Class 
 Book 
 
 EiLi 
 
 
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 C/^^ *- ^O /HL^' 
 
 ^fy:/r3^. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES, 
 
 NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, 
 DELAWARE, AND MARYLAND. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 TALES, SKETCHES AND ANECDOTES. 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Br LAMBERT LILLY/<feliooBfttAS'^^R^^ 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY ALLEN & TICKNOR. 
 
 1833. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1833, by 
 
 S. G. Goodrich, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 //'/^ 
 
2^ 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 MIDDLE STATES, 
 
 NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, 
 DELAWARE, AND MARYLAND. 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This work being one of a series, it may be proper 
 to insert here the preface to the first of them, en- 
 titled The Story of the American Revolution, which 
 explains the plan and design of the author. 
 
 " In this little work, the author has attempted to relate the story 
 of our glorious Revolution, in a simple manner, so that it may be 
 interesting and instructive to children and youth. He has not 
 adopted a very regular method of treating the subject, but has 
 attempted to keep the interest of the pupil constantly alive, by a 
 variety of tales, anecdotes and sketches, illustrative of the events 
 with which they are connected. 
 
 '' It is remarkable, that very few books of history are read by 
 children, except as a task 5 while works of fiction are perused with 
 the greatest avidity. Now, if fiction borrows its chief interest from 
 its resemblance to truth, how is this fact to be accounted 'for ? I 
 think it may be explained by two considerations. In the first 
 place, fiction, being the offspring of the imagination, is generally 
 written with a warmth of language which makes the reader realize 
 every part of the story, and cheats him, against his better knowl- 
 edge, into the persuasion that the narrative is true. On the con- 
 trary, the writing of history is a task calculated to repress all vi- 
 vacity of feeling ; research must take the place of invention, and 
 fancy must act in humble subserviency to facts, dates and records. 
 Under such circumstances, dulness creeps into the mind of the 
 writer, and is thus imparted to the book. 
 
 '' For these reasons, in most books, fiction wears the aspect of 
 truth, and truth the aspect of fiction. Children are excellent judges 
 of manner, and are very much affected by it. They will listen 
 with much more interest to an indifferent story, happily told, than 
 to a good one stupidly related. They, as well as people of mature 
 age, are more attracted by a novel, or romance, written in a lively 
 and natural style, than by the most important history, if composed 
 in a dull and heavy manner. 
 
 " A second consideration, which will account for the preferenc.e 
 given to tales of fiction, is this : — They are generally much more 
 
() PREFACE. 
 
 minute in their details than books of history. Tlie latter tell us of 
 armies and nations, while the former present to us individuals, 
 and acquaint us with their thoughts and feelings, their hopes and 
 fears, their joys and sorrows, and thus make us sympathize with 
 them in all the vicissitudes to which they are exposed. It is this 
 minuteness of detail which forms one of the principal charms in 
 books of fiction 5 it is the comprehensiveness of books of history, 
 which makes them repulsive to juvenile readers, who are always 
 seeking for amusement. 
 
 '' Such being the views of the writer of the present volume, he 
 has adopted a method in some respects new. If he has occasion 
 to state that a battle occurred, he states it in few w^ords, and then 
 relates anecdotes, individual adventures, and other minute circum- 
 stances, calculated to fix the attention of the pupil, to excite his 
 interest, and thus make him realize the whole scene, as if he were 
 himself an actor in it. 
 
 " By this means, and by adopting a familiar style, the author 
 hopes he has succeeded in imparting to this little work some of the 
 attractive qualities which belong to tales of fiction. Nothing, cer- 
 tainly, is more desirable, than tliat truth should be the basis of early 
 education ; and whoever shall succeed in rendering history inter- 
 esting and agreeable to youth, will perform a task for which he 
 will deserve the thanks of the age. That the author has fully suc- 
 ceeded in this attempt, he cannot pretend to hope ; but, deeply 
 convinced of the importance of the object he has in view, he has 
 made the present experiment, and leaves the result to the decision 
 of the public. 
 
 '' If this volume is favorably received, it will be followed by a 
 series of works on American history, executed in a similar man- 
 ner. The subjects proposed are the following- -.' — the Early His- 
 tory of New England; the Early History of the Middle States; 
 the Early History of the Southern States ; the History of the West- 
 ern States ; the History of the West Indies ; the History of Mexi- 
 co ; the Early History of South America ; and the History of Dis- 
 coveries in America. These volumes, if published, will be abun- 
 dantly illustrated by engravings, and will appear at intervals of 
 two or three months. 
 
 ^' The materials for these works are abundant, and in the high- 
 est degree interesting. The design of the author will be to em- 
 brace the entire history of the Western Continent in the series, 
 and thus furnish a set of books, which may be put into the hands 
 of youth, as works of amusement, but which will instruct them 
 fiilly in the history of their own country, and in that also of other 
 countries in the same hemisphere." 
 
 The four first works above mentioned, as well as 
 the History of the American Revolution, are already 
 published, and the others will soon appear. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I.— Plan of the followini? Volume.— The Middle States. First 
 Patent of New Jersey. First Settlement of it. History of its early Gov- 
 ernment. Account of several Expeditions of Settlers. Anecdote of King 
 Charles I. Interviews and Treaties of the Settlers with the New Jersey 
 Indians. Speech of a Sachem about the Small-pox 9 
 
 CHAPTER II.— Another Conference of the New Jersey Settlors with tho 
 Indians. Speech of a Sachem about Whiskey. Extracts from the Set- 
 tlers' Letters to their Friends in England. Account of the Fruits, Fowl, 
 Fish and other Productions of the Country. Anecdotes of the Indians. 
 Another large. Expedition comes over from England. Growth of New 
 Jersey. Condition of the Province in 176.5. Stories about Fishing. . 16 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Pennsylvania named for William Penn. Accpimt of his 
 Family. His Father, Admiral Penn. Early Education of William. Goes 
 to Oxford University. Hears Q,uaker Preaching. Becomes a Ciuaker. 
 Is expelled from (Joflege. Meets with Trouble at Home, and in London. 
 Is tried and ini;: i-^oned. Anecdotes showing his Character. Receives a 
 Charter of Pennsylvania 213 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— Account of the first Settlement of Pennsylvania. Mr. 
 Penn comes over and stays some Time in America. More Emigrants in 
 lti82 and 1683. Account of the German Settlers. Of the Welsh. How 
 they at first contrived to live in the Wilderness. How the Indians treated 
 them, and how they treated the Indians. Story about John Chapman. 
 About his Daughter. About a Wolf chasing a Deer. Letter of Mr. Penn 
 to the Indians 31 
 
 CHAPTER v.— Great Treaty between William Penn and the Indians, in 
 June, 1G89. They call him their' Elder Brother.' How the Treaty was 
 made, and where, and how long it was kept. Another Treaty in 1715. 
 Speech of the Indian Chief Sassoonan. Story about an Indian Q,ueen 
 and some Ciuaker Preachers 38 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— Account of the Founding of Philadelphia City in the Year 
 1682. How the Ground was laid out. Story of the first Discovery of this 
 Spot. How the first Settlers in Philadelphia were accommodated with 
 Lodgings. The first House built. The first Child born. Penny-Pot. 
 The Blue-Anchor Tavern, Letter of Mr. Penn about the City, in 1683. 
 to a Friend in England 43 
 
 CHAPTER VII. — Anecdotes of the early Pennsylvania Settlers in the 
 back Woods. How they carried on their Farming. How they sometimes 
 procured Food, Story about killing Pigeons. Letter of Richard Towns- 
 end to a Friend in England, The first Meeting-House erected. The first 
 Corn-Mill, A Bull used for a Beast of Burden. Story about catching a 
 Deer. Remarks on the Character of the early Settlers 48 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. — Some other Anecdotes of the Pennsylvania Indians. 
 How they wen; unjustly suspected of Hostility by the Whites, in 1688; 
 and how the Whites were horribly frightened about Nothing. Story about 
 the lame Indian King. War at last breaks out, in 1754, The Occasion 
 of it. Some of the Tribes continue peaceable. Injustice done to these 
 friendly Tribes. Horrible Massacre at Lancaster. End of the Pennsyl- 
 vanian History 54 
 
 CHAPTER IX,— Commencement of the earlyliistory of NewYork, The 
 River Hudson discovered. Some Account of Henry Hudson, The Dutch 
 foMii Sottlemont'^ in New York, Di^;pute between them and the English. 
 War with tlie English. War with the Indians, (luarrels with the Con- 
 necticut Setticr.-i. (Jovernor Van Twillcr. Kieft, the second Governor, 
 comes pretty neiir liaving his Brains blown o\it. Anecdotes. ... 59 
 
 CHAPTER X,— Story about an Englisli Criminal, harbored by the Dutch. 
 Other Disturbances between then» and the English, Great Battle be- 
 tween l!ic Imlians and Dutch. Peter Stuyvesant, the third Governor of 
 New York. Ho meets with many Vexations in his (Jovernment. His 
 Letter sent to Holland in 1660. War v.'ith the English. The English con- 
 <luor and take Possession of New York. Stcryabout Captain Manning. 67 
 
» CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XI.— Some Account of the New York Indians. The Five 
 Nations. The Policy observed towards them by the English of New York 
 and the French of Canada. Anecdotes of their Wars with the French. 
 Battle between the Senecas and French. The Five Nations invade Can- 
 ada. Occasion of this Movement. Story of the Dinondadie Sachem, 
 Adario • 76 
 
 CHAPTER XII. — How Governor Frontenac treats the Indian Prisoners. 
 Sends some of them Home. Treatv between New York and the Five 
 Nations in 1689. Treaty with the New England Colonies, made at Al- 
 bany. Speech of Tahajadoris. Indian Mode of doing Business at a 
 Council. Result of the Council. Five Nations refuse to fight the eastern 
 Tribes. They encourage the New York People to fight the French. 83 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— Some of the Five Nations send Messengers to Albany, 
 to invite the English to attend ,an Indian Council with the French. Mes- 
 sengers are sent by the English. Council opens on the 22d of January, 
 1690. Speeches of Sadekanaghtie, and other Sachems. The French 
 Messengers go back to Canada disappointed. The Council breaks up. 
 Anecdotes. Indian Customs 93 
 
 CHAPTER XI v.— The French send an Expedition against the NeAV York 
 People. How they surprised and sacked Schenectady in the Night-time. 
 Terrible Havoc made of the English. Story about Captain Glen. The 
 Indians condole with the English for this Loss. Speech of a Sachem. 
 War-parties are sent out in Pursuit of the French 104 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— The Five Nations invade Canada. The English also fit 
 out an Expedition against Montreal. Defence of that Place by the 
 French. Battle between the English, French and Indians. Second Bat- 
 tle. Other Anecdotes of the War. Hunting Beaver. Another French 
 Invasion of New York. Result of it. The Indians invade Canada a^ain, 
 under Black Kettle 110 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. — How Governor Frontenac revenged himself against the 
 Five Nations, by burning two Indian Prisoners. Distress of the Canadi- 
 ans. Another 1 rench Expedition against the Mohawks. They surprise 
 one of the Mohawk Forts. Take Possession of another after a Battle. 
 The Mohawks enraged against the Eng'lish. The English pursue the 
 French. Anecdotes of this Expedition. Result of it 118 
 
 CHAPTER XVII.—Account of the Indian Mode of Travelling and En- 
 camping in the Winter. Indian Council at Albany in 1693. Presents 
 given to the Mohawks by the English. Another French Expedition in 
 1696. How the Troops travelled through the Wilderness. A Seneca 
 deserts from their Army. How Governor Frontenac was carried in a 
 Chair. An old Indian burned and tortured. Result of the Expedition. 
 Anecdotes 125 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII.— The earlv Settlement of Delaware by the Swedes. 
 How this Settlement came to be made. . Where it was made, and when. 
 Account of the first Expeditions of Emigrants. About the Delaware In- 
 dians, and their Dealings with the Swedes. About the natural Produc- 
 tions of the Country. Other Anecdotes of the first Settlement. End of 
 the Delaware History 133 
 
 CHAPTER XIX.— The first Settlement of Maryland owing to the Exer- 
 tions of Sir George Calvert. Some Account of Calvert. Anecdotes. He 
 commences a Colony at Newfouridland, in 1621. Progress of it. Aban- 
 donment of it. He visits Virginia. How the Virginians treated him. 
 Visits Ne^vfoundland again. Gets a. Charter of Blaryland. Why the 
 Province was so named. Death of Sir George. The Settlement com- 
 menced by his Sons. , 138 
 
 CHAPTER XX.— First Expedition of Emigrants to Maryland, in 1633. 
 Arrive at Point Comfort. Ascend the River Potomac. Meet with In- 
 dians. Anecdote of Captain Fleet. Indian Chief goes on board the Ves- 
 sels. Settlement made at St. Mary's. Stories about the Indians. About 
 Governor Harvey, of Virginia. About the King of Patuxent. Prosperity 
 of the Colony 143 
 
 CHAPTER XXI.— How the Land bought of the Indians was divided 
 among the Settlers of Maryland. Trouble which Governor Calvert had 
 with Captain Clayborne. Occasion of it. The Captain's Vessel seized 
 by the Governor. He and his Lieutenant tried and condemned for Piracy. 
 1 he Lieutenant hanged. The Captain runs away. Anecdotes, Close 
 of the Maryland History. End of the Work 150 
 
HISTORY 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 •i 
 
 Plan of the following Volume. — The Middle States. 
 First Patent of JVeiv Jersey. Fii'st Settlement of it. 
 History of its early Government. Account of several 
 Expeditions of Settlers. Anecdote of King Charles I. 
 Interviews and Treaties of the Settlers loith the JVew 
 Jersey Indians. Speech of a Sachem about the Small- 
 pox. 
 
 Having heretofore given my young readers 
 some account of the early settlement of New Eng- 
 land, and also of the Southern States, together with 
 some other particulars in the early annals of those 
 sections of the country in which we live, I now pro- 
 pose to furnish them with the means of becoming 
 equally well acquainted with the history of what are 
 called the Middle States. 
 
 Under this title are commonly included New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and 
 Maryland. Some of these are now among the most 
 important states of the Union. The two first, 
 
10 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 indeed, stand at the head of them all, in respect to 
 population, wealth and resources. No young Amer- 
 ican ought to be ignorant of the early history of so 
 important a part of the American nation. 
 
 What is now New Jersey, was originally includ- 
 ed with New York, in a patent or charter, granted 
 by the reigning king of England, about the middle 
 of the seventeenth century, to the English Duke of 
 York. On the 22d of June, 166-1, the duke granted 
 the former territory (New Jersey) to two English 
 gentlemen of high rank. Lord Berkeley and Sir 
 George Carteret. It was called New Jersey in 
 honor of the latter, some of whose family came from 
 the island of Jersey, near England. Philip Carteret, 
 of the same family, was appointed the first governor 
 of the province, in 1665. Under his administration, 
 the eastern part of it was rapidly settled. In 1675, 
 Lord Berkeley sold his share of the province to John 
 Fenwicke ; and this gentleman visited his new 
 purchase the same season. He brought over with 
 him a ship-load of passengers, from London, and 
 landed at a small settlement which he found already 
 commenced by stragglers from various directions, on 
 an inconsiderable river or creek, which runs into the 
 Delaware river. He called both the place and the 
 river Salem, — a name which they retain to this day. 
 This was the first English ship which came to West 
 Jersey ; and it was nearly two years before it was 
 followed by any more. This long interval was 
 occasioned by some misunderstanding between the 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 11 
 
 proprietors, which was, however, at last composed by 
 the good offices of William Perm. This latter per- 
 sonage (whom we shall speak of at some length 
 hereafter) was soon after induced to become in- 
 terested with Carteret and Fenwicke in the manage- 
 ment of the new province. In 1676, it was divided 
 into East and West New Jersey ; and it continued to 
 be governed by two governors until 1702. The two 
 governments were then surrendered to Queen Anne, 
 reigning monarch of England. Ever since that time, 
 they have formed but one. This was, for a long time, 
 directly under the care of the crown, like the colo- 
 nies of New England, instead of being absolutely 
 governed by the proprietors, as was the case with 
 several of the American colonies. The first settlers, 
 especially of West Jersey, were chiefly Quakers, a 
 sect which I shall tell you more about by and by. 
 They were a singularly steady and frugal people. 
 William Penn, and the other proprietors, were men 
 of such a character, indeed, that settlers of bad 
 habits would have found but very ill favor with them. 
 They would not even use those means which were 
 in those days commonly resorted to, and in similar 
 cases, to induce settlers to emigrate from England. 
 Instead of this, they sent a letter of caution to the 
 Quakers in England, warning them to weigh the 
 matter well before they thought of emigrating to 
 this country. The last paragraph of this letter is 
 so characteristic of the writer, William Penn, that I 
 shall annex it at length : — 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 " This am I, William Penn, moved of the Lord 
 to write unto you, lest any bring a temptation on 
 themselves or others, and, in offending the Lord, 
 slay their own peace. Blessed are they that can see 
 and behold him, their Leader, their Orderer, their 
 Conductor and Preserver, in staying and going ; 
 whose is the earth and the fulness thereof, and the 
 cattle upon a thousand hills. 
 
 " We cannot but repeat our request unto you, that 
 in whomsoever a desire is to be concerned in this 
 intended plantation, such should weigh the thing 
 before the Lord, and not headily or rashly conclude 
 on any such resolve. Let them solely endeavor to 
 obtain the good will and consent of their kindred 
 and friends. This we have thought good to write, 
 for the preventing all misunderstandings, and to de- 
 clare the real truth of the matter; and so we 
 recommend you all to the Lord, who is the watch- 
 man of his Israel. I am your real friend and 
 
 brother, 
 
 "William Penn." 
 
 Settlements, commenced in this prudent manner, 
 could not but prosper. On the 16th day of Au- 
 gust, 1677, the ship Kent, Gregory Marlow. master, 
 arrived at New Castle from London, with a new 
 supply of Quaker colonists. There were two hundred 
 and thirty of them, and many of the number had 
 owned good estates in England. They landed near 
 Raccoon creek, on the Delaware river, where a 
 small colony of Swedes had already a few buildings 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 13 
 
 erected, but quite insufficient to accommodate the 
 new comers. 
 
 This was the second arrival of an English ship 
 in West Jersey. It is said of the ' Kent,^ that when 
 she lay in the river Thames, in England, with the 
 passengers on board, ready to sail, King Charles II. 
 came along-side of her in his pleasure-barge. The 
 monarch was taking his favorite amusement in 
 rambling about on the water of a sunny day, with a 
 few of his favorite courtiers. He observed a crowd 
 of people on boa^d the Kent, and his curiosity was 
 excited a little. Having ascertained that they were 
 Quakers, bound for America, he gave them his 
 blessing, paid the sect a compliment for their well- 
 known good qualities, and rowed off, leaving them 
 much pleased with his complaisance. 
 
 Soon after their arrival in this country, a treaty 
 was made for land with the Indians. This was at 
 a place in the Delaware, then called Chygoe's 
 island, from the name of an Indian sachem who 
 lived there. It is now Burlington. The land was 
 in this instance procured for little more than a ^ song,' 
 as indeed it generally was, of the natives. A 
 blanket was much more to them than a thousand 
 acres. 
 
 A wide tract of good land on the river, extending 
 from Oldman's creek to Timber creek, was barter- 
 ed to the English for thirty coats, twenty guns, 
 thirty small kettles and one great one, thirty pairs 
 of hose, thirty petticoats, thirty hoes, thirty bars of 
 2 
 
14 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 lead, fifteen kegs of powder, seventy knives, thirty 
 Indian axes, seventy combs, sixty pairs of tobacco- 
 tongs, sixty pairs of scissors, sixty looking-glasses, 
 one hundred and twenty awl-blades, as many fish- 
 hooks, two handfuls of red paint, one hundred and 
 twenty needles, sixty tobacco-boxes, two hundred 
 small bells, one hundred jews-harps, and sixty an- 
 chors of rum. I give you the details, that you may 
 judge of the taste of the Indians. 
 
 Burlington was laid out in October. A straight 
 line was drawn from the Delaware river, at right 
 angles, for the main street. A space was marked 
 out for a market-place, about midway in this line. 
 Ten London settlers agreed to build on one side of 
 it, and ten Yorkshire men on the other. Another 
 street was marked out along the river-side, in small 
 lots, by itself. The town lots were generally ten 
 or eleven acres. This was considered enough for 
 a house, orchard, garden and yard. Several more 
 settlers came in, within a month, from Wickaco, a 
 small Swedish plantation on the Delaware. The 
 season was then so far spent, that the latter had 
 only time to erect a kind of wigwam for their ac- 
 commodation during the winter. 
 
 The New Jersey Indians were remarkably kind 
 to the new settlers, notwithstanding the attempts of 
 the Swedes, or some other persons, to prejudice 
 them. They were afflicted with the small-pox, it 
 seems ; and a story was maliciously circulated 
 among them, that the English had brought the 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 15 
 
 disease over with them, and sold it to the Indians 
 in the coats and petticoats. The English had a 
 conference with them at Burlington, in consequence 
 of this slander ; and the Indians were, without much 
 difficulty, convinced of its falsehood. 
 
 " In my grandfather's time/' said one of the 
 sachems, on this occasion, "the small-pox came. 
 In my father's time, the small-pox came. And now, 
 in my time, the small-pox is come." Then, stretch- 
 ing his hands towards the skies, he added — " It 
 came from thenceJ^ To this sentiment all the In- 
 dians at the conference expressed their assent. 
 Their idea seemed to be, that this terrible disease 
 was a judgment of the Great Spirit, as they called 
 the Deity, upon them ; and that therefore the English 
 were not to be blamed for it. 
 
 Another speaker expressed himself as follows : — 
 " Our young men may speak such words as we do 
 not like ; and we cannot help it. And some of your 
 young men may speak such words as you do not 
 like ; and you cannot help that. But we intend to live 
 like brothers with you. We do not desire war : for 
 in war-time we get to be only skin and bones ; and 
 the meat we then eat does us no good. We hide 
 ourselves in holes and corners. The sun does us 
 no good. We would have a broad path for us and 
 you to walk in. If an Indian lies asleep in this path, 
 the Englishman shall pass by him, and do him no 
 harm. If an Englishman be asleep in this path, the 
 Indian shall pass by him, and say, ' He is an Eng- 
 
16 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 lishman. He is asleep. Let him alone ; he loves 
 sleep.' It shall be a plain path. There must not be 
 a stump in it to hurt our feet." 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 Another Conference of the JSCew Jersey Settlers with the 
 Indians. Speech of a Sachem about Whiskey. Extracts 
 from the Settlers^ Letters to their Friends in England. 
 Account of the Fruits, Fowl, Fish and other Produc- 
 tions of the Country. Anecdotes of the Indians. An- 
 other large Expedition comes over from England. 
 Growth of JVew Jersey. Condition of the Province in 
 1765. Stories about Fishhig. 
 
 Ever after the conference we have just mentioned, 
 the natives were very kind to the settlers. They 
 frequently sold them venison, Indian corn, peas 
 and beans, fish and fowl. A second conference 
 was soon held with them, for the purpose of putting 
 a stop to the sale of rum, brandy, and other strong 
 liquors to them, — which they themselves knew and 
 acknowledged to be injurious. Eight sachems, 
 and many other Indians, were present. They had 
 prepared four belts of wampum, as presents to con- 
 firm whatever should be agreed upon. The wam- 
 pum was like that of the New England savages, 
 black and white beads, made of fish-shells, and used 
 as a current money among them. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 17 
 
 One of the sachems made the following speech. 
 " The strong liquor," said he, " was first sold us 
 by the Dutch ; and they are blind. They had no 
 eyes (meaning no prudence). They did not see 
 that it hurt us. The next who came among us 
 were the Swedes, who continued the sale of the 
 strong liquors to us. They also were blind. They 
 had no eyes. They did not see it to be hurtful for 
 us to drink it. But we know it to be hurtful, al- 
 though, if people will sell it to us, we are so in love 
 with it, that we cannot forbear." 
 
 " When we drink it," he continued, "it makes 
 us mad. We do not know what to do. We then 
 abuse one another, and throw each other into the 
 fire. Seven scores of our people have been killed 
 by reason of their drinking it, since the time it was 
 sold us. But the people who have come among us 
 now, have eyes. The cask must be sealed up. It 
 shall be made fast. It shall not leak by day or by 
 night, in light nor in the darkness. And we give you 
 these four belts of wampum to be witnesses of this 
 agreement." 
 
 In November, another ship arrived from London, 
 with sixty or seventy passengers. After this came 
 the ' Flyhoat,' Captain Martha, of Burlington, in 
 Yorkshire (England). This vessel had sailed from 
 Hull, in the latter end of summer, with one hundred 
 and fourteen passengers. 
 
 The settlers seemed now to be universally satis- 
 fied with their situation. One of them wrote to his 
 
18 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 friend in England, in the following terms : — " It is a 
 country that produceth all things for the support and 
 subsistence of man, in the m.ost plentiful manner. 
 
 " I have travelled through most of the places that 
 are settled, and some that are not. I find the 
 country every where apt to answer the expectation 
 of the diligent. I have seen orchards laden with 
 fruit to admiration, — their very limbs torn to pieces 
 with the weight, — and most delicious to the taste, 
 and lovely to behold. I have seen an apple-tree, 
 raised from a pippin kernel, yield a barrel of ex- 
 cellent cider. 
 
 '^Peaches are in such plenty, that some people 
 take their carts a peach-gathering : I could not but 
 smile at the conceit of it. They are a very delicate 
 fruit, and hang almost like our onions, that are tied 
 on ropes. 
 
 " I have seen and known, this summer, forty 
 bushels of bold (sound) wheat raised from a bushel 
 sown. From the time called May, until Michaelmas, 
 we have a great store of very good wild fruits, straw- 
 berries, cranberries, and whortleberries. These last 
 are like our bilberries in England, but far sweeter, 
 and are a wholesome fruit. 
 
 " The cranberries are much like cherries, for 
 color and bigness. They may be kept the year 
 round. An excellent sauce is made of them for 
 venison, turkeys and other great fowl ; and they are 
 better to make tarts than either gooseberries or 
 cherries. We have them brought to our houses in 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 19 
 
 great plenty by the Indians. My brother Robert 
 raised as many cherries, this year, as would have 
 loaded several carts. It is my judgment, by what 
 I have observed, that fruit-trees, in this country, 
 destroy themselves by the very weight of their 
 fruits. 
 
 " As for venison and fowls, we have great plenty. 
 We have brought to our houses, by the Indians, 
 seven or eight fat bucks in a day ; and sometimes we 
 refuse as many more, having no occasion for them. 
 Fish, too, in their season, are very plenteous. We 
 have almost all sorts that are seen in England, be- 
 side several sorts that are not known there : such 
 are rocks [perhaps he means what we call rock-cod]. 
 Such also are cat-fish, shad, ' sheep's-heads' and stur- 
 geons. Then we have plenty of fowls ; as ducks, 
 geese, turkeys, pheasants, partridges, and many 
 other sorts, that I cannot remember, and would be 
 too tedious to mention. 
 
 " Indeed the country, take it as a wilderness, is a 
 brave country, though no place will please all. But 
 perhaps some of you in England will say — ' He 
 writes of conveniences, and not of inconveniences :' 
 In answer to which I honestly declare, there is 
 some barren land, and more woods than some like 
 to have on their lands. Neither will the country 
 produce corn without labor ; nor cattle be got with- 
 out something to buy them ; nor bread with idleness. 
 In that case, it would be a brave country, indeed ; 
 and you would all give it a good word, I dare say. 
 
20 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 For my part, I like it so well, that I have no thought 
 of returning to you in England, unless it may be 
 to trade with you. So good bye. 
 
 " Mahon Stacy." 
 
 After this time, large numbers of fresh settlers, 
 chiefly Quakers, continued coming to the province. 
 In 1682, a ship of five hundred and fifty tons' bur- 
 then arrived in West Jersey, with three hundred 
 and sixty passengers. They landed between Bur- 
 lington and the place where Philadelphia now stands, 
 on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. In 1765, 
 that is, about one hundred years from the first settle- 
 ment. New Jersey contained 100,000 inhabitants. 
 The proportion of the Quakers among them may 
 be conjectured from the number of meeting-houses 
 at that time. The Quakers had thirty-two ; the 
 Presbyterians, precisely as many ; the Baptists, 
 thirteen ; the Episcopalians, ten : there v/ere also 
 one of the German Moravians, and ten of the Low 
 Dutch, German, Swedish Lutherans and Presby- 
 terians. 
 
 The settlers about this time still continued to be 
 pleased with the country ; and they had good reason 
 for it. If the following account is true, and there 
 is no reason for doubting it, it would seem that they 
 might all have lived by fishing alone. One of the 
 settlers wrote to a friend in England, that he and 
 his cousin, with a few other men, undertook to 
 catch herrings in the Delaware. They came into 
 the shallows in great shoals, he says. The fishing 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 21 
 
 party were ill provided, for they had neither rod nor 
 line. But, after the Indian fashion, they made a 
 round pinfold in the flats of the river, about two 
 yards over, and a foot high. A gap was left at one 
 end for the fish to go in at, and bushes laid over or 
 Hear this gap, so contrived as to keep them in after 
 they had entered. 
 
 When all this was doi.e, the fishermen took two 
 long, slim birches, tied their tops together, and went 
 away from the pinfold, about a stone's throw, up 
 the river. Here they found the herrings again in 
 vast multitudes. They i^ow plunged in their birches, 
 and hauled them down the stream, driving the fish 
 before them by the thousand. The pinfold was 
 soon full of them. They then began to haul and 
 drive them ashore in the same manner, as fast as 
 four of them could work ; two pulling and hauling, 
 and the other two stopping to breathe and rest. 
 Thus, in half an hour, they filled a three-bushel 
 sack with as good herrings as were ever broiled. 
 
 We are told, about this same time, that beef and 
 pork continued to be as cheap and plenty as ever. 
 The green pastures began to be spotted with sheep, 
 too ; and of course the farmer's table was now and 
 then spotted with fine mutton. The common grass of 
 the country made beef very fat. " I have killed two 
 cows this season," writes one of the settlers ; " and 
 I have good reason to know and believe that the 
 beef is good. Besides, I have seen killed, in Bur- 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 lington, eight or nine fat oxen and cows on a market 
 day, and all very fat." 
 
 In 1683, Mr. Gamen Lawrie, deputy-governor 
 of East Jersey, wrote in the following terms to the 
 proprietors in London : " There is not a poor man 
 in all the province, nor one that wants." He adds, 
 that there was abundance of provision. Pork and 
 beef sold at two-pence a pound. Fish and fowl, 
 and all manner of creeping things from sea and 
 land, were at every man's door, as it were. The 
 oysters would have served the whole continent. 
 Wheat went for four shillings a bushel. 
 
 Indian wheat, as the settlers called it (meaning 
 Indian corn, I suppose), sold for two shillings. It 
 was considered exceedingly good food both for man 
 and beast, and gave two or three hundred fold 
 increase. Good cider could be drunk in any quan- 
 tity, by man, woman or child, for a penny a quart ; 
 a drink, made chiefly of molasses and water, sold 
 for two shillings a barrel ; venison, at one shilling 
 and six-pence the quarter ; eggs, at three-pence per 
 dozen; vines, walnuts, peaches and strawberries 
 were still plenty in the woods. On the whole, 
 these good people seem to have had a comfortable 
 time of it. 
 
 The Quakers of New Jersey were always among 
 the most religious as well as most industrious and 
 sober of the population. Before even a house was 
 built in Burlington, they constantly held their re- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 23 
 
 ligious meetings under a sail-cloth tent. From 
 this tent they moved next into John Woolston's 
 house, which was the first erected in Burlington. 
 The next was one Thomas Gardiner's. It was 
 several years before the first meeting-house was 
 erected. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Pennsylvania named for William Penn. Account of his 
 Family. His Father, Admiral Penn. Early Educa- 
 tion of William. Goes to Oxford University. Hears 
 Quaker Preaching. Bei^omes a Quaker. Is expelled 
 from College. Meets with Trouble at Home, and in 
 London. Is tried and imprisoned. .Anecdotes showing 
 his Character. Receives a Charter of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The state of Pennsylvania was so named for 
 William Penn, whom we have already mentioned, 
 but whose history now becomes more important. 
 He was a chief promoter of the first settlement, and 
 may justly be called the father of the province. 
 
 William Penn was born in London, October 14th, 
 1644. He was the son of Sir William Penn. This 
 gentleman was remarkably fond of maritime and 
 military affairs from his childhood up. He was 
 made captain at the age of twenty-one ; rear- 
 admiral of Ireland at twenty-three, and vice-admiral 
 at twenty-five ; rear-admiral of England at thirty- 
 one ; and general in the first Dutch war at thirty- 
 two. 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 He was afterwards elected a member of parlia- 
 ment for the town of Weymouth ; and in 1660 
 he was governor of the town and fort at Kingsail. 
 Four years after, he was appointed great captain- 
 commander, under the Duke of York, in which 
 capacity he distinguished himself very honorably 
 on the occasion of a famous naval victory over 
 the Dutch. King Charles 11. knighted him, after 
 his own restoration to the throne. He became 
 also a peculiar favorite of James, Duke of York, 
 who, on his death-bed, warmly recommended 
 the admiral to the kind remembrance of his son. 
 Mr. Penn died in 1670, leaving, with his blessing, a 
 large estate to his son William. He had been 
 greatly oifended with him for joining the Quakers, 
 but became reconciled in the last years of his 
 life. 
 
 The young man was endowed with good talents, 
 and he made such proficiency at school, that, at 
 fifteen years of age, he was entered a student at 
 Christ's Church in the university of Oxford. Here, 
 or a little before this time, he was more strongly 
 affected by the preaching of a celebrated Quaker, 
 Thomas Loe. He withdrew fi-om the worship of 
 the Church of England, with a few other students. 
 They held private meetings in the college, where 
 they prayed and preached among themselves. This 
 conduct gave great offence to the college-govern- 
 ment. They began with fining Penn, who was 
 then but sixteen years old, for non-conformity ; and 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 25 
 
 finding him still incorrigible in his own faith and 
 practices, they expelled him from the college. 
 
 He then returned home. There he continued to 
 prefer the religious society of his newly-adopted 
 sect. His father considered this disposition a mis- 
 fortune, if not a fault. The admiral knew but 
 little, perhaps, of the particular doctrines of the 
 Quakers, and cared less about them ; but he thought 
 that his son's manner of life would be a great 
 obstacle in the way of his preferment at court. 
 
 He set himself, therefore, to persuade the young 
 man of his errors, as he called them. Finding all 
 his arguments ineffectujjl, he had recourse to the 
 infliction of stripes. His son was still unconvinced 
 and unrepentant ; the old gentleman was become 
 much incensed against him, and he turned him out 
 of his house, soon afterwards, in a violent passion. 
 
 The young Quaker behaved very well, however, 
 under this displeasure of his father, whom he respect- 
 ed highly, though he could not in all things obey 
 him. He was at length received again to the family 
 mansion. He was then sent into France, in com- 
 pany with several young Englishmen of quality, 
 who were setting out on their travels over that 
 country. There he resided long enough, it seems, 
 to forget his Quaker instructions and impressions in 
 a great degree. He returned with a perfect knowl- 
 edge of the French language, as gallant and ac- 
 complished a young gentleman as any in the king- 
 dom. His father was delighted with what he con- 
 3 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 sidered his reformation. But, at about the age of 
 twenty, his religious impressions were revived by 
 the preaching of the Quakers, and, perhaps, returned 
 with new strength. He became more zealous in 
 that faith than ever. In Ireland, where his father 
 sent him, two years afterwards, to manage one of 
 his estates, he met again with his old acquaintance, 
 Mr. Loe. This gentleman was preaching to a 
 congregation of Quakers at the city of Cork ; and 
 young Penn now found himself accommodated with 
 religious services to his heart's content. 
 
 At one of these religious meetings in Cork, in 
 the year 1667, he, with several other young men, 
 was apprehended and carried before a magistrate, 
 the Quakers being much persecuted at that time. 
 The magistrate observed that Penn was handsomely 
 dressed. He, at this date, wore neither the hat nor 
 the coat of his sect, and had nothing of the Quaker 
 about him, but perhaps in his countenance. The 
 magistrate offered to set him at liberty, on his giving 
 bonds for his good behavior. This he refused to 
 do, and, with eighteen of his associates, he was 
 thrown into prison. 
 
 He had contracted an acquaintance with the 
 Irish nobility, during his residence in the country, 
 which now proved of service to him. He wrote to 
 the Earl of Orrery. He informed that gentleman, 
 in warm terms, of his punishment and his innocence, 
 and the earl immediately procured his discharge. 
 
 But his imprisonment was far enough from con- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 27 
 
 vincing him that his religion was wrong. He 
 embraced it, and associated with his fellow Quakers^ 
 more ardently than ever. This term was at that 
 time a word of reproach ; and Penn, accordingly, 
 became the butt of the ridicule and wit of his old 
 acquaintances. A nobleman, who knew both him 
 and his father, now wrote an account of his situa- 
 tion to the latter. He was sent for to return home, 
 and obeyed the request. 
 
 The admiral found him more inveterate than 
 ever in his duaker principles. He had at this 
 period, it seems, assumed the Quaker habit of 
 keeping his head covered on all occasions. The 
 admiral felt as if he could have borne any thing 
 but this. He said as much to the young man ; and 
 promised to give him his own way in every thing 
 else, if he would uncover his head only in the 
 presence of the King, the Duke of York, and 
 himself 
 
 He wished him to think seriously of this proposal, 
 without consulting about it with his Quaker friends. 
 His son assured him he would weigh the matter, 
 alone, as he wished. He retired to his own chamber, 
 and there fasted and prayed till he had made up 
 his mind for the worst. He then returned to his 
 father, and assured him, firmly but respectfully, 
 that his conscience would not suffer him to comply 
 with his wishes in regard to the matter of taking 
 off his hat. 
 
 The admiral was terribly enraged with him. 
 
28 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 He turned him from his doors again, and compelled 
 him for some time to depend for subsistence on the 
 private relief of his mother, and the charity of his 
 other relations. But the old gentleman being 
 convinced, after a while, that his son's conduct was 
 governed by principle, whether right or wrong, and 
 not by mere passion, he suffered his return to the 
 family. He did not countenance his practices 
 openly ; but, whenever his son was imprisoned for 
 attending meetings, as he often was, he procured 
 his discharge privately, and said nothing about it. 
 
 The young man was all this time preparing him- 
 self for the ministry. In 1664, in his twenty-fourth 
 year, he began to preach, and to write for the press. 
 He soon entered into a warm dispute with one Vin- 
 cent, of London, a Presbyterian, and attacked him in 
 a pamphlet ; the consequence was his own imprison- 
 ment in the Tower of London, for his severe stric- 
 tures on the doctrines of the Church of England. 
 Here, even his relations were not permitted to visit 
 him. 
 
 But his enemies gained very little by confining 
 him, for he continued to write in the Tower, as be- 
 fore. His servant was at last sent to him, with 
 information tliat the bishop of London was resolved 
 he should either recant publicly, or die a prisoner. 
 His reply illustrates his character better than any 
 thing which could be said of him : " All is well," 
 he observed ; " thou mayst tell my father, who, 
 I know, will ask thee my words, that my prison 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 29 
 
 shall be my grave, before I will budge one jot. 
 I owe my conscience to no mortal man, and I have 
 no need to fear. God will make amends for all." 
 
 He was liberated in the year 1669. In the fall 
 of that season, he visited Ireland again, to manage 
 his father's estate. Here he met with his old friends, 
 the Quakers, once more, and preached to them at 
 Dublin and Cork. Some of them were confined in 
 prison ; and he used his influence with the chancel- 
 lor and lord-lieutenant of Ireland to procure their 
 release. 
 
 In 1670, the Quakers were forbidden to meet, 
 by law, under severe penalties. They were kept 
 out of their meeting-house in Grace-Church street, 
 in London, by main force. They then met in the 
 street as near the church as possible, and Mr. Penn, 
 who had returned to England, took occasion to 
 preach to them. He was apprehended by the police, 
 and committed to Newgate prison. At the next 
 session of the court, called the Old Bailey, he was 
 tried for getting up a ' seditious and riotous assembly,' 
 as the Quaker meeting was termed. Mr. Penn 
 defended himself, and with such eloquence and such 
 a noble and fearless confidence in himself and his 
 cause, that, in spite of the frowns of the judges, the 
 jury acquitted him, and he was again set free. 
 
 In December of the same year, he was once 
 
 more seized by a party of soldiers, while he was 
 
 peaceably preaching at a meeting in London. He 
 
 was brought before the lieutenant of the Tower, 
 
 8* 
 
30 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 to be tried or questioned. His answers, and his 
 defence of himself and his sect, were so spirited 
 as almost to alarm and confound the lieutenant. 
 The latter charged him with being as bad as other 
 people. '' / make this bold challenge to all men upon 
 earth^"^ answered Penn, *' to testify that they ever 
 saw me drunk, or heard me swear, utter a curse, or 
 use a profane word. Your icords are your own 
 shame, sir. I trample your slander, as dirt, under 
 my feet" 
 
 The lieutenant only replied by sending him to 
 Newgate again for six months. After this he trav- 
 elled over Holland and Germany. He married in 
 1672 ; still continuing to preach and write. In 1676, 
 he became concerned, as we have seen, in the New 
 Jersey colony. After travelling again on the con- 
 tinent, he returned to England : and, in 16S0, pe- 
 titioned King Charles II. for a grant of land in 
 America. It seems there was a large sum of money 
 due to Admiral Penn, at his death, from the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Penn was in favor at court, too, as his father had 
 been before him. His petition was received gra- 
 ciously ; and the next year, on the 4th of March, a 
 royal charter was granted him, which made him 
 absolute proprietor of all that tract of land now 
 called Pennsylvania, and containing twenty-six mil- 
 lions of acres. 
 
HISTORY^ OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 31 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Account of the first Settlement of Pennsylvania. Mr. 
 Penn cojnes over and stays some Time in America. 
 More Emigrants in 1682 and 1683. Account of the 
 German Settlers. Of the Welsh. How they at first 
 contrived to live in the Wilderness. How the Indians 
 treated them, and how they treated the Indians. Story 
 about John Chapman. About his Daughter. About a 
 Wolf chasing a Deer. Letter of Mr. Penn to the 
 Indians. 
 
 Three ships sailed for Pennsylvania during the 
 year 1681. The John and' Sarah, from London, 
 was the first which arrived there. The Amity, from 
 the same port, was blown off to the West Indies, and 
 did not arrive until the next spring. The Bristol 
 Factor anchored at the place where Chester now 
 stands, on the 11th of December. There the pas- 
 sengers, seeing some houses, went on shore, at 
 Robert Wade's Landing, near the lower side of 
 Chester creek. The river freezing up the same 
 night, they remained there over winter. 
 
 Mr. Penn himself came over the next year, in 
 the ship Welcome. A hundred Quakers came with 
 him, many of whom were taken sick with the small- 
 pox on their passage. They had a voyage of six 
 weeks, and the first land they approached was Egg 
 Harbor in New Jersey. In passing up the Dela- 
 ware, Mr. Penn was welcomed by all classes of 
 
32 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 people, English, Dutch and Swedes, with demon- 
 strations of great joy. He landed at Newcastle on 
 the 24th of October. 
 
 Twenty-three vessels arrived, within the space 
 of the first year, with English colonists. The banks 
 of the Delaware, from Trenton falls down to Ches- 
 ter, were very rapidly peopled. In 1682, and the 
 year after, over fifty sail more came over, with set- 
 tlers from various parts of England, Ireland, Wales, 
 Holland and Germany. Those who came from 
 Germany, like a majority of the others, indeed, 
 were Quakers. They had been converted to this 
 faith by the preaching of one Ames, an Englishman, 
 and were among the first Quakers in Germany. 
 They settled seven miles from what is now Phila- 
 delphia, at a place still called Germantown. 
 
 The Welsh colonists had bought 40,000 acres 
 of land of Mr. Penn, before leaving England. 
 They now selected it on the west side of the 
 Schuylkill, where they at once settled three town- 
 ships, and afterwards three more. Most of them 
 were men of excellent character, and, accordingly, 
 no colonists in the whole province met with better 
 success. 
 
 The settlers of Pennsylvania were hardly so for- 
 tunate as their countrymen in New Jersey, in all 
 respects. They were several times alarmed by a 
 scarcity of provisions, the natural consequence of 
 peopling a perfect wilderness so rapidly. The 
 whole province, with the exception of a tract two 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 33 
 
 miles from the Delaware, was a desert covered with 
 woods, and producing nothing but wild fruits and 
 wild animals. 
 
 The lodgings of some of the settlers were, at first, 
 in the woods. The trunk of a hollow tree was fre- 
 quently all the shelter they had, for weeks, against 
 the inclemency of the weather. This sometimes 
 happened late in the fall, and even in the winter 
 season. The next coverings of many of them were 
 either caves in the earth, or such huts erected upon 
 it as could be most expeditiously procured, until better 
 houses were built. This, indeed, might be soon 
 done, for there was no want of timber. 
 
 But there were many favorable circumstances in 
 their situation, after all. They had to labor some 
 years to procure themselves a comfortable settlement. 
 But then the soil, once cleared of its heavy growth 
 of forest, proved to be fertile. The air was clear 
 and healthy ; the streams of water good and plenti- 
 ful ; wood for fire and building in abundance. There 
 were no roads or paths in the woods more than two 
 miles from the water side. As to the Indians, they 
 seldom travelled so regularly as to be traced and 
 followed by footsteps, excepting, perhaps, from one 
 of their towns to another. 
 
 The Indians were friendly to the settlers of this 
 province, as to those of New Jersey. For a long 
 time, the house of one John Chapman was farther 
 back in the woods than any other English settle- 
 ment. The Indians were then in the habit of fre- 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 quenting his house in large companies, and were 
 very kind to him and his family, and to those who 
 came after him. They brought in corn, too, and 
 other provisions. 
 
 In one of the scarce times I have mentioned, Mr. 
 Chapman's oldest daughter, Mary, supplied his fam- 
 ily by an unexpected good fortune. She had some 
 occasion to go into the woods, as the settlers' daugh- 
 ters often had, in those days. Being near Kesha- 
 ming creek, which runs into the Delaware, she 
 heard an unusual noise, like that of something in 
 distress. Upon search, she found a large buck (or 
 male deer). He was standing under the high bank 
 of the creek, whither he had fled for safety from a 
 wolf. The animal stood still. She took the hal- 
 ter from the horse she was riding, and raised it over 
 the deer's horns with a stick. Thus she secured 
 him, till assistance came. The wolf had followed 
 the buck within a few rods ; but he now retired 
 peaceably, and the poor frightened animal was 
 carried off in triumph. 
 
 This same Chapman had two twin sons, named 
 Abraham and Joseph. When about nine or ten 
 years old, they went out, one evening, to look for their 
 father's cattle in the woods. They met an Indian, 
 who told them by all means to turn back ; it was 
 growing dark, he said, and they would be lost. 
 They went on a little farther, but soon concluded 
 to take the Indian's advice. It was quite late in the 
 evening when they reached home, and there they 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 35 
 
 found the Indian before them. He had felt so 
 anxious about their safety, it seemed, that he could 
 not forbear going to the cottage of Chapman, to 
 inquire for them. He expressed a great deal of 
 satisfaction in seeing them safe home. 
 
 Such, generally, was the interest which these 
 simple natives took in the welfare of the settlers. 
 Not long after the time just spoken of. Chapman and 
 his wife attended a yearly meeting of the Quakers 
 at Philadelphia (of the building of which place we 
 shall soon speak). They left a young and rather 
 large family at home ; and the Indians came every 
 day, during their absence, to see that every thing 
 went right with the young people, and to bring them 
 provisions enough to support them comfortably till 
 their parents returned. 
 
 You may wonder at this kindness of the Indians, 
 especially when you remember, as I dare say you 
 will, how differently they were disposed towards the 
 settlers in some other provinces. I may as well tell 
 you now, that we shall find it to be true of the other 
 Middle States, generally, as well as of Pennsylvania, 
 that the Indians were treated more prudently than 
 in the southern or northern colonies. One reason 
 might be, that several of those states were settled at 
 a later period, when the Indian character was better 
 understood, and the English had the benefit of some 
 experience in treating and trading with them. In 
 New York, which was settled first, the savages 
 were, as we shall find, somewhat troublesome. The 
 
36 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Dutch, who settled that province, took no pains, if 
 they had known how, to conciliate the good will of 
 the Indians. But much credit is also due, both in 
 Pennsylvania and Jersey, to the care and peaceable 
 good conduct of the Q-uakers. Hence the duakers 
 were ever afterwards great favorites with the Indians. 
 Still more particularly is credit due, in the history 
 of the former province, to Mr. Penn, its proprietor. 
 He treated the Indians, from the beginning, with 
 entire good faith, and sincere and most honorable 
 friendship. This will appear from his letter to them, 
 which he sent from London, in 1681, by the first of 
 his settlers. You will find it worth reading, for its 
 simplicity and kindness, as well as for its quaintness 
 of expression : — 
 
 '' My Friends : 
 
 " There is a great God, that hath made 
 the world, and all things therein ; to whom you and 
 I, and all people, owe their being, and well-being ; 
 and to whom you and I must one day give an ac- 
 count for all that we do in the world. 
 
 " This great God hath written his law in our 
 hearts, by which we are commanded and taught to 
 love, and help, and do good to one another. Now, 
 this good Being hath been pleased to make me con- 
 cerned in your part of the world ; and the great 
 king of the country where I live hath given me a 
 province among you. But I desire to enjoy it with 
 your love, and that we always live together as neigh- 
 
mSTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 0< 
 
 bors and friends, as the great God has intended for 
 all men. 
 
 " I would have you know, moreover, that I am 
 aware you have not always been treated as you should 
 have been by the people of these parts of the world ; 
 and so you have been angry ; and blood has been 
 shed, — which kindled the anger of the Great Spirit 
 also. But I am not such a man, as is well known 
 in my own country. I love and regard you ; and 
 I desire to gain your love by a kind, just and peace- 
 able life. The people I send to you shall be of the 
 same mind. If in any thing they offend or injure 
 any of you, you shall have speedy satisfaction. 
 
 " I shall come shortly to you myself, to confer 
 with you on these matters. Meanwhile, I have sent 
 my commissioners, to treat with you about land, and 
 about a firm league of peace. Let me desire you 
 to be kind to them, and to all my people. Receive 
 these presents and tokens, which I have sent you 
 as a testimony of my good-will to you, and my reso- 
 lution to live justly, friendly and peaceably with you. 
 " I am your loving friend, 
 
 " William Penn." 
 4 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Gi'eat Treaty heiiveen William Penn and the Indians, in 
 June, 1682. They call him their ^ Elder Brother.^ How 
 the Treaty was made, and where, and how long it ivas 
 kept. Another Treaty in 1715. Speech of the Indian 
 Chief Sassoonan. Stoi'y about an Indian Queen and 
 some Quaker Preachers. 
 
 A FEW montlis after this letter was written, Mr. 
 Penn himself, in June, 1682, held his first personal 
 conference with the Indians, not many miles from the 
 place where Philadelphia now stands. As many of 
 them as possible, with their sachems and kings, 
 were invited and assembled together, from aU parts 
 of the province. A treaty of peace was concluded 
 at this time, which was kept inviolate on both sides 
 for seventy years. This treaty was confirmed by 
 presents ; the Indian orators expressed their grati- 
 tude, as usual ; the conference was broken up after 
 a day or two, and the savages v^ent home, not only 
 satisfied with the honesty, but gratified by the kind- 
 ness, of Mr. Penn, whom they now began to call 
 their ' Elder Brother.' 
 
 This famous treaty was made in the open fiehJs, 
 under the shade of an old wide-spread elm. This 
 venerable tree was still standing at the beginning 
 of the revolutionary war. Even the British troops 
 revered and spared it, when they cut up every thing 
 around it. It was at last blown down, I believe, by 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 39 
 
 a violent gale ; but the wood of it is preserved, to the 
 present time, in the shape of boxes, bowls, cups, and 
 other articles of the kind. 
 
 In 1701, after Mr. Penn had been to England 
 and returned again to America, he made a new 
 treaty with the Susquehannah or Conestogoe Indians. 
 These savages, like the rest of their countrymen, had 
 a high respect and a strong affection for Penn. 
 They came to Philadelphia this same season, in 
 great numbers, for the purpose of bidding him fare- 
 well, and receiving his last advice previous to his 
 final departure from the province for England. 
 
 He addressed them at that time in a long speech. 
 He advised them, above all things, to abandon the 
 use of strong liquors ; which they promised tp do. 
 He desired them in his absence to cultivate friend- 
 ship with his people. He had charged the latter, 
 he said, to be kind to the Indians, as he had always 
 been himself. This, he added, was, or might be, 
 his last interview with them ; and he hoped they 
 would show their sense of his friendship for them 
 by remembering his good advice. He then made 
 them generous and useful presents. They retired 
 satisfied, as usual, but really affected ; some of them 
 to tears, it is said, by the idea of parting with their 
 ipYoteciOY and 'Elder Brother.' Since I am telling 
 about the Indians, I will finish altogether what I 
 have to say of them. 
 
 Four years after the departure of Mr. Penn, one 
 Thomas Chelkley, a Quaker preacher, with a few 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Other members of that sect, visited the Conestogoe 
 and Shawanese Indians, on the Susquehannah. 
 Their object was, to teach them the truths of the 
 Christian religion. The Indians received them 
 with great kindness. A woman of some authority 
 among them, a kind of queen, seemed to be particu- 
 larly affected by the visit. This woman spoke 
 so much in the councils of the tribe, that Chelkley 
 took the liberty to inquire of some of the Indians 
 the occasion of it. " It is because" answered they, 
 ** some women are wiser than some men." 
 
 She told Chelkley that she looked upon his 
 coming to be more than natural ; for " he did not 
 come to buy, nor sell, nor to get gain.'* She then 
 told him a dream which she had three days before. 
 ''She was in London," she said, " and London was 
 the finest place she ever saw. There she went up 
 and down six streets, and in the seventh she saw 
 William Penn preaching to the people, who crowded 
 about in a vast multitude. After he had done, 
 she went to him. He was glad to see her, and 
 promised by and by to go over to Pennsylvania, 
 and preach to the poor Indians. Now," added 
 she, "my dream is fulfilled. For his friends, if not 
 himself, have come to us." I tell you this simple 
 anecdote, to show you how long and how affection- 
 ately Penn was remembered by the Indians. It 
 was very natural that the good woman should dream 
 about what she thought of most when awake. 
 
 A treaty was made between Governor Gookin and 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 41 
 
 the Delaware Indians, in 1715, at Philadelphia. 
 They ass;embled at the court-house, with the sa- 
 chem Sassoonan at their head. The council was 
 opened by the Indian's taknig out the calumet, or 
 pipe of peace, with a good deal of ceremony, and a 
 noise of songs and rattles. Sassoonan handed it 
 to the governor. From him it passed round among 
 all the English in the house, each one puffing a i^ew 
 whiffs of tobacco-smoke. It was then returned to 
 Sassoonan, who handed it to the Indians one after 
 another. When every one of them had smoked, 
 it was put away with the same ceremonies and 
 songs as before, 
 
 Sassoonan was the Indian speaker. He said, 
 among other things, " They had come to renew the 
 old bond of friendship. William Penn," he added, 
 " had made a clear and open road for them to v, alk 
 in. He desired that this road might be kept open. 
 The Indians should make themselves half English, 
 and the English half Indians." This shows you 
 again how the Indians remembered Mr. Penn. 
 
 He then discoursed of matters of trade. " Hither- 
 to this had been like a house with two doors ; one 
 for them, and another for the English, But the 
 goods were placed in the dark." They were igno- 
 rant, he meant to say, how they were dealt with, or 
 how they ought to trade. 
 
 He then desired that the whites and the red men 
 might be as people eating all of the same dish. 
 Formerly his tribe knew the prices of their own 
 4* 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 and of the English goods. But now, they varied 
 so much, he said, that there was no understanding 
 them. " On this account," he added very solemnly, 
 *' I am obliged to wear such ragged breeches, that 
 I am ashamed to be seen. I pray that this incon- 
 venience may be remedied." All these, and other 
 suggestions, were confirmed in the Indian manner, 
 by presents of wampum and skins ; in return for 
 which the governor gave his savage friend a variety 
 of handsome articles. I shall give you a list of them 
 all, with the prices in the old currency, that you 
 may know how they were valued in those times, 
 and how liberal the Indians were : — 
 
 45 raw fall deer-skins.... wt. 138 lbs. at 9d £5 3s. 6d. 
 
 8 summer " .... " 16 " at 13^d 13 
 
 53 dressed " 7 2 6 
 
 84 whole fox-skins at 18d 6 6 
 
 12 '' raccoons at 12d 12 
 
 Other furs 9 
 
 £21 lls.Od. 
 
 And here you have a list of the English presents 
 in return : — 
 
 16 coats at 19s £15 4s. Od. 
 
 10 duffil garments 10s. 6d 5 50 
 
 6 blankets 13s. 4d 4 
 
 6 shirts 8s. 6d 2 11 
 
 50 lbs. powder 4 10 
 
 100 lbs. lead 2 10 
 
 12 dozen pipes 4 6 
 
 £32 4s. 6d. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 43 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Account of the Founding of Philadelphia City in the. 
 Year 1682. Hoiv the Ground ivas laid out. Story of 
 the first Discovery of this Spot. How the first Settlers 
 in Philadelphia were accommodated with Lodgings. 
 The first House built. The first Child born. Penny- 
 Pot. The Blue-Anchor Tavern. Letter of Mr. Penn 
 about the City, in 1683, to a Friend in England. 
 
 Having given you some history of the Pennsyl- 
 vanian Indians from the time of Mr. Penn's first 
 treaty with them, chiefly with the view of showing 
 you how long they remembered him, I shall now 
 go back to the time of the early settlements once 
 more, for the purpose of telling you about the found- 
 ing of Philadelphia, and the proceedings of the set- 
 tlers in the neighborhood of that place. In the 
 latter part of 1682, Mr. Penn, having finished his 
 first business with the Indians, undertook to lay out 
 a place for a city. In this he was assisted by his 
 surveyor-general, Mr. Thomas Holme. The ground 
 chosen for the purpose being claimed by some 
 Swedish settlers, who said they had occupied it 
 before the English came, Mr. Penn bought it of 
 them, giving them in exchange a large quantity of 
 land at a few miles distance. My young readers are 
 familiar enough with the geography of their own 
 country, I dare say, to know that Philadelphia stands 
 on the west bank of the Delaware river, where 
 that beautiful stream is something like a mile wide. 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 It is one hundred and twenty miles, or nearly that 
 distance, from the sea, as the Delaware runs. 
 The Schuylkill, a branch of the Delaware, runs 
 nearly parallel to it at this place, at the distance 
 of two miles westward. It pours into the Delaware 
 four miles below the city. Here its navigation for 
 large vessels is obstructed by a sand-bar ; but in 
 boats and small craft, iron, wheat, flour, coal, and 
 other articles, are floated down to the city to a great 
 amount, from the interior country. 
 
 The situation of the ground, when Mr. Penn 
 commenced his survey for a city, exhibited a de- 
 lightful prospect. There was a fine, high and 
 dry bank next the water, spotted with large lofty 
 pines. Many of the adventurers who came before Mr. 
 Penn, had their caves and holes in this same bank 
 for a residence. This was before houses were built, 
 or any other accommodations prepared for them. 
 
 The first house erected on this plot of ground 
 was built by a man named George Guest, and was 
 still unfinished at the time of Mr. Penn's arrival. 
 Several small houses were put up soon afterv/ards. 
 Mr. Penn's own house, however, was built on his 
 estate called Pennsburg, near the bank of the Del- 
 aware, a few miles below the falls of Trenton, and 
 about twenty-six above the city. This was under- 
 taken before his arrival, and intended for his recep- 
 tion. He afterv/ards held his conferences with the 
 Indians at this house, and resided there occasion- 
 ally, but not all the time. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 45 
 
 I might have told you, that Mr. Guest's house 
 was situated in what I believe is still called Budd's 
 row. He kept a tavern there long afterwards, 
 called the Blue Anchor^ from his sign. I have told 
 you that the first settlers lived in caves. One of the 
 number was John Key, who was the first child born 
 of English parents in Philadelphia. His birth took 
 place in a cave near Sassafras street, known many 
 years after by the odd name of * Penny-Pot.' 
 
 In the latter part of his life, Key went generally, 
 in the city, by the name of the ' First-Born.' Mr. 
 Penn, as a compliment, gave him, when quite young, 
 a lot of ground. He died at Kennet, in Chester 
 county, in July, 1767, aged eighty-four. This vil- 
 lage was thirty miles from the city ; but the hardy 
 old gentleman walked that distance with ease in 
 one day, only six years before his death. 
 
 The ground of Philadelphia, according to the 
 original plan, extended about two miles in length, 
 between the Delaware and the Schuylkill, and in 
 breadth nearly a mile on each river. Nine streets 
 were marked out in right lines, and parallel to each 
 other, from stream to stream. These were inter- 
 sected by twenty-three others, at right angles, run- 
 ning nearly parallel with the rivers, north and 
 south. None of them were less than fifty nor 
 more than one hundred feet broad. 
 
 Five squares were assigned in this original plan 
 for the public use of the city. The largest, in the 
 centre, was to contain ten acres ; and was reserved 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 for a State-house, market-house, school-house, and 
 the chief meeting-house of the Quakers. Four 
 other squares were meant to be reserved in the four 
 quarters of the city, containing eight acres each. 
 Except in the direction of the streets, the plan of 
 Mr. Penn has been very strictly adhered to in latter 
 
 times. I 
 
 t 
 
 The Indian name of the place vv^here the city < 
 stands vras Coaquanock. The first we hear of it in I 
 history, is in 1678. In December of that year, the « 
 ship Shield, from Hull in England, arrived in the 
 Delaware river, with a colony of settlers for West 
 Jersey. This vessel ascended as far as Coaquanock. 
 She passed by the high and bold shore I have spoken 
 of, so near to it, that, in turning about, part of her 
 tackling caught in the pine boughs. One of the 
 passengers cried out, " Here is a Jine situation, 
 indeed, for a town^ The crew went ashore, next 
 morning, upon the ice ; so hard and so suddenly 
 had it frozen in the space of one night. 
 
 The building up of Philadelphia was always a 
 very favorite project with Mr. Penn. It was the 
 city of his own choice and charge. This is clear 
 enouorh from his letters to his English friends. 
 Here is an extract from one written in 1683, only 
 one year after the founding of the city : — 
 
 " I say little of the town, because the plan of it 
 will be shown you by my agent. But this I will say, 
 for the good providence of God, that of all the many 
 places I have seen in the world, I remember not 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 47 
 
 one better seated. It seems to have been appointed 
 for a town, whether we regard the rivers, or the 
 conveniency of the coves, docks and springs, or the 
 loftiness and soundness of the land. And the air, 
 too, is held by the people of these parts to be very 
 good. 
 
 *' It is advanced, within less than a year, to about 
 eighty houses and cottages, such as they are. Mer- 
 chants and handicrafts are following their vocations 
 as fast as they can. The countrymen are close at 
 their farms. Some of them got a little winter corn 
 in the ground last season. The generality have 
 had a handsome summer crop, and are preparing 
 for their winter corn. They reaped their barley in 
 May, this year, and the wheat in June ; so thaf 
 there is time, in these parts, for another crop of 
 divers things, before the winter season. 
 
 " We are daily in hopes of shipping from England, 
 to add to our number. Blessed be God, there is 
 both room and accommodation for them. The 
 stories told of our necessities are either the false fears 
 of our friends, or the scare-crows of our enemies. 
 For the greatest hardship we have suffered hath 
 been salt meat. And this has been made quite 
 passable by the aid of fowl in winter, and fish in 
 summer, together with poultry, lamb, veal, mutton 
 and plenty of venison, the best part of the year." 
 
 Mr. Penn adds, in this letter, that he had already 
 set up the first saw-mill and the first tannery in the 
 city. He had marked out a place also for a dock, 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 a glass-house, and a fishing-stand. In a word, he 
 omitted nothing which could add to the comfort of 
 his settlers. One would suppose, from his descrip- 
 tion above quoted, that they never lacked good fare 
 and enough of it. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Anecdotes of the early Pennsylvania Settlers in the hack 
 Woods. How they carried on their Farming. How 
 they sometimes procured Food. Story about killing 
 Pigeons. Letter of Richard Tovmsend to a Friend in 
 England. The first Meeting-House erected. The first 
 Corn-Mill. A Bull used for a Beast of Burden. 
 Story about catching a Deer. Remarks on the Character 
 of the early Settlers. 
 
 However much Mr. Penn was delighted with 
 his own situation, and the growth of his favorite 
 city, and however much reason he had for being 
 so, the case was by no means altogether the same 
 with the settlers in the back country in the same 
 province. 
 
 Some of these poor fellows were often sorely per- 
 plexed to find food for their large families. But for 
 the kindness of the savages, they would have suffered 
 still more. For a year or two after their first settle- 
 ment in any remote and desert place, these good 
 people, simple and ignorant as they were, always 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 49 
 
 supplied them, as they did John Chapman's family, 
 of which I have told you, with corn, venison, wild 
 fruits, and other things of the kind, until the set- 
 tlers were able to clear up their farms so as to 
 raise good crops by the labor of their own hands. 
 I say hands, because it was some time, generally, 
 before a settler could afford to buy or keep a horse 
 or a plough. They used hoes almost altogether, 
 instead of ploughs. 
 
 They were occasionally relieved in another man- 
 ner, which seemed to them singularly providential. 
 At certain seasons of the year (the berry and grain 
 months, I presume), the wild pigeons came in such 
 numbers among them, that the air was sometimes 
 really darkened by their flight. These birds flew 
 quite low, and they were actually knocked down 
 as they flew, with sticks and stones, in great quan- 
 tities, by those who had no better ammunition with 
 which to destroy them. This supplied the poor 
 settlers with fresh meat for some days ; and the 
 residue, which they could not immediately use, was 
 salted down, like beef or pork, for some other time. 
 
 I shall close my sketches of the Pennsylvanian 
 history with a brief description of the manner of 
 an early settler's life, for the first few years after his 
 arrival. It will give you a better idea of the sub- 
 ject, if I take my information from some of their 
 own letters. I will therefore give you the account 
 of Richard Townsend, an honest old Q,uaker. The 
 letters were written about the year 1727. They 
 5 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 will be found none the less amusing, I think, for 
 showing you the quaint style of the sect and the age. 
 
 *' Whereas,'' solemnly begins Mr. Townsend, 
 " King Charles II., in 1681, was pleased to grant this 
 province to William Penn and his heirs forever ; 
 and, this William Penn being one of the people 
 called duakers, and in good esteem among them 
 and others, many were inclined to embark along 
 with him for the settlement of this place : 
 
 " To that end, several ships being provided 
 in 1682, I found a concern on my mind to em- 
 bark with them, with my wife and child. So, 
 about the latter end of the sixth month (June), 
 having settled my affairs in London, where I dwelt, 
 I went on board the ship Welcome, Robert Green- 
 away, commander, in company with my worthy 
 friend William Penn, whose good conversation 
 was very advantageous to all the company. His 
 care was especially manifested in contributing to the 
 necessities of many who were sick of the small-pox. 
 
 " After a prosperous voyage of about twp months, 
 having had in that time many good meetings on 
 board, we arrived here. At our arrival, we found it 
 a wilderness. The chief inhabitants were Indians 
 and some Swedes, who received us in a friendly 
 manner. Although there was a great number of 
 us, the good providence of God was seen in a par- 
 ticular manner, in that provisions were found for us, 
 by the Swedes and the Indians, at a very reason- 
 able rate. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 51 
 
 ** Our first concern was to keep up our religious 
 worship; and in order thereunto, we had several 
 meetings in the houses of the inhabitants. One 
 boarded meeting-house was set up, where the city 
 was to be, near the Delaware. There, as we had 
 nothing but love and good-will in our hearts, one 
 to another, we had very comfortable meetings from 
 time to time. After our meeting was over, we 
 assisted each other in building little houses, for our 
 first shelter. 
 
 " After some time, I set up a mill on Chester 
 creek, which I had brought ready framed from 
 London. It served for grinding of corn and sawing 
 of boards, and was of great use to us. Besides, I, 
 with Joshua Tittery, made a net, and caught great 
 quantities of fish. These supplied ourselves and 
 others; so that, notwithstanding it was thought that 
 near three thousand persons came over the first 
 year, we were providentially provided for. We 
 could buy a deer for about two shillings, a large 
 turkey for about one shilling, and corn for about 
 two shillings and six-pence a bushel. The Indians 
 brought in plenty of venison. 
 
 " About a year after our arrival, there came in 
 about twenty families, from High and Low Germany, 
 of religious, good people. They settled at a place 
 which they called Germantown. The country con- 
 tinually increasing, people began to spread them- 
 selves farther back. A place called North Wales 
 also was settled by a colony of Welshmen, an 
 
52 HISTORY OF THE MUJDLE STATES. 
 
 honest sort of people, though not professors 
 of the truth as held by us Quakers. Yet, in a 
 little time, a large convincement took place among 
 them, in consequence of good preaching, and 
 divers meeting-houses were built." 
 
 *' About the time when Germantown was laid out, 
 I settled upon my tract of land which I had pur- 
 chased of the proprietor in England. I set up a 
 house and a corn-mill upon it, which was very useful 
 to the country for several miles round. There not 
 being plenty of horses, people generally brought 
 their corn to mill, many miles, on their backs. I 
 remember one man had a bull so gentle, that he used 
 to carry his corn on him, instead of a horse. 
 
 " Being now settled about six miles from Phila- 
 delphia, where were most of my friends, and the 
 chief place of provisions, fresh meat was very scarce." 
 
 Here Mr. Townsend makes some further remarks 
 upon the means by which they obtained a subsist- 
 ence, and then relates the following anecdote as an 
 illustration of the kindness with which Providence 
 watched over their welfare : — 
 
 " As I was in my meadow, mowing grass, during 
 the haying season, a young deer came out of the 
 bushes near by, and stood still and looked at me. I 
 continued mowing, and the deer continued looking. 
 After a while, I laid down my scythe, and went gently 
 towards him. Upon this he ran off, but not far. I 
 went to work again, and the deer began to look at 
 me again ; so that I left my work several times to 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 53 
 
 go towards him ; but he still kept himself at a dis- 
 tance. At last, as I was stepping slowly and softly 
 towards him, he, looking me full in the face and re- 
 treating, did not mind his steps, but stumbled vio- 
 lently against the trunk of a tree. The shock stunned 
 him so much that he fell. I now ran forward, and, 
 getting upon him, held him by the legs. After a 
 great struggle, in which I had almost tired him out, 
 I threw him on my shoulders, holding him fast by 
 the legs, and carried him about a quarter of a mile, 
 home, though not without difficulty, from his fresh 
 strugglings. A neighbor of mine, who happened 
 to be there, helped me butcher the deer very hand- 
 somely, and he proved serviceable to my family." 
 
 It must be obvious enough to my young readers, 
 I think, after all I have said of the first settlers of 
 Pennsylvania, that they were hardy, persevering, 
 industrious and honest men. They were, in fact, 
 just the men most likely to succeed in their situa- 
 tions ; and it was to their excellent character and 
 habits that the province, for a long time, owed the 
 greater part of its prosperity. 
 5* 
 
54 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Some other Anecdotes of the Pennsyhanian Indians. How 
 they were unjustly suspected of Hostility by the JVhiteSf 
 in 1688 ; and how the Jfhites were horribly frightened 
 about JVothing. Story about the lame Indian King. 
 War at last breaks out, in 1754. The Occasion of it. 
 Some of the Tribes continue peaceable. Injustice done 
 to these friendly Tribes. Horrible Massacre at Lan- 
 caster. End of the Pennsyhanian History. 
 
 I HAVE told you that the Pennsylvania Indians 
 never violated their first treaty with Mr. Penn, for 
 about seventy years. There were sometimes fears, 
 however, that they would do so, especially as the 
 French, in Canada, made great exertions to per- 
 suade them to desert the English interest. In 1688, 
 the people of Philadelphia were alarmed with the 
 report of a conspiracy of the savages, to cut off all 
 the English on a certain day. The report was first 
 brought by two women, of West Jersey, to an old 
 Dutch settler at Chester. The appointed day, they 
 said, was Wednesday of the week following. 
 
 On Wednesday, accordingly, about 10 o'clock in 
 the night, a messenger came riding into Chester vil- 
 lage in breathless haste. He had come across the 
 woods. He told the people that three families, which 
 he named, about nine miles distant, were all cut off 
 by the Indians. Luckily, the Chester Quakers were 
 not easily alarmed before they were hurt. They 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 65 
 
 knew that they had treated the Indians too well to 
 have made enemies of them. 
 
 Three of them, however, started off on horseback, 
 about midnight, to examine into the truth of the re- 
 port. They found the three houses referred to, but no 
 persons in them. Still, there were no signs of mur- 
 der. The inhabitants had heard the same alarm, it 
 seems, with the Chester people, and had fled for 
 refuge about a mile, to a small settlement at Ridley's 
 creek. One of them had even been told that five 
 hundred Indians were actually collected at a place 
 called Naaman's creek, ready to fall upon the 
 English. This man had immediately fled for his 
 house, to give the alarm. As he was hastening on, 
 he imagined that he heard one of his own children 
 crying out, " What shall I do 1 My poor mother in 
 killed ! my mother is killed ! What shall I do V 
 
 This frightened him more than ever. He now 
 supposed that his house and family were gone for it. 
 He dared not even proceed any farther, to learn the 
 correctness of his fears. He turned about instantly, 
 and fled across the woods for Philadelphia, with all 
 possible speed, and imagining every stump and bush 
 on his way to be an Indian. The people of that 
 place were much alarmed by his story. A messen- 
 ger was despatched to Naaman's creek, who soon 
 returned and confirmed the report. 
 
 He said, however, that it was at Brandywine, and 
 not Naaman's creek, where the Indians were as- 
 sembled. He added, that they had carried away or 
 
56 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 concealed their women and children, and also their 
 king, who was lame and sick ; in a word, they were 
 thoroughly prepared for the massacre. A Chester 
 Quaker, named Caleb Pusey, now offered to go again 
 to this very place without arms even, provided only 
 that five other persons from Philadelphia would ac- 
 company him. He suspected that there might be 
 some mistake in the business. 
 
 He set off, accordingly, with five attendants, and 
 proceeded to the Indian village at Brandywine 
 creek. Here, instead of finding five hundred sav- 
 ages in arms, they found the old king quietly lying 
 on the ground before his wigwam, in the sunshine. 
 His lame leg lay at length on a pile of straw, and 
 his head on a kind of pillow. The Indian children 
 were playing around him : the v/omen were at work 
 in their cornfields as usual. 
 
 The English approached the royal wigwam. The 
 old king raised his head a little, and inquired, very 
 politely, what they had come for. They told him 
 the report which the Jersey women had first raised, 
 and asked him whether the Indians had any com- 
 plaint to make against the English. He appeared 
 both provoked and amused at the report. He said 
 that they had never the least misunderstanding with 
 the English. " 'Tis true," added he, " you owe us 
 still about fifteen pounds, for the land Mr. Penn 
 bought; but we are in no particular haste for 
 our pay." 
 
 The English replied to him, that the Great Spirit 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 57 
 
 loved the English and the Indians alike, and so they 
 ought to love each other. *' Very true," said the 
 king, " and as the Great Spirit has given you corn, 
 as well as ourselves, I advise you to go home and 
 gather it in peace. [It was now harvest time.] We 
 intend you no harm." They parted amicably, and 
 the messengers returned to Philadelphia, to quiet 
 the vain fears of the settlers. This story illustrates 
 the suspicion which they still could not help harbor- 
 ing, however unjustly, against the inoffensive and 
 friendly natives. 
 
 It was not until the year 1754, that a really hos- 
 tile spirit began to be seen am.ong the Pennsylvanian 
 tribes. They were provoked, probably, by some 
 incursions or trespasses of the straggling whites on 
 their lands or other property. They were spurred 
 on, too, by the French in Canada. Hostilities 
 commenced; and the frontier inhabitants, on the 
 skirts of the province, suffered all the horrors of a 
 violent Indian war. 
 
 But the savages were not all concerned in this 
 misunderstanding. The Conestogoe Indians, among 
 others, continued friendly. They did not get much 
 credit, however, for their good conduct. Public 
 suspicion was excited against the Indians general- 
 ly ; and this feeling became so violent in Lancaster 
 county, as to give rise to the most atrocious massacres 
 recorded in the annals of America. 
 
 An attack was made upon the Conestogoe set- 
 tlement by fifty-seven Lancaster settlers, who had 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 armed themselves with muskets, hangers and hatch- 
 ets, and were all mounted on horseback. It was 
 about day-break when they surrounded the wig- 
 wam village of the poor, innocent, but suspected 
 Indians. 
 
 The signal was given for assault, and the wig- 
 wams were all broken in at the same moment. 
 Only three men, two women and one boy were 
 found at home. The rest were among the neigh- 
 boring white people, in Lancaster and other places ; 
 some to sell their baskets, brooms and bowls, and 
 others for other occasions. The six just mention- 
 ed were immediately fired upon, stabbed, and 
 hatcheted to death. All of them were scalped, and 
 horribly mangled. Their huts were then set on 
 fire, and the whole Indian village consumed. 
 
 The magistrates of Lancaster had by this time 
 heard the alarm. Determined to defend the Cones- 
 togoes against their outrageous persecutors, they 
 sent out to collect all the straggling Indians about 
 that place, and secure them. But the murderers 
 were not yet satisfied. Hearing that fourteen In- 
 dians were collected together in the Lancaster 
 work-house, they marched for that town with their 
 whole force. Fifty of them soon made their ap- 
 pearance before the gates of the work-house. 
 
 They then dismounted, and broke in the doors 
 with the utmost violence. The poor Indians now 
 perceived that their last hour had arrived. The 
 Lancaster people would have protected them ; but 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 59 
 
 they were surprised, and knew not what to do. 
 The Indians had no weapons, and no other de- 
 fence whatever. Their cruel enemies had now 
 broken in the inner doors. They stood before 
 them, breathless, and with fury in their counte- 
 nances. 
 
 The Indian children began to cling to their pa- 
 rents' knees. The latter fell on their faces before 
 the English. They professed their innocence, and 
 protested, that, in their whole lives, they had done 
 the English no injury. In this posture they were 
 all murdered, man, woman and child ! The bar- 
 barous ruffians who committed the deed retreated 
 hastily from the work-house, mounted their horses^ 
 huzzaed at the door for their victory, and galloped 
 out of town at full speed ! 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Commencement of the early History of J^eiv York, The 
 River Hudson discovered. Some Account of Henry 
 Hudson. The Dutch form Settlements in JVetv York. 
 Dispute between them and the English. War with the 
 English. War with the Indians. Quarrels with the 
 Connecticut Settlers. Governor Van Twiller. Kieft, 
 the second Governor, comes pretty near having his 
 Brains blown out. Anecdotes. 
 
 Having done with the early Pennsylvanian his- 
 tory, I shall give you, now, some sketches of the 
 
60 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 history of the great state of New York. Populous 
 and powerful as that state is at the present time, it was 
 long among the most insignificant of the colonies ; 
 and, even at the end of a hundred years from its 
 first settlement, it did not contain one hundred 
 thousand inhabitants. You will recollect that it 
 now contains more than two millions. 
 
 The principal river of New York, the Hudson, 
 was first discovered and ascended, in 1609, two 
 years afi:er the settlement at Jamestown, by Henry 
 Hudson, for whom it was named. 
 
 Hudson was an Englishman, employed, as some 
 writers say, by the English king, James, but as the 
 Dutch historians generally state, employed by the 
 Dutch East India Company. Chiefly in conse- 
 quence of this uncertainty, affecting the rights of 
 the English and the Dutch, as first discoverers and 
 owners of the same disputed country, there were 
 frequent quarrels and wars between the Dutch in 
 New York and the neighboring English colonies, 
 for a number of years. The former were finally 
 conquered in 1664, during a long war in which the 
 mother countries, England and Holland, were en- 
 gaged with each other. 
 
 The English writers say, further, that Hudson 
 sold his right of discovery to the Dutch, which he 
 had no right to do, being subject to King James. 
 But the Dutch deny this. He was employed, they 
 say, by themselves, as a servant of the company. 
 This company desired, as almost all Europe did, at 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 61 
 
 that time, to find some nearer passage to the East 
 Indies, than by the usual roundabout circuit of the 
 Cape of Good Hope. They sent Hudson, there- 
 fore, to search for a north-west, American passage, 
 not knowing, at that period, how far this continent 
 extended, uninterruptedly, from north to south. 
 
 Hudson sailed early in 1609, — or, as others say, 
 in 1608, — with a small vessel, well supplied, and 
 twenty Englishmen and Dutchmen for a crew. He 
 pursued a westward course from the Texel, in Hol- 
 land, and fell in with the coast of Newfoundland, so 
 named by himself He then shaped his course for 
 Cape Cod ; looked into the Chesapeake, near 
 where the Virginian colony had settled in 1607 ; an- 
 chored off the Delaware; and ascended the river^ 
 named, after himself, the Hudson, more than a hun- 
 dred miles. When he returned to Holland, the 
 Dutch gave him something for his map of discove- 
 ries, and sent several ships, the next year, to found 
 a small settlement on Manhattan Island, upon w^hich 
 the great city of New York now stands. 
 
 In 1614, they granted a patent to a company of 
 merchants, for trading with the savages on the 
 Hudson. They called their American territory 
 the New Netherlands, and laid claim to all that is 
 now Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, be- 
 sides New York. Being determined to make the 
 best of this claim, too, they built a fort on the 
 western side of the Hudson, near Albany, the 
 6 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 first commander of which was Hendrick or Henry 
 Christiaens. 
 
 This good man had enjoyed his authority but a 
 few months, before Captain Argall, who had been 
 sent out by the English against the Dutch settle- 
 ments on the Bay of Fundy, and had sailed up the 
 Hudson on his return, by way of amusement, sudden- 
 ly appeared before the fort, and called upon Chris- 
 tiaens to surrender. The captain was obliged to 
 make a grace of necessity. He was unprepared for 
 defence ; and so, without the least ceremony, or 
 show of fighting, he instantly submitted himself, 
 and his garrison or colony, to the crown of Eng- 
 land. In consequence of this good behavior, Ar- 
 gall suffered them to stay there, although it is said 
 their fort was demolished. But the English were 
 hardly gone, before they built another, on Manhattan 
 Island, which they called Fort Amsterdam. 
 
 In 1623, they erected two more ; one called 
 Nassau, on the east side of Delaware Bay ; and 
 another, called Good Hope, on Connecticut River. 
 The Dutch writers say, that the land was bought of 
 the Indians on both sides of this last-named river, 
 long before the English settled there. In 1621, 
 the New Netherlands were granted to the Dutch 
 West Indian Company. 
 
 Wouter Van Twiller was the first Dutch gov- 
 ernor. He arrived at Fort Amsterdam, where New 
 York now is, in June, 1629. His style and title, in 
 the grant, were as follows : — '' We, director and 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 63 
 
 council, residing in the New Netherlands, on the 
 Island Manhattans, under the government of their 
 High Mightinesses, the Lords States General of 
 the United Netherlands, and the privileged West 
 Indian Company." It is certainly to be hoped that 
 the worthy governor did not oblige every one of his 
 subjects to address him, on all occasions, by his 
 long title. 
 
 William Kieft was the second governor. By the 
 year 1638, the quarrelling with their English and 
 other neighbors had become quite brisk ; and it 
 embarrassed Kieft not a little. He issued a proc- 
 lamation, among other things, forbidding the Con- 
 necticut people to trade at Fort Good Hope, on the 
 Connecticut river. Shortly after, the English n6t 
 being so much terrified by this proclamation as the 
 governor expected, he sent a Dutch force to Good 
 Hope, to maintain what he considered his Dutch 
 territories. The English had already settled on 
 the Connecticut two years before. In 1640, 
 notwithstanding the proclamation and the power 
 of Governor Kieft, they seized upon the Dutch 
 garrison, and drove them all away from the banks 
 of the river. 
 
 In the course of the same year, the English also 
 overspread the eastern part of Long Island, and 
 settled even as far as Oyster Bay. In 1642, Kieft 
 sent a force to break up these settlements, notwith- 
 standing that the English had bought up the land of 
 the Indians. Some of the English planters were 
 
64 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 imprisoned, and others driven off. The governor 
 treated the New Haven colonists with no more cer- 
 emony. He sent two armed sloops against them, 
 without so much as a warning ; burned the English 
 trading-houses ; seized upon their boat and their 
 goods ; and did other damage, to the amount of one 
 thousand pounds sterling. 
 
 The Dutch agent at New Haven made an at- 
 tempt on the life of Mr. Lamberton, a principal 
 merchant of the English colony, during the same 
 year. He accused that gentleman of a plot with 
 the Indians, to cut off the Dutch ; and tried to in- 
 duce his servants to swear all this falsehood against 
 him in court, by giving them strong drink, and by 
 other bribes. Lamberton was tried and acquitted ; 
 but when he afterwards visited ' Manhattoes' to 
 trade, Kieft treated him very harshly, and obliged 
 him lo pay an inordinate tax upon the beaver-skins 
 which he had there purchased from the Indians. 
 
 The English further complained of the Dutch, 
 that the latter harbored all fugitives from Con- 
 necticut; helped them, when confined for crimes, 
 to file off their chains; persuaded servants to run 
 away from their masters ; and purchased goods 
 which had been stolen from the English, and would 
 not return them. Yet the Dutch governor wrote 
 to Governor Winthrop at Boston, the very next 
 year, complaining of the intolerable insolence and 
 insults of the English. They were pulling each 
 other by the ears, he said, in Connecticut, for a 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 65 
 
 little piece of land not worth speaking of; and he 
 desired Governor Winthrop to see justice done to the 
 Dutch. It is hard to find out, on the whole, upon 
 which side the blame lay most, or which party made 
 the most disturbance. It is clear, however, that 
 they were all ready enough to quarrel; and in such 
 cases, it is seldom difficult to find something to quar- 
 rel about. 
 
 The Indians were, at this period, beginning to 
 acquire the use of fire-arms. These were sold 
 them, in the way of trade, by the Canadian French, 
 the Dutch, and perhaps the English also ; and they 
 soon showed a more hostile spirit, in consequence 
 of these supplies. In 1643, they quarrelled openly 
 with the Dutch. It seems that a drunken Indian, 
 in his intoxication, killed a Dutchman. The Dutch 
 demanded the murderer ; but he was not to be 
 found. They then instigated the Mohawk tribe of 
 Indians, as it was said, to fall upon their Indian 
 neighbors, which they did, and killed thirty of 
 them. 
 
 One Marine, a Dutch sea-captain, soon after ob- 
 tained a commission from Kieft, to kill as many of 
 the savages as he could. So, collecting a company of 
 armed men, he fell suddenly upon the Indians in the 
 vicinity of Manhattoes, and made an indiscriminate 
 slaughter of men, women and children, to the num- 
 ber of seventy or eighty. This outrage roused the 
 Indians of all that section to a bloody and obstinate 
 war. During the spring and summer, they burnt 
 6* 
 
66 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 the out-houses about the Dutch settlements, and, 
 driving their cattle into their barns, burnt cattle, 
 barns and hay all together. 
 
 They also killed several of the Dutch themselves, 
 and pressed so hard upon their settlements, that 
 they were obliged to take refuge in their fort, and 
 send for help to their old enemies, the English of 
 New Haven. The Long Island Indians united 
 with the others against them. Kieft now invited 
 Captain Underhill, from Stamford in Connecticut, 
 to assist him, Underhill being pretty well known 
 as a soldier. But, unluckily, Marine, the captain 
 of Kieft's own troops, thought his dignity offended 
 by this proceeding. He was mightily enraged, and 
 even presented his pistol at the governor, threaten- 
 ing to blow his brains out forthwith. 
 
 This was fortunately prevented by some of the 
 governor's attendants. Upon this, one of the cap- 
 tain's soldiers discharged his musket at the governor, 
 and the ball but just missed him. The governor's 
 guard shot the soldier dead on the spot. The Dutch of 
 New York were generally so irritated by the Indian 
 war, at last, that the governor scarcely dared to ap- 
 pear among them at all. He was obliged to keep a 
 guard of fifty Englishmen about him for some time. 
 And yet, but a few months before, the Dutch had 
 been very eager, as we have seen, for the war. In 
 the fall of this year, the Indians killed fifteen more 
 Dutchmen, and drove in all the English and Dutch 
 settlers west of Stamford in Connecticut. 
 
 They continued to kill their cattlo, and burn 
 
HISTORY OF THE BHDDLE STATES. 67 
 
 their houses and barns. They also did all possible 
 mischief on Long Island. Those of the Dutch 
 there, who escaped from their ravaged plantations, 
 were confined to their fort for weeks, and obliged 
 to kill and eat the last of their cattle. The English 
 in Connecticut did not make common cause with 
 the Dutch, but they sent them provisions on sev- 
 eral occasions; and Captain Underbill, who joined 
 them privately, according to the governor's invita- 
 tion, had the chief command and management of 
 the war. He collected more than one hundred 
 English and Dutch soldiers under him, and by this 
 force probably preserved the Dutch settlements from 
 total destruction. He is supposed to have killed 
 more than four hundred Indians on Long Island and 
 updn the main land. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Story about an English Criminal, harbored by the Dutch. 
 Other Disturbances between them and the English. 
 Great Battle betiveen the Indians and Dutch. Peter 
 Stuyvesant, the third Governor of JVew York. He meets 
 with many Vexations in his Government. His Letter 
 sent to Holland, in 1660. War with the English. The 
 English conquer and take Possession of JVew York. 
 Story about Captain Manning. 
 
 While the Dutch were having all this trouble 
 with the savages, some of their own settlers, who 
 
68 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Still remained in Connecticut, were giving nearly 
 as much trouble to their English neighbors in that 
 province. 
 
 During the year 1646, the Dutch at Hartford 
 induced an Indian servant ^irl to take shelter amons[ 
 them, who had left her English master for some crime. 
 The latter now demanded her, as his property ; and 
 the magistrates demanded her also, as a criminal. 
 But the Dutch would not restore her to either of the 
 claimants. The Dutch agent even resisted the 
 guard who came for her. He drew his rapier upon 
 the soldiers, and broke it over their muskets, in the 
 violence of his passion. He then escaped to the 
 Dutch fort, which was still standing at Hartford, 
 and there defended and sheltered himself with im- 
 punity. 
 
 Some of the Dutch also assaulted an Englishman 
 who had recovered damages against one or more of 
 them, in court, for some injury, and had attempted 
 to collect them by process of law. They struck 
 him, and took his team and loading from him. The 
 English magistrates wrote letters to Governor Kieft 
 at Manhattoes (commonly so called), complaining of 
 all these things ; but Kieft gave them little satisfac- 
 tion. He was a passionate man, addicted to the 
 use of hard words ; and he wrote to the English noth- 
 ing but unconscionably abusive letters in reply to 
 their complaints. He denied that the Indian woman 
 was a servant ; and passed over the other matter 
 without the least notice whatsoever. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 69 
 
 He now threatened, moreover, to make war upon 
 the English in Connecticut, who had settled on lands, 
 as he said, to which they had no right. He then 
 compared the magistrates, who wrote to him, to 
 eagles, " which soar aloft, and always despise the 
 little fly;" but. the Dutch, he added, would soon 
 bring them down. He finished his letters with this 
 sentence : " We protest against all your commis- 
 sioners met at the Red Mount. [Thus the Dutch 
 called New Haven, from the reddish appearance of 
 the rocks west and north of the town.] We protest 
 against you as infringers of the rights of the Lords, 
 the States, our superior [meaning the Netherlands], 
 in that you have dared, without our express and 
 special consent, to hold your court within the limits 
 of New Netherlands." 
 
 The Connecticut magistrates, or commissioners, 
 as they were called, answered the governor very 
 coolly. They observed to him, that he had forgot- 
 ten, in his rage, the most important part of their 
 former complaints, and again requested him to put 
 some check on the intolerable insolence of the Dutch 
 in Connecticut. 
 
 The war still continued, meanwhile, between the 
 Dutch and the Indians. A great battle was fought, 
 about this time, at that part of Horseneck, in Con- 
 necticut, commonly called Strickland's Plains. It 
 was long and bloody. The Dutch, with much diffi- 
 culty, kept the field, and the Indians withdrew. 
 Great numbers were slain on both sides, so that the 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 graves of the dead, for a century after, as the old 
 historians relate, appeared like a cluster of small 
 hills. 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant was the last Dutch governor 
 of New York. He began his administration in 
 1647, and never did any governor find himself in 
 more trouble. All nations seemed to him to have 
 united against him, for the express purpose of keep- 
 ing him uneasy. The Connecticut people addressed 
 him a letter of compliments, in which they hinted 
 the propriety of his giving them the satisfaction 
 which Kieft had refused. But notwithstanding their 
 compliments, the governor was but very little more 
 civil than his predecessor had been, though rather 
 less passionate. He even encouraged new insults 
 upon the English, by his own people. At least the 
 English thought so, and they now quarrelled more 
 sharply than ever. These differences were finally 
 settled by the governor's going to Hartford for that 
 purpose, in September, 1650. On the same occa- 
 sion, a boundary was agreed upon, which remains 
 to this day the dividing line between New York and 
 Connecticut. 
 
 But Stuyvesant had vexations enough on other 
 sides, to counterbalance this agreeable settlement 
 of his affairs with Connecticut. He quarrelled 
 with the English colony in Maryland, about the 
 Maryland boundary ; the Indians molested him 
 from the back country ; and, not far from the same 
 time, one Forrester, a Scotchman, set up a claim to 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 71 
 
 land upon Long Island. Moreover, as if to keep 
 the good governor active, a Swedish colony was 
 encroaching on his limits in Delaware. 
 
 By some mistake, one Deswyck, a Swedish cap- 
 tain, had arrived in Raritan river. The ship was 
 seized, and Deswyck carried captive to New Am- 
 sterdam (New York). It seems that, a few years 
 before, the Dutch had built Fort Casimir (where 
 Newcastle now is), on the Delaware river. The 
 Swedish colony then claimed that section of country, 
 and protested against their building of the fort. 
 
 But the Dutch not noticing their threats, Risingh, 
 the Swedish governor, determined to try another 
 method of persuasion. So, with thirty men, he one 
 day visited the fort under pretence of making them 
 a civil call. lie fired two salutes, and was then ad- 
 mitted and entertained. Within an hour or two, he 
 availed himself of this occasion to overpower the 
 garrison, seize on all their ammunition and stores, 
 and compel them to swear allegiance to Christiana, 
 queen of Sweden. 
 
 But the Dutch were not to be so easily outwitted. 
 They sailed againstFort Casimir, in 1655, Stuy vesant 
 heading his own force in person. He ascended the 
 Delaware in September of that year, anchored op- 
 posite the garrison, landed his troops, and demanded 
 the surrender of the fort, as Dutch property. Suen 
 Scutz, the Swedish captain, desired time to advise 
 with Governor Risingh. But Stuyvesant would 
 suffer no such thing. " They must surrender v.ith- 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE MDDLE STATES. 
 
 out the least hesitation, or ceremony," he said, "or 
 the old fort should be blown about their ears, like 
 a mere martin-house, by his cannon !" 
 
 Scutz was horribly terrified, and surrendered. 
 The whole strength of the fort — four cannon, four- 
 teen pounders, five swivels, and a parcel of small 
 arms — was given up, with the fort itself. Stuyve- 
 sant now marched against Fort Christiana, com- 
 manded by Risingh. This surrendered on the 
 25th of the month, and thus the country was en- 
 tirely subdued. About thirty Swedes were suffered 
 to remain there, on swearing a long oath of *' fidelity 
 and obedience to the States General, the Lords 
 Directors of the West India Company, their subal- 
 terns of the province of New Netherlands, and the 
 Director General, then or thereafter to be establish- 
 ed." Risingh was ordered off to France or England ; 
 and the other Swedes, who refused to swear the long 
 oath, were sent home to Sweden, by way of Holland. 
 
 But the troubles of Stuyvesant were not yet 
 ended, as appears from a long letter which he wrote 
 to the West India Company in Holland, dated 
 April 20th, 1660 : — " Your honors imagine," he 
 writes, " that the troubles in England will prevent 
 any attempt on these parts. Alas! they are ten to 
 one in number to us; and, without any assistance, 
 can deprive us of this country whenever they 
 please." This was a hard case, truly, for the 
 governor, and it soon appeared that he was right in 
 his idea of the English power. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 73 
 
 In March, 1664, King Charles of England granted 
 a patent of the state of New York to his brother, the 
 Duke of York, for whom it was named. The patent 
 included also what is now New Jersey. This the 
 duke afterwards gave up to several other English 
 noblemen. But the province of New York he was 
 determined to keep to himself; and, with this view, 
 an expedition was fitted out against the New 
 Netherlands. It sailed from Boston, in New Eng- 
 land, in August, commanded by Colonel Nichols. 
 The colonel arrived before New Amsterdam on the 
 20th of the same month, and immediately called 
 upon the Dutch governor to surrender all the forts 
 and towns on the island of Manhattoes. 
 
 Stuyvesant was a soldier, as we have seen, and a 
 man not easily frightened. But he had no knowl- 
 edge of the expedition until late in July, and was, 
 therefore, almost wholly unprepared for defence. To 
 gain time, however, he drew up a tremendously 
 long statement of the Dutch right to the country, 
 which ended with assuring Nichols, that he would 
 hold out to the last. *' We offer unto you," added 
 he, " a treaty, by our deputies, Mr. Cornelius Van 
 Ruyner, secretary, Cornelius Steenwick, burgo- 
 master, Mr. Samuel Megapolensis, doctor of physic, 
 and Mr. James Cousseau, heretofore sheriff." 
 
 The conclusion, which follows, is a queer specimen 
 
 of the style of those days : — "As touching the threats 
 
 in your summons, we only say that we fear nothing 
 
 but what God shall lay upon us, all being in his 
 
 7 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 gracious disposal ; and we may as well be preserved 
 by him with small forces, as by a great army — which 
 makes us wish you all happiness and prosperity, and 
 recommend you to his protection. My lords, your 
 thrice humble and affectionate servant and friend, 
 
 (Signed) P. Stuyvesant. 
 
 At the Fort at Amsterdam, the 2d of September, JVew Style, 
 1664." 
 
 But Nichols was too shrewd a man to be coaxed 
 or terrified in this manner. He issued a proclama- 
 tion inviting the Dutch to submit, and promising 
 them easy terms. He then made violent prepara- 
 tions for an assault upon the fort. The governor 
 now sent John de Decker, his counsellor of state, 
 and three other men, with long names and titles, to 
 agree upon a truce. 
 
 Nichols answered, that nothing but a surrender 
 would answer his purpose ; and so, two days after, 
 the whole Dutch government and country submitted 
 to the English crown. The Dutch were suffered to 
 remain there, however, as most of them did ; and their 
 descendants, to this day, are well known to be among 
 the most industrious and worthy inhabitants of the 
 great state of New York. From this time the 
 province was ruled, like most of the other provinces, 
 by governors appointed by the English king. 
 
 It was at this period that New Amsterdam was 
 first named New York. It consisted of several 
 small streets, laid out in 1656, and contained a 
 considerable population, chiefly of Dutch. In a few 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 75 
 
 weeks after the surrender of this place, the Dutch 
 fort on the river Hudson, above, was reduced, and 
 named "Albany," from one of the titles of the Duke 
 of York. 
 
 A new war broke out two years after this, be- 
 tween England and Holland, during Avhich a Dutch 
 fleet anchored at Staten Island, near the mouth of 
 the Hudson, and captured the English fort there 
 without giving or receiving a shot. From that time 
 till the close of the war, the Dutch were once more 
 masters of the country. It was then returned to the 
 possession of the English. John Manning, who had 
 given up the fort, was tried for permitting the Dutch 
 to land on the island without suffering his men to 
 fire a gun, and for striking his flag even before the 
 enemy were within sight of the garrison. 
 
 Manning pleaded guilty to these scandalous 
 charges, but was only condemned to have his sword 
 broken over his head in public, and himself rendered 
 incapable of wearing one, or holding an office ever 
 after. It is said he was suffered to go to England, 
 to see the Duke of York and King Charles ; and 
 that the latter had a partiality for him, from the cir- 
 cumstance that, when that monarch was in exile, 
 Manning had befriended him, and foretold his resto- 
 ration to the English throne. 
 
76 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Sovie Account of the JVew York Indians. The Five JVa- 
 tions. The Policy observed toivards ihtm by the Eng- 
 lish of JVeiv York and the Fi-ench of Canada. Anecdotes 
 of their Wars ivith the French. Battle between the Sen- 
 ecas and French. The Five JVations invade Canada. 
 Occasion of this Movement. Stojy of the Dinondadie 
 Sachem, Adario. 
 
 Having given you some account of the Dutch 
 and English who first settled and took possession of 
 New York, I shall now tell you about the Indians 
 of that state. The chief of these were the Five 
 Nations, a very powerful and famous confederacy, 
 consisting of the Senecas, the Cayugas, the Onon- 
 dagas, the Mohawks and the Oneidas. 
 
 For a long time after they had taken possession of 
 the province, it was the great object of the English 
 governors of New York to keep these Indians friend- 
 ly to themselves, and hostile to the French in Canada. 
 In this they were generally successful. The French 
 and these Indians were continually quarrelling, and 
 often at war with each other. 
 
 In 1687, the French governor collected a strong 
 force at Montreal, with the view of marching against 
 the Senecas, who were particularly troublesome to 
 the French. Monsieur Campanie was sent forward 
 with two hundred Canadians, as an advanced party. 
 He surprised two Indian villages, which had been 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 77 
 
 built about twenty miles from Lake Cadaracqui (as 
 the Indians called Ontario), at the invitation of the 
 French themselves. All but thirteen of the Indians 
 who were taken here were tortured at the stake. 
 The thirteen survivors were sent captive to France, 
 to work in the French galleys. 
 
 All the Five Nations soon heard of this massacre, 
 and they made terrible preparations for vengeance. 
 The French army, meanwhile, left Fort Cada- 
 racqui on the 23d of June, half marching down 
 on the north, and half on the south side of the 
 lake. Both detachments arrived at Tyrondequait 
 the same day, and thence immediately marched for 
 the chief village of the Senecas, which was twenty 
 miles distant. The main body was composed of 
 regular troops, the front and rear consisting of friend- 
 ly Indians and traders. The scouts advanced, on 
 the second day of the march, as far as the cornfields 
 belonging to the village. 
 
 Here lay five hundred Senecas, upon their arms. 
 The scouts came up within pistol-shot : but seeing 
 no living being, and hearing no noise whatever, they 
 returned to the army, and reported that the enemy 
 had all fled ; and that the French must quicken their 
 march, to overtake even the old men and women. 
 They pressed on, therefore, in great haste, until they 
 reached the foot of a hill, about a mile from the 
 village, where the Senecas lay ready for them. They 
 rushed out from their ambuscade, with a tremen- 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 dous shout, and fell at the same instant on the front 
 and the rear of the army. 
 
 The French battalions were embarrassed and 
 thrown into great disorder. They fired upon each 
 other as much as upon the enemy, and soon fled to 
 the woods. The Senecas followed them until they 
 were checked by the French Indians. The number 
 of killed on either side is not certainly known ; but 
 the French chief commander, De Nonville, was so 
 much dispirited by his loss, that he could not be 
 persuaded to continue his march that day. The 
 Senecas, therefore, had time to burn their village 
 and retire. Two of their children only courageously 
 remained to receive De Nonville, and to be tortured 
 for the amusement of his Indian allies. 
 
 After destroying the corn in this and several other 
 villages, the French army retired to the banks of 
 the lake, and erected a fort on the south-east side 
 of the straits of Niagara. Here they left one 
 hundred men, under the command of one De la 
 Troye, with eight months' provisions. They were 
 soon after closely besieged by their Indian enemies, 
 and all perished but seven or eight. 
 
 In August of the year 1687, Colonel Dongan, the 
 New York governor, met the sachems of the Five Na- 
 tions at Albany, and confirmed the English alliance 
 with them by presents and speeches. In the spring of 
 the next year, a party of Onondaga Indians (one of 
 these five tribes) surprised a few French soldiers near 
 Fort Frontenac. Instead of murdering them, how- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 79 
 
 ever, they confined them to hard labor (as a return for 
 the fate of those thirteen Indians whom the French had 
 sent to labor in old France). Lamberville, a French 
 priest, used his utmost skill to regain them ; but find- 
 ing his efforts fruitless, he gave the Onondagas two 
 wampum-belts, to secure their kindness to the 
 prisoners, and prevent their joining the Senecas in 
 open war. 
 
 A treaty was formally made, this season, between 
 the French and the Five Nations ; but it was soon 
 interrupted by a singular event. The Dinondadie 
 Indians, who lived on the river St. Lawrence, had 
 lately begun to trade with the English, and their 
 friendship was, therefore, suspected by the French. 
 Adario, their chief sachem, now undertook to regain 
 the confidence of the latter nation, by performing 
 some notable exploit against their old enemies, the 
 Five Nations. He wished also to prevent a peace 
 between these two parties ; for, in that case, the 
 French would have leisure to punish the Dinonda- 
 dies, and would stand no longer in awe of the Five 
 Nations. He determined, therefore, to make a diffi- 
 culty between the two parties. 
 
 He put himself at the head of one hundred 
 Dinondadies, and lay in ambush for the ambassadors 
 of the Five Nations, at the fall in Cadaracqui river, 
 as they were returning from Canada home. He 
 killed some, and took the rest prisoners. He told 
 the latter, that the French governor had informed 
 him that fifty warriors of the Five Nations were com- 
 
80 HISTORY OF THE MDDLE STATES. 
 
 ing that way, and advised him to fall upon them 
 without mercy. The ambassadors were amazed at 
 the perfidy of the governor, and frankly informed 
 Adario of the truce they had just settled with him. 
 
 Adario now counterfeited the utmost rage and 
 shame, at having been made the tool, as he said, of 
 the French governor. He liberated the ambassadors 
 at once. " Go, my brethren," said the crafty sav- 
 age ; "I untie your bonds, and send you home 
 again. The French governor has made me commit 
 so black an action, that I shall never be easy after it, 
 till the Five Nations shall have taken their revenge." 
 
 The ambassadors went home with this story in 
 their mouths, not doubting a word of what Adario 
 had said. The Five Nations were terribly enraged 
 against the French. By the 26th of July, they landed 
 1200 of their warriors, panting for revenge, on the 
 south side of the island of Montreal. The French 
 in the city were in perfect security. The savages 
 came upon them like a whirlwind. Every building 
 near the walls was burned ; the neighboring planta- 
 tions ravaged ; and 1000 men, women and children 
 put to the sword. Twenty-six more were carried 
 into captivity, and burned alive. The Five Nations, 
 during all this time, lost only three of their number. 
 
 Never did Canada sustain such a blow. The 
 news of the massacre no sooner reached the garri- 
 son at Lake Ontario, than they set fire to two ves- 
 sels they had built there, and abandoned the fort, 
 leaving a slow match to twenty-eight barrels of gun- 
 
HISTORY OF THE JHDDLE STATES. 81 
 
 powder, designed to blow up the works. This match 
 happened to fail, however, and the Indians soon 
 after seized upon the fort, powder and all. The 
 French fled down the river so precipitately, that one 
 of their batteaux and her whole crew were dashed 
 into pieces by shooting over a fall. Canada was 
 horribly harassed by the savages, on all sides, for a 
 long time. 
 
 Canada was at this time in the most distressed 
 condition ; and it continued to be so for a long 
 period. The whole country was ravaged, day and 
 night, by the warriors of the Five Nations. The 
 plantations of the settlers, in all quarters, were burnt 
 and destroyed ; trade was entirely at a stand ; great 
 numbers of the people were slain ; and the remain- 
 der were in danger of perishing by famine, as well 
 as by the tomahawks of their inveterate and ferocious 
 enemies. Matters came to such a pitch, in fine, 
 that, although no fault could be found with the ad- 
 ministration of the Canadian governor, De Non- 
 ville, it was deemed necessary by the Court of 
 France to remove him from his ofiice. 
 
 It was supposed that this step, and the appoint- 
 ment of a new governor, who had the reputation 
 and the popularity of a more fortunate man, might 
 inspire the people of Canada with a gleam of hope 
 that all was not yet lost. For this reason, De Non- 
 vilie was recalled to France, and rewarded with 
 an honorable employment in the king's household. 
 The Count de Frontenac was appointed governor 
 
82 HISTORY OF THE Mn)DLE STATES. 
 
 of Canada in his place ; and this gentleman arrived 
 at Quebec on the 2d of October, 1689. He had 
 been in Canada many years before, and was per- 
 fectly acquainted with the country and the people. 
 They were acquainted with him, too ; and they 
 knew him for a brave and indefatigable man. He 
 was now in the sixty-eighth year of his age ; but his 
 faculties seemed unimpaired by time, and his inter- 
 est in the welfare of the province entirely unabated. 
 Great expectations were excited among the Cana- 
 dians by his arrival, and care was artfully taken to 
 increase this impression by public rejoicings got up 
 with as much noise and parade as possible. He 
 was too active, however, to pay much attention to 
 matters of this kind. He left Quebec in four days 
 after his arrival there ; and the winter being now so 
 far advanced that the ice of the St. Lawrence made 
 it unnavigable for larger vessels, he ascended the 
 river to Montreal in an Indian canoe. The Cana- 
 dians were greatly delighted with this new proof of 
 his energy. 
 
HISTORY OF THE JMIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 8:^ 
 
 How Governor FVontenac treats the Indian Prisoners, 
 Sends some of them Home. Treaty between JVeiv York 
 and the Five JVations in 1689. Treaty with the JStew 
 England Colonies, made at Mhany. Speech of Taha- 
 jadoris. Indian Mode of doing Business at a Council. 
 Result of the Council. Five JVations refuse to fight the 
 eastern Tribes. They encourage the JVeiv York People 
 to fight the F-ench. 
 
 On the arrival of Frontenac at Montreal, he in- 
 { creased the admiration which the French people 
 I already felt for his vigor and zeal, by proposing to 
 I go and visit a fort on Lake Erie, which he had built 
 i when in Canada before, and which had been since 
 ) abandoned. The clergy and people generally of 
 i Montreal came to him, with outstretched hands, 
 ( to represent the danger of such an attempt at 
 I this season, and beseeching him not to expose a 
 ^ life so necessary for their own defence and safety. 
 I The shrewd old Frenchman suffered them to 
 I exhaust all their arguments and tears ; and at last, 
 I with seeming reluctance, he consented to abandon 
 j the enterprise. This, he observed, was merely to 
 ' oblige them ; though the fact was, probably, that he 
 i had no more idea of visiting or repairing the old 
 
 fort than of visiting the king of China, and repairing 
 ; the Chinese wall. This show of his offering to 
 
 go, however, had a good effect, as he undoubtedly 
 
84 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 expected it would. Several Montreal gentlemen 
 voluntarily set out, with one hundred Indian traders, 
 to examine the fort. They found it in better condi- 
 tion than they expected, although the Five Nations 
 had made some breaches in the walls. These they 
 now repaired, and then concluded to remain there 
 as a garrison. 
 
 Count de Frontenac had brought over with him from 
 France,Tawerahet, one of the thirteen Indian prison- 
 ers whom De Nonville, as I have told you, had taken 
 at Cadaracqui and sent captive to France. As the Five 
 Nations had an extraordinary opinion of Tawerahet as 
 a warrior, and of course desired his redemption, the 
 count hoped that he might be useful to the Canadians 
 in procuring a peace between them and their 
 Indian enemies. With this view, he took every 
 measure in his power to conciliate Tawerahet, and 
 his friends among the New York Indians, who, as 
 he knew very well, would be sure to hear how he 
 was treated. 
 
 He had shown him a great deal of kindness, 
 therefore, during the voyage from France to Cana- 
 da ; and when they arrived at Quebec, he had given 
 him lodgings under his own roof In a word, he 
 wheedled the Indian sachem so effectually, that the 
 latter forgot all the ill usage he had formerly re- 
 ceived. Four others of the thirteen captives, of less 
 note, had also been brought over. These four 
 were now sent to the Five Nations, in Tawerahet's 
 name, to inform them of his return, and of the kind- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 85 
 
 ness of the Count de Frontenac to liim. They were 
 also instructed to press the Indian tribes to visit 
 "their old friend Frontenac," at Montreal, inasmuch 
 as he had always retained an affection for them, and 
 would be delighted to see them. 
 
 But before I tell you the answer which the Five 
 Nations returned to this artful message of the count, 
 I must go back with you a month or two in my 
 history. War had been declared anew between 
 France and England, some time before Frontenac's 
 arrival ; and four of the Five Nations had taken that 
 occasion to renew their old treaty of peace with the 
 people of New York. This was done upon the 27th 
 of June, 1689. This renewal of the treaty was, in 
 their language at the council, " sticking to the old 
 chain by which they had all been bound together as 
 brethren." " Virginia, Maryland and New England," 
 added they, " have been since taken into this silver 
 chain, with which our friendship is locked fast. 
 We are now come to make the chain clearer and 
 brighter than ever." 
 
 About the beginning of September of the same 
 year, the New England colonies sent commissioners 
 to Albany, to meet the deputies of the Five Nations. 
 They wished to engage the assistance of these tribes 
 against the eastern Indians, with whom the colonies 
 were at this period engaged in war. These same 
 eastern Indians had also sent thei?- deputies to the 
 Five Nations, just before the time we are speaking of, 
 to engage assistance against the colonies ; the latter 
 8 
 
86 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 were, consequently, the more anxious to effect their 
 purposes at the Albany meeting. 
 
 The council commenced on the 23d of Septem- 
 ber, with all the solemnities and parade usual on 
 similar occasions. One of the New England agents 
 opened it with a long speech, which he ended by 
 desiring the Indians to consider well the answer 
 they should give on the next day. On the 24th, 
 accordingly, Tahajadoris, a Mohawk sachem, and a 
 chief orator among them, made a long oration in 
 reply. 
 
 He repeated every thing the New England agent 
 had said the day preceding, and then desired the au- 
 dience to be very attentive to his answer. This re- 
 peating what is said to them, before replying to it, 
 was a common circumstance in these Indian coun- 
 cils. They repeated, too, with astonishing accuracy, 
 taking the following method of assisting their memo- 
 ries : The chief sachem, who presides at the con- 
 ference, held a bundle of small sticks in his hand. 
 As soon as the speaker had finished any one article 
 or paragraph in his speech, and stopped to get 
 breath, or make presents according to custom, the 
 chief sachem gave a stick to some other sachem at 
 his side. 
 
 This was as much as to say, " Be particular to 
 remember this last article. We all depend on your 
 memory for this^ When another article was fin- 
 ished, he gave another stick to another sachem, 
 whose charge it thereby became to remember the 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 87 
 
 second article. So he proceeded with every para- 
 graph in the speech. At the end of it, the council 
 was commonly adjourned to the afternoon, or the next 
 day. The Indians met together meanwhile, and 
 determined on their answer to each article of the 
 speaker, one by one. One of them was selected to 
 act as orator ; and the sachems undertook, as before, 
 to remember each article of his speech. If he forgot 
 or misstated any thing, therefore, when he came to 
 speak, a sachem was always ready at his side to 
 prompt or correct him. 
 
 I will now resume my story, and give you a part 
 of the speech of Tahajadoris at the Albany council. 
 
 " Brothers," he began, " you are welcome to 
 this house, which is appointed for our treaties with 
 the Christians. We thank you for renewing the 
 covenant chain. It is now no longer of iron, and 
 subject to rust, as formerly, but of pure silver, and 
 includes in it all the king's subjects, from the Sene- 
 cas eastward, as far as any of the great king's sub- 
 jects live (meaning King William, of England), 
 and southward from New England to Virginia." 
 Here the speaker presented a beaver-skin to the 
 New England agents, to confirm what he had said. 
 This was another general Indian custom. He then 
 proceeded thus : — 
 
 " We are glad to hear of the good success which 
 our great king has had over the French by sea, in 
 taking and sinking so many of their ships. You tell 
 us, in your speech, that we are one people. Let us, 
 
OS HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 then, go hand in hand together. Let us ruin and 
 destroy the French, our common enemy." Here 
 another beaver was given. 
 
 " The covenant chain between us is ancient (as 
 you have told us), and of long standing. We have 
 kept it with true hearts. When you had wars 
 years ago with the Indians, you desired us to help 
 you. We did it readily, and to the purpose. We 
 pursued them closely, and so prevented the shedding 
 of much of your own blood. This was a certain 
 proof that we loved you from our hearts." Here the 
 speaker gave a belt of wampum, the Indian money. 
 
 " You advise us to pursue our enemies, the French, 
 with vigor. This, we assure you, we are determined 
 to do, to the utmost of our speed and strength. But 
 since they are your enemies likewise, we desire our 
 brothers of the colonies to send us a hundred men, 
 for the security of this place, which is ill-provided 
 against an attack from the French. The Christians 
 here have victuals enough for the entertainment of 
 a hundred men." Here another belt was presented. 
 
 " We patiently suffered many injuries from the 
 French, from year to year, before we took up the 
 battle-axe against them. Our patience made the 
 sachem (governor) of Canada think that we were 
 afraid of him ; that we dared not resent the injuries 
 we had suffered. He is now undeceived. We are 
 resolved never to drop the axe. The French never 
 shall see our faces in peace. We shall never be recon- 
 ciled while a Frenchman lives. We will make no 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 89 
 
 peace, though every one of our nation should be cut 
 into shces by the French swords. Our brothers 
 may depend upon this." And this, too, was con- 
 firmed by a beaver-skin. 
 
 " As to what you told us of the Owenagungas 
 and Magees (New England Indians, at war with 
 the colonies), we answer thus : We were never so 
 proud and haughty as to begin a war without just 
 provocation. You say they are treacherous rogues. 
 This we cannot help. You say also that they will 
 undoubtedly help the French. Let them do this, 
 brothers; let them but join your enemies, either 
 French or Indians, and we will kill and destroy 
 them like wild-cats in the woods." A fourth beaver 
 was given to confirm all this. 
 
 The Mohawks afterwards offered five of their men 
 to guard the agents home, against any of their Indian 
 enemies, who might waylay them ; and a belt of 
 wampum was given to confirm this ofter. 
 
 Tahajadoris then continued as follows : " We 
 have spoken what we had to say of the war. We 
 come now to the affairs of peace. We promise to 
 preserve the chain inviolably. We wish that the 
 sun may always shine in peace over all our heads. 
 We give two belts, one for the sun, and the other for 
 his beams." And here two more belts were accord- 
 ingly given. 
 
 " We make fast the roots of the Tree of Peace 
 which is planted in this place. Its roots reach to the 
 utmost of your colonies. If the French should come 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 to shake this tree, we should know it by the motioii 
 of its great roots, which reach also into our coun- 
 try. But we trust that the sachem of Canada will 
 not be able to shake this tree, which has been so 
 firmly and so long planted among us." Here two 
 more belts were delivered. 
 
 Last of all, the speaker desired the magistrates of 
 Albany, who were present as spectators, to remember 
 what he had said, and then gave them a beaver. It 
 seems that they answered, in this case, the purpose 
 of witnesses to a deed or treaty ; and the presents 
 answered the purpose of pledges or seals. 
 
 The New England agents could not help observ- 
 ing, after all this, that these sly savages had said 
 not a word about the messengers who had come to 
 them from the New England Indians. They now 
 desired the orator, therefore, to explain himself dis- 
 tinctly upon that point. 
 
 " Wc cannot declare war^^ said he, in reply, 
 " against the eastern Indians ; for they have done us 
 no harm. Nevertheless, our New England brothers 
 may be sure of our friendship. When we took up 
 the axe against the French, we did it to revenge 
 the injuries they had done us, and not merely to 
 please you. We did not so much as acquaint you 
 with our intention until fourteen days after our 
 army had begun its march towards Canada. But 
 the Owenagungas and Magees have done us no 
 harm. Brothers ^ we cannot Jight against them." 
 
 My young friends will perceive how very shrewd 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 91 
 
 these Indians were. One would think, too, that 
 they had excellent ideas of justice and fair play. 
 They knew it was not right to begin war unprovok- 
 ed, and merely to please the English. But they 
 were equally careful not to offend the latter by the 
 style of their refusal. After the council had sepa- 
 rated, therefore, some of the sachems sent a mes- 
 senger to the New England agents at their lodgings 
 in Albany, desiring to speak with them. 
 
 The agents met them soon after, as they wished. 
 The Indian speaker now told them that he had 
 something to say which was not proper to be spoken 
 publicly in the council. Some of their tribe, he 
 said, had an affection for the New England Indians ; 
 and there was some danger lest they might discover 
 and hinder the designs of the rest in favor of the 
 English. He now assured the agents that they 
 should look upon the enemies of New England as 
 their own enemies. They would send five of their 
 young men home with the agents, to guard them, 
 and to examine the country of the New England 
 Indians. This they always did before making an 
 expedition into an enemy's country. *' In a word," 
 added the speaker, " your war is our war. We 
 will live and die with you." It is very remarkable 
 that neither belt nor beaver was given to confirm 
 what was last said about these New England 
 Indians. 
 
 On the 25th of the month (September), the 
 magistrates of Albany had a private conference 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 with the sachems of the Five Nations, and desired 
 to know what measures the latter had resolved upon 
 in regard to the war with the French. The sa- 
 chems were cunning enough to perceive that the 
 Albany people were terribly afraid of the French. 
 They had seen so much massacre and bloodshed, 
 that their spirits really sank under the dread of the 
 approaching war. The sachems, therefore, under- 
 took to encourage and cheer them. 
 
 " We have one hundred and forty men," said 
 they, " out, skulking about Canada. The French 
 cannot attempt any thing without being seen and 
 harassed by these parties. If they do attempt any 
 thing, all the Five Nations will come to your assist- 
 ance. Our brothers and ourselves are one. We 
 will live and die together. We have desired one 
 hundred men of our brothers at Boston to assist us 
 in this neighborhood. 
 
 " We have confidence in a good and just cause. 
 The Great Spirit [the name the Indians gave to the 
 Deity] knows how deceitfully the French have 
 dealt with us. He hath sent us signs in the sky to 
 confirm this. We have heard strange noises in the 
 heavens. We have seen heads falling down upon 
 earth. We are sure, therefore, of the ruin of the 
 French. Take courage, brothers ! take courage !" 
 
 Here the whole assembly of the Indians present 
 joined in a sort of chorus, singing, and crying out, 
 " Take courage, brothers ! take courage !" What 
 they said about signs was made up, perhaps, merely 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 93 
 
 to encourage the Albany people ; or it might be 
 that they had seen something which they were su- 
 perstitious enough to construe into signs. They 
 would be very ready, in this season of excitement 
 and expectation of war, to see and hear more than 
 at other times. Perhaps it was the " northern 
 lights," or some meteor, or shooting stars, they 
 had seen, a little more brilliant than usual. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Some of the Five JVations send Messengers to Albany, to 
 invite the English to attend an Indian Council with the 
 French. Messengers are sent by the English. Coun- 
 cil opens on the 22d of January, 1690. Speeches of 
 Sadekanaghtie, and other Sachems. The French 
 Messengers go back to Canada disappointed. Tlie 
 Council breaks up. Anecdotes. Indian Customs* 
 
 I HAVE now given you, I think, a pretty good idea 
 of the mode of an Indian council, and also of an 
 Indian treaty, confirmed between New York and 
 the New England colonies on one hand, and the 
 Five Nations on the other, in June and September, 
 1689. We will return, then, to Count de Fronte- 
 nac, and the four Indian messengers whom he sent to 
 the Five Nations. 
 
 On the 27th of December, of the year just named, 
 two Indians came to Albany from the Onondaga 
 and Oneida tribes — two of the Five Nations. They 
 
94 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 brought several feet of wampum-strings from each 
 tribe, by way of credentials, or letter of introduction ; 
 and they now gave information, that four of their 
 thirteen Indian countrymen, who had been taken 
 prisoners to France, had just returned among them, 
 with a message from the governor of Canada. 
 
 They added, that in consequence of this message, 
 a council of the sachems was appointed to meet at 
 Onondaga. They therefore desired Peter Schuyler, 
 and some other of their English brethren, to come 
 thither, and be present at the council, and advise 
 them what to do. They would do nothing, they said, 
 but with the knowledge and consent of all who 
 were bound in the same chain (or treaty) with them. 
 This Mr. Schuyler was mayor of Albany, and a 
 major in the New York militia. He had long been 
 a very great favorite with the Five Nations. What- 
 ever ''Quider" said, as they pronounced Peter, was 
 a kind of law among them. They thought nobody 
 equal to Quider. 
 
 The messengers said further, that the French 
 had sent letters to the Jesuit clergyman who lived 
 among the Indians at Oneida ; and that they would 
 neither burn these letters, nor suffer the Jesuit, 
 or any body else, to open them, till their English 
 brothers should have first seen them. 
 
 The Albany people sent three friendly Indians 
 only to the council, with instructions, in their name, 
 to dissuade the Five Nations from making peace 
 with the French. But, a week after, one of the 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 95 
 
 principal Mohawk chiefs called at Albany, on his 
 way to the Onondaga council. He, too, desired 
 their advice of the English ; and they now sent 
 their public Indian interpreter, and another person, 
 to assist at the general meeting. 
 
 When the English messengers had arrived as far 
 as Oneida, in the Indian country, they met one 
 of the four messengers whom the French had sent 
 to the Five Nations, and one who had been in 
 France, among the thirteen Indian captives. They 
 talked with him privately, and soon found out that 
 he had no more love or respect for the French, at 
 heart, than they had. He told them astonishing 
 stories about the grandeur of the French court, and 
 the splendor of the French troops, and many other 
 things he had seen in that country ; but he also 
 complained bitterly of the ill-treatment he had suf- 
 fered himself. 
 
 I think my young friends will be enough interest- 
 ed in the singular customs and ceremonies of the 
 New York tribes, to wait patiently till I give them 
 some account of the Onondaga council. It will 
 teach them several new things, I hope ; and, at all 
 events, it will enable them much better to understand 
 the sequel of the history. 
 
 The council opened on the 22d of January, 1690. 
 It consisted of eighty sachems of the Five Nations. 
 They assembled, and seated themselves, according 
 to rank, in one large room, the English messengers 
 having particular and honorable seats reserved for 
 
96 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 them, and the French messengers other seats. The 
 first who spoke was Sadekanaghtie, an Onondaga 
 sachem. He rose, and addressed himself thus to 
 the messengers from Albany : — 
 
 " Brothers ! here are four messengers from the 
 grand sachem of Canada [Frontenac]. Three of 
 them have been prisoners in France. The fourth 
 comes from the Praying Indians^ who live at Mon- 
 treal [referring to a tribe who had been half- 
 civilized and half-christianized, by the French 
 Jesuits]. The governor notifies his arrival to us. 
 He says he is the Count Frontenac who lived in 
 Canada many years ago ; and that he has brought 
 back with him Tawerahet, the Cayuga sachem, and 
 others of the Indians who were carried to France." 
 
 The speaker then took the belt of wampum in his 
 hand, which the French messenger had brought 
 from the governor, and holding it up by the middle, 
 proceeded thus : — " What I have said, relates only 
 to one half of the belt. The other half is to let us 
 know, as the messenger says, that the governor 
 intends to kindle his fire again at Cadaracqui 
 [meaning, to hold a council] next spring ; and he 
 invites his children to treat there with him about 
 the old chain." 
 
 Adarahta, the chief sachem and messenger of 
 the Praying Indians, now rose, with three belts in 
 his hand, and addressed himself, as, no doubt Count 
 Frontenac had instructed him, to the sachems of the 
 Five Nations : *' I advise you to meet the governor 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 97 
 
 of Canada as he desires. Agree to this, brothers, 
 if you would live." Here he gave them a wampum- 
 belt. " Tawerahet sends you this other belt," 
 added he, *' to inform you of the miseries which he 
 and the rest of your countrymen have suffered in 
 their captivity. He advises you to hearken to Yo- 
 nondio, if you desire to live." 
 
 Yonondio was the name, in their own language, 
 which the Indians of Canada gave to Count Fron- 
 tenac. ^ As to Tawerahet, my young readers will 
 recollect that he was one of the thirteen Indian 
 captives in France, whom the count brought over 
 with him from that country, and treated with great 
 kindness after his return. "This third belt," pro- 
 ceeded the sachem, " is from Thurensera, Ohguesse, 
 and Ertel, who say by it, to their brethren of the 
 Five Nations — ' We have interceded for you with 
 Yonondio, and, therefore, advise you to meet him at 
 Cadaracqui in the spring.' " 
 
 These three names were those by which three 
 French gentlemen of Montreal were well known 
 among the Indians. They were in the habit of 
 giving names, in this manner, especially to white 
 people for whom they conceived an attachment, or 
 in whose rank, adventures or character there was 
 something remarkable. Thurensera meant day- 
 break, and was the name they gave to a Jesuit clergy- 
 man who had once lived at Onondaga among them- 
 selves. Ohguesse was the Indian word for partridge ; 
 and Ertel for rose. 
 9 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 When Adarahta had done speaking, the Indian 
 messenger sent from Albany rose, and delivered his 
 message, word for word. He had committed it 
 perfectly to memory. Not a syllable was omitted. 
 While he was speaking, the Albany interpreter who 
 was sent with him, read over a paper, on which their 
 instructions had been written, lest any thing might 
 be forgotten. 
 
 After this, Canehoot, an Indian sachem, stood 
 up. He gave the assembly a particular account 
 of a treaty made, during the preceding summer, 
 between the Senecas and the Wahungas, a tribe 
 of Canadian Indians. To this treaty Canehoot 
 wished the other four of the Five Nations now to 
 agree. He went on to state the proposals of the 
 Wahunga messengers, with great accuracy, as fol- 
 low. The Seneca sachems had probably taken pains 
 to remember them, in the usual way, by the help of 
 their sticks, as I have told you was the custom. 
 
 1. "We are come to join two bodies in one." 
 The Wahunga messengers had given up two Seneca 
 captives, to confirm this article. It seemed to be 
 as much as to say, ''Our object is to unite the two 
 tribes in the bonds of friendship ; and we give you 
 up these prisoners for nothing, to show you we are 
 in earnest." 
 
 2, *' We are come to learn wisdom of you Sen- 
 ecas, and of the other Five Nations, and of your 
 English brethren of New York." A belt was given 
 to confirm this article. It seems to be nothing 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 99 
 
 more than a sly compliment to the Indians and the 
 English, meant to wheedle them all into good hu- 
 mor, no doubt. I think it quite likely, the Wahun- 
 gas had been instructed by Count Frontenac, to 
 say all these pretty things. 
 
 3. " By this belt [another belt was here given], 
 we wipe away the tears from the eyes of those 
 among us whose relations have been killed in the 
 war. We wipe away, too, the paint from your 
 warriors' faces." This was to soothe their grief for 
 those Senecas who had been slain in the wars with 
 the Canadian Indians. The last clause alludes to 
 the Indian custom of painting their faces when 
 they go to war, to make themselves look more 
 terrible to the enemy. They bought up a great 
 deal of vermilion, in particular, of the English, to 
 be used for this purpose. 
 
 4. " We now throw aside the axe, which Yonon- 
 dio put into our hands, by this third belt." This 
 was very cunningly laying all the blame of the 
 war upon Frontenac's shoulders, as if, but for him, 
 they should never have thought of such a thing. 
 
 5. " Let the sun, so long as he shall endure, 
 shine upon us in friendship." Here a red marble 
 plate was given, as large round as a peck measure. 
 
 6. " Let the rain of heaven wash away all ha- 
 tred, that we may again smoke in peace." Here a 
 large pipe of red marble was given. Smoking to- 
 gether was the greatest mark of good-will v/hich 
 the Indians could show each other. It was always 
 
100 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 done when treaties were made, as it also was when 
 they entertained a traveller in their wigwams. 
 
 7. " Yonondio is drunk ; but we wash our hands 
 clean from all his actions." This polite article was 
 confirmed by a fourth belt. The eighth article 
 was in pretty much the same mood : — " Now we 
 are clean washed by the waters of heaven. Neither 
 of us must defile ourselves by hearkening to Yo- 
 nondio." — It is very likely that Frontenac himself 
 directed the Wahunga messengers to say these un- 
 civil things of him. He knew they would please 
 and perhaps deceive the Senecas. 
 
 The last articles were as follow : 9. " We have 
 twelve of your nation prisoners, who shall be 
 brought home in the spring." 
 
 10. " We will bring you prisoners when the 
 strawberries shall be in blossom. At that time we 
 intend to visit Corlear, and see the place where the 
 wampum is made." 
 
 The Indians distinguish the seasons generally, as 
 in this case. They will speak of the time when 
 the corn is ripe, or the time of planting it, or when 
 the beech-trees are in blossom, or the oak-leaves 
 no bigger than a mouse's ear. Corlear meant the 
 governor of New York ; and that city was the 
 place where, as the Indians thought, much of" the 
 wampum," or money, of the English was made. 
 
 After the Seneca sachem had repeated all these 
 articles to the assembly, the Wahunga belts, marble, 
 and other presents, were hung up in the house, in 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 101 
 
 full view of all present. They were then taken 
 clown again, and distributed among the various 
 tribes. Their acceptance was a ratification of the 
 treaty with the VV"ahungas. A large belt was given, 
 also, to the Albany messengers, as their share. 
 I The belt of wampum sent from the Albany people 
 was hung up, and then divided in the same man- 
 ner. The New England colonies, whom the Five 
 Nations called Kinslion (a fish), had likewise sent 
 the wooden model of -djish to this council. This 
 was a token of their adhering to the general cove- 
 nant. The wooden fish was now handed round 
 among the sachems, and then put aside, to be put up. 
 
 After these ceremonies were over, Sadekanaghtie, 
 the Onondaga sachem, arose and said, " Brothers, 
 we must stick to our brother duider [Schuyler]. 
 We must look upon Yonondio [Frontenac] as our 
 enemy. He is a cheat." The interpreter was now 
 desired to speak what he had to say from the people 
 of Albany. 
 
 He told them, that a new English governor 
 was lately arrived, who had brought over a great 
 many soldiers from England ; that France and 
 England were at war again ; and that the New 
 England people were fitting out ships against Can- 
 ada. He desired them, finally, to make no treaty 
 with the French, or, at least, none but at Albany. 
 The French, he said, would not keep a treaty, un- 
 less it was made at Albany. 
 
 After this, the sachems of the Five Nations had 
 9* 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 a long consultation together. The conclusion they 
 came to is expressed in the speech of their orator, 
 the next day, in the council. He began with ad- 
 dressing the Canadian messengers: "Brothers! 
 our fire burns at Albany. We will not go to Cada- 
 racqui. We will stick to our old silver chain with 
 Corlear. We will raise the axe against Yonondio. 
 We are glad to hear good news of our countrymen, 
 the prisoners in Canada — hut tell us no lies." 
 
 " Brother Kinshon !" added the speaker, ad- 
 dressing the messenger who brought the fish from 
 New England, " we hear that you intend to send 
 soldiers to the eastward, against the Indians there. 
 But we advise you to join with us, and fall at once 
 upon the French. They are at the bottom of all 
 this mischief Strike at the root. If the trunk is 
 cut down, the branches will fall of course. Cor- 
 lear and Kinshon, courage ! courage ! You will 
 take Quebec in the spring ; and your feet will be 
 on the necks of the French." 
 
 After this, they agreed upon the following an- 
 swer, to be sent to the governor of Canada. 
 
 " Yonondio ! you desire us to meet you at Ca- 
 daracqui in the spring. But how can we trust you ? 
 You have cheated us too often. Your council fire 
 at Cadaracqui is extinguished. It is put out with 
 blood. You must send home Tawerahet and all 
 the prisoners first, or we cannot treat with you. 
 And you must not think that we have laid down the 
 axe. We intend no such thing. Our far-fighters 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 103 
 
 will continue the war, until the prisoners are all 
 returned." 
 
 Such was the result of the council. The Cana- 
 dian messengers, finding they could effect nothing 
 with all their wheedling and presents, returned 
 home disappointed, while the Five Nations remain- 
 ed faithful to their treaties with the English. And 
 yet they were a jealous and proud people. At this 
 very council, the Mohawk messengers, who had 
 been sent from Albany, had taken English goods 
 with them, to trade away privately among the In- 
 dians. This was observed at the council ; and it 
 lowered Quider (Schuyler) very much in their 
 eyes; for it is exceedingly scandalous among the 
 Indians to employ a trader in public affairs. They 
 look upon the traders, who come among themselves, 
 as liars and cheats. 
 
 Schuyler could not regain their favor without 
 clearing himself, by an oath, of having had any 
 thing to do with the goods. It seems that the 
 Mohawk messengers had refused to take the goods, 
 when the owners of them at Albany first pressed 
 them to do so. They were at last persuaded, by 
 being told that the goods were Schuyler's. This 
 was false ; but they supposed it to be a fact, and 
 so reported it among the Indians at the council* 
 
104 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The French send an Expedition against the JVew York 
 People. How they surprised and sacked Schenectady in 
 the JYight-time. Terrible Havoc made of the English. 
 Story about Captain Gltn. The Indians condole ivith 
 the English for this Loss. Speech of a Sachem. 
 War-parties are sent out in Pursuit of the French. 
 
 The French at length came to the conclusion 
 that the surest way of being rid of the Five Nations 
 would be to send expeditions against their allies, 
 the English. In the winter of 1G90, therefore, not 
 long after the Oneida council, of which I have just 
 given some account, France and England being 
 now at war, a war-party was sent out against New 
 York. It consisted of one hundred and fifty French 
 bush-loppers, or Indian traders, guided by as many 
 savages of the half-civilized tribe called the Praying 
 Indians. 
 
 They were commanded by Monsieur De Herville. 
 This gentleman had proposed to make his first 
 attack upon Albany; but the Indians persuaded 
 him to march for Schenectady, something over fif- 
 teen miles to the north-west of that place, and about 
 as far from the villages of the Mohawk tribe. The 
 Praying Indians, who acted as guides, were familiar 
 with the situation of Schenectady, where they had 
 often visited ; and they, therefore, felt more at home 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 105 
 
 in attacking this place, than in marching against 
 Albany. 
 
 The Schenectady people were at this time in 
 perfect security. They had received some hints, 
 in an indirect way, of the intended expedition from 
 Canada; but they considered it impossible for men 
 to march so many hundreds of miles through the 
 snow, without tents, and with no provisions but 
 such as they might carry in their knapsacks and 
 pockets. 
 
 The very evening before the assault upon Sche- 
 nectady, they received information that Indians, and 
 rather suspicious looking ones too, had been seen 
 skulking about the outskirts of the town. But this, 
 thought they, was no wonderful thing. There were 
 always many friendly Indians living and hunting in 
 that neighborhood. It was foolish to be frightened 
 before they were hurt. So careless were they, in 
 fine, that not a single man among them thought of 
 undertaking to keep watch over night. 
 
 Meanwhile, the French had arrived in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the town, where they 
 lay encamped and concealed in the woods. But 
 they had had a hard time of it. They had been 
 twenty-two days on their cold and hungry march 
 through the wilderness from Montreal. Indeed, 
 they were reduced to such extremities when they 
 reached the place just mentioned, that they had 
 thoughts of surrendering themselves prisoners of 
 war to the people of Schenectady. They held a 
 
106 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 council for the purpose of deciding this very ques'- 
 tion. But, just at that time, their scouts, who had 
 straggled about near the village for some hours, un- 
 known and unsuspected by the English, returned 
 with such accounts of the carelessness of the people, 
 that the French determined immediately upon the 
 assault. 
 
 It was on Saturday night, at eleven o'clock, that 
 they entered the gates of the town, which were 
 found unshut. That every house might be attacked 
 at the same moment, they divided their force into 
 parties of six and seven. The inhabitants were in 
 profound sleep : not a sound was heard throughout 
 the unfortunate town, but now and then the crowing 
 of a cock, or the baying of a watch-dog. 
 
 The doors of every house were burst open at 
 almost the same instant, and the enemy rushed in. 
 The houses, barns and sheds were fired at the same 
 time, and the whole village was soon in flames. 
 No tongue can express the horrors of the scene. 
 Men, women and children were massacred in cold 
 blood, without mercy. Infants were taken by the 
 feet, and their brains dashed out upon the posts of 
 the doors. 
 
 Sixty persons were murdered in this ferocious 
 manner, and twenty-seven others were carried off 
 prisoners. The rest of the population fled, naked, 
 to Albany, through a deep snow, which fell that 
 night in a terrible storm. As many as twenty-five 
 of these poor fugitives lost some of their limbs in 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 107 
 
 this flight through the woods, by the severity of the 
 frost. The Frencli returned to Canada, but not 
 entirely unpunished. One hundred of the Mohawks 
 pursued them, fell upon their rear, and killed and 
 captured twenty-five of their number. 
 
 At the time of this horrible massacre, one Captain 
 Alexander Glen lived by himself, on the side of the 
 river opposite Schenectady. He was the most noted 
 man in that neighborhood. He had several times 
 treated the Canadians with kindness, especially 
 several of them taken captive by the Mohawks, and 
 by them condemned to be burned. These he had 
 ransomed and saved. Partly from gratitude, it may 
 be hoped, and partly, no doubt, from motives of 
 policy, the French determined to spare this man. 
 On the night of the massacre, therefore, as they 
 entered Schenectady, they passed Glen's house 
 without disturbing him. Observing, the next 
 morning, that he had fortified his dwelling, and 
 stood upon his defence, some of them went to the 
 river-side, and shouted to him, saying he should 
 fear nothing. They persuaded him even to visit 
 the French commander, De Herville, who after- 
 wards restored to him all his relations who were 
 still prisoners in Canada. 
 
 Some Mohawks also were found in the village ; 
 and these were dismissed in the same civil manner. 
 The French wished that nation, and the other Five 
 Nations, to believe that no war was intended 
 against them, but only against the English. But 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 in this attempt to wheedle the Mohawks, they were 
 unsuccessful, as we have just seen. This appears 
 also from a speech which some of their sachems 
 made to the Albany people. They visited that 
 place immediately after the massacre. They found 
 the English settlers there so alarmed and disheart- 
 ened by the fate of Schenectady, and the dread of a 
 similar assault on themselves from Canada, that 
 they had resolved to leave Albany for ever, and re- 
 move to New York. The sachems found them 
 actually packing up their goods and furniture, with 
 this view. They then addressed them in the follow- 
 ing manner : — 
 
 " Brothers ! the murder of our friends at Sche- 
 nectady grieves us as much as if we ourselves had 
 suffered; for we are all bound together by one 
 chain. The French have not acted, on this occa- 
 sion, like brave men. They have acted like thieves 
 and robbers. Be not discouraged, therefore. We 
 give this belt to wipe away your tears. 
 
 " Brothers ! we lament with you the death of our 
 brethren. But it cannot be called a victory of the 
 French. It is but a new proof of their deceit. 
 Yonondio sent us messengers to talk of peace ; but 
 war, even then, was in his heart. He has now 
 broken open our house at both ends, formerly 
 in the country of the Senecas, and now here. But 
 we hope to be revenged of them. One hundred of 
 our bravest young men are in pursuit of them. 
 They are brisk fellows, and will follow the French 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 109 
 
 to their very doors. Not a man in Canada shall 
 dare to step out of his house to cut a stick of wood. 
 But now we gather up our dead to bury them." 
 Here a second belt was given. 
 
 " Brothers ! be not discouraged. We are strong 
 enough. We find your house here [meaning the 
 council-house at Albany] polluted with blood. All 
 the Five Nations have heard of this ; and we are 
 come to wipe away the blood, and to clean the 
 house. We come to invite Corlear and duider, and 
 every one of you [naming over the chief men of 
 Albany], to be revenged of the enemy. The whole 
 house [all the country] have their eyes fixed upon 
 you at this time, to observe your behavior and follow 
 your example. Take heart, brothers ; take heart. 
 Do not pack up and go away. The French would 
 laugh at you. As for ourselves, we are of the race 
 of the hear ; and the bear, you know, fights to the 
 last breath. We must all be bears." 
 
 Here another belt was given. Several other ar- 
 guments were used, and other presents delivered, 
 which I need not repeat. We cannot but admire 
 the firm and manly friendship of these savages. 
 They adhered more closely to the English, in their 
 present adversity, than they ever had done in better 
 days. It is worthy of remark, in this place, that 
 the Five Nations, in the whole course of their his- 
 tory, have maintained this reputation of constancy 
 and good faith. 
 
 They adhered to their promise of harassing the 
 10 
 
110 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 French. The latter, throughout Canada, were in 
 terrible fear of them all the summer. A party of the 
 Indians even dared to land upon the island of Mon- 
 treal itself They were discovered by the sentinel 
 of a French corps of soldiery, which happened to 
 be encamped on the island ; but they killed the 
 French commander and twelve of his men before 
 they retreated. Another party of Indians carried 
 off fifteen prisoners from a Canadian settlement 
 called Riviere Puante. This party was pursued, 
 and, finding they were likely to be overpowered, 
 they murdered their unfortunate prisoners, and 
 escaped. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The Five JVations invade Canada. The English also Jit 
 out an Expedition against Montreal. Defence of that 
 Place by the French. Battle between the English, 
 French and hidians. Second Battle. Other Anecdotes 
 of the War. Hunting Beaver. Another French Inva- 
 sion of J^eio York. Result of it. The Indians invade 
 Canada again, under Black Kettle. 
 
 These continual incursions of the Indians at 
 length obliged Count Frontenac to station all his 
 troops on the south side of the river St. Lawrence, 
 as a defence against this restless and inveterate 
 enemy. Notwithstanding that movement, however, 
 five Canadians were carried away, in sight of Fort 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. Ill 
 
 Sorel, by a small skulking party. These were 
 soon after recovered by the soldiers of the garrison. 
 
 About the same time, other parties were burning 
 the plantations about a Canadian town called St. 
 Ours. At another time, a French officer, with 
 thirty-eight men, surprised some Indians in a hut 
 which they had set up for a temporary shelter near 
 Lake St. Pierre. Some of them escaped, and gave 
 the alarm to their companions in two neighboring 
 huts, which the enemy had not discovered. The 
 French were now attacked in their turn ; and the 
 captain, lieutenant and half the men were killed. 
 The Canadians dared not even plough or plant in 
 their opp"^ fields ; and the consequence was a 
 famine. 
 
 They were much alarmed, too, by an incursion 
 of the English into Canada, under Major Schuyler, 
 or Quider, as the savages still called him. He was 
 still so much a favorite with them, that half of the 
 three hundred men in his party were Mohawk and 
 other Indians, the rest being English. He set out 
 from Albany about midsummer (1690). On his 
 march, as he was busily preparing his canoes to 
 pass Corlear's Lake, on his route to Canada, he was 
 discovered by some French Indians, who immedi- 
 ately fled for Montreal, and gave the alarm there. 
 
 M. De Callieres was governor of that town at this 
 period. He at once set about preparing to give 
 Schuyler a warm reception, by drawing all the 
 militia and regular troops of the neighborhood tO' 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 gether, for the defence of the town. It was fortu- 
 nate for him that a great many Indians of the Utta- 
 was tribe were at this time trading at Montreal. 
 Callieres artfully undertook to engage them in his 
 service. He made a great feast for them, and 
 entertained them in person. Then, after the Indian 
 manner, while the eyes of all this grim and savage 
 assembly were turned upon him, he began the war- 
 song of the Uttawas. 
 
 He then led up the dance, with a battle-axe in 
 his hands, shouting and singing in the Indian style. 
 After these ceremonies were over, and the Indians 
 enlisted in his service, he crossed the river with his 
 own troops, amounting to 1200 men. The Uttawas, 
 the Praying, and other Indians, followed him. 
 Among the rest was the famous Tarawahet, who 
 had been, long before this, entirely gained over by 
 the caresses and kindness of Count Frontenac. The 
 whole party encamped on the south side of the river 
 St. Lawrence, at a place called Magdalen's Prairie, 
 and around a fort which stood on a rising ground, 
 between two meadows. 
 
 Meanwhile, Major Schuyler, having left forty 
 men behind him to guard the canoes in which he 
 had crossed Corlear's Lake, was now marching on 
 at a rapid pace. He at last arrived at a long and 
 narrow glen, or hollow, leading into the first mead- 
 ow mentioned above, without yet being discovered 
 by the French. Marching under cover of this 
 glen, silently as possible, in the night, he fell sud- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 113 
 
 denly, with his three hundred men, upon the French 
 militia. They were confused by his sudden attack, 
 and not less so by the horrible yells of the Indians 
 who were with him. 
 
 Many of the militia, and of the Uttawas, who were 
 near them, were slain on the spot. The rest fled to 
 the French fort. Schuyler pursued them, and as- 
 saulted the fort very briskly, but was obliged to 
 retire, by the approach of the regular troops, who 
 marched up to relieve it. Schuyler now found that 
 the enemy were too many for him. He had ascer- 
 tained, too, that a considerable body of them had 
 marched southward. He began to apprehend that 
 his retreat might be cut off by his canoes being 
 found and destroyed. He resolved, therefore, im- 
 mediately to follow this party. He overtook them 
 by a few hours' march, when, they entrenching 
 themselves behind some large fallen trees, he 
 attacked them with great spirit, and forced a pas- 
 sage through their ranks, sword in hand, though 
 with considerable loss. 
 
 By their own account, the French lost, in these 
 two actions, more men than Schuyler's whole force 
 consisted of Among the killed were two captains, 
 six lieutenants and five ensigns, Schuyler's Mo- 
 hawks suffered much, having seventeen killed and 
 eleven wounded. These Indians signalized them- 
 selves by their bravery in all these skirmishes. They 
 yielded not an inch of ground upon any occasion 
 10* 
 
114 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 until the English set the example of retreat. The 
 whole party reached Albany on the 11th of August. 
 
 During the following fall and winter, the war was 
 continued with various success. Two Indian pris- 
 oners taken at La Prairie, in Canada, by the French, 
 were given up to the Uttawas, and by them burnt 
 alive. It was generally supposed that this took 
 place at the instigation of the French. Their ob- 
 ject was to make still more inveterate the hatred 
 already existing between the Uttawas and the Five 
 Nations. 
 
 Forty Mohawks made an assault, soon afterwards, 
 upon Fort Vercheres, near the St. Lawrence, and 
 carried off twenty Canadians captive. The alarm 
 soon reached Montreal, and M. De Crizaei, with 
 a hundred men of the regular French troops, pur- 
 sued the Indians, and recovered most of the pris- 
 oners. 
 
 Soon after this, Count Frontenac was informed 
 that a considerable party of the Five Nations were 
 hunting beaver on a neck of land between Lake 
 Cadaracqui and Lake Erie. He resolved to show 
 them that war-time was no time for hunting. He 
 sent three hundred men to surprise them, under the 
 command of M. Beaucour, a young French gentle- 
 man. The Praying Indians of Montreal joined the 
 party. This expedition being during the winter, 
 they were obliged to undergo terrible sufferings. 
 They marched upon the snow with snow-shoes, — a 
 very lojig, wide, flat article, made chiefly of light, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 115 
 
 tough wood, — which kept them from sinking and 
 plunging in the drifts. 
 
 Their provisions they carried on their backs. 
 Several of them had their feet frozen. This obliged 
 fifteen of them to return, with some old Indians 
 who could not bear the fatigue of the march. It 
 was with much difficulty that Beaucour could per- 
 suade the rest to proceed farther. Day after day, 
 and night after night, for hundreds of miles, they 
 kept on, over river, and mountain, and swamp, and 
 forest. They came up with the hunting Indians at 
 last, and completely surprised and overpowered 
 them; eighty of the latter being killed, after a very 
 brave defence ; and three women were made pris- 
 oners. With these the French returned to Montreal. 
 A few of their straggling small parties marched, 
 soon afterwards, towards Albany. They did no 
 mischief but to kill two or three solitary English 
 settlers, and to alarm the neighboring country. 
 
 In the summer of 1G92, the trade which the French 
 had carried on up the lakes with the French settle- 
 ment at Michilimackinac, was entirely broken up by 
 the war-parties of the Five Nations investing Cada- 
 racqui river, by which the Indian traders were in 
 the habit of passing to and fro. Captain La Noue, 
 with a detachment of regular troops, was sent from 
 Montreal early in the season, to guard the traders 
 through this passage. He found the enemy at the 
 Falls of Calumette, a little sooner and a little stronger 
 than he expected ; and so the valiant captain con- 
 
116 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 suited his own disposition and the safety of his men, 
 by turning about as quickly as possible, and making 
 the best of his way back to Montreal. 
 
 The captain had, however, no sooner reached 
 that town, than he was ordered to march off again 
 in precisely the same direction, and with the same 
 purpose as before. He went, accordingly, as far as 
 the river Du Lievre, ninety miL.s from Montreal ; 
 but there discovering several canoes of the Five Na- 
 tions, the captain's heart failed him again, and he 
 marched home once more with his men. The lat- 
 ter seemed to be perfectly willing to submit to his 
 orders : they were not much braver than himself. 
 
 The duatoghie and other Indians now informed 
 the French of another and smaller river running 
 into Cadaracqui river, from the northward. By this 
 stream they said a passage might be made to the 
 lakes ; and this it was resolved to attempt, although 
 it was farther round than the other, and dangerous, 
 on account of many more rapid falls. Three offi- 
 cers, with thirty soldiers, were sent with the traders 
 for this purpose ; but a party of the Five Nations 
 meeting with them at a deep fall in the river, they 
 were all killed or taken but four, who escaped back 
 to Montreal. 
 
 A large party of the Five Nations, under the com- 
 mand of Black Kettle, a famous warrior, continued 
 a long time at and about Cadaracqui river, in hopes 
 of meeting with other French parties, in their pas- 
 sage towards Michilimackinac; but finding that no 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 117 
 
 attempts were made that way, he resolved to make 
 an excursion into the country about Montreal. The 
 French writers say he had six hundred men with 
 him; but this is rather doubtful. 
 
 No doubt he had a large party ; and he overran 
 Canada like a torrent from the mountains. Through- 
 out the country, the soldiers had orders to stand on 
 the defensive within their forts. After Black Kettle 
 had thus ravaged and burnt every thing before him 
 for some weeks, M. De Vaudreuil pursued them, 
 at the head of four hundred men, and overtook and 
 surprised them. The Five Nations fought desper- 
 ately, but were jEinally obliged to retreat, by forcing 
 themselves a passage through the ranks of the enemy 
 around them. They lost twenty men killed upon 
 the spot ; and five men, nine women and five chil- 
 dren, prisoners. The French lost four officers and 
 several privates. 
 
 The Five Nations avenged themselves, in some 
 degree, for this defeat, by attacking a French vessel 
 on the river St. Lawrence. The captain of it had 
 been sent to guard vessels from Quebec to Montreal. 
 He was returning, when the Indians set upon him 
 with their canoes, boarded his vessel, and killed 
 himself and most of the crew and troops who were 
 with him. 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 How Governor Frontenac revenged himself against the 
 Five JS/'atwns, by burning two Indian Prisoners. Dis- 
 tress of the Canadians. Another French Expedition 
 against the Mohawks. They surprise one of the 
 Mohawk Forts. Take Possession of another after a 
 Battle. The Mohawks enraged against the English. 
 The English pursue the French. Anecdotes of this 
 Expedition. Result of it. 
 
 Count Frontenac had no better way to console 
 himself, it seems, than by condemning two prison- 
 ers of the Five Nations to be burnt ahve in pubhc. 
 
 The Jesuit clergymen of Montreal, and many 
 other persons, more humane or more politic than 
 himself, interceded for the poor Indians, but in vain. 
 " It has become necessary," said the enraged and 
 mortified old governor, " to make such an example 
 as may frighten these horrible enemies of ours. We 
 have shown them but too much indulgence already. 
 They ravage our plantations under our very eyes, 
 and advance to the very gates of our towns. They 
 think that they run no risk but that of being made 
 prisoners ; and this, say they, is no risk at all ; for 
 they live better among us, as captives, than they do 
 in their own country, as freemen. They must be 
 burnt, and they shall be." 
 
 And burnt they were, accordingly. The Jesuits 
 wore humane enough to undertake to reason with 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 119 
 
 the poor wretches about believing in the Christian 
 religion, as their only consolation in death. But the 
 Indians would hear nothing. They thought it im- 
 possible that any thing good or true should be taught 
 them by a Frenchman ; and they began to prepare 
 for death, in the manner of their own nation, by 
 singing their death-songs. 
 
 Some charitable person threw a knife into their 
 prison, through the iron grates of the windows. 
 With this one of them despatched himself The 
 other was led out to the place of execution by the 
 Christian Indians of a place near Montreal, called 
 Loretto. He walked calmly and firmly, to all ap- 
 pearances, as ever martyr did to the stake. He 
 continued singing even while they were torturing 
 him. He was a warrior, brave and without fear, 
 he said ; the most cruel death could not move him 
 to a groan; his comrade was a Coward, and a scan- 
 dal to the Five Nations, for having killed himself 
 for fear of pain. And he had the comfort to re- 
 flect furthermore, he added, that he had made many 
 a Frenchman suffer as he did then. The French 
 Indians tried their utmost arts of torture upon him; 
 but he continued to sing, and laugh at them, until 
 his senses left him entirely from excess of suffering. 
 The Indians very generally endure sufferings of 
 every kind with astonishing fortitude. 
 
 But Frontenac soon found that he must do some- 
 thing more than this to raise the spirits of the people 
 of Canada. The torture of two miserable wretches 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 gave them but slight comfort, while the enemy Ir 
 fested the country to such a degree, that no man 
 dared to go unarmed from his house to his well or 
 spring for a pail of water. He therefore planned 
 an expedition against the Mohawks ; and, to sur- 
 prise them the better, he chose the winter-season 
 for the purpose. 
 
 The body of the French designed for this expe- 
 dition was put under three captains of the regular 
 troops, and thirty subalterns. It consisted of picked 
 men of the regular troops, the common militia of 
 Canada, the Praying Indians, the Quatoghies of 
 Loretto, and of other Indians who joined them from 
 the district of Maine. They amounted in all to 
 six or seven hundred men, well supplied with all 
 sorts of ammunition, provisions, snow-shoes, and 
 such conveniences for carriages as could be used in 
 deep snow and close forests. These were chiefly 
 a kind oi' light sledge, made of skins, and drawn by 
 large dogs on the frozen snow. 
 
 They set out from Magdalen's Prairie on the 
 15th of January, 1002. After having endured 
 what might have been thought insurmountable hard- 
 ships, they passed by Schenectady, at some dis- 
 tance from it, on the 8th of February. At this 
 time, an Englishman who had been taken captive 
 when that village was sacked, escaped from the 
 French party, and gave the people of Schenectady 
 warning of their numbers, and the direction in 
 which they were marching. An express was im- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 121 
 
 mediately despatched to Albany, with the same in- 
 telligence. 
 
 There the militia were mustered together as 
 fast as possible; and a lieutenant, with fifty-five 
 troopers, was sent to Schenectady to defend that 
 place. But no care was taken to give the Mohawks 
 notice, which might have been easily done by send- 
 ing a messenger up the south side of the Mohawk 
 river, while the French were continuing their 
 march down on the north. By dusk, on the night 
 of the 8th, the French reached the first Mohawk 
 castle or fort. In this, there were but five men as 
 a garrison, and a few women and children, all in 
 the utmost security. These were captured ; and 
 this fort, and a second one, of about the same size, 
 readily taken possession of by the French. 
 
 They then marched on to the next Mohawk fort, 
 which was the largest. On reaching it about mid- 
 night, they heard some noise, which led them to 
 suspect they were discovered. It was occasioned, 
 however, by a war-dance of the Mohawks in the 
 fort, forty of them having determined to start off 
 upon some enterprise the next morning. The 
 French approached, and silently surrounded the 
 fort. Finding the Indians entirely oif their guard, 
 they opened the gate, and entered without being 
 discovered. 
 
 But, notwithstanding the confusion which the In- 
 dians were thrown into by this sudden entrance, 
 they resisted bravely, and thirty of the French party 
 11 
 
122 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 were killed during the struggle. The French 
 would have put all the prisoners to the sword in cold 
 blood ; but even their own Indians would not suffer 
 such an atrocious massacre, and they gave quarter. 
 Three hundred Mohawks were taken, of whom 
 one hundred were warriors. 
 
 Schenectady being the nearest English settle- 
 ment to the Mohawks, and but a short distance 
 from their nearest fort, many of the tribe were 
 always at that village. Some were there at this 
 time ; and intelligence soon reached them of the 
 havoc the French were making in the Mohawk 
 country. They were exceedingly enraged, that 
 the Schenectady people had given them no warning 
 of the approach of the French. The English sent 
 scouts upon the rear of the invaders, to learn their 
 proposed route ; but these scouts returned to Sche- 
 nectady without doing their duty, and the measure 
 only served to increase the resentment of the Mo- 
 hawks at that place. They were angry, too, be- 
 cause no assistance had been sent to the Mohawk 
 tribe. 
 
 The account soon came to Albany, how much 
 these Indians were enraged by the conduct of their 
 English allies. Their old friend "Quider" (Peter 
 Schuyler) immediately offered to set off with what- 
 ever force could be got ready for their assistance. 
 He marched to Schenectady in less than one day, and 
 sent out scouts from that place to discover the route 
 of the enemy. They brought him intelligence, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 123 
 
 that the two first forts were taken ; then that they 
 heard a great noise in the direction of the third ; 
 and, finally, that the third was taken, garrison and all. 
 
 Schuyler had now mustered about two hundred 
 and fifty English soldiers. He waited a day or two 
 for the Mohawks to join him. This they did on 
 the 15th of the month, with about three hundred 
 men and boys, very poorly armed, and in fact a 
 mere rabble. He now began his pursuit of the 
 enemy. On the 16th, he was informed by a strag- 
 gling Indian, who pretended to be a deserter, that 
 the French had built a fort in a place where they 
 designed to wait for him, and fight him. Schuyler 
 now halted, and sent an express back to Albany, for 
 a reinforcement. He very soon found out, however, 
 that the Indian had deceived him. The French 
 had sent him, in the character of a deserter, mere- 
 ly to frighten and delay the English party. 
 
 Schuyler now pressed his pursuit of the ene- 
 my, and overtook them on the 17th. As soon as he 
 came in sight of them, he was saluted by three loud 
 shouts, which his own party answered with as much 
 noise. His Indians, however, were a little startled 
 by the force of the French ; and they began to 
 intrench themselves by felling trees for a sort of 
 breastwork. The French perceived this, and 
 sallied out to prevent it; but they were beaten 
 back. The Indians then fell to work again, call- 
 ing loudly upon the English to assist them. 
 
 This request was complied with, but in such con- 
 
124 HISTORY OF THE MDDLE STATES. 
 
 fusion and haste that the English themselves were 
 in danger from the falling trees. The French now 
 came upon them a second time, with their whole 
 force. "The English run !" shouted they; "the 
 Mohawks run ! Let us cut them off. Let us get 
 their provisions." But they found themselves rath- 
 er mistaken in their calculation. The English and 
 Mohawks left their breastwork, leaped actively over 
 the fallen trees, and gave their assailants such a re- 
 ception, with their hatchets, axes, clubs, and what- 
 ever else was near them, that the enemy soon gave 
 up all thought of the " provisions," and fled like a 
 pack of foxes. 
 
 Whether they grew more courageous, or only 
 more hungry, they soon came on a third time ; but 
 they were now treated still worse than before, the 
 Mohawks soon bringing in many of their heads and 
 scalps. When the skirmishing was over, Schuyler 
 sent a second express to Albany, for a reinforce- 
 ment of troops and a supply of provisions, some of 
 his men having had nothing to eat for two days. He 
 then secured himself under the cover of fallen trees, 
 and kept out watches to observe the French. 
 
 On the 18th, a cold, stormy day, he was informed 
 by a deserter that the French were marching off. 
 It was no easy matter to pursue them, or to discover 
 their tracks on the snow, in such weather ; but the 
 English officers were ordered to follow them, and re- 
 tard their march as much as possible until the rein- 
 forcement should arrive. All of the English sol- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 125 
 
 diers, however, refused to march without provisions, 
 excepting sixty. These, with a body of Indians, fol- 
 lowed the French till night, when they began to se- 
 cure themselves by fortifying their camp. 
 
 Forty of the English and a hundred Indians were 
 left to observe them ; and the rest returned. On 
 the 19th, the provisions, with about eighty men, ar- 
 rived. Every man, as he was served with provis- 
 ions, now marched off towards the enemy. The 
 front-guard soon came up again with the French 
 rear, and would have attacked them, to retard their 
 march, but that the Mohawks were averse to fight- 
 ing. The French purposely dropped several of their 
 prisoners, who told the Mohawks that the French 
 were resolved to put all the prisoners to the sword 
 if they should be attacked. 
 
 The enemy passed the north branch of Hudson 
 river on a collection of broken ice, which lodged 
 there very opportunely, a recent thaw having opened 
 the stream both above and below. The weather 
 was nov/ so cold, and the Indians so tired of the 
 pursuit, that Schuyler was obliged to abandon it on 
 the 20th. He had lost four of his English soldiers, 
 and as many of his Indians, besides wounded. The 
 French lost thirty-three killed, four of whom were 
 officers (as the deserters told him), and twenty-six 
 wounded. Fifty of the Mohawk prisoners, too, 
 were recovered. 
 
 Schuyler might have gone farther, perhaps, but 
 his force was near famishing, their provisions having 
 11 * 
 
126 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 almost wholly failed them. The Mohawks fed upon 
 the bodies of the French who were killed. It is said 
 that Schuyler himself, m going the rounds of his 
 camp one night, was invited by some of the Mohawks 
 to eat broth with them. He accepted their invitation, 
 to please them. They gave him a plate of broth, and 
 he ate it. They then put the ladle into their kettle, 
 over the camp-fire, for more. The meat in it was a 
 man's hand ! Schuyler immediately rose and vv alked 
 off, sick and shuddering with horror. The French 
 were reduced to the same extremities before they 
 reached Canada. They were obliged even to boil 
 and eat their shoes. 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 Account of the Indian Mode of Travelling and Encamping 
 in the Winter. Indian Council at Albany in 1693. 
 Presents given to the Mohaivks by the English. 
 Another French Expedition in 1696. How the Troops 
 travelled through the Wilderness. A Seneca deserts 
 from their Army. How Governor Frontenac ivas car- 
 ried in a Chair. An old Indian burned and tortured. 
 Resxdt of the Expedition. Anecdotes. 
 
 My young friends may wonder how it was possi- 
 ble for men to march hundreds of miles through the 
 wilderness, while the ground was every where covered 
 with snow, two or three feet deep, and perhaps 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 127 
 
 more. The foremost of the party always marched 
 in the snow-shoes I have described to you, and so 
 beat a fine smooth track for those that followed. 
 At night, when they halted, they dug a hole in a deep 
 drift, throwing the snow up all round, but highest 
 on that side from which the wind blew. This hole 
 was dug large enough to contain as many men as 
 could lie about a large fire, which was made in the 
 middle. The frozen ground round it was covered with 
 small green branches : and here, it is said, a man 
 might lie much warmer than any one would imagine 
 who never tried it. The Indians of the present day 
 often accommodate themselves, on their winter jour- 
 neys, in much the same manner. 
 
 The Mohawks were exceedingly mortified and 
 depressed in spirits by the last successes of the 
 French. Indeed, the English were fearful that a 
 peace might now be effected between the Five Na- 
 tions and the French. They sent for the former, 
 therefore, in July, 1693, to meet them at Alba- 
 ny, for a council. Here Mr. Fletcher, who was 
 governor of New York at this time, did his utmost 
 to soothe and encourage them ; but his most effectu- 
 al argument, and one which entirely persuaded them 
 of the propriety of adhering to the English, was a 
 present of ninety guns, eight hundred and ten pounds 
 of powder, eight hundred bars of lead, a thousand 
 flints, eighty-seven hatchets, four gross of knives, 
 and a great quantity of clothing and provisions. 
 
 All this, he told them, came from the king and 
 
128 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 queen of England (William and Mary), who desired 
 to renew the league with them. They were de- 
 lighted with the presents, and readily consented to 
 renew their old league. Their orators expressed 
 the gratitude of the tribe in the following strong 
 language : " Brother Fletcher," said they, *' we roll 
 and wallow in joy, by reason of the great favor the 
 mighty king and queen have done us, in sending us 
 these things in our greatest need." 
 
 The war was continued for two years between 
 the Indians and the French, with various success. 
 In September, 1695, Fletcher met them again, and 
 gave them new presents. Among the rest were a 
 thousand pounds of powder, two thousand pounds 
 of lead, fifty-seven fusees, a hundred hatchets, three 
 hundred and forty-eight knives, and two thousand 
 flints. 
 
 A year after this, the Count de Frontenac deter- 
 mined to make one more resolute and vigorous at- 
 tack upon the Mohawks. With this view, he as- 
 sembled all the regular troops of Canada, the militia, 
 and the warriors of eight or ten Indian tribes, from 
 Maine and various sections of Canada. This was 
 in June, 1696. He left La Chine, on the south side 
 of the Island of Montreal, on the 4th of July. 
 
 The only method of travelling, for such an army, 
 through the wilderness, and over lakes and rivers, 
 was in bark canoes, or very light batteaux. These 
 may be easily carried on men's shoulders, where 
 the stream of a river becomes too rapid to navigate 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 129 
 
 them. Such places are consequently called carry- 
 ing-places or portages. The count divided his five 
 hundred Indians in such a manner that the greatest 
 part of them should always be near the front-guard, 
 which consisted of two battalions of regular troops. 
 This body was commanded by Callieres, governor 
 of Montreal. He had with hnn two large batteaux, 
 which carried two large pieces of cannon, some 
 small mortars, grenadoes, and the utensils of the 
 artillery. Frontenac was at the head of the main 
 body, consisting of four battalions of militia. 
 
 The rear, which was composed of two battalions 
 of regular troops, and of the rest of the Indians, was 
 commanded by the French Chevalier de Vaudreuil. 
 All the Indians had French officers set over them. 
 In this order, the army marched on, day after day, 
 except that those who were in the van one day 
 were in the rear the next. A number of Indians 
 were kept always on the scout, to discover the tracks 
 of the enemy, for fear of ambuscade. Whenever 
 they were obliged to carry the canoes, and drag the 
 large, loaded batteaux, several parties were detach- 
 ed to cover the men engaged in this business. I 
 give you all these particulars, that you may entirely 
 understand the nature of these expeditions of which 
 I have told you so much. 
 
 After twelve days' march, the party I have just 
 described reached Cadaracqui fort, one hundred 
 and eighty miles from Montreal. They then crossed 
 over Cadaracqui lake to Onondaga river (now 
 
130 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Oswego). This river being rapid and narrow, they 
 ordered fifty men to march on each side of it, to 
 prevent their being surprised. The rest of the army 
 moved slowly along the river, according to the intel- 
 ligence they received from the scouts. They found 
 a tree, as they passed along, on which the Mohawks 
 had painted the French army, in their manner, and 
 had laid by it two bundles of cut rushes. 
 
 This was a defiance in the Indian style ; and the 
 number of rushes gave them notice that 1434 men 
 would meet them. The French passed the little 
 lake between Oswego and Onondaga in order of 
 battle ; and the two wings, to prevent their being 
 surprised, and to make the place of their landing 
 more secure, took a circuit around the two extrem- 
 ities of the lake by land. As soon as all had arrived 
 at the landing-place, they raised a fort. A Seneca, 
 who had been some time a prisoner in Canada, was 
 sent out as a scout. He deserted to the Onondagas, 
 whom he found waiting for the French, with a res- 
 olution to defend their castle, and to fight the 
 French. With this view, they had sent away their 
 women and children. 
 
 The Seneca told them that the French army was 
 as numerous as the leaves of the trees ; and that 
 they had machines which threw balls up in the air, 
 and which, falling on their castle, burst to pieces, 
 and spread fire and death every where. Against 
 these, said the Seneca to the Onondagas, your fort 
 and your stockades can be of no defence whatever. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 131 
 
 All this was confirmed by another Seneca deserter. 
 They had confused but awful ideas, it seems, of the 
 bombs and grenadoes of the French. The horrible 
 story which they told the Onondagas about them 
 frightened the latter so much that they concluded 
 to retreat, leaving their fort and their bark cottages 
 all in flames. 
 
 After Frontenac had received an account of these 
 circumstances, he marched to their village in order 
 of battle. The army was divided into two lines. 
 The first was commanded by the Chevalier de Cal- 
 lieres, who placed himself on the left ; the second 
 by Vaudreuil. The artillery went between these 
 lines. The old Count Frontenac, now in his seven- 
 ty-third year, was carried behind them in a large 
 easy chair. It was impossible, indeed, to preserve 
 this order exactly in crossing the brooks, and 
 wading through the deep swamps of the woods ; but 
 nearly in this order, the French army marched up 
 to the smoking and desolate village of the Ononda- 
 gas. Here they were bitterly disappointed to find 
 no enemy and no spoils. Not a living being was 
 to be seen. There was nothing even to be de- 
 stroyed but a large field of Indian corn. The 
 militia, and the Indians in particular, made a val- 
 iant attack upon this, however, for want of better 
 business ; and the corn was laid low in a short 
 time, a part of it being despatched on the spot, and 
 the rest taken captive. 
 
 An Indian sachem, about one hundred years old, 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 was at last found in the village. He alone, of all 
 his countrymen, had disdained to flee. " I will stay 
 here," said he : " I have lived long enough : I will 
 not save the short residue of my life by a base 
 flight. Leave me to teach these Frenchmen what 
 a man is, and how an Onondaga warrior can die." 
 
 The French Indians now had the pleasure of tor- 
 menting him ; but he bore every thing with the 
 most wonderful composure. He told his tormentors 
 to remember his death well when his countrymen 
 should come to take terrible vengeance upon them. 
 At this, one of them was so irritated as to stab him 
 several times with his knife. " I thank you," said 
 the old sachem, with a sneer of contempt ; " but 
 you had better make me die by fire. These French- 
 men might then learn how to suffer like men. You 
 Indians, their allies ! you dogs of dogs ! think of 
 me when you shall suffer the same tortures." The 
 savages could not endure these taunts, as the old 
 sachem well knew ; and they soon despatched and 
 relieved him. 
 
 The Chevalier Vaudreuil was now sent to destroy 
 the corn of the Oneidas. This service was not 
 disagreeable to his troops ; and they soon performed 
 it without meeting with the slightest resistance, 
 either from the corn or the owners of it. Thirty- 
 five of the Oneidas remained in their village, to 
 compromise and make friends with the French; 
 but they met with the success they deserved for de- 
 serting their countrymen. The French carried 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 138 
 
 them all off captive to Canada. To the latter, the 
 Onondagas gave no little trouble on their return. 
 They followed them closely, and cut off every canoe 
 which happened at any time to be at a distance 
 from the main body. And thus ended this expen- 
 sive and laborious expedition of the French, the 
 last one undertaken during the war. Peace was 
 declared the same season. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The early Settlement of Delaware by the Swedes. How this 
 Settlement came to be made. Where it was made, and 
 when. Account of the first Expeditions of Emigrants. 
 About the Delaware Indians, and their Dealings with 
 the Swedes. About the natural Productions of the 
 Country. Other Anecdotes of the frst Settlement. End 
 of the Delaware History. 
 
 I DARE say my young friends are weary enough, 
 by this time, of the wars and treaties of the Five 
 Nations. I shall leave the history of New York, 
 therefore, and give you some anecdotes of the early 
 settlements of Delaware, to which, indeed, occa- 
 sional allusions have already been made. 
 
 The first colony planted in this state came over 
 from Sweden. The scheme of the enterprise was 
 first formed in that kingdom, in the year 1626, un- 
 der the reign of the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus. 
 It was much forwarded by the great commendation 
 12 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 which William Usselin, an eminent Swedish mer- 
 chant, gave of the country in the neighborhood of 
 what was then called, as we have seen, New 
 Netherlands, and of all the neighboring district. 
 He had been in America himself. 
 
 Considerable sums were raised by contribution in 
 Sweden ; and, the next year, a number of Swedes 
 and Finlanders came over to America. They first 
 landed at Inlopen, the interior cape of Delaware 
 Bay, — the outer cape of the same bay, in Fenwick's 
 Island, being called by the Swedes Henlopen, as it 
 is to this day. From the very pleasant appearance 
 of Inlopen to them, on their first landing, they named 
 it Paradise Point. They are said to have bought 
 of the Indians all the land from this point to the 
 falls of the Delaware river. To this river they gave 
 the name of New Swedeland Stream. 
 
 They lived many years in perfect amity with 
 the savages, making presents to the sachems, and 
 holding conferences and councils with them from 
 time to time. They met with some little trouble 
 now and then from the Dutch of New York, as I 
 have intimated in my sketches of the latter prov- 
 ince. In 1630, the Dutch were so bold as ya^ 
 build a fort within the Capes of Delaware, at the r 
 place now called Lewistown, but then, and for some 
 time after, Hoerkill. But they so far agreed with 
 the Swedes, notwithstanding this encroachment, as 
 the latter considered it, as to unite with them in 
 expelling all other trespassers or intruders. The 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 135 
 
 English, among the rest, had now begun to settle 
 near or upon the east side of the Delaware. 
 
 The Dutch were complained of by the English, 
 on the other hand, as, indeed, might have been 
 expected. " They endanger all his majesty's adjoin- 
 ing countries (said an English writer soon after the 
 time now in question), most wickedly, feloniously 
 and traitorously, contrary to the laws of all Chris- 
 tians, selling guns, powder, shot and ammunition to 
 the Indians, by wholesale ; and instructing them, 
 moreover, in the use of arms." It was said of the 
 Swedes, too, that they even hired out some of their 
 soldiers to the Susquehannock Indians, to teach 
 them the Swedish methods of fighting, and the man- 
 agement of fire-arms. 
 
 Delaware is described by the same ancient and 
 quaint writer just quoted. Having seen it himself, 
 he seemed to consider it one of the most perfect coun- 
 tries on the globe, — the soil rich, the streams and 
 rivers abundant, numerous beautiful islands off the 
 coast, and the climate the healthiest in the world. 
 Then, we are told, the country was covered over 
 with fine woods. *' It was replenished with excel- 
 lent timber for ships and masts. In all parts of it 
 grew mulberries, sweet cypress, cedars, pines and 
 fir trees, several sorts of grapes, excellent for wine 
 and raisins, and the greatest variety of choice fish, 
 fruit and fowl." 
 
 Then the uplands were covered, many months of 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 the year, v/ith berries, roots, chestnuts, walnuts, 
 beech and oak mast (nuts and acorns). As might be 
 expected from such an abundance of good things, 
 we are told that turkeys and hogs ran wild in the 
 woods, hundreds together. The Indians within or 
 near the limits of Delaware were supposed to 
 amount to about eight hundred. They, however, 
 gave the settlers but little trouble. They went naked 
 and unarmed, for the most part, and were exceed- 
 ingly afraid of the guns and pikes of their civilized 
 neighbors. 
 
 The writer above referred to furthermore adds, 
 that he saw an infinite multitude of bustards, 
 swans, geese, and other fowl, covering the shores. 
 In the interior was " the like multitude of pidgeons 
 and store of turkeys." Of the latter, he found one 
 which weighed forty-six pounds. This was a mon- 
 strous fellow, indeed, and must have furnished him 
 sufficient provisions, one would think, for a week. 
 Then there was plenty of excellent sea-fish, and 
 shell-fish, and whales and grampus. " The woods 
 were bestrewed many months with chestnuts, beech- 
 nuts, and other things to feed them; and hogs, 
 that would increase exceedingly." 
 
 It was justly thought an additional privilege in 
 the situation of this territory, that twenty-four 
 hours' sail, with a fair wind, would carry a vessel 
 either to Virginia, or to the nearest parts of New 
 England. It was impossible, on the whole, but 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 137 
 
 that the first settlers should have lived like princes, 
 at least in regard to both the quality and quantity 
 of their provisions. 
 
 In this respect, like the settlers of Pennsylvania, 
 they had a great advantage over the settlers of 
 New England and Virginia. The Delav/are In- 
 dians, moreover, brought them large quantities of 
 '* Indian corn," at a shilling a bushel "in truck." 
 In truck means in barter. The Indians took their 
 pay, generally, in knives, needles, beads, blankets, 
 paint, old coats, old kettles, and other things of the 
 same kind. Our writer's glowing description of 
 Delaware, and the neighboring country, concludes 
 with the following address to a nobleman in Eng- 
 land, for whose information, particularly, it was 
 written : "If my lord will come over here with 
 three hundred men, he may do very well, and grow 
 rich. It is a most clear, delightful air ; and such 
 pure, wholesome springs, rivers and waters ; with 
 so many varieties of several flowers, trees and for- 
 ests for swine ; so many fair risings and prospects, 
 all green and verdant ; and Maryland, a good 
 friend and neighbor, within four-and-twenty hours, 
 ready to comfort and supply." 
 
 Perhaps I may give you some anecdotes of the 
 subsequent settlements in Delaware. They were 
 less interesting, however, than the first, and less is 
 known of them. As Delaware is a small state, I 
 shall not be expected to dwell so much upon it as 
 upon the others. You will remember I have 
 12 * 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 already mentioned, in the history of New York, 
 how the Dutch conquered the Delaware Swedes in 
 1656, and how, eight years afterwards, the English 
 conquered the Dutch. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The first Settlement of Maryland owing to the Exertions 
 of Sir George Calvert. Some Account of Calvert. 
 Anecdotes. He commences a Colony at JVewfoundland, 
 in 1621. Progress of it. Abandonment of it. He 
 visits Virginia. Hoio the Virginians treated him. 
 Visits JVewfoundland again. Gets a Charter of Mary- 
 land. Why the Province was so named. Death of Sir 
 George. The Settlement commenced by his Sons. 
 
 The first settlement of Maryland was owing to 
 the exertions of Sir George Calvert, an English- 
 man and a papist. Under King James, he was 
 one of the principal English secretaries of state ; 
 and, either by that monarch, or his successor, 
 Charles L, he was created " lord baron of Balti- 
 more," in Ireland, as some reward for his loyal ser- 
 vices to the crown. One of these services, it is 
 said by some writers, consisted in his efforts, on a 
 certain occasion, to bring about a match between 
 Prince Charles and a royal princess of Spain. 
 
 It may not be true, but he is also said to have been 
 one of those whom Count Gondemar, the Spanish 
 ambassador, engaged, by means of presents and 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 139 
 
 pensions, to make King James favorable to the 
 marriage of his son just mentioned. This is not 
 unlikely ; and it shows, if true, that Sir George was 
 among the most influential of the courtiers. 
 
 I will mention the well-known fact here, that the 
 count bribed the ladies of the court, or, at least, all 
 the leading characters among them, excepting Lady 
 Jacobs. She, upon his passing by her windows, 
 in his chaise, instead of answering his salutations 
 as usual, only gaped. She did the same again the 
 next day ; and the count then had the curiosity to 
 ask the reason : " / have a mouth to stop," said 
 she, " as loell as other ladies.''' He took the hint, 
 and made her a handsome present. Owing to the 
 general unpopularity of their tenets, the Catholics 
 were as uncomfortably situated in England, during 
 this reign, as the Puritans, whom I have given 
 some account of in my History of New England. 
 Calvert availed himself, therefore, of his remaining 
 favor, to procure a grant of land, and a permission 
 to colonize it, in America. His first attempt was 
 made in 1621, at a place called Ferryland, a harbor 
 on the eastern coast of Newfoundland. Here, 
 under Calvert's direction, one Captain Wynne 
 commenced a Catholic settlement, erected granaries 
 and store-houses, and built several dwelling-houses 
 of considerable size. 
 
 In the following year, he set up a salt-work, and 
 received fresh supplies of stores from England, with 
 an additional number of colonists. Such accounts 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 of the soil and the climate were now sent over to 
 the mother country, that Calvert himself had 
 thoughts of removing to Newfoundland, with his 
 family. He visited the colony alone, as it was, and 
 resided there some years. On the whole, however, 
 he considered it a spot unfit for colonization ; and 
 he now began to turn his thoughts towards Virginia, 
 where a colony had settled at Jamestown, in 1607. 
 Of this country a great deal was said about this 
 time ; and, in 1628, Calvert determined to visit it. 
 
 He landed at Jamestown. The good people of 
 this place, and especially the civil authorities,, seem 
 to have been rather more jealous of him as a Catho- 
 lic than they chose to be hospitable towards him as 
 a stranger. Immediately on his landing, the latter 
 ordered the oaths of " supremacy and allegiance" to 
 be tendered to him and his followers, as a condition 
 of his remaining in the colony. But, like stanch 
 Catholics, they all refused to take the oaths; and the 
 Jamestown people could do nothing but refer the 
 matter to the privy council of the king, in England. 
 It was quite doubtful if they had a right to tender 
 them as they did. 
 
 At all events, a good and sincere Catholic, like 
 Lord Baltimore (as he was now called), could not 
 conscientiously submit to them. He considered the 
 pope to be the supreme head of the Christian church ; 
 but the oath of supremacy required him to acknowl- 
 edge the king of England to be supreme governor 
 of all his dominions, in all " ecclesiastical things or 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 141 
 
 causes," as well as temporal, or civil and political. 
 Indeed, Pope Urban VIII. had issued a " bulle" or 
 proclamation, only two years before, to the Irish 
 Catholics, exhorting them " rather to lose their lives 
 than to take that wicked and pestilent oath of su- 
 premacy, whereby," he said, "the sceptre of the 
 Catholic church was wrested from the hand of the 
 vicar of God." Thus that worthy pope had the 
 modesty to style himself. Pope Paul, in 1606, had 
 also forbidden the Catholics to take the oath of 
 allegiance (to the king as sovereign). 
 
 Whether Lord Baltimore visited Maryland at this 
 time, I do not find that historians determine. It 
 seems likely, however, that he made the tour, by 
 water, of the principal parts of the Chesapeake Bay. 
 The English had made no settlements yet, or, at 
 least, no permanent ones, in that region. The Vir- 
 ginians had only traded with the Indians at the head 
 of the bay, though possibly they had built trading 
 houses on some of the islands. The Swedes and 
 Fins, as I have told you in the last chapter, had set- 
 tled at Paradise Point, and afterwards at Wilming- 
 ton, in Delaware, about the same time when Lord 
 Baltimore visited Virginia. 
 
 He is also said to have visited his colony at New- 
 foundland twice after this, within a year or two. 
 During the second visit, which was in 1629, France 
 and England being then at war, he was so fortunate 
 as to perform some considerable services, in recov- 
 ering twenty sail of English ships, which had been 
 
142 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 taken by a French squadron. He captured also 
 several of the enemy's fishing ships, on the New- 
 foundland coast. In 1630, he returned to England 
 to procure a grant of territory upon the Chesapeake, i 
 where he now determined to plant a new settlement, f 
 
 He was still in favor with King Charles, on ac- 
 count of his ancient services to his father, King 
 James. It was not difficult, therefore, to procure 
 almost any grant which he chose to ask for. But 
 before a patent could be adjusted, his lordship died, 
 April 15, 1632. Of several of his sons, the patent 
 was made out for the eldest, Cecilius, who now as- 
 sumed his father's title. It was intended that the 
 country granted by this charter should have been 
 called Crescentia ; but when it was presented to the 
 king for his signature, he desired that the province 
 might be called Maryland. This was in compli- 
 ment to his queen, Henrietta Maria, a daughter of 
 the great King Henry IV., of France. 
 
HISTORY OF THE iMIDDLE STATES. 143 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 First Expedition of Emigrants to Maryland, in 1633. 
 Arrive at Point Comfort. Ascend the River Potomac. 
 Meet with Indians. Anecdote of Captain Fleet. 
 Indian Chief goes on board the Vessels. Settlement 
 made at St. Marfs. Stories aboid the Indians. About 
 Governor Hairey, of Virgiiiia. About the King of 
 Pcduxent. Prosperity of the Colony. 
 
 The young Baron of Baltimore immediately set 
 about preparing for the establishment of the pro- 
 posed colony ; but, instead of going to America 
 himself, he employed his brother, Leonard Calvert, 
 to go in his stead, as governor of the colony. The 
 number of colonists was about two hundred. Some 
 of the principal men among them were gentlemen 
 of fortune. Most of them were Roman Catholics. 
 They sailed from Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, on 
 the 2i2d of November, 1633. 
 
 Taking the old route, by the Azores and West 
 Indies, they touched at St. Christopher's and the 
 Barbadoes. Here they staid for some months, 
 probably for the purpose of timing their arrival 
 in the Chesapeake, at the most favorable sea- 
 son of the year for colonizing in that climate. 
 It was as late, therefore, as February, 1634, 
 when they arrived off Point Comfort, in Virginia. 
 Here, in consequence of recommendatory letters 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 from the king, which he had with him, Calvert was 
 treated much more hospitably by the Virginians 
 than his father had been before him. 
 
 On the 3d of March, he proceeded as far as the 
 river Potomac. Sailing up forty miles, they came 
 to an island called Heron Island, and anchored un- 
 der another neighboring isle, to which they gave 
 the name of St. Clement's. Here the governor 
 landed ; and, setting up a cross in the Roman 
 Catholic manner, took formal possession of the 
 country, — " for our Saviour, and for our sovereign 
 lord, the King of England." For the purpose of 
 making discoveries, the governor left his ships here, 
 and taking two pinnaces, proceeded about four 
 leagues, and landed on the south, or Virginia side 
 of the river. The Indians every where fled from 
 him in great fear. 
 
 He ascended the river as far as an Indian town 
 called Potomac Town. This was probably near 
 what is now called Cedar Point, or Pickav.'axen 
 creek, in Charles county, Maryland. The chief, 
 called in their language, the wei'owance, being an in- 
 fant, the territory of this tribe was governed, in his 
 minority, by his uncle ; and this old sachem, named 
 Archihan, received the strangers in a very friendly 
 manner. From this place they ascended the river 
 more than fifty miles to Piscataway. There they 
 found many Indians assembled, and among them 
 an Englishman, Captain Henry Fleet, who had lived 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 145 
 
 there several years, in great esteem with the sav- 
 ages, and perfectly satisfied with his situation. 
 
 Through Fleet's influence, the chief of this tribe 
 was prevailed upon to go on board the governor's 
 pinnace. The latter asked him if he was willing 
 that he and his people should settle in the Indian 
 country, in case they found a place convenient for 
 them. " I will not bid you go," answered the chief; 
 " neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your 
 own discretion." The Indians on shore, finding 
 that the chief staid on board longer than they ex- 
 pected, anxiously crowded down to the water side to 
 look after his safety. They were afraid the English 
 had killed him ; and they were not satisfied till he 
 showed himself, to appease them. 
 
 The governor inferred, from the cautious answer 
 of the old chief, that it might not be advisable for 
 him to settle so high up the river. He wished, 
 also, to be nearer the sea-coast, and more accessi- 
 ble, of course, to ships arriving from England. He 
 returned down the Potomac, therefore, as far as 
 Clement's Isle, taking Fleet with him. He soon 
 afterwards sailed up a small river, some dozen 
 miles or more from the mouth of the Potomac. 
 This he named St. George's river. He found an 
 Indian town on its banks, called by the savages 
 Yoamaco. The tribe at this place is supposed to 
 have been one of the confederacy subject to King 
 Powhatan (the greatest chieftain of all the Vir- 
 ginian Indians), and afterwards to his successors. 
 13 
 
146 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 The governor landed here, entered into a con- 
 ference or treaty with the werowance, and ac- 
 quainted him with the cause of his coming. The 
 Indian answered quite briefly and shrewdly, not 
 wishing to encourage a settlement among them. 
 But he hospitably invited the governor to his cabin, 
 entertained him as kindly as he could, and at night 
 gave him his own bed to lie upon. The next day 
 he showed him the country. 
 
 The governor now determined to make the first 
 settlement at this point. He sent orders to his ship 
 and boats to come to him. In order to a peaceable 
 admission into the country, he presented the wc- 
 rowance, and other chief men of the town, with 
 some English cloth, axes, hoes and knives. These 
 they accepted with pleasure, and freely consented 
 that he and his company should dwell in one part 
 of their town, reserving the village alone for them- 
 selves. Those Indians who inhabited that part 
 which was assigned to the English, readily aban- 
 doned their huts to them. 
 
 The natives further agreed to leave the whole 
 place to the English, as soon as they could gather 
 their corn. This promise they faithfully performed. 
 It was further stipulated, that, until that time, the 
 two people should live in a friendly manner togeth- 
 er. If any injury was done on either side, the party 
 offending was to make satisfaction, upon demand 
 of it. 
 
 On the 27th of March, 1634, the governor caused 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 147 
 
 his settlers to land, according to the agreement 
 with the natives. He took possession of the town, 
 and named it St. Mary's. A circumstance is said 
 to have occurred at this time, which very much 
 facihtated the treaty with the Indians. The Sus- 
 quehannocks, savages who lived about the head of 
 the bay, were in the practice of making incursions 
 on their neighbors, chiefly for the sake of plunder. 
 The Yoamacoes, through fear of these fierce ene- 
 mies, had, a year before Calvert's colony arrived, 
 resolved to desert their habitations, and remove 
 higher into the country. 
 
 Many of them were actually gone ; the rest were 
 preparing to follow them, about the time when the 
 English arrived. The latter came in good season, 
 therefore, to encourage and defend them. The 
 first thing the governor caused to be done, after 
 landing, was to erect two buildings ; one for a 
 guard-house, and the other for a store-house. 
 Others of the colonists were set to work in making 
 preparations for the planting of corn. A few days 
 afterwards, he received a friendly visit from Sir 
 John Harvey, then governor of Virginia. 
 
 While the latter remained at St. Mary's, Governor 
 Calvert was visited by several Indian sachems from 
 the interior of the country. To please them. Gov- 
 ernor Harvey made an entertainment on board his 
 ship, then at anchor in the river. The Indian king 
 of Patuxent was placed at the table with a good 
 deal of parade, between the governors of Virginia 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE MmDLE STATES. 
 
 and Maryland. This gratified him much ; but an 
 accident occurred, which threatened to destroy the 
 pleasure of the feast : a Patuxent Indian, coming 
 on board, and seeing his king thus seated, started 
 back, and refused to enter the cabin. 
 
 He imagined, it seems, that the king was con- 
 fined by the governors as a captive. He would 
 even have leaped overboard in his terror, had not 
 the king himself come to him. The old Indian 
 soon convinced him that none of the party were in 
 much danger from the good cheer of the English. 
 
 The store-house being finished, it became neces- 
 sary to unload the ship, and bring the stores on 
 shore for the use of the colony. This the governor 
 ordered to be done with as much solemnity as pos- 
 sible. He thought that doing it with pomp and state 
 would impress the simple natives with a respect for 
 the English. The colors were brought on shore, 
 and the colonists all paraded under arms. Volleys 
 of musketry were fired ; and these were answered 
 by discharges of cannon from on board the ship. 
 The two kings, of Patuxent and Yoamaco, being 
 present at this exhibition, with a multitude of other 
 Indians about them, the former took occasion to 
 advise the Yoamaco Indians to be careful in keep- 
 ing their treaty with the English. They heard him 
 with attention ; and no doubt the scene and the ad- 
 vice together had a salutary effect upon their feel- 
 ings and conduct. 
 
 The king of Patuxent remained at St. Mary's 
 
HISTORY OF THE MU)DLE STATES. 149 
 
 several days after this. It is related that, when he 
 took his leave, he made a somewhat remarkable 
 speech to the governor : — " I love the English so 
 well, that though they should go about to kill me, if 
 I had so much breath as to speak, I would com- 
 mand my people not to revenge my death ; for 1 am 
 certain the English would not do such a thing, if 
 it were not for some fault or crime of my own." It 
 seems that the hospitality of the governor, together 
 with what the old sachem had seen and heard among 
 the settlers, had made him their firm friend and de- 
 termined ally. 
 
 And such he continued. The English and Indians 
 lived together at St. Mary's, according to their stip- 
 ulation at the first conference. And they lived in 
 the utmost harmony. The natives went every day 
 to hunt with the new-comers, for deer and wild tur- 
 keys. Whenever they caught or killed one, as they 
 did much more frequently and easily than the Eng- 
 lish, they either gave it to them, or sold it for some 
 such trifle as a knife or a string of beads. They also 
 brought in abundance of fine fish. As a still more 
 certain mark of the entire confidence they reposed 
 in the colonists, their wives and children became, 
 in many cases, quite domesticated and at home in 
 the English families. 
 
 This colony, on the whole, seems to have pro^ 
 
 pered remarkably well ; and they owed much of 
 
 their success, undoubtedly, to their own prudence. 
 
 They took care to make their first landing, we have 
 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 seen, so early in the year as to allow them abundant 
 time for raising corn and erecting habitations against 
 the succeeding winter. They had also taken the 
 precaution to bring along with them from Barbadoes, 
 an additional supply of good Indian corn, beyond 
 the flour and bread of their English stores. 
 
 They availed themselves of the friendship of the 
 Indians, too, so completely as to obtain the use of 
 their cleared and rich corn grounds. The conse- 
 quence was such a luxuriant crop, that they are said 
 to have exported 10,000 bushels more than they 
 wanted to use, during the second season, to New 
 England. This was mostly exchanged for salt fish 
 and other provisions of the New England colonies. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Hotv the Land bought of the Indians was divided among 
 the Settlers of Maryland. Trouble which Govei-rwr 
 Calvert had ivith Captain Clayborne, Occasion of it. 
 The Captain's Vessel seized by the Governor. He and 
 his Lieidenant tried and condemned for Piracy. The 
 Lieutenant hanged. The Captain runs away. Anec- 
 dotes. Close of the Maryland History. End of the Work. 
 
 It may be entertaining, as well as useful, for you 
 to learn how the lands obtained, as I have told you, 
 of the Indians, were afterwards divided among the 
 colonists themselves. You must know that what- 
 ever was purchased by the governor was purchased 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 151 
 
 for the use and benefit of his brother, Lord Balti- 
 more, for whom he acted on all occasions. He had 
 obtained a grant of all Maryland, you recollect, 
 from the king, and this gave him a title, it was 
 thought, against all the world, excepting the Indian 
 occupiers of the land. When their right or claim 
 to it was bought up, therefore, it was bought for the 
 benefit of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 The purchased lands were to be divided among 
 the settlers there, just as he thought proper ; and he 
 had made regulations on the subject in England, by 
 which his brother, the governor, was now guided. 
 Every one of the first adventurers, who should induce 
 five other colonists, between sixteen and fifty years of 
 age, to settle in the province, during the year 1633, 
 was to have a grant of two thousand acres of land, 
 " to him and his heirs forever," for the yearly rent 
 of four hundred pounds of good wheat. A bushel of 
 good sound wheat weighing about sixty pounds, you 
 can soon calculate how much the rent amounted to. 
 
 Furthermore, every adventurer who should bring in 
 fewer than five settlers, as above, was to have a hun- 
 dred acres for himself, a hundred more for his wife 
 (if \iQhad a wife), one hundred for every servant, and 
 fifty acres for every child under the age of sixteen 
 years, for the rent of ten pounds of wheat yearly 
 for every fifty acres. All this was to encourage the 
 colonists to make efforts for increasing the popula- 
 tion of the province. 
 
 With the same view, whoever should transport ten 
 settlers from England, or any other country, into the 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 province, during the years 1634 and 1635, was to 
 have two thousand acres of land, for the yearly rent 
 of six hundred pounds of wheat, or about ten bushels. 
 Whoever should transport fewer than ten, as above, 
 was to have one hundred acres for himself, and such 
 other allotments for wife and family as I have just 
 mentioned. 
 
 If any settler, after the year 1635, should send 
 or bring over any other settlers besides himself, for 
 every five he was to have one thousand acres at the 
 yearly rent of twenty shillings, payable in the com- 
 modities of the country. For less than five, he was 
 to receive for himself and family as mentioned be- 
 fore, with the addition of fifty acres for every maid- 
 servant under forty years of age, at the yearly 
 rent of a shilling each fifty acres. Lord Baltimore 
 thought that some of his young settlers would want 
 wives, I suppose, which is not at all unlikely, in my 
 opinion. It was proposed, moreover, to give each 
 of the settlers who brought or sent over, as above, 
 a small lot of land for his own maintenance. 
 
 In consequence of these liberal regulations, the 
 St. Mary's colony increased rapidly. Nothing oc- 
 curred, for some time, to interrupt their prosperity in 
 any considerable degree, excepting a disturbance 
 made by one Captain Clayborne. This gentleman 
 belonged to the Virginian colony. He had long 
 been in the habit of traflicking with the Maryland 
 and other Indians on the Chesapeake, even before 
 Calvert came over. That business had been lucra- 
 tive to him, no doubt, and Clayborne was not very 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 153 
 
 well pleased, that the Catholic settlement at St. Ma- 
 ry's deprived him of the better part of his trade. 
 
 It appears that he and a few of his companions 
 had made a settlement upon the island of Kent, in the 
 Chesapeake, above St. Mary's, and within the limits 
 of Lord Baltimore's charter. This he had done 
 before Calvert's arrival, and by virtue of a license 
 granted him by King James to trade with the In- 
 dians. He now laid claim to the soil of the island 
 itself, and also to a territory occupied by a small 
 colony which he had fixed at the mouth of the Sus- 
 quehannah. Lord Baltimore had received some 
 hints, even in England, of Clayborne's probable dis- 
 position to make trouble. He had, therefore, direct- 
 ed his brother, the governor, that if Clayborne did 
 not submit to his government, he should be seized 
 and punished. 
 
 He had not yet been taken, but, being incensed 
 because Lord Baltimore had obtained a grant includ- 
 ing his own unauthorized settlements, he used every 
 means in his power to injure the young colony at 
 St. Mary's. Among other things, he maliciously 
 undertook to create a belief among the neighboring 
 Indians, comprising the St. Mary Yoamacoes, that 
 the new colonists were Spaniards, and enemies of the 
 English in Virginia. It was the easier for him to 
 do this, because the settlers being Catholics, their 
 religious ceremonies much resembled those of the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 The simple natives, at first, gave credit to these 
 ridiculous falsehoods. The Yoamacoes even with- 
 
154 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 drew suddenly and all together from St. Mary's. 
 The colonists were then engaged in erecting com- 
 fortable habitations for themselves, in and about the 
 town. But, alarmed at this unaccountable change 
 in the behavior of the Indians, they ceased working 
 on their buildings, and betook themselves to the 
 erection of a fort for security. They accomplished 
 the work in six weeks. They then returned to 
 their several employments, as before. By this time, 
 or soon after, the Indians had become sensible of 
 the deception practised upon them, and they came 
 again, as formerly, to the houses of the colonists. 
 
 Clayborne now resorted to open military force 
 in his opposition to Lord Baltimore's government. 
 Early in the year 1635, he granted a special com- 
 mission, written and signed by himself, to a cer- 
 tain Ratcliffe Warren, commonly known as Lieu- 
 tenant Warren, to seize and capture any of the 
 vessels or pinnaces belonging to the people of St. 
 Mary's. In pursuance of this authority, an armed 
 pinnace belonging to Clayborne was fitted out, and 
 manned by fourteen men. Among them was one 
 Thomas Smith, a sort of highwayman-gentleman, 
 who appears to have been equal to Warren in audaci- 
 ty, though second to him in command. 
 
 Governor Calvert was apprized of this formidable 
 expedition. But not yet despairing of the salvation 
 of the colony, he immediately equipped two boats in 
 much the same manner with Warren's. They sailed 
 under the command of a certain Esquire Cornwallis. 
 The two hostile armaments met, some time in April 
 
HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 155 
 
 or May, 1635, in the Pocomoke river, on the eastern 
 shore of the province. A battle was commenced 
 between them, by Warren's men first, on Cornwal- 
 lis's boats, as was afterwards said by the latter. He 
 returned the fire without much ceremony or delay. 
 
 The result was, that one of his own men was killed, 
 and two of Warren's men, with Warren himself 
 Clayborne's boat and crew were taken into custody. 
 At the first courts of justice established at St. Ma- 
 ry's, a year or two after the event, a grand jury was 
 impannelled and sworn, and two bills of indictment 
 sent up to them, against Clayborne and Smith, for 
 " piracy and murder." The former was charged as 
 accessary or accomplice in the business, and the 
 latter as the principal actor in it. Both were found 
 true bills by the jury. 
 
 In consequence, at the next meeting of the Mary- 
 land assembly, a " bill of attainder" was passed 
 against Clayborne, by which his property within the 
 province became forfeited to the lord proprietor. 
 He had himself fled, before this, to Virginia. Sen- 
 tence was pronounced against Smith, in the follow- 
 ing words, by the president of the assembly, sitting 
 as a court of justice : — 
 
 " Thomas Smith, you have been indicted for 
 felony and piracy. To your indictment you have 
 pleaded not guilty ; and you have been tried by the 
 freemen in this general assembly, who have found 
 you guilty. They now pronounce this sentence upon 
 you : That you shall be carried from hence to the 
 place whence you came ; and from thence to the 
 
156 HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 place of execution ; and shall there be hanged by 
 the neck till you be dead. And all your lands, goods 
 and chattels shall be forfeited to the lord proprietor. 
 May God have mercy on your soul !" The unfortu- 
 nate ruffian was executed according to his sentence. 
 
 I have observed that Clayborne fled the country. 
 But notwithstanding this and the fate of Smith, the 
 inhabitants of the Isle of Kent, settled by the former, 
 were far from submitting quietly to the new govern- 
 ment. Its authority, indeed, was so openly resisted, 
 that the governor was finally obliged to visit the 
 island with an armed force, to quell and punish the 
 refractory inhabitants. From this time they gave 
 no more trouble. 
 
 I have now told you, my young friends, all that 
 will interest you much in the early history of Mary- 
 land. The government went on very smoothly from 
 the time of Clayborne's defeat. In 1638, the first gen- 
 eral assembly met together, and this was composed 
 of representatives chosen from quite a number of 
 hundreds and towns in different parts of the prov- 
 ince, so rapidly had it already increased. 
 
 I have no more to say at present about the Middle 
 States ; but you will permit me, in my particular 
 regard for your welfare and good-will, to observe, 
 that I shall rely quite confidently on your hearing 
 my stories, hereafter, about the States and Ter- 
 ritories OF the West. 
 
 BO 
 
fl