/ Class Rnolc ."y^a Copyright ]\° COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr TO AND FROM ROME BY JOHN MULLIN BATTEN, B. E., M. D., LATE ACTING ASSISTANT SURGEON IN THE UNITED STATES NAV^'. Author of " Two Years in the United States Xa\-y,'' iSi ; " Random Thoughts," 1S96; " Rhythmic Flashes," 1904; " Round and Round," 1906: and " Over the Waters to EUiinburgh Town," 1910. PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR 1913 31q^l 3 -5 Copyright by JOHN MULLIN BATTEN, B. E., M. D., Downingtown, Pa. ©CI.A34781 Debtcation. To My Schoolmates, BENJAMIN C. KREADY, AND JOHN W. BICKEL, FRIENDS OF LONG AGO, THIS VOLUME OF To AND FROM ROME is most respectfully Dedicated. PREFACE. Previously to visiting Rome I often contemplated what sort of a place I would find. I had it all pictured in my mind the Appian Way and the Aqueduct of Claudius. These were the first I saw in entering Rome. The Appian Way, which I thought was built of solid masonry, with Julius Cesar's and his con- temporaries' tombs on either of the Way. Instead thereof I found Appian Way was only a macadamized road 25 feet wide, entering Rome, and was 180 miles long, and Claudius Aqueduct was built about 20 feet from the ground. Rome now is a modern city in all respects. J. M. B. Dowmngtovjft, Pa.^ March sg, tqi3. CONTENTS. PAGE. Going Aboard the N. Prinzess Irene, Hoboken, i Azores, . . . .13 Gibraltar, . . . . 18 Naples, ■ . . . .20 Vesuvius, .... 23 Pompeii, . . . .23 Rome, .... 26 Florence, . . . -33 Venice, .... 38 Milan, . , . . .41 Lucerne, .... 43 Interlaken, . . . .60 Neuhaussen, . . . 62 Munich, . . . . 64 Oberammergau, ... 65 ( 6 ) PAGE. Heidelburg, . . . .69 Mayence, .... 70 Cologne, . . . .72 Hamburg, .... 73 Letters to Corelli, , .81 Alcohol, .... 96 Syphilis, . . . .102 Acute Intestinal Auto-Infection, . 1 1 1 Smallpox, . . . .117 Golden Wedding, . . . 127 Record of My Maternal Grandfather's Enlistment Service in Revolutionary War, 129 ( 7 ) ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME. SATURDAY, May 21, 1910. — I left Sallie A. Lock- art's, 1804 Vineyard street, Philadelphia, at 3.30 A. M., in a rain storm, and arrived in Hoboken at 8.30 A. M. In going from Philadelphia to Hoboken I passed through Trenton, Elizabeth and Newark. From Jersey City to Hoboken through the tube, which is 96 feet below the surface of the water. I went aboard the N. Prinzess Irene, 600 feet long, 60 feet breadth, and 32 feet depth, at 8,30 A. m. I was a stranger to everybody, but soon after I went aboard, Dr. Eastman, of Uniontown, Pa., claimed that he knew me, and had met me at some place where the A. M. A. meet. Dr. Eastman, wife and danghter, were going on the Cook's tour the same as I was on. The Kaserin Auguste Victoria was lying alongside of the N. Prinzess Irene. The number of my stateroom was 265, and of my seat at the table, 136. I had none of that timidity that I had experienced on my last voy- age across the ocean. I then was brooding over something dreadful that might occur; there was nothing occurred in the way of accidents. Now that I am hopeful there may be some accident. Things go by contraries. The N. Prinzess Irene left Hoboken about 2.00 p. M., and steamed out to sea. The evening ( 9 ) lo All Roads Lead to Rome and uight was foggy, so that there was fog whistles sounding. I went to bed at 9 p. m. Sunday, May 22, 1910. — A beautiful May morning at sea. The waters are placid and everybody appears hopeful and happy. I was up at 7.00 A. m. I went to bed last night with a feeling of perfect security and slept well. I have a good deal of trouble to get the run of the Irene. The N. Priuzess Irene at 12.00 m., steamed 328 knots. After lunch there is a steamer named Berlin, steaming directly east and parallel to the N. Priuzess Irene, but the Prinzess Irene is steaming faster and soon left her behind. We have our break- fast at 8.00 A.M., lunchat loop, m., and dinner at 7.00 p. M. I met the doctor of Irene yesterday and suggested to him that if he would have any capital opera- tions that I would gladly assist him with them ; he courteously replied, "it was not necessary." I met him to-day and he was quite affable. I spent a pleas- ant time with the doctor. I met with a gentleman, John Donat, from New York, on deck to-day. He thought Roosevelt was man of destiny and would be candidate for President of the United States at the nomination. He was a Roman Catholic, but he said he would not support him. In reply, I said I would not support him ; the objection that I gave, that he had been virtually President two terms, and for him to have it a third term would be in violation of the unwritten law in regard to serving more than two terms. No patriot would allow his name to go be- fore the country as candidate for a third term, and patriotic people would not vote for a man for the third term. The N. Prinzess Irene rides middling smoothly. All Roads Lead to Rome ii There was nothing of interest took place, except I felt a little sick. Slept well last night ; windy ; I walked the deck before going to bed. I went to bed at 9.00 p. M. Monday, May 23, 1910. — Up at 8.30 A. M., and breakfasted. Cloudy and cool. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed 362 knots from noon yesterday till noon to- day. I walked the deck some in the forenoon. I looked through the clouds at the sun. There are white caps visible to-day, and riding is rougher than usual. I took a nap since dinner. It is 3.00 p. m. The sun is peeping through the clouds. There are some white caps and the ship is riding them. I feel a little sick. There is a steamer north of us go- ing in the same direction and parallel to us, but 4.15 p. M., we passed her. A day on the N. Prinzess Irene. — The day has been cloudy, windy and cold. We find the passengers are sitting around on chairs, protected from the wind by canvas, reading. I suppose a great many who never read before are reading now. There are some in the smoking room playing cards and checkers. Some are on the deck playing shufdeboard. Everybody feels chilly. In spite of the wind, some are walking the deck. In the evening men and women gather in the smoking room, and ladies in the cabin, to play cards and checkers, and drink coffee. Tuesday, May 24, 1910. — Up at 8.00 A. m., and breakfasted. I ate very little breakfast, although I feel better than I did yesterday evening. It is still cloudy, but some sunshine this morning. A Spanish sailboat passed close by us on our port going west, 12 All Roads Lead to Rome about 9.00 A. M. About 11,00 a. m., another sailboat made her appearance, going west. From noon yester- day till noon to-day, the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 378 knots. We have had a head wind for 24 hours. I have been walking the deck (6.00 p. m. ) ; I feel bet- ter. When one is seasick nothing seems to taste good ; no matter how palatable it may be at any other time, the stomach rejects it. Even the sense of smell is perverted — everything smells bad. The sight fails to admire the beauty he once found in observation. After 6.00 p. M., the sun peeped through the clouds. I sat on the deck after dinner, till 10.45, conversing with Dr. Eastman, when I went to bed. Wednesday, May 25, 1910. — Up at 7.00 a. m., and walked the deck till 8.00 a. m., when I breakfasted, and then walked the deck till 10.00 A. m. Cloudy, some sunshine, and milder. In the smoking room from 10.00 A. M. to 11.00 A. M. I walked the deck till 1. 00 p. M., when I took lunch. I took a nap till 3.00 p. M. From noon 5'esterday till noon to-day, the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 350 knots. There has been clear sky and rain, and then clear sky. In the distance there have been successive showers went around this afternoon. 6.00 p. m., I was walking the deck since 3.00 p. m., and was interested in the steer- age passengers and their children. A typical southern colored woman was taking care of the children of a first-class passenger. A linguist was going to Spain in order to make herself more proficient in the Span- ish language. At 7.00 p. m. I had a very good din- ner and enjoyed it. I was in the smoking room after dinner. At 9.00 p. m., there was a shower. Two All Roads Lead to Rome 13 priests and a Roman Catholic bishop sit at the same table with me. There is a beautiful moon scene shown through the black clouds. I went to bed at 10.00 p. M. Thursday, May 26, 1910. — Up at 7.00 A. m. A beautiful clear sky presented itself afterward, covered with flying clouds, presenting a regular Italian sky. I walked the deck till breakfast, when I breakfasted. I then was in the smoking room till 10.00 A. M. There has been no vessel in sight yesterday nor to- day. I walked the deck from 10.00 to 11.00 A. m. There are no white caps to-day. The wind is in the east and is strong. I sat in the smoking room from 11.00 to 12.00. From noon yesterday till noon to-day, the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 351 knots. They are playing cards in the smoking room. I took lunch at 1. 00 p. M. After lunch I went to the smoking room. I left the smoking room at 4.30 p. m., and wandered about the ship, and down to 265. It is raining and wind3^ There was a yacht passed by the N. Prinzess Irene while we took lunch. It amused those of us who were at lunch. It is a dull day. I took dinner after I had walked the deck a half an hour. After dinner I was in the ladies' parlor writing. The ladies' saloon and smoking room, owing to the rain on deck, are pretty well filled to-night. There is not much com- fort in them. I went to bed at 10 p. M, Friday, May 27, 1910. — Up at 7.00 A. m. I walked the deck till I breakfasted. Cloudy and windy. I saw the Azore islands from N. Prinzess Irene, They are composed of the St. George, Pique and Fayal. The N. Prinzess Irene pass the St. George on our port and 14 All Roads Lead to Rome the Pique and Fayal on our starboard. Pique is above the clouds. The islands belong to Portugal. There are about 500,000 Portuguese on the islands. The farms on the side of the mountain are ribbon-like in shape, and resemble a crazy quilt. The fences are built of lava stones. These islands are close together. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed along the southern shore of the St. George, and we have a good view of it. Mark Twain said the stone retention fences are to pre- vent the inhabitants from being blown into the sea by wind. We started to steam past the Azores at 8.00 A. M., and left them at 12.00 M. I saw porpoises at i.oo p. M., and some sea gulls early in the day, the first I saw on the voyage. At town of St. George the mail was sent ashore. About 200 miles north of here, two years ago, a vessel was lost on the rocks. This vessel the N. Prinzess Irene rescued the passengers. It was very windy to-day. After lunch I went aboard the second-class passengers to see how they lived. I took a nap, We had some rain this morning. All the passengers were very much interested in the Azores. The currency of the Portuguese is denominated "Reis." It take 1,000 reis to make a dollar of our money. After we passed the Azores we had a clear afternoon. A bird flew on N. Prinzess Irene from the Azores as we passed them, and it left her at Gibral- tar, A man has been sick since he came aboard at New York, and has been sick ever since, confined to his bed. I saw him on deck this morning for the first time. He looked like a patient just recovering from typhoid fever. He says his brothers all follow the .sea for a livelihood, and he is the only one of his All Roads Lead to Rome 15 family who can't stand the water. From noon yester- day till noon to-day the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 353 knots. It is now 4.00 p. m. I have been in the smoking room writing, since 3.00 p. m. I was walk- ing the deck from 4.00 P. M. till 5.00 p. m. I was in the smoking room from 5.00 p. m. till 6.00 p. m. Yes- terday afternoon the second-class deck was abandoned on account of rain. I took dinner. At 8.30 p. m, I saw the comet for about five minutes. I got a glimpse of it and then it was covered with a black cloud, and •we had a shower. There was quite a stir on board as much as if a fire had occurred. There was a dance on the port side of the vessel, accompanied by excellent music, till I went to bed, at 10.00 p. m. Saturday, May 28, 1910. — Up at 7.30 A. m. I walked the deck for a quarter of an hour and took breakfast. Nine-tenths of the people on board are German. Last night was very dark on the outside, on the water as black as ink when I went to bed. This morning is cloudy and calm. Between 9.30 A. m. and 10.00 A. M., I spent in the smoking room. I have seen no steamers nor sails since I saw the yacht. On the Azores there is everything raised in the way of vegetables, fruit and grain, and especially grapes. I met a wonderful combination of intelligence this morning in the smoking room, from 10.00 till 12.00 M.: Mr. O'Connor, on history ; John Condee Dean, on as- tronomy, from Indianapolis, Ind.; and JohnDonat, N. Y., on Geography. From 12.00 m. till i.oo, writing up what I have observed to-day. The captain gave me a ribbon with N. Prinzess Irene printed thereon, suitable for wearing around the cap. 1.45 p. m., I just had i6 All Roads Lead to Rome lunch and came to the smoking room. Priest Daniel O' Conner said that the Roman religion prevailed in Japan in 1500. He disagrees with Andrew Carnegie in asserting that wars will cease. From noon yester- day till noon to-day, the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 367 knots. Floreb, one of the islands of the Azores that I did not see, was the island on which the vessel ran upon the rocks and was lost, two years ago. A sail boat going east north of us we passed at 4.00 p. m. Sunshine this afternoon, and it is misty. I was in the smoking room from 4.00 p. m. till 5.00 p. m., when I walked the deck till 6.00 p. m. There was some rain, and fish jumped out of the water. There was a con- cert held in the dining room, many of the passengers attending it. From 6.00 p. m. to 7.00 p. m., I took a nap and prepared for dinner. It was windy and partly cloudy most of the day. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m. Sunday, May 29, 1910. — Up at 8.00 A. m., and break- fasted. It is cloudy and windy. In the smoking room after breakfast till 10 00 A. m. In the ladies' saloon and smoking room till 11.00 A. m., then I walked the deck till 12 com. Wind in the northeast, sunshine. In the smoking room till i.oo p. m., when I took lunch. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed 357 knots from noon yesterday till noon to-day. I was walking the deck till 12 00 m. Wind in the northeast, sun- shine. In the smoking room till i.oo p. m., when I took lunch. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed 357 knots from noon yesterdaj' till noon to-day. From the pro- ceeds of the concert they held last night they col- lected eighty dollars. Mrs. John C. Dean was lucky enough to draw the pool of ten dollars. Each day All Roads Lead to Rome 17 there is a pool formed and the one in the pool who guesses the nearest the number of miles the N. Prinzess Irene has steamed in the last twenty-four hours, gets the pool. This prompted her husband to assert that the women of the United States are always wanting more money, and husbands are only machines to make money, and the women spend it. After lunch I took a nap and came to the smoking room at 3.00 p. m., and stayed in the smoking room till 4.30 p. m. It is hazy. The wind is blowing a strong breeze from the northeast, and it is chilly. I was in the smoking room till 6.30 p. M., when I prepared for dinner. I was one hour and twenty minutes eating my dinner. I was walking the deck and in the smoking room during the evening. This evening there is walking the deck, card playing and coffee drinking in the smoking room. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m.; milder. Monday, May 30, 1910. — Up at 6.30 A. m. Misty and somewhat foggy. We are steaming over the bat- tleground of Trafalgar. The porpoises are jumping out of water this morning. The man from Connecticut, who has been sick on the voyage, is better. There is an Italian doctor provided for the steerage by the govern- ment of Italy, and one by the N. Prinzess Irene, to care for the Italian passengers, to see that they get the proper food and sanitation. The Italian doctor is called the Medical Doctor Captain. All steamers that carry Italian emigrants have such a doctor aboard, ap- pointed by the Italian government. The wind is in the southwest. I have had my breakfast and am in the smoking room writing. It is 9.30 A. m. I left the smoking room at 10,00 A. m., when I went on 1 8 All Roads Lead to Rome deck. I saw Africa on the starboard and Spain on the port, the lighthouse Tariffa on the point of Spain. 10.45 A. M., the rocky shore of Spain. We are pass- ing a steamer going west on the starboard. We see the mountains of Africa and the mountains of Spain at 11.00 A. M. Two steamers on our port going west. A steamer on our starboard going west. At 11.30 A. M,, we see Gibraltar. At i.oo p. m.. we ar- rive in the harbor and took lunch, and then went ashore. A guide, carriage and driver, was furnished. The rock Gibraltar is 1,550 feet high. I saw the old Red Tavern, the neutral ground between the French and English. There is a multiplicity of humanity in Gibraltar. All nations are represented. Jackasses carry all sorts of loads. I saw a gun that would shoot fifteen miles ; the old Moorish Castle, Victoria Park, palm trees, and magnolia trees. The street is straight and narrow and runs the whole length of the town. Gibraltar has 18,000 inhabitants and has 5,000 soldiers. They use rain water. There is all sorts of barracks and forts, the old and more modern. They fish and there are fish markets. It seems very dry. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed 374 knots from noon yesterday till noon to-day. In the harbor of Gibraltar all countries are represented with men of war. We arrived at Gibraltar at 12.00 M., and left there at 6.00 p. m. We saw the back side of the Rock of Gibraltar. We took dinner at 7.00 p. m. I saw the comet. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m. Tuesday, June i, 1910. — Up at 6.30 A. m. I walked the deck till breakfast, 8.00 A. m. In smoking room till 10.00 A. M., and conversed with John Donat and All Roads Lead to Rome 19 J. C. Dean, about Switzerland, Naples and Rome and Romanist. It is clear, warm and sunshine. I left the smoking room for the deck at 10.30 A. m., and re- mained there till 12.30 p. m. I got ready for lunch. I came to the smoking room after lunch at 2.10 P. M. I left there at 2.30 p. m,, for state-room and took a nap. This is a perfect day with Italian skies. From noon yesterday till noon to-day the N. Prinzess Irene steamed 285 knots. The N. Prinzess Irene is 560 feet long, 60 feet depth, and 60 feet breadth. I walked the deck till 6.30 p. M., and got ready for dinner. The band played American pieces while we took dinner. All stood up while the band played the "Star Spangled Banner." It was an aifectiug scene. I considered it a great honor to the Americans who were aboard, I viewed the comet. I came into the smoking room at 8.15 p. M. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m. Wednesday, June i, 1910. — Up at 8.00 a. m. A beautiful morning, the waters are blue and placid, the sky is blue, some wind from the east. I have had my breakfast. It is 9.00 a. m. We have traveled well unto 4,000 miles from New York, and we are about a day's travel from Naples. I have had an enjoyable time on board of the N, Prinzess Irene, and the trip across the ocean has been a pleasant one. I made the acquaintance of John Donat, John C. Dean, Clark Fitzmaurice, and Mr. O' Conner. I left the smoking room at 10.00 A. M. At 11.00 a. m. we got the first glimpse of the coast of Sardinia. About 12.00 m., we steamed abreast of southern coast of Sardinia, and at 3.15 p. M., we had steamed the whole length of the southern coast of Sardinia. There were some sea 20 All Roads Lead to Rome gulls flying after us since we neared Sardinia. Two steamers steamed west on the north of us, or between us and the shore of Sardinia. The island is sterile and made up of igneous rocks. Goats are raised in numbers. It is quite misty. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed from noon yesterday till noon to-day, 372 knots. It is misty in the neighborhood of Sardinia. There was a paper signed by passengers giving great praise to the captain and ofl&cers of the N. Prinzess Irene, for their attention and kindness during the voyage. After we left southwest Sardinia we steamed past Gallery Bay, which we don't leave till we come to Covoli light-house, which is situated at the southeast- ern part of Sardinia island, at 5.00 p. m. The island is 75 miles wide. The N. Prinzess Irene gets her supply of water from New York cit}'- to come over, and from Naples to return to New York city. I left the deck at 5.00 p. m., for the smoking room, till 6.30 p. M. , when I got ready for dinner. We spent from 7.00 till 9.00 p. M., in the dining room. The dining room was decorated with American and German flags, and the tables were likewise decorated with flags. It was the captain's dinner. During dinner we had band music. At the latter end of the time in the dining room, the dining room was darkened, and the waiters marched and countermarched through the dining room with torch lights. It was very pretty. The balance of the evening we had music and dancing on deck. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m. Thursday, June 2, 1910. — Hazy and warm. Up at 6.00 A. M., and breakfasted at 7.30 A. m. At 6.45 A. M., I first got a glimpse of the mountains outside All Roads Lead to Rome 21 of Naples. The N. Prinzess Irene arrived at the har- bor of Naples at 9.00 A. m. The streets have no regularity. The streets are narrow and paved with square stone blocks, and also the pavements. The street cars run on one side of the street and return on the other side of the street. Before I landed I was amused at boys diving for pennies out of small boats. On shore we met all sorts of beggars. Boys and girls selling everything imaginable. There are great many donkeys used in the shafts of large carts held up by a high saddle on their backs. The carts are loaded heaviest on their rear part so that the donkey bears little weight on its back. Sometimes two horses or two mules are hitched to the cart ahead of the cart and donkey. Sometimes instead of the mules, it is an ox and mule. Naples has a quarter of a million inhabi- tants. The architecture of Naples is Roman. The houses are built on the side of the hills. We are stopping at the Hotel Victoria, I in room loi. The weather is balmy and foggy. There are automobiles in Naples. The N. Prinzess Irene steamed 323 knots from noon yesterday to Naples, I saw friars walking on the streets of Naples. I visited a square or park in which palm trees and mag- nolia trees were among the shade trees. I saw an ox to a cart with a little horse. I saw an ox to shafts of the cart. The cart was held up by a yoke to his neck. In the park I saw about 500 school children with the teachers, sprinting through the park for an hour. There are fine horses and carriages driven along the main thoroughfare, via Partenopi. I im- agine they are owned by foreigners. The town fronts 22 All Roads Lead to Rome on the bay, in shape of a horse-shoe, and back on the hill. It extends around the Bay of Naples four or five miles. The houses on the hill are built zig- zag to the top of the hill. The day is warm, misty and cloudy. The Hotel Victoria is a nice hotel. We took lunch and dinner at the hotel. The cooking is different from ours in the United States of America. I saw an Italian blacksmith shop. The street mer- chants are very persistent in making a sale. The Bay of Naples is very pretty. Friday, June 3, 19 10. — In looking out from the win- dow of room loi of Victoria, I see a great many small boats on surface of the waters ; soldiers are passing by in front of the Victoria. We visited the Naples Museum. We saw gold chains and such gold ornaments as ladies wore in that day taken from the lost city of Pompeii, and doctors' instruments in use then ; pottery ; a bull cut out of a large marble cube. I saw the sexual art of Greece. In Pompeii the custom of the people was to use a bottle at funerals to bottle tears shed and buried with him. Roman Catholic cathedral by Charles I, (1200) built on the ground of theTemple of Jupiter ; Venus ; two Ve- nuses by artists, in museum ; a statue of Homer, Caesar, and a Grecian horse. I was in the Aquarium. On top of and west of mountain and historic hills is situated Vesuvius and Pompeii ; I saw wire taken from Pompeii. At Naples the soldiers go out for long runs in the mornings. The Hotel Victoria is lighted by elec- tricity, and is six stories high. The clothes press differs in this regard : A rod runs lengthwise across the top of clothes press. The clothes are hung on a All Roads Lead to Rome 23 hook on the rod. The bedstead is iron. The main business street is a busy one. There were six two- horse carriages took us around to-day. The bedstead is partly cushioned, with mattress on top, and narrow Brussels carpet in the room, washstand, chamber case, sofa, two cushioned chairs, two tables. ■ Saturday, June 4, 1910.— The military are prac- tising on the street in front of the hotel. We started oh our journey to visit Vesuvius and Pompeii, at 9.00 A, M. ; six two-horse carriages took us to de- pot. We then take the cars which run to the foot of mountain, through a very fertile part of the country, composed of vegetables, natural growth of trees, grapes, and fruits of all kinds. These are grown on lava that has flowed from Vesuvius at diflferent times. We reach Cook's railroad, a cog-wheel railroad, and ascend the mountain to nearly the top. We passed the Observatory, where lava of 1906 divided ; one part of the lava runs to one side of the observatory, and the other part to the other side, thus miracu- lously saving the Observatory. The diflferent periods of the eruptions, 1872, 1895, and 1896, did miraculous work in running down the sides of mountains. Pom- peii was destroyed by pumice and ashes in 79. A new Pompeii was commenced in 472, and again de- stroyed. The excavation of Pompeii was commenced in 1448. Gates Annul at the entrance. A fountain built of granite, worn by the hands in two diflferent places by the people in leaning over to take a drink from the fountain. We saw several such fountains, wine shops, baker shops. Seric water supplied Pom- peii then, the same that supplies Naples now. The 24 All Roads Lead to Rome second, called Mercuric fountain. We saw the Pub- lic Baths. We saw the machine with which olive oil was made, the machine with which they made flour, the baker's shop, a private house in which they had all the modern convenience, in which there was a room set apart tor immoral and lewd purposes. Houses of ill fame put conspicuous signs on the front walls to indicate the nature of the houses. The streets worn by wagons, could be seen along the narrow streets. The streets were paved with heavy square stone, a foot square. The pavements, with curb stones two feet wide, used the same sort of stone for paving. The pavement stood ten inches above the streets. I saw in a house petrified bodies of those who died in the destruction of Pompeii. Palace of Justice, Fo- rum Triangular, Fourth Century B. C. Larger Thea- tre. Temple d' Aside, Fourth Century B. C. The walls of the houses are artistically painted, although 2,000 years have elapsed since the destruction of Pom- peii ; the paintings are well preserved. The houses are built of brick, two stories high. There are no roofs on the houses now, although they were covered by clay tile originally. We saw three theatres or forums that would seat 5,000 people. There is a banqueting hall. Pompeii is in straight line south of Vesuvius ; is five miles distant. We took dinner at one of Cook's stations descending Vesuvius. In the morning en route coming from Vesuvius outside of Naples, we saw gardens, cedars, thatched roofs, natural forests, Royal Palace, poor quarters. Sunday, June 5, 1910. — Up at 7.00 a. m. Wrote till 9.00 A. M., and took breakfast. This is the first Sun- All Roads Lead to Rome 25 day in June, and Italians always celebrate this day, consequently there is quite a stir in the military, com- posed of footmen, cavalry, and bicycle riders, march- ing and countermarching, in front of the Hotel Vic- toria, with music. The weather is cloudy and windy, some rain. A thunder shower passed over at 11.00 A. M., and lasted till 5.00 p. m. There is a banquet- ing hall of large dimensions in the Hotel Victoria, with mirrors on one side. The curb-stoues in Naples are fifteen inches wide. Naples has half a million in- habitants. A funeral I saw pass the Hotel Victoria with six horses to the hearse, two carriages, each drawn by two horses. Flowers were placed on the hearse and on the carriages. Above the Observatory retention walls were built by the government to pre- vent hot lava from running down the hill in time of an eruption. Greater than a semi-circle was a Grecian Forum, and a semi-circle, or less than a semi-circle, was a Roman Forum or Opera. Vesuvius is thirt)-- miles from Naples. Excavation of Pompeii is going on now. A miniature car runs up opened street and loads, then returns, drawn by horses, or pushed by men, to next opened street, to a turn-table, when it turns down the opened street to place for deposit. Room loi, 14x21, with one window in front, on the fourth floor, overlooking the Bay of Naples ; one shut- ter or blinds, and one door window with balcony out- side, on which you can stand to observe the Bay of Naples and part of the town skirting the Bay of Na- ples on the right, mountains on the left skirting the Bay of Naples. I went to bed at 10.00 p. m. Monday, June 6, 1910. — Up at 7.00 a, m. Cloudy. 26 All Roads Lead to Rome The distance from Naples to Rome is 150 miles. I took a walk and was caught in a shower, sought shel- ter in doorway, where I saw them milking goats. I saw a beautiful scene over Naples Bay, black over- head and beautiful green on the bay. We left Naples at 2.00 p. M. We are running through a delightful agricultural and horticultural country, then through a valley, now running through mountainous country more productive. Mountainous, irregular surface af- ter we had traveled 75 miles. Natural timber, castles, then mountains and valleys, through a pass, then a valley, through tunnel i ; surface irregular, then through tunnel 2 ; surface irregular, through a pass, castle on the hill, then through tunnel 3 ; castle, then through a more productive and expansive country surrounded by hills. An agricultural and horticultural, and very productive country, presents itself as we ap- proach Rome, We pass through tunnel 4. We pass the old Roman Aqueduct and Appian Way as we near Rome. We arrived at Rome at 6.00 p. m. We stop at the Continental Hotel, an up-to-date hotel, with all the modern conveniences and comforts. I was as- signed to room 29, second floor. The hotel is six stories high, with an elevator, My room has iron bed- steads, narrow, painted black, with cushion iinder a hair mattress, bureau, chamber case, two mirrors, washstand, three cushioned chairs, clothes press with rod through the top after the style of clothes presses there ; wooden table, with checker-board on top ; mats, electric lights and caudle, lace curtains, window with four lights in it, door like shutters, blinds which open on hinges, so does the window open in.side, with All Roads Lead to Rome 27 wooden doors on hinges inside of the window, which are on the window. Room 9x24, mirror in the door of the clothes press. The hotel is heated by steam. The pavements that I have observed is composed of marble curb, twelve inches wide, a yard square stones for the pavement. The street is paved with block stone, 4 in. by 4 in. There are public lanterns on the streets and public places, for men. They are built at right angles to the wall, so that the men's backs onlj' are exposed to public view. There is a lantern on the other side of the street from my room in the hotel. Tuesday, June 7, 1910. — Up at 6.30 a. m. I wrote till breakfast time, 8.30 A. m. We commenced our drive around Rome in two two-horse carriages, at 9.00 A. M., and visited the Forum, a destroyed place where Julius Csesar, St. Paul and others, frequented. We saw and heard much of interest. I saw mosaic pavement. We saw the Altar of the Unknown God, went along Villa Nova, stones were lava used in paving the streets of ancient Rome. The ruins of the Forum is of 'wonderful interest. The Appian Way is 180 miles long. The old walks, the painted walls that have lasted from the early Christian era. St. Peter's Cathedral makes an imposing sight both outside and inside. It is 615 feet long and 95 feet high. There are figures of 70 in number on each side of the en- trance. The Obelisk means silent witness. The Vatican is on the right of St. Peter's Cathedral. The Pope lives in the Vatican on the right. The bronze doors in front of St. Peter's Cathedral ^were made in the thirteenth century. The mosaic work is quite an interest. The monuments of Victor Kmanuel and 28 All Roads Lead to Rome Raphael are situated in separate niches. The stone made of lava and placed in the floor, formed the place on which prisoners stood on the floor. In the afternoon we visited the Pantheon, built in 30 B. c. The front part of the building was erected 400 years after the original building was finished. In the afternoon we visited the Coliseum, 1,900 feet around, 157 feet high, built a. d. 42. It has 80 arches, used in emptying it of its audience of 87,000 ; 1,087 would go through each arch ; a monument was erected on an elephant. There were elevators in the Coliseum. The people said why the people come up out of the ground. Gladiators and animals fought in the arena. The spectators were composed of the Em- peror, patricians and plebeians. Cicero made speeches in the Forum. Napoleon ordered a part of the Coli- seum to be excavated. Some of the great orators of the day made speeches in the Forum. Nero had a circus on the ground on which St. Peter's now stands. The inside architecture of St. Peter's is wonderful. The Pope insisted upon Michael Angelo painting with his own hand the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and although unwillingly he began in 1508 and completed within less than twenty-two months, his colossal task proved one of the most marvellous of his works. It deceives the eye. The rotunda appears wider and larger after you have stood in the rotunda awhile. It has a wonderful effect. A tree, the leaves of which were used in a crown, stands in the Forum. There is a fountain in the Forum of the sixteenth century. We crossed over the Tiber on the bridge Harriden. All Roads Lead to Rome 29 There are five bridges in Rome that span the Tiber. The day is beautiful. Wednesday, June 8, 1910. — Up at 6 A. m. Clear, sunshine, warm. I took a walk to the park nearby the Continental Hotel, which is a unique place with palm trees and cypress trees. I saw women carry- ing baskets of vegetables on their heads. There are electric cars in Rome. Via Cavour is a street on which is situated the Continental Hotel. The party left the Hotel Continental at 9.30 a. m., to go to the Vatican, in six two-horse carriages. We drove to the left, around St. Peter's, to the Vatican. The Vatican and Papal Garden are on the right of vSt. Peter's Ca- thedral. We enter the Vatican, which contains 1,000 rooms, by Raphael Hall, Hall of Constantine, Logio and Raphael. We had a panoramic view of Rome out of a window in the Vatican ; Musee, Vatican, Pope's residence and garden, Hall of Tapestry, done with a needle, Map's Hall, by Raphael, Rego Hall, 7 years, Omedo, 400 b. c, Hercules, Hall of the Muses, Socrates, Court of Belvidere, Siege of Troy, 390 B. c, Torro Belvidere, 300 b. c, Cicero, by Byron in Childe Harold, Diana, Demosthenes statue, Mi- nerva, Nilo, 400 b. c, Venus, Meda. Via dei Ivinestone, New Road, 1870, Nero Aque- duct. In the afternoon. Obelisk, 1500B. c , 115 feet high. Mosaic Work Floor, sat in. View down the Mother's Church, St. Paul, late Pope's Monument, Cloister, twelfth century, very large bronze doors at the en- trance of church, fourteenth century. There was a marble stone in the shape of a mantelpiece built in the wall, imported from Jerusalem. It is said Jesus 3o All Roads Lead to Rome stood under this stone ; tomb of Sebastian, Great Ba- silico, Church Festona, St. Paul, Catacomb in the Hollow. The Catacombs was the first burying place of the Christians, a, d. 70 ; Bath of the Cola Cola, Appian Way, Hall of Cola Cola, Public Place. Three gates on the Appian Way, it is said, St. Paul went through on foot when he was traveling to Rome ; Tomb, 78 B. c. Byron speaks of this tomb in Childe Harold ; Tomb of Pope, fourteenth century, bronze doors, Musee, seventeenth century, Holy Stairs ; Pope worshipped in the Mother Cathedral the last time the Pope was in the Cathedral. The party went through the Catacombs ; each of us carried a lighted candle and passed by the actual tomb of St. Paul, in a sub- terranean passage. The body of St. Peter was in- terred with St. Paul, but the body of St. Peter has been translated. There are three tiers under ground, and St. Paul's body is interred in the second tier. The Catacombs occupy 160 acres. We were through the subterraneous passage-ways of the Catacombs about two hours. I was glad to get outside where I could see light. The stone to which I refer was imported from Jerusalem, a. d. 149. Christ walked under it. He was six feet tall ; I walked under it, and I am six feet tall. I could just touch the top of my head against the marble ; the marble stone stood in the wall like a mantelpiece. The water of Rome was con- veyed from Sabine hills in lead pipes about 70 a. d., and modern Rome has been getting her water from the same place since 1870. The country around Rome is undulating, and productive in agricultural and horti- cultural products. There are mountains and hills ad- All Roads Lead to Rome •:'r jacent to Rome. In ancient times there was a wall built around Rome. That wall still exists in broken fragments. We left for the Catacombs, five miles south of Rome, along the Appian Way, at 2.30 p. m., in six two-horse carriages. The Appian Way is 180 miles long and 25 feet wide. It appears to be macad- amized. Ladies wore their Pompadour style 600 b. c, as a picture in the Vatican testifies to. In passing through the Vatican, Generals Grant, Sheridan and Sherman, the former was standing near a statue of an Italian military man. Generals Sherman and Sheridan ap- plauded. When General Grant noticed the statue by his side he was surprised, as it resembled him (Grant) so much. The same guide that took us through the Vatican, took the generals through, and told the story to us. » Thursdaj^ June 9, 1910,— Up at 6.00 a. m.— A clear, sunshiny morning. Breakfasted and took a walk about the Kterual City. The Romans have been ab- sorbed by other nations since the downfall of Rome, so that they have disappeared, and Rome mostly is inhabited by Italiaiis. Rome has a half-million of in- habitants to-day. The town is built up of blocks of houses, six stories high. The streets are wide and narrow. In some parts of the town the streets are ir- regular, in other parts of the town they are regular. There are some donkeys used in Rome, but mostly horses. Men and women are well developed. I see soldiers drilling on the streets and walking a fast gait. I did not go out much to-day. It is too hot. Friday, June 10, 1910.— Up at 6.00 a. m.— A shower 32 All Roads Lead to Rome this morning. I walked around by the Cathedral near by. There are no seats in the Cathedral here ; I look- ed into it. The name of our guide is Knupker. Guide at Naples, D'Omforio ; guide at Rome S. R. Forbes. I saw a pair of oxen pulling a wagon. Rome is governed by Mayor Nathan, and a Council elected by the people and endorsed by the King of Italy, Candidates for office must be freeholders and twelve year residents of Rome. A man by the name of Nathan, a Jew, is Mayor of Rome now. I was at the King's Palace, on the Via Nazionale. The latter is the most beautiful street I have yet been on. A square, sycamore trees, palm trees, cypress trees, fountain, marble benches and wooden benches in the square. Piles of rocks in the square, lanterns around the square, a wooden building at the entrance. Via Dei Quirinale. We left Naples Monday, at 2.00 p. m. Tuesday, the following day, June 6, 1910, the inhabitants of Naples were aroused from their beds at 3.00 A. m., by an earthquake. The earthquake was felt most a few miles east of Vesuvius. Sardinia was partly devas- tated b}^ a cyclone. Paris and Cologne have been visited by thunder storms. There was a rain storm about 2.00 p. M. I took a walk south of the Hotel Continental, to a wall, and retraced my steps back to the hotel and down to Cook's oJ05ce, and via Nazion- ale, on which I bought a map of Rome. Rome is the most complete city in the world. Everything is finished in the most superb style ; streets, pavements and buildings, are clean. Rome is a model city. The temperature is even throughout All Roads Lead to Rome 33 the whole year, yet it has been very hot since I have been here. The Hotel Continental is heated by steam, lyoquet is the name of a table fruit. Naples, breakfast, 8.30 a. m., dinner, 1.30 p. m., supper, 7.30 p. M. Rome, breakfast, 8.30 A. m., dinner, i p. m., supper, 7.30 p. M. In the Mother Cathedral the statue of St. Peter has the toes all kissed away, and instep of same foot rubbed away by the tops of heads. Saturday, June 11, 1910.— Upat 6.00 A. m. Beauti- tiful morning. The party left Rome at 9.00 a. m. We passed by the Temple of Venus and the Wall, and ran along the Tiber some distance. It is 196 miles from Rome to Florence. Passed by embank- ments and sycamore trees. The country through which we pass is an agricultural one, and is irregular. Mountainous, interspersed with eucalyptic trees. Farmers are harvesting along the route. We see nu- merous olive groves on the hills as we pass along. We cross under twenty-two tunnels. We run in valley of the Tiber. Some places the valley is wide, some places narrow. We cross the Tiber three times. The mountains run parallel, and either side of rail- road. We pass a lake named Purged. The latter part of our journey is mountainous and hilly. The scenery along the route is very beautiful. The thrifty farmers and their wives are taking in their crops. We are running through a valley which is very productive and beautiful. Olive groves, palm trees, mulberry trees, pine trees, and poplar, abounds. The Arno river runs through Florence. We ran 34 All Roads Lead to Rome through towns and villages, a number of which were on hills. We arrived at Florence at 2.30 p. m., and stopped in Hotel New York, I in room 7. The streets are paved with large stone and pavements with very- large stone blocks, extending the whole width of the pavement, and about 16 feet wide. There are no curb stones. The streets mostly are narrow, some are wide. There is no regularity in their direction, a few of the streets are asphalt. There are donkeys, and donkeys and carts, used. The horses are fine, the saddles on the donkeys are high, and carry the shafts of the cart high. My room is heated by steam. The furniture consists of Brussels carpet, two mirrors, five cush- ioned chairs, one arm chair, washstand, writing table, wide iron bedsteads, high posts, with wide fringe around the top, chamber case, sofa, clothes rack to hang clothes on, bureau, window, two doors opening inward, with iron balcony on the outside, three lights in each door, with shutters hung on each door, on hinges over glass and swinging inwards ; lace cur- tains. The hotel was at one time a palace — Palace de Medici. I walked along Arno river and along some streets, where are sculpture, stores and picture stores on the hotel side of the Arno river. Galileo, Michael Angelo and Dante, were born in Florence. Sunday, June 12, 1910. — Up at 6.00 A. m. Break- fasted at 7.00 A. M. The church bells are ringing ; cloudy, hazy. After breakfast I walked along the Argo river to the dam and falls of the Argo river, and back along another street, via Curatone, via Palatini, via Malagnano, Plazzi Marie, via Mag- gio, Strucci Olo Petti, Raphaella Mosaic. Pic- All Roads Lead to Rome 35 tures of the sixteenth century — Reuben, Modena, Family of Nero. Sculpture taken from Pompeii, Reuben School, French paintings painted by the English Vandyke, Venus Petti, Art Gallery, Tribune. There are 250,000 inhabitants in Florence. A shower in the afternoon. Lunch at 12.30 p. m. The people speak the Italian language in Florence, and are much like the people of Rome. They are well developed, fine looking, and educated. The men are fine looking and the woman are pretty. Painting and sculpture are the chief occupation of the people. The people drink wine, but are a busy people, and seem not to be affected by drink. Florence is gov- erned by Mayor and Council, with the sanction of the King. Florence is supplied with water from the Ap- penine Hills. The water is considered to be good. The front doors of the hotel are metal, six inches wide, and swing in and out. The washboard of my room is stone. There are fine horses in Florence, but donkeys with high saddles are seen. The people are well behaved. Monday, June 13, 1910. — Up at 6.00 A. m., and breakfasted. Thunder shower early this morning. I took a walk to the celebrated bridge, and over it, on which are kept stores. I bought some pictures and a map of Rome. We saw the Struggi. Rings in the walls of the house was a sign that he who lived in the house belonged to the nobility. Struggi means home. Built in the sixteenth century, Cathedral of St. Laurentz. Chapel, fifteenth century. Chapel of sixteenth cen- tury. The Tomb of Christ, Michael Angelo archi- 36 All Roads Lead to Rome tecture, main Chapel, Garden of main Chapel, John the Baptist, eleventh century, mosaic work of the twelfth centurj^ doors of the thirteenth centurj', bronze doors called Paradise, bronze, very pretty. Lunch at 12.30 p. m. Afternoon drive we passed by the house where Dante was born, 1255. Cathedral Roman Catholic, the third edifice in the world built in the fifteenth century. Michael Angelo was the archi- tect. The dome of the Cathedral is 350 feet high. The tower is very pretty. Museum : I saw cannon made in the fifteenth century. Mantel and terra cotta by Michael Angelo. There are four bridges that span the Arno river, and two bridges for horses. We passed by the house where Elizabeth Barrett Brown- ing died. We continued our drive on the other side of Arno river, where there were pretty villas and parks, in which grew sycamore trees, palm trees, mag- nolia trees, cedar and other trees. Among them was the aspen. We finally reached a high point of ground in our drive, from whence a most beautiful view of Florence and its surrounding country was presented. In the distance we could see the Appeaine mountains. Behind one of the ranges Milton wrote the famous " Paradise Lost." We saw parts of the old wall that surrounded Florence. A part of it is torn away now. Water running out of the side of the hill along which we passed. We passed St. Crozzi. The name of the church, Dante, the poet, Michael Angelo and Gallileo, were interred. We saw the tomb of each. We saw a memorial to Americus Vespuzzi. We then continued our drive to the suburbs of the western part of Flor- ence, through parks, along hedge fences, natural tim- All Roads Lead to Rome 37 ber and magnolia trees, and past some squares, back to the hotel, where we arrived at 5.30 p. m. The scenes we saw in our drive were delightful. We visited a place where mosaic work was done. The headstone was sawed by a wire saw and smoothed b}^ another hard stone rubbed over it. The workmen consisted of men and boys, twelve in all. We also visited a place where waists and all linen garments were made by young ladies. The point from which we observed the town and surroundings of Florence is named Michael Angelo Square, in honor of, and a memorial to Michael Angelo. Few men made such an impression on the hearts of the Italian people by his life work, as Michael Angelo. Dante and Galileo were men, too, who were celebrated in their day and generation. Dante for his writings, and Galileo for his astronomical works. A shower after we returned from our sight seeing. The temperature is about 80 degrees. There were six two-horse carriages on the drive. Via Delia Vicnanuova. Tuesday, June 14, 1910. — Up at 6.00 A. m. Cloudy. It has been raining. Breakfasted and took a walk : On a monument, Cosmvs Med. Magn. Dux Etrvrrial, A. D. M D ly X X . Yesterday we passed a wall that had the mark of a house of ill-fame emblazoned on it. There are numerous automobiles in Florence. Men and women all work in Florence, which accounts for their fine physical condition, notwithstanding they are wine bibbers. In my walk this morning I passed a shoemaker's shop, a saddlery and harness shop, car- penter's shop, sculpture and furniture maker. We lunched at 12.30 p. m., and started in six two-horse 38 All Roads Lead to Rome carriages to the depot at 2.00 p. m., and left dear old Florence behind. We left the depot at 2.30 p. m. There was a shower immediately after leaving Flor- ence. On the way we passed through a country which presented scenery that is beautiful surpassing anything I have ever seen in my travels before. The country on the route abounds with vineyards of grape, olive groves and agricultural products. Florence is surrounded by mountains, a part of the Appenine system. We passed Victoria Galileo Cemetery. We finally came to the end of the valley by passing under a tunnel, then a valley opened up, and then a tunnel, till we had passed 48 tunnels with an intermission of valleys between tunnels. The intermissions between tunnels were short and long. We ran a long distance before we passed under the last of the 48 tunnels. After we left Bologne we passed through a very level and productive plain that reminded me of our West- ern prairies, and this scenery continued till darkness overtook us. The last scene were the foothills of the Appenines. We arrived at Venice at 10.30 p. M. The train ran between bodies of waters for some dis- tance before we arrived at the depot. When we reached Venice gondolas conveyed us to the Grand Hotel, and I went to my room, 242. We took din- ner on the train. We crossed the Po river in our journey. The distance from Florence to Venice is about 240 miles. My room is covered with a Brussels carpet, and is 8 feet by 15 feet, with two windows with shutter win- dows opening inward, three lights in one shutter and six lights in both shutters, lace curtains, outside All Roads Lead to Rome 39 blinds to be raised and lowered, bureau with mirror, wasbstand, two cushioned chairs, one larger than the other, chamber case, towel rack, a small table, temporary arrangement to hang clothes on, don't be- long to the room, single narrow bed, wooden bed- stead, a heating apparatus made of stone which burns coal. Wednesday, June 15, 1910. — Up at 6.00 A. m. Break- fasted and then writing. Venice is in the Adriatic sea, and one can only see the city by being conveyed about in gondolas. We visited the Bridge of Sighs. We went through the dungeon. I saw the place of exe- cution and the cell that lyord Byron spent twenty-four hours in to get himself in proper condition before he wrote the " Childe Harold ;" the senate chamber of fifteenth century. I saw an old building that was built in 95 A. D. Our hotel has an annex to it. We take our meals in the main building and sleep in the annex. The annex is connected with the main build- ing by a bridge. In St. Mark's Square there are 2,000 pigeons in it now, whose ancestors were imported from Constantinople in the thirteenth century. The Doge in the sixth century, Napoleon in the seventeenth century. There are in Venice 172 islands connected, and 122 islands disconnected, and 450 bridges. St. Mark's Cathedral is a beautiful work of architecture, by Michael Angelo, a. d. 1492. Vestry rooms, fif- teenth century, St. Mark's Place, sixteenth century, Doge, ninth century. I saw the portico on which the Doge was crowned. Bridge of Sighs, 1450- 1605 ; Venice is supplied with water from hills, in lead pipes 45 miles away, since the sixteenth century. I saw a 40 All Roads Lead to Rome picture entitled "Glory of Paradise." I saw in the palace in which the Doge was crowned. Golden, or room where wise men of the sixteenth century as- sembled. I saw the room in which Robert Brown- ing died, and house in which Lord Byron lived, St. Thomas Cathedral, Frari Church, 1450, Monu- ment to Canova, Wagener. The house in which Shiloh lived, the Market, Court of Justice, Bridge of Rialti. Plague commenced in 1255. This afternoon we took a gondola ride. The roofs of the houses, which are five or six stories high, are covered with clay tile. Venice is more than a thousand years old. The town was built in the Adriatic Sea to protect themselves from their enemies. My own opinion of it is that it is a great disease producer, and for this reason alone it should be destroyed. Thunder shower when I went to bed at 9.00 p. m. Thursday, June 16, 1910. — Up at 5.00 A, M. Took a cup of tea at breakfast. I ate no dinner. After dinner I went out with the party to the watering place, in a steamboat that plied between Venice and watering place. A five minutes' walk between where the landing of the steamboat brought me to the watering place. Some of our party went in to bathe. The watering place was a nice place on the Adriatic Sea. It was quite a beer drinking place. I walked back to the boat that conveyed me to Venice. I walked to the hotel. I ate very little dinner. I saw a picture to-day, the largest one in the world — 75 feet by 37 feet. Mr. and Mrs. Watsou left the party. Friday, June 17, 1910. — Up at 5.00 A. m. Cloudy. Shower this morning. Left Hotel le Grand at All Roads Lead to Rome 41 8.00 A. M., and depot at 9.00 A. m., and arrived at Mi- lan at 1. 00 p. M., a distance of 140 miles from Venice. We ran through a dead level agricultural country, mountains on the south. Running between the Ap- penine mountains on the south, and the Alps moun- toins on the north. Country abounds with grape vineyards, trees in rows. Alps disappearing. Moun- tains disappearance. Wide scope of agricultural country on either side. We passed Garga lake. The country through which we passed was beauti- ful and productive. Rows of trees or rows of grape- vines seemed to separate the fields from one another. Oats, wheat, com, vegetables and produce of all kinds, grow in this part of the country. We passed Brescia. St. Dellegraph Cathedral, Milan, built in the fourteenth century, celebrated for its many columns inside. I saw a picture that was painted in a. d. 1494. I walked up a steeple 190 feet high. A priest jumped from this steeple to-day. The architecture of the cathedral is unique and pretty. There are pictures in the windows by Bertelle, who was four years in painting them. Doors only four years old. Doors of St. Ambrose, A. d. 380, St. Ambrose Church, 350 a. d.. Pope Pius in ninth century, old fort re- paired four years ago. Arch Triumph Napoleon III. We drove through the city in six two-horse car- riages. There are many parks. There is a boule- vard twenty miles around the city. The city of Milan contains 625,000 inhabitants. The streets are paved with square blocks of all sizes, and also the pavements ; no curbstones. The buildings are six stories high. The city is governed by the King. 42 All Roads Lead to Rome There are cobble-stone streets. They have electric cars. The carriages are modern, and so are the auto- mobiles. I have seen only two carts and no don- keys here. Milan is a clean city. We stop at the Hotel Continental; my room is i68, 12x24 feet, one window, two door windows, three lights in each door, inside shutters, bureau with mirror, three cushioned chairs, one larger than the other two, narrow iron bedstead, head and foot-boards handsomely painted, writing table, washstaud with mirror, clothes hanger, floor covered with Brussels carpet, hotel heated with steam, electric light, elevator in hotel. The town is well laid out. The streets are wide. A clothes-press with a mirror in the door, a stand for grip, an iron railing three feet high outside the window. The Ca- thedral in Milan cost in labor alone $150,000,000. There is $150,000,000 of gold deposited in vaults. Beautiful dining room in Grand Hotel Continen- tal, and beautiful, expensive painted ceiling. Out- side blinds slide in the wall. Breakfast, 7.00 A. m.; lunch, 1. 00 p. M.; dinner, 7.00 p. m. Cloudy. Saturday, June 18, 1910. — Up at 5.00 A. m. Cloudy. Took a walk to a square that has a monument erected in memory of Leonardo MDCCCIyXX. Milan gets her water from Tacino. The doors entering this hotel were very large, six inches thick. I could hardly swing them. We left the hotel at 12.00 m., in an automobile and a two-horse carriage. The party went to the hotel at Milan in automobiles, and enjoyed trip to the hotel. The party left the depot at 12.40 p. M. For about twenty miles passed through an agricultural and productive country. All Roads Lead to Rome 43 About 2.CX) p. M. we crossed into Switzerland. We passed in our journey from Milan to the Lucerne under 67 tunnels, one tunnel 20 miles long. We were sixteen minutes passing through it. We took dinner on the train. I was nearly perished on the train for a drink of water. After 20 miles run we ran into a very productive valley between the snow- clad Alps, where many villages were clustered along the foot of the Alps. There was a river running between two mountains and river was enlarged by streams of snow water rushing down the mountains on either side, the sides of which were nearly per- pendicular. Kach stream had a waterfall. We saw clouds on mountains below their summits. We ar- rived at Grand Hotel du lyac, at I,ucerne, at 7.00 p. M. From the window of Grand Hotel du I^ac, I see a light on the top of the high mouniain, that with the beautiful silvery moon shining near the lighted snow-clad mountain with a clear sky, is a view one don't have the opportunity to witness many times in a lifetime. The snow-clad Alps, the many valleys beneath, the river, the rivulets rushing down the sides of the snow-clad mountains, with their cataracts, into the river, the productive valley cer- tainly presents a beautiful scene. A flood in this valley occurred about a week ago, which destroyed a section of the railroad over which we traveled. The waters of lake lyucerne were raised by the flood so that many of the buildings in Lu- cerne were flooded. Grand Hotel de Lac was flooded. Near Altdorf, in lake Lucerne, is where William Tell shot the apple ofi" his son's head. The fences in 44 All Roads Lead to Rome Switzerland are wooden and stone. The roofs are gravel, slate and shingle. A Swiss house has large eaves to them. My room, 104, 12x24 feet, narrow wooden bedstead, feather bed for covering, chamber case, stand for grip, writing table, two cane chairs, sofa like my own, floor, wood tile with mats, wash- stand — it is really a bureau, pitcher and bowl, clothes press with hooks to hang clothes on, a mirror in the door and one over the washstand, door, windows, with one large light in each window, lace curtains, outside blinds that slide up. Sunday, June 19, 1910. — Up at 6.30 A. m., and wrote till 8.00 a. m., when I took -breakfast. At 9.00 A. M. we took a trip by boat to Rigi Kulm. At 11.00 A. M. we took the inclined plane, and ar- rived at the summit of Regi, 5,600 feet high, at 12.00 M. The party then took lunch. We had a fine view of surrounding scenery. The most inter- esting feature to me was its geological lessons. All rocks along the inclined plane and at its summit, were composed of conglomerated pebbles, which had been united together a long time ago under water, and then by internal upheaval, when the Alps moun- tains were formed, were placed where they are now. The Alps are formed by many high peaks, some higher than another. It is quite cool since we came to Lucerne. It is a very pretty scene to look down on Lake Lucerne from the summit, Rigi Kulm. One hundred other snow-clad mountain peaks can be seen. We left the top of Regi Kulm at 3.00 p. m., and arrived at the bottom of the inclined plane at 4.00 P. M. There we took a boat that landed us in All Roads Lead to Rome 45 Lucerne at 5.30 p. m. From Milan to Lucerne is 156 miles. The number of ray .room is 104. Lucerne has 50,000 inhabitants. The people of Lucerne are church going people. This morning at 9 o'clock the streets were full of people going to church. They were well dressed, thrifty people. There is a balcony outside the window. The streets are paved with block stones and asphalt. Curb-stones are a foot wide. I went to bed at 9.00 p. m. Monday, June 20, 1910. — I met two gentlemen from York, Pennsylvania. One was a Lutheran clergy- man. We walked to see the lion carved in the rock, or Glacier Garden, Lucerne. Attestation. In the autumn of 1872, Mr. Amrein-Troller was was having a cellar in proximity of the monument of the Lion, at Lucerne. After having removed a stratum of arable earth, several feet in thickness, and another layer of shingles, the workman struck upon the firm gray rock of the country, in which were sunk many deep excavations, cauldron shaped, at the bottom of which lay large round blocks of Alpine rock. I was called in to examine the nature of the surface, which was so soon to be destroyed by further digging and blasting. Along the sides of this first Glacier Mill several more were discovered. Encour- aged by competent men, the owner determined not to destroy the rock, but rather to embellish it by planta- tions, and so to render it accessible to such as felt an interest in these wonderful natural phenomena. There can be no doubt that these cauldron-looking 46 All Roads Lead to Rome excavations owe their origin to the action of erosions at the foot of cascades. The round boulders, seen at the bottom of the mills have been whirled about water and have polished the mills by friction. It is in vain we look for the cliflfs from which the water mast have fallen in a torrent upon the surface of the rock ; but what we do notice is, that this surface is furrowed and scratched between the mills, as only glaciers can belabor their rocky beds. The boulders that lay in the mills are erratic, i. nmer is the name of the river that flows through the place, and gau means district. The party all stopped at the little house at which lived the lyudwigs, a German family, and took our meals there. They are German people and speak German. One of the girls helped me put on a new collar yesterday morning. It rained all day yester- day, though there were 4,000 people at the Passion Play. I got my feet wet, and that was where my slippers came in good. My shoes and stockings were wet. The girl — the same girl that helped me on with the collar — took my shoes and cleaned and blackened them, and this morning they were out- side my door. Oberammergau is 60 miles from Mu- nich. We have returned to Munich on the Iser. We will leave Munich on Wednesday and go to Heidelburg. John M. Batten. All Roads Lead to Rome 91 Grand Hotel Heidelburg, Wednesday, June 29, 19 10. CoREivLi : — We arrived here at 6.30 p. m., after traveling 220 miles from Munich. Heidelberg is an educational town of 3,000 inhabitants, with fine buildings, wide streets, and fine looking people. So far as I have been able to observe, I have seen no business houses here. This is before breakfast. We traveled through a very pretty section of farming country. Farmers taking in their hay. Men and women work in the harvest field. The weather is wet. Farmers seem to live in villages or towns. I don't see as many farm houses here as we have at home. I do see one occasionally, but it is a big house, much larger than our houses. The houses in villages or towns are large, and I suspect more than one family lives in it. Sometimes I see farm- ers have stock. The most of them are in towns or villages. Sometimes the barns and houses are com- bined in one building. Such a building is usually in the country. We came through Stuttgart, the capital of Wurtenberg, Germany. We start for May- ence to-day, from thence to Cologne to-morrow, from thence to Hamburg, and sail thence in the S. S. Pennsylvania to New York, on Sunday, July 3, 1910. One of our party got into trouble in Munich, by setting the room on fire with a wood alcohol lamp. The lace curtains and carpets were burned, and room damaged. The fire department was called out. Good-bye. John M. Batten. 92 All Roads Lead to Rome Hotel de HoUande, Mayence, Thursday, June 30, 1910. CoRKivLi : — I arrived at the above named place to- day at 4.00 p. M. We went around Heidelberg in six two-horse carriages in a dreadful thunder storm and downpour of rain. Rode over a mountain over- looking Heidelberg. Passed a club-house, where the students of the University of Heidelberg fight duels. Saw the Holy Ghost Church. The Roman Catho- lics and Protestants worship in the same church. Visited the University of Heidelberg, the Chapel, and the Prison, where they put students for misbe- havior. One student was in prison while we visited it to-day. He said he was put in for six days for threshing a policeman. He thought the first two days in prison was a novelty, but now it is getting to be monotonous. To-morrow he expects to get out of prison. There has been a prison in the Univer- versity of Heidelberg for two hundred years. Every one who has been imprisoned there in that time has painted his portrait with his own hands and hung it on the walls, so that the walls and ceilings of the rooms are full of portraits of students who were af- terward distinguished people. There is also at the University of Heidelberg a prison used in the seven- teenth century. We visited what is known as the Old Castle, that is very old, and was nearly destroyed by fire in the thirteenth century. It was all destroyed but one house, which is standing to-day. We saw that house to-day. It is a very pretty place. May- ence is situated on the Rhine river, and contains 80,- 000 inhabitants. We go to Cologne to-morrow, and All Roads Lead to Rome 93 from thence to Hamburg Friday night, and sail Sun- day, July 3, 1910. John M, Batten. Hotel Disch, Cologne, Friday, July i, 1910. CoREivi,! : — I came from Mayence to Cologne in the boat Borussia, 116 miles, down the Rhine. It took us eight hours. The river Rhine is very serpentine and the scenery is very pretty. There are mountains on each side of the Rhine for the greater part of the dis- tance. The Rhine is a large river and seven bridges span it from Mayence to Cologne — two at Mayence. There are good sized towns on the river, and the people live from the produce on the sides of the moun- tains. We took dinner on the boat, and it was a good one. We passed by Coblenz and Bonn, two celebrated places. I start for home to-night at 11 o'clock, and go to Hamburg. I sail on the S. S. Pennsylvania. Dinner is ready and I must get ready for it. John M. Batten. On board the S. S. Pennsylvania, Wednesday, July 13, 1910. C0RE1.1.1 : — Two days from New York, N. Y., and ten days from Hamburg, Germany, or 3,000 miles from Hamburg and 600 miles from New York. This is a warm, sunshiny morning, the first sun- shiny, warm day I have seen except yesterday, which 94 All Roads Lead to Rovie was clear, after a foggy morning. Twelve days is a long time to be on board a boat, and seems longer, when you are with a German crowd that speak Ger- man altogether. I wrote to you from Cologne, Ger- many, last. I got your letter before leaving Cologne, Friday night at ii o'clock, for Hamburg, Germany. I traveled all night and arrived at Hamburg, Ger- many, the next morning, Saturday, July 2, 1910, at 7.00 A. M. In Hamburg I arranged with the Ham- burg-American line for my passage to New York. I sailed on the S. S. Pennsylvania, Sunday, July 3, 1910, at noon. I went to the hotel, and not having much sleep Friday, or last night, I went to bed in the afternoon of Saturday, and when I awakened in the twilight of the evening, I thought it was Sunday morning, July 3, 1910. I made inquiry and found it was Saturday evening, and I went to bed and slept till 6 o'clock, Sunday morning, July 3, 1910, when I went to the S. S. Pennsylvania, and sailed at noon. Thursday, July 14, 1910. — Up at '5.00 a. m. Fog whistles sounding since midnight. We had a fare- well dinner last evening. The dining-room was decorated with American flags and German flags. We had an extra dinner and a royal good time. Electric lights in the dining-room were turned out, and there was marching and countermarching by the employees of the dining-room, with torch lights and with all sorts of false faces. There was speaking , in the German language. We get to New York to-morrow, Friday, July 15, 1910, twelve days from Hamburg, 3,600 knots. It is a long time to be aboard a ship. Yesterday was the most pleasant day we had since we All Roads Lead to Rome 95 left Hamburg. Between 3.00 and 4.00 p. m., and from midnight till 4.00 A. m., fog whistles were sounding. This is a pleasant morning. In the afternoon it is beautiful and warm. The S. S. Pennsylvania will be in New York to-morrow at 4.00 A. m. We just had our coffee. It is very hot on the boat. It is the first hot weather I have experienced this year. Good-bye. John M. Battkn. Home at i.oo p. m., Friday, July 15, 1910. Monday, April 19, 191 1. — I have lived to the 74th birthday. I am glad to be alive. Many of my con- temporaries are dead. I miss them. My father and mother and sisters and brothers, are all dead. I feel lonely without them. Since last birthday I have been in Naples, Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Heidel- berg, Cologne, Mayence and Hamburg. [ F"rom Pennsylvania Medical Journal, June, 1898. ] ALCOHOL. By John M. Batten, M. D., of Pittsburg. Alcohol in some form has possibly been used as early as times immemorial, and there has not been a nation on the face of the earth that did not use a stimulant or a narcotic. The stimulant has usually been alcohol in some form. Tobacco, opium, or hemp in a few instances, have been used in its stead. Alco- coholic beverages, however, when opportunity pre- sented, were easily introduced. An example of this fact is given in the account of Henry Hudson's fa- mous voyage in 1609, when he discovered the Hudson River. The Indian chief and warriors waited for him on the shore of Manhattan Island, prepared to sacrifice the great Manito in Red. Hudson landed with a few of his crew and poured out some rum into a tumbler and drank to their healths, then passed a cup- ful to the Indians, but they refused to drink, thinking it was deadly poison . One, bolder than the rest, how- ever, was induced to drink, and he drank, then reeled, staggered, and finally fell. He soon recovered from its intoxicating efiects and described the efiects of the ( 96 ) Alcohol. 97 rum in such glowing terms that the rest of the In- dians begged to have their share. There seems to be a natural craving of man for something " that will drive away dull care," and al- coholic beverages seem to satisfy that craving. This is not only so among the savages, but it is actually true among the civilized nations, and they have a greater or less disregard of the evil of over-indulgence in the use of alcoholic beverages. We find the earliest historic records of alcoholic beverages are passed down to us from the sacred clas- sics of China, India, Judea and Persia, all giving full details of their use and abuse. The Chinese used wine made from rice, something like saki, which at present is used by the Japanese. The sacred books of the Brahmans speak of a beer known as sura, made from rice, barley and honey, and other ingredients. This was a cheap wine, and was in disrepute by the priesthood. Soma, a sacred wine made from certain plants after fermentation, was of- fered as libations to their favorite gods, Indra Vishnu, and others. This wine was drunk freely by the deities, and they were highly gratified at the resultant intoxication. In their worship they did not pour all the wine on the altar, but in their devotion they drank a part of it, and the exhilarating effect of it was credited to divine favor. The Bible in places speaks of wine as, "Wine maketh glad the heart of man," "Thou hast put gladness into their hearts since the time that their corn and wine and oil increased," and so on. It is claimed by well-intentioned moralists that the good ef- 98 Alcohol. feet of wine, as spoken of in the Bible, was from un- fermented wine : and they have some reason for making such an assertion, as in the Hebrew Bible ap- pear two ^otAs,yayin and Hrosh, and each is translated wine. The dse of tirosh is approved, while that of y ay in is condemned. There is another Hebrew word, de- bish, which, translated, means honey. It is claimed that in making this honey that the fresh grape juice was boiled down to thick syrup before it was fer- mented. In Syria at present such a honey, called debs, is used for sweetening purposes. The Greek word, oinos, meaning wine, that is used in both the Old and the New Testament, there is no reason to doubt but that it refers to the fermented wine, and the use of it was approved, while its abuse was condemned. The ancient Egyptians, at a very early date, discov- ered the art of making barley wine, or true beer, and also grape wine. They drank these beverages in the presence of their families. We read of them drinking like beasts and being carried home from suppers on the backs of slaves. The women also became intoxi- cated. The writings of the ancient Persians, the Zend Avesta, dating back 4,000 to 6,000 years b. c, con- tain many reference to Iionta and mira : the former, a sacred drink, and the latter a popular one. Wine was a later discovery. The Greeks knew best how to drink alcoholic bev- erages without getting drunk. They drank them very much diluted. It is, however, not to be inferred that Alcohol. gg they did not get drunk, but it was very uncommon among the people in Greece's Golden Age. In the early age of Rome, the Roman people were an exceedingly temperate race, but as they grew in wealth and power the drinking habit increased with them till Rome fell. We gather by the history of both Greece and Rome that as long as they practiced temperance in alcoholic beverages, that these nations increased in power and wealth, but as soon as they became intemperate, their power and wealth were dissipated. As with nations, so with individuals ; in order to be healthful, pro- gressive and successful, they must be temperate. It is a remarkable fact, however, that alcohol itself was not discovered till after the downfall of the Roman Kmpire, and after the discovery it was not used for intoxicating purposes for many hundred years. Pliny, Natural History, written about 50 a. d., speaks of ex- tracting oil of turpentine by boiling, from crude pitch and gathering the vapors on fleeces from which the condensed oil could be pressed. This likely marked the first beginning of the art of distilling, which slowly progressed for two hundred years later. The art of distillation would have developed further, but the Kmperor Diocletian, about a. d. 287, ordered the books of a flourishing school of alchemists to be destroyed at Alexandria, and prohibited further studies in that line, fearing that the discovery of the philosopher's stone might be a menace to the Roman rule. The year a. d. 984, the famous Alexandrian I,i- brary was destroyed by the Mohammedan General Amru, at the orders of Caliph Abu Bekr. These oc- loo Alcohol. currences no doubt helped to stop the progress of civ- ilization some hundreds of years, and gave literature, science, and medicine, a blow from which they have not yet recovered. It is interesting to speculate what would have been the condition at present, if the dis- covery of galvanic electricity and the germ theory of disease had been discovered a hundred years earlier. The fact of the matter is, that owing to the events just mentioned having occurred, the study of science had to be commenced over again by the Arabians, un- der a more enlightened rule. We read of the famous Geber mentioning the term distillation about the close of the eighth century, but it is likely he knew little more about it than separating, by heat, two metals at different melting points. Albucasis speaks of the process of distillation in the eleventh century in less doubtful terms. It remained for two European alche- mists, Raymond Tully and Armand de Villeneuve, in the thirteenth century, to clearly describe the method of distillation and the preparation, properties, and the uses of alcohol. In view of the great amount of deserved abuse that has been heaped upon liquors, it is interesting to note that after the discovery of alcohol, for some hundreds of years it was considered the most valuable product of chemistry. The old alchemists went wild over it. They admired the clear, smokeless and colorless flame with which it burned ; they wondered at its power to dissolve resins, balsams and oils ; they used it as a preservative ; they used it in the preparation of chemi- cals ; and, above all, they used it as a medicine. Aqua vitse, alcohol, or water of life, as it was called, Alcohol. loi played a very important part as a remedy in the treat- ment of disease. It was one of the most important medicines in the pharmacopoeia of the day. It was used as a basis of all cordials and elixirs that was prescribed to the sick and feeble. These cordials and elixirs were considered a sort of cure-all. Each physi- cian, each alchemist, prepared cordials and elixirs ac- cording to his own fancy, and claimed miraculous cures for his own particular nostrums. The basis of them all was alcohol. The monks, too, gave them out to the sick and feeble at their convent doors. It seems singular that acqua vitae was only used as a medicine, and used as a medicine exclusively. Its in- toxicating effects were little, if at all known. No- where in the writings of Shakespeare is alcohol men- tioned, except in Romeo and Juliet, where the old nurse sighs, " Oh, for some strong waters from Venice." [ From The Medical Fortnightly, November, 1898. ] SYPHILIS. By John M. Batten, M. D. , Pittsburg, Pa. Read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association, Nashville, Tenn., October 13, 1898. Let lis remember the old maxim, " That art is long, experience deceptive, and judgment diflScult." Some questions which are not clear to my mind in the light of my present knowledge : (i) Is syphilis a curable disease ? Or is it possible to eradicate all the syphilitic germs from a syphilitic ? (2) Is not a person once a syphilitic always a syphilitic ? (3) Is the germ of tertiary syphilis, the same at that of secondary syphilis, and also the same germ that causes the chancre ? Or is its virulence modified by removal from the chancre ? (4) Is it possible to inoculate a non-syphilitic by the serum, or secretions from a tertiary syphilitic and produce a syphilitic chancre? Should syphilitics marry ? and when ? In the light of my present knowledge I believe syphilis is not entirely a curable disease. Whilst it may ( 102 ) Syphilis. 103 be modified by specific and timely treatment, yet I be- lieve it impossible to eradicate completely all the germs of a syphilitic, so that I think a person once a syphilitic is always a syphilitic. A syphilitic may seem to all intents and purposes cured of the malady, yet it is apt to make its imprint manifest on some of his or her children. I believe that the germ that produces the chancre is the same, and has the same virulence as that which cir- culates in the system during the secondary and tertiary syphilis, and so long as there is a single syphilitic germ in the system, such a person is a syphilitic, and may convey the disease to others in various ways. For this reason I would say, a syphilitic should never marry. It would be better for the State that he never marry. It has been my experience that a syphilitic, no matter in what stage, or how completely cured he seems to be, is liable to inoculate his wife ( or her hus- band ) with the disease, or some of his ( or her ) children may inherit it. From what I have said, I am induced to produce the following cases of the many that have come under my observation : P. Q. contracted syphilis when he was 25 years of age. He married at the age of 34 years, a perfectly healthy blonde of 21 years of age. When married he had not undergone a regular course of treatment, but was in every way, so far as appearance indicated, a perfectly healthy man, except a leaden appearance that he presented. His kidneys and liver often became torpid. He is strictly a temperate man, and takes exceedingly good care of himself. The wife now has one child by I04 Syphilis. him, a boy nearly five years of age. The child is ap- parently healthy, well nourished, and large of his age. Whilst carrying this child, the mother presented the characteristic syraptons of secondary syphilis, which was either transmitted to her from the father through the child, or conveyed by the semen of the father. Mrs. P. Q. weighed 125 pounds when she was mar- ried, but was afterward by the effects of the disease, reduced in weight to 105 pounds. The child has not ( even at this date, September 7, 1898 ) as yet pre- sented any indications of having inherited the disease. ( A younger child has all the indications of the dis- ease by inheritance.) B. R., a young man of scrofulous diathesis, in- herited from his father, contracted syphilis, after he had had a very bad ulcerated leg, when he was 20 years old. I treated him specifically for two years. He then contracted it a second time, and underwent treat- ment as before. He married at the age of 25 years, and now has two children, who are apparently healthy ( at this date, September 7, 1898, the two children are dead, but one has been born since, which is now living ). The wife so far has apparently escaped the disease. A. B., a young woman aet. 21 years, contracted syphilis and underwent a mercurial course of treat- ment for one year, after which she married and had two children, a boy and a girl, now respectively 16 and 18 years of age. They appear to be entirely healthy, although in childhood they presented the characteristic symptoms of inherited syphilis, and were so treated. Syphilis. 105 The mother has since died of syphilitic disease of the liver. A. R., a young man aet. 25 years, contracted syphi- lis, and was treated with mercury, for a period of two years. He then married, and the first child was still- born, having died in utero, and became macerated be- fore birth. Whilst carrying the second child Mrs, A. R. was treated with mercury, and the second child was born alive, and is stll living. She has had several children born alive since ; all are now living and ap- parently well. The mother never contracted the disease from the husband. J. P., a young man aet. 21 years, contracted syphi- lis. He was treated with mercury for a period of two years. He married at the age of 25 years. His wife bore him three children ; one died soon after birth, of imperfect development of the heart, and the second died during the second summer, of inherited syphilis, but the third is still living and apparently healthy. The mother does not show any symptoms of the disease. A young man contracted syphilis when he was 18 years old, and was treated with mercury for a period of two years. He then married and had one child. The child has symptoms of having inherited the disease, although the father and mother are appar- ently healthy. A man married a woman with tertiary syphilis. The husband contracted the disease from the secre- tions of his wife in the form primarily of urethritis, if not a concealed chancre. The husband never had any io6 Syphilis. buboes, but suffered all the symptoms of the dread disease. I have said that syphilitics ought not to marry. As far as the disease in my opinion is a curable one, I would adhere to my stated opinion. If it could be cured in such a way that there could be no possible chance of transmission, I would say marry, but my experience and observation have taught me that syphilis is not a curable disease, and is oftener, than otherwise, transmitted to posterity, even when it has received a scientific and prolonged treatment. If with the view of final eradication of the effects of the disease from the posterity of the syphilitic by proper selection, I would say marry, for I believe that it is, only through proper selection, and for a long time that the effects of syphilis can be finally eradicated from the posterity of a syphilitic. — ^John M. Batten, M. D., Pittsburg, Pa., January 12, 1889, American Medical Association Journal^ Vol. 12, 139. Dr. M. O. Jones, an observing and careful practi- tioner of Pittsburg, Pa., relates to me two cases of syphilis that came under his observation, in which the disease was communicated to their wives. Case i. A young man contracted syphilis in 1864. He was treated two years by Dr. Jones, then the young man married a healthy woman, but she bore him no children. The wife soon after marriage was inocu- lated with syphilis by her husband. Case 2. A man contracted syphilis, for which he was treated two years by Dr. Jones. He then married and soon after inoculated his wife. Dr. Blank relates to me a case, as follows : N., a Syphilis. 107 male, aet. 30 years, in May, 1880, contracted syphilis in the usual way, and for which he was treated, or was under Dr. Blank's care for ten years. At the end of this period he married a perfectly healthy woman. In a year after marriage she ( his wife ) became pregnant by her husband, and in three months she had a mis- carriage. Shortly after the doctor noticed she was suffering all the symptoms of syphilis. The husband afterward died of syphilitic paresis. Dr. Geo. Duffield reports a case of syphilis in the Medical News, September 15, 1894, P^^g^ 65, No. 12, where a man married nine years after the inception of the disease, and communicated it to his wife and a child that was born to him. Of course many physicians claim that syphilis is a curable disease, and will utter an opinion about as follows : ' ' But recently I heard a gentleman make the statement to a medical society, that he had treated a patient for syphilis ten years before the patient's mar- riage, and after the marriage the patient infected his young wife. To me the statement was absurd. I did not deny the contagion, but did the source. The belief by some that the contagious character of syphilis per- sists for decades is an error, due to faulty observation or lack of observation. Without entering any further into the polemics, I make the assertion more forcible than elegant, that patients may be rotten with sequelar lesions of syphilis, and at the same time indulge in intercourse and procreate offspring without conveying the disease to the one, nor transmitting it to the other." — American Medical Association Journal, Vol. 23, p. 107. io8 Syphilis. The above is about a fair example of the teaching of those who claim that syphilis is a curable disease. Those who believe thus, advocate two years' treatment of syphilis after the infection, then marry and procreate children, and all will be well. How dangerous and doubly absurd a doctrine. Why does fissure in ano occurring twenty years after the infection of the disease, and ninety per centum of all skin diseases re- spond so promptly to mercury or iodide of potash ? Why do so many scrofulous and weakly children spring from syphilis ? The way of the syphilitic microbe ( though it has been claimed that the syphilitic microbe has recently been discovered by Van Niesen ) hitherto has been past finding out. Its effects depend much upon the soil in which it operates, the number of microbes op- erating and the power of the leucocytes to prevent their ruthless ravages. I believe a blonde suffers with syphilis more than a brunette. I have never seen a syphilitic microbe, and it is doubtful whether many have seen one. We know little of its history, how it acts, or how long it remains in the system. We do know its deleterious effects on humanity when it once gains admission into the blood. The microbe of many other germ diseases, such as measles, scarlet fever, etc., does its work quickly, either to the death of the patient, or surrender to the generalship of the mighty host of leucocytes. After convalescence, as a general rule, in all these cases there seems to be no trace of the microbe remaining. It is not so with the syphilitic microbe. Its effects on a syphilitic case Syphilis. 109 may be seen many years after its first inception, and for many generations in his posterity. It must be admitted that the type of syphilis of the present is of a milder form than formerly. If so, it is because the people have been either directly or he- reditarily well syphilized. Still there are yet differ- ent types of the malady, or acting differently on dif- ferent constitutions. I have seen and treated cases where as yet the effects of the disease have been con- trolled, or they lie dormant, for there have been no traces of the disease, either in the parents or in their children. Yet in other families I have observed traces of it still existing, both in the parents and in their children. I have never treated a case of syphilis in which the vitality of the person so affected was not lowered, and it is doubtful whether there has been a case in which the person so affected did not have to take a retrogressive step to a lower plane of develop- ment intellectually, morally and physically. It is probable that such a person would never rise to the plane he occupied before being inoculated with the disease. Just what time the syphilitic microbe departs from the body, or the form it assumes in injuring the constitution many years after the inception of the disease has not been indicated. Is not the disease after it affects the body liable at any moment during the life-time of the patient, to break out like a volcano ? What condition of the blood causes diseases of the mucous membranes and of the nervous system many years after the inception of the disease? These are pertinent questions that must be answered before such sweeping assertions truthfully can be made, ' ' that no Syphilis. patients can be rotten with the sequelar lesions of the disease, and yet no harm can come from them, for the microbe has departed, and there is no danger of im- parting the disease to others. What made the patient rotten ? Does not a patient recover when the cause of the disease is removed ? This has been my education by experience, which is the best teacher. Again, will not these conditions of the blood in tertiary syphilis, which causes such destructive con- stitutional changes to take place, if transfused to a non- syphilitic produce the same destructive condition in him ? Is not the offspring of the parent or parents a very good register of the health of the parent or parents ? Could we expect to breed a strong nation from syphi- litics ? When the gonococci may linger in the genito- urinary tracts for so many years, is it reasonable to expect that the syphilitic microbe, which has a more extended territory in which to exist, will relinquish its possession sooner ? Why is it that syphilitic women are constantly syphilizing men and vice versa f [ From The Southern Medical Journal, October, igoi. ] Acute Intestinal Auto- Infection. By John M. Batten, M. D., Downingtown, Pa. I was called on February 21, i8g8, to see profes- sionally, W. F. B., aged 56 years, weight 220 pounds. During his sickness he lost 40 pounds. He had been ailing for some time, and meeting him casually on the street previous to my being called to see him profes- sionally, I had noticed a gray, leaden complexion. Indeed, his complexion presented the appearance of one suffering from malignant disease of the liver, but when I first saw him there was no disturbance of the circulation or temperature. Both were normal. His tongue was clean. He was complaining of great prostration. I ordered him to lie down in bed for a day or two, hoping that rest would be beneficial to him. I did not, during this period, prescribe any drugs, but about two days afterward, on his own ac- count, he took a dose of calomel, which made him deathly sick, and the consequent evacuations of the bowels still further prostrated him, so that he had to be assisted to bed from the chamber. From this time his tongue coated, white thick fur and red around the edges. ( III ) 112 Acjite Intestinal Auto-Infedion, His pulse became increased and his temperature higher. His bowels constipated. There were eruc- tations of malodorus gas from his stomach. There was gurgling in the right iliac region, which condi- tion continued for a period of ten days. His urine then became loaded with urates, together with the constituents of the bile, and this condition continued throughout the remainder of the ailment, or until convalescence was established. Also about this pe- riod, or about the eleventh day of the disease, his stomach became irritable, and he often vomited, and he suffered exceedingly with gas on the stomach. After this time we were able to make a differential di- agonis of acute intestinal auto-infection from malig- nant disease of the liver, as there was a thickening or congestion of the lower end of the stomach and upper end of the duodenum. The infection was treated with antiseptics, and af- terwards the congestion of the lower end of the stom- ach and upper end of the duodenum were treated with nitrate of silver. After cessation of these symptoms he had extreme pain in the right knee, which was succeeded by great tenderness along the right thigh, in the region of the femoral vein. This condition may have been caused by being bathed in alcohol each morning by the nurse, which she did on her own account. When I saw the patient at this state of the disease I could not account for the subnormal temperature each morning which I for a time had no- ticed. I finally discovered that the nurse had been bathing the patient with alcohol, and when the bathing was stopped the temperature resumed the Acute Intestinal Auto- Infection. 113 normal in the mornings. In this we may be taught a lesson — that is, never bathe a convalescent with alco- hol when the bathing causes a subnormal temperature. In convalescing the patient's legs swelled. He was in bed about five months. At this time he commenced to sit up in his room. Indeed, he went down into the dining-room, and dined with his family, but did not venture to do so again for some time. The swelling in his legs, and the urates in his urine, continued for some time, but no albumen was found at any time. About at the end of two and a-half months, his ail- ment, he concluded ( although swelling of his legs had not disappeared, nor the urine cleared up ) to go to Mount Clemens, Michigan, where he subjected him- self to a course of hot bathing, under the direction of the doctor of that institution. The doctor, then on his first examination, thought it a case of Bright's disease of the kidneys, but in this he was mistaken. The patient rapidly gained his strength there, and to- day (October 14, 1898) he is enjoying good health. The cause of the ailment in this patient was, no doubt due to carelessness on his part in securing daily evacuations of the bowels. This is another lesson the case teaches, and that is, to always secure a daily evacuation of the bowels. We should " eat to live," and not "live to eat." If more food is taken into the stomach than is actually demanded for the nourishment of the body, then the surplus must be carried out of the system by way of the excretory channels, or absorbed into the system to poison the blood. Sickness, many times, is caused by our own neglect or ignorance, or the neglect or ignorance of 114 Acute Intesthial Auto -Infection. somebody else in obeying the laws which govern health. In the case of this patient he had neglected the proper precaution of attending to having regularity in the movements of his bowels for months, hence the infection from pent-up feces in the colon, cecum and rectum, day by day. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ilium, cecum, colon and rectum. These preside over mastication, assimilation, nutrition, together with se- cretion and excretion of the waste material of the body. The intestinal canal is that part of the ali- mentary tract extending from the stomach to the an- nus. The cecum, colon and rectum, are a reservoir and excreting canal. The regional anatomy of the intestines, as well as the blood vessels and nerves, should be well studied, as they are included in the anatomy of the intestinal canal. Besides neglect in daily movement of the bowels, heat, cold, toxic in- fluences of internal and external origin, the use of unwholesome food, sudden changes of temperature, typhoid fever, together with diseases of the heart, con- sumption, and all diseasesof a lingering nature, in which the organs of nutrition and elimination become very much debilitated, may be the cause of intestinal auto-infection. In disease of any character whatever, the effete matter is not eliminated, but allowed to accumulate in the system, it consequently becomes reabsorbed, and thus we may have auto-infection. The symptoms of intestinal auto-infection, subjec- tive and objective, come on so insidiously and decep- tively that the general observer may overlook the true Acute Intestinal Auto- Infection. 115 condition of the ailment and be thereby mislead. The diagnosis of the ailment is difficult, indeed. To make a diflferential diagnosis between stomach indigestion and intestinal indigestion is not always so easily done, as indigestion is always claimed to be from causes existing in the stomach and not in the intestinal canal. In connection with intestinal intoxication we usually find the gray or cachetic ap- pearance of the skin with alteration of the grandular excretion of the skin. It is difficult to localize any pathological condi- tions, and they are thereby overlooked very often. The medication of the disease should be well con- sidered. The disease may be slow in developing. At first there may be a loss of appetite, and headache in the morning. The abdomen may be pendulous. There may be languor or general depression of the ner- vous system. Kructation of malodorous gas and bad taste in the mouth, and besides the morning head- ache, there may be a headache throughout the day, drowsiness with disturbed sleep and unpleasant dreams. There is often palpitation of the heart from pres- sure of the abdominal organs against the diaphragm. There are boborigmi, which are indicative of fermen- tation of the contents of the intestinal canal with generation of gas. At times there may be melan- cholia, with irritable disposition. The breath may be foul. The tongue is coated with white thick fur, red around the edges, similar to a typhoid moist tongue. Night sweats in the latter part of the disease may be frequent and alarming. Women who lace ii6 Acute hitestinal Auto- Infection. tightly may be affected oftener than men. Those in the habit of eating pastry and unwholsome food are easy subjects for the disease. Those who inordinately drink spirituous liquors as a daily beverage are more likely to suffer from the disease than others. The daily use of the syringe or cathartics should be decried, as this habit in the end may be the cause of intestinal auto-infection. A habit should be established of having the bowels moved each day at a certain time, and after the breakfast meal is a good time for that duty. The bowels may be kept soluble by partaking of the proper food for that purpose, and hence a regu- larity in their movement rather than resorting to laxa- tives in the shape of cathartics or the syringe. It is plainly evident therefore that the daily habit of using cathartics or the syringe to keep the bowels open should be condemned. The food should be well and whole- somely prepared, and taken into the stomach at set periods. Three times a day for the adult is the com- mon prescribed custom in this country. The Indian maize, much used as a diet in this country when I was a boy, is much preferred as a regular diet than oatmeal. In the beginning of an acute attack of intestinal auto-infection, calomel should be given in a single large dose, to be repeated the next day if necessary, or until the flow of bile is well established. Then anti- septics with or without small doses of mercurj'- may be continued for some time, or until there is an ameliora- tion in the symptoms. If ptyalism occur the mercury should be omittted. When there is an atonic con- dition of the bowels or a debilitated heart, strychnine acts well. In the latter stage of the disease some of Smallpox. 117 the mineral waters are very agreeable and beneficial. In convalesence vegetable tonics may be prescribed. If the kidneys are torpid and legs dropsical, hot baths in combination with vegetable tonics may be admin- istered. [ From The Medical Fortnightly, October, 1902. ] SMALLPOX. By John Mullin Batten, M. D., Downingtown, Pa. Read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association, Kansas City, October 15, 1902. In the endemic or epidemic of smallpox at Pitts- burgh, Pa., in 1871, I had an opportunity of observing it in all its phases. In certain families there was im- munity from the disease, while in other families there was extreme predisposition to take the disease . There seems to be an heredity of immunity in some families from all diseases, while other families seem to be pre- disposed to take all diseases, and smallpox is no ex- ception to this rule. In making observation of those immune from smallpox I found that they had been made immune from the disease either by heredity ; by having variola or varioloid, or by vaccination of them- selves, or either one or both of their parents. This n8 Sfnallpox. immunity in some cases was perfect, while in other cases it was only partial. The latter was attacked with mild smallpox or varioloid. The most cases of confluent smallpox I witnessed occurred among those who had not themselves been vaccinated nor either of their parents. While a perfect vaccination or an attack of variola or varioloid is generally a protection against all the varieties of smallpox, yet not in all cases, as I witnessed in 1871 in the case of Mrs. W., a married woman, mother of several children, who suffered with a second attack of confluent smallpox. It is my opinion that a perfect vaccination in youth is a perfect protec- tion to the individual so vaccinated through the re- mainder of his life to all the varieties of smallpox. Variola is derived from the I^atin varus, a blotch or pimple, while pox is of Saxon origin, meaning a bag or pouch ; the prefix small was added in the 15th century. The first appearance of smallpox occured A. D. 569, about the date of the birth of Mohammed ; it seems then to have commenced in Arabia and the raising of the siege of Mecca by the Abyssinian army is attributed to ravages made by smallpox among the troops. The new part which Arabia under Mohammed and his followers was made to play in history contributed to the rapid spread of smallpox, throughout the world. Rhazes, an Arabian physician who practiced at Bag- dad about the beginning of the loth century, is the first medical author of whom we read whose writings have come down to us who treats expressely of the disease ; it is known, however, that he quotes several of his predecessors, one of whom flourished in the year Hegira 622. Measles and scarlet fever were first con- Smallpox. iig founded with smallpox, but Sydenham was the first to point out the essential differences between the diseases, Boerhaave was the first to proclaim that smallpox was propagated by contagion. The stage of incubation is the period that elapses from the time the contagion is taken into the system till it manifests itself in the initiatory fever, and this period is about fourteen days, although the time may be longer or shorter. During this period the patient usually re- mains in his accustomed health. The first symptoms of the disease are headache, chills, fever, accompanied with pains in the back, particularly in the loins. There is also nausea and vomiting. If there be severe pain in the back accompanied with high fever we may expect a severe form of the disease. Convulsions often usher in the disease in children. About the third or fourth day, more generally the fourth day of the disease, the rash makes its appearance on the face, then on the neck and wrists, then on the trunk and finally on the extremities. On the fifth day the eruption is usually complete. It first consists of minute papules or pimples ; these papules are converted into vesicles filled with thin lymph about the fourth day of the eruption, having a depression in their center, when they are termed umbilicated. These vesicles now become surrounded with an areola, which become a dark cinnamon color. The lymph is finally converted into pus which extends their walls until they become hemispherical. A dark spot makes its appearance about the eight day of the eruption at the center of the pustule and is converted into a dry scab. When the scab falls it leaves either an indelicate cicatrix or a purplish mark, which fades I20 Smallpox. very slowly, and when exposed to a cool atmosphere for a long time is rendered very distinct. In disap- pearing the scabs take the same order as the appearance of the eruption, first they fall oflF the face, then they fall ofif the neclr. and wrists, then off the trunk, and lastly off the extremities. When the pustules are far apart and few in number the disease is known as discrete smallpox ; but when they are so numerous as to touch one another or run together the disease is known as confluent smallpox ; between these two grades of small- pox is an intermediate grade or variety named semi- confluent smallpox ; or coherent is often spoken of In the discrete form the fever subsides on the appearance of the eruption, and if the pustules are few the fever does not re-appear, but in the confluent form the matu- ration of the pustules is attended with more or less fever. The throat is sore and red with some pustules scattered on the fauces, roof of the mouth, and inside of the cheeks ; these conditions of the throat and mouth occur when the eruption makes its appearance on the surface of the body ; the patient is more or less affected with salivation at the same time. The cellular tissue is involved in confluent small pox, the swelling is great and the patient unable to open his eyes. The eruption on his face coalesces and makes one huge sore. The itching is intense and the fever is of typhoid kind. The patient is delirious, sleepless and restless, while the pulse are small, feeble and frequent. In these cases the inflammation of the mouth, nasal passages, larynx and pharynx adds much to the distress of the patient. This condition sometimes produces suffocation. The Smallpox. 121 odor of the confluent form of the disease is very un- pleasant. In an epidemic or endemic of smallpox when the disease has become well established the diagnosis is not difficult, as all cases of sickness beginning with fever, headache and backache accompanied with nausea and vomiting is likely to terminate in smallpox. It is only in the first cases of an endemic, or epidemic, or isolated or sporadic cases that the diagnosis of the disease might become difficult. To make a correct diagnosis of variola at the first inception of the disease in a locality or neighborhood or community is very important, as such a diagnosis may be the means of checking the disease from spread- ing and growing into an endemic or epidemic. Besides a correct diagnosis of smallpox by a physician tends to establish the confidence of the people in the physician who makes a correct diagnosis of the disease and may prevent him from the danger of defending himself in a suit of malpractice. Variola may be distinguished from measles by the following differential symptoms. In variola, as we have seen, the eruption comes out on the face, then on the neck and wrists, then on the trunk, and lastly on the extremities. In measles the eruption comes out first on the face and trunk, and also there is a catarrh of the mucous membrance of the air passages and of the eyes. In smallpox the fever abates on the appear- ance of the eruption to be resumed to a greater or less degree at the maturation of the pustular stage, whereas in rubeola, the fever continues throughout the eruptive period. The papules even in the confluent forms are 122 Smallpox. remarkably discrete and exhibit not the slightest ten- dency to grouping, while the maculo-papules of ru- beola are developed simultaneously on the face and trunk, while those of variola commonly appear first on the face, then on the neck and wrists, then on the trunk, and lastly on the extremities, the older and larger, therefore, in the site of the earliest appear- ance. The eruption of measles is made to disappear or pale on pressure beneath the fingers, while there is greater persistence of color in the variolous papules. In measles in passing the flat of the hand over the surface of the body the pimples are less distinct than in smallpox. Even with all the differential symtoms in mind it may be difficult to make a differential di- agnosis in certain stages of the disease between small- pox and measles, but by waiting twenty-four hours the difficulty may be cleared up. With scarlet fever we could scarcely make a mistake in the diagnosis of variola. The rash of scarlet fever is entirely different and makes its appearance on the second day of the fever, while in variola the eruption comes out on the fourth day of the disease, and the fever in scarlet fever is continuous throughout the eruptive period. The distinguishing features of scarlet fever is the strawberry tongue, the anginose condition of the throat, the boiled lobster color of the skin and the fine appearance of the rash. The postular stage of variola may be confounded with the pustular stage of syphilis, but the history of the disease, the chancre, the six weeks' to three months' incubation and the chronic form of the Smallpox. 123 disease would go far in differentiating smallpox from syphilis. J. C. Sullivan, Cairo, Illinois, emphasized the point that when the patient complains of persistent back- ache followed by fever and pustular eruption affect- ing the palms of the hands and soles of the feet pro- truding beneath the outer skin, we have a case of smallpox to deal with, no matter how mild or insig- nificant it may appear and confluent or hemorrhagic smallpox may be contracted from it. Variola and varioloid may be distinguished from varicella by the fact that there is existing in the lo- cality in which the suspected case of varicella ap- pears an endemic or epidemic of smallpox ; by a greater rise in the fever in the ferbile stage ; by the typical papular stage of the eruption at the outset and by the typical pustular stage before desiccation takes place ; by the confluent leisons in confluent cases ; and by the marked stadium of the disease. Varicella is usually a disease of children and is of mild character, the fever, papules and pustules are not as marked as in smallpox and varioloid, though in the latter it may be extremely difficult, if not im- possible, to make a differential diagnosis. The sooner it is known, not only by the profession, but by the laity, that intermediate forms do occur that can- not be distinguished one from the other, the better it will be for both. Scattered papulo- vesicular and vesico-pustular lesions appearing after high fever and continuing to mature for over forty-eight hours, must always be viewed with suspicion. Superficial vesi- cles on the third day of the disease, or commingled 1 24 Smallpox. with very minute and superficial pustules should be looked upon as characteristic of varicella. In an editorial on the ' ' The Barly Recognition of Smallpox," in the American Medical Association Jour- nal, Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, page 83, the editor speaks of the great importance and value of an early recogni- tion of smallpox, so that by proper methods and means the spread of smallpox could be prevented. He quotes an article on the diagnosis of eruptive fe- vers, by Professor Courmont of Lyons, who claims that a diagnosis of smallpox can be made at a dis- tance after an examination of a single drop of the pa- tient's blood. The prognosis of variola vera is very fatal, as at least fifteen to fifty per centum die of the disease. It is most fatal among pregnant women, new-born babies, the aged, and among those with their systems saturated with alcohol. The hemorrhagic and pur- puric symptoms are highly portentious and indicate a fatal result. I believe a perfect vaccination is usually a perfect immunity during life from the disease. In 1871 I used humanized vaccine and inserted the vaccine into the arm of the unprotected in three different places, sometimes one, two or three of these took perfectly, with very little ulceration, and were without any bad results, as far as my observation was extended. These vaccinations were often made in a family of children where there was existing at the time a case of small- pox in the same house ; in this way I often caused an immunity to these children thus exposed. It is my opinion that the humanized vaccine — barring the Smallpox. 125 danger of the spread of disease — is the best and most protective. Dr. Robert N. Wilson, Philadelphia, Pa., says : " It seems that gl5^cerinated virus, as well as the vicious influence of the shield was disposed to present a more extensive ulcerative surface and a greater tendency to sloughing than the dried virus or arm to arm method," But he says the latter method is out of the question on account of the rapid spread of syphilis among the masses, and if it eventually proves true that glycer- inated virus opens up a broader avenue to the tetanic germ into the system than the less cleanly and safer dried point, we will have to beat a retreat till we dis- cover a substitute for glycerin that does not carry with it its disadvantages ( Vol. xxxviii, No. 19, A. M. A. Journal). The very greatest care should be taken to prevent sepsis, or diseased germs from entering the vaccine in the preparation of it, then we could have pure vac- cine to begin with, and then the operation of vaccin- ation should be done aseptically and antiseptically. There would then be very little danger of having any- thing but a healthy, pure and perfect vaccination. To tCvSt the perfection of the vaccination the indi- vidual thus vaccinated may have the operation re- peated in the same aseptic and antiseptic way at short intervals until it is found that the individual is im- mune. Hauenstein argues that humanized vaccine is pref- erable to bovine vaccine, and says the claim of some practitioners against the latter is absurd, and hints that the epidemic of smallpox all over the world at 126 Smallpox. this time is due to the adoption of bovine vaccine. He thinks the humanized vaccine will gain in favor. The treatment of smallpox is largely expectant. Ointments and baths of mercury are used, and Fin- sen's phototherapy are recommended and highly satis- factory in the maturation period. The great object to be aimed at in the treatment of smallpox is cleanliness, fresh air, proper nourishment, and make the patient as comfortable as possible. Dr. E. W. Ridings in a paper before the Tennessee State Medical Society, states that he believes he has lessened the mortality in smallpox very considerably by subjecting them to bichlorid of mercury baths. GOLDEN WEDDING. To John Stanford Muli^in AND Sarah PoweIvI. Avars, With our congratulations on your having reached the Fiftieth Anniversary of your wedding, together with the hope you may enjoy many more years of health and strength and life. John MulIvIn Batten, Mary Batten, CoREivivi Batten, Downingtown, Pa. Wednesday, Jan. j, igo6. 1856. John Stanford Mui^lin. 1906. Sarah Powei^l Ayars. Wednesday, January 3d, 1906. GOIvDKN WEDDING. A Golden Wedding is a measure Of fifty years of wedded life. Oh ! what a great pleasure When there hasn't been any strife. ( 127 ) 128 On a Golden Wedding. How few there are, celebrate it, How thankful this couple should be ; Who preserved themselves as years fit, So the celebration they can see. They have seen their children grown To be men and women stout ; To-night among them there's not a frown, As they hold on to their parents taut. To-night they meet in a family unbroken, After fifty years of Time's flight ; And the pleasures of life they betoken In their beaming faces in sight. Their children gathered here to-night, On this occasion should be proud. To look upon their parents in their might ; And in their horizon there's not a cloud. They might say, " How pleasant to live life over," Inestimable pleasures 'twould be ; To have one's friends 'round us hover, And at all times them able to see. John Mullin Batten, Downingtown, Pa. December i6, 190^. Record of My Maternal Grandfather's Enlist- ment Service in Revolutionary War. Pennsyi^vania State Library, DIVISION OF PUBLIC RECORDS. Hon. John K. Tener, Advisory President. Commission. John W.Jordan, LL. D,, Hon. Thomas L. Montgomery, Ethan Alien Weaver, Secretary and Treasurer. Frank R. Diffenderfer, Herman B. Ames, Luther R. Kelker, Boyd Crumrhie, Custodian. Julius F. Sachse, Charles Tubbs. HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A., December g, 1912. To Whom it may Concern : 1 hereby certify that one DUNCAN MCMULLEN was a pri- vate in Captain James McClasky's Company, Chester County Militia, 1782. Battalion and Battalion not stated. See p. 787, Volume Five, Pennsylvania Archives, Fifth Series. LUTHER R. KELKER, Custodian of the Public Records. In testimony whereof I hereby affix the Seal of this Department. I Seal. I ( 129 ) JUN 17 1913