscendi eonim terga et apprehend! jubas; equorum more insidens eos agito, et illi mihi caudis adblandiuntui". tLeones praj amore furunt. Plin. 1. 8. c. 16. Arist. 1. 6. hist, animal. "Cap. 17. of his book of hunting. ^ Lucretius. ^ De sale lib. 1. c. 21. Pisces ob amoreni marcescunt, pallescunt, <&c. ^ Hauriendse aquae causa venientes ex insidiis a Tritone comprehensffi, &c. ^Piin. 1. 10. c. .5. quumque aborta tempestate periisset Hernias in sicco pixels expiravit. b Postquam puer morbo abiit, et ipse delphinus periit. <= Pleni sunt libri quibus ferae in homines intlammatae fuerunt, in quibus ego quidem semper assensum sustinui, vei itus ne fabulosa crederem ; donee vidi lyncem quern habui ab Assyria, sic affectum erga uuum de mcis howiiiubus, &c. 494 Love-MelancJiGly, [Part. 3. Sec. 2. look after Iiim wlien lie was gone, very sad in his absence, but most jocund when he returned : and when my man went from me, the beast expressed his love with continual sickness, and after he had pined away some few days, died." Such another story he hath of a crane of Majorca, that loved a Spaniard, that would walk any way with him, and in his absence seek about for him, make a noise that he might hear her, and knock at his door, " <^and when he took his last farewell, famished herself." Such pretty pranks can love play with birds, fishes, beasts : " (^ Ccelestis astheris, ponti, terrse claves habet Venus, Solaque istorum omnium imperium oMinet.) " and if all be certain that is credibly reported, with the spirits of the air, and devils of hell themselves who are as much enamoured and dote (if I may use that word) as any other creatures whatsoever. For if those stories be true that are written of incubus and succubus, of nymphs, lascivious fauns, satyrs, and those heathen gods which were devils, those lascivious Telchines, of whom the Platonists tell so many fables j or those familiar meetings in our days, and company of witches and devils, there is some probability for it. I know that Biarmannus, Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 19. et 24. and some others stoutly deny it, that the devil hath any carnal copulation with women, that the devil takes no pleasure in such facts, they be mere fantasies, all such relations of incubi, succubi, lies and tales ; but Austin, lib. }5.cle civit. Dei, doth acknowledge it: Erastus, de Lamiis, Jacobus Sprenger and his colleagues, &c. ^Zanchius, cap. 16. lib. 4. de oper. Dei. I)a,ndinus, in Arist. de Anima, lib. 2. tesct. 29. com. 30. Bodin, lib. 2. cap. 7. and Paracelsus, a great champion of this tenet amongst the rest, wliich giA^e sundry peculiar instances, by many testimonies, proofs, and confessions evince it. Hector Boethiiis, in his Scottish history, hath three or four such examples, which Cardan confirms out of him, lib. 16. cap. 43. of such as have had familiar company many years with them, and that in the habit of men and women. Philostratus in his fourth book de vita ApoUonii, hath a memorable instance in this kind, which I may not omit, of one Menippus Lycius, a young man twenty-five years of age, that going between Cenchreas and Corinth, met such a phantasm in the habit of a fair gentle- woman, which taking him by the hand carried him home to her house in the suburbs of Corinth, and told him she was a Phoenician by birth, and if he would tarry with her, " ^he would hear her sing and play, and drink such wine as never any drank, and no man should molest him j but she being fair and lovely would live and die with him that was fair and lovely to behold." The young man, a philosopher, otherwise staid and discreet, able to moderate his passions, though not this of love, tarried with her awhile to his great content, and at last mar_'ied her, to whose wedding amongst other giiests, came Apol- lonius, who, by some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia, and that all her furnitui-e was like Tantalus's gold described by Homer, no substance, but mere illusions. When she saw herself descried, she wept, and desired ApoUonius to be silent, but he would not be moved, and thereupon she, plate, house, and all that was in it, vanished in an instant : "^many thousands took notice of this fact, for it was done in the midst of Greece." Sabine in his Comment on the tenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses, at the tale of Orpheus, telleth us of a gentleman of Bavaria, that for many months together bewailed the loss of his dear wife ; at length the devil in her habit came and comforted him, and told him, because he was so importunate for her, that she d Desiderimn suum testatus post inediam aliquot dierum interiit. « Orplieus hymno Ven. " Venus keeps the keys of the air, earth, sea, and she alone retains the command of all." f Qui hsec in atr^e hills aut Imaginationis vim referre conati sunt, nihil faciunt. B Cantantem audies et Adnum hihes, quale antea nunquam hihisti ; te rivalis turhahit nullus ; pulctira autem pulcluo conteier omnia cava corjooris libidinein recepit, Lamprid. vitct ejus. ^Plostius quidam specida fecit, et ita disposuit, ut quum virum ipse pateretur, aversus omnes admissarii motus in specido vide- ret, ac deinde fcdsd magnitudine ipsius 7nembri tanquam vera gauderet, simul virum et fveminam passus, quod dictu foedum et abominandum. Ut verum plane sit, quodapud '^Plutarcliuni Gryllus XJlyssi objecit. Ad liunc usque diem apud nos neque mas marem, neque foemina fosminam amavit, qualia multa apud vos memorabiles et prseclari viri fecerunt : ut viles missos faciam, Her- cules imberbem sectans socium, amicos deseruit, &c. Vestrge libidines intra suos naturae fines coerceri non possunt, quin instar fluvii exundantis atrocem foeditatem, tumultum, confusionemque naturse gignantin re Venerea: nam et capras, porcos, equos iiiierunt viri et fceminse, insano bestiarum am ore exarse- runt, unde Minotauri, Cenfcauri, Sylvan i, Sphinges, &c. iSed ne coiifutando doceam, aut ea foras efferam quce non omnes scire convenit (Ihcec enim doctis solummodo, quod causa non absimili ^ Podericus, scripta velim), ne levissimis ingentis et depravatis mentious fosdissimi sceleris iwtitiam^ &c., nolo quern diu~ tius hisce sordibus inquinare. I come at last to tliat heroical love wliicli is proper to men and -women, is a frequent cause of melanclioly, and deserves mucli rather to be called burning lust, than by such an honourable title. There is an honest love, I confess, which is natural, laqueus occuUus captivaois corda hominum, ut ct mulieribus non 2')ossint separari, " a secret snare to captivate the hearts of men," as * Christopher Fonseca proves, a strong allurement, of a most attractive, occult, adamantine property, and powerful virtue, and no man living can avoid it. " £!t qui vim non sensit amoris, aut lapis est, aut bellua. He is not a man but a block, a very stone, aut ^ Numen, aut Nebuchadnezzar, he hath a gourd for his head, a,pepon for his heart, that hath not felt the power of it, and a rare creature to be found, one in an age, Qui nunquam visce Jlagravit amore puellce ;^ for semel insanivimus omnes, dote we either young or old, as ^he said, and none are excepted but Minerva and the Muses : so Cupid in ^Lucian complains to his mother Venus, that amongst all the rest his arrows could not pierce them. But this nuptial love is a common passion, an honest, for men to love in the way of marriage; ut materia appetit formam, sicmidier virum.^ You know marriage is honourable, a blessed calling, appointed by God himself in Paradise; it breeds true peace, tranquillity, content, and happiness, qud nulla est autfuit unquam sanctior conjunctio, as Daphnseus in ''Plutarch could well 'I Herodotus 1. 2. Euterpse: uxores insignium virorum non statim vita functas tradunt condendas, ac ne eas quidem foeminas quge formos£e sunt, sed quatriduo ante defunctas, ne cum iis salinarii concumbant, &c. o Metam. 13. P Seneca de ira, 1. 11. c. 18. * NiUlus est meatus ad quem non pateat aditus impudicitiae. Clem. Alex, pgedag. lib. 3. c. 3. ^Seneca 1. nat. quaest. J" Tom. P. Gryllo. s x)e morbis mulierum, 1. 1. c. 15. t Amphitheat. amor. c. 4. interpret. Curtio. ^^neas Sylvius Juvenal. " And he who has not felt the influence of love is either a stone or a beast." ^ Tertul. prover. lib. 4. adversus Mane. cap. 40. y " One whom no maiden's beauty had ever affected." '^Chaucer. ^Tom. 1. dial, deorum Lucianus. Amore non ardent Musse. b " As matter seeks form, so woman turns towards man." ^ In amator. dialog. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Love's Power and Extent 499 prove, et qum generi humano immortalitatem parat, when tliej live v/ithoiit jarring, scolding, lovingly as they should do. " d Felices ter et atnplius Qiios irrupt a tenet copula, nee ullis Divulsus querimoniis Suprema citius solvit amor die." I "Thrice happy they, and more than that. Whom hond of love so firmly ties. That without brawls till death them part, 'Tis undissolved and never dies. As Seneca lived with his Paulina, Abraham and Sarah, Orpheus and Eurydice, Arria and Pcetus, Artemisia and Mausolus, liubenius Celer, that would needs have it engraven on his tomb, he had led his life with Ennea, his dear wife, forty-three years eight months, and never fell out. There is no pleasure in this world comparable to it, 'tis summum inortalitatis honwn ^liominum divumque voluptas, Alma Venus latetenim in muliere aliquid majus poten- tiusque omnibus aliis humanis voluptatibus, as ^one holds, there's something in a woman beyond all human delight; a magnetic virtue, a charming quality, an occult and powerful motive. The husband rules her as head, but she again commands his heart, he is her servant, she his only joy and content ; no happi- ness is like unto it, no love so great as this of man and wife, no such comfort as ^placens uxor, a sweet wife : ^Omnis amor magnus, sed aperto in C07ijuge major. When they love at last as fresh as they did at hrst, ^ Charaque charo consenescit conjugi, as Homer brings Paris kissing Helen, after they had been married ten years, protesting withal that he loved her as dear as he did the first hour that he was betrothed. And in their old age, when they make much of one another, saying, as he did to his v^^ife in the poet, ' kUxor vivamus quod viximus, et moriamur, Servantes nomen sumpsimus in thalamo : Nee ferat ulla dies ut comamtemur in scvo, Quin tihi sim juvenis, tuque puella mihi." ■ Dear wife, let's live in love and die together, As hitherto we have in aU goo 1 -will : Let no day change or alter our affections, But let's he young to one another stUL" Such should conjugal love be, still the same, and as they are one flesh, so should they be of one mind, as in an aristocratical government, one consent, ^ Geryon-like, coalescere in unum, have one heart in two bodies, will and nill the same. A good wife, according to Plutarch, should be as a looking-glass to represent her husband's face and passion : if he be pleasant, she should be merry : if he laugh, she shou.ld smile : if he look sad, she should participate of his sorrow, and bear a part with him, and so they should continue in mutual love one towards another. Et me ah araore tuo deducet nulla senectus, Sive ego Tythonus, sive ego Nestor ero." " No age shall part my love ft-om thee, sweet wife. Though I live Nestor or Tithonus' life." And she again to him, as the ^ Bride saluted the Bridegroom of old in Rome, uhi tu Caius, ego semper Caia, be thou still Caius, I'll be Caia. 'Tis a happy state this indeed, when the fountain is blessed (saith Solomon, Prov. v. 17.) " and he rejoiceth with the wife of his youth, and she is to him as the loving hind and pleasant roe, and he delights in her continually." But this love of ours is immoderate, inordinate, and not to be comprehended in any bounds. It will not contain itself within the union of marriage, or apply to one object, but is a wandering, extravagant, a domineering, a boundless, an irrefragable, a destructive passion : sometimes this burning lust rageth after marriage, and then it is properly called jealousy ; sometimes before, and then it is called heroical melancholy ; it extends sometimes to co-rivals, &c., begets ra,pes, incests, murders : Marcus Antonius cornier essit Faustinam sororem, Caracalla Jidiam novercam, Nero rnatrem, Caligula sorores, Cyneras Myr- rhamfiliam, &c. But it is confined within no terms of blood, years, sex, or whatsoever else. Some furiously rage before they come to discretion or age. dHor. 6 Lucretius. fFonseca. S Hor. h Propert. iSimonides, griec. "She grows old ill love and in years together." kxiusonius. 1 Geryon amicitise symholum. "^ Propert. L 2. » I'lutarch. c. 30. Rom. hist. 500 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. ° Qiiartilla in Petronius never remembered she was a maid j and the wife of Bath, in Chaucer, cracks, Since I was twelve years o'J, believe, Husbands at Kirk-a^ur had I fiv.. ^Aratine Lucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she was twenty-four years old, plus millies vendiderat mrginitatem, &c. neque te celabo, non deerant qui ut integram amhirent. Pi,ahab, that harlot, began to be a pro- fessed quean at ten years of age, and was but fifteen when she hid the spies, as ^ Hugh Broughton proves, to whom Serrarius the Jesuit, qucest. 6. in cap. 2. Josue, subscribes. Generally women begin pubescere, as they call it, or catii- lh\e, as Julius Pollux cites, lib. 2. cap. 3. onomast. out of Aristophanes, '^at fourteen years old, then they do offer themselves, and some plainly rage. ^Leo Afer saith, that in Africa a man shall scarce find a maid at fourteen years of age, they are so forward, and many amongst us after they come into the teens do not live without husbands, but linger. What pranks in this kind the middle ages have played is not to be recorded. Si mihi sint centum linguce, sint oraque centuTTi, no tongue can sufficiently declare, every story is full of men and women's insatiable lust, Nero's, Heliogabali, Bonosi, &c. ^Ccelius AmpJiile- num, sed QuinUus Amphelinam depereunt^ &c. They neigh after other men's wives (as Jeremia cap. v. 8. complaineth) like fed horses, or range like town bulls, raptor es virginum et viduarum, as many of our great ones do. Solomon's wisdom was extinguished in this fire of lust, Samson's strengtii enervated, piety in Lot's daughters quite forgot, gravity of priesthood in Eli's sons, reverend old age in the Elders that would violate Susanna, filial duty in Absalom to his step-mother, brotherly love in Ammon towards his sister. Human, divine laws, precepts, exhortations, fear of God and men, fair, foul means, fame, fortune, shame, disgrace, honour cannot oppose, stave off, or withstand the fury of it, omnia vincit amor, &c. No cord nor cable can so forcibly draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. The scorching beams under the equinoctial, or extremity of cold within the circle arctic, where the very seas are frozen, cold or torrid zone, cannot avoid or expel this heat, fury, and rage of mortal men. " ^ Qao fiigis all deniens, nulla est fuga, tu licet usqr.e Ad Taiiaim fugias, usque sequetur amor." Of women's unnatural, ^insatiable lust, what country, what village doth not complain ? Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man, father a-nd son, master and servant, on one woman. " Sed amor, sed ineffrenata libido, Quid castuin in terris inteutatumque reliquit ? " y What breach of vows and oaths, fury, dotage, madness, might 1 reckon up 1 Yet this is more tolerable in youth, and such as are still in their hot blood 1 but for an old fool to dote, to see an old lecher, what more odious, what can be more absurd-? And yet what so common 1 Who so furious 1 ^ Amareea cetate si occeperint, onulto insaniunt acrius. Some dote then more than ever they did in their youth. How many decrepit, hoary, harsh, writhen, bursten- bellied, crooked, toothless, bald, blear-eyed, impotent, rotten old men shall you see flickering still in every place ? One gets him a young wife, another a courtezan, and when he can scarce lift his leg over a sill, and hath one foot already in Charon's boat, when he hath the trembling in his joints, the gout in ° Junonem liabeam iratam, si unquam meminerim me virginem fuisse. Infans enim paribus inquinata sum et subinde majoribus me applicui, donee ad aitatem perveni ; ut Milo vilulum, . 20. part. 2. call this disease the proper passion of nobility. Now if a weak judgment and a strong apprehension do concur, how, saith Hercules de Saxonia, shall they resist? Savanarola appropriates it almost to " "^ monks, friars, and religious persons, because they live solitary, fare daintily, and do nothing:" and well he may, for how should they otherwise choose? Diet alone is able to cause it : a rare thing to see a young man or a woman that lives idly, and fares well, of what condition soever, not to be in love. ® Alcibiades was still dallying with wanton young women, immoderate in his expenses, effeminate in his apparel, ever in love, but why? he was over^ delicate inhis diet, too frequent and excessive in banquets, Ubicunque securitaSy ibi libido dominatur ; lust and security domineer together, as St. Hierome averreth. All which the wife of Bath in Chaucer freely justifies, For all to sicker, as cold engendreth hail, A liquorish tongue must have a liquorish tail. Especially if they shall further, it by choice diet, as many times those Sybarites and Phseaces do, feed liberally, and by^ their good will eat nothing else but lascivious meats. ^ Vi?ium imprimis generosum, legumen, fabas, radices om^ niumgenerum bene conditas^et largo pipere aspersas, car duos hortulanos, lactu- cas,^ erucas, rapas^porros, ccepas, nucem piceam, amygdalas dulces, electuaria, syrupos, succos, cochleas, conchas, pisces optime prcEparatos, ctviculas, testiculos s In Muscov. t Catullus ad Lesbiam. ^ Hor. ^ Polit. 8. num. 28. ut naptha ad ignera, sic amor ad iUos qui torpescunt ocio. ^ Pausanias Attic. lib. 1. Cephalus egregise form e juvenis ab aurora raptus quod ejus amore capta esset. ^ In amatorio. '^ E Stob*o ser. 62. b Amor otiosas cura est sollici- tudinis. ^ Principes plerumque ob licentiam et adfluentiam divitiarum istam passionem solent incurrerB. dArdenter appetit qui otiosani vitam agit, et communiter incuvrit liecpassio solitaries delitiose viventes, incoutinentes, religiosos, &c. ^Plutarch, vit. ejus. f Vina parant animos veneri. 8;Sed nitul wucse faciunt biilbique salaces; Improba nee projiit jam satureia tibi. Ovid. 506 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. animaUum.,ova, condimenta diversorum generum, molles lectos, pulvinaria, ^c. Et quicquid fere medici impotentid reivenerece. laboranti prcEScribunt, hoc quasi diasatyrion hahcnt in delitiis,ethis dapes rnultd delicatiores ; mulsum, exquisitas et exoiicas fruges, aromata, placentas, expressos succos multisferculis variatos, ipsumque vinum suavitate vincentes^ et quicquid culina, pharmacopoeia, aut quceque fere officina subministrare possit. Et hoc plerumque victu quum se ganeones infarciant, ^ut ille oh Clireseida suam, se hulbis et cochleis curavit; etiam ad Yenerem se parent, et ad hanc palestram seexerceant, qui fieri pos- sit ut non misere depereant, ^ut nnn peyiitus insaniartt'^ ^stuans venter cito despuit in libidinem, Hieronymus ait. ^Post prandia, Callyroenda. Quis enim continere se potest? ^Luxuriosa vq^ Vimxin., fomentuyn libidinis vocat Augustinus; blandum c?£Emo/?em, Bernardus; /«c ve^zms, Aristophanes, Non -^tna, non Vesuvius tantis ardoribus sestuant ac juveniles medull89 vino plense, addit ^^ Hieronymus : unde oh optimum vimim Lamsacus olim Priapo sacer: et venerandi Bacchi socia, apud ^Orpheum Yenus audit. Hcec si vinum sim- plex, et per se sumptum prazstare possit, nam °quo me Bacche rapis tui plenum"? quam non insaniam, quern non furor em a cceteris expectemus? ^Gomesius salem enumerat inter ea quce. intempestivam libidinem provocare Solent, et salaciores fieri feminas ob esum salis contendit : Yenerem ideo dicunt ab Oceano ortam. " ^ Unde tot in Veneta scortorum millia cursant ? In proraptu causa est, est Venus orta mari." Et bine foeta mater Salaeea Oceani conjux, verbumque fortasse salax cb sale effluxit. Mala Bacchica tantum olim in amoribus prcBvaluerunt, ut coronce ex illis statucB Bacchi ponerentur. ^ Cubehis i?i vi?io maceratis utuntur Indi Ori- entales ad Venerem excitandam, et ^ Surax radice Africani. Cliinse radix eosdem effectus habet, talisque herbce meminit mag. nat. lib. 2. cap. 16. *Bap- tista Porta ex India allatce, cujus mentionem facit et Theopbrastus. Sedinfl- nita his similia apud Pliasin, Mattliiolum, Mizaldum, cceterosque medicos occurrunt, quorum ideo mentionem feci, 7ie quis imperitior in hos scopulos impingat, sed pro virili tanquam syrtes et cautes consult^ effugiat. SuBSECT. II. — Other causes of Love-Melancholy, Sight, Beauty from ike Face, Eyes, other parts, and how it pierceth. Many such causes may be reckoned up, but tbey cannot avail, except oppor- tunity be offered of time, place, and those other beautiful objects, or artificial enticements, as kissing, conference, discourse, gestures concur, with such like lascivious provocations. Kornmannus, in his book de linea amoris, makes five degrees of lust, out of ^Lucian behke, which he handles in five chapters, Visits, Colloquium, Convicius, Oscula, Tactus.^ Sight, of all other, is the first step of this unruly love, though sometime it be prevented by relation or hear- ing, or rather incensed. For there be those so apt, credulous, and facile to love, that if they hear of a proper man, or woman, they are in love before they see them, and that merely by relation, as Achilles Tatius observes. ^Such is their intemperance and lust, that they are as much maimed by report, as if they saw them. Callisthenes a rich young gentleman of Byzance in Thrace, hearing of ^Leucippe, Sostratus' fair daughter, was far in love with her, and h Petronius. Curavi me mox cibis validioribus, &c. iUti ille apud Skenkium, qui post potioneni, tixorem et quatuor ancillas proximo cubiailo cubantes, compressit. k Pers. Sat. 3, 1 Siracicles. Nox, et amor vinumque nihi! moderabile suadent. ^ Lip. ad Olympiam. ^ Hymno. ^Hor. 1. 3. Od. 25. P De sale lib. cap. 21. <1 Kornmannus lib. de virginitate. ^ Garcias ab horto aromatum lib. 1. cap. 28. B Surax radix ad coitum summe facit si quis comedat, aut infusionem bibat, membrum subito erigitur. Leo Afer. lib. 9. cap. ult. t Qu« non solum edentibus sed et genitale tangentibus tantum valet, ut coire summe desiderent; quoties fere velmt, possint; alios duodecies profecisse, alios ad 60 vices pervenisse refert. 'i Lucian. Tom. 4. Dial, amorum. ^ " Sight, conference, a,ssociation, kisses, touch." ^ ^ Ea enim hominum intemperantium libido est ut etiam fama ad amandum impellantur, et audientes seque affiuimuur ac vidcntes. ^Formosam Sostrato liliam audieosi uxorem cupit, et sola illius auditione ardet. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Lom-Melanclioly. 507 out of fame and common rumour, so mucli incensed, that he would needs have her to be his wife." And sometimes by reading they are so affected, as he in ^ Lucian confesseth of himself, " I never read that pkice of Panthea in Xeno- phon, but I am as much affected as if T were present with her." Such persons commonly ^ feign a kind of beauty to themselves; and so did those three gen- tlewomen in '^Balthasar Castillo fall in love with a young man Avhom they never knew, but only heard him commended : or by reading of a letter ; for there is a grace cometh from hearing, ^ as a moral philosopher informeth us, " as v/ell from sight; and the species of love are received into the phantasy by relation alone:" ^ut cwpere ah aspectu, sic velle ah auditu, both senses affect. Inter- dum et absentes atnamus, sometimes we love those that are absent, saith Phi- lostratus, and gives instance in his friend Athenorodus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw; non oculi sed mens videt, we see with the eyes of our understanding. But the most familiar and usual cause of love is that which comes by sight, which conveys those admirable rays of beauty and pleasing graces to the heart. Piotinus derives love from sight, hug quasi ooaffig. ^Si nescis, ocidi sunt in amore duces, '•' the eyes are the harbingers of love," and the first step of love is sight, as ^Lilius Giraldus proves at large, hisL deor. syntag. 13. they as two sluices let in the influences of that divine, powerful, soul-ravishing, and captivating beauty, which, as ^one saith, "is sharper than any dart or needle, wounds deeper into the heart; and opens a gap through our eyes to that lovely wound, which pierceth the soul itself." (Eccius. 18.) Through it love is kindled like a fire. This amazing, confounding, admirable, amiable beauty, "Hhan which in all nature's treasure (saith Isocrates) there is nothing so majestical and sacred, nothing so divine, lovely, precious," 'tis nature's crown, gold and glory; honum si non suramum, de summis tamen non infrequenter triumphans, whose power hence may be discerned ; we contemn and abhor generally such things as are foul and ugly to behold, account them filthy, but love and covet that which is fair. 'Tis ^ beauty in all things vfhich pleaseth and allureth us, a fair hawk, a fine garment, a goodly building, a fair house, &c. That Persian Xerxes when he destroyed all those temples of the gods in Greece, caused that of Diana, in integrum servari, to be spared alone for that excellent beauty and niagnificen(?e of it. Inanimate beauty can so command. 'Tis that which painters, artificers, orators, all aim at, as Eriximachus the physician, in Plato contends, " ^It was beauty first that ministered occasion to art, to find out the knowledge of carving, painting, building, to find out models, perspectives, rich furnitures, and so many rare inventions." Whiteness in the lily, red in the rose, purple in the violet, a lustre in all things without life, the clear light of the moon, the bright beams of the sun, splendour of gold, purple, sparkling diamond, the excellent feature of the horse, the majesty of the lion, the colour of birds, peacocks' tails, the silver scales of fish, we behold with singular delight and admiration. "°^ And which is lich in plants, delightful in flowers, wonderful in beasts, but most glorious in men," doth make us affect and ear- nestly desire it, as when we hear any sweet harmony, an eloquent tongue, see any excellent quality, curious work of man, elaborate art, or aught that is exquisite, there ariseth instantly in ns a longing for the same. "We love such men, but most part for comeliness of person ; we call them gods and goddesses * Quoties de Panthea Xenophontis locum periego, ita animo affectns ac si coram intnerer. b Pulchritu- dinem sibi ipsis confinffunt, Imagines. ^De anlico lib. 2. fol.lie. 'tis a pleasant story, and related at large by him. d Gratia venit ah audita £Bque ac visu, et species amoris in phantasiam recipiuiit sola relatione. Picolomineus grad. 8. c. 33. ^Lips. cent. 2. epist. 22. Beautie's Encomions. f Propert. g Amoris prinimn gradum visus habet, ut aspiciat rem amatam. h Achilles Tatius lib 1. Forma telo quovis acutior ad iuferendum vulnus, perque oculos amatorio -viilnevi aditum patefaciens in animum peiietrat. i In tota rerum natura nihil forma divinins, nihil augustius, nihil [iretiosius, cujus vires hinc lacLLe intelli- guntur, &c • k Christ. Fonseca. IS. L. "^ Bruys prob. 11. de forma h Lucianos. 508 Love-Melanclwly. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. divine, serene, happy, &c. And of all mortal men tliey alone (° Calcagnimis holds) are free from calumny ; qui divitiis, magisiratu et gloria Jlorent, injurid lacessimus, we backbite, wrong, hate renowned, rich, and happy men, we repine at their felicity, they are undeserving we think, fortune is a step-mother to us, a parent to them. " We envy (saith ° Isocrates,) wise, just, honest men, except with mutual offices and kindnesses, some good turn or other, they extort this love from us ; only fair persons we love at first sight, desire their acquaint- ance, and adore them as so many gods : we had rather serve them than com- mand others, and account ourselves the more beholding to them, the more ser- vice they enjoin us : though they be otherwise vicious, dishonest, we love them, favour them, and are ready to do them any good office for their ^ beauty's sake, though they have no other good quality beside. Die igitur oformose adoles- cens (as that eloquent Phavorinua breaks out in ^ Stobeus), die A utiloque, sua- vius nectare loqueris; die 6 Telemache, vehementius Ulyssedicis; die Alcibiades uteunque ebrius, lihentlus tihi lieet ebrio auscultahhnus. " Speak, fair youth, speak Autiloquus, thy words are sweeter than nectar, speak O Telemachus, thou art more powerful than Ulysses, speak Alcibiades though drunk, we will willingly hear thee as thou art." Faults in such are no faults : for when the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his gold and silver plate, he was so far from prosecuting so foul a fact (though every man else condemned his imi^udence and insolency) that he wished it had been more, and much better (he loved him dearly) for his sv\^eet sake. " No worth is eminent in such lovely persons, all imperfections hid;" non enim facile de his quos plurimum diligimus, turpitu- dinem suspieamur, for hearing, sight, touch, (fee, our mind and all our senses are captivated, omnes sensus formosus delectat. Many men have been preferied for their person alone, chosen kings, as amongst the Indians, Persians, Ethi- opians of old ; the properest man of person the country could afford, was elected their sovereign lord ; G^^atior est 'pulchro veniens e corpore virtus, ^and so have many other nations thought and done, as ^ Curtis observes : Ingens enim in corporis niajestate veneratio est, "for there is a majestical presence in such men;" and so far was beauty adored amongst them, that no man was thought fit to reign, that was not in all parts complete and supereminent. Agis, king of Lacedsemon, had like to have been deposed, because he married a little wife, they would not have their royal issue degenerate. Who would ever have thought that Adrian the Fourth, an English monk's bastard (as ^Papirius Massovius writes in his life), inops a suis relictus, squalidus et miser, a jjoor forsaken child, should ever come to be pope of Kome? But why was it? JErat aeri ingenio, facundid expeditd, eleganti corpore, facieque Icetd ae hilari (as he follows it out of ^ Nubrigensis, for he ploughs with his heifer), "he was wise, learned, eloquent, of a pleasant, a promising countenance, a goodly, pro- per man ; he had, in a word, a winning look of his own," and that carried it, for that he was especially advanced. So " Saul was a goodly person and a fair." Maximinus elected emperor, &c. Branchus the son of Apollo, whom he begot of Jance, Succron's daughter (saith Lactantius), when he kept King Admetus' herds in Thessaly, now grown a man, was an earnest suitor to his mother to know his father; the nymph denied him, because Apollo had con- jured her to the contrary; yet overcome by his importunity at last shesenthimto Ms father ', when he came into Apollo's presence, malas Dei reverenter osculatus, 11 Lib. de calumnia. Formosi Calumnia vacant; dolemus alios meliore loco positos, fortunam nobis nover- cam illis, (fee. '^Invidemus sapientibu<, justis, nisi beneficiis assidue amorem extorquent; solos formosos amamus et primo velut aspectu benevolentia conjungiinur, et eos tanquam Deos colimus, libentius iis servi- mus qiiam aliis imperamus, majoremque, &c. P FormEe majestatem Barbari verentur, nee alii majores quarn quibus eximia forma natura doiiata est, Herod, lib. 5. Cuitias 6. Arist Polit. ^Serm. 63. Pliitarcli. vit. ejus. Brisoiiius Strabo. ^ " Virtue appears more gracefully in a lovely personage." ^ Lib. 5 magiiorumque operum non alios capaces putaut quam quos eximia specie natura donavit. t Lib. de viti.» poutilicum. Rom. ^ Lib. 2. cap. G, Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Love- Melancholy. 509 lie carried himself so well, and was so fair a young man, that Apollo was infi- nitely taken with the beauty of his person, he could scarce look off him, and said he was worthy of such parents, gave him a crown of gold, the spirit of divination, and in conclusion made him a demi-god. vis superba formce, a goddess beauty is, whom the very gods adore, nam pulchros dii amant ; she is Amoris domina, love's harbinger, love's loadstone, a witch, a charm, &c. Beauty is a dower of itself, a sufficient patrimony, an ample commendation, an accurate epistle, as ^ Lucian, ^ Apuleius, Tiraquellus, and some others conclude. Imperio digna forma, beauty deserves a kingdom, saith Abulensis, paradox 2. cap. 110. immortality ; and ^ "more have got this honour and eternity for their beauty, than for all other virtues besides :" and such "as are fair, "are worthy to be honoured of God and men." That Idalian Ganymede was therefore fetched by Jupiter into heaven, Hsephestion dear to Alexander, Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls beauty for that cause a privilege of nature, Naturm gau~ dentis opus, nature's master-piece, a dumb comment ; Theophrastus, a silent fraud; still rhetoric, Carneades, that persuades without a speech, a kingdom with- out a guard, because beautiful persons command as so many captains ; So- crates, a tyranny, "which tyranniseth over tyrants themselves;" which made Diogenes belike call proper women queens, quodfacerent homines quae prceci- perent, because men were so obedient to their commands. They will adore, cringe, compliment, and bow to a common wench (if she be fair) as if she were a noble woman, a countess, a queen, or a goddess. Those intemperate young men of Greece erected at Delphos a golden image with infinite cost, to the eternal memory of Phryne the courtezan, as ^lian relates, for she was a most beautiful woman, insomnch saith ^Athenseus, that Apelles and Praxiteles drew Venus's picture from her. Thus young men will adore and honour beauty ; nay kings themselves I say will do it, and voluntarily submit their sovereignty to a lovely woman. " Wine is strong, kings are strong, but a woman strongest," 1 Esd. iv. 10. as Zerobabel proved at large to King Darius, his princes and noblemen. " Kings sit still and command sea and land, &c., all p;^y tribute to the king ; but women make kings pay tribute, and have domi- nion over them." When they have got gold and silver, they submit all to a beautiful woman, give themselves wholly to her, gape and gaze on her, and all men desire her more than gold or silver, or any precious thing : they will leave father and mother, and venture their lives for her, labour and travel to get, and bring all their gains to women, steal, fight, and spoil for their mistress's sake. And no king so strong, but a fair woman is stronger than he is. "All things" (as^he proceeds) "fear to touch the king; yet I saw him and Apame his concubine, the daughter of the famous Bartacus, sitting on the right hand of the king, and she took the crown off his head, and put it on her own, and stroke him with her left hand ; yet the king gaped and gazed on her, and when she laughed, he laughed, and when she was angry he flattered to be reconciled to her." So beauty commands even kings themselves ; nay whole armies and kingdoms are captivated together with their kings ; ^ Forma vincit ar'i)iatos, ferrum p)ulchritudo captivat ; vincentur specie, qui non vincentur pralio. And 'tis a great matter saith ^Xenophon, "and of which all fair persons may worthily brag, that a strong man must labour for his living if he will have aught, a valiant man must fight and endanger himself for it, a wise man speak, show himself, and toil ; but a fair and beautiful person doth all 3^ Dial, araorum c. 2. de magia. Lib 2. connub. cap. 27. Virgo formosa et si oppidb pauper, abundfe est dotata. y Isucrates pluies ob fomiam immortalitatem adepti sunt qnam ob reliquas omnes virtutes. 2 Lucian Tom. 4. Chori £Emon. Qui pulcliii, merito apud Decs et apud homines honore affecti. Muta com- mendatio, quavis epistola ad commendandum efflcacior. ^ Lib. 9. Var. liist. tanta formse elegantia ut ab ea nuda, &c. b Esdras, iv. 29. ^ Origen horn. 23. in Numb. In ipsos tyrannos tyrannidem exercet. d Illud certe magnum ob quod gloriari possunt formosi, quod robustos necessarium sit laborare, fortemperi- culis se objicere, sapientem, &c 010 Love-MelI. Secundusbasiomm lib. PMusseus ilia autem bene morata, per £edem qnocunque vagabatur, sequentem mentem habebat, et oculos, et corda virorum. *1 Homer. r Marlowe. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 513 ®When Peter Aretine's Lncretia came first to Rome, and that the fame of her hesiuty, ad U7'banaruvi deliciaruni sectatores venerat,nemo iion ad videndam earn, &c. were spread abroad, they came in (as they say) thick and threefold to see her, and hovered about her gates, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, and Phryne of Thebes. ^ Ad cvjusjacint Grcecia tola fores, " at whose gates lay all Greece." ""Every man sought to get her love, some with gallant and costly apparel, some with an affected pace, some with music, others with rich gifts, pleasant discourse, multitude of followers ; others with letters, vows, and promises, to commend themselves, and to be gracious in her eyes." Happy was he tliat could see her, thrice happy that enjoyed her company. Charmides ^in Plato was a proper young man, in comeliness of person, " and all good qualities, far exceeding others; whensoever fair Charmides came abroad, they seemed all to be in love with him (as Critias describes their carriage), and were troubled at the very sight of him ; many came near him, many followed him whereso- ever he went," as those ^ formarum spectatores did Acontius, if at any time he walked abroad: the Athenian lasses stared on Alcibiades; Sappho and the Mitilenean women on Phaon the fair. Such lovely sights do not only please, entice, but ravish and amaze. Cleonimus, a delicate and tender youth, present at a feast which Androcleshis uncle made in Pirseo at Athens, when he sacri- ficed to Mercury, so stupified the guests, Dineas, Aristippus, Agasthenes, and the rest (as Charidemus in ^Lucian relates it), that they could not eat their meat, they sat all supper time gazing, glancing at him, stealing looks, and admiring of his beauty. Many will condemn these men that are so enamoured, for fools; but some again commend them for it; many reject Paris's judgment, and yet Lucian approves of it, admiring Paris for his choice ; he would have done as much himself and by good desert in his mind ; beauty is to be pre- ferred "^before wealth or wisdom." ^Athenseus, Deipnosophist, lib. 13. co,p. 7, holds it not such indignity for the Trojans or Greeks to contend ten years, to spend so much labour, lose so many men's lives for Helen's sake, '^for so fair a lady's sake, " Ob talem uxorem cui prsestantissima fonaa, Nil mortale refert." That one woman was worth a kingdom, a hundred thousand other women, a world itself Well might ^ Sterpsichores be blind for carping at so fair a creature, and a just punishment it was. The same testimony gives Homer of the old men of Troy, that were spectators of that single combat between Paris and Menelaiis at the Seian gate, when Helen stood in presence ; they said all, the war was worthily prolonged and undertaken ® for her sake. The very gods themselves (as Homer and ^Isocrates record) fought more for Helen than they did against the giants. When ^ Yenus lost her son Cupid she made proclamation by Mercury, that he that could bring tidings of him should have seven kisses ; a noble reward some say, and much better than so many golden talents, seven such kisses to many men were more precious than seven cities, or so many provinces. One such a kiss alone would recover a man if he were a dying, ^Suaviolum Stygia sic te de valle reducet, &c. Great Alexander married Poxane, a poor man's child, only for her person. ^ 'Twas well done of Alexander, and heroically done; I admire him for it. Orlando was mad for Angelica, and who doth not condole his mishap ? Thisbe died for Pyramus, s Pernodidascalo dial. Ttal. Latin, donat. ^ Gasp. Barthio Germano. tPropertius. ^Vestium splendoreet elegantia, ambitione incessus, donis, cantilenis, &c.. gratiam adipisci. ^Prse cajteris corpoiis proceritate et egregia indole mirandus apparebat, casteri autem capti ejus amore videbantur, &c. yAristaenetus, ep. 10. ^Tom. 4. Dial, meretr. respicientes et ad formam ejus obstupescentes. a In Charidemo; sapientia; merito piilchiitudo prjefertur et opibus. b Indignum nihil est Troas fortes et Achii'os tempore tarn longo perpessos esse laboi-e. <^Diirna quidera fades pro qua vel obiret Achilles, vel Priamus, belli causa probanda fuit. Proper, lib. 2. dCoecus qui Helenge foi-mam carpsei-at ^ Those mutinous Turks that murmured at Mahomet, when they saw Irene, excused his absence. Knowls. fin laudem Helenas erat. K Apul. miles, lib. 4. h Secun. baa. 13. iCurtius, 1. 1. 2h 514 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 Dido for ^Eeas ; who dotli not weep, as (before his conversion) ^ Austin did in commiseration of her estate ! she died for him j " methinks (as he said) I could die for her." But this is not the matter in hand ; what prerogative this beauty hath, of what power and sovereignty it is, and how far such persons that so much admire, and dote upon it, are to be justified; no man doubts of these matters ; the question is, how and by what means beauty produceth this effect 1 By sight : the eye betrays the soul, and is both active and passive in this business ; it wounds and is wounded, is an especial cause and instrument, both in the subject and in the object. "^ As tears, it begins in the eyes, descends to the breast;" it conveys these beauteous rays, as I have said, unto the heart. Ut vidi ut peril. ^Marsvidet hanc, visamque cupit. Shechem saw Dinah the daughter of Leah, and defiled her, Gen. xxxiv. 3. Jacob, Rachel, xxix. 17, "for she was beautiful and fair." David spied Bathsheba afar off", 2 Sam.xi. 2. The elders, Susanna, ^^ as that Orthomenian Strato saw fair Aristoclea the daughter of Theophanes, bathing herself at that Hercyne well in Lebadea, and were captivated in an instant. Viderunt oculi, rapuerunt pectora Jiammce ; Ammon fell sick for Thamar's sake, 2 Sam. xiii. 2. The beauty of Esther was such, that she found favour not only in the sight of Ahasuerus, "but of all those that looked upon her." Gerson, Origen, and some others, contended that Christ himself was the fairest of the sons of men, and Joseph next unto him, speciosus prce Jiliis hominum, and they will have it literally taken ; his very person was such, that he found grace and favour of all those that looked upon him. Joseph was so fair, that, as the ordinary gloss hath it, filice decurrerent per murum, et ad fenestras, they ran to the top of the walls and to the windows to gaze on him, as we do commonly to see some great personage go by : and so Matthew Paris describes Matilda the Empress going through CuUen. °P. Morales the Jesuit saith as much of the Virgin Mary. Antony no sooner saw Cleopatra, but, saith Appian, lib. 1, he was enamoured of her. ^Theseus at the first sight of Helen was so besotted, that he esteemed himself the happiest man in the world if he might enjoy her, and to that purpose kneeled down, and made his pathetical prayers unto the gods. *^Charicles, by chance, espying that curious picture of smiling Yenus naked in her temple, stood a great while gazing, as one amazed; at length, he brake into that mad passionate speech, " O fortunate god Mars, that wast bound in chains, and made ridiculous for her sake!" He could not contain himself, but kissed he..' picture, I know not how oft, and heartily desired to be so disgraced as Mari was. And what did he that his betters had not done before him ? '""atque aliquis de diis non tristibus optat Sic fieri turpis " ■ When Yenus came first to heaven, her comeliness was such, that (as mine' author saith) "^all the gods came flocking about, and saluted her, each of them went to Jupiter, and desired he might have her to be his wife." When fair * Antilochus came in presence, as a candle in the dark his beauty shined, all men's eyes (as Xenophon describes the manner of it) '"'were instantly fixed on him, and moved at the sight, insomuch that they could not conceal them- selves, but in gesture or looks it was discerned and expressed." Those other senses, hearing touching, may much penetrate and affect, but none so much, none so forcible as sight. Forma Briseis mediis in armis movit Achillem, Achilles was moved in the midst of a battle by fair Briseis, Ajax by Tecmessa ; kConfessi. 1 Seneca, amor in oculis oritur. ™ Ovid. Fast. 'i Plutarch. o Lib. de pulchrifc Jesu et Mariae. P Lucian Chari demon supra omnes mortales felicissimum si hac frui posset. *1 Luciaii amor. Insanum quiddam ac fuiibundum exclamans. fortunatissime deorum JMars qui propter hanc vinctus tuisti. ^ Ov. Met. 1.3. ^ Omnes dii complexi sunt, et in uxorem sibi petierunt, Nat. Comes de Venere. t Ut cum lux noctis affulget, omnium oculos incumt ; sic Antiloquus, &c Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 515 Judith captivated that great Captain Holofernes: Dalilali, Samsou ; Rosa- mund, ""Heiiry the Second; Roxolana, Solyman the Magnificent, &c. Kai vvp xiXf) Tjf ovc-a,.'* "A fair woman overcomes fire and sword." "y Nought under heaven so strongly doth allure I Driven with the power of an heart-burning eyo. The sense of man and all his mind possess. And lapt in flowers of a golden tress, As beauty's loveliest bait, that doth procure That can with melting pleasure mollify Great warriors erst their rigour to suppress, 1 Their harden'd hearts inur'd to cruelty." And mighty hands forget their manliness, | Oitiphon ingenuously confesseth, that he no sooner came in Leucippe's presence, but that he did corde tremere, et oculis lascivms inticeri ; *he was wounded at the first sight, his heart panted, and he could not possibly turn his eyes from her. So doth Calysirisin Heliodorus, lib. 2. Isis Priest, a reverend old man, complain, who by chance at Memphis seeing that Thracian E-odophe, might not hold his eyes off her : "''I will not conceal it, she overcame me with her presence, and quite assaulted my continency which I had kept unto mine old age ; I resisted a long time my bodily eyes with the eyes of my understanding; at last I was conquered, and as in a tempest carried head- long." c Xenophiles, a philosopher, railed at women downright for many years together, scorned, hated, scofied at them ; coming at last into Daphnis a fair maid's company (as he condoles his mishap to his friend Demaritis), though free before, Intactus nullis ante cupidinihus, was far in love, and quite overcome upon a sudden Victus sum fateor a Daphnide, &c. I confess I am taken, " d Sola hsec inflexit sensus, animumque labentem Impulit" I could hold out no longer. Such another mishap, but worse, had Stratocles the physician, that blear-eyed old man, muco plenus (so e Prodromus describes him) ; he was a severe woman's-hater all his life, foeda et contumeliosa semper infcBminas profatus, a bitter persecutor of the whole sex, humanas aspides et vip&ras appellebat, he forswore them all still, and mocked them wheresoever he came, in such vile terms, ut matrem et sorores odisses, that if thou hadst heard him, thou wouldst have loathed thine own mother and sisters for his word's sake. Yet this old doting fool was taken at last with that celestial and divine look of Myrilla, the daughter of Anticles the gardener, that smirking wench, that he shaved off his bushy beard, painted his face, ^ curled his hair, wore a laurel crown to cover his bald pate, and for her love besides was ready to run mad. For the very day that he married he was so furious, ut sdis occasum minus expectare posset ( a terrible, a monstrous long day), he could not stay till it was night, sed omnibus insalutatis in thalamum festinans irrupit, the meat scarce out of his mouth, without any leave taking, he would needs go presently to bed. What young man, therefore, if old men be so intemperate, can secure himself? Who can say I will not be taken with a beautiful object? I can, I will contain. No, saith^Lucian of his mistress, she is so fair, that if thou dost but see her, she will stupify thee, kill thee straight, and. Medusa like, turn thee to a stone ; thou canst not pull thine eyes from her, but as an adamant doth ii'on, she will carry thee bound headlong whither she will herself, infect thee like a basilisk. It holds both in men and women. Dido was ^Delevit omnes ex animo mulieres. ^ Nam vincit et vel ignem, femimque si qua pulchra est. Anacreon, 2 y Spenser ia his Faerie Queene. ^Achilles Tatius, lib. 1. ^ Statim ac earn contemplatus sum, occidi ; oculos a virgine avertere conatus sum, sed illi repugnabant. b Pudet dicere, non celabo tamen. Memphim veniens me vieit, et coutinentiam expugnavit, quam ad senectutem usque servaram ; ocuhs corporis, &c. ** Nunc primum circa haiic anxius animi hsereo. Aristaenetus. ep. 17. dVirg^n. 4. "She alone hath captivated my feelings, and fixed my wavering mind." ^Amaranto dial. fComasque ad speculum disposuit. 8 Imag. Polistrato. Si illam saltem tntuearLs, statuis immobiliorem te faciet : si conspexeris earn, non relinquetur facultas oculos ab ea amovendi; abducet te alligatum quocunque voluerit, ut feiTUia ad se trahere terunt adamantem. .516 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. amazed at Eneas' presence ; Ohslupult primo aspectu Sidonia Dido ; and as lie feelingly verified out of his experience ; *' h Quam ego postquafn vidi, non ita amavi ut sani solent I *' I lov'd her not as others soberly, Homines, sed eodem pacto ut insani solent." 1 But as a madman rageth, so did I." So Museus of Leander, nusquam lumen detorquet ah ilia ; and ^ Chaucer of Palamon, He cast his eye upon Emilia, And therewith he blent and cried ha, ha, As though he had been stroke unto the hearta. If you desire to know more particularly what this beauty is, how it doth Tnjiuere, how it doth fascinate (for, as all hold, love is a fascination), thus in brief "^This comeliness or beauty ariseth from the due proportion of the whole, or from each several part." For an exact delineation of which, I refer you to poets, historiographers, and those amorous writers, to Lucian's Images, and Charidemus, Xenophon's description of Panthea, Petronius Catalectes, Heliodorus Chariclia, Tacius Leucippe, Longa Sophista's Daphnis and Cloe, Theodorus Prodromushis Rhodanthes, Aristsenetus and Philostratus Epistles, Balthasar Castillo, lib. 4 de aulico. Laurentius, cap. 10, de melan. -^neas Sylvius his Lucretia, and every poet almost, which have most accurately de- scribed a perfect beauty, an absolute feature, and that through every member, both in men and women. Each part must concur to the perfection of it; for as Seneca saith, Ep. 33. lib. 4. Non est forjiiosa mulier cujus cms laudatur et brachium, sed ilia cujus nmid universajacies admirationem singulis partibus dedit ; "She is no fair woman, whose arm, thigh, &c. are commended, except the face and all the other parts be correspondent.*' And the face especially gives a lustre to the rest : the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or foul : arx formce fades, the face is beauty's tower ; and though the other parts be deformed, yet a good face carries it {fades non uxor amatur), that alone is most part respected, principally valued, deliciis suis ferox, and of itself able to captivate. "1 Urit te Glycerse nitor, Urit grata pi'otervitas, Et vultus nimiiim lubricus aspicL" ** Glycera's too fair a face was it that set him on fire, too fine to be beheld." When ™ Chserea saw the singing wench's sweet looks, he was so taken, that he cried out, faciem pulchram, deleo omnes dehinc ex animo mulieres, tcedet quotidianarum harum formarum ! "O fair face, I'll never love any but her, look on any other hereafter but her j I am weary of these ordinary beauties, away with them." The more he sees her, the worse he is, uritque videndo as in a burning-glass, the sunbeams are re-collected to a centre, the rays of love are projected from her eyes. It was ..^neas's countenance ravished Queen Dido, Os humerosque Deo similis, he had an angelical face. " ^0 sacros vultus Baccho vel Apolline dignos, I " sacred looks, befitting majesty, Quos Yir, quos tutb foemina nulla videt I " ] Which never mortal wight could safely see." Although for the greater part this beauty be most eminent in the face, yet many times those other members yield a most pleasing grace, and are alone sufficient to enamour. A high brow like unto the bright heavens, cceli pul- cherrima plaga, Frons ubi vivit honor, frons ubi ludit amor, whiteand smooth like the polished alabaster, a pair of cheeks of vermilion colour, in which love lodgeth ; ^ Amor qui mollibus genis puellce pernoctas : a coral lip, suamorum delubrum, in which Basia mille patent, basia mille latent, "A thousand appear, as many are concealed;" gratiarum sedes gratissima; a sweet-smelling flower, h Plaut. Merc . i In the Knight's Tale. k Ex debita totius proportione aptaque partinm compo- Birione. Piccolomineus. IHor. Od. 19. lib. 1. "^ Ter. Eunuch. Act. 2. seen. 3. ii Petronius Catall. Sophocles, Antigone. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause, 517 from which bees may gather honey, ^ Mellilegce volucres quid adhuc cava thyma rosasque, &c. " Omnes ad domino labra venite meae, Ilia rosas spirat," &c. A white and' round neck, that via lactea, dimple in che chin, black eye-brows, Cupidinis arcus, sweet breath, white and even teeth, which some call the sale- piece, a fine soft round pap, gives an excellent grace, ^ Quale decus tumidis Pario de marmore mammis /" ^and make a pleasant valley lacteum sinum, between two chalky hills, Sororiantes papillulas, et ad prurituni frigidos aina- tores solo aspectu excitantes. Unde is, ^ Forma papillarum quam fuit apta prenii ! — Again Urebant oculos durce stantesque tnamillce. A flaxen hair ; golden hair was even in great account, for which Virgil commends Dido, Non~ du7)% sustulerat Jlavum Proserp)inina crinem, Et crines nodantur in auruin, ApoUonius (Argonaut, lib. 4. Jasonisflava coma incendlt cor Medece) will have Jason's golden hair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage on him. Castor and Pollux were both yellow haired. Paris, Menelaiis, and most amorous young men, have been such in all ages, molles ac suaves^ as Baptista Porta infers, ^ Physiog. lib. 2. lovely to behold. Homer so commends Helen, makes Patroclus and Achilles both yellow haired: Pulchricoma Yenus, and Cupid himself was yellow haired, in aurum coruscante et crispante capillo, like that neat picture of Narcissus in Callistratus j for so ^Psyche spied him asleep, Briseis, Polixena, (he. flavicomce omnes, and Hero the fair, Wliom young Apollo courted for her hair." Leland commends Guithera, King Arthur's wife, for a fair flaxen hair : so Paulus ^milius sets out Clodeveus, that lovely king of France. ^ Synesius holds every eifeminate fellow or adulterer is fair haired : and Apuleius adds that Yenus herself, goddess of love, cannot delight, ""^though she come accompa- nied with the graces, and all Cupid's train to attend upon her, girt with her own girdle, and smell of cinnamon and balm, yet if she be bald or badhaired, she cannot please her Yulcan." "Which belike makes our Yenetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yellow hair so much, great women to calamistrate and curl it up, vibrantes ad gratiam crines, et tot orbibus in captivitatem flexos, to adorn their heads with spangles, pearls, and made-flowers; and all courtiers to effect a pleasing grace in this kind. In a word, "^the hairs are Cupid's nets, to catch all comers, a brushy wood, in which Cupid builds his nest, and under whose shadow all loves a thousand several ways sport themselves." A little soft hand, pretty little mouth, small, fine, long fingers, Gratice qucB digitis 'tis that which Apollo did admire in Daphne, laudat digitosque manusque; a straight and slender body, a small foot, and well-proportioned leg, hath an excellent lustre, ^Cui totum incumbit corpus uti fundamenio aides. Clearchus vowed to his friend Amyander in ^Aristsenetus, that the most attrac- tive part in his mistress, to make him love and like her first, was her pretty leg and foot : a soft and white skin, &c. have their peculiar graces, ^Nebula haud est mollior ac hujus cutis est, cedipol papillam bellulam. Though in men these parts are not so much respected j a grim Saracen sometimes, nudus membra Pyracmon, a martial hirsute face pleaseth best; a black man is a pearl in a fair woman's eye, and is as acceptable as "^lame Yulcan was to P Jo. Secundus 'bas. 19. Cynthia prima suis raiserum me cepit ocellis, contactum nullis ante eupidinibus. Propert. 1. I. PIncatalect. 1 De Sulpicio, lib. 4. '^ Pulchritudo ipsa per occultos radios in pectus amantis dimanans amatsa rei formam insculpsit, Tatius, 1.5. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 519 *A modern poet brings in Anmon complaining of Tbamar, " et me fascino Occidit illc risus et formse lepos, Ille nitor, ilia gratia, et verus decor, niae aemnlantes purpuram, et ^ rosas ?ense, Oculique vinctaaque aureo nodo c mse." — It was thy beauty, 'twas thy pleasing smile, Thy grace and comeliness did me hegnile ; Thy rose-like cheeks, and unto purple fair Thy lovely eyes and golden knotted hair." *Philostratus Lemnius cries out on Ms mistress's basilisk eyes, ardentes faceSj those two burning glasses, they had so inflamed his soul, that no water could quench it. " What a tyranny (saith he), what a penetration of bodies is this ! thou drawest with violence, and swallowest me up, as Charybdis doth sailors with thy rocky eyes : he that falls into this gulf of love, can never get out," Let this be the corollary then, the strongest beams of beauty are still darted from the eyes. ♦' ^ Nam quis lumina tanta, tanta • " For who such eyes with his can see, Posset luminihus suis tueri, And not fo^th^\^.th enamoui''d be ! " Non statim trepidansque, palpitansque, Prse desiderii gestuantis aura ?" &c I And as men catch dotterels by putting out a leg or an arm, with those mutual glances of the eyes they first inveigle one another. ^Cynthia prima suis mise- Tum me cepit ocellis. Of all eyes (by the way) black are most amiable, enticing and fairer, which the poet observes in commending of his mistress. "^ Spectandum nigris oculis, nigroque capillo^ which Hesiod admires in his Alcmena, " 2 Cujus k vertice nlgricantibus oculis I " From her black eye?, and from her golden face, Tale quiddam spirat ac ab aurea Venere." | As if from Venus came a lovely grace." and ^Triton in his Milaene nigra oculos formosa mihi.. ^ Homer useth that epithet of ox-eyed, in describing Juno, becauLse a round black eye is the best, the son of beauty, and farthest from black the worse: which ^Polydore Virgil taxeth in our nation : Angli ut plurinium ccesiis oculis, we have gray eyes for the most part. Baptista Porta, Physiognom. lib. 3. puts gray colour upon children, they be childish eyes, dull and heavy. Many commend on the other side Spanish ladies, and those ^ Greek dames at this day, for the blackness of their eyes, as Porta doth his Neapolitan young wives. Suetonius describes Julius Csesar to have been nigris vegetisque oculis micantibus, of a black quick sparkling eye : and although Averroes in his CoUiget will have such persons timorous, yet without question they are most amorous. Now last of all, I will show you by what means beauty doth fascinate, be- "witch, as some hold, and work upon the soul of a man by the eye. For certainly I am of the poet's mind, love doth bewitch and strangely change us. ' 6 Ludit amor sensus, oculos perstringit, et aufert Libertatem animi, mira nos fascinat arte. Credo aliquis dsemon subiens prsecordia flammam Concitat, et raptam toUit de cardine mentem." ' Love mocks our senses, curbs our liberties, And doth bewitcli us with his art and rings, I think some devil gets into our entrails, [hinges.'» And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from th» Heliodorus, lib. 3. proves at large, ^that love is witchcraft, "it gets in at our eyes, pores, nostrils, engenders the same qualities and affections in us, as were in the party whence it came." The manner of the fascination, as Ficinua 10. cap. com. in Plat, declares it, is thus: "Mortal men are then especially bewitched, when as by often gazing one on the other, they direct sight to sight, join eye to eye, and so drink and suck in love between them; for the beginning of this disease is the eye. And therefore he that hath a clear eye, though he be otherwise deformed, by often looking upon him, will make one mad, and tie him fast to him by the eye." Leonard. Varius, lib. 1. cap. 2. defas- * Jacob Cornelius Amnon. Tragsed. Act. 1. sc. 1. s jjosgg formosarum oculis nascuntur, et hilaritas vultus eleganti« corona. Philostratus deliciis. t Epist. et in deliciis, abi et oppugnationem relinque, quara tiamma non extinguit ; nam ab amore ipsa flamma sentit incendium : quae corporum penetratio, qu£e tyrannia hEec?&c. "1 Loecheus Panthea. ^Propertius. " The wretched Cynthia first captivates with her sparkling eyes." yOvid. amorum, lib. 2. eleg. 4. ^gcut. Hercul. », ^alcagninus dial. bniadl. ^'ilist. lib. 1 d Sands' relation, fol. 67. ^Mantuan. f Amor per oculos, nares, poros intluens, «fec. Mortales turn summopere fascinantur quando frequentissimo intuitu aciem dirigentes, «&c. Ideo si quia nitore poUeat oculorum, &c. ^20 Love-MelancJiohj, [Part. 3. Sec. 2. cinat. telletli us, tliat by tliis interview, "^tlie purer spirits are infected," the one eye pierceth through the other with his rays, which he sends forth, and many men have those excellent piercing eyes, that, which Suetonius relates of Augustus, their brightness is such, they compel their spectators to look off, and can no more endure them than the sunbeams. ^Barradius, lib. 6. cajx 10. de Harmonia Evangel, reports as much of our Saviour Christ, and ^ Peter Morales of the Virgin Mary, whom Mcephorus describes likewise to have been yellow-haired, of a wheat coloiu-, but of a most amiable and piercing eye. The rays, as some think, sent from the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, and that in a moment. I know, they that hold visiofit intra mittendo, will make a doubt of this; but Eicinus proves it from, blear-eyes. "^That by sight alone, make others blear-eyed j and it is more than manifest, that the vapour of the corrupt blood doth get in toge- ther with the rays, and so by the contagion the spectators' eyes are infected." Other arguments there are of a basilisk, that kills afar off by sight, as that Ephesian did of whom ^Philostratus speaks, of so pernicious an eye, he poisoned all he looked steadily on: and that other argument, menstruce foemincB, out of Aristotle's problems, morboscB Capivaccius adds, and ™Sep- talius the commentator, that contaminate a looking-glass with beholding it. " ^ So the beams that come from the agent's heart, by the eyes, infect the spirits about the patients, inwardly wound, and thence the spirits infect the blood." To this effect she complained in °Apuleius, "Thou art the cause of my grief, thy eyes piercing through mine eyes to mine inner parts, have set my bowels on fire, and therefore pity me that am now ready to die for thy sake." Ficinus illustrates this with a familiar example of that Marrhusian Ph<^drus and Theban Lycias, "^^Lycias he stares on Phsedrus' face, and Phsedrus fastens the balls of his eyes upon Lycias, and with those sparkling rays sends out his spirits. The beams of Phi^drus' eyes are easily mingled with the beams of Lycias', and spirits are joined to spirits. This vapour begot in Phse- drus' heart, enters into Lycias' bowels : and that which is a greater wonder, Phsedrus' blood is in Lycias' heart, and thence come those ordinary love- speeches, my sweetheart Phsedrus, and mine own self, my dear bowels. And Phsedrus again to Lycias, O my light, my joy, my soul, my life. Phsedrus follows Lycias, because his heart would have his spirits, and Lycias follows Phsedrus, because he loves the seat of his spirits ; both follow; but Lycias the earnester of the two ; the river hath more need of the fountain, than the foun- tain of the river; as iron is drawn to that which is touched with a loadstone, but draws not it again; so Lycias draws Phsedrus." But how comes it to pass then, that the blind man loves that never saw? We read in the Lives of the Fathers, a story of a child that was brought up in the wilderness, i^'om his infancy, by an old hermit ; now come to man's estate, he saw by chance two comely women wandering in the woods : he asked the old man what creatures they were, he told him fairies ; after a while talking obiter, the hermit demanded of him, which was the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life 1 He readily replied, the two ^fairies he spied in the wilderness. So that, without doubt, there is some secret loadstone in a beautiful woman, a g Spiritus piiriores /ascinantur, oculus k se radios emittit, &c. h Lib. de pulch. Jes. et Mar. iLib. 2. c. 23. colore triticatn refereiite, crine fiiva, acribus oculis. kLippi solo intuitu alios lippos faciunt, et patet una cum radio vaporem corrupt! sanguinis emanare, cujus contagione ocidos spectantis inficitur. 1 Vita Apollon. ^ Comment, in Aristot. Probl. ^ Sic radius a corde percutientis inissus, regimen proprium repetit, cor vulnerat, per oculos et sanguinem inficit et spiritus, subtili quadam vi. Castil. lib. 3. de aulico. <^Lib. 10. Causa oranis et origo omnis prsesentis doloris tute es; isti enim tui oculi, per meos oculos ad intima delapsi prsecordia, acerrimum meis medullis commovent incendium ; ergo miserere tui causa pereuntis. P Lycias in Phsedri vultura inliiat, Phsedrus in oculos Lycise scintillas suorum defigit oculorum ; cumque scintillis, &c. Sequitur Phsedrus Lyciam, quia cor suum petit spiritum; phaBdrum Lycias, quia spiritus propriam sedem postuiat. Verum Lycias, &c. iDasmonia inquit quae in hoc Eremo niiper occuiTebant. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artijidal Allurements. 521 magnetic power, a natural inbred affection, wliicli moves our concupiscence, and as be sings, " Methinks I have a mistress yet to come, And still I seek, I love, I know not whom." 'Tis true indeed of natural and cbaste love, but not of tbis heroical passion, or ratber brutisb burninglust of wbicb we treat ; we speak of wandering, wanton, adulterous eyes, wbicb, as ^be saitb, "lie still in wait as so many soldiers, and wben tbey spy an innocent spectator fixed on tbem, slioot bim tbrougb, and presently bswitcb bim : especially wben tbey sball gaze and gloat, as wanton lovers do one upon anotber, and witb a pleasant eye conflict participate eacb otber's souls." Hence you may perceive bow easily and bow quickly we may be taken in love ; since at tbe twinkling of an eye, Pbiedrus' spirits may so perniciously infect Lj^cias' blood. "^iS'eifcber is it any wonder, if we but consider bow many otber diseases closely, and as suddenly are caugbt by infec- tion, plague, itcb, scabs, flux," (fee. Tbe spirits taken in, will not let bim rest tbat batb received tbem, but egg bim on. ^^Idque iMit corpus mens uncle estsaucia amore ; and we may manifestly perceive a strange eduction of spirits^ hj sucb as bleed at nose after tbey be dead, at tbe presence of tbe murderer ; but read more of tbis in Lemnius, lib. 2. de occult, nat. 7]%ir. ccqo. 7. Valleriola lib. 2. observ. cap. 7. Yalesius controv. Ficinus, Cardan, Labavius de cruentis cadaver ib us, &c. SuBSECT. III. — Artificial allurements of Love, Causes and Provocations to Lust ; Gestures, Clothes, Dower, c&c. Natukal beauty is a stronger loadstone of itself, as you bave beard, a great temptation, and piercetb to tbe very beart ; ^^ forma verecundce nocuit miJii visa iiuellce ; but mucb more wben tbose artificial enticements and provocations of gestures, clotbes, jewels, pigments, exornations, sball be annexed unto it ; tbose otber circumstances, opportunity of time and place sball concur, wbicb of tbemselves alone were all sufficient, eacb one in particular to produce tbis effect. It is a question mucb controverted by some wise men, forma debeat plus arti an naturoe ? Wbetber natural or artificial objects be more powerful 1 but not decided : for my part I am of opinion, tbat tbougb beauty itself be a great motive, and give an excellent lustre in sordibus, in beggary, as a jewel on a dungbill will sbine and cast bis rays, it cannot be suppressed, wbicb Heliodorus feigns of Cbariclia, tbougb sbe were in beggar's weeds : yet as it is used, artificial is of more force, and mucb to be preferred. " ^ Sic dentata sihi videtur JEg\e, Emptis ossibus Indicoque curnu ; Sic qme nigrior est caden'e moro, Cerussata sihi placet Lychoiis." ■So toothless M^le seems a pretty one, Set out M'ith new-hought teeth of Ind}' hone: So foul Lychoris blacker than berry Herself admires, now finer than cheiTy." Jobn Lerius tbe Burgandian, cap. 8. hist, navigat. in Brazil, is altogetber on my side. Tor wbereas (saitb be) at our coming to Brazil, we found botb men and women naked as tbey were born, witbout any covering, so mucb as of tbeir privities, and could not be persuaded, by our Frencbmen tbat lived a year witb tbem, to wear any, "^Many will tbink tbat our so long commerce witb naked women, must needs be a great provocation to lustj" but be concludes otber- wise, tbat tbeir nakedness did mucb less entice tbem to lasciviousness, tban our women's clotbes. " And I dare boldly affirm (saitb be) tbat tbose gbtter- ing attires, counterfeit colours, beadgears, curled bairs, plaited coats, cloaks, r Castillo de aulico, 1. 3. f j1. 228. Oculi ut milites in insidiis semper recubant, et subito ad visum sagittas eraittunt, &c. ^Nec minim si reliquos morbos qui ex contagione nascuntur consideremus, pestem, pru- ritara, scabiem, etc. t Lucretius. " And the body naturally seeks whence it is that the mind is so woundod by love." ^ In beauty, that of favour is preferred before that of colours, and decent motion is more than that of favour. Bacon's Essays. ^Martialis. y Multi taeite opinautur commercium illud adeo frequens cum barbaris nudis, ac presertim cum foiminis, adlibidinemprovocare, at minus multo noxiailloriun iiuditas (juam nostrarum foeminarom coitus, Ausim asseverare splendid um ilium cultum, faces, &c 522 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. gowns, costly stomachers, guarded and loose garments, and all those other accoutrements, wherewith our countrywomen counterfeit a beauty, and so curi- ously set out themselves, cause more inconvenience in this kind, than that barbarian homeliness, although they be no whit inferior unto them in beauty. I could evince the truth of this bymany other arguments, but lappeal (saith he) to my companions at that present, which were all of the same mind." His countryman, Montaigne, in his essays, is of the same opinion, and so are many others; out of whose assertions thus much in brief we may conclude, that beauty is more beholden to art than nature, and stronger provocations pro- ceed from outward ornaments, than such as nature hath provided. It is true that those fair sparkling eyes, white neck, coral lips, turgent paps, rose- coloured cheeks, &c._, of themselves are potent enticers ; but when a comely, artificial, well-composed look, pleasing gesture, an affected carriage shall be added, it must needs be far more forcible than it was, when those curious needleworks, variety of colours, purest dyes, jewels, spangles, pendants, lawn, lace, tiffanies, fair and fine linen, embroideries, calaaiistratious, ointments, &c. shall be added, they will make the veriest dowdy otherwise, a goddess, when nature shall be furthered by art. For it is not the eye of itself that enticeth to lust, but an '"'adulterous eye," as Peter terms it, 2. ii. 14. a wanton, a rolling, lascivious eye: a wandering eye, which Isaiah taxeth, iii. 16. Christ himself, and the Virgin Mary, had most beautiful eyes, as amiable eyes as any persons, saith ^ Baradius, that ever lived, but withal so modest, so chaste, that whosoever looked on them was freed from that passion of burning lust, if we may believe ^Gerson and ^ Bonaventure : there was no such antidote against it, as the Virgin Mary's face ; 'tis not the eye, but carriage of it, as they useth it, that causeth such effects. When Pallas, Juno, Venus, were to win Paris' flivour for the golden apple, as it is elegantly described in that pleasant interlude of ^Apuleius, Juno came with majesty upon the stage, Minerva gravity, but Venus dulce suhridens, constitit amcene ; et gratissimce Gratice deam propUiantes, &c. came in smiling with her gracious graces and exquisite music, as if she had danced, et nonnunquam saltare soils oculis, and which was the main matter of all, she danced with her rolling eyes : they were the brokers and harbingers of her suite. So she makes her brags in a modern poet, " d Soon could I make my brow to tyrannise, And force the world do homage to mine eyes." The eye is a secret orator, the first bawd, Amoris porta, and with private looks, winking, glances and smiles, as so many dialogues they make up the match many times, and understand one another's meanings, before they come to speak a word. ^Eurialus and Lucretia were so mutually enamoured by the eye, aud prepared to give each other entertainment, before ever they had conference : he asked her good will with his eyes ; she did suffragari, and gave consent with a pleasant look. That ^ Thracian Hodolphe was so excellent at this dumb rhetoric, "that if she had but looked upon any one almost (saith Calsiris) she would have bewitched him, and he could not possibly escape it." For as ^Salvianus observes, " the eyes are the windows of our souls, by which as so many channels, all dishonest concupiscence gets into our hearts." They reveal our thoughts, and as they say, frons animi index, but the eye of the countenance, ^Quid procacibus intuere ocellis ?, &c. I may say the same of smiling, gait, nakedness of parts, plausible gestures, &c. To laugh is the 2 Harmo. evangel, lib. 6. cap. 6. * Serm. de concep. virg. Physiognomia virginis omnes movet ad casti- tatem. b3. sent. d. 3. q. 3. minim, virgo fonnosissiraa, sed a nemine concupita. *^ Met. 10. d R, samond's complaint, by Sam. DanieL e^^eas Silv. f Heliodor. 1. 2. Rodolphe Thracia tarn inevitabili fascino instructa, tam exacte oculis intnens attraxit, ut si in illam quis incidlsset, fieri non posset quin caperetur. « Lib. 3. de providentia : Animi fenestrse oculi, et omnis improba cupiditas per ocellos tanquam canales introit. b Buchanan. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 523 proper passion of a man, an ordinary tiling to smile; but those counterfeit, composed, aftected, artificial and reciprocal, those coanter-s miles are the dumb shows and prognostics of greater matters, which they most part use, to in- veigle and deceive; though many fond lovers again are so frequently mis- taken, and led into a fool's paradise. For if they see but a fair maid laugh, or show a pleasant countenance, use some gracious words or gestures, they apply it all to themselves, as done in their favour; sure she loves them, she is willing, coming, tfec. " Stultus quando videt quod pulchra puellala ridet, I " When a fool sees a fair maid for to smile, Turn fatuus credit se quod araare velit; " | He thiuks she loves Mm, 'tis but to beguile." They make an art of it, as the poet telleth us, "i Quis credat? discunt etiam ridere puell^e, I " Who Quffiritui" atque illis hac quoque parte decor." | And s And 'tis as great an enticement as any of the rest, Quis credat? discunt etiam ridere puell^e, I " Who can believe? to lau^h maids make an art, Quffiritui" atque ilUs hac quoque parte decor." | And seek a pleasant grace to that same part." • k subrisit moUe puella. Cor tibi rite salit. " She makes thine heart leap with ^a pleasing gentle smile of hers." " ™ Duke ridentem Lalagen amabo, Dulce loquentem," " I love Lalage as much for smiling, as for discoursing," delectata ilia visit tarn hlandum, as he said in Petronius of his mistress, being well pleased, she gave so sweet a smile. It won Ismenius, as he ^ confesseth, Ismene subrisit amatorium, Ismene smiled so lovingly the second time I saw her, that I could not choose but admire her : and Galla's sweet smile quite overcame ^ Faustus the shepherd. Me aspiciens 7notis hlande subrisit ocellis. All other gestures of the body will enforce as much. Daphnis in "^Lucian was a poor tattered wench when I knew her first, said Covhile, 2?an7iosa et lacera, but now she is a stately piece indeed, hath her maids to attend her, brave attires, money in her purse, &c., and will you know how this came to pass? "by setting out herself after the best fashion, by her pleasant carriage, afiability, sweet smiling upon all," &c. Many women dote upon a man for his compliment only, and good be- haviour, they are won in an instant; too credulous to believe that every light wanton suitor, who sees or makes love to them, is instantly enamoured, he certainly dotes on, admires them, will surely marry, when as he means nothing less, 'tis his ordinary carriage in all such companies. So both delude each other by such outward shows ; and amongst the rest, an upright, a comely grace, courtesies, gentle salutations, cringes, a mincing gait, a decent and an affected pace, are most powerful enticers, and which the prophet Isaiah, a courtier himself, and a great observer, objected to the daughters of Zion, iii. 16. "they minced as they went, and made a tinkling with their feet." To say the truth, what can they not effect by such means 1 "Whilst nature decks them in their best attires Of youth and beauty wliich the world admires." "^ Urit voce, manu, gressu, pectore, fronte, oculis.'^ When art shall be annexed to beauty, when wiles and guiles shall concur; for to speak as it is, love is a kind of legerdemain; mere juggling, a fascination. When they show their fair hand, fine foot and leg withal, Tiiagnum sui desiderium nobis relinquunt, saith ^ Balthasar Castillo, lib. 1. they set us a longing, "and so when they pull up their petticoats and outward garments," as usually they do to show their fine stockings, and those of purest silken dye, gold fringes, laces, em- broiderings (it shall go hard but when they go to church, or to any other place, all shall be seen), 'tis but a springe to catch woodcocks ; and as ^ Chry- i Ovid de arte amandi. k Pers. 3. Sat. 1 Vel centum Charltes ridere putaret, Museus of Hero. ™ Hor, Od. 22. lib. 1. » Eustathius, 1. 5, <> Mantuan. P Tom. 4. merit dial. Exomando seipsam eieganter, facilem et hilarem se gerendo erga cunctos, ridendo suave ac blandum quid, &c. 1 Angerianus. '^Vel si forte vestimentum de iudustria elevetur, ut pedum ac tibiarum pars aliqua conspiciatur, dum tem- plum aut locum aliquem adierit. ^Sermone, quod non foeminje viris cohabitent. Non loquuta es lingua, sed loquuta es gressu: npn loquuta es voce, sed oculis loquuta cs ciarius quam voce. 524 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sec. 2. sostom telletli tliem downright, " thongli tliej say notliing with their mouths, they speak in their gait, they speak with their eyes, they speak in the car- riage of their bodies." And what shall we say otherwise of that baring of their necks, shoulders, naked breasts, arms and wrists, to what end are they but only to tempt men to lust ! " t Nam quid lacteolns sinus, et ipsas Prge te fers sine linteo papillas ? Hoc e8t dicere, posce, posce, trado ; Hoc est ad Venerem vocare amantes." There needs no more, as ^Fredericus Matenesius well observes, but a crier to go before them so dressed, to bid us look out, a trumpet to sound, or for de- fect a sow-gelder to blow. ^ Look out, look out and see What object this may be That doth perstringe mine eye ; A gallant lady goes In rich and gaudy clothes, But whither away God knows, ——look out, &c., ut quce sequuntur." or to what end and purpose? But to leave all these fantastical raptures, I'll prosecute my intended theme. Nakedness, as I have said, is an odious thing of itself, remedium amoris; yet it may be so used, in part, and at set times, that there can be no such enticement as it is ; " y Nee mihi cincta Diana placet, nee nuda Cythere, lUa voluptaris nil hahet, hsec nimium." David so espied Bathsheba, the elders Susanna: ^Apelles was enamoured with Cainpaspe, when he was to paint her naked. Tiberius m /S'we^. cap. 42. supped with Sestius G alius an old lecher, libidinoso sene, ed lege ut nudcepuellce administrarent : some say as much of Nero, and Pontus Huter of Carolus Pugnax. Amongst the Babylonians it was the custom of some lascivious queans to dance frisking in that fashion, saith Curtius, lib. 5. and Sardus demor. gent, lib. 1, writes of others to that effect. The ^Tuscans at some set banquets had naked women to attend upon them, which Leonicus de Varia hist. lib. 3. cap. 96. confirms of such other bawdy nations. Nero would have filthy pictures still hanging in his chamber, which is too commonly used in our times, and Heliogabalus, etiam coram agentes, ut ad venerem incitarent: So things may be abused. A servant maid in Aristsenetus spied her master and mistress through the key-hole ^ merrily disposed ; upon the sight she fell in love with her master. ^Antoninus Caracalla observed his mother-in-law with her breasts amorously laid open, he was so much moved, that he said Ah si liceret,. O that I might; which she by chance overhearing, replied as impudently, ^ Quicquid libet licet, thou mayest do what thou wilt : and upon that tempta- tion he married her: this object was not in cause, not the thing itself, but that unseemly, indecent carriage of it. When you have all done, veniunt a veste sagittce, the greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel; God makes, they say, man shapes, and there is no motive like unto it ; u e ^hich doth even beauty beautify, And most bewitch a wretched eye." a filthy knave, a deformed quean, a crooked carcass, a maukin, a witch, a rotten post, a hedgestake may be so set out and tricked up, that it shall make as fair a show, as much enamour as the rest : many a silly fellow is so taken. Primum luxurice aucupium, one calls it, the first snare of lust; t Jovianus Pontanus Baiar. lib. 1. ad Hermionem. " For why do you exhibit your ' milky way,* your, uncovered bosoms? What else is it but to say plainly, Ask me, ask me, I will surrender; and what is that but love's call ? " ^ De luxu vestium discurs. 6. Nihil aliud deest nisi ut prseco vos prsecedat, *« canos odorati capillos Assyriaque narclo. What strange things doth ^Sueton. relate in this matter of Caligula's riot 1 And PKny, lib. 12. & 13. Head more in Dioscorides, Ulmus, Arnoldus, Bandoletius defuco el decor atione ; for it is now an art, as it was of old (so ™ Seneca records), officince sunt adores coquen- tium. Women are bad and men worse, no difference at all between their and our times j "^good manners (as Seneca complains) are extinct with wanton- ness, in tricking up themselves men go beyond women, they wear harlots' colours, and do not walk, but jet and dance," hie mulier, hcec vir^ more like players, butterflies, baboons, apes, antics, than men. So ridiculous, moreover, we are in our attires, and for cost so excessive, that as Hierome said of old, Uno jilio villarum insunt pretia, uno lino decies sestertium inseritur; 'tis an ordinary thing to put a thousand oaks and a hundred oxen into a suit of apparel, to wear a whole manor on his back. What with shoe-ties, hangers, points, caps and feathers, scarfs, bands, cuffs, &c., in a short space their whole patri- monies are consumed. Heliogabalus is taxed by Lampridius, and admired in ^ Hymno Veneri dicato. b Argonaut. 1.4.. ^ Vlt. Anton, d Regia domo omatuque certantes, sese ac formam suam Antonio offerentes, &c. Cum ornatu et incredibili pompa per Cydnum fluvium navit^arent aurata puppi, ipsa ad similitudinem Veneris ornata, puellse Gratiis similes, pueri Cupidinibus, Antonuis ad visum stupefactus. ^ Amictum Chlamyde et coronis quum primum aspexit Cnemonem, ex potestate mentis excidit. f Lit), de lib. prop. SKuth. iii.3. hCap.ix.5, iJuv. Sat. 6. kHor. lib. 2. Od.ll. ICap. 27. ^ Epist. 90. ^^Quicquid est boiii moris levitate extinguitur, et politura corporis muliebres munditias antecessimus, colores mei-etricios viri sumimus, tenero et mclli gradu suspendimus gradum, noa ambulamus, nat. qujestlib. 7. cap. 31. 528 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. his age for wearing jewels in liis shoes, a common thing in our times, not for emperors and princes, but almost for serving men and tailors ; all the flowers, stars, constellations, gold and precious stones do condescend to set out their shoes. To repress the luxury of those Roman matrons, there was °Lex Valeria and Oppia, and a Cato to contradict ; but no laws will serve to repress the pride and insolency of our days, the prodigious riot in this kind. Lucullus's ward- robe is put down by our ordinary citizens; and a cobbler's wife in Yenice, a courtesan in Florence, is no whit inferior to a queen, if our geographers say true : and why is all this 1 "Why do they glory in their jewels (as ^ he saith) or exult and triumph in the beauty of clothes ? why is all this cost? to incite men the sooner to burning lust. They pretend decency and ornament ; but let them take heed, that while they set out their bodies they do not damn their souls;" 'tis "^Bernard's counsel: "shine in jewels, stink in conditions ; have purple robes, and a torn conscience." Let them take heed of Isaiah's pro- phecy, that their slippers and attires be not taken from them, sweet balls, bracelets, ear-rings, veils, wimples, crisping-pins, glasses, fine linen, hoods, lawns, and sweet savours, they become not bald, burned, and stink upon a sudden. And let maids beware, as ^Cyprian adviseth, "that while they wander too loosely abroad, they lose not their virginities:" and like Egyptian temples, seem fair without, but prove rotten carcases within. How much better were it for them to follow that good counsel of Tertullian? " ^To have their eyes painted with chastity, the Woid of God inserted into their ears, Christ's yoke tied to the hair, to subject themselves to their husbands. If they would do so, they should be comely enough, clothe themselves with the silk of sanctity, damask of devotion, purple of piety and chastity, and so painted, they shall have God himself to be a suitor :" "let whores and queans prank up themselves, ^let them paint their faces with minion and ceruse, they are but fuels of lust, and signs of a corrupt soul : if ye be good, honest, virtuous, and religious matrons, let sobriety, modesty and chastity be your honour, and God himself your love and desire." Mulier recte olet, uhi 7iihil olet, then a woman smells best, when she hath no perfume at all; no crown, chain, or jewel (Guivarra adds) is such an ornament to a virgin, or virtuous woman, quam virgini pudor, as chastity is : more credit in a wise man's eye and judgment they get by their plainness, and seem fairer than they that are set out with baubles, as a butcher's meat is with pricks, puffed up, and adorned like so many jays with variety of colours. It is reported of Cornelia, that virtuous Koman lady, great Scipio's daughter, Titus Sempronius' wife and the mother of the Gracchi, that being by chance in company with a companion, a strange gentlewoman (some light housewife belike, that was dressed like a May lady, and, as most ofour gentlewomen are, "was "more solicitous of her head-tire than of her health, that spent her time between a comb and a glass, and had rather be fair than honest (as Cato said), and have the commonwealth turned topsy- turvy than her tires marred) ;" and she did nought but brag of her fine robes and jewels, and provoked the Roman matron to show hers: Cornelia kept her in talk till her children came from school, and these, said she, are my jewels, and so deluded and put off a proud, vain, fantastical, housewife. How much o Liv. lib. 4. dec. 4. P Quid exaltas in pulchritudine panni ? Quid gloriaris in gemmis ut facilius invites ad lilaidinosum ineendium ? Mat. Bossus de immoder. mulier. cultu. ^ Epist. 1 1 3. fulgent monilibus, moribus sordent, purpura! a vestis, conscientia pannosa, cap. 3. 17. ^ De virginali habitu ; dum ornari cultius, dum evagari vlrgines volunt, desinunt esse virgines. Clemens Alexandrinus, lib. de pulchr. animas, ibid, s Lib.2. de cultu mulierum, oculos depletes verecundia, inferentes in aures sermonem dei, annectentes crinibus jugum Ciiristi, caput maritis subjicientes, sic facile et satis eritis ornatse: vestite yos serico pro- bitatis, byssino sanctitatis, pui-pura pudicitia? ; taliter pigmentatse deum habebitis amatorem. tSuas habeant Romanae lascivias ; purpurissa, ac cerussa ora perungant, fomenta libidinum, et corrupta3_ mentis indicia; ves^rum ornamentum deus sit, pudicitia, virtutis studimn. Bossus Flautus. ^ Sollicitiores de capitis sui decore quam rie salute, inter pectinem et speculum diem perdunt, concinniores esse malunt quam lionestiores, et rempub. minus turbari cuvant quam comam. Seneca. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 529 better were it for our matrons to do as she did, to go civilly and decently, ^ HonestcE mulieris instar qucB utitur auro pro eo quod est, adea tantum quibus opus est, to use gold as it is gold, and for that use it serves, and when they need it, than to consume it in riot, beggar their husbands, prostitute them- selves, inveigle others, and perad venture damn their own souls 1 How much more would it be to their honour and credit ? Thus doing, as Hierom said of Blesilla, " ^ Furius did not so triumph over the Gauls, Papyrius of the Sam- nites, Scipio of Numantia, as she did by her temperance;" pulla semper veste, &LC., they should insult and domineer over lust, folly, vain-glory, all such in- ordinate, furious and unruly passions. But I am over tedious,! confess, and whilst I stand gaping after fine clothes, there is another great allurement (in the world's eye at least), which had like to have stolen out of sight, and that is money, veniunt h dote sagittce, money makes the match; '^Movh apyvpov ^XsTrovffivi 'tis like sauce to their meat, cum came condimenium, a good dowry with a wife. Many men if they do hear but of a great portion, a rich heir, are more mad than if they had all the beauteous ornaments, and those good parts art and nature can afford, they ^care not for honesty, bringing up, birth, beauty, person, but for money. b Canes et eqiios (6 Cyrne) quserimus Nobiles, et a bona progenie ; Malam vero uxorem, nialique patris filiam Ducere non curat vir bonus, Modo ei magnam dotem aft'erat." ■Our dogs and horses still from tlie best breed We carefully seek, and well may they speed : But for our wives, so they prove wealthy, Fair or foul, we care not what they be." If she be rich, then she is fair, fine, absolute and perfect, then they burn like fire, they love her dearly, like pig and pie, and are ready to hang themselves if they may not have her. Nothing so familiar in these days, as for a young man to marry an old wife, as they say, for a piece of gold; asi?ium auro onus- turn; and though she be an old crone, and have never a tooth in her head, neither good conditions, nor a good face, a natural fool, "but only rich, she shall have twenty young gallants to be suitors in an instant. As she said in Sue- tonius, non me, sed mea ambiunt, 'tis not for her sake, but for her lands or money ; and an excellent match it were (as he added) if she were away. So on the other side, many a young lovely maid will cast away herself upon an old, doting, decrepit dizzard, " ° Bis puer effoeto quamvis balbutiat ore, Prima legit rarse tam culta roseta puellse," that is rheumatic and gouty, hath some twenty diseases, perhaps but one eye, one leg, never a nose, no hair on his head, wit in his brains, nor honesty, if he have land or *^ money, she will have him before all other suitors, ^ Dummodo sit dives barbarus ille placet. " If he be rich, he is the man," a fine man, and a proper man, she will go to Jacaktres or Tidore with him; Galesimus de monte aureo. Sir Giles Goosecap, Sir Amorous La-Fool, shall have her. And as Philemasium in ^Aristsenetus told Emmusus, absque argento omnia vana, hang him that hath no money, "'tis to no purpose to talk of marriage without means," ^trouble me not with such motions; let others do as they will, " I'll be sure to have one shall maintain me fine and brave." Most are of her mind, ^De moribus ultima fiet questio, for his conditions, she shall inquire after them another time, or when all is done, the match made, and every body gone home. ^Lucian's Lycia was a proper young maid, and had many fine gentlemen to her suitors ; Ethecles, a senator's son, Melissus, a merchant, &c. ; but she forsook them all for one Passius, a base, hirsute, bald- ^ Lucian. y Non sic Furius de Gallis, non PapjTius de Samnitibus, Scipio de Numantia triumphavit, ac illase vincendo in hac parte. ^ Anacreon. 4. solum intuemur aurum. ^ Asses tecum si vis vi,vere mecum. bTheognis. '^ Chaloner. 1. 9. de Repub. Ang. d Uxorem ducat Danaen, &c. ® Ovid, ftpist. 14. formam spectant alii per gratias, ego pecuniam, &c. ne mihi negotiura facesse. ^ Qui caret argento, frustra utitur argumento. h Juvenalis. i Tom. 4. merit, dial, multos amatores rejecu, quia pater ejus nuper mortuus, ac dominus ipse factus bonorum omnium. 2 M 530 Love-Melayicholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. pated knave; but why wtis it? "His father lately died and left him sole heir of his goods and lands." This is not amongst your dust worms alone, poor snakes that will prostitute their souls for money, but with this bait you may catch our most potent, puissant, and illustrious princes. That proud upstart domineering Bishop of Ely, in the time of Richard the First, viceroy in his absence, as ^ IS ubrigensis relates it, to fortify himself, and maintain his greatness, propinquarum suarum connubiis, plurimos sibi potentes et nobiles devincire curavit, married his poor kinswomen (which came forth of Normandy by droves) to the chiefest nobles of the land, and they were glad to accept of such matches, fair or foul, for themselves, their sons, nephews, &c. Et quis tarn pr cedar am affiniiaiem sub sjje magncB promotionls non optaret'^ Who would not have done as much for money and preferment? as mine author %dds. Yortiger, King of Britain, married Howena the daughter of Hengist the Saxon prince, his mortal enemy; but wherefore? she had Kent for her dowry, lagello, the great Duke of Lithuania, 1386, was mightily enamoured on Hedenga, insomuch that he turned Christian from a Pagan, and was baptized himself by the name of XJladislaus, and all his subjects for her sake : but why was it ? she was daughter and heir of Poland, and his desire was to have both kingdoms incorporated into one. Charles the G-reat was an earnest suitor to Irene the Empress, but, saith ^Zonarus, ob regnum, to annex the empire of the East to that of the West. Yet what is the event of all such matches, that are so made for money, goods, by deceit, or for burning lust, quos fceda libido cortjunxit, what follows ? they are almost mad at first, but 'tis a mere flash; as chaff and straw soon fired, burn vehemently for a while, yet out in a moment ; so are all such matches made by those allurements of burning lust ; where there is no respect of honesty, parentage, virtue, religion, education, and the like, they are extinguished in an instant, and instead of love comes hate; for joy, repentance and desperation itself Franciscus Barbaras in his fi.rst book de re uxorid, c, 5, hath a story of one Philip of Padua that fell in love with a common whore, and was now ready to run mad for her; his father having no more sons let him enjoy her; "^but after a few days, the young man began to loath, could not so much as endure the sight of her, and from one madness fell into another." Such event commonly have all these lovers; and he that so marries, or for such respects, let them look for no better success than Menelaus had with Helen, Yulcan with Yenus, Theseus with Phaedra, Minos with Pasiphae, and Claudius with M essalina ; shame, sorrow, misery, melancholy, discontent. SuBSECT. TV. — Importunity and Opportunity of Time, Place, Conference, Discourse, Singiyig, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales, Objects, Kissing, Fa- miliarity, Tokens, Presents, Bribes, Promises, Protestations, Tears, S^c. All these allurements hitherto are afar off, and at a distance ; I will come nearer to those other degrees of love, v/hich are coniei^ence, kissing, dalliance, discourse, singing, dancing, amorous tales, objects, presents, &c., which as so many Syrens steal away the hearts of men and women. For, as Tacitus observes, /. 2, " ° It is no sufficient trial of a maid's affection by her eyes alone, but you must say something that shall be more available, and use such other forcible engines; therefore take her by the hand, wring her fingers kLib. 3. cap. 14. quisnoMlium eo tempore, sibi aut filio aut nepoti uxorem accipere cupiens, oblatam sibi aliquam propinquarum ejus non acciperet obviis manibus? Quarum turbam acciverat e Normannia in Angiiam ejus rei gratia. 1 Alexander Gaguinus Sarmat. Europ. descript. i" Tom. 3. Annal. _ »i Libido statim deferbuit, fastidium csepit, et quod in eatantopereadamavit aspernatur, et ab segritudine liberatus in angorern incidit. ^ De puellte voluntate periculum facere solis oculis non est satis, sed efficacius aliquid agere oportet, ibique etiam machinam alteram adhibere : itaque manus tange, digitus constringe, atque inter stringendum suspira; si hsec agentem gequo se animo feret, neque facta hujusmodi aspernabitur, turn Yero dominam appella, ej usque coUum suaviare. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements, 531 hard, and sigli withal; if she accept this in good part, and seem not to be much averse, then call her mistress, take her about the neck and kiss her," &c. But this cannot be done except they first get opportunity of living, or coming together, ingress, egress, and regress; letters and commendations may do much, outward gestures and actions : but when they come to live near one another, in the same street, village, or together in a house, love is kindled on a sudden. Many a serving-man by reason of this opportunity and importunity inveigles his master's daughter, many a gallant loves a dowdy, many a gentleman runs upon his wife's maids; many ladies dote upon their men, as the queen in A.riosto did upon the dwarf, many matches are so made in haste, and they are compelled as it were by ^necessity so to love, which had they been free, come in company of others, seen that variety which many places afford, or compared them to a third, would never have looked one upon another. Or had not that opportunity of discourse and familiarity been offered, they would have loathed and contemned those whom, for want of better choice and other objects, they are fatally driven on, and by reason of their hot blood, idle life, full diet, &c., are forced to dote upon them that come next. And many times those which at the first sight cannot fancy or affect each other, but are harsh and ready to disagree, offended with each other's carriage, like Benedict and Beatrice in the ^comedy, and in whom they find many faults, by this living together in a house, conference, kissing, colling, and such like allurements, begin at last to dote insensibly one upon another. It was the greatest motive that Potiphar's wife had to dote upon Joseph, and ^ Clitiphon upon Leucippe his uncle's daughter, because the plague being at Bizance, it was his fortune for a time to sojourn with her, to sit next her at the table, as he tells the tale himself in Tatius, lib. 2. (which, though it be but a fiction, is grounded u^Don good observation, and doth well express the passions of lovers,) he had opportunity to take her by the hand, and after a while to kiss, and handle her paps, &c., ^ which made him almost mad. Ismenius the orator makes the like confession in Eustathius, lib. 1, when he came first to Sosthene's house, and sat at table with Cratistes his friend, Ismene, Sosthene's daughter, Avaiting on them " with her breasts open, arms half bare," Nuda pederti, discincta sinum, s2?oliata lacertos: after the Greek fashion in those times, — ^^nudos media plus parte lacertos, as Daphne was when she fled from Phoebus (which moved him much), was ever ready to give attendance on him, to fill him drink, lier eyes were never off' him, rogabundi oculi, those speaking eye-, courting eyes, enchanting eyes; but she was still smiling on him, and when they were risen, that she had got a little opportunity, " ^ she came and drank to him, and withal trod upon his toes, and would come and go, and when she could not speak for the company, she would wring his hand," and blush when she met him : and by this means first she overcame him {bibens amorem hauriebam simul), she would kiss the cup and drink to him, and smile, " and drink where he drank on that side of the cup," by which mutual compressions, kissings, wringing of hands, treading of feet, &c. Ipsam mihi videbar sorbillare virginem, I sipped and sipped so long, till at length I was drunk in love upon a sudden. Philocharinus, in ^Aristsenetus, met a fair maid by chance, a mere stranger to him, he looked back at her, she looked back at him again, and smiled withal. " ^ lUe dies lethi primus, primusque malorum Causa fuit" P Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings. 1 Shakspeare. ^Tatius, lib. 1. ^ jq juammanim attractu, Eon aspernandainest jucundilas, et attrectatus, &c. tJlantuan. ^Ovid. 1. Met. ^Manusad cubitura nuda, coram astaiis, fortius intuita, tenuem de pectore spiritum ducens, digitum meum pressit, et bibens pedem pressit ; mutujB compressiones corporum, labiorum commixtiones, pedum connexiones, ovi ingenium mulierum, nolunt ubi veils, nbi nolis cupiunt ultro. Ter. Euuuc. act. 4. sc. 7. 1 Marlowe. 538 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. kingdom. ^ Aretlne's Lucretia was an excellent artisan in this kind, as she tells her own tale, " Though I was by nature and art most beautiful and fair, yet by these tricks I seemed to be far more amiable than I was, for that which men earnestly seek and cannot attain, draws on their affection with a most furious desire. I had a suitor loved me dearly (said she), and the ^ more he gave me, the more eagerly he wooed me, the more I seemed to neglect, to scorn him, and which I commonly gave others, I would not let him see me, converse with me, no, not have a kiss. To gull him the more, and fetch him over (for him only I aimed at) I personated my own servant to bring in a present from a Spanish count, whilst he was in my company, as if he had been the count's servant, which he did excellently well perform : ^ Coines de monte Turco, ' my lord and master hath sent your ladyship a small present, and part of his hunting, a piece of venison, a pheasant, a few partridges, (fee' (all which she bought with her own money), ' commends his love and service to you, desiring you to accept of it in good part, and he means very shortly to come and see you.'" Withal she showed him rings, gloves, scarfs, coronets which others had sent her, when there was no such matter, but only to circumvent him. " By these means (as she concludes) " I made the poor gentleman^so mad, that he was ready to spend himself, and venture his dearest blood for my sake." Philinna, in ^Lucian, practised all this long before, as it shall appear unto you by her discourse ; for when Diphilus her sweetheart came to see her (as his daily custom was) she frowned upon him, would not vouchsafe him her company, but kissed Lamprius his co-rival, at the same time -^before his face : but why was it ? To make him (as she telleth her mother that chid her for it) more jealous; to whet his love, to come with a greater appetite, and to know that her favour was not so easy to be had. Many other tricks she used besides this (as she there confesseth), for she would fall out with, and anger him of set purpose, pick quarrels upon no occasion, because she would be reconciled to him again. Amantium tree amorts redintegratio, as the old saying is, the falling out of lovers is the renewing of lovej and according to that of Aristsenetus, jucundiores amorum post injurias delicice, love is increased by injuries, as the sunbeams are more gracious after a cloud. And surely this aphorism is most true; for as Ampelis informs Crisis in the said Lucian, "^If a lover be not jealous, angry, waspish, apt to fall out, sigh and swear, he is no true lover." To kiss and coll, hang about her neck, protest, swear and wish, are but ordinary symptoms, incipientis adhuc et crescentis amoris signa; but if he be jealous, angry, apt to mistake, &c., he7ie speres licet, sweet sister he is thine own; yet if you let him alone, humour him, please him, &c., and that he perceive once he hath you sure, without any co-rival, liis love will languish, and he will not care so much for you. Hitherto (saith she) can I speak out of experience; Demophantus a rich fellow was a suitor of mine, I seemed to neglect him, and gave better entertainment to Calliades the painter before his face, principio oMit, verbis me insectatus at first he went away all in a chafe, cursing and swearing, but at last he came submitting himself, vow- ing and protesting he loved me most dearly, I should have all he had, and that he would kill himself for my sake. Therefore I advise thee (dear sister Crisis) and all maids, not to use your suitors over kindly; insolentes enim sunt hoc cum sentiunt, 'twill make them proud and insolent; but now and then reject r pornodidascolo dial. Ital. Latin. Donat. h. Gasp. Bartliio Germatio Quanquam nahira, et arte eram formosissiraa, isto tamen astu tanto speciosior videbar, quod enim oculis cupitum segre pr«betur, mtilto raagis affectus humanos iiicendit. ^ Quo majonbus me donis propitiabat, eo pejoribiis ilium modis tractabam, ne basium impetravit, &c. t Comes de monte Turco Hispanus has de venatione sua partes misLtJussitque peramanter orare, ut hoc qualecunque donum suo nomine accipias. ^ His artibus hominem ita excantabam, ut pro me ille ad omnia paratus, &c. ^ Tom. 4.. dial, meret. y Kelicto illo, a^gre ipsi interim faciens, et omnino difficilis. ^ Si quis enim nee Zelotypuis, irascitur, necpu,2nat aliquando amator, . nee perjurat, non est habendus amator, &c. Totus hie ignis Zelotypia constat, &c. maximi amores inde hascuntur. Sed si persuasum illi fuerit te solum habere,, elanguescit illico amor suus. Mem. 2. Subs. 4. Artljicial Allurements. 539 tliem, estrange tliyself, el si me aucUes semel atque iferum exclude, slant him out of doors once or twice, let him dance attendance; follow my counsel, and by tliis means ^you shall make him mad, come off roundly, stand to any con- ditions, and do whatsoever you will have him. These are the ordinary prac- tices ; yet in the said Lucian, Melissa methinks had a trick beyond all this ; for when Jier suitor came coldly on, to stir him up, she writ one of his co- rivals' names and her own in a paper, Melissa amat Herniotimum Herinotimus Melissam, causing it to be stuck upon a post, for all gazers to behold, and lost it in the way where he used to walk; Avhicli when the silly novice perceived, statim ut legit credidlt, instantly apprehended it was so, came raving to me, &c., " ^and so when I v/as in despair of his love, four months after I recovered him again." Eugenia drew Timocles for her valentine, and wore his name a long time after in her bosom : Cam?3na singled out Pamphilus to dance, at Myson's wedding (some say), for there she saw him first ; Frelicianus over- took Ceelia by the highway side, ofiered his service, thence came further ac- quaintance, and thence came love. But who can repeat half their devices 1 "What Aretine experienced, what conceited Lucian, or wanton Aristsenetus ? They will deny and take, stiffly refuse, and yet earnestly seek the same, repel to make them come with more eagerness, fly from if you follow, but if averse, as a shadow they will follow you Siga.ui,/ugienteni sequitur, sequentem fugit ; ^Yith. a regaining retreat, a gentle reluctancy, a smiling threat, a pretty pleasant peevishness they will put you off, and have a thousand such several enticements. For as he saith. ° Kon est fonna satis, nee qu£e vult bella videri, Debet vulgrari more placere suis, Dicta, sales, lusus, sermones, gratia, risus, Vincunt nature candidioris <;pus." ' 'Tis not enough though she he fair of hue, For her to use this vulgar compliment : 1 ut pretty toys and jests, and saws and smiles, As fur beyond what beauty can attempt." ^ For this cause belike Philostratus, in his images, makes diverse loves, " some young, some of one age, some of another, some winged, some of one sex, some of another, some with torches, some with golden apples, some with darts, gins, snares, and other engines in their hands," as Propertius hath prettily painted them out, lib. 2. et 29. and which some interpret, diverse enticements, or diverse affections of lovers, which if not alone, yet jointly may batter and overcome the strongest constitutions. It is reported of Decius and Yalerianus, those two notorious persecutors of the church, that when they could enforce a young Christian by no means (as ® Hierome records) to sacrifice to theu^ idols, by no torments or promises, they took another course to tempt him : they put him into a fail- garden, and set a young courtezan to dally with him, " ^she took him about the neck and kissed him, and that which is not to be named," manibusque attrectare, &c., and all those enticements which might be used, that whom torments could not, love might batter and beleaguer. But such was his constancy, she could not over- come, and when this last engine would take no place, they left him to his own ways. At ^ Berkley in Gloucestershire, there was in times past a nunnery (saith Gualterus Mapes, an old historiographer, that lived 400 years since), " of which there was a noble and a fair lady abbess : Godwin, that subtile Earl of Kent, travelling that way (seeking not her but hers), leaves a nephew of his, a proper young gallant (as if he had been sick) with her, till he came back again, and gives the young man charge so long to counterfeit, till he had ^ Veiiientem videbis ipsum denuo inflammatum et prorsus insanientem. bEt siccum fere de illo despe- rassem, post menses quatuor ad me rediit. ° Petronius, Catal. d Imagines decrum. fol. 327. varies amores facit, quos aliqui interpretantur multiplices atfectus et illecebras, alios puellos, puellas, alatos, alios poma aurea, alios sagittas, alios laqueos, &c. e Epist. lib. 3. vita Pauli EremitjB. f Meretrix speciosa cepit delicatius stringere colla coraplexibus, et corpore in libidinem concitato, Speusippas a noble gallant in ^that Greek Aristsenetus, seeing Panareta a fair young gentlewoman dancing by accident, was so far in love with her, that for a long time after he could think of nothing but Panareta : he came raving home full of Panareta : " Who would not admire her, who would not love her, that should but see her dance as I did ] O admirable, O divine Panareta ! I have seen old and new Rome, many fair cities, many proper women, but never any like to Panareta, they are dross, dowdies all to Panareta ! O how she danced, how she tripped, how she turned, with what a grace ! happy is that man that shall enjoy her. most incom- parable, only, Panareta!" When Xenophon, in Symposio, or Banquet, had discoursed of love, and used all the engines that might be devised, to move Socrates, amongst the rest, to stii' liim the more, he shuts up all with a plea- sant interlude or dance of Dionysius and Ariadne. " * First Ariadne dressed like a bride came in and took her place; by and by Dionysius entered, dancing to the music. The spectators did all admire the young man's carriage; and Ariadne herself was so much affected with the sight, that she could scarce sit. After a while Dionysius beholding Ariadne, and incensed with love, bowing to her knees, embraced her first, and kissed her with a grace ; she embraced him again, and kissed him with like affection, &c., as the dance required; but they that stood by, and saw tliis, did much applaud and commend them both for it. And when Dionysius rose up, he raised her up with him, and many pretty ges- tures, embraces, kisses, and love compliments passed between them : which when they saw fair Bacchus and beautiful Ariadne so sweetly and so unfeign- edly kissing each other, so really embracing, they swore they loved indeed, and Avere so inflamed with the object, that they began to rouse up themselves, as if they would have flown. At the last when they saw them still, so willingly embracing, and now ready to go to the bride-chamber, they were so ravished with it, that they that were unmarried, swore they would forth with marry, and those that were married called instantly for their horses, and galloped home to their wives." What greater motive can there be than this burning lust? what so violent an oppugner % Not without good cause therefore so many general councils condemn it, so many fathers abhor it, so many grave men speak against it ; " Use not the company of a woman," saith Syracides, 8. 4. "that is a singer, or a dancer; neither hear, lest thou be taken in her craftiness." In circo non tarn cerniiur quam discUur libido. "Hcedus holds, lust in theatres is not seen, but learned. Gregory Nazianzen that eloquent divine (^as he relates the story himself), when a noble friend of his solemnly invited him with other bishops, to his daughter Olympia's wedding, refused to come: "^For it is absurd to see an old gouty bishop sit amongst dancers;" he held it unfit to be a spectator, much less an actor. Nemo saltat sobrius, Tully writes, he is not a sober man that danceth ; for some such reason (belike) Domitian forbade the Roman senators to dance, and for that fact removed many of them from the senate. But these, you will say, are lascivious !■ Of whom he begat William the Conqueror; by the same token she tore her smock dow-n, saying, &c. 8 Epist. 26. Quis non miratus est saltantem ? Quis non vldit et amavit ? veterem et novam vidi Ko'mam, sed tibi similem non vidi Panareta ; felix qui Panareta fruitur, &c. t Piincipio Ariadne velut sponsa prodit, ac sola recedit; pvodiens illico Dionysius ad numeros cantante tibia saltabat; admirati sunt omnes saltantem juvenem, ipsaque Ariadne, ut vix potuerit conquiescere; postea vero cum Dionysius earn aspexit, &c. Ut autera surrexit Dionysius, erexit simul Ariadnem, licebatque spectare gestiis osculantium, et inter se com- plectentium ; quiautemspectabant, &c. Ad extremum videnteseosmutuis amplexibus implicatos et jamjam ad thalaramn ituros ; qui non duxerant uxores jurabant uxores se ducturos ; qui autem duxerant conscensis equis et incitatis, ut iisdem fruerentui-, domum festinarunt. ^ Lib. 4. de contemnend. amoribus. ^ Ad Aiiysium epist. 57. y Intempestivum enim est, et a nuptiis abhorrens, inter saltantes podagricum videre scnem, et episcopum. 542 Love-Melancholy, [Part. 3. Sec. 2. and Pagan dances, 'tis tlie abuse that causeth such inconvenience, and I do not well therefore to condemn, speak against, or " innocently to accuse the best and pleasantest thing (so ^Lncian calls it) that belongs to mortal men." You misinterpret, I condemn it not; I hold it notwithstanding an honest dis- port, a lawful recreation, if it be opportune, modera,tely and soberly used : I am of Plutarch's mind, " ^ that which respects pleasure alone, honest recrea- tion, or bodily exercise, ought not to be rejected and contemned :" I subscribe to ^Lucian, " 'tis an elegant thing, which cheereth up the mind, exerciseth the body, delights the spectators, which teacheth many comely gestures, equally affecting the ears, eyes, and soul itself." Sallust discommends singing and dancing in Sempronia, not that she did sing or dance, but that she did it in excess, 'tis the abuse of it; and Gregory's refusal doth not simply condemn it, but in some folks. Many will not allow men and women to dance together, be- cause it is a provocation to lust : they may as well, with Lycurgus and Mahomet, cut down all vines, forbid the drinking of wine, for that it makes some men drunk. " ° Nihil prodest quod non laedere posset idem; Igne quid utilius ? " I say of this as of all other honest recreations, they are like fire, good and bad, and I see no such inconvenience, but that they may so dance, if it be done at due times, and by fit persons : and conclude with Wolfongus "^Hider, and most of our modern divines : Si decorcE, graves, verecundce, plena luce bonorum virorum et matronarum honestarum,tempestiveJiant,prohari possunt, et dehent. " There is a time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. Let them take their pleasures then, and as ®he said of old, " young men and maids flourishing in their age, fair and lovely to behold, well attired, and of comely carriage, dancing a Greek galliard, and as their dance required, kept their time, now turning now tracing, now apart now altogether, now a courtesy then a caper," &c., and it was a pleasant sight to see those pretty knots, and swimming figures. The sun and moon (some say) dance about the earth, the three upper planets about the sun as their centre, now stationary, now direct, now retrograde, now m apogee, then i?i perigee, now swift then slow, occiden- tal, oriental, they turn round, jump and trace, ? and ^ about the sun with those thirty- three Maculae or Bourbonian ]A3iU.et,circa Solemsaltantes Cythare- dum, saith Fromundus. Four Medicean stars dance about Jupiter, two Aus- trian about Saturn, &c., and all (belike) to the music of the spheres. Our greatest counsellors, and staid senators, at some times dance, as David before the ark, 2 Sam. vi. 14. Miiiam, Exod. xv. 20. Judith, xv. 13. (though the devil hence perhaps hath brought in those bawdy bacchanals), and well may they do it. The greatest soldiers, as ^Quintilianus, ^^milius Probus, ^Coelius Rhodiginus, have proved at large, still use it in Greece, Rome, and the most worthy senators, cantare, saltare, Lucian, Macrobius, Libanus, Plutarch, Julius, Pollux, Athenseus, have wiitten just tracts in commendation of it. In this our age it is in much request in those countries, as in all civil com- monwealths, as Alexander ab Alexai;idro, lib. 4. cap. 10. et lib. 2. cap. 25. hath proved at large, ^amongst the barbarians themselves none so precious ; all the world allows it. "kDi^itias contemno tuas, rex Crsese, tuamque Vendo Asiam, unguentis, flore, mero, ciioreis." ^ Rem omnium in mortalium vita optimam innocenter accusare. * Quse honestam voluptatem respicit, aut corporis exercitium, contemni non debet. b Elegantissima res est, quis et mentem acuit, corpus exeiceat, et spectantes oblectet, multos gestus decoros docens, oculos, aures, animum ex a^quo demulcens. •'Ovid. d System, moralis philosophise. ^ Apuleius. 10. Puelli, puell^que virenti florentes aetatula, forma conspicui, veste nitidi, incessu gratiosi, Grsecanicam saltantes Pyrrhicam, dispositis ordinationibus, decoros ambitus inenabant, nunc in orbem flexi, nunc in obliquam seriem connexi, nunc ta quadrum cuneati, nunc inde separati, &c. fLib. 1. cap. 11. svit. Epaminondaj. hLib. 5. i Bead l*. Mai'tyr Ocean Decad. Benzo, Lerius Hacluit, &c. kAngerianus Erotopaidium. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 543 iPlatOjin his Common wealth, will have dancing-schools to be maintained, "that young folks might meet, be acquainted, see one another, and be seen;" nay more, he would have them dance naked ; and scoffs at them that laugh at it. But Eusebias, prcepar. Evangel, lib. 1. ca}?. 11. and Theodoret, lib. 9. curat, grcec. affect, worthily lash him for it ; and well they might : for as one saith, " °^ the very sight of naked parts causeth enormous, exceeding concu- piscences, and stirs up both men and women to burning lust." There is a mean in all things : this is my censure in brief; dancing is a pleasant recre- ation of body and mind, if sober and modest (such as our Christian dances are), if tempestively used ; a furious motive to burning lust, if as by Pagans heretofore, unchastely abused. But I proceed. If these, allurements do not take place, for ^^ Simierus, that gTeat master of dalliance, shall not behave himself better, the more effectually to move others, and satisfy their lust, they will swear and lie, promise, protest, forge, coun- terfeit, brag, bribe, flatter and dissemble of all sides. 'Twas Lucretia's coun- sel in Aretine, Si vis arnica frui, promitte, finge, jura, perjura, jacta, Simula, mentire; and they put it well in practice, as Apollo to Daphne, " ° mihi Delphica tellus I " Delphos, Claros, and Tenedos serve me, Et Claros el Tenedos, patareaque regia servit, And Jupiter is known my sire to be." Jupiter est genitor" | ^ The poorest swains will do as much, ^Mille pecus nivei sunt et mihi vallibus agni; "I have a thousand sheep, good store of cattle, and they are all at her command," " ^ Tibi nos, tibi nostra supellex, Ruraqae servierint " "house, land, goods, are at her service," as he is himself. Dinomachus, a senator's son in ^ Lucian, in love with a wench inferior to hiai in birth and fortunes, the sooner to accomplish his desire, wept unto her, and swore he loved her with all his heart, and her alone, and that as soon as ever his father died (a very rich man and almost decrepid) he would make her his wife. The maid by chance made her mother acquainted with the business, who being an old fox, well experienced in such matters, told her daughter, now ready to yield to his desire, that he meant nothing less, for dost thou think he will ever care for thee, being a poor wench, ^ that may have his choice of all the beau- ties in the city, one noble by birth, with so many talents, as young, better qualified, and fairer than thyself? daughter, believe him not : the maid was abashed, and so the matter broke off". When Jupiter wooed Juno first (Lilius Giraldus relates it out of an old comment on Theocritus), the better to effect his suit, he turned himself into a cuckoo, and spying her one day walking along, separated from the other goddesses, caused a tempest suddenly to arise, for fear of which she fled to shelter : Jupiter to avoid the storm likewise flew into her lap, in virginis Junonis gremiwni devolavit, whom Juno for pity covered in her ^ apron. But he turned himself forthwith into his own shape, began to embrace and offer violence unto her, sed ilia matris metu abnuebat, but she by no means would yield, donee pollicitus connubium obtinuit, till he vowed and swore to marry her, and then she gave consent. This fact was done at Thornax hill, which ever after was called Cuckoo hill, and in perpetual remembrance there was a temple erected to Telia Jmio in the same place. So powerful are fair promises, vows, oaths, and protestations. It is an ordinary 1 10 Leg. Tnr 'ihp Totai'Tri? o-Tre^^is' evsKa, &c. hujus cansa oportuit disciplinam constitni, ut tam pueri qnam puellse choreas celebrent, spectentnrque ac spectent, &.c. ^ Aspectus enim nudorum corporum tam marcs quam feminas imtaresolet ad enormes lascivias appetitus. ^ Camden Annal. anno 1578, fol. 27G. Ama- toriis facetiis et illecebris exqiiisitissimus. ^ IMet. 1. Ovid. P Erasmus egl. mille mei Siculis errant in montibus agni. l Virg. ^Logcheus. sq-Qm. 4. meret. dial, amare se jurat et lachrimatar dicitque Tixorem me ducere velie, quum pater oculos clausisset. t Quum dotera alibi multo majorem aspiciet, &.c. '^ Or upi er garment. Quem Juno miserata veste contexit. 544 Ltyoe-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. thing too. in this case to belie tlieir age, which widows usually do, that mean to many again, and bachelors too sometimes, " ^ Cujus octaviim trepidavit Betas cernere lustrum ; " to say they are younger than they are. Carmides in the said Lucian loved Philematium, an old maid of forty-five years; ' she swore to him she was but thirty-two next December. But to dissemble in this kind, is familiar of all sides, and often it takes. ^Fallere credentem res est operosa puellam 'tis soon done, no such great mastery, Egregiam verb laudem, et spoUa ampla, - and nothing so frequent as to belie their estates, to prefer their suits, and to advance themselves, Many men to fetch over a young woman, widows, or whom they love, will not stick to crack, forge and feign any thing comes next, bid his boy fetch his cloak, rapier, gloves, jewels, &c., in such a chest, scarlet- golden-tissue breeches, &c., when there is no such matter; or make any scruple to give out, as he did in Petronius, that he was master of a ship, kept so many servants, and to personate their part the better, take upon them to be gentle- men of good houses, well descended and allied, hire apparel at brokers', some scavenger or prick-louse tailors to attend upon them for the time, swear they have great possessions, "bribe, lie, cog, and foist how dearly they love, how bravely they will maintain her, like any lady, countess, duchess, or queen; they shall have gowns, tiers, jewels, coaches, and caroches, choice diet, " The heads of parrots, tongues of nightingales, [ Spirit of roses and of violets, The brains of peacocks, and of ostriches, The milk of unicorns," &c. Their bath shall be the juice of gilliflowers, | as old Yolpone courted Ccelia in the '^ comedy, when as they are no such men, not worth a groat, but mere sharkers, to make a fortune, to get their desire, or else pretend love to spend their idle hours, to be more welcome, and for better entertainment. The conclusion is, they mean nothing less, "yNil metuunt jurare, nihil promittere curant : I "Oaths, vows, promises, are much protested; Sed simul ac cupidai mentis satiata libido est, But when their mind and lust is satisfied. Dicta nihil metuere, nihil perjuria curant;" J Oaths, vows, promises, are quite neglected ;" though he solemnly swear by the genias of Csesar, by Venus' shrine. Hymen's deity, by Jupiter, and all the other gods, give no credit to his words. For when lovers swear, Yenus laughs, Venus hmc perjuria ridet, '"■ Jupiter himself smiles, and pardons it withal, as grave * Plato gives out; of all perjury, that alone for love matters is forgiven by the gods. If promises, lies, oaths, and protestations, will not avail, they fall to bribes, tokens, gifts, and such like feats. ^Plurimus auro conciliatur amor: as Jupiter corrupted Danae with a golden shower, and Liber Ariadne with a lovely crown (which was afterwards translated into the heavens, and there for ever shines) ; they will rain chickens, florins, crowns, angels, all manner of coins and stamps in her lap. And so must he certainly do that will speed, make many feasts, banquets, invitations, send her some present or other every foot. Summo studio parentur epuloe (saith *^Hoedus) et crebrce Jiant largitiones, he must be very bountiful and liberal, seek and sue, not to her only, but to all her followers, friends, familiars, fiddlers, panders, parasites, and household servants; he must insinuate him- self, and surely will, to all, of all sorts, messengers, porters, carriers, no man must be unrewarded, or unrespected. I had a suitor (saith ^ Aretine's Lucre- tia) that when he came to my house, flung gold and silver about, as if it had been chaff. Another suitor I had was a very choleric fellow ; but I so handled ^ Hor. ^Dejeravit ilia secundum supra trigesimum ad proximum Dccembrem completuram se esse. t Ovid. '"Nam donis vincitur omnis amor. Catullus 1. el. 5. ^ Fox, act- 3. sc. 3. _ y Catullus. ^ Perjuria ridet amantum Jupiter, et ventos irrita ferre jubet, Tibul. lib. 3. et 6. ^ In Philebo. pejeran- tibus his dii soli ignoscunt. b CatuL ^ Lib. 1. de contemnendis amoribus. d Dial. Ital. argentum ut paleas projiciebat. Biliosum habui amatorem qui supplex flexis genibus, &c. NuUus recens allatus terrse fructus, nullum cupediarum genus tam carum erat, nullum vinum Cieticum pretiosum, quin ad m6 ferret Ulico; credo alteram oculum pignori daturas, <&c. Mem, 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 5io him, that for all liis fuming, I brought him upon his knee:^. If there had been ian excellent bit in the market, any novelty, fish, fruit, or fowl, muscadel, or malmsey, or a cup of neat wine in all the city, it was presented presently to me; though never so dear, hard to come by, yet I had it : the poor fellow was so fond at last, that I think if I would I might have had one of his eyes out of his head. A third suitor was a merchant of Rome, and his manner of wooing was with ® exquisite music, costly banquets, poems, &c. I held him off till at length he protested, promised and swore ^;ro virginitate regno me donaturum, I should have all he had, house, goods, and lands, pro coiicubitu solo; ^neither was there ever any conjuror, I think, to charm his spirits that used such atten- tion, or mighty words, as he did exquisite phrases, or general of any army so many stratagems to win a city, as he did tricks and devices to get the love of me. Thus men are active and passive, and women not far behind them in this kind : Auclax ad omnia foemina, quae vel amat, vel odit. SFor half so boldly there can nan Swear and lye as women can." ^ They will crack, counterfeit, and collogue as well as the best, with handker- chiefs, and wrought nightcaps, purses, posies, and such toys: as he justly complained, Cur mittis violas ? nempe ut violentius uret ; Quid violas violis me violenta mis?" &c. Why dost thou send me violets, my dear? To make me burn more violent, I fear, With violets too violent thou art, To violate and woimd my gentle heart." "When nothing else will serve, the last refuge is their tears. Hcec scripsi (tes- tor amorem) mixta lachrymis et suspiriis, 'twixt tears and sighs, I write this (I take love to witness), saith ^ Chelidonia to Philonius. Lumina quce modd fuhnina, jam flumina laclirymarum, those burning torches are now turned to floods of tears. Aretine's Lucretia, when her sweetheart came to town, ^ wept in his bosom, ''that he might be persuaded those tears were shed for joy of his return." Quartilla in Petronius, when nought would move, fell a weeping, and as Balthasar Castillo paints them out, '''^To these crocodile's tears they will add sobs, fiery sighs, and sorrowful countenance, pale colour, leanness, and if you do but stir abroad, these fiends are ready to meet you at every turn, with such a sluttish neglected habit, dejected look, as if they were now ready to die for your sake ; and how, saith he, shall a young novice thus beset, escape?" But believe them not. -"i^animam ne crede piiellis, Isamque est foeminea tutiorunda fide." Thou thinkest, peradventure, because of her vows, tears, smiles, and protesta- tions, she is solely thine, thou hast her heart, hand, and affection, when as indeed there is no such matter, as the ° Spanish bawd said, gaudet ilia habere unum in lecto, alterum in portd, tertium qui domi suspiret, she will have one sweetheart in bed, another in the gate, a third sighing at home, a fourth, &c. Every young man she sees and likes hath as much interest, and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. On the other side, which I have said, men are as false, let them swear, protest, and lie ; ^ Quod vobis dicunt, dixeruni mille puellis. They love some of them those eleven thousand virgins at once, and make them believe, each particular, he is besotted on her, or love one till they see another, ®Post musicam opiperas epulas, et tantis juramentis, donis, &c. f Nunquam aliquis umbranim conjurator tanta attentione, tamque potentihus verbis usus est, quam ille exquisitis mihi dictis, &c. S Chaucer. li Ah crudele genus nee tutum foemina nomen ! TibuL 1. 3. eleg. 4. i Jo^'lanus Pon. k Aristsenetus, lib. 2. epist. 13. 1 Suaviter fiebam, ut persuasum habeat lachrj-mas prae gaudio illius reditus milii emanare. ^ Lib. 3. his accedunt. \'ultus subtristis, color pallidus, gemebunda vox, ignita suspiria, lachrymjB prope innumerabiles. Istse se statim umbrse offerunt tanto squalore et in omni fere diverticulo tanta macie, ut illas jamjam moribundas putes. ^ Petronius. "Trust not your heart to women, for the wave is less treacherous than their fidelity." ° Coelestina, act 7. Barthio interpret, omnibus arridet, et h singulis amari se solam dicit. P Ovid. " They have made tie same promises to a thousand gii'ls that they make to you." 2n 546 Love- Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. and then her alone ; like Milo's wife in Apuleius, lib. 2. Si quern conspexerit speciosce /ormce juveneni, venustate ejus sumitur, et in eum animuj/i intorquet. 'Tis their common compliment in that case, they care not what they swear, say, or do : One while they slight them, care not for them, rail downright and scoS" at them, and then again they will run mad, hang themselves, stab and kill, if they may not enjoy them. Henceforth, therefore, nulla vivo juranti fmmina credat, let not maids believe them. These tricks and counter- feit passions are more familiar with women, ^finem hie dolori faciei aut vitce dies, miserere aiaantis, quoth Phaedra to Hippolitus. Joessa, in ^"Lucian, told Pythias, a young man, to move him the more, that if he would not have her, she was resolved to make away herself. " There is a Nemesis, and it cannot choose but grieve and trouble thee, to hear that I have either strangled or drowned myself for thy sake." Nothing so common to this sex as oaths, vows, and protestations, and as I have already said, tears, which they have at command, for they can so weep, that one would think their very hearts were dissolved within them, and would come out in tears; their eyes are like rocks, which still drop water, diarice laclirymce et sudoris in modum turgeri proniptce, saith ^ Aristsenetus, they v/ipe away their tears like sweat, weep with one eye^ laugh with the other; or as children *weep and cry, they can both together " ^ Neve puellarum lachrymis moveare memento, I " Care not for women's tears, I counsel thee, Ut tlerent oculos erudiere suos." | They teach their eyes as much to weep as see." And as much pity is to be taken of a woman weeping, as of a goose going bare- foot. When Venus lost her son Cupid, she sent a crier about, to bid every one that met him take heed. ' ^ Si fientem aspicias, ne mox fallare caveto ; Sin arridebit, magis effuge; et oscula si fors Ferre volet, fugito ; sunt oscula noxia, in ipsis Suntque venena labris," &c. " Take heed of Cupid's tears, if cautelous, And of his smiles and kisses I thee tell, If that he offer't, for they be noxious, And very poison in his lips dotli dwell." ^ A thousand years, as Castilio conceives, " will scarce serve to reckon up those allurements and guiles, that men and women use to deceive one another with.' SuBSECT. V. — Bawds, Philters, Causes. When all other engines fail, that they can proceed no farther of themselves, their last refuge is to fly to bawds, panders, magical philters, and receipts; rather than fail, to the devil himself Flecteresi nequeunt superos, Acheronta movebunt. And by those indirect means many a man is overcome, and pre- cipitated into this malady, if he take not good heed. For these bawds, first, they are everywhere so common, and so many, that, as he said of old Croton, ^omnes hie aut captantur aut captant, either inveigle or be inveigled, we may say of most of our cities, there be so many professed, cunning bawds in them. Besides, bawdry is become an art, or a liberal science, as Lucian calls it ; and there be such tricks and subtleties, so many nurses, old women, panders, letter carriers, beggars, physicians, friars, confessors, employed about it, that iiullus trader e stilus sujiciat, one saith, a trecentis versibus Suas inipuritias traloqui nemo potest." Such occult notes, stenography, polygraphy, Nuntius animatus, or magnetical telling of their minds, which ^Cabeus the Jesuit, by the way, counts fabulous and false; cunning conveyances in this kind, that neither Juno's jealousy, nor Danae's custody, nor Argus' vigilancy can keep them safe. 'Tis the last and « Seneca HippoL ' Tom. 4. dial, merit, tu vero aliquando moerore afficieris ubi audieris me h. meipsa laqueo tui causa suffocatam aut in puteum prsecipitatam. s £pist. 20. 1.2. t Matrons flent duobus oculis, moniales quatuor, virgines uno, meretrices nuUo. ^ Ovid. ^ Imagmes deorum, tol. 332. e M-jschi amore fugitivo, quem Politianus Latinum fecit. ^ Lib. 3. mille vix anni safficerent ad omnes illas machinationes, dolosque commemorandos, qaos viri et mulieres ut se invicem circumvemanr, excogitare Bolent. JPetronius. * Plautus Tritemius. " Three hundred verses would not comprise their indecencies." bDe Magnet. Philos. lib. 4. cap. 10. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Artificial Allurements. 547 common refuge to use an assistant, such as thatCatanean Philippa was to Joan Queen of Naples, a ^bawd's help, an old woman in the business, as ^Myrrha did when she doated on Cyniras, and could not compass her desire, the old jade her nurse was ready at a pinch, die inquit, opemque me sineferre tihi et in hdc 'niea [pone timorem) Sedulitas erit apta tibi, fear it not, if it be possible to be done, I will effect it : non est mulieri mulier insuperabilis, ^Caelestina said, let him or her be never so honest, watched and reserved, 'tis hard but one of these old women will get access : and scarce shall you find, as ^Austin observes, in a nunnery a maid alone, " if she cannot have egress, before her window you sliall have an old woman, or some prating gossip, tell her some tales of this clerk, and that monk, describing or commending some young gentleman or other unto her." "As I was walking in the street (saith a good fellow in Petronius) to see the town served one evening, ^I spied an old woman in a corner selling of cabbages and roots (as our hucksters do plums, apples, and such Hke fruits); mother (quoth he) can you tell me where I can dwell? she, being well pleased with my foolish urbanity, replied, and why, sir, should I not tell 1 With that she rose up and went before me. I took her for a wise woman, and by-and-by she led me into a by-lane, and told me there I should dwell. I replied again, I knew not the house ; but I perceived, on a sudden, by the naked queans, that I was now come into a bawdy-house, and then too late I began to curse the treachery of this old jade." Such tricks you shall have in many places, and amongst the rest it is ordinary in Venice, and in the island of Zante, for a man to be bawd to his own wife. No sooner shall you land or come on shore, but, as the Comical Poet hath it, "hMorem hunc meretrices habent, I Eogant cujatis sit, quod ei nomen siet, Ad portum mittimt seiTulos, ancillulas, I Post illas extemplo sese adplicent." Si qua peregrina navis in poitam aderit, | These white devils have their panders, bawds, and factors in every place to seek about, and bring in customers, to tempt and way-lay novices, and silly travellers. And when they have them once within their clutches, as -^gidius Maserius in his comment upon Valerius Flaccus describes them, " ^ with pro- mises and pleasant discourse, with gifts, tokens, and taking their opportunities, they lay nets which Lucre tia cannot avoid, and baits that Hippo] itus himself would swallow ; they make such strong assaults and batteries, that the goddess of virginity cannot withstand them: give gifts and bribes to move Penelope, and with threats able to terrify Susanna. How many Proserpinas, with those catchpoles, doth Pluto take? These are the sleepy rods with which their souls touched descend to hell; this the glue or lime with which the wings of the mind once taken cannot fly away; the devil's ministers to allure, entice," &g. Many young men and maids, without all question, are inveigled by these Eumenides and their associates. But these are trivial and well known. The most sly, dangerous, and cunningbawds, are your knavish physicians, empyrics, mass-priests, monks, ^Jesuits, and friars. Though it be against Hippocrates* oath, some of them will give a dram, promise to restore maidenheads, and do it without danger, make an abortion if need be, keep down their paps, hinder conception, procure lust, make them able with Satyrions, and now and then ^Catul. eleg. 5. lib. 1. Venit in exitium callida lena meum. dOvid. 10. met. ®Parabosc. Earthii. fDe vit, Erini. c. 3. ad sororem vix aliquam reclusarum hujus temporis solam invenies, ante cujus fenestiam non anus gaiTula, vel nugigerula mulier sedet, qu« earn fabulis occupet, rumoribus pascat, hujus vel illius monat-hi, &c. SAgieste olus anus vendebat, et rogo inquam, mater, nunquid scis ubi ego habitem? delec- tata ilia urbanitate tarn stulta, et quid nesciam inquit ? consurrexitque et cepit me preecedere ; divinam ego putabam,