is; Wi;-':;: ■■;■.: ■ ■ ■ iippi aass__L_^!LL._ Book- »L_£LilG L THE. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY, S" MISSOURI. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL INFORMATION, AND A COMPENDIUM OF ACTUAL FACTS. IT CONTAINS A CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI AND ITS CHIEF CITIES- ST. LOUIS, KANSAS CITY AND ST. JOSEPH ; A RELIABLE HISTORY OF LINN" COUNTY — ITS PIONEER RECORD, WAR HISTORY, RESOURCES, BIO- GRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT CITI- ZENS ; GENERAL AND LOCAL STATISTICS OF GREAT VALUE, AND A LARGE AMOUNT OF MISCELLA- NEOUS MATTER, INCIDENTS, ETC., ETC. ILLUSTRATED. KANSAS CITY, MO.: BIRDSALL & DEAN 1882. tr •V ^ / I ''' - \ j 6^ PREFACE. The purpose of the Publishers of this work is to present a concise history of Linn county, embracing its early origin and its steady rise and progress, from the wilderness to its present high state of civilization and cultivation. The chief uses of history are the lessons it teaches, and the every day occurrences of life should be garnished and cherished for future ages. The institutions of a people form a basis from which spring all their characteristics, and the progress and development of Linn county is a fair index of the character of her people, and the basis upon which their culture, refinement, social life, and energy must be taken or gauged. This histoiy, then, is but a reflex of the past local life of Linn county. It has been collected from official sources, from files of newspapers and from individuals, and to this last, the living members of the old band of Pioneers, who opened the wilderness to Christianity and civilization, is the writer deeply beholden, and would tender his sincere thanks to their un- wearied interest taken in the work, and to the great mass of useful information which they have so freely contributed. They have hewn and carved out a Grand Temple of Civilization, founded upon an enduring base, and the present and future generations must add to the structure, and see to it that its present grandeur shall not be dimmed. And by these channels of information, after months of exhaustive work, the History of Linn County becomes an accomplished fact. Intelligent readers may judge how this labor has been performed, and make such allowances for errors in names and dates as may be found herein. Perfection of man is not of this world; therefore, to say that this work approached that higher degree of excellence would savor too much of vanity; but let us say that an honest endeavor has been made to make the History of Linn County a compendium of acknowledged facts, a useful book of reference, and worth, in all respects, the careful perusal, if not approval, of the reader. Beside the band of "Old Pioneers," the Bartons, Southerlands, Younts, Flournoys, Esleys and others, to whom the author is indebted for much kindess and assistance in the collection of facts and incidents, which go to make up this volume, and who have contributed so freely and cheerfully to our request for history of the past, must be added, the press of Linn county. Judge Carlos Boardman, B. A. Jones, Judge John M. Pratt, F. W. Powers, Major A. W. MuUins, Thomas H. Flood, J. G. Morrison, George N. Elliott, to whom our thanks are especially due for their efficient aid hereby acknowledged. Having, so far as it was in our power, accomplished the work to which our time and labor have been given the past six months, in the hope that this volume may meet with a cordial welcome, and, if found worthy, a generous approval, the same is respectfully submitted. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. FA8E. CHAPTER I. Louisiana Pubchase.— Brief Historical Sketch...9-12 CHAPTER II. Descbipxive and Geographical.- Name — Ex- tent — Surface — Rivers — Timber — ( Uimate — Prairies— Soil— Population by Counties 13-18 CHAPTER III. Geology of Mis=odri. — Classification of Rocks — Quaternary Formations —Tertiary — Cretace- ous — Carboniferous — IJevonian — Silurian — Azoic — Economic Geology — Coal — Iron — Lead — Copper — Zinc — Buildiug Stone— Marble — Gypsum — Lime — Clay— Paints — Springs — Water Power 18-23 CHAPTER IV. Title and Early Settlements. — Title to Mis- souri Lauds— Rights of Discovery— Title of France aod Spain--Cession to the United States — Territ jrial Changes — Treaties with In- dians--First SettlemeLt — Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon — St. Louis — When Incorpora- ted — Potosi — St. Charles — Portage des Sioux — New Madrid— St. Francois County — Perry — Mississippi— Loutre Island — " Boon's Lick" — Cote bans Dessien — Howard Couuty — Some First Tilings— Counties— When Organized. . .23-26 CHAPTER V. Tebbitobial Organization. --Organization, 1812 — Council— House of Representatives— Wil- liam Clark, first Territorial Governor— Edward Hempstead, First Delegate — Spanish Grants — First General Assembly — Proceedings — Second Assembly — Proceedings— Population of Ter- ritory — Vote of Territory --Rulus Easton- Absent Members — Third Assembly — Proceed- ings — Application for Admission 28-31 CHAPTER VL Admitted to the Union.— Application of Mis- souri to be Admitted into the Union — Agita- tion of the Slavery Question — "Missouri Com- promise" — Constitutional Convention of 1820 — Constitution Presented to Congress — Fur- ther Resistance to Admission- Mr. Clay and his Committee Make Report — Second Compro- mise — Missouri Admitted 31-34 CHAPTER VII. Missouri as a State. — First Election of Governor and Other State OfiBcers— Senators and Repre- sentatives to General Assembly--Shewfl8 and Coroners — U. S. SenatorS'-i-Jepreseutatives in Congress — Supreme Court Judges — Counties Organized— Capital Moved to St. Charles — Official Record of Territorial and State Offi- cers .35-38 CHAPTER VIII. Civil War in Missouri. — Fort Sumter Fired Upon — Call for 75,000 Men — Governor Jackson Refuses to Furnish a Man— U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, Seized — Proclamation of Governor Jacksou— General Order No. 7 — Legitlature Convenes— Camp Jackson Organ- PAGE. ized— Sterlins Price Appointed Major-general — Frost's Letter to Lyon— Lyon's Letter to Frost — Surrender of Camp Jackson — Procla- mation of General Harney — Conference Be- tween Price and Harney— Harney Superseded by Lyon — Second Conference — Governor Jack- son Burns the Bridges Behind him — Procla- mation of Governor Jackson — General Blair Takes Possession of Jefi'erson City — Procla- mation of Lyon — Lyon at Springfield- State Offices Declared Vacant — General I'remont Assumes Command — Proclamation of Lieu- tenant-governor Reynolds— Proclamation of Jefferson Thompson and Governor Jackson — Death of General Lyon — Succeeded by Stur- gis — Proclamation of Mcfullough and Gamble — Martial Law Declared — SecouU Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson — The Pn sident Wodihes Fremont's Order — Fremont Relieved by Hun- ter-Proclamation of Price— Huuttr's Order of Assessment— Hunter Declares Martial Law — Ord»r Relating to Newspapers— HaUeck Suc- ceeds Hunter— Halleck's Order No. 81— Simi- lar Order by Jla.Ueck— Boone Count i/ Stand- ard Confiscated- Execution of I risouers at Macon and Palmyra — General Ewing's Order No. 11 — General Rosecrans takes Command — Massacre at Centralia — Death of Bill Anderson — General Dodge Succeeds General Rosecrans —List of Battles 39-46 CHAPTER IX. Early Military Record. — Black Hawk War- Mormon Difficulties -Florida War —Mexican War 47-50 CHAPTER X. Agricultural and Material Wealth. — Mis- souri as an Agricultural State — The Different Crops-- Live Stock -- Horses— Mules — Milch Cows- Oxen and Other Cattle— Sheep— Hogs— Comparisons— Missouri Adapted to Live Stock — Cotton — Broom-corn and other Products — Fruits —Barries — Grapes --Railroads —First Neigh of the "Iron Horse" In Missouri- Names of Railroads — Manufactures — Great Bridge at St. Louis 50-54 CHAPTER XL Education. — Public School System of Missouri — Lincoln Institute— Officers of i'ublic School System— Certificates of Teachers— University of Missouri— Schools— Colleges— lusti.utious of Learning — Loc:ition--Libi'arifS--Newspa- pers and Periodicals— Number of ^■chool Chil- dren—Amount Expen ed— Value of Grounds and Buildings- '■ Tne Press '' 55-61 CHAPTER XII. Religious Denominations.— Baptist Church— Its History-- Congregational — When Founded— Its History— uhristian Church— Its History- Cumberland Presbyterian Church— Its History —Methodist Episcopal Church— Its History- Presbyterian Church— Its History- Protestant Episcopal Church— Its History— United Pres- byterian Church— Its History — Unitarian Church— Its History— Roman Catholic Church Its History 62-65 CONTENTS. HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. St. LoOTs.-First Settlement -Arrival of the First Steumboat-Uemoval of the Capital to Jeffer- son iMiy—Wheu Incorporated— Populaiiim by Decades— First Lighted by Gas— Death of one of Her Founders, Pierre Chouteau— Ceme- teries-Financial Crash — Bondholders and Coupou-clippors— Value of llcaJ and Personal Property— Manufacturers - Criticism 66-76 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. Kansas Citt, Missoxjei.— A Sketch— The New Life— Its First Settlement— Steamboat Events from 1840 to 184C— Mexican War— Santa Fe Trade — Knilroads— Commercial Advancement —Stock Market- Pork-packing— Elevators and Grain Receipts— Coal Receipts— BulldingB— Railroad Changes — Banks — Newspapers — Churches— Secret Societies -Public Schools— Manufacturing Center— Ilcr Poaition and Trade— Assessed Valuation— Close 77-lUi HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. St. Joseph, Missoubi. --Early Settlements— The First Settlement at Blackstoue Hills -Robi- doux— Biographical Sketch- At the Bhiflfs— Then at Roy's branch and Blacksnake Hills— 1834-183(J— Robidoux's Home— Employes - Ser- vant— Ferry-From 1837 to 18J0— Rival Towns -Wolves 103-lJft LAWS OF 3IISS0URI. Homestead Exemptiow Law.— Husband not Lia- ble—Rights of 3Iarried Women — Hedges Trimmed — Changing School house Sites- Marriage License- Purchasing Books by Sub- ecription— Forms of Deeds, Leases and Mort- gftfies— Notes — Orders— Receipts — Valuable Rules- Weights and Measures 129-141 STATISTICS. POPCLATION OF THE UNITED STATES.— By RSCeS — Increase— Miles of llai'.road in United States — Telegraph Lines and Wires-Cotton Crop- Coal Fields— Cereal Production— Presidential Vote from 1789 to 1H80 -Dates of Presidents' ^*''*"8 142M5 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY CHAPTER I. pj^oE. When the White Man Came the Red Man LEFT-Retrospect-Tbe Home of the On- pressed -Linn County - Bright Jewel-The Indian s Departure -Game -The Dawn of civ- ilization -Early Settlers -1820 to 1H30-Indiau Mischief Indian •fowu-Ula.'k Hawk War— I he Pendletous - Death of William- William Bowyer as a Hunter-Locust Creek Country, th* Happy Hunting-grounds of the Indians- Went to Mill, etc 149-158 CHAPTER II. When the Wilderness Commenced to Blos- som Like thk HosE-1837-Influx of Settlers —Their Homes and Trials-'f lie First Mill - Schools -Churches, Preachers Teachers, and Physicians- trading Point- Prices of Goods — Barter and Sale- Country Produce- -Game Honey, etc-Scale of Prices— Lifo and Inci- dents-Splitting Rails-Wurk of Progress- Looking Back — The Past and the Pres- ^■^^ 158-lf.5 CHAPTER III. From Peace to War's Alarms- 1840 to 1850 Names of Pioneers^ Schools-Death of Lewis F. Liun-M^xlcau War-Tne Call for Troops -Linn County in the War— Company H List of Names -The Close of the War-What the Wild Sea Waves Divulged on California's Golden Shore-The Grand Rush -Gold and bilver LyiuK Around Loose- The Hopes of the Living, Despair oi the Dying, and the Bones of the Dead— Linn County Contributes her Q»°*» 166-174 CHAPTER IV. PAGE. Upward AND Onward in Material Progress- Rapid Progre8s-1840 to 1860 Compared— In- crea>?e ot Property and the Increase of the Tax Levy-The Sei-back by the Civil War -Shak- ing for a New Deal at the Close of the War- On the up Grade- Repairing Broken Fortunes and Adding to New Oues— 186Sto 1870- (Jriran- izing the Shattered Remains- A Toruado~A Matter of a Few Thousand Dollars on the De- linquent List-.Vew Road Law and How it Worked-, inn County Fair- Its Constitution and List of Officeis -Busted- Rodents and Bounty -Money iv.r the Small Boy-Meteoric - Murder of WHllie McKiulev- Coroner's Ver- dict- Petition for Pardon- Governor Critten- den 8 Refusal— His Keasous in Full 175 185. CHAPTER V. Ofkicial History of Linn County- What it Was, Is, and now Expected to he— When or- ganized- Act of Incorporation- -Comniission- ers— Metes and Bounds— Chau^e of Boundary r"\".~"t""''' f'^^'iuty Court-Time and Place of Meeting— Dividing the County into Town- ships-The First Tax Levy-Location of the County S-at-Deed of John Holland and Wife -■r«amed after Dr. Linn, U. S. senator-First Sale of Lots l>y John D. Grint, Commission- er—First Couri-hoiise -First Ferry License — Benton Township Organized-Election, ^'^ 185-194 CHAPTER VI. Elections the Glory of Free Institutions- rhe First Election — The Result— Duncan CONTENTS. Township . . First Defalcation . . Liberty Town- ship. .First Money Borrowed by the L'ounty. . Town Lot Fund.. Bridges .. Pleasant Hill Township. .Defalcation of J. W. Minnie Set- tled in Full. .Couutv Treasurer Makes a Final Settlement and all O. K..The Year 1842 Ran Behind . . Highland County . . Its Organization as to Metes and Bounds, but still under Linn County's Municipal Control. .Minor Sale of LinneuB Town Lots, 1844.. A Transfiguration . .The Reorganization of Linn County in 1845, After Sullivan Was Taken off. .Townships and Their Metes and Bounds 194-205 CHAPTER VII. Intended as a Temple of Justice, The New Court-house. .That Miserable Structure, the "Log" Court-house.. Pride Takes Advance Steps.. $4, 000 to Assert the New Dignity As- sumed by the People. .Order for the Building of a New Temple of Justice.. Bridges .. Re- ceipts and Expenditures Change of Court- house Superintendents, .First Public Admin- istrator. .Town and County. .Court-house Fin- ished, October 111, 1848. .Good showing. .Pay- ing Back Borrowed Money, and the Interest Exceeds the Principal . Railroad Fever .. Dona- tion of $200 for the H. & !-. J. Survey. .The First Primary. .The New Jail. .Another Do- nation to the"H. & S. J., .§500, and Right of Way Granted, Subscription, Etc .. Several Items.. Baker Township .. EnterisTise Town- ship. .1858 and 1860 205-215 CHAPTER VIII. Chaos Began and Light Dawned.. .The Opening of theFratricidMl Strife. .Action of the county Court. .Taxation and Collection. .Delinquent List.s.. ^everal Important Items.. A Cupola for the Court-house and Five Dollars a Day for the County Court Judges. .Clay Township . .Buckliu District and Township. .A Variety of Information. .The Location, Plans, and Building of the New Jail . .Cost, $8,680.26 . . Ag- ricultural Association . .The Clarkson Defalca- tion . .Items. .Financial. .Township Bond In- debtedness. .Offer of compromise. .Address to the I'eople by the COMimittee. How it Stands January 1, 1882.. The Tax Levy and Cost and Collection for a Series of Years.. Linn County Bonded Debt 216-236 CHAPTER IX. Soil., Climate, Ageicoltural and Mineral Re- sources OF Linn Countx — Introductory- Central Position — Topography— Streams — Cli- mate — Soil and Productions — Coal- Stone — Fruit-growini: — Variety — Berries, Kinds, Etc. — Statistics — Leading Crops — Corn. Oats, To- bacco, and Wheat— The Crops of 1879— Assess- ment of 1879, 1880, and 1881— Number of Horses, Mules, Hogs, Cattle, and Sheep for Above Years— The Leading Breeds of Stock — Their Choice — Summary 237-254 CHAPTER X. Those Who Held Office and Seouked The Emoluments . . County Judges, Sheriffs, Clerks, Treasurers, etc. .. Senatorial and Con- gressional Districts. .Senators and Represen- tatives. .Present Congressman and the Vote — Judicial Circuit— Judacs and Attorneys.. The Full List of Patriots Who Served the People, for the Honors and Salaries Attached . . History of the Probate Court 254-270 CHAPTER XI. State and County's Educational Facilities. . .Educational. .School Law and Spction 7103 . Consolidation of State School Funds.. Why Education Should be Universal. .Linn Coun- ty's First Move Sales of the Sixteenth Sec- tions.. School Funds.. Organized into School Districts.. The Funds of Each.. State Fund from 1850 to 1860 . .Township Fund Distributed from 1854 to 1863 . . The Effects of the Civil War . . After the Deluge . . New Organization of the School Districts, 1866.. School and Swamp Lands .. Enumeration .. Town Apportionment . .The Hannibal & St. Joe and Other Railroads . . School Taxes . . School History in Detail from 1875 to 1881. .State School Fund. .Closing Re- marks 270-290 CHAPTER Xli. The Iron Horse, and What it Cost Linn County... Opening Chorus.. The Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company. .Donatiors Subscription of $25,000, and its Forfeiture. . 69,470 Acres of Linn County Land Given to the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. .About What the Road Cost to Linn County. The Missouri Central, The North Missouri Central and Sev- eral Other Changes of Name too Numerous to Mention.. Taxation and Assessed Valuation.. Subscription to the Central Missouri Branch of the Iowa & St. Joseph Railroad.. The His- tory of This Branch, Bonds Voted, etc., from Alpha to Omega ...291-303 CHAPTER XIII. Ageicultrual Unity and Political Amalga- ]MATioN..The Grange.. Object and Aims.. The First Organization.. Ripid Progress .Names and Number of Graugtsin the C774 i5>i9o Andrew 15,137 i4,992 16,318 Atchison 8,440 10,925 14,565 Audrain 12,307 I5,i57 i9,739 Barry io,373 11,146 14,424 Barton 5,087 6,900 10,332 Bates 15,960 17,484 25,382 Benton 11,322 11,027 12,398 BoUinger 8,162 8,884 11,132 Boone 20,765 31,923 25,424 Buchanan 35,109 38,165 49,824 Butler 4,298 4,363 6,011 Caldwell 11,390 12,200 13,654 Callaway 19,202 25,257 23,670 Camden 6,108 7,027 7,269 Cape Girardeau 17,558 17,891 20,998 Carroll 17,440 21,498 23,300 Carter 1,440 i,549 2,168 Cass 19,299 18,069 22,431 Cedar. 9,471 9,897 10,747 Chariton 19,136 23,294 25,224 Christian 6,707 7,936 9,632 Clark 13-667 14,549 15,631 Clay 15,564 15,320 15,579 Clinton 14,063 13,698 16,073 Cole 10,292 14,122 15,519 Cooper 20,692 21,356 21,622 Crawford 7,982 9,39i 10,763 Dade 8,683 11,089 12,557 ^'las 8,383 8,073 9,272 Daviess 14,410 16,557 19,174 DeKalb 9,858 ii,i59 13, 343 Dent 6,357 7,401 10,647 16 HISTORY OF MISSOURL Douglas 3,915 Dunklin 5,982 Franklin < 30,098 Gasconade 10,093 Gentry 11,607 Greene 21,549 Grundy 10,567 Harrison 14.635 Henry 17,401 Hickory 6,452 Holt 11,652 Howard 17,233 Howell 4,218 Iron 6,278 Jackson 55>o4i Jasper 14,928 Jefferson 15,380 Johnson 24,648 Knox 10,974 Laclede 9,380 Lafayette 22,624 Lawrence 131O67 Lewis 15,114 Lincoln 15,960 Linn 15,906 Livingston 16,730 McDonald 5,226 Macon 23,230 Madison 5,849 Maries 5,9 '6 Marion 23,780 Mercer 11, 557 Miller 6,616 Mississippi 4,982 Moniteau 13, 375 Monroe 17,149 Montgomery 10,405 Morgan 8,434 New Madrid 6,357 Newton 12,821 Nodaway i4,75i Oregon 3,287 Osage 10,793 Ozark 3,363 Pemiscot 2,059 Perry .... 9,877 Pettis 18,706 Phelps 10,506 Pike • 23,076 Platte 17,352 Polk 14,445 Pulaski 4,714 Putnam 11,217 Ralls 10,510 Randolph 15,908 6,461 7, 6,255 9, 26,924 26, 11,160 II, 12,673 17, 24,693 28, 13,071 15, 18,530 20, 18,465 23, 5,870 7, i3>245 15. 17,815 18, 6,756 . 8, 6,623 8. 54,045 82, 29,384 32, 16,186 18, 23,646 28, 12,678 13. 9,845 II, 22,204 25, 13,054 17, 16,360 15, 16,858 17. 18,110 20, 18,074 20, 6,072 7, 25,028 26, 8,750 8, 6,481 7, 22,794 24, 13.393 14, 8,529 9, 7:498 9, 13,084 14, 17.751 19, 14,418 16, 9,529 10, 6,673 7, 16,875 18, 23.196 29, 4,469 5, 11,200 II, 4,579 5. 2,573 4. 11,189 II, 23,167 27. 9.919 12, 22,828 26, 15,948 17, 13.467 15. 6,157 7, 12,641 13, 9.997 II, ^9,^73 22, 18 HISTOR\ OK MISSOURI. Ray 18,700 18,394 20,196 Reynolds 3,756 4,.7i6 "5.722 Ripley 3>n5 3. 9^3 5.377 St. Charles 21,304 21,821 23,060 St, Clair 6,742 11,242 14,126 St. Francois 9,742 11,621 13,822 Ste. Genevieve 8,384 9.409 10,309 St. Louis* 351.189 . . . 31.888 Saline 21,672 27,087 29,912 Schuyler 8,820 9,881 10,470 Scotland 10,670 12,030 12,507 Scott 7.317 7.312 8,587 Shannon 2,339 3.236 3.441 Shelby 10,119 13.243 14,024 Stoddard 8,535 10,888 13,432 Stone 3,253 3,544 4.405 Sullivan 11.907 14,039 16,569 Taney 4,407 6,124 5,605 Texas 9,618 10,287 12,207 Vernon 11,247 14,413 '9.370 Warren 9,673 10,321 10,806 Washington • 11,719 13.100 12,895 Wayne 6,068 7,006 9>o97 Webster 10,434 10,684 12,175 Worth 5,004 7,164 8,208 Wright 5,684 6,124 9,735 City of St. Louis ... 350,522 1,721,295 1,547,030 2,168,804 Males 1,127,424 Females 1,041,380 Native i, 957. 564 Foreign 211,240 White . 2,023,568 Colored! 145,236 CHAPTER IIL GEOLOGY OF MISSOURI. Classification of Roclks — Quatenary Formation — Tertiary — Cretaceous — Carhoniferous — Devonian — Silurian — Azoic — Economic Geology — Coal — Iron — Lead — Copper — Zinc — Building Stone — Marble — Gypsum — Lime — Clays — Faints — Springs — Water Fower, The stratified rocks of Missouri, as classified and treated of by Prof. G. C. Swallow, belong to the following divisions: I. Quatenary; 11. Tertiary; III. Cretaceous ; IV. Carboniferous ; V. Devonian ; VI. Silurian , VII. Azoic. "The Quatenary formations, are the most recent, and the most valuable to man : valuable, because they can be more readily utilized. * St. Louis city and county sep.irated in 1877. Population for 1876 not given. \ Including 92 Chinese, 2 half Chinese, and 96 Indians and half-breeds. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 19 The Quatenary formation in Missouri, embraces the Alluvium, 30 feet thick ; Bottom Prairie, 30 feet thick ; Bluff, 200 feet thick ; and Drift, 155 feet thick. The latest deposits are those which constitute the Alluvium, and includes the soils, pebbles and sand, clays, vegetable mold, bog, iron ore, marls, etc. The Alluvium deposits, cover an area, within the limits of Missouri, of more than four millions acres of land, which are not surpassed for fertility by any region of country on the globe. The Bluff Prairie formation is confined to the low lands, which are washed by the two great rivers which course our eastern and western boundaries, and while it is only about half as extensive as the Alluvial, it is equally as rich and productive." "The Bluff formation, "says Prof. Swallow, "rests upon the ridges and river bluffs, and descends along their slopes to the lowest valleys, the formation cap- ping all the Bluffs of the Missouri from Fort Union to its mouth, and those of the Mississippi from Dubuque to the mouth of the Ohio. It forms the upper stratum beneath the soil of all the high lands, both timber and prairies, of all the counties north of the Osage and Missouri, and also St. Louis, and the Mississippi counties on the south. Its greatest development is in the counties on the Missouri River from the Iowa line to Boonville. In some localities it is 200 feet thick. At St. Joseph it is 140 ; at Boonville 100 ; and at St. Louis, in St. George's quarry, and the Big Mourd, it is about 50 feet ; while its greatest observed thickness in Marion county was only 30 feet." The Drift formation is that which lies beneath the Bluff formation, having, as Prof. Swallow informs us, three distinct deposits, to-wit : "Altered Drift, which are strata of sand and pebbles, seen in the banks of the Missouri, in the north- western portion of the state. The Boulder formation is a heterogeneous stratum of sand, gravel and boulder, and water-worn fragments of the older rocks. Boulder Clay is a bed of bluish or brown sandy clay, through which pebbles are scattered in greater or less abundance. In some localities in northern Missouri, this formation assumes a pure white, pipe-clay color." The Tertiary formation is made up of clays, shales, iron ores, sandstone, and sands, scattered along the bluffs, and edges of the bottoms, reaching from Com- merce, Scott county, to Stoddard, and south to the Chalk Bluffs in Arkansas. The Cretaceous formation lies beneath the Tertiary, and is composed of variegated sandstone, bluish-brown sandy slate, whitish-brown impure sandstone, fine white clay mingled with spotted flint, purple, red and blue clays, all being in the aggregate, 158 feet in thickness. There are no fossils in these rocks, and nothing by which their age may be told. The Carboniferous system includes the Upper Carboniferous or coal- measures, and the Lower Carboniferous or Mountain limestone. The coal- measures are made up of numerous strata of sandstones, limestones, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores, and coals. The Carboniferous formation, including coal-measures and the beds of iron, embrace an area in Missouri of 27,000 square miles. The varieties of coal found in the State are the common bituminous and cannal coals, and they exist in quantities inexhaustible. The fact that these coal measures are full of fossils, which are always confined to the coal measures, enables the geologist to point them out, and the coal beds contained in them. The rocks of the Lower Carboniferous formation are varied in color, and are quarried in many different parts of the State, being extensively utilized for build- ing and other purposes. Among the Lower Carboniferous rocks is found the Upper Archimedes Limestone, 200 feet ; Ferruginous Sandstone, 195 feet ; Middle Archimedes, 50 20 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. feet; St. Louis Limtslone, 250 feet; Oolitic Limestone, 25 feet; Lower Archi- medes Limestone, 350 feet ; and Encrinital Limestone, 500 feet. These lime- stones generally contain fossils. The Ferruginous limestone is soft when quarried, but becomes hard and du- rable after exposure. It contains large quantities of iron, and is found skirting the eastern coal measures from the mouth of the Des Moines to McDonald county. The St. Louis limestone is of various hues and tints, and very hard. It is found in Clark, Lewis and St. Louis counties. The Lower Archimedes limestone includes partly the lead bearing rocks of Southwestern Missouri. The Encrinital limestone is the most extensive of the divisions of Carbonifer- ous limestone, and is made up of brown, buff, gray and white. In these strata are found the remains of corals and moUusks. This formation extends from Marion county to Greene county. The Devonian system contains : Chemung Group, Hamilton Group, Onondaga limestone and Oriskany sandstone. The rocks of the Devonian system are found in Marion, Ralls, Pike, Callaway, Saline and St. Gene- vieve counties. The Chemung Group has three formations, Chouteau limestone, 85 feet; Ver- micular sandstone and shales, 75 feet; Lithographic limestone, 125 feet. The Chouteau limestone is in two divisions, when fully developed, and when first quarried is soft. It is not only good for building purposes but makes an ex- cellent cement. The Vermicular sandstone and shales are usually buff or yellowish brown, and perforated with pores. The Lithographic limestone is a pure, fine, compact, evenly-textured lime- stone. Its color varies from light drab to buff and blue. It is called "pot met- al," because under the hammer it gives a sharp, ringing sound. It has but few fossils. The Hamilton Group is made up of some 40 feet of blue shales, and 170 feet of crystaUine limestone. Onondaga limestone is usually a coarse, gray or buff crystalline, thick -bedded and cherty limestone. No formation in Missouri presents such variable and wide- ly different lithological characters as the Onondaga. The Oriskany sandstone is a light, gray limestone. Of the Upper Silurian series there are the following formations : Lower Hel- derburg, 350 feet ; Niagara Group, 200 feet; Cape Girardeau limestone, 60 feet. The Lower Helderberg is made up of buff, gray and reddish cherty and ar- gillaceous limestone. Niagara Group. The upper part of this group consists of red, yellow and ash- colored shales, with compact limestones, variegated with bands and nodules of chert. The Cape Girardeau limestone, on the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, is a compact, bluish-gray, brittle limestone, with smooth fractures in layers from two to six inches in thickness, with argillaceous partings. These strata contain a great many fossils. The Lower Silurian has the following ten formations, to-wit : Hudson River Group, 220 feet; Trenton limestone, 360 feet; Black River and Bird's Eye lime- stone, 175 feet; first Magnesian limestone, 200 feet; Saccharoidal sandstone, 125 feet; second Magnesian limestone, 250 feet; second sandstone, 115 feet; third Magnesian limestone, 350 feet; third sandstone, 60 feet; fourth Magnesian lime- stone, 350 feet. Hudson River Group: — There are three formations which Prof. Swallow re- fers to in this group. These formations are found in the bluff above and below Louisiana; on the Grassy a few miles northwest of Louisiana, and in Ralls, Pike, Cape Girardeau and Ste. Genevieve Counties. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 21 Trenton limestone : — The upper part of this formation is made up of thick beds of hard, compact, bluish-gray and drab limestone, variegated with irregular cavities, filled with greenish materials. The beds are exposed between Hannibal and New London, north of Salt River, and near Glencoe, St. Louis county, and are 75 feet thick. Black River and Bird's Eye limestone the same color as the Trenton lime- stone. The first Magnesian limestone cap the picturesque bluffs of the Osage in Ben- ton and neighboring counties. The Saccharoidal sandstone has a wide range in the state. In a bluff about two miles from Warsaw, is a very striking change of thickness of this formation. Second Magnesian limestone, in lithological character, is like the first. The second sandstone, usually of yellowish-brown, sometimes becomes a pure white, fine-grained, soft, sandstone as on Cedar Creek, in Washington and Frank- lin counties. The third Magnesian limestone is exposed in the high and picturesque bluffs of the Niangua, in the neighborhood of Bryces' Spring. The third sandstone is white and has a formation in moving water. The fourth Magnesian limestone is seen on the Niangua and Osage Rivers. The Azoic rocks lie below the Silurian and form a series of silicious and other slates which contain no remains of organic life. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Coal. — Missouri is particularly rich in minerals. Indeed, no State in the Union, surpasses her in this respect. In some unknown age of the past — long before the existence of man, nature, by a wise process, made a bountiful provis- ion, for the time, when in the order of things, it should be necessary for civilized man — to take possession of these broad, rich prairies. As an equivalent for lack of forests, she quietly stored away beneath the soil, those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use of man. Geological surveys, have developed the fact, that the coal deposits in the State, are almost unnumbered, embracing all varieties of the best bituminous coal. The southeast boundary of the State, has been ascertained, to be one continuous coal field, stretching from the mouth of the Des Moines River, through Clark, Lewis, Scotland, Adair, Macon, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Henry, St. Clair, Bates, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton, and Jasper, into the Indian Territory, and the counties on the northwest of this line contain more or less coal. Coal rocks exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Crawford, and Lincoln, and during the past few years, all along the lines of all the railroads in north Missouri, and along the western end of the Missouri Pacific, and on the Missouri River, between Kansas City and Sioux City, has systematic mining, opened up hundreds oi mines in different localities. The area of our coal beds, on the line of the south- western boundary of the State alone, embrace more than 26,000 square miles, ol 'regular coal measures. This will give of workable coal, if the average be one foot, 26,800,000,000 tons. The estimates from the developments already made, in the different portions of the State, will give 134,000,000,000 tons. The economical value of this coal, to the State ; its influence in domestic life ; in navigation, commerce and manufactures, is beyond the imagination of man to conceive. Suffice it to say, that in the possession of her developed, and undeveloped coal mines, Missouri has a motive power, which in its influences for good, in the civiHzation of man, is more potent than the gold of California. Iron. — Prominent among the minerals, which increase the power and pros- perity of a Nation, is iron. Of this ore, Missouri has an inexhaustible quantity, and like her coal fields, it has been developed in many portions of the State, 22 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. and of the best and purest quality. It is found in great abundance in the coun- ties of Cooper, St. Clair, Green, Henry, Franklin, Benton, Dallas, Camden, Stone, Madison, Iron, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, Reynolds, Stoddard, Scott, Dent and others. The greatest deposit of iron, is found in the Iron Mountain, which is two hundred feet high, and covers an area of five hundred acres, and produces a metal, which is shown by analysis, to contain from 65 to 6g per cent of metallic iron. The ore of Shepherd Mountain contains from 64 to 67 per cent of metallic iron. The ore of Pilot Knob, contains from 53 to 60 per cent. Rich beds of iron, are also found at the Big Bogy Mountain, and at Russell Mountain. This ore has in its nude state, a variety of colors, from the red, dark red, black, brown, to a light bluish gray. The red ores are found in 21 or more counties of the State, and are of great commercial value. The brown hematite iron ores, extend over a greater range of country, than all the others combined; embracing about 100 counties, and have been ascertained to exist in these in large quantities. Lead. — Long before any permanent settlements were made in Missouri, by the whites, lead was mined within the limits of the state, at two or three points on the Mississippi. At this time more than five hundred mines are opened, and many of them are being successfully worked. These deposits of lead cover an area, so far as developed, of more than 7,000 square miles. Mines have been opened in Jefferson, Washington, St. Francis, Madison, Wayne, Carter, Reynolds, Crawford, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cole, Cape Girardeau, Camden, Morgan and many other counties. Copper and Zinc. — Several varieties of copper ore are found in Missouri. The copper mines of Shannon, Madison, and Franklin counties have been known for years, and some of these have been successfully worked, and are now yielding ~ good results. Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Green, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds, and Wright counties. Zinc is abundant in nearly all the lead mines in the southwestern part of the state, and since the completion of the A. & P. R. R. a market has been furnished for this ore, which will be converted into valuable merchandise. Building Stone and Marble. — There is no scarcity of good building stone in Missouri. Limestone, sandstone, and granite exist in all shades of buff, blue, red, and brown, and are of great beauty as building material. There are many marble beds in the state, some of which furnish very beauti- ful and excellent marble. It is found in Marion, Cooper, St. Louis, and other counties. One of the most desirable of the Missouri marbles is in the 3d Magnesian limestone, on the Niangua. It is fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian lime- stone, light-drab, slightly tinged with peach blossom, and clouded by deep fiesh- colored shades. In ornamental architecture it is rarely surpassed. Gypsum and Lime. — Though no extensive beds of gypsum have been discovered in Missouri, there are vast beds of the pure white crystalline variety on the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, on Kansas River, and on Gypsum Creek. It exists Iso in several other localities accessible by both rail and boat. All of the limestone formations in the State, from the coal measures to the fourth Magnesian, have more or less strata of very nearly pure carbonate of pure lime. Clays and Paints. — Clays are found in nearly all parts of the State suitable for making bricks. Potters' clay, and fire-clay are worked in many localities. There are several beds of purple shades in the coal measures which possess the properties requisite for paints used in outside work. Yellow and red ochres are HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 23 found in considerable quantities on the Missouri River. Some of these paints have •been thoroughly tested and found fire-proof and durable. SPRINGS AND WATER POWER. No State is, perhaps, better supplied with cold springs of pure water than Missouri. Out of the bottoms there is scarcely a section of land but has one or more perennial springs of good water. Even where there are no springs good water can be obtained by digging from twenty to forty feet. Salt springs are abundant in the central part of the State, and discharge their brine in Cooper, Saline, Howard, and adjoining counties. Considerable salt was made in Cooper and Howard counties at an early day. Sulphur springs are also numerous throughout the State. The Chouteau springs in Cooper, the Monagaw springs in St. Clair, the Elk springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham springs in St. Louis county have acquired considerable reijDutation as salubrious waters, and have become popular places of resort. Many other counties have good sulphur springs. Among the Chalybeate springs the Sweet springs on the Blackwater, and the Chalybeate spring in the University campus are, perhaps, the most popular of the kind in the State. There are, however, other springs impregnated with some of the salts of iron. Petroleum springs are found in Carroll, Ray, Randolph, Cass, Lafayette, Bates, Vernon, and other counties. The variety called lubricating oil is the more common. The water power of the State is excellent. Large springs are particularly abundant on the waters of the Maramec, Gasconade, Bourbeuse, Osage, Niangua, Spring, White, Sugar, and other streams. Besides these, there are hundreds of springs sufficiently large to drive mills and factories, and the day is not far distant when these crystal fountains will be utilized, and a thousand saws will buzz to their dashing music CHAPTER IV. TITLE AND EARLY SETTLEMENTS. Title to Missouri^ Lands — Right of Discovery — Title of France and Spain — Cession to the United States — Territorial Changes — Treaties with Indians — First Settlemetit — Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon — St. Louis — When Incorporated — Potosi — St. Charles — Portage des .Sioux — New Madrid — St. Francois County — Perry — Mississippi — Loutre Island — *'Boon^sl.ick" — Cote Sans Dessein — Howard County — Some First Things — Counties — When Organized. , The title to the soil of Missouri, was, of course, primarily vested in the original occupants who inhabited the country prior to its discovery by the whites. But the Indians, being savages, possessed but few rights that civilized nations considered themselves bound to respect, so when they found this country in the possession of such a people, they claimed it in the name of the King of France, by the right of discovery. It remained under the jurisdiction of France until 1763. Prior to the year 1763, the entire continent of North America, was divided between France, England, Spain, and Russia. France held all that portion that now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi River, except Texas, and the territory which we have obtained from Mexico and Russia. The vast 24 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was known as ttie ** Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of Missouri. At the close of the "Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her share of the continent, and Spain came into the possession of the territory west of the Mississippi River, while Great Britain retained Canada and the regions northward, having obtained that territory by conquest, in the war with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the limits of Missouri, remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then went back to France by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, October ist, 1800. On the 30th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States, in consideration of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims, held by citizens of the United States against France, which amounted to the further sum of $3,750,000, making a total of $15,000,000. It will thus be seen that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory embracing Missouri, but the financial needs of Napoleon afforded our government an opportunity to add another empire to its domain. On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved, authorizing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory, and provided for it, a temporary government, and another act approved March 26th, 1804, authorized the division of the "Louisiana Purchase," as it was then called, into two separate territories. All that portion south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the "Territory of Orleans,'' and that north of the said parallel was known as the " District of Louisiana," and was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as ** Indiana Territory." By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1805, the " District of Louisiana," was organized as the "Territory of Louisiana," with a territorial government of its own, which went into operation July 4th, of the same year, and it so remained till 18 12. In this year the " Territory of Orleans," became the State of Louisiana, and the " Territory of Louisiana," was organized as the *' Territory of Missouri." This change took place under an act of Congress, approved June 4th, 181 2. In 1819, a portion of this territory was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1 82 1, the State of Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former " Terri- tory of Missouri." In 1836, the " Platte Purchase," then being a part of the Indian Territory, and now composing the counties of Atchison, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, Noda- way, and Platte, was made by treaty with the Indians, and added to the State. It will be seen then, that the soil of Missouri belonged : I St. — To France with other territory. 2d. — In 1768, with other territory it was ceded to Spain. 3d. — October ist, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain, back to France. 4th. — April 30th, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France, to the United States. 5th. — October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con gress, for the newly acquired territory. 6th. — October i, 1804, it was included in the " District of Louisiajaa," and placed under the territorial government of Indiana. 7th. — July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of the "Territory of Louisiana," then organized with a separate territorial government. 8th. — June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the " Territory of Missouri." 9th. — August TO, 182 1, it was admitted into the Union as a State. icth. — In 1836, the " Platte Purchase" was made, adding more territory to the Stae. The cession by France April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United States, If. > W n o o r c > > r r ?^ Q > o r > o o d 26 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. subject to the claims of the Indians, which it was very justly the policy of the government to recognize. Before the government of the United States could vest clear title to the soil in the grantee it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by purchase. This was done accordingly by treaties made with the Indians, at different times. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The name of .the first white man who set foot on the territory now embraced in the State of Missouri, is not known, nor is it known at what precise period the first settlements were made. It is, however, generally agreed that they were made at Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon, tradition fixing the date of these settle- ments in the autumn of 1735. These towns were settled by the French from Kaskaskia and St. Philip in Illinois. St. Louis was founded by Pierre Laclede Lignest, on the 15th of February, 1764. He was a native of France, and was one of the members of the company of Laclede Lignest, Antoino Maxant & Co., to whom a royalcharter had been granted, confirm ng the privilege of an exclusive trade with the Indians of the Mi;£Ouri as far north as St. Peter's River. While in search of a trading post he ascended the Mississippi as far as the mouth of the Missouri, and finally returned to the present town site of St. Louis. After the village had been laid off he named it St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV, of France. The colony thrived rapidly by accessions from Kaskaskia and other towns on the east side of the Mississippi, and its trade was largely increased by many of the Indian tribes, who removed a portion of their peltry trade from the same towns to St. Louis. It was incorporated as a town on the 9th day of November, 1809, by the court of Common Pleas of the district of St. Louis ; the town trustees being Auguste Chouteau, Edward Hempstead, Jean F. Cabanne, VVm. C. Carr andWm. Christy, and incorporated as a city December 9, 1822. The selection of the town site on which St. Louis stands was highly judicious, the spot not only being healthful and having the advantages of water transportation unsurpassed, but sur- rounded by a beautiful region of country, rich in soil and mineral resources. St. Louis has grown to be the fifth city in population in the Union, and is to-day, the great center of internal commerce of the Missouri, the Mississippi and their trib- utaries, and, with its railroad facilities, it is destined to be the greatest inland city of the American continent. The next settlement was made at Potosi, in Washington County, in 1765, by Francis Breton, who, while chasing a bear, discovered the mine near the present town of Potosi, where he afterward located. One of the most prominent pioneers who settled at Potosi was Moses Austin, of Virginia, who, in 1873, received.by grant from the Spanish government a league of land, now known as the "Austin Survey." The grant was made on condition that Mr. Austin would establish a lead mine at Potosi and work it. He built a palatial residence, for that day, on the brow of the hill in the little village, which was, for many years, known as " Durham Hall." At this point the first shot- tower and sheet-lead manufactory were erected. Five years after the founding of St. Louis the first settlement made in North- ern Missouri was made at or near St. Charles, in St. Charles county, in 1769. The name given to it, and which it retained till 1784, was Les Petites Cotes, signi- fying. Little Hills. The town site was located by Blanchette, a Frenchman, sur- named LeChasseur, who built the first fort in the town and established there a military post. Soon after the establishment of the military post at St. Charles, the old French village of Portage des Sioux, was located on the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Illinois river, and at about the same time a Kickapoo village HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 27 was commenced at Clear Weather Lake. The present town site of New Madrid, in New Madrid county, was settled in 1781, by French Canadians, it then being occupied by Delaware Indians. The place now known as Big River MillsySt, Francois county, was settled in 1796, Andrew Baker, John Alley, Francis Starnater, and John Andrews, each locating claims. The following year, a settlement was made in the same county, just below the present town of Farm- ington, by the Rev. Wm. Murphy, a Baptist minister from East Tennessee. In 1796, settlements were made in Perry county by emigrants from Kentucky and Pennsylvania; the latter locating in the rich bottom lands of Bois Brule, the former generally settling in the " Barrens," and along the waters of Saline Creek. Bird's Point, in Mississippi county, opposite Cairo, 111., was settled August 6th, 1800. by John Johnson, by virtue of a land-grant from the commandant under the Spanish Government. Norfolk and Charleston, in the same county, were settled respectively in 1800 and 1801. Warren county was settled in 1801. Loutre Island, below the present town of Herman, in the Missouri River was settled by a few American families in 1807. This little company of pioneers suffered greatly from the floods, as well as from the incursions of thieving and blood-thirsty Indians, and many incidents of a thrilling character could be related of trials and struggles, had we the time and space. In 1807, Nathan and Daniel Boone, sons of the great hunter and pioneer, in company with three others went from St. Louis to " Boone's Lick," in Howard county, where they manufactured salt, and formed the nucleus of a small settlement. Cote Sans Desseiu, now called Bakersville, on the Missouri River, in Callaway county, was settled by the French in 1801. This little town was considered at that time, as the "Far West" of the new world. During the war of 181 2, at this place many hard-fought battles occurred between the whites and Indians, wherein woman's fortitude and courage greatly assisted in the defense of the settlement. In 18 10, a colony of Kentuckians numbering one hundred and fifty families immigrated to Howard county, and settled in the Missouri River bottom, near the present town of Franklin. Such, in brief, is the history of some of the early settlements of Missouri, covering a period of more than half a century. These settlements were made on the water courses ; usually along the banks of the two great streams, whose navigation afforded them transportation for their marketable commodities, and communication with the civilized portion of the country. They not only encountered the gloomy forests, settUng as they did by the river's brink, but the hostile incursion of savage Indians, by whom they were for many years surrounded. The expedients of these brave men who first broke ground in the Territory, have been succeeded by the permanent and tasteful improvements of their descendants. Upon the spots where they toiled, dared, and died, are seen the comfortable farm, the beautiful village, and thrifty city. Churches and school houses greet the eye on every hand ; railroads diverge in every direction, and, indeed, all the appliances of a higher civilization, are profusely strewn over the smiling surface of the State. Culture's hand Has scattered verdure o'er the land ; And smiles and fragrance rule serene, Where barren wild usurped the scene. 28 HISTORY OF MISSOURL SOME FIRST THINGS. The first marriage that took place in Missouri was April 20, 1766, in St. Louis. The first baptism was performed in May, 1766, in St. Louis. The first house of worship, (Catholic), was erected in 1775, at St. Louis. The first ferry established in 1805, on the Mississippi River, at St. Louis. The first newspaper established in St. Louis, {Missouri Gazette)^ in 1808. The first postoffice was established in 1804, in St. Louis — Rufus Easton, post- master. The first Protestant church erected at St. Genevieve, in i8o6 — Baptist. The first bank established, (Bank of St. Louis), in 1814. The first market house opened in 181 1, in St. Louis. The first steamboat on the Upper Mississippi was the General Pike, Capt. Jacob Ried; landed at St. Louis 18 17. The first board of trustees for public schools appointed in 1817, St. Louis. The first college built, (St. Louis College), in 1817. The first steamboat that came up the Missouri River as high as Franklin was the Independence, in 1819; Capt. Nelson, master. The first court house erected in 1823, in St. Louis. The first cholera appeared in St. Louis in 1832. The first railroad convention held in Si. Louis, April 20, 1836. The first telegraph lines reached East St. Louis, December 20, 1847, The first great fire occurred in St. Louis, 1849. CHAPTER V. TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. Organization iS 1 2 — Council — House of Representatives — Wm. Clark first Territorial Goz'ernor — Edward Hempstead first Delegate — Spanish Grants — First General Asseinltly — Pioceedings — Second Assembly — Proceedings — Population of Territory — Vote of Territory — Rufus Easton — Absent Members — Third Assembly — Proceedings — Application for Admission. Congress organized Missouri as a Territory, July 4, 1812, with a Governor and General Assembly. The Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Rep- resentatives exercised the Legislative power of the Territory, the Governor's vetoing power being absolute. The Legislative Council was composed of nine members, whose tenure of office lasted five years. Eighteen citizens were nominated by the House of Rep- resentatives to the President of the United States, from whom he selected, with the api)roval of the Senate, nine Councillors, to compose the Legislative Council. The Ho jse of Representatives consisted of members chosen every two year? by the people, the basis of representation being one member for every five hundred white males. The first House of Representatives consisted of thirteen members, and, by Act of Congress, the whole number of Representatives could not exceed twenty-five. The judicial power of the Territory, was vested in the Superior and Inferior Courts, and in the Justices of the Peace; the Superior Court having three Judges, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29 whose term of office continued four years, having original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases. The Territory could send one delegate to Congress. Governor Clark issued a proclamation, October ist, 1812, required by Congress, reorganizing the districts of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid, into five counties, and fixed the second Monday in November following, for the election of a delegate to Congress, and the members of the Territorial House of Representatives. William Clark, of the expedition of Lewis and Clark, was the first Territorial Governor, appointed by the President, who began his duties 1813. Edward Hempstead, Rufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, and Mathew Lyon were candidates in November for delegates to Congress. Edward Hempstead was elected, being the first Territorial Delegate to Con- gress from Missouri. He served one term, declining a second, and was instrumental in having Congress to pass the act of June 13, 1812, which he introduced, con- firming the title to lands which were claimed by the people by virtue of Spanish grants. The same act confirmed to the people "for the support of schools," the title to village lots, out-lots or common field lots, which were held and enjoyed by them, at the time of the cession in 1803. Under the act of June 4, 1812, the first General Assembly held its Session in the house of Joseph Robidoux, on the 7th of December, 181 2. The names of the members of the House were : St. Charles. — John Pitman and Robert Spencer. St. Louis. — David Music, Bernard G. Farrar, William C. Carr, and Richard Clark. Ste. Genevieve — George Bullet, Richard S. Thomas, and Isaac McGready. Cape Girardeau. — George F. Bollinger, and Spencer Byrd. New Madrid. — John Shrader and Samuel Phillips. John B. C. Lucas, one of the Territorial Judges, administered the oath of office. William C. Carr was elected Speaker, and Andrew Scott, Clerk. The House of Representatives proceeded to nominate eighteen persons from whom the President of the United States, with the Senate, was to select nine for the Council. From this number the President chose the following: St. Charles. — James Flaugherty and Benjamin Emmons. St. Louis. — Auguste Chouteau, Sr. , and Samuel Hammond. Ste. Genevieve. — John Scott and James Max'well. Cape Girardeau. — William Neeley and Joseph Cavenor. New Madrid. — Joseph Hunter. The Legislative Council, thus chosen by the President and Senate, was announced by Fredrick Bates, Secretary, and Acting-Governor of the Territory, by proclamation, June 3, 1813, and fixing the first Monday in July following, as the time for the meeting of the Legislature. In the meantime the duties of the executive office were assumed by William Clark. The Legislature accordingly met, as required by the Acting-Governor's proclamation, in July, but its proceedings were never officially published. Con- sequently but little is known in reference to the workings of the first Territorial Legislature of Missouri. From the imperfect account, published in the Missouri Gazette, of that day ; a paper which had been in existence since 1808, it is found that laws were passed regulating and establishing weights and measures; creating the office of Sheriff; providing the manner for taking the census ; permanently fixing the seats of Justices, and an act to compensate its own members. At this Session, laws were also passed defining crimes and penalties; laws in reference to forcible entry and detainer; establishing Courts of Common Pkas', incorporating the Bank of St. 30 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Louis; and organizing a part of Ste. Genevieve county into the county of Washington. The next session of the Legislature convened in St. Louis, December 6, 1813. George Bullet, of Ste. Genevieve county, was speaker elect, and Andrew Scott, clerk, and William Sullivan, doorkeeper. Since the adjournment of the former Legislature several vacancies had occurred, and new members had been elected to fill their places. Among these was Israel McGready, from the county of Wash- ington. The president of the legislative council was Samuel Hammond. No journal of the council was officially published, but the proceedings of the house are found in the Gazet.e. At this session of the Legislature many wise and useful laws were passed, hav- ing reference to the temporal as well as the moral and spiritual welfare of the peo- ple. Laws were enacted for the suppression of vice and immorality on the Sab- bath day ; for the improvement of public roads and highways ; creating the offices of auditor, treasurer and county surveyor ; regulating the fiscal affairs of the Territory and fixing the boundary lines of New Madrid, Cape Girardeau, Wash- ington and St. Charles counties, Tlje Legislature adjourned on the 19th of Jan- uary, 18 14, sine die. The population of the Territory as shown by the United States census in 1810, was 20,845. The census taken by the Legislature in 1814 gave the Territory a population of 25,000. This enumeration shows the county of St. Louis contained the greatest number of inhabitants, and the new county of Arkansas the least — the latter having 827, and the former 3,149. The candidates for delegate to Congress were Rufus Easton, Samuel Ham- mond, Alexander McNair and Thomas F. Riddick. Rufus Easton and Samuel Hammond had been candidates at the preceding election. In all the counties, excepting Arkansas, the votes aggregated 2,599, of which number Mr. Easton re- ceived 965, Mr. Hammond 746, Mr. McNair 853, and Mr. Riddick (who had withdrawn previously to the election) 35. Mr. Easton was elected. The census of 18 14 showing a large increase in the population of the Terri- tory, an apportionment was made increasing the number of Representatives in the Territorial Legislature to twenty-two. The General Assembly began its session in St. Louis, December 5, 18 14. There were present on the first day twenty Repre- sentatives. James Caldwell of Ste. Genevieve county was elected speaker, and Andrew Scott, who had been clerk of the preceding assembly, was chosen clerk. The President of the Council was William Neely, of Cape Girardeau county. It appeared that James Maxwell, the absent member of the Council, and Seth Emmons, member elect of the House of Representatives, were dead. The county of Lawrence was organized at this session, from the western part of New Madrid county, and the corporate powers of St, Louis were enlarged. In 181 5 the Ter- ritorial Legislature again began its session. Only a partial report of its proceed- ings are given in the Gazette. The county of Howard was then organized from St, Louis and St. Charles counties, and included all that part of the State lying north of the Osage and south of the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, The next session of the Territorial Legislature commenced its session in De- cember, 181 6, During the sitting of this Legislature many important acts \yere passed. It was then that the "Bank of Missouri" was charted and went into operation. In the fall of 181 7 the " Bank of St. Louis " and the " Bank of Mis- souri were issuing b lis. An act was passed chartering lottery companies, char- tering the academy at Potosi, and incorporating a board of trustees for superin- tending the schools in the town of St. Louis. Laws were also passed to encour- age the "killing of wolves, panthers and wild-cats." The Territorial Legislature met again in December, 181 8, and, among other HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31 things, organized the counties of Pike, Cooper, Jefferson, Franklin, Wayne, Lin- coln, Madison, Montgomery, and three counties in the Southern part of Arkan- sas. In 1 819 the Territory of Arkansas was formed into a separate government of Its own. The people of the Territory of Missouri had been, for some time, anxious that their Territory should assume the duties and responsibilities of a sovereign State. Since 1812, the date of the organization of the Territory, the population had rapidly increased, many counties had been established, its commerce had grown into importance, its agricultural and mineral resources were being devel- oped, and believing that its admission into the Union as a State would give fresh impetus to all these interests, and hasten its settlement, the Territorial Legislature of 1818-19 accordingly made application to Congress for the passage of an act authorizing the people of Missouri to organize a state government. CHAPTER VL Application of Missouri to be Admitted into the Union — Agitation of the Slavery Question — " MiS' souri Compromise" — Constitutional Convention of 1820 — Constitution presented to Congress — Further Resistance to Admission — Mr. Clay and his Committee make Report — Second Comprih mise — Missouri Admitted. With the application of the Territorial Legislature of Missouri for her admis- sion into the Union, commenced the real agitation of the slavery question in the United States. Not only was our National Legislature the theater of angry discussions, but everywhere throughout the length and breadth of the Republic the "Missouri Question " was the all-absorbing theme. The political skies threatened, "In forked flashes, a commanding tempest," Which was liable to burst upon the nation at any moment. Through such a cri- sis our country seemed destined to pass. The question as to the admission of Missouri was to be the beginning of this crisis, which distracted the public coun- sels of the nation for more than forty years afterward. Missouri asked to be admitted into the great family of States. " Lower Louis- iana," her twin sister Territory, had knocked at the door of the Union eight years previously, and was admitted as stipulated by Napoleon, to all the rights, privileges and immunities of a State, and in accordance with the stipulations of the same treaty, Missouri now sought to be clothed with the same rights, privileges and immunities. As what is known in the history of the United States as the *' Missouri Com- promise," of 1820, takes rank among the most prominent measures that had up to that day engaged the attention of our National Legislature, we shall enter some- what into its details, being connected as they are with the annals of the State. JFebruary i^th 18 ig. — After the House had resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole on the bill to authorize the admission of Missouri into the Union, and after the question of her admission had been discussed for some time, Mr. Tallmadge, of New York, moved to amend the bill, by adding to it the following proviso : " And Provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary serv- itude be prohibited, except for the puishment of crime, whereof the party shall 32 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. have been duly convicted, and that ail children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into tfffe Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years." As might have been expected, this proviso precipitated the angry discussions which lasted for nearly three years, finally culminating in the Missouri Compro- mise. All phases of the slavery question were presented, not only in its moral and social aspects, but as a great constitutional question, affecting Missouri and the admission of future States. The proviso, when submitted to a vote, was adopted — 79 to 67, and so reported to the House. Hon. John Scott, who was at that time a delegate from the Territory of Mis- souri, was not permitted to vote, but as such delegate he had the privilege of participating in the debates which followed. On the i6th day of February the proviso was taken up and discussed. After several speeches had been made, among them one by Mr. Scott and one by the author of the proviso, Mr. Tallmadge, the amendment, or proviso, was divided into two parts, and voted upon. The first part of it, which included all to the word "convicted," was adopted — 87 to 76. The remaining part was then voted upon, and also adopted, by 82 to 78. By a vote of 97 to 56 the bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading. The Senate Committee, to whom the bill was referred, reported the same to the Senate on the 19th of February, when that body voted first upon a motion to strike out of the proviso all after the word " convicted," which was carried by a vote of 32 to 7. It then voted to strike out the first entire clause, which prevailed — 22 to 16, thereby defeating the proviso. The House decHned to concur in the action of the Senate, and the bill was again returned to that body, which in turn refused to recede from its position. The bill was lost, and Congress adjourned. This was most unfortunate for the country. The people having already been wrought up to fever heat over the agi- tation of the question in the National Councils, now became intensely excited. The press added fuel to the flame, and the progress of events seemed rapidly tending to the downfall of our nationality. A long interval of nine months was to ensue before the meeting of Congress. That body indicated by its vote upon the " Missouri Question," that the two great sections of the country were politically divided upon the subject of slavery. The restrictive clause, which it was sought to impose upon Missouri as a condition of her admission, would in all probability be one of the conditions of the admission of the Territory of Arkansas. The public mind was in a state of great doubt and uncertainty up to the meeting of Congress, whicli took place on the 6th of Decem- ber, 1 81 9. The memorial of the Legislative Council and House of Representa- tives of the Missouri Territory, praying for admission into the Union, was presented to the Senate by Mr. Smith, of South Carolina. It was referred to the Judiciary Committee. Some three weeks having passed without any action thereon by the Senate, the bill was taken up and discussed by the House until the 19th of February, when the bill from the Senate for the admission of Maine was considered. The bill for the admission of Maine included the "Missouri Question," by an amendment which read as follows : " And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty six degrees and thirty minutes, north latitude (excepting such part thereof as is) included within the limits of the State, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been convicted, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited ; Provided, always, T\\z.\. any person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully re- claimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as afore- said." HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 33 The Senate adopted this amendment, which formed the basis of the " Missouri Compromise," modified afterward by striking out the words, ^^ excepting only such ^art thereof. " The bill passed the Senate by a vote of 24 to 20. On the 2d day of March the House took up the bill and amendments for consideration, and by a vote of 134 to 42 concurred in the Senate amendment, and the bill being passed by the two Houses, constituted section 8, of " An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal. footing with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain territory." This act was approved March 6, 1820. Missouri then contained fifteen organ- ized counties. By act of Congress the people of said State were authorized to hold an election on the first Monday, and two succeeding days thereafter in May, 1820, to select representatives to a State convention. This convention met in St. Louis on the 12th of June, following the election in May, and concluded its labors on the 19th of July, 1820. David Barton was its President, and Wm. G. Pettis, Secretary. There were forty-one members of this convention, men of ability and statesmanship, as the admirable constitution which they framed amply testifies. Their names and the counties represented by them are as follows : Cape Girardeau. — Stephen Byrd, James Evans, Richard S. Thomas, Alexan- der Buckner and Joseph McFerron. Cooper. — ^o\,tx\. P. Clark, Robert Wallace, Wm. Lillard. Franklin. — John G. Heath. Howard. — Nicholas S. Burkhart, Dufif Green, John Ray, Jonathan S. Find- ley, Benj. H. Reeves. Jefferson. — Daniel Hammond. Lincoln. — Malcolm Henry. Montgomery. — Jonathan Ramsey, James Talbott. Madison. — Nathaniel Cook. New Madrid. — Robert S. Dawson, Christopher G. Houts. Fike, — Stephen Cleaver. St. Charles. — Benjamin Emmons, Nathan Boone, Hiram H. Baber. Ste. Genevieve. — John D. Cook, Henry Dodge, John Scott, R. T. Brown. St. Louis. — David Barton, Edward Bates, Alexander McNair, Wm. Rector> John C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard Pratte, Thomas F. Riddick. Washington. — John Rice Jones, Samuel Perry, John Hutchings. Wayne. — Elijah Bettis. On the 13th of November, 1820, Congress met again, and on the 6th of the same month Mr. Scott, the delegate from Missouri, presented to the House the Constitution as framed by the convention. The same was referred to a select com- mittee, who made thereon a favorable report. The admission of the State, however, was resisted, because it was claimed that its constitution sanctioned slavery, and authorized the Legislature to pass laws preventing free negroes and mulattoes from settling in the State. The report of the committee to whom was referred the Constitution of Missouri was accompanied by a preamble and resolutions, offered by Mr. Lowndes, of South Carolina. The preamble and resolutions were stricken out. The application of the State for admission shared the same fate in the Senate. The question was referred to a select committee, wio, on the 29th of November, reported in favor of admitting the Stite. The debate, which followed, continued for two weeks, and finally Mr. Eaton, of Tennessee, offered an amendment to the resolution as follows : " Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to give the assent of Congress to any provision in the Constitution ot Missouri, if anv such there be, which contravenes that clause in the Constitution of the United States, 3 34 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. which declares that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." The resolution, as amended, was adopted. The resolution and proviso were again taken up and discussed at great length, when the committee agreed to report the resolution to the House. The question on agreeing to the amendment, as reported from the committee of the whole, was lost in the House. A similar resolution afterward passed the Senate, but was again rejected in the House. Then it was that that great states- man and pure patriot, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, feeling that the hour had come when angry discussions should cease ' ' With grave Aspect he rose, and in his rising seem'd A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven Deliberation sat and public care ; And princely counsel in his face yet shone Majestic" ***** proposed that the question of Missouri's admission be referred to a committee consisting of twenty-three persons, (a number equal to the number of States then composing the Union,) be appointed to act in conjunction with a committee of the Senate to consider and report whether Missouri should be admitted, etc. The motion prevailed ; the committee was appointed and Mr. Clay made its chairman. The Senate selected seven of its members to act with the committee of twenty-three, and on the 26th of February the following report was made by that committee: "Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled : That Missouri shall be admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, upon the fundamental condition that the fourth clause, of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the Constitution submitted on the part of said State to Con- gress, shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in conformity thereto, by which any citizen of either of the States in this Union shall be excluded from the enjoyment of any of the privileges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled, under the Constitution of the United States ; provided, That the Legislature of said State, by a Solemn Public Act, shall declare the assent of the said State, to the said fundamental condition, and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday in November next, an authentic copy of the said act ; upon the receipt whereof, the President, by proclamation, shall announce the fact ; whereupon, and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of the said State into the Union shall be considered complete." This resolution, after a brief debate, was adopted in the House, and passed the Senate on the 28th of February, 1821. At a special session of the Legislature held in St. Charles, in June following, a Solemn Public Act was adopted, giving its assent to the conditions of admission, as expressed in the resolution of Mr. Clay. August loth, 182 1, President Monroe announced by proclamation the admission of Missouri into the Union to be complete. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 35 CHAPTER VII. MISSOURI AS A STATE. First Election for Governor and Other State Officers — Senators and Representatives to General As' sembly — Sheriff's and Coroners — U. S, Senators — Representatives in Congress — Supreme Court Judges — Counties Organized — Capital Moved to St. Charles — Official Record of Territorial and State Officers. By the Constitution adopted by the Convention on the 19th of July, 1820, the General Assembly was required to meet in St. Louis on the third Monday in September of that year, and an election was ordered to be held on the 28th of August for the Election of a Governor and other State officers, Senators and Rep- resentatives to the General Assembly, Sheriffs and Coroners, United States Sena- tors and Representatives in Congress. It will be seen that Missouri had not as yet been admitted as a State, but in anticipation of that event, and according to the provisions of the constitution the election was held, and the General Assembly convened. WiUiam Clark (who had been Governor of the Territory) and Alexander McNair were the candidates for Governor. McNair received 6,576 votes, Clark 2,556, total vote of the State 9,132. There were three candidates for Lieutenant Governor, to-wit: William H. Ashley, Nathaniel Cook and Henry Elliot. Ashley received 3,907 votes, Cook 3,212, ElHot93i. A Representative was to be elected for the residue of the Sixteenth Congress and one for the Seventeenth. John Scott, who was at the time Territorial delegate, was elected to both Congresses without opposition. The General Assembly elected in August met on the 19th of September, 1820, and organized by electing James Caldwell, of Ste. Genevieve speaker, and John McArthur clerk, William H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, President of the Senate ; Silas Bent, President, pro tern. Mathias McGirk, John D. Cook and John R. Jones were appointed Supreme Judges, each to hold office until sixty-five years of age. Joshua Barton was appointed Secretary of State ; Peter Didier, State Treas- urer; Edward Bates, Attorney-General and William Christie, Auditor of Public Accounts. David Barton and Thomas H. Benton were elected by the General Assembly to the United States Senate. At this session of the Legislature the counties of Boone, Callaway, Chariton, Cole, Gasconade, Lillard, Percy, Ralls, Ray and Saline were organized. We should like to give in details the meetings and proceedings of the differ- ent Legislatures which followed; the elections for Governors and other State of- ficers ; the elections for Congressmen and United States Senators, but for want of space we can only present in a condensed form the official record of the Ter- ritorial and State officers. OFFICIAL RECORD — TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors. — Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting-Governor, 18 12-13. William Clark, 18x3-1820. OFFICERS OF STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors. — Alexander McNair, 1820-24. Frederick Bates, 1824-25. Abra- ham J. Williams vice Bates, 1825. John Miller vice Bates, 1826-28. John Miller, 1828-32. Daniel Dunklin, 1832-36, resigned; appointed Surveyor 36 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. General U. S. Liburn W. Boggs vice Dunklin, 1836. Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836- 40. Thomas Reynolds, 1840, died 1844. M. M. Marmaduke vice Reynolds — John C. Edwards, 1844-48. Austin A. King, 1848-52. Sterling Price, 1852-56. Trusten Polk, 1856 57, resigned. Hancock Jackson vice Polk, 1857. Robert M. Stewart vice Polk, 1857-60. C. F. Jackson, i860, office vacated by ordinance. Hamilton R. Gamble vice Jackson ; Gov. Gamble died 1864. William P. Hall, 1864, vice Gamble. Thomas C. Fletcher, 1864-68. Joseph W. McClurg, i868- 70. B. Gratz Brown, 1870-72.* Charles H. Hardin, 1874-76. John S. Phelps, 1876-80. Thomas T. Crittenden, 1880, and is now Governor. Lieutenant-Governors. — William H. Ashley, 1820-24. Benjamin A. Reeves, 1824-28. Daniel Dunklin, 1828-32. Lilburn W. Boggs, 1832-36. Franklin Cannon, 1836-40. M. M. Marmaduke, 1840-44. James Young, 1844-48. Thomas L. Rice, 1848-52. Wilson Brown, 1852-55. Hancock Jackson, 1856- 60, Thomas C. Reynolds, 1860-61. Williard P. Hall, 1861-64. George Smith, 1864-68. Edward O. Stanard, 1868-70, Joseph J. Gravely, 1870-72. Charles P. Johnson, 1872-74. Norman J. Colman, 1874-76. Henry C. Brockmeyer, 1876-80. Robert Campbell, 1880, and is the present incumbent. Secretaries of State. — Joshua Barton, 1820-21. William G. Pettis, 1821-24. Hamilton R. Gamble, 1824-26. Spencer Pettis, 1826 28. P. H. McBride, 1829- 30. John C. Edwards, 1830, term expired 1835, re-appointed 1837, resigned 1837. Peter G. Glover, 1837-39. James L. Minor, 1839-45. F. H. Martin, 1845-49. Ephraim B. Ewing, 1849-52. John M. Richardson, 1852-56. Benja- min F. Massey, 1856-60, re-elected i860, for four years. Mordecai Oliver, 1861- 64. Francis Rodman, 1864-68, re-elected 1868, for two years. Eugene F. Weigel, 1870-72, re-elected 1872, for two years. Michael K. McGrath, 1874, and is the present incumbent. State Treasurers. — Peter Didier, 1820-21. Nathaniel Simonds, 1821-28. James Earickson, 1829-33. John Walker, 1833-38. Abraham McClellan, 1838- 43. Peter G. Glover, 1843-51. A. W. Morrison, 1851-60. George C. Bingham, 1862-64. William Bishop, 1864-68. William Q. Dallmeyer, 1868-70. Samuel Hays, 1872. Harvey W. Salmon, 1872 74. Joseph W. Mercer, 1874-76. Elijah Gates, 1876-80. Phillip E. Chappel, 1880, and present incumbent. Attorney- Generals. — Edward Bates, 1820-21. Rufus Easton, 1821-26. Robt. W. Wells, 1826-36. William B. Napton, 1836-39. S. M. Bay, 1839-45. B, F. Stringfellow, 1845-49. William A. Roberts, 1849-51. James B. Gardenhire, 1851-56. Ephraim W. Ewing, 1856 59. James P. Knott, 1859-61. Aikman Welsh, 1861-64. Thomas T. Crittenden, 1864. Robert F. Wmgate, 1864-68. Horace P. Johnson, 1868-70. A. J. Baker, 1870-72. Henry Clay Ewing, 1872-74. John A. Hockaday, 1874-76. Jackson L. Smith, 1876-80. Mclntire, 1880, and present incumbent. Auditors of Public Accoufits. — William Christie, 1820-21. William V. Rector, 1821-23. Elias Barcroft, 1823-33. Henry Shurlds, 1833-35. Peter G. Glover, I835-37- Hiram H. Baber, 1837-45. William Monroe, 1845. J. R. McDer- mon, 1845-48. George W. Miller, 184849. Wilson Brown, 1849-52 William H. Buffington, 1852 60. William S. Moseley, i860 64. Alonzo Thompson, 186468. Daniel M. Draper, 18)8-72. George B. Clnrk, 1S72-74. Thomas Holladay, 1874-80. John Walker, 1880, and present incumbent. Judges of Supreme Court. — Matthias McKirk, i822-'4i ; John D. Cooke, i822-'23; Jno. R. Jones, 1822-24; Rufus Peitibone, 1823-25; Geo. Tomp- kins, i824-'45; Robt. Wash, 1825-37; Jno. C. Edwards, 1837-39; ^^m. Scott, appointed 1841 till meeting of General Assembly in place of McKirk resigned, ; reappointed 1843; P- H. McBride, 1845; Wm. B. Napton, 1849-52; Jno. F. Ry- land, 1849-51 ; jno. H. Bin h, 1849-51 ; Wm. Scott, Jno. F. Ryland and Hin ilton R. Gamble elected by the people 1851 f t six years; Gamble resigned 1854; Abitl Leonard elected to fill vacancy of Gamble; William B. Napton (vacated ♦Silas H. Woodson, 1872-74. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 37 by failure to file oath), William Scott and John C. Richardson (resigned), elected August, 1857, for six years ; E. B. Ewing, 1859, to fill Richardson's resignation; Barton Bates appointed 1862; W. V. N. Biy appointed 1862; John D. S. Dry- den appointed 1862; Barton Bates, 1863-65; W. V. N. Bay, elected 1863; John D. S. Dryden, elected 1863; David Wagner appointed 1865 ; Wallace L. Love- lace, appointed 1865; Nathaniel Holmes, appointed 1865; Thomas J. C. Fagg, appointed 1866; James Baker, appointed 1868; David Wagner, elected 1868- "70; Philemon Bliss, 1868-70; Warren Currier, 1868-71; Washington Adams, appointed 1871 to fill Currier's place who resigned; Ephriam B. Ewing, elected 1872; Thomas A. Sherwood, elected 1872 ; W. B. Napton, appointed 1873 in place of Ewing, deceased ; Edward A. Seins, appointed 1874, in place of Adams, resigned; Warwick Hough, elected 1874; William B. Napton, elected 1874-80; John E. Henry, 1876-86; Robert Ray succeeded William B. Napton, in 1880: Elijah H. Norton, appointed in 1876 — elected in 1878. United States Senators. — T. H. Benton, 1820-50; D. Barton, 1820-30; Alex. Buckner, 1830-33; L. F. Linn, 1833-43; D. R. Atchison, 1843-55; H. S. Geyer, 1851-57; Jas. M. Green, 1857-61; T. Polk, 1857-63 ; Waldo P. Johnson, 1861; Robt. Wilson, 1861; B. Gratz Brown, 1863, for unexpired term of Johnson; J. B. Henderson, 1863-69; Chas. D. Drake, 1867-70; Carl Schurz, 1869-75; D. F. Jewett, 1870, in place of Drake, resigned; F. P. Blair, 1871-77; L. V. Bogy, 1873; F. M. Cockrell, 1875-81, re-elected 1881; Geo. G. Vest, 1879. Representatives to Congress. — Jno. Scott, 1820-26; Ed. Bates, 1826-28; Spen- cer Petts, 1828-31; Wm. H. Ashley, 1831-36; John Bull, 1832-34; Albert G. Harrison, 1834-39; Jno. Miller, 1836-42 ; John Jameson, 1839-44, re-elected 1846 for two years; Jno. C. Edwards, 1840-42; Jas. M. Hughes, 1842-44; Jas. H. Relfe, 1842-46; Jas. B. Bowlin, 1842-50; Gustavus M. Boner, 1842-44; Sterling Price, 1844-46; Wm. McDaniel, 1846; Leonard H. Sims, 1844-46; John S. Phelps, 1844-60; Jas. S. Green, 1846-50, re-elected 1856, resigned; Williard P. Hall, 1846-53; Wm. V. N, Bay, 1848-61; John F. Darby, 1850-53; Gilchrist Porter, 1850-57; John G. Miller, 1850-56; Alfred W. Lamb, 1852-54; Thos. H. Benton, 1852-54; Mordecia Oliver, 1852-57; Jas. J. Lindley, 1852-56; Samuel Caruthers, 1852-58; Thomas P. Akers, 1855, to fill unexpired term of J. G. Mil- ler; Francis P. Blair, jr., 1856, re-elected i860, resigned ; Thomas L. Anderson, 1856-60, James Craig, 1856-60; Samuel H. Woodson, 1856-60; John B. Clark, sr., 1857-61 ; J. Richard Barrett, i860; John W. Noel, 1858-63; James S. Rol- lins, 1860-64; Elijah H. Norton, 1860-63; John W. Reid, 1860-61; William A. Hall, 1862-64; Thomas L. Price, 1862, in place of Reid, expelled; Henry T. Blow, 1862-66; Sempronius T. Boyd, elected in 1862, and again in 1868, for two years; Joseph W. McClurg, 1862-66; Austin A. King, 1862-64; Benjamin F. Loan, 1862-69; John G. Scott, 1863, in place of Noel, deceased; John Hogan, 1864-66; Thomas F. Noel, 1864-67; John R. Kelsoe, 1864-66; Robt. T. Van Horn, 1864-71; John F. Benjamin, 1864-71; George W. Anderson, 1864-69; William A. Pile, 1S66-68 ; C. A. Newcomb 1866-68 ; Joseph E. Gravely, 1866- 68 ; James R. McCormack, 1866-73 j John H. Stover, 1867, in place of McClurg, resigned; Erastus Wells, 1868-82; G. A. Finklinburg, 1868-71; Samuel S. Burdett, 1868-71; Joel F. Asper, 1868-70; David P. Dyer, 1868-70; Harrison E. Havens, 1870-75; Isaac G. Parker, 1870-75; James G. Blair, 1870-72; An- drew King, 1870-72; Edwin O. Stanard, 1872-74; William H. Stone, 1872-78; Robert A. Hatcher, elected 1872; Richard P. Bland, 1872; Thomas Crittenden, 1872-74; Ira B. Hyde, 1872-74; John B. Clark, 1872-78; John M. Glover, 1872; Aylett H. Buckner, 1872; Edward C. Kerr, 1874-78; Charles H. Morgan, 1874; John F. Phelps, 1874; B. J. Franklin, 1874; David Rea, 1874; Rezin A. De- Boet, 1874; Anthony Ittner, 1876; Nathaniel Cole, 1876; Robert A. Hatcher, 1876-78; R. P. Bland, 1876-78; A. H. Buckner, 1876-78; J. B.Clark, jr., 1876- 78 ; T. t. Crittenden, 1876-78; B. J. Franklin, 1876-78 ; Jno. M. Glover, 1876-78; 38 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Robt. A. Hatcher, 1876-78; Chas. H. Morgan, 1876-78; L. S. Metcalfe, 1876-78; H. M. Pollard, 1876-78; David Rea, 1876-78; S. L. Sawyer, 1878-80; N. Ford, 1878-82; G. F. Rothwell, 1878-82 ; John B. Clark, jr., 1878 82; W. H. Hatch, 1878-82; A. H. Buckner, 187882 ; M. L. Clardy, 1878-82; R. G. Frost, 187882; L. H. Davis, 1878-82 ; R. P. Bland, 1878-82 ; J. R. Waddill, 1878 80 ; T. Allen, 1880-82 ; R. Hazeltine, 1880-82 ; T. M. Rice, 1880-82 ; R. T. Van Horn, 1880-82. COUNTIES — WHEN ORGANIZED. Adair January 29 Andrew January 29 Atchison January 14 Audrain December 17 Barry January 5 Barton December 12 Bates January 29 Benton . , . ; January 3 Bollinger March i Boone November 16, Buchanan February 10 Butler February 27 Caldwell December 26 Callaway November 25 Camden January 29 Cape Girardeau October i Carroll. January 3 Carter March 10, Cass September 14 Cedar February 14 Chariton November 16 Christian March 8 Clark December 15 Clay .January 2 Clinton January 15 Cole November 16 Cooper December 17, Crawford January 23 Dade • • . January 29, Dallas ......... December 10 Daviess December 29, DeKalb February 25 Dent February 10 Douglas October 19 Dunklin February 14 Franklin December 11 Gasconade November 25 Gentry February 12 Greene January 2 Grundy January 2 Harrison February 14 Henry December 13 Hickory February 14 Holt February 15 Howard January 23 Howell March 2 Iron ........ February 17 Jackson December 15 Jasper January 29 Jefferson December 8 Johnson . December 13 Knox February 14 Laclede February 24 Lafayette November 16 Lawrence February 25 Lewis January 2 Lincoln . . ..... December 14, 841 841 845 836 835 835 841 835 851 820 839 849 836 820 841 812 833 859 835 845 820 860 818 822 833 820 818 829 841 844 836 845 851 857 845 818 820 841 833 843 845 834 845 841 816 857 857 826 841 818 834 845 849 820 845 833 818 Linn January 7, Livingston January 6, McDonald March 3, Macon January 6, Madison December 14, Maries March 2, Marion December 23, Mercer February 14, Miller February 6, Mississippi February 14, Moniteau February 14, Monroe January 6, Montgomery December 14, Morgan January 5, New Madrid October i, Newton December 31, Nodaway February 14, Oregon February 14 O-age Jauuary 29, Ozark January 29, Pemiscot February 19, Perry November i6, Pettis January 26, Phelps November 13, Pike December 14, Flatte December 31, Polk March 13, Pulaski Decen.ber 15, Putnam , . February 28, Ralls November 16, Randolph January 22, Ray November 16, Reynolds February 25, Ripley Janu?ry 5, St. Charles October i, St. Clair January 29, St. Francois December 19, Ste. Genevieve Octo er i, St. Louis October i, Saline November 25, Schuyler February 14, Scotland January 29, Scott December 28, Shannon January 29, Shelby January 2, Stoddard ■ January 2, Stone F"ebruary 10, Sullivan February 16, Taney January 16, Texas February 14, Vernon February 17, Warren January 5, Washington Aufju>t 21, Wayne . . December II, Webster Maich 3, Worth February 8, Wright January 29, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 39 CHAPTER VIII. CIVIL WAR IN MISSOURI. fcrt Sumter fired upon — Call for y^,ooo men — Gov. Jackson refuses to furnish a man — U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized — Proclamation of Gove} nor Jackson — General Order No. 7 — Legislature convenes — Camp Jackson organized^ Stei ling Price appointed Major- Gen- eral — Frost's letter to Lyon — Lyon's letter to Frost — Surrender of Camp Jackson — Procla- mation of Gen. Harney — Conference between Price and Harney — Harney superseded by Lyon — Second Conference — Gov. Jackson bums the bridges behind him — Proclamation of Gov. Jackson — Gen. Blair takes possession of Jefferson City — Proclamation of Lyon — Lyon at Springfield — State offices declared vacant — Gen. Fremont assumes com- mand — Proclamation of Lieut. Gov. Aeynolds — Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson and Gov. Jackson — Death of Gen. Lyon — Succeeded by Sturgis — Proclamation of McCulloch and Gamble — Martial Law declared — 2d Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson — President modifies Fremont's Order — Fremont relieved by Hunter — Proclamation of Price — Hunter's Order of Assessment — Hunter declares Martial Law — Order relating to Newspapers — Halleck succeeds Hunter — Halleck' s Order 81 — Similar order by Halleck — Boone County Standard confiscated — Execution of prisoners at Macon and Palmyra — Gen. Etving's Order No. 11 — Gen. Rosencrans takes command — Massacre at Centralia — Death of Bill Anderson — Gen, Dodge succeeds Gen. Rosencrans — List of Battles, ** Lastly stood war — With visage grim, stern looks, and blackly hued, Ah ! why will kings forget that they are men? And men that they are brethren ? Why delight In human sacrifice ? Why burst the ties Of nature, that should knit their souls together In one soft bond of amity and love?" Fort Sumter was fired upon April 12, 1861. On April 15th, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, calling for 75,000 men, from the militia of the several States to suppress combinations in the Southern States therein named. Simultaneously therewith, the Secretary of War, sent a telegram to all the gov- ernors of the States, excepting those mentioned in the proclamation, requesting them to detail a certain number of militia to serve for three months, Missouri's quota being four regiments. In response to this telegram, Gov. Jackson sent the following answer : Executive Department of Missouri, Jefferson City, April 17, 1861. To THE Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, Wasliington, D. C. : Sir: Your dispatch of the 15th inst., making a call on Missouri for four regiments of men for immediate service, has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt but these men are intended to form a part of the- President's army to make war upon the people of the seceded States. Your requisition, in my judgment, is illegal, unconstitutional, and cannot be complied with. Not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to carry on such an unholy war. C. F. Jackson, Governor of Missouri. A} ril 21, 1861. U. S. Arsenal at Liberty was seized by order of Governor Jackson. 40 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. April 22, 1861. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation convening the Legis- lature of Missouri, on May following, in extra session, to take into consideration the momentous issues, which were presented, and the attitude to be assumed by the State in the impending struggle. On the 22nd of April, 1861, the Adjutant-General of Missouri issued the following military order : Headquarters Adjutant-General's Office, Mo., Jefferson City, April 22, 1861. {General Orders No. 7.) i. 'io attain a greater degree of efficiency and perfection in organization and discipline, the Commanding Officers of the several Military districts in this State, having four or more legally organized companies therein, whose armories are within fifteen miles of each other, will assemble their respective commands at some place to be by them severally designated, on the 3rd day of May, and to go into an encampment for a period of six days, as provided by law. Captains of companies not organized into battalions, will report the strength of their companies immediately to these headquarters, and await further orders. II. The Quartermaster-General will procure and issue to Quartermasters of Districts, for these commands not now provided for, all necessary tents and camp equipage, to enable the commanding officers thereof to carry the foregoing orders into effect. III. The Light Battery now attached to the Southwest Battalion, and one company of mounted riflemen, including all officers and soldiers belonging to the First District, will proceed forthwith to St. Louis, and report to Gen. D. M. Frost for duty. The remaining companies of said battalion will be disbanded for the purpose of assistmg in the organization of companies upon that frontier. The details in the execution of the foregoing are intrusted to Lieutenant-Colonel John S. Bowen, commanding the Battalion. IV. The strength, organization, and equipment of the several companies in the Districts will be reported at once to these Headquarters, and District Inspec- tors will furnish all information which may be serviceable in ascertaining the condition of the State forces. By order of the Governor. WARWICK HOUGH, Adjutant-General of Missouri. May 2, 1861. The Legislature convened in extra Session. Many acts were passed, among which was one to authorize the Governor to purchase or lease David Ballentine's foundry at Boonville, for the manufacture of arms and munitions of war ; to authorize the Governor to appoint one Major-General ; to authorize the Governor, when, in his opinion, the security and welfare of the State required it, to take possession of the railroad and telegraph lines of the State; to provide for the organization, government, and support of the military forces ; to borrow one million of dollars to arm and equip the militia of the State to repel invasion, and protect the lives and property of the people. An act was also passed creating a "Military Fund," to consist of all the money then in the treasury or that might thereafter be received from the one-tenth of one per cent, on the hundred dollars, levied by act of November, 1S57, to complete certain railroads; also the proceeds of a tax of fifteen cents on the hundred dollars of the assessed value of the taxable property of the several counties in the State, and the proceeds of the two mill tax, which had been theretofore appropriated for educa- tional purposes. May 3, 1 86 1. ** Camp Jackson," was organized. May IO, i86r. Sterling Price appointed Major-General of State Guard. 42 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. May lo, 1861. General Frost commanding "Camp Jackson" addressed General N. Lyon, as follows: Headquarters Camp Jackson, Missouri Militia, may 10, i«6i. Capt. N. Lyon, Commanding U. S. Troops in and about St. Louis Arsenal: Sir : — I am constantly in receipt of information that you contemplate an at- tack upon my camp, whilst I understand that you are impressed with the idea that an attack upon the Arsenal and United States troops is intended on the part of the Militia of Missouri. I am greatly at a loss to know what could justify you in attacking citizens of the United States, who are in lawful performance of their duties, devolving upon them under the Constitution in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her laws, and, therefore, have been dis- posed to doubt the correctness of the information I have received. I would be glad to know from you personally whether there is any truth in the statements that are constantly pouring into my ears. So far as regards any hostility being intended toward the United States, or its property or representa- tives by any portion of my command, or, as far as I can learn, (and I think I am fully informed.) of any other part of the state forces, I can positively say that the idea has never been entertained. On the contrary prior to your taking com- mand of the Arsenal, I proffered to Mayor Bell, then in command of the very itw troops constituting its guard, the services of myself and all my command, and, if necessary, the whole power of the State, to protect the United States in the full possession of all her property. Upon General Harney taking command of this department, I made the same proffer of services to him, and authorized his Adjutant-General, Capt. Williams, to communicate the fact that such had been done to the War Department. I have had no occasion since to change any of the views I entertained at the time, neither of my own volition nor through orders of my Constitutional commander. I trust that after this explicit statement that we may be able, by fully under- standing each other, to keep far from our borders the misfortunes which so unhap- pily affect our common country. This communication will be handed you by Colonel Bowen, my Chief of Staff, who will be able to explain anything not fully set forth in the foregoing. I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient servant, BRIGADIER-GENERAL D. M. FROST, Commanding Camp Jackson, M. V. M. May loth, 1861. Gen. Lyon sent the following to Gen. Frost: Headquarters United States Troops, St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1861. Gen. D. M. Frost, Commanding Camp Jackson : Sir: — Your command is regarded as evidently hostile toward the Govern- ment of the United States. It is, for the most part, made up of those Secessionists who have openly avowed their hostility to the General Government, and have been plotting at the seizure of its property and the overthrow of its authority. You are openly in communication with the so-called Southern Confederacy, which is now at war with the United States, and you are receiving at your camp, from the said Confederacy and under its flag, large supplies of the material of war, most of which is known to be the property of the United States. These extraordinary preparations plain- ly indicate none other than the well-known purpose of the Governor of tliis State, under whose orders you are acting, and whose communication to the Legislature has just been responded to by that body in the most unparalleled legislation, hav- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 43 ing in direct view hostilities to the General Government and co-operation with its enemies. In view of these considerations, and of your failure to disperse in obedience to the proclamation of the President, and of the imminent necessities of State policy and warfare, and the obligations imposed upon me by instructions from Washington, it is my duty to demand, and I do hereby demand of you an imme- diate surrender of your command, with no other conditions than that all persons surrendering under this command shall be humanely and kindly treated. Believ- ing myself prepared to enforce this demand, one-half hour's time before doing so will be allowed for your compliance therewith. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. LYON, Capt. 2d Infantry, Commanding Troops. May ID, 1861. Camp Jackson surrendered and prisoners all released except- ing Capt. Emmet McDonald, who refused to subscribe the parole. May 12, 1 86 1. Brigadier-General Wm. S. Harney issued a proclamation to the people of Missouii, saying " he would carefully abstain from the exercise of any unnecessary powers," and only use "the military force stationed in this dis- trict in the last resort to preserve peace." May 14, 1861. General Harney issued a second proclamation. May 21, 1 86 1. General Harney held a conference with General Sterling Price of the Missouri State Guards. May 31, 1861. General Harney superseded by General Lyon. June II, 1861. A second conference was held between the National and State authorities in St. Louis, which resulted in nothing. June II, i86[. Gov. Jackson left St. Louis for Jefferson City, burning the railroad bridges behind him, and cutting telegraph wires. June 12, 1861. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation calling into active service 50,000 militia, "to repel invasion, protect life, property, etc." June 15, 1861. Col. F. P. Blair took possession of the State Capital, Gov. Jackson, Gen, Price and other officers having left on the 13th of June for Boon- ville. June 17, 1 86 1. Battle of Boonville took place between the forces of Gen. Lyon and Col. John S. Marmaduke. June 18, 1 86 1. General Lyon issued a proclamation to the people of Mis- souri. July 5, 1861. Battle at Carthage between the forces of Gen. Sigeland Gov. Jackson. July 6, 1861. Gen. Lyon reached Springfield. July 22, 1 86 1. State convention met and declared the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of State vacated. July 26, 1861. Gen. John C Fremont assumed command of the Western Department, with headquarters in St. Louis. July 31, 1861. Lieutenant-Governor Thomas C. Reynolds, issued a procla- mation at New Madrid. August I, 1861. General Jeff. Thompson issued a proclamation at Bloom- field. August 2, 1 86 1. Battle of Dug Springs, between Captain Steele's forces and General Rains. August 5, 1 86 1. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation at New Madrid. August 5, 1861. Battle of Athens. August 10, 1861. Bittle of Wilson's Creek, between the forces under Gen- eral Lyon and General McCulloch. In this engagement General Lyon was killed. General Sturgis succeeded General Lyon. 44 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. August 12, 1864. McCulloch issued a proclamation, and soon left MissourL August 20, 1864. General Price issued a proclamation. August 24, 1861. Governor Gamble issued a proclamation calling for 32,000 men for six months to protect the property and lives of the citizens of the State. August 30, 1 86 1. General Fremont declared martial law, and declared that the slaves of all persons who should thereafter take an active part with the enemies of the Government should be free. September 2, 1861. General Jeff. Thompson issued a proclamation in re- sponse to Fremont's proclamatioh. September 7, 1861. Battle at Dry wood creek. September 11, 1861. President Lincoln modified the clause in Gen. Fre- mont's declaration of martial law, in reference to the confiscation of property and liberation of slaves. September 12, 1861. General Price begins the attack at Springfield on Colo- nel Mulligan's forces. September 20, 1861. Colonel Mulligan with 2,640 men surrendered. October 25, 1861. Second battle at Springfield. November 2, i?6i. General Fremont succeeded by General David Hunter. November 7, 1861. General Grant attacked Belmont. November 9, 1861. General Hunter succeeded by General Halleck, who took command on the 19th of same month, with headquarters in St. Louis. November 27, 1861. General Price issued proclamation calling for 50,000 men, at Neosho, Missouri. December 12, 1861. General Hunter issued his order of assessment upon cer- tain wealthy citizens in St. Louis, for feeding and clothing Union refugees. December 23-25. Declared martial law in St. Louis and the country adja- cent, and covering all the railroad lines. March 6, 1862. Battle at Pea Ridge between the forces under Generals Curtis and Van Dorn. January 8, 1862. Provost Marshal Farrar, of St. Louis, issued the following order in reference to newspapers : Office of the Provost Marshal, General Department of Missouri. St. Louis, January 8, 1862. (General Order No. 10.) It is hereby ordered that from and after this date the publishers of newspapers in the State of Missouri, (St. Louis City papers excepted), furnish to this office, immediately upon publication, one copy of each issue, for inspection. A failure to comply with this order will render the newspaper liable to suppression. Local Provost Marshals will furnish the proprietors with copies of this order, and attend to its immediate enforcement, Bernard G. P'arrar, Provost Marshal General. January 26, 1862. General Halleck issued order (No. 18) which forbade, amopg other things, the display of Secession flags in the hands of women or on carriages, in the vicinity of the military prison in McDowell's College, the carriages to be confiscated and the offending women to be arrested. February 4, 1 862. General Halleck issued another order similar to Order No. 18, to railroad companies and to the professors and directors of the State Univer- sity at Columbia, forbidding the funds of the institution to be used "to teach treason or to instruct traitors." February 20, 1862. Special Order No. 120 convened a military commission, which sat in Columbia, March following, and tried Edmund J. Ellis, of Columbia, HISTORY OF MISSOURI, 45 editor and proprietor of ** The Boone County Standard" for the publication of information for the benefit of the enemy, and encouraging resistance to the United States Government. EUis was found guilty, was banished during the war from Missouri, and his printing materials confiscated and sold. April, 1862. General Halleck left for Corinth, Mississippi, leaving General Schofield in command. June, 1862, Battle at Cherry Grove between the forces under Colonel Jos. C. Porter and Colonel H. S. Lipscomb. June, 1862. Battle at Pierce's Mill between the forces under Major John Y. Clopper and Colonel Porter. July 22, 1862. Battle at Florida. July 28, 1862. Battle at Moore's Mill. August 6, 1862. Battle near Kirksville. August II, 1862. Batde at Independence. August 16, 1862. Battle at Lone Jack. September 13, 1862. Battle at Newtonia. September 25, 1862. Ten Confederate prisoners were executed at Macon by order of General Merrill. October 18, 1862. Ten Confederate prisoners executed at Palmyra by order of General McNeill. January 8, 1863. Battle at Springfield between the forces of General Mar- maduke and General E. B. Brown. April 26, 1863. Battle at Cape Girardeau. August — , 1863. General Jeff. Thompson captured at Pocahontas, Arkan- sas, with his staff. August 25, 1863. General Thomas Ewing issued his celebrated Order No. II, at Kansas City, Missouri, which is as follows : Headquarters District of the Border, ) Kansas City Mo., August 25, 1863. ) (General Order No. 11.) First. — All persons living in Cass, Jackson and Bates counties, Missouri, and in that part of Vernon included in this district, except those living within one mile of the limits of Independence, Hickman's Mills, Pleasant Hill and Harrison- ville, and except those in that part of Kaw township, Jackson county, north of Brush Creek and west of the Big Blue, embracing Kansas City and Westport, are hereby ordered to remove from their present places of residence within fifteen days from the date hereof. Those who, within that time, establish their loyalty to the satisfaction of the commanding officer of the military station nearest their present places of residence, will receive from him certificates stating the fact of their loyalty, and the names of the witnesses by whom it can be shown. All who receive such certificate will be permitted to remove to any military station in this district, or to any part of the State of Kansas, except the counties on the eastern borders of the State, All others shall remove out of this district. Officers commanding companies and detach- ments serving in the counties named, will see that this paragraph is promptly obeyed. Second. — All grain and hay in the field, or under shelter, in the district from which the inhabitants are required to remove within reach of military stations, after the 9th day of September next, will be taken to such stations and turned over to the proper officer there, and report of the amount so turned over made to district headquarters, specifying the names of all loyal owners and the amount of such produce taken from them. All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th day of September next, not convenient to such stations, will be destroyed. Third. — The provisions of General Order No. 10, from these headquarters, 46 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. will at once be vigorously executed by officers commanding in the parts of the district, and at the stations not subject to the operations of paragraph First of this Order — and especially in the towns of Independence, Westport and Kansas City. Fourth — Paragraph 3, General Order No. 10, is revoked as to all who have borne arms against the government in the district since August 20, 1863. By order of Brigadier-General Ewing. H. HANNAHS, Adjutant. October 12-13, Battle of Arrow Creek. January, 1864, General Rosecrans takes command of the Department. September, 1864, Battle at Pilot Knob, Harrison and Little Morceau River. October 5, 1864, Battle at Prince's Ford and James Gordon's farm. October 8, 1864, Battle at Glasgow. October 20, 1864, Batde at Little Blue Creek. September 27, 1864, Massacre at Centralia, by Captain Bill Anderson. October 27, 1864, Capt. Anderson killed. December — , 1864, General Rosecrans relieved, and General Dodge ap- pointed to succeed him. Nothing occurred specially, of a military character, in the State after Decem- ber, 1864. We have, in the main, given the facts as they occurred without com- ment or entering into details. Many of the minor incidents and skirmishes of the war have been omitted because of our limited space. It is utterly impossible, at this date, to give the names and dates of all the batdes fought in Missouri during the civil war. It will be found, however, that the list given below, which has been arranged for convenience, contains the prominent battles and skirmishes which took place within the State : Potosi, May 14, 1861. Boonville, June 17, 1861. Carthage, July 5, 1861. Monroe Station, July 10, i86i. Overton's Run, July 17, 1861. Dug Spring, August 2, 1861. Wilson's Creek, August 9, 1861. Athens, August 5, 1861. Moreton, August 20, t86i. Bennett's Mills, September — , 1861. Drywood Creek, September 7, 1861. Norfolk, September 10, 1861. Lexington, September 12-20, 1861. Blue Mills Landing, September 17, 1861. Glasgow Mistake, September 20, 1861. Osceola, September 25, 1861. Shanghai, Oct. 13, 1861. Lebanon, Oct. 13, 1861. Linn Creek, Oct. 15, 1861. Big River Bridge, Oct. 15, 1861. Fredericktown, Oct. 21, i86i. Springfield, Oct. 25, 1861. Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861. Piketon, Nov. 8, 1861. Little Blue, Nov. to, 1861. Clark's Station, Nov. 11, 1861. Zion Church, Dec, 28, 1871. Silver Creek, Jan. 15, 1862. New Madrid, Feb. 28, 1862. Pea Ridge, March 6, 1862. Neosho, April 22, 1862. Rose Hill, July 10, 1862. Chariton River, July 30, 1862. Cherry Grove, June — , 1862. Pierces Mill, June — , 1862. Florida, July 22, 1862. Moore's Mill, July 28, 1862. Kirksville, Aug. 6, 1862. Compton's Ferry, Aug 8, 1862. Yellow Creek, Aug. 13, 1862. Independence, Aug. 11, 1862. Lone Jack, Aug. 16, 1862. Newtonia, Sept. 13, 1862. Springfield, Jan. 8, 1863. Cape Girardeau, April 29, 1863. Arrow Rock, Oct. 12 and 13, 1863. Pilot Knob, Sept, — , 1864. Harrison, Sept. — , 1864. Moreau River, Oct. 7, 1864. Prince's Ford, Oct. 5, 1864, Glasgow, Oct. 8, 1864. Little Blue Creek, Oct. 20, 1864. Albany, Oct. 27, 1864. Near Rocheport, Sept. 23, 1864. Centralia, Sept. 27, 1864. HISTOKV Ub MISSOURI. 47 CHAPTER IX. EARLY MILITARY RECORD. B/ack Hawk War — Mormon Difficulties — Florida War — Mexican War. On the 14th day of May, 1832, a bloody engagement took place between the regular forces of the United States, and a part of the Sacs, Foxes, and Winneba- goe Indians, commanded by Black Hawk and Keokux, near Dixon's Ferry in Illinois, The Governor (John Miller) of Missouri, fearing these savages would invade the soil of his State, ordered Major-General Richard Gentry to raise one thou- sand volunteers for the defense of the frontier. Five companies were at once raised in Boone county, and in Callaway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls, Clay and Monroe other companies were raised. Two of these companies, commanded respectively by Captain John Jaimison, of Callaway, and Captain David M. Hickman, of Boone county, were mustered into service in July for thirty days, and put under command of Major Thomas W. Conyers. This detachment, accompanied by General Gentry, arrived at Fort Pike on the 15th of July, 1832. Finding that the Indians had not crossed the Mississippi into Missouri, General Gentry returned to Columbia, leaving the fort in charge of Major Conyers. Thirty days having expired, the command under Major Con- yers was relieved by two other companies under Captains Sinclair Kirtley, of Boone, and Patrick Ewing, of Callaway. This detachment was marched to Fort Pike by Col. Austin A. King, who conducted the two companies under Major Conyers home. Major Conyers was left in charge of the fort, where he remained till September following, at which time the Indian troubles, so far as Missouri was concerned, having all subsided, the frontier forces were mustered out of service. Black Hawk continued the war in Iowa and Illinois, and was finally defeated and captured in 1833. MORMON DIFFICULTIES. In 1832, Joseph Smith, the leader of the Mormons, and the chosen prophet and apostle, as he claimed, of the Most High, came with many followers to Jack- son county, Missouri, where they located and entered several thousand acres of land. The object of his coming so far West — upon the very outskirts of civilization at that time — was to more securely establish his church, and the more effectively to instruct his followers in its pecuHar tenets and practices. Upon the present town site of Independence the Mormons located their **Zion," and gave it the name of "The New Jerusalem." They published here The Evening Star, and made themselves generally obnoxious to the Gentiles, who were then in a minority, by their denunciatory articles through their paper, their clannishness and their polygamous practices. Dreading the demoralizing influence of a paper which seemed to be inspired only with hatred and malice toward them, the Gentiles threw the press and type into the Missouri river, tarred and feathered one of their bishops, and otherwise gave the Mormons and their leaders to understand that they must conduct them- selves in an entirely different manner if they wished to be let alone. After the destruction of their paper and press, they became furiously incensed, and sought many opportunities for retaliation. Matters continued in an uncertain 48 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. condition until the 31st of October, 1833, when a deadly conflict occurred near Wes'poit, in which two Gentiles and one Mormon were killed. On the 2d of November following the Mormons were overpowered, and com- pelled to lay down their arms and agree to leave the county with their families by January ist on the condition that the owner would be paid for his printing press. Leaving Jackson county, they crossed the Missouri and located in Clay, Car- roll, Caldwell and other counties, and selected in Caldwell county a town site, which they called " Far West," and where they entered more land for their future homes. Through the influence of their missionaries, who were exerting themselves in the East and in difftrent portions of Europe, converts had constantly flocked to their standard, and "Far West," and other Mormon settlements, rapidly prospered. In 1837 they commenced the erection of a magnificent temple but never finished it. As their settlements increased in numbers, they became bolder in their practices and deeds of lawlessness. During the summer of 1838 two of their leaders settled in the town of De- Witt, on the Missouri river, having purchased the land from an Illinois merchant. DeWitt was in Carroll county, and a good point from which to forward goods and immigrants to their town — Far West. Upon its being ascertained that these parties were Mormon leaders, the Gen- tiles called a public meeting, which was addressed by some of the prominent citizens of the county. Nothing, however, was done at this meeting, but at a subsequent meeting, which was held a few days afterward, a committee of citi- zens was appointed to notify Col. Hinkle (one of the Mormon leaders at DeWitt), what they intended to do. Col. Hinkle upon being notified by this committee became indignant, and threatened extermination to all who should attempt to molest him or the Saints. In anticipation of trouble, and believing that the Gentiles would attempt to force them from DeWitt, Mormon recruits flocked to the town from every direc- tion, and pitched their tents in and around the town in great numbers. The Gentiles, nothing daunted, planned an attack upon this encampment, to take place on the 21st day of September, 1838, and, accordingly, one hundred and fifty men bivouacked near the town on that day. A conflict ensued, but nothing serious occurred. The Mormons evacuated their works and fled to some log houses, where they could tl e more successfully resist the Gentiles, who had in the meaniime returned to their camp to await reinforcements. Troops from Howard, Ray and other counties came to their assistance, and increased their number to five hundred men. Congreve Jackson was chosen Brigadier-General ; Ebenezer Price, Colonel ; Singleton Vau^han, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Sarchel Woods, Major. After some days of discipline, this brigade prepared for an assault, but before the attack was commenced Judge James Earickson and William F. Dunnica, influential citizens of Howard county, asked permission of General Jackson to let them try and ad- just the difficulties without any bloodshed. It was finally agreed that Judge Earickson should propose to the Mormons that,, if they would pay for all the cattle they had killed belonging to the citizens, and load iheir wagons during the night and be ready to move by ten o'clock next morning, and make no further attempt to settle in Howard county, the citizens would purchase at first cost their lots in DeWitt and one or two adjoining tracts of land. Cul. Hinkle, the leader of the Mormons, at first refused all attempts to settle the difficulties in this way, but finally agreed to the proposition. in aLcorUance therewith, the Mormons without further delay, loaded up their HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 49 wagons for the town of Far West, in Caldwell county. Whether the terms of the agreement were ever carried out, on the part of the citizens, is not known. The Mormons had doubtless suffered much and in many ways — the result of their own acts — but their trials and sufferings were not at an end. In 1838 the discord between the citizens and Mormons became so great that Governor Boggs issued a proclamation ordering Major-General David R. Atchi- son to call the militia of his division to enforce the laws. He called out a part of the ist brigade of the Missouri State Militia, under command of General A. W. Doniphan, who proceeded to the seat of war. General John B. Clark, of Howard county was placed in command of the militia. The Mormon forces numbered about i,ooo men, and were led by G. W. Hinkle. The first engagement occurred at Crooked river, where one Mormon was killed. The principal fight took place at Haughn's Mills, where eighteen Mormons were killed and the balance captured, some of them being killed after they had surrendered. Only one militiaman was wounded. In the month of October, 1838, Joe Smith surrendered the town of Far West to General Doniphan, agreeing to his conditions, viz. : That they should deliver up their arms, surrender their prominent leaders for trial, and the remainder of the Mormons should, with their families, leave the State. Indictments were found against a number of these leaders, including Joe Smith, who, while being taken to Boone county for trial, made his escape, and was afterward, in 1844, killed at Carthage, Illinois, with his brother Hyrum. FLORIDA WAR. In September, 1837, the Secretary of War issued a requisition on Governor Boggs, of Missouri, for six hundred volunteers for service in Florida against the Seminole Indians, with whom the Creek nation had made common cause under Osceola. The first regiment was chiefly raised in Boone county by Colonel Richard Gentry, of which he was elected Colonel; John W. Price, of Howard county, Lieutenant-Colonel; Harrison H. Hughes, also of Howard, Major. Four com- panies of the second regiment were raised and attached to the first. Two of these companies were composed of Delaware and Osage Indians. October 6, 1837, Col. Gentry's regiment left Columbia for the seat of war, stopping on the way at Jefferson barracks, where thev were mustered into service. Arriving at Jackson barracks, New Orleans, they were from thence trans- ported in brigs across the Gulf to Tampa Bay, Florida. General Zachary Taylor, who then commanded in Florida, ordered Col. Gentry to march to Okee-cho-bee Lake, one hundred and thirty-five miles inland by the route traveled. Having reached the Kissemmee river, seventy miles distant, a bloody battle ensued, in which Col. Gentry was killed. The Missourians, though losing their gallant leader, continued the fight until the Indians were totally routed, leaving many of their dead and wounded on the field. There being no further service required of the Missourians, they returned to their homes in 1838. MEXICAN WAR. Soon after Mexico declared war, against the United States, on the 8th and 9th of May, 1846, the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma were fought. Great excitement prevailed throughout the country. In none of her sister States however, did the fires of patriotism burn more intensely than in Missouri. Not waitmg for the call for volunteers, the " St. Louis Legion" hastened to the field of conflict. The " Legion" was commanded by Colonel A. R. Easton. During the month of May, 1846, Governor Edwards, of Missouri, called for volunteers to join the " Army of the West," an expedition to Santa Fe — under command of General Stephen W. Kearney. 50 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Fort Leavenworth was the appointed rendezvous for the volunteers By the i8th of June, the full complement of companies to compose the first regi- ment had arrived from Jackson, Lafayette, Clay, Saline, Franklin, Cole, Howard and Callaway counties. Of this regunent A. W. Doniphan was made Colonel ; C. F. Ruff, Lieutenant-Colonel, and William Gilpin, Major. The battalion of light artillery from St. Louis was commanded by Captains R. A. Weightman and A. W, Fischer, with Major M. L. Clark as field officer; battalions of infantry from Platte and Cole counties commanded by Captains Murphy and W. Z. Augney respectively, and the " Laclede Rangers," from St. Louis, by Captain Thomas B. Hudson, aggregating all told, from Missouri, 1,658 men. In the summer of 1846 Hon. Sterling Price resigned his seat in Congress and raised one mounted regiment, one mounted extra battalion, and one extra battalion of Mor- mon infantry to reinforce the " Army of the West. " Mr. Price was made colonel, and D. D. Mitchell lieutenant-colonel. In August, 1847, Governor Edwards made another requisition for one thou- sand men, to consist of infantry. The regiment was raised at once. John Dougherty, of Clay county, was chosen colonel, but before the regiment marched the President countermanded the order. A company of mounted volunteers was raised in Ralls county, commanded by Captain Wm. T. Lalfiand. Conspicuous among the engagements in which the Missouri volunteers participated in Mexico were the battles of Brazito, Sacra- mento, Canada, El Embudo, Taos and Santa Cruz de Rosales. The forces from Missouri were mustered out in 1848, and will ever be remembered in the history of the Mexican war, for " A thousand glorious actions that might claim Triumphant laurels, and immortal fame." CHAPTER X. AGRICULTURE AND MATERIAL WEALTH. Missouri as an Agricultural State — The Different Crops — Live Stock — Horses — Mules — Milch Cows — Oxen and other Cattle — Sheep — ILogs — Comparisons — Missouri Adapted to Live Stock — Cotton — Broom-Corn and other Products — Fruits — Berries — Grapes — Railroads — First Neigh of the ** Iron Horse" in Missouri — Names of Railroads — Manufactures — Great Bridge at St. Louis. Agriculture is the greatest among all the arts of mkn, as it is the first in supply- ing his necessities. It favors and strengthens population ; it creates and maintains manufactures ; gives employment to navigation and furnishes materials to com- merce. It animates every species of industry, and opens to nations the safest channels of wealth. It is the strongest bond of well regulated society, the surest basis of internal peace, and the natural associate of correct morals. Among all the occupations and professions of life, there is none more honorable, none more independent, and none more conducive to health and happiness. ** In ancient times the sacred plow employ'd The kings, and awful fathers of mankind ; And some, with whom compared, your insect tribes Are but the beings of a summer's day, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 51 Have held the scale of empire, ruled the storm Of mighty war with unwearied hand, Disdaining little delicacies, seized The plow and greatly independent lived." As an agricultural region, Missouri is not surpassed by any State in the Union, It is indeed the farmer's kingdom, where he always reaps an abundant harvest. The soil, in many portions of the State, has an open, flexible structure, quickly al^orbs the most excessive rains, and retains moisture with great tenacity. This being the case, it is not so easily affected by drouth. The prairies are covered with sweet, luxuriant grass, equally good for grazing and hay ; grass not surpassed by the Kentucky blue grass — the best of clover and timothy in growing and fat- tening cattle. This grass is now as full of life-giving nutriment as it was when cropped by the buffalo, the elk, the antelope and the deer, and costs the herds- man nothing. No State or Territory has a more complete and rapid system of natural drainage, or a more abundant supply of pure, fresh water than Missouri. Both man and beast may slake their thirst from a thousand perennial fountains, which gush in limpid streams from the hill-sides, and wend their way through verdant valleys and along smiling prairies, varying in size, as they onward flow, from the diminutive brooklet to the giant river. Here, nature has generously bestowed her attractions of climate, soil and scenery to please and gratify man while earning his bread in the sweat of his brow. Being thus munificently endowed, Missouri offers superior inducements to the farmer, and bids him enter her broad domain and avail himself of her varied re- sources. We present here a table showing the product of each principal crop in Missouri for 1878. Indian Corn 93,062,000 bushels Wheat 20,196,000 '* Rye 732,000 " Oats 19,584,000 '* Buckwheat 46,400 ** Potatoes 5,415,000 '* Tobacco 23,023,000 pounds Hay 1,620,000 tons There were 3,552,000 acres in corn; wheat, 1,836,000; rye, 48,800: oats, 640,000; buckwheat, 2,900; potatoes, 72,200; tobacco, 29,900; hay, 850,000. Value of each crop: torn, $24,196,224; wheat, $13,531,320; rye, $300,120; oats, $3,325,120; buckwheat, $24, 128; potatoes, $2,057,700; tobacco, $1,151,- 150; hay, $10,416,600. Average cash value of crops per acre, $7.69; average yield of corn per acre, 26 bushels; wheat, 11 bushels. Next in importance to the corn crop in value is live stock. The following table shows the number of horses, mules and milch cows in the different States for 1879: STATES. HORSES. MULES. MILCH COWS. Maine New Hampshire . Vermont .... Massachusetts . , Rhode Island . . Connecticut , . , 81,700 169,100 57.100 98,100 77,400 217,800 131,000 ...... 160,700 16,200 22,000 53;5oo 116,500 62 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. STATES. HORSES. MULES. MILCH COWS. New York 898,900 11,800 1,446,200 New Jersey . . . . 114,500 14,400 152,200 Pennsylvania .... 614,500 24,900 828,400 Delaware 19,900 4,000 23,200 Maryland 108,600 11,300 100,500 Virginia 208,700 30,600 236,200 North Carolina . . . 144,200 74,000 232,300 South Carolina . . . 59,600 51,500 131,300 Georgia 119,200 97,200 273,100 Florida , 22,400 11,900 70,000 Alabama 112,800 111,700 215,200 Mississippi .... 97,200 100,000 188,000 Louisiana 79,300 80,700 110,900 Texas 618,000 180,200 544,500 Arkansas . . . . • 180,500 89,300 187,70a Tennessee .... 323,700 ...... 99,700 245,700 West Virginia , , . 122,200 2,400 130,500 Kentucky 386,900 117,800 257,200 Ohio . . , o , . . 772,700 26,700 714,100 Michigan ..... 333,800 4.300 416,900 Indiana 688,800 .>..... 61,200 439,200 Illinois ...... 1,100,000 138,000 702,400 Wisconsin 384,400 8,700 477,300 Minnesota 247,300 7,000 278,900 Iowa 770,700 43,400 676,200 Missouri 627,300 191,900 516,200 Kansas 275,000 50,000 321,900 Nebraska 157,200 13,600 127,600 California 273,000 25,700 459,600 Oregon 109,700 3»5oo .... . . 112,400 Nev., Col. and Ter's . 250,000 25,700 423,600 It will be seen from the above table, that Missouri is the fifth State in the number of horses ; fifth in number of milch-cows, and the leading State in num- ber of mules, having 11,700 more than Texas, which produces the next largest number. Of oxen and other cattle, Missouri produced in 1879, 1,632,000, which was more than any other State produced excepting Texas, which had 4,800,000. In 1879 Missouri raised 2,817,600 hogs, which was more than any other State produced, excepting Iowa. The number of sheep, was 1,296,400. The num- ber of hogs packed in 1879, by the different States, is as follows : STATES. NO. STATES. NO. Ohio 932,878 Missouri 965,839 Indiana 622,321 Wisconsin. .,•.,, .472,108 Illinois 3,214,896 Kentucky, ••••••. 212,4x2 Iowa . 569,763 Average weight per head for each State : STATES. POUNDS. STATES. POUNDS. Ohio 210.47 Missouri 213.32 Indiana 193.80 Wisconsin. . . • 220.81 Illinois 225.71 Kentucky. ........210.11 Iowa 211.98 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 53 From the above, it will be seen that Missouri annually packs more hogs than any other State excepting Jllinois, and that she ranks third in the average weight. We see no reason why Missouri should not be the foremost stock-raising State of the Union. In addition to the enormous yield of corn and oats upon which the stock is largely dependent, the climate is well adapted to their growth and health. Water is not only inexhaustible, but everywhere convenient. The ranges for stock are boundless, affording for nine months of the year, excellent pasturage of nutritious wild grasses, which grow in great luxuriance upon the thousand prairies. Cotton is grown successfully in many counties of the southeastern portions of the State, especially in Stoddard, Scott, Pemiscot, Butler, New Madrid, Law- rence and Mississippi. Sweet potatoes are produced in abundance and are not only sure but profi- table. Broom corn, sorghum, castor beans, white beans, peas, hops, thrive well, and all kinds of garden vegetables, are produced in great abundance and are found in the markets during all seasons of the year. Fruits of every variety, including the apple, pear, peach, cherries, apricots and nectarines, are cultivated with great success, as are also, the strawberry, gooseberry, currant, raspberry and black- berry. The grape has not been produced, with that success that was at first antici- pated, yet the yield of wine for the year 1879, was nearly half a million of gallons. Grapes do well in Kansas, and we see no reason why they should not be as sure- ly and profitably grown in a similar climate and soil in Missouri, and particularly in many of the counties north and east of the Missouri River. RAILROADS. Twenty-nine years ago, the neigh of the "iron horse" was heard for the first time, within the broad domain of Missouri. His coming presaged the dawn of a brighter and grander era in the history of the State. Her fertile prairies, and more prolific valleys would soon be of easy access to the oncoming tide of immigration, and the ores and minerals of her hills and mountains would be developed, and utilized in her manufacturing and industrials enterprises. Additional facilities would be opened to the marts of trade and commerce ; transportation from the interior of the State would be secured; a fresh impetus , would be given to the growth of her towns and cities, and new hopes and inspi- rations would be imparted to all her people. Since 1852, the initial period of railroad building in Missouri, between four and five thousand miles of track have been laid; additional roads are now being constructed, and many others in contemplation. The State is already well sup- plied with railroads which thread her surface in all directions, bringing her remotest districts into close connection with St. Louis, that great center of west- ern railroads and inland commerce. These roads have a capital stock, aggregat- ing more than one hundred millions of dollars, and a funded debt of about the same amount. The lines of railroads which are operated in the State are the following : Missouri Pacific — chartered May loth, 1850; The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, which is a consolidation of the Arkansas Branch; The Cairo, Arkansas & Texas Railroad. The Cairo & Fulton Raiiroad : The St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railway; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway; The Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad; The Hannibal & St. Joseph Rail- road; The Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad; The Illinois, Missouri & Texas Railroad; The Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad ; The Keokuk & Kansas City Railway Company ; The St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Rail- 54 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. road Company; The Missouri & Western; The St. Louis, Keokuk & North- western Railroad ; The St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad ; The Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railway; The Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad; The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; The Burlington & Southwestern Rail- road. MANUFACTURES. The natural resources of Missouri especially fit her for a great manufacturing State. She is rich in soil ; rich in all the elements which supply the furnace, the machine shop and the planing mill; rich in the multitude and variety of her gi- gantic forests; rich in her marble, stone and granite quarries; rich in her mines of iron, coal, lead and zinc; rich in strong arms and willing hands to apply the force; rich in water power and river navigation; and rich in her numerous and well-built railroads, whose numberless engines thunder along their multiplied track- ways. Missouri contains over fourteen thousand manufacturing establishments, 1,965 of which are using steam and give employment to 80,000 hands. The cap- ital employed is about $100,000,000, the material annually used and worked up, amounts to over $150,000,000 and the value of the products put upon the markets $250,000,000, while the wages paid, are more than $40,000,000. The leading manufacturing counties of the State, are St. Louis, Jackson, Buc- hanan, St. Charles, Marion, Franklin, Green, Lafayette, Platte, Cape Giardeau, and Boone. Three-fourths, however, of the manufacturing is done in St. Louis, which is now about the second manufacturing city of the Union. Flouring mills produce annually about $38,194,000; carpentering $18,763,000; meat-packing $16,769,000; tobacco $12,496,000; iron and castings $12,000,000; liquors $11,- 245,000; clothing 510,022,000; lumber $8,652,000; bagging and bags $6,914, - 000, and many other smaller industries in proportion. GREAT BRIDGE AT ST. LOUIS. Of the many public improvements which do honor to the State and reflect great credit upon the genius of their projectors, we have space only, to mention the great bridge at St. Louis. This truly wonderful construction is built of tubular steel, total length of which, with its approaches, is 6,277 feet, at a cost of nearly $8,000,000. The bridge spans the Mississippi from the Illinois to the Missouri shore, and has sep- arate railroad tracts, roadways, and foot paths. In durability, architectural beau- ty and practical utility, there is, perhaps, no similar piece of workmanship that approximates it. The structure of Darius upon the Bosphorus ; of Xerxes upon the Hellespont; of Caesar upon the Rhine ; and Trajan upon the Danube, famous in ancient histo- ry, were built for military purposes, that over them might pass invading armies with their munitions of war, to destroy commerce, to lay in waste the provinces, and to slaughter the people. But the erection of this was for a higher and nobler purpose. Over it are coming the trade and merchandise of the opulent East, and thence are passing the untold riches of the West. Over it are crowding legions of men, armed not with the weapons of war, but the implements of peace and industry ; men who are skilled in all the arts of agriculture, of manufacture and of mining; men who will hasten *the day when St. Louis shall rank in population and importance, sec- ond to no city on the continent, and when Missouri shall proudly fill the measure of greatness, to which she is naturally so justly entitled. HISTOKV OF MISSOURI. 55 CHAPTER XI. EDUCATION. Public School System — Public School System of Missouri — Lincoln Institute — Officers of Publit School System — Certificates of Teachers — University of Missouri — Schools — Colleges — InstilU' tions of Learning— Location — Libraries — Newspapers and Periodicals — No. of School Chil- dren — Amount Expended — Value of Grounds and Buildings — **The Press." The first constitution of Missouri provided, that "one school or more, shall be estabUshed in each township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis." It will be seen that even at that early day, (1820), the framers of the con- stitution made provision for at least a primary education, for the poorest and the humblest, taking it for granted that those who were able would avail themselves of educational advantages which were not gratuitous. The establishment of the public school system in its essential features, was not perfected until 1839, during the administration of Governor Boggs, and since that period, the system has slowly grown into favor, not only in Missouri, but throughout the United States. The idea of a free or public school for all classes was not at first a popular one, especially among those who had the means to pat- ronize private institutions of learning. In upholding and maintaining public schools, the opponents of the system felt that they were not only compromising their own standing among their more wealthy neighbors, but that they were to some extent, bringing opprobrium upon their children. Entertaining such preju- dices they naturally thought that the training received in public schools, could not be otherwise than defective, hence many years of probation passed, before the popular mind was prepared to appreciate the benefits and blessings which spring from these institutions. Every year only adds to their popularity, and commends them the more earnestly to the fostering care of our State and National Legislatures, and to the esteem and favor of all classes of our people. We can hardly conceive of two grander and more potent promoters of civili- zation, than the free school and the free press. They would indeed seem to con- stitute all that was necessary to the attainment of the happiness and intellectual growth of the Republic and all that was necessary to broaden, to liberalize and instruct. '*Tis education forms the common mind; 5fe *k jfe "^(^ ik ik sli *' For noble youth there is nothing so meet As learning is, to know the good from ill; To know the tongues, and perfectly indite, And of the laws to have a perfect skill. Things to reform as right and justice will, For honor is ordained for no cause But to see right maintained by the laws." All the States of the Union, have in practical operation the public school system, governed in the main by similar laws, and not differing materially in the manner and methods by which they are taught, but none have a wiser, a more Hberal and comprehensive machinery of inbiruction than Missouri. Her school laws since 1839, have undergone many changes, and always for the better, keep- 56 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ing pace with the most enlightened and advanced theories of the most experienc- ed educators in the land. But not until 1875, when the new constitution was adopteJ, did her present admirable system of public instruction go into effect. Provisions were made not only for white, but for children of African descent, and are a part of the organic law, not subject to the caprices of unfriendly legisla- tures, or the whims of political parties. The Lincoln Institute, located at Jeffer- son Ci y, for the education of colored teachers, receives an annual appropriation from the General Assembly. For the support of the public schools, in addition to the annual income de- rived from the public school fund, which is set apart by law, not less than twenty- five p^r cent, of the State revenue, exclusive of the interest and sinking fund, is annually applied to this purpose. The officers having in charge the public school interests, are the State "Board of Education;" the State Superintendent; County Superintendent; County Clerk and Treasurer; Board of Directors; City and Town School Board; and Teacher. The State Board of Education is composed of the State Superin- tendent, the Governor, Secretary of State and the Attorney General, the execu- tive officer of this Board, being the State Superintendent, who is chosen by the people every four years. His duties are nlimerous. He renders decisions con- cerning the local application of school law ; keeps a record of all the school funds and annually distributes the same to the counties ; supervises the work of county school officers ; delivers lectures ; visits schools ; distributes educational informa- tion ; grants certificates of higher qualifications ; and makes an annual report to the General Assembly of the condition of the schools. The County Superintendents are also elected by the people for two years. Their work is to examine teachers, to distribute blanks and make reports. Coun- ty clerks receive estimates from the local directors and extend them upon the tax-books. In addition to this, they keep the general records of the county and township school funds, and return an annual report of the financial condition of the schools of their county to the State Superintendent. School taxes are gather- ed with other taxes by the county collector. The custodian of the school funds belonging to the schools of the counties, is the county treasurer, except in coun- ties adopting the township organization, in which case, the township trustee discharges these duties. Districts organized under the special law for cities and towns are governed by a board of six directors, two of whom are selected annually, on the second Sat- urday in September, and hold their office for three years. One director is elected to serve for three years in each school district, at the annual meeting. These directors may levy a tax not exceeding forty per cent, on the one hundred dollars valuation, provided such annual rates for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities and towns, to an amount not to ex- ceed one dollar on the hundred dollars valuation ; and in other districts to an amount not to exceed sixty five cents on the one hundred dollars valuation, on the condi- tion that a majority of the voters who are tax-payers, voting at an election held to decide the question, vote for said increase. For the purpose of erecting public buildings in school districts, the rates of taxation thus limited, may be increased when the rate of such increase and the purpose for which it is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people, and two-thirds of the qualified voters of such school district voting at such election shall vote therefor. Local directors may direct the management of the school in respect to the choice of teachers and other details, but in the discharge of all important business, such as the erection of a school house or the extension of a term of school beyond the constitutional period, they simply execute the will of the people. The clerk of this board may be a director. He keeps ;> record of the names of all the chil- dren and youth in the district between the ages of five and twenty-one; records 58 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. all business proceedi'igs of the district, and reports to the annual meeting, to the County Licrk. and County Superintendents. Teachers must hold a certificate from the State Superintendent or County Commissioner of the county where they teach. State certificates are granted upon personal written examinations in the common branches, together with the natural sciences and higher mathematics. The holder of such certificate may teach in any public school of the State without further examination. Certificates granted by County Commissioners are of two classes, with two grades in each class Those issued for a longer term than one year, belong to the first class and are suscepti- ble of two grades, differing both as to length of time and attainments. Those issued for one year may represent two grades, marked by qualification alone. The township school fund arises from a grant of land by the General Government, consisting of section sixteen in each congressional township. The annual income of the township fund is appropriated to the various townships, according to their respective proprietary claims. The support from the permanent funds is supple- mented by direct taxation laid upon the taxable property of each district. The greatest limit of taxation for the current expenses is one per cent. ; the tax per- mitted for school-house building cannot exceed the same amount. Among the institutions of learning and ranking, perhaps, the first in impor- tance, is the State University located at Columbia, Boone county. When the State was admitted into the Union, Congress granted to it one entire township of land (46,080 acres) for the support of " A Seminary of Learning." The lands secured for this purpose are among the best and most valuable in the State. These lands were put upon the market in 1832 and brought $75,000, which amount was invested in the stock of the old bank of the State of Missouri, where it remained and increased by accumulation to the sum of $100,000. In 1839 by an act of the General Assembly, five commissioners were appointed to select a site for the State University, the site to contain at least fifty acres of land in a com- pact form, within two miles of the county seat of Cole, Cooper, Howard, Boone, Callaway or Saline. Bids were let among the counties named and the county ot Boone having subscribed the sum of $117, 921, some $18,000 more than any other county, the State University was located in that county, and on the 4th of July, 1840, the corner-stone was laid with imposing ceremonies. The present annual income of the University is nearly $65,000. There are still unsold about 200,000 acres of land from the grant of 1862. The donations to the institutions connected therewith amount to nearly $400,000. This Uni- versity with its different departments, is opened to both male and female and both sexes enjoy alike its rights and privileges. Among the professional schools, which form a part of the University, are the Normal, or College of Instruction in Teaching; the Agricultural and Mechanical College; the School of Mines and Metallurgy; the College of Law ; the Medical College; and the Department ot Analytical and Applied Chemistry. Other departments are contemplated and will be added as necessity requires. The following will show the names and locations of the schools and institu- tion of the State as reported by the Commissioner of Education in 1875 : UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. Christian University Canton. St. Vincent's College Cape Girardeau. University of Missouri Columbia. Central College Fayette. Westminster College Fulton. Lewis College Glasgow. Pritchett School Institute Glasgow. Lincoln College Greenwood. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 59 Hannibal College Hannibal, Woodland College , Independence. Thayer College Kidder. La Grange College ••..La Grange. William Jewell College • Liberty. Biptist College Louisiana. St. Joseph College St. Joseph. College of Christian Brothers St. Louis. Si:. Louis University St. Louis. Washington University • * St. Louis. Drury College =. Springfield. Central Wesleyan College Warrenton. FOR SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OP WOMEN. St. Joseph Female Seminary St. Joseph. CJhristian College Columbia. Stephens' College Columbia. Howard College Fayette. Independence Female College , Independence. Central Female College Lexington. Clay Seminary Liberty. Ingleside Female College • Palmyra. Linden Wood College for Young Ladies St Charles. Mary Institute (Washington University) St. Louis. St. Louis Seminary St. Louis. UrsuHne Academy .,,, ......St. Louis. FOR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. Arcadia College Arcadia. St. Vincent's Academy Cape Girardeau. Chillicothe Academy Chillicothe. Grand River College Edinburgh. Marionville Collegiate Institute Marionville. Palmyra Seminary Palmyra. St. Paul's College Palmyra. Van Rensselaer Academy Rensselaer. Shelby High School Shelbyville. Stewartville Male and Female Seminary Stewartsville. SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE. Missouri Agricultural and Mechanical College (University of Missouri) . Columbia. Schools of Mines and Metallurgy (University of Missouri) Columbia. Polytechnic Institute (Washington University) St. Louis. SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY. St. Vincent's College (Theological Department) Cape Girardeau. Westminster College (Theological School) Fulton Vardeman School of Theology (William Jewell College) Liberty. Concordia College St. Louis. SCHOOLS OF LAW. Law School of the University of Missouri Columbia. Law School of the Washington University • • . . . St. Louis. 60 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. • SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. Medical College, University of Missouri Columbia. College of Physicians and Surgeons St. Joseph. Kansas City College of Physicians and Surgeons Kansas City. Hospital Medical College St. Joseph. Missouri Medical College St. Louis. Northwestern Medical College St. Joseph. St. Louis Medical College St. Louis. Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri St. Louis. Missouri School of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children . St. Louis. Missouri Central College St. Louis. St. Louis College of Pharmacy St. Louis. LARGEST PUBLIC LIBRARIES. NAME. LOCATION VOLUMES, St. Vincent's College Cape Girardeau S^Soo Southeast Missouri State Normal School . . . Cape Girardeau 1,225 University of Missouri Columbia 10,000 Athenian Society Columbia 1,200 Union Literary Society . ..,,.,,, 'Columbia 1,200 Law College , Columbia 1,000 Westminster College Fulton 5,000 Lewis College Glasgow 3,000 Mercantile Library Hannibal 2,219 Library Association Independence i.ioo Fruitland Normal Institute Jackson 1,000 State Library Jefferson City 13,000 Fetterman's Circulating Library Kansas City 1,300 Law Library Kansas City 3,000 Whittemore's Circulating Library Kansas City 1,000 North Missouri State Normal School .... Kirksville 1,050 William Jewell College Liberty . . . ., 4,000 St. Paul's College Palmyra 2,000 Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy . . RoUa 1,478 St. Charles Catholic Library St. Charles 1,716 Carl Frielling's Library St. Joseph. ....... 6,000 Law Library St. Joseph 2,000 Public School Library St. Joseph 2,500 Walworth & Colt's Circulating Library . . .St. Joseph 1,500 Academy of Science St Louis 2,744 Academy of Visitation St. Louis 4,000 College of the Christian Brothers St. Louis 22,000 Deutsche Institute St. Louis 1,000 German Evang. Lutheran, Concordia College . St. Louis 4,800 Law Library Association St. Louis 8,000 Missouri Medical College St. Louis 1,000 Mrs. Cuthberts Seminary (Young Ladies) . . St. Louis 1,500 Odd Fellows Library St. Louis 4,000 Public School Library St. Louis 40,097 St. Louis Medical College St. Louis 1,100 St. Louis Mercantile Library St. Louis 45,000 St. Louis Seminary St. Louis 2,000 St. Louis Turn Verein St. Louis 2,000 St. Louis University St. Louis 17,000 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 61 NAME. LOCATION^ VOLt^MES. St. Louis University Society Libraries . . . .St. Louis 8,000 Ursuline Academy St. Louis . , 2,000 Washington University St. Louis 4,500 St. Louis Law School St. Louis 3,000 Young Men's Sodality . St. Louis 1-327 Library Association Sedalia 1,500 Public School Library Sedalia 1,015 Drury College Springfield 2,000 IN 1880. Newspapers and Periodicals 481 CHARITIES. State Asylum for Deaf and Dumb Fulton. St. Bridget's Institution for Deaf and Dumb St. Louis. Institution for the Education of the Blind St. Louis. State Asylum for Insane Fulton. State Asylum for the Insane , . St. Louis. NORMAL SCHOOLS. Normal Institute Bolivar. Southeast Missouri State Normal School Cape Girardeau. Normal School (University of Missouri) Columbia^ Fruitland Normal Institute Jackson. Lincoln Institute (for colored) Jefferson City. City Normal School St. Louis. Missouri State Normal School Warrensburg. IN 1880. Number of School Children IN 1878. Estimated value of School Property $8,321,399 Total Receipts for Public Schools 4,207,617 Total Expenditures 2,406,139 NUMBER OF TEACHERS. Male Teachers 6,239; average monthly pay. , , , .$36.86. Female Teachers 5, 060; average monthly pay 28.09. The fact that Missouri supports and maintains four hundred and seventy-one newspapers and periodicals, shows that her inhabitants are not only a reading and reflecting people, but that they appreciate ** The Press," and its wonderful influ- ence as an educator. The poet has well said : But mightiest of the mighty means, On which the arm of progress leans, Man's noblest mission to advance, His woes assuage, his weal enhance. His rights enforce, his wrongs redress-— Mightiest of mighty is the Press. 62 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. CHAPTER XII. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Baptist Church — Its History — Congregational— When Founded — Its History — Christian Church — Its History — Cumberland Presbyterian Church — Its History — Methodist Episcopal ChurcH — Its History — Presbyterian Church — Its History — Protestant Episcopal Church — Its History — United Presbyterian C/iurch — Its History — Unitarian Church — Its History — Roman Cath olic Church — Its History. The first representatives of religious thought and training, who penetrated the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys, were Pere Marquette, La Salle and others of Catholic persuasion, who performed missionary labor among the Indians. A century afterward came the Protestants. At that early period **A church in every grove that spread Its living roof above their heads." constituted for a time, their only house of worship, and yet to them **No Temple built with hands could vie In glory with its majesty." In the course of time, the seeds of Protestantism were scattered along the shores of the two great rivers which form the eastern and western boundaries of the State, and still a little later they were sown upon her hill-sides and broad prairies, where they have since bloomed and blossomed as the rose. BAPTIST CHURCH. The earliest Anti- Catholic religious denomination, of which there is any record, was organized in Cape Girardeau county in 1806, through the efforts of Rev. David Green, a Baptist, and a native of Virginia. In 1816, the first associa- tion of Missouri Baptists was formed, which was composed of seven churches, all of which were located in the southeastern part of the State. In 181 7 a second association of churches was formed, called the Missouri Association, the name being afterwards changed to St. Louis Association. In 1834, a general conven- tion of all the churches of this denomination, was held in Howard County, for the purpose of effecting a central organization, at which time; was commenced what is now known, as the "General Association of Missouri Baptists." To this body, is committed the State mission work, denominational educa • tion, foreign missions and the circulation of religious literature. The BaptisI Church has under its control, a number of schools and colleges, the most import- ant of which is William Jewell College, located at Liberty, Clay County. As shown by the annual report for 1875, there were in Missiouri, at that date, sixty- one associations, one thousand four hundred churches, eight hundred and twenty- four ministers and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and fifty church members. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, The Congregationalists inaugurated their missionary labors in the State in 1814. Rev. Samuel J. Mills, of Torringford, Connecticut, and Rev. Daniel Smith, of Bennington, Vermont, were sent west by the Massachusetts Congrega- tion Home Missionary Society during that year, and in November, 1814, they preached the first regular Protestant sermons ih St. Louis. Rev. Salmon Gid- dings, sent out under the auspices of the Connecticut Congregational Missionary HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 63 Society, organized the first Protestant church in the city, consisting often members, constituted Presbyterian. The churches organized by Mr. Giddings were all Presbyterian in their order. No exclusively Congregational Church was founded until 1852, when the *'First Trinitarian Congregational Church of St. Louis" was organized. The next church of this denoiiunation was organized at Hannibal in 1859. Then followed a Welsh church in New Cambria in 1864, and after the close of the war, fifteen churches of the same order were formed in different parts of the State. In 1866, Pilgrim Church, St. Louis, was organized. The General Conference of Churches of Missouri was formed in 1865, which was changed in 1868, to Gener- al Association. In 1866, Hannibal, Kidder, and St. Louis District Associations were formed, and following these, were the Kansas City and Springfield District Associations.' This denomination in 1875, had 70 churches, 41 ministers, 3,363 church members, and had also several schools and colleges and one monthly newspaper. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The earliest churches of this denomination were organized in Callaway, Boone and Howard Counties, some time previously to 1829. The first church was formed in St. Louis in 1836 by Elder R. B. Fife. The first State Sunday School Convention of the Christian Church, was held in Mexico in 1876. Be- sides a number of private institutions, this denomination has three State Institu- tions, all of which have an able corps of professors and have a good attendance of pupils. It has one religious paper published in St. Louis, '■'■The Christian,'^ which is a weekly publication and well patronized. The membership of this church now numbers nearly one hundred thousand in the State and is increasing rapidly. It has more than five hundred organized churches, the greater portion of which are nofth of the Missouri River. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. In the spring of 1820, the first Presbytery of this denomination west of the Mis- sissippi, was organized in Pike County. This Presbytery included all the territory of Missouri, western Illinois and Arkansas and numbered only four ministers, two of whom resided at the time in Missouri. There are now in the State, twelve Presbyteries, three Synods, nearly three hundred ministers and over twenty thou- sand members. The Board of Missions is located at St. Louis. They have a number of High Schools and two monthly papers published at St. Louis. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. In 1806, Rev. John Travis, a young Methodist minister, was sent out to the "Western Conference" which then embraced the Mississippi 'Valley, from Green County, Tennessee. During that year Mr. Travis organized a number of small churches. At the close of his conference year, he reported the result of his labors to the Western Conference, wliich was held at Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1870, and showed an aggregate of one hundred and six members and two circuits, one called Missouri and the other Meramec. In 1808, two circuits had been formed, and at each succeeding year the number of circuits and members constantly in- creased, until 181 2, when what was called the Western Conference was divided into the Ohio and Tennessee Conferences, Missouri falling into the Tennessee Conference. In 18 16, there was another division when the Missouri Annual Con- ference was formed. In 1810, there were four travehng preachers and in 1820, fifteen traveling preachers, with over 2,000 members. In 1836, the territory of the Missouri Conference was again divided when the Missouri Conference includ- ed only the State. In 1840 there were 72 traveling preachers, 177 local ministers and 13,992 church members. Between 1840 and 1850, the church was divided 64 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. by the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. In 1850, the mem- bership of the M. E. Church was over 25,000, and during the succeeding ten years the church prospered rapidly. In 1875, the M. E. Church reported 274 church edifices and 34,156 members; the M. E. Church, South, reported 443 church edifices and 49,588 members. This denomination has under its control several schools and colleges and two weekly newspapers. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Presbyterian Church dates the beginning of their missionary efforts in the State as far back as 18 14, but the first Presbyterian Church was not organized until 18 1 6 at Bellevue settlement eight miles from St. Louis. The next churches were formed in 18 16 and in 181 7 at Bonhomme, Pike County. The First Pres- byterian Church was organized in St. Louis in 1817, by Rev. Salmon Giddng. The first Presbytery was organized in 181 7 by the Synod of Tennessee with four ministers and four churches. The first Presbyterian house of worship (which was the first Protestant) was commenced in 17 19 and completed in 1826. In 1820 a mission was formed among the Osage Indians. In 1831, the Presbytery was divided into three : Missouri, St. Louis and St. Charles. These were erected with a Synod comprising eighteen ministers and twenty-three churches. The church was divided in 1838, throughout the United States. In i860 the rolls of the Old and New School Synods together showed 109 ministers and 146 churches. In 1866 the Old School Synod was divided on political questions springing out of the war — a part forming the Old School, or Independent Synod of Missouri, who are connected with the General Assembly South. In 1870, the Old and New School Presbyterians united, since which time this Synod has stead- ily increased until it now numbers more than 12,000 members with more than 220 churches and 150 ministers. This Synod is composed of six Presbyteries and has under its control one or two institutions of learning and one or two newspapers. That part of the origi- nal Synod which withdrew from the General Assembly remained an independent 'body until 1874 when it united with the Southern Presbyterian Church. The Synod in 1875 numbered 80 ministers, 140 churches and 9,000 members. It has under its control several male and female institutions of a high order. The St Louis Presbyterian, a weekly paper, is the recognized organ of the Synod. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, The missionary enterprises of this church began in the State in 1819, when a parish was organized in the City of St. Louis. In 1828, an agent of the Do- mestic and Foreign Missionary Society, visited the city, who reported the condi- tion of things so favorably that Rev. Thomas Horrell was sent out as a missionary and in 1825, he began his labors in St. Louis. A church edifice was completed in 1830. In 1836, there were five clergyman of this denomination in Missouri, who had organized congregations in Boonville, Fayette, St. Charles, Hannibal and other places. In 1840, the clergy and laity met in convention, a diocese was formed, a constitution and canons adopted, and in 1844 a Bishop was chosen, he being the Rev. Cicero S. Hawks. Through the efforts of Bishop Kemper, Kemper College was founded near St. Louis, but was afterward given up on account of pecuniary troubles. In 1847, the Clark Mission began and in 1849 the Orphans Home, a charitable in- stitution was founded. In 1865, St. Luke's Hospital was established. In 1875, there were in the city of St. Louis, twelve parishes and missions and twelve cler- gymen. This denomination has several schools and colleges, and one newspaper. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This denomination is made up of the member of the Associate and Associate Reformed churches of the Northern States, which two bodies united in 1858, taking HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 65 the name of United Presbyterian Church of North America. Its members were generally bitterly opposed to the institution of slavery. The first congregation was organized at Warrensburg, Johnson county in 1867. It rapidly increased in numbers, and had, in 1875, ten ministers and five hundred members. UNITARIAN CHURCH. Tliis church was formed in 1834, by Rev. \V. G. Eliot, in St. Louis. The churches are few in number throughout the State, the membership being probably less than 300, all told. It has a mission house and free school, for poor children, supported by donations. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest written record of the Catholic Church in Missouri shows that Father Watrin performed ministerial services in Ste. Genevieve, in 1760, and in St. Louis in 1766. In 1770, Father Meurin erected a small log church in St. Louis. In 18 1 8, there were in the State, four chapels, and for Upper Louisiana, seven priests. A college and seminary were opened in Perry county about this period, for the education of the young, being the first college west of the Missis- sippi River. In 1824, a college was opened m St. Louis, which is now known as the St. Louis University. In 1826, Father Rosatti was appointed Bishop of St. Louis, and, through his instrumentality, the Sisters of Charity, Sisters of St. Joseph and of the Visitation were founded, besides other benevolent and charita- ble institutions. In 1834 he completed the present Cathadral Church. Churches were built in different portions of the State. In 1847 St. Louis was created an arch-diocese, with Bishop Kenrick, Arch-Bishop. In Kansas City there are five parish churc'ies, a hospital, a convent and sev- eral parish schools. In 1868 the northwestern portion of the State was erecte 1 into a separate diocese, with its seat at St. Joseph, and Right-Reverend John J. Hogan appointed Bishop. There were, in 1875, ^^ '^he City of St, Louis, 34 churches, 27 schools, 5 hospitals, 3 colleges, 7 orphan asylums and 3 female pro- tectorates. There were also 105 priests, 7 male, and 13 female orders, and 20 conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, numbering 1,100 members. In the diocese, outside of St. Louis, there is a college, a male protectorate, 9 convents, about 120 priests, 150 churches and 30 stations. In the diocese of St. Joseph there were, in 1875, 21 priests, 29 churches, 24 stations, i college, i monastery, 5 convents and 14 parish schools. Number of Sunday Schools in 1878 2,067 Number of Teachers in 1878 , 18,010 Number of Pupils in 1878 I39>578 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. Instruction preparatory to ministerial work is given in connection with col- legiate study, or in special theological courses, at : Central College, (M. E. South) Fayette. Central Wesleyan College (M. E. Church) , Warrenton. Christian Univesity (Christian) Canton. Concordia College Seminary TEnvangelical Lutheran) St. Louis. Lewis College (M. E. Church) Glasgow. St. Vincent's College (Roman Catholic) Cape Girardeau. Vardeman School of Theology (Baptist) Liberty. The last is connected with William Jewell College. History of St. Louis. ST. LOUIS. Her First Settlement— Arrival of the First Steamboat — Removal of the Capital to Jefferson Citif — When Incorporated — Population by Decades — First Lighted b;/ Gas — Death of one of her Founders, Pierre Chouteau — Cemeteries — Financial Crash — Bondholders and Coupon-clippers — Value of Peal and Personal Property — Manufacturers— Criticism. It was nearly a century and a quarter ago that St. Louis's first arrival proclaimed the site of the future metropolis of the Mississippi Yalley, In 1762 M. Pierre Laclede Liquestc and his two comi^anions, Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, landed upon the site which was destined to become a great city. They were the avant-couriers and principal members of a com- pany which had certain privileges secured to them by the governor of the Territory of Louisiana, which then included the whole of Missouri, that of tradino" with the Indians, and which was known as the Louisiana Fur Corn- pan}^, with the privilege further granted of establishing such posts as their business might demand west of the Mississippi and on the Missouri rivers. They had been -on a prospecting tour and knew something of the country, and on February 15, 1774, Laclede, with the above named companions, took possession of the ground which is now the city of St. Louis. They estab- lished a trading-post, took formal possession of the country and called theii post St. Louis. In 1768 Captain Rios took possession of the post as a part of Spanish territory, ceded to it by France by the treaty of Paris, and it re- mained under the control of successive Spanish governors until March 10, 1804. The Spanish government, by the treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, retroceded the territoi-y to France, and, by purchase, France ceded the whole country to the United States, April 30, 1803. In October of the same year Congress passed an act approving the purchase, and authorizing the presi- dent to take possession of the country or Territory of Louisiana. This was done February 15, 1804, when Captain Amos Stoddard, of the United States army, and the agent of the United States, received from Don Carlos De- hault Delapus, a surrender of the post of St. Louis and the Territory of Upper Louisiana. On the 10th of March the keys to the government house and the archives and public property were turned over or delivered to the representati\'e of the United States, the Spanish flag was lowered, the stars HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. 67 and stripes thrown to the breeze, accompanied with the roar of artillery and music, and the transfer was complete. In 1805 St. Louis had its first post-f ofiice established, and the place was incorporated as a town in 1809. It did not grow very fast, but was the recoo^nized headquarters for the territor}' of the west and northwest. The French from Indiana and other points bad settled there, and the town was decidedly French in its character and population. The Missouri Fur Company which had its headquarters there was organized in 1808, of which Pierre Chouteau was the head. His associates were Manuel Lisa, Win. Clark, Sylvester Labadie, and others, and such familiar names as the Astors, Bent, Sublette, Cabanne, General Ashly and Robert Campbell were prominentlj^ identified with the town and its progress. The fivst paper was issued July 2, 1808. In 1812 the Territor}'^ of Louisiana, or that part north, was changed and named the Territory of Missouri, and was given Territorial rights, with a representation on the floor of Congress. St. Louis was the seat of the Ter- ritorial government until 1820, and the first legislature met in that town, and part of its proceedings was the removal of the seat of the government to St. Charles, where it remained until located at Jeflerson Citj^ in 1826. In 1822 St. Louis began to take on more style, and was incorporated as a city December 9th of that year. There had been a bank established in 1817, and quite a large number of business houses were built and occupied, and a number of loan oflices chartered. When St. Louis became an Ameri- can city her population was 925; this was in 1804. When the Territory was named Missouri, and she was the seat of government in 1812, her pop- ulation had reached 2,000. William Deckers laid the first pavement in 1818. A ferry had been started in 1804:. TJie first steamboat arrived in 1817. It was a low-pressure steamboat, built at Pittsburgh, and named the Generibl Pike. It arrived August 2d, and was greeted by the entire popula- tion, who gazed upon her with wonder and astonishment. The Indians were a badly scared crowd, and could not be induced to come near it. The first steamboat stemmed the tide of the Missouri in 1819, and the same year the first steamboat from ITew Orleans put in its appearance at St. Louis. It was twenty-seven days en route. BOUNDARIES AND INC0RP0RA.TI0N. In 1820 the population had reached 4,928, and when incorporated in 1822 was believed to number about 5,000, not much immigration having come in. The boundary lines of the city when she received her charter were defined as follows: The line commencing at the middle of Mill Creek, just below the gas works, thence west to Seventh Street and up Seventh Street to a point due west of " Roy's Tower," thence to th^ river. The city plat embraced 385 acres of ground. The first church was built in 1824, and was of the Presbyterian denomi- nation. The second was an Episcopal Church, erected in 1825. A new 68 HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. court-house was built in 1827, and also a market-house. These old-time landmarks have loui^ since disappeared, and no mark is left to tell the tale of their being. The spot or location is recorded, but what that availeth is not of comprehension to the generation of to-day. ADVANCEMENT. The first brick house was said to have been erected in 1814. The first mayor of the city was "Wm. C. Lane. The St. Louis University was founded in 1829; the Catholic Cathedral was completed in 1832 and consecrated by Bishop Rosetti. In 1833 the population of St. Louis was about six thousand, and the tax- able property, real and personal, aggregated $2,745,000. St. Louis, like all other cities, felt the blighting efi'ects of the financial crash of 1837, still her progress was not wholly checked. Her vitality was great and her resources spread over the territory, in many cases, out of the reach of tlie troubles of the times. Her fur trade was immense and the crash had little to do with that, so that while she felt the depression in her financial circles, her commercial prosperity was in no wise checked. There is very little more in the history of St. Louis to record than the noting of her general prosper- ity and steady onward progress for the next decade. Her population in 1840 had risen to 16,469, and in 1844, 34,110. Tlie poi^ulation had more than doubled in four years. Fine buildings had arisen in place of the old fur warehouses of the early French settlers. Stately res- idences appeared in the suburbs; and in all that gave promise of a great and influential city, she had advanced and was advancing rapidly. The Mercantile Library was founded in 1848, and gas had been introduced the year pre- vious, the city being first lighted on the night of ISToveraber 4, 1847. Li the great cholera year, 1849, the disease assumed an epidemic form, and of that dread scourge the people had a fearful experience. The progress of St. Louis had been handsomely commemorated on the eighty-third anniversary of its founding, the date being February 15, 1847. Among the living, and the only survivor of the memorable trio who first landed and located the cit}^, was the venerable Pierre Chouteau, who, with his brother, had accompanied Laclede Liqueste, to locate a trading-post for the fur company of which they were members. Lie was a prominent figure in the celebration, and though at an advanced age, he was in the enjoyment of his full faculties, and was keenly alive to the wonderful progress of the city in the eighty-three years of its life. In 1849, the epidemic year, all that was mortal of Pierre Chou- teau was consigned to its last resting-place, and with him all living memory ceased of the first settlement and of the rise and progress of the city. From that date history could record but written facts, the oral record had ceased to exist. His elder brother, Auguste Chouteau, had preceded him to the mystic beyond, having departed this life in February, 1829. HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. ' 69 EXTENSION OF CITY LIMITS. Tlie city limits had been greatly extended in 1841, embracing an area of two thousand six hundred and thirty acres, instead of the three hundred and eighty-five acres in December, 1822. This showed the wonderful growth of the city, which, even then, was contracted, and its suburbs were fast fill- ing up. The Institution for the Blind was incorporated in 1851, and the popula- tion liad increased to .94,000 in 1852. CEMETERIES. St. Louis took pride in her " cities of the dead," for she has several ceme- teries, with wooded dales and sylvan retreats, well suited as the last resting- place of those whose remains are deposited in the " Silent City." We will speak here of only two, because of the care taken of them, tlieir size, and their rich and diversified surroundings, which give them a lonely, yet pleas- ant look, to all who visit them. The Bellefontaine was purchased by an as- sociation of gentlemen w^ho secured an act of incorporation in 1849, and at once commenced the improvement of the ground. In 1850 the first sale of lots took place. The cemetery comprises two hundred and twenty acres of land. The Calvary Cemetery has 320 acres, of which 100 are laid out and improved. This resting-place of the dead was purchased in 1852, by the Archbishop of the Diocese of St. Louis, and like the first above mentioned, is a lovely and secluded spot, well suited for the purpose intended. BRIDGE DISASTER. In 1854 the terrible accident, known as the Gasconade Bridge disaster, occurred, when many prominent citizens of St. Louis lost their lives. FINANCIAL CRASH. In 1857 the financial crash had a greater effect upon St. Louis than the one of 1837. Her merchants had been prosperous and extended their line of credits and the rapidly growing city had brought many new and venture- some people, who, believing in its future, had embarked in business enter- prises which ret[uired a few more years of steady rise and progress to place them on a stable foundation. These, of course, went down in the general crash, but the stream was only temporally dammed, and the debris was soon cleared away. The flood-tide had set toward the west, and the greater the crash the greater swelled the tide of immio^ration toward the settinfjsun. The era of a healthy, and it would seem, permanent prosperity, again dawned upon tlie metropolis of the Mississippi Valley in 1861, and this time not even the civil war, which then began to cast its baleful shadow over the Union, checked its onward career, and at the opening of this terrible drama St. Louis claimed a poj)ulation of 187,000 souls. The war added to its 70 HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. financial and commercial prosperity, for it became the entrepot of supplies for the army of the southwest, and tlie headquarters of army operations. The valuation of real estate and personal property which had only been a little risin;^ two and a half millions of dollars in 1833, was now, in 18(30, $73,765,670. What the war added was more in the line of its financial and commercial development than in the spreading of its area or the building up of its waste places, but when war's fierce alarm had ceased the tide began to flow west- ward, and with it came the building mania, for homes and houses had to be provided for the rush of new-comers. Chicago, which had nearly monopolized the railroads as an objectiv^e point, seemed now to have secured all that would pay, and St. Louis became the focus of all eyes. Kansas, Colorado and the Southwest began to loom up in its agricultural and mineral resources; the vast quantities of land which had been voted by venal congressmen to great railroad corj^orations were now thrown upon the market, and Kansas became a leading State for the attrac- tion of the emigrant. In this more railroads were necessary, and the great crossing of the Mississippi was at St. Louis. Then the bridging of that great river commenced, Capt. Eads having made known his plans for this important work soon after the close of the war. The jubilee was not enjoyed, however, nn- til 1874, when, on July 4th, the bridge was completed and opened to the rail- way companies. This was another era which marked a rapid progress in the future city of the valley. Sixteen separate and distinct lines of railway centered at St. Louis with completion of the bridge, and from those lines and the river trafiic, St. Louis was evidently sure of her future. BONDHOLDERS AND COUPON-CLIPPERS. It was only when a concentration of wealth took a new departure that the glorious future which appeared so near became so far. The energy and en- terprise of the people had, in a large measure, previous to the war, been used toward building up the city, and embarking in manufactures, etc., but soon after the war that wealth was turned into government bonds and the energy and enterj)rise were concentrated by these rich holders in cutting coupons off of these same bonds every three months, and with few exceptions they are still at the exhaustive work. Whatever of advanced progress has been given to St. Louis the j^ast ten years, outside of her Aliens, Stannards, and perhaps a score of others, has been by the new arrivals. It was, in '69 or '70, tliat her local papers were prospecting on the enervating influence that a hundred first-class funerals would have on the material prosperity of the " Future Great." The light and airy business of coupon-clipping had be- come epidemic, and millions of dollars which ought to have been invested in manufacturing and other enterprises, were sunk in the maelstrom of govern- ment bonds, and, so far as the material advancement of the city was con- cerned, might as well have been buried in the ocean. Still St. Louis im- HISTORY OF ST. I.OUIS. 71 proved, for new arrivals of the progressive order seeing an opening would drop in, and those who could not clip couj)ons for a business worked on as their limited capital would permit. And so it was found that in 1870 real estate had reached $119,080,800, while personal property was $147,969,/)60. Ill 1875 the value of real estate had advanced $12,000,000, reaching the gross sum of $1 31,141,000, ^ind personal property $166,999,660, a gain of nearly $20,000,000 in live years. The valuation January 1, 1879, was, of real estate, $U0,97<>,540, and personal property, $172,829,980, or a total valua- tion of real and personal property of $313,806,520, with a population of about 340,000. Great advancement had taken place in blocks of magnifi- cent buildings, in the increase of her wholesale trade, in the area of her city limits, in the enlargement of her working population, so that the coupon- clippers who had stood at the front In 1870 now held a rear position, and were rather looked down upon as drones of society, wrapped in self and the vanity of self importance, and of little use to the progress or to the det- riment of the great city. Railroads run to every point of the compass. Her tunnel and the union depot had become a fixed fact, macadamized roads led to all parts of the country, miles upon miles of streets were paved and side- walks laid with substantial brick or stone, street cars to every part of the city, and the river-front flashing with traffic, which, in point of develop- ment, has exceeded the most sanguine expectation of those who had believed in its future, Avhile the expressions of those w^ho had built their laitli on the railroads depriving a free water-course of the wealth of her oflfering has been simply one of astonishment. ST. LOTJIS PAKKS. In one respect St. Louis has exhibited commendable sense in having se- cured a number of parks, breathing places for her industrial population and pleasant drives for her wealthy citizens. There are no less than seventeen of these beautiful places, many of them small, but so scattered about the city as to be convenient to all her citizens. Her great park, which is called "Forest Park," has 1,372 acres, and the city has expended in purchases, laying out and beautitying the grounds, nearly one million of dollars. Cor- ondelet Park has an area of 183,17 acres, O'Fallan Park has an area of 158,32 acres, and Tower Grove Park 270 acres. These are the largest, the oth- ers represent but a small number of acres each. Of the smaller ones, Lafayette Park leads with twenty-six acres, while the smallest, Jackson Place, has less than two acres, BUILDINGS AND BANKS. There were 1,318 brick and 369 frame buildings put up in 1878, at a cost of $3,000,000, A very fine custom-house is approaching completion. They had, January 1, 1879, twenty-nine banks in St. Louis, five of which were national banks. The combiucLl capital of all was $12,406,019. This shows 72 IIISTOKY OF ST. LOUIS. a healthy progress, but one of not more than ordinary in the line of build- ing improvements. It should have reached ten millions to show that ad- vanced pi-ogress becoming a city which claims it is destined to become the central sun of the great Mississip])i Yalley. In 18TS there was 2,291 arrivals of steamboats, and 2,348 departures. The commerce of the river was some half a million of dollars. The new barge lines and the wheat movement down the MississijDpi for the year 1881, in- cluding her other river traffic, will undoubtedly double the business of 1878. The figures are not in, but the lirst half year has made a wonderful increase. Her commerce is steadily improving. There is not an article of domestic produce but has rapidly advanced in the amount received the past few years. The cereals and stock, cattle, sheep and hogs, also the roots and vegetables, have rapidly grown in quantity, St. Louis is the greatest mule market in the world. In its public buildings tlie United States custom-house stands first. A massive building of white granite occupying a whole square, and when fin- ished will have cost $6,000,000. The business in the custom department will exceed two millions dollars the first year of its bjiening. The Cham- ber of Commerce is another magnificent structure just completed at a cost of $1,800,000. The county court-house, which also takes a square of ground, and is built in the shape of a Greek cross, with a fine dome, cost $2,000,000. The county building, known as the "Four Courts," and the city prison is a beautiful three story, and half basement structure, which cost $1,250,000. The Polytechnic Institute costing $800,000, and the magnificent Southern Hotel finished, and occupied May, 1881, at a cost of $1 ,250,000 for building and furniture. There are public buildings of lesser note, many pi'ivate structures of magnificent proportions, with a wealth of beautiful surroundings, theaters, hotels, etc., all tliat go to make up a great city, school-houses of ample pro- jDortions, churches beautiful in architectural design of Grecian, Doric and Gothic, many of them being very costl}' in their build. One hundred and seventy-one churches are found within her limits, and the denominations cover all that claim the Protestant or Catholic faith. The Cathedral on "Walnut Street is the oldest church edifice, but not the most costly in the city. The public school library M-as founded in 1872, and numbers 36,000 vol- umes. The Mercantile Library has 42,000 volumes, and contains not only many valuable literary works, but many choice works of art, MANUFACTURES. In this line St, Louis is fast reachino: a commandins: situation. So long as railroads commanded the freighting facilities of the city and the great highway to the sea which Providence had placed at her door was ignored for man's more expensive route l;>y rail, St. Louis remained but an infant HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. 73 in manufacturing enterprises — and these had succumbed in many in- stances to the power of monopolies, or to the tariff of freight which took off all the profits, and her more eastern competitors were the gainers. But in the last two years Nature's great highway to the sea has begun to be utilized and St. Louis has all at once opened her eyes to the fact that she has a free railway of water to the sea, the equal of twenty railroads by land, and it only needs the cars (the barges) to revolutionize the carrying trade of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys. The track is free to all. He who can build the cars can have the track ready at all times for use. The Father of Waters lies at her door; a mountain of iron is but a few iniles away; coal, also, lies nearly at her gates, and while she has slept the slecD of years, these vast o]3portunities might have made her, ere this, the equal of any manufacturing city on the globe. She will become such, for no other city can show such vast resources or sncli rapid and cheap facilities for distribution. Even the coupon-clippers are waking up and believe there are higher and nobler aims for man than the lavish expenditure of wealth in indolence and selfish pleasure. The surplus M-ealth of St, Louis, if invested in manufacturing enterprises, would make her the wonder of the continent. She may realize this some day — when she does, will wonder at the stupidity and folly that has controlled her for so many years. Foun- dries, machine-shops, rolling-mills, cotton and woolen factories, car-shops, these and a thousand other industries are but waiting for the magic touch of an enterprising people to give them life. The year 1881 opens auspiciously for a new life. St. Louis now begins to consider the question of progress from a more enlightened standpoint, and with a look of intelligent action. It may take a little time yet to drive sleep from her eyelids and sloth from her limbs, but it looks now more than ever as though she would accomplish this and wake up to the full fruition of her great opportunities — in fact, to her manifest destin3^ Missouri ought to be proud of St. Louis, but that cannot be while sloth lies at the portals of her gates and the dry-rot of old fogyism guides her j)reseiit course. The brewery business of St. Louis is one of her leading departments of trade. She has the largest establishment in the world for bottling beer, a building two hundred feet long and thirtj^ feet broad. The manufacture of wine is another important business which has assumed immense pro- portions. Distilling, rectifying and wholesale dealing in liquors is another brancii that adds a large rev'enue to the taxable wealth of the city. There is nothing in the manufacturers' line but what could sustain a healthy growth in St. Louis, if even plain business sense is at command. Her future may be said to be all before her, for her manufacturing interests are yet in their infancy. She can become the manufacturing center of the continent. The center or receiving point for the greatest amount of cereals any city can handle, and the stock center also of the country, St. Louis may, with the opportunities within her grasp, well be called the "Future Great.' 74 HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. CHAPTER OF CRITICISM But the name ^^ Future GreaV is used at this time by her rivals in tones of derision. That slie should have ignored so many years the great and bountiful resoui'ces nature has so lavishly bestowed upon her, aye! it would seem, even spurned them through an ignorance as dense as it is won- derful, is very strange, and has brought a stigma of disgrace upon the character of her people. This action on her part has not esca])ed the notice of men of wealth, of towering ambitic>n, of nerve force and of un- limited energy, and to-day one of the railway kings of the country, Jay Gould, of New York, has grasped the scepter of her commercial life and rules with a grasp of steel, and through his iron roadways run the com- mercial life-blood which flows through the artei-ies of her business life. That this neglect of her great opportunities should have placed it in the power of one man to become the arbiter of her fate is as humiliating as it has proved costly. Millions have poured into the coffers of Jay Gould, who, seeing this vast wealth of resources lying idle or uncared for, had the nerve to seize and the lar-seeing judgment and enterprise to add them to his own personal gains The world can admire the bold energj^ of the man, and the genius that can grasp and guide the commercial destinies of an Empire, but it is none the less a blot upon the fair name, capital and enter- prise of a great city, and should mantle the cheek of every Sc. Louisian with shame. The wi'iter feels all that he has here written, but his pride as a Missourian cannot blind him to the faults of her people. St. Louis is an old city and there has been much written of her extraor- dinary ])rogress, and yet wliatever that ])i*ogress is, has been caused far far more by her people being compelled to take advantage of the opportu- nities within their reach than making such by their own energy and enter- l^rise. If she has grown in population and in wealth, it is because she could not help herself. After forty years of life, as late as 1812, the cur- rency of JSt. Louis was still conlined to peltries, trinkets, maple sugar, hone}', bees -wax, venison, hams, etc., in fact, all barter and trade, and yet those who have compiled her local history talk wildly of her destiny and prophesy wonders for her in the near future. It is best to look at St. Louis as she is to-day. It is to be hoped that her future growth may not take pattern after her past, and that the new men who have taken her com- mercial future into their keeping will slill exhibit that towering genius for the development of St. Louis tliat has characterized them in their eastern home. The future of St. Louis would seem to be one of a rapidly growing city, not only in population, but in commercial and linancial strength as though founded upon a rock. This is the present outlook. While the genius of Gould and his associates has secured millions of dollars by their business IIISTOilY OF ST LOUIS. 75 ventures, there are other millions still left to build up and add to her pros, perity and greatness if rightl}' managed. The tremendous energy of Gould has astonished the sleepy St. Louisians as much as if they had been treading upon live coals, and in waking up they have discovered that their sleep and indolence have cost them several millions. Gould, Keene, Dillon, Sage and their associates do not v^'ork for nothing, and the people who claim the "Future Great" as tlieir abiding place should lose no time in taking a firm hold of the present and guidino- her toward the great destiny which awaits her, with the winning cards in their own hands. The New Yorkers have shown them a will and a way, and now let them practice the lesson it has cost them so much to learn. It has been over a century since St. Louis took a start into life, and it is quite that since the ring of the pioneer's ax and the sharp crack of his rifle reverberated through her streets. The slow progress of pioneer life has departed and modern civilization, with the light of genius for its guide, is rapidly progressing and recording, history for future generations. When in 1817 the flrst steamboat landed at St. Louis, the possibilities of wdiat the future might be began to dawn upon the minds of her people, and that year may be well proclaimed as the dividing line between the old and the new era of St. Louis's destiny. From that day she looked forward, not backward, and while up to that time she seemed to have lived in the past, it was the future before her that then riveted her attention. She kept up a lively step to the music of progress for several years, and the Father of "Waters and the mighty Missouri with their fleets of water-craft attested her enterprise, and she grew apace. But in a few years she again fell asleep, and slept until the snort of the iron horse awoke her rudely from slumber. She had grown even while she slept, because the great water-way which passed her door had become the pathway of a mighty business. But this grand highway to the sea which had nourished her while she slept was at once forgotten or relegated to the rear, and her awakened energies were given to the prancing steed whose breath was Are, that made the earth tremble at his strength, and whose speed was like the wings of the wind. The railroad fever had taken possession of the Queen City of the Valley. She grew apace and for years she has reveled in the new love, and the grand old Father of Waters which had nurtured her into life was forgotten. But she has again awakened from her quiet dreams, and the iron horse which had lulled her to repose was found while bringing millions to her door to have taken millions more away. And in this year of 1881 she opens her eyes to her true destiny, and the grand Old Father of Waters, which she had striven to drive from her, was once more recog- nized as the very foundation or bed-rock of her commercial life, the power that was to keep in check the absorption of her wealth, from the monopo- lizing influence and insatiable maw of the railway kings. She now proudly points to the grand old river, and the fleets of barges borne upon its bosom 76 , HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. filled with the wealth of au empire, and calls on her sister, "Chicago, to look at this gloi-ions sight. The " Garden City " has already snuifed the battle from afar, and is ready to struggle for a commercial supremacy in which there are literally millions, for nature has done the work, and St. Louis will win. The " City by the Lake " is deserving, and had she the opportunities which have lain so long dormant in possession of her rival, would have been to-day the wonder of the world. But it is the rugged path that brings out man's energy and endurance, not the smooth road. So it is with cities. And so the majestic Mississipj^i flows on, bearing upon its waters tlie riches of the valley, and pouring into the lap of the Queen City npon its banks millions uj)on millions of wealth. If the sjDirit of 1881 shall continue, then St. Louis will soon become the pride of the State. In reality she will be the "Future Great" of the American Continent. She that stands on the bank of this great inland sea, the commerce of an empire flowing at her feet, her sails in every clime and country, she is indeed to become a great city, the arbiter of the commercial world and the Queen City whose wealth, commanding influence, culture and refinement will attest the greatness of her people and command the homage of the world. Such. is to be the " Future Great" city, St. Louis. STATISTICS. Debt of St. Louis, January 1, 1881, $22,507,000; rate of taxation on the $100, $1.75. The receipts of all kinds of grain, 51,958,177 bushels. Twenty-four flouring-mills manufactured 2,077,625 barrels of flour in 1880. The receipts of cotton for 1880 were 496,570 bales. There were 12,846,169 pounds of tobacco manufactured into plug, fine-cut and smoking tobacco. There were 330,935,973 feet of lumber received in 1880. St. Louis received for the year 1880, 41,892,356 bushels of coal. Seven elevators have a total capacity of 5,650,000 bushels, and three more are being erected and one other enlarged. The aggregate of bank clearing for 1S80 amounted to $1,422,918,978. The post-oflice distributed in 1880,43.731,844 pieces, weighing 4,250,000 pounds. Post-office orders issued numbered 53,337, and represented $879,943.90. The value of school property is $2,851,133. The steel bridge cost $13,000,000 and tunnel $1,500,000. History of Kansas City. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. A Sketch— The New Life— Its First Settlement— Steamboat Events from 1840 to 1846— Mex- ' ican War — Santa Fe Trade — Railroads — Commercial Advancement — Stock Market— Pork-packing — Elevators and Grain Receipts — Coal Receipts — Buildings — Railroad Changes — Banks — Newspapers — Churches — Secret Societies — Public Schools — Manufac- turing Center — Her Position and Trade — Assessed Valuation — Close. A short description of the rise aud progress of Kansas City, the great metropolis of the Missouri Valley, may be of interest to the people of this section. It is the wonder of the people of the East, as of the West, that in the last fifteen years 75,000 people should have made it their home, and that upon the rugged hills and deep ravines which are found upon the banks of the Missouri River at the mouth of the Kaw, should become the site of a mighty commercial emporium, and that the second city of the State should be found rising in stately magnificence where, but a few years since, fur-traders and trappers made their home. Within the cor- porate limits of Kansas City, in the year 1881, fully 70,000 people are found, while in the suburbs fully 5,000 more are located. When the city of Wyandotte is added, and that of Independence and Westport, and other small towns, we have, within a very short distance, 100,000 people to advance the glory, the growing power and the nuiterial prosperity of one of the most thriving cities on this Western Continent — a city that every Missourian can be proud of, and can point to with honest exultation at her rapidly growing power, and the expansion of her environs. It is that city, within one hun- dred miles, which Western Missouri can look to as a market, and where she will in the near future look for her commercial emporium. Already the wholesale trade rivals in many branches that of St. Louis, and five years hence she will be the second cattle and hog market of the country. With a barge line in operation to St. Louis, it will be found the best market for cereals, and already cattle and hogs can be sold there at St. Louis prices, with less than half the freiirht charcres. While St. Louis will ever be the metropolis of the State and the Mississippi Valley, Kansas City equally as- sumes the proud position of the metropolis of the Missouri Valley, and the largest city that will ever be found this side of the mountains, west of the Father of Watery. IHSTOKY OF KANSAS CITY. 79 THE NEW LIFE. It was not until after the late war that a new life o])ened upon Kansas City, but from the day that peace S])read her wings over this lavored land Kansas City's future has been assured. For years she was simply known as a river landing, and the name Westport, but when the tide of immigration struck Kansas those settlers of a new State became tributary to the com- mercial prospei-ity of the city. There was another ])oiiit in her progress which marked the sagacity of her people, and that was their determination to secure railroads. Not only has she given hundreds of thousands of dol- lars to her bridge and the railways centering there from within the State, but she has contributed other hundreds of thousands to the struirirlinir I'ail- roads of Kansas, and has her reward, for she is the metropolis of Kansas as well as a city of Missouri. And, while the population of Kansas City increased 25,000 the last decade, Leavenworth actually lost population during the same time. One was people^] by an energetic, open-hearted, pro- gressive peoj)le, ready to push forward the wheels of enterprise, build up and help neighbors and friends; the other was known as a "Smart Aleck,'' who took care of number one. One has the trade and the love of a State, although outside of its border; the other is groping in the pathway of a spirit so selfish, that it was blinded to every spirit of progress, and a monument has been raised so high within its limits that it is seen by the people of two States, and on its top is carved in massive letters, one word, "decay." Such is Leavenworth, and such is the proud city of a hundred hills, Kansas City. THE LONG AGO — FIKST SETl'LEMENT AT KANSAS CITY. In the spring of 1821 M. Chouteau was sent to this country to establish a general agency for a fur company, from which supplies could be sent to the trading-posts, and at which, the proceeds of the trade could be collected. The knowledge of the country he had already acq^uired enabled him to judge of the merits of different points for such agency, having in view always the advantages offered by each for extended operations by the methods of trans- portation then employed. At the Kaw's mouth he had access by water to the entire valleys of the Kaw, Missouri, Platte and smaller tributaries, while it afforded the shortest land transit to the Indians of the plains and to the val- leys of the Osage, Neosho and Arkansas. Hence, with that unerring judg- ment for which his class were peculiar, he selected this point and established himself in the bottom opposite Randolph Bluffs, about three miles below what is now Kansas City. This was the first recognition of the natural ad- vantages of this angle of the river for a large distributive trade, and the actual founding of the interest which has since expanded into the varied and wide extended activities of this city. He brought with him at this time 80 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. about thirty men, all of whom were employed in the service of the com- pany as couriers cles hois or voyagetirs, and through them he concentrated at his general agency here the trade of the trans-Missouri country. His post at this ]x:)int Avas in a sense a trading-post for the Indians near by, but its distinctive feature was a depot of supply and as a point of concentration for traders, trappers, hunters, and the interior posts. In the i'all of the same year he brought his family to this post in a keel-boat, which was towed all the way from St. Louis. Tlie men who came with M. Chouteau, in 1821, were, with few exceptions, dispatched into the interior, where they established trading-posts or traveled and traded among the Indians. In 1820 there was a flood in the rivers which washed away M. Chouteau's houses opposite Eandolph Bluffs and caused great loss. A part of the stock was taken to Randolpli Bluffs; he sent his family to the Four Houses, and soon afterward rebuilt his house, but this time higher up and on higher ground, which is now embraced in what is known as Guinott's Addition to Kansas City. This place became well known as "Chouteau's Warehouse," and was the landing-place for large amounts of freight for Indian trade, and for the trade with northern Mexico, which subsequently sprung up here. ' THE FIRST WHITE MAN. The first white man other than these and the French traders to locate on ground now embraced within the corporate limits of Kansas City was James H. McGee, who settled here in 1828 and whose family was so prominently identified with the early development of Kansas City. Several of his sons still reside in this city and vicinit}'. But there was not enough infusion of Americans into this French settlement to materially affect its character for a 'number of years afterward, but it continued as it had begun, the center of an extensive fur and Indian trade. The first ferry across the Missouri Kiver in the vicinity of Kansas City was established at Eandolph Bluffs by a Mr. Younger, grandfather of the " Younger boys " who in connection with the " James boys "have been so notorious in"the West. At what time this ferry was established is not known, but it was in operation in 1828. The only means of crossing the river at Kansas City at that time consisted of canoes. Two of these lashed together were used from the time of the first settlement of Americans in this vicinity, to cross over with their grists to a horse mill on the other side of the river, and it continued of about this character until 1836. The advantages, of this point of departure for the west, southwest and northwest, were afterward recognized by Captain Bonneville, who took his departure from Fort Osage in 1832, and of whose expeditions such an ex- cellent account has been given by Washington Irving. Lieutenant Lupton and Fremont and Beale subsequently took their departure for their cele- brated expeditions from the French settlement where Kansas City now is. In 1832 Colonel Ellsworth, commissioner of Indian aftairs, visited the KANSAS CITY COURT-HOUSE. 82 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY: Indians west of Missouri and Arkansas, and likewise took their departure from this point. Colonel Ellsworth's party consisted of a number of per- sons of great distinction, among whom were J. II. B. Latrobe, architect of the capitol at Washington, Count Pourtales, of Switzerland, Paul Liqueste Chouteau, of St. Louis, and Washington Irving. It was this expedition that furnished Irving the material for his "Tour on tlie Prairies," in which he gives an excellent account of it. However, there was one incident of this tour which he does not mention, and which occurred in this county, so strongly illustrative of the disregard the hardy frontiersman of that time had for rank and position in society, that it is given here. The party had eno-ao-ed as a camp assistant Mr. Harry Younger, of this county, the father of the "Younger boys." The first morning after leaving Chouteau's house, Mr. Irving requested him, at the breaking of camp, to bring up the horses, so that they might start on the journey. The horses were grazing at a little distance. "All right," replied Mr. Younger, " let's go after them." " But," said Mr. Irving, "we expect you to do that." "Well," said Mr. Younger, "wh}^ can't some of you help me. There's that d — d count, why can't he go? He does nothing but shoot snow-birds." Mr. Younger, with the social equality ideas peculiar to the hardy frontiersman, could not readily appreciate the dignity of a commissioner of Indian aflairs, a Swiss count or a cele- brated author, nor see why they should not help bring in the horses. STEAMBOATS. The first boat on the Missouri River was the Independence which ascended the stream in 1819, probably as far as Council Bluffs. She passed Franklin May 28, where a dinner was given to the officers, but we have no record of her dates at points higher up. In August and September of the same year the steamers Western Engineer^ Expedition and li. M. Johnson, ascended the stream with Major Long's scientific, party, bound for the Yellowstone. A DESOKIPTION OF EARLY KANSAS CITY. A clearing, or old field, of a few acres, lying on the liigh ridge between Main and Wyandotte and Second and Fifth streets, made and abandoned by a mountain trapper, a few old girdled dead trees standing in the field, sur- rounded by a dilapidated rail fence; all around on all sides a dense forest, the ground covered with impenetrable underbrush and fallen timber, and deep, impassable gorges; a narrow, crooked roadway winding from Twelfth and Walnut streets along down on the west side of the deep ravine toward the river, across the public square, to the river at the foot of Grand Avenue; a narrow, difficult path, barely wide enough for a single horseman, running up and down the river under the blutts, winding its crooked way around fallen timber and deep ravines; an old log house on the river bank, oc- cupied by a lank, cadaverous specimen of humanity named Ellis, with one HISTORY OF KANSAS CTTT. 83 » blind eye and the other on a sharp lookout for stray horses, straggling Indians and sqnatters with whom to swap a tin cup of whisky for a coon skin; another old dilapidated log cabin on the point below the Pacific depot; two or three small dwellings and cabins in the Kaw bottom, now called West Kansas, which were houses of French mountain trappers, engaged principally in raising young half-breeds. The rest of the surroundings were the still sol- itude of the native forest, broken only by the snort of the startled deer, the bark of the squirrel, the howl of the wolf, the settler's cow-bell, and may- hap the distant baying of the hunter's dog or the sharp report of his rifle. The Indian trade continued to flourish at both Westport and Kansas City, and the Santa Fe trade at Independence until 184:3, when it was tem- porarily suppressed by order of General Santa Anna. EVENTS OF 1843 TO 1846. In 1844 H. M. Northrup, now a banker at Wyandotte, Kansas, came to Kansas City with the largest stock of merchandise that had yet been offered here, if not, in fact, the largest stock that had yet been offered at any place near this angle. In 1845 James H. McGee made some brick on his farm south of the town, and built the first brick house ever built in Kansas City. From tliis lot of brick J. C. McCoy, who then conducted the ferry at this place, built the L part of a brick house, which still stands on the bluft*, between. Grand Avenue and Walnut Street. These were the first brick made in Kansas City, and the first laid here. The effect of the Mexican War gave a great impulse to the trade and pros- perity of the border towns; for now, more than ever, were the advantages of this angle of the river as a point of departure for the southwest appreciated. Kansas City felt the impulse of the preparations that were being made during the winter, and from the anticipation of the large amount of ware- housing, and receiving and forwarding of military and sutler's goods, out- fits and supplies, soon to occur, it acquired new and improved prospects. These facts, united with the tendency the Mexican trade had shown the previous year to come to this place, led the town company to lay anew the foundation of the future city. At the time of the first sale of town lots, April 30, 1846, it was estimated that there were about three hundred people in the new town, nearly all settled along the river front. However, under the impulse of the Mexican War and Sante Fe trade, added to the Indian trade already existing, the place grew rapidly, and before the close of that year the population was estimated at seven hundred. 84 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. There was no municipal government in Kansas City prior to 1853, but a circumstance occurred in December, 1852, which led to its establishment. This circumstance was the arrest of a man for some light offense by the constable, upon whose trial it was discovered that the commission issued to the authorities was for the next congressional township east, which located their jurisdiction at least six miles from where they had been exercising their authority. This led to a movement looking to municipal organiza- tion. That winter, February 22, 1853, a charter was obtained from the State, and in the spring of 1853 a local government was organized. The land embraced in Kansas City, according to this charter, was bounded by the river on the north, by Summit Street on the west, by Ninth Street on the south, and on the east by the alley between Holmes and Charlotte streets, and therefore embraced much that was not yet, nor for two years to come, laid off into town lots. All that was platted was the old Frud- ■ homme estate. At the election, W. S. Gregory was elected mayor, but served only a short time when Dr. Johnson Lykins was elected to suc- ceed him. Dr. Lykins was re-elected next spring, and in the spring of 1855 John Johnson was elected, but resigned a month afterward. M. J. Payne succeeded him, and held the office till 1860. TRADE OF 1856-57 — THE STEAMBOAT BUSINESS. The Journal of Commerce at a later period estimated that the trade of Kansas City during these two years did not exceed two millions of dollars, bat with the close of the straggle, in 1857, the country filled up speedily, the trade was enlarged and the city grew rapidly. The Santa Fe trade prospered, and the plains' trade resumed more than its former proportions, while the trade developed by the settlement of southern Kansas all came to Kansas City, and with that and the outfitting of immigrants, her business became very great, so much so that a correspondent of the St. Louis Intcl- ligencei' noticed that she had the largest trade of any city of her size in the world, and was the point at which all freight and immigrants for Kansas disembarked. The Journal of Commerce^ at one time daring these years, described the appearance of the levee as that of a great fair, it was so piled up with all kinds of merchandise. This was the great steamboat era on the Missouri River, and everything that entered the upper country then came by boat. In the year 1857 there were one hundred and twenty-five boats at the Kansas City levee, and they discharged over 75,00(>,000 pounds of merchandise. There were then a fleet of sixty through boats from St. Louis, and a daily railroad packet leaving the terminus of the Missouri Pacific at Jefferson City. Kansas City was then said by boatmen to be receiving more freight than any other five points on the river. HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. 85 The first paper (weekly) in Kausas City was the Public Ledger in 1852. The first daily, the Journal^ June 15, 1858. The trade of Kansas City for 1860 was $10,705,947. The first hanking house, Coates & Hood, 1856. The first jobbing dry goods house, J. Wise & Co., 1857. The first telegraph line, December 20, 1858. The first German paper, January, 1859, the Post. The trade across the plains in 1860 from Kansas City, as a starting point, exceeded all other cities on the Missouri Kiver combined, by nearly fifty per cent. The number of men who left Kansas City for the plains and beyond was 7,084. They took of oxen, 27,920; of mules, 6,149; of horses, 464, and the amount of freightyin pounds, 16,439,134. KAILROADS. The railroad fever struck Kansas City as early as 1855, that is it began to take shape that year. The leading spirits of Kansas City were for years energetic railroad men ready to put both time and money into the work of making Kansas City a railroad center, the seat of a growing and pros- perous city, and they succeeded. Still, previous to 1860, the Missouri Pacific was the only railroad which had reached Kansas City, and that had no sooner reached there than it became its enemy and boldly avowed its determination to make Kansas City a way station. The fever took a fiercer hold after the war and from 1865 to ^1872 Kansas City voted hundreds of thousands of dollars for the securing of important railway lines. The press was a powerful lever in those days. The Journal, under Col. li. T. Yan Horn, the Times under the editorship of John C. Moore, and the Bulletin under Col. J. D. Williams made their columns bristle with strong points and still stronger statistics of the value of railroads and what they would bring of wealth and prosperity to the city. In this work the press, the en- terprise 'and the Capital of the city were mutual. Reid, Coates, Kearney, McGee, Harris, Fosters, A heel, Dively, Bullene, and a score or more of others, all put forth every exertion to make Kansas City a central point for the great iron horse, whose mouth was fire, its breath steam and its strength that of many giants. It was a success, and to-day she is the proud metrop- olis of the Missouri Yalley. But with such difiiculties as she had to over- come she never would have been if brains,- energy and invincible nerve and determination had not characterized her people. Then this railroad fever started other enterprises. It was soon understood that the roads would come and then the city took a start even before they reached her. In 1865 and 1866, between six and seven hundred buildings were put up. The eyes of a continent began to look with wonder upon the little giant of the West. A mighty city will arise from these bluffs said Benton, and as the PRINTING HOUSE OF RAMSEY, MILLETT & HUDSON, KANSAS CITY. HISTOKY OF KANSAS CITY. 87 work of progress went on that which liad been termed the wild vagaries of an old man was seen through other glasses; the vagaries assumed titles of prophesies, and they were, for from the rugged hills upon which Kansas City now stands none but a prophet could have seen a giant and a mag- nificent city arise and none but a prophet's ken foretold it. THE COMMERCIAL ADVANCE. In 1860 the trade of the city was $10,705,947; in 1867 the trade of the city was $3'3,006,827. Over two millions of dollars were invested in build- ing in the latter year, and a population of 4,000 had increased to 15,000 within four years. This is what you might call progress. But the grand year of prosperity which will clearly mark an era in her wonderful devel- opment was that of 1869. Houses went up as if by magic. Great enter- prises were started and the wonder came when the little town of 4,000 and a few over in 1865 had swelled to 32,269 when the census was taken only five years later. Forty-two additions had been added^ nineteen of them in 1868-'69. A board of trade was organized with T. K. Hanna, wholesale merchant, as president, and sixtj'-seven members. And from that day until the great crash o-f 1873 Kansas City moved onward and upward with accelerated speed. Street improvements had taken a firm hold of the people, while other enterprises to make the city a home for all were put forth. School property had been purchased and the advance in real estate began to be so rapid that grounds had been secured up to 1870 for five fine school-buildings, and the advantages of Kansas City in her schools has been one of enlightened progress and great liberality. To-d*ay she has no superior in this line. Churches kept pace with the schools, and the once border town and outpost has become the seat of refinement and culture. Street railroads began to appear, and other evidences of a metropolitan city were to be found on every hand. Water-works were broached and manu- factories of all kinds began to spring up. The water-works started in 1873 and were completed in 1875. The Great Exposition started in 1871 and a law library w^as purchased the same year. In the great fire of 1871, at Chicago, Kansas City promptly subscribed $10,000 for the benefit of the 6ufi*erers. Elevators and the largest pork-packing house in the country are located here. Of the latter, two, the Armours' and the Fowler Bros', are immense establishments, and besides these there are several smaller ones. The crash of 1873 caused matters to move slowly and with caution. The years 1875 and 1876 were not noted for any great forward movement but a steady onward march was kept up. The rolling-mill, a much needed enterprise, was started, and other manufacturing interests. People began to arrive; vacant houses, which the panic had made empty, were scarce; matters began to assume a more healthy appearance — one of them was tlie filling up of the vacant places — and a new era of building was started. Some ten new additions had been added and a few platted. Her railroad facilities 88 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. and her immense packing-houses began to tell. The Texas cattle business had assumed large proportions and it was clear enough that Kansas City could command a large part of that trade. Western towns, like Abilene, had put up yards and were handling a large number of cattle, but it was evident that if Kansas City would put forth exertion it would come. Stock- yards were built, offices arranged and a systematic course taken to secure this heav^v addition to the business of the city. To show how successful the move became the following statistics will tell: CATTLE, HOGS AND SHEEP. In isTO Kansas City received, cattle 21,000 " " " " " hogs 36,000 "1875 " " " cattle 181,114: « " " " " hogs 59,413 « " " " " sheep 24,987 " " the hog crop was a failure. " 1880, cattle 244,709 « " hogs 676,477 " " sheep 50,611 PACKING. This city became a packing point by 1870, before it was yet a stock market. The next year, 1871, the creation here of a cattle and hog market greatly facilitated packing, and by 1872 Kansas City had attained great importance as a packing point. In 1874 she was the principal source of supply for packed beef, and since that time has attained nearly a monopoly of the trade. Hog packing did not prosper equally for the tiole reason that hogs could not be had, tlie packing capacity of the city being in excess of the supply. The following table shows the packing done here since 1874-5: HOGS. 1874-5 70,300 1875-6 72,500 1876-7 114,869 1877 180,357 1878 349,097 1879 366,830 1880 539,097 CATTLE. 1874 42,226 1875 25,774 1876 26,765 1877 27,863 1878 18,756 1879 29.141 1880 30,922 90 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. THE GRAIN MARKET. From the earliest dates to 1870 Kansas City imported iioiir from eastern Missouri and Illinois. This country had become self-sustaining, so far as this part of Missouri was concerned, before the Avar, but the great demand by immigrants to Kansas, and the trade with New Mexico and Colorado^ made a demand that local production could not suppl}-. By the time Kan- sas became a State she was producing large amounts of grain, but the immi- gration took all surplusage. Between the close of the war and 1870 the same conditions existed, though the production of the country had immensely in- creased. By 1870, however, production began to exceed the local demand^ and that year the railroads took small amounts of grain to the eastern mar- kets. Perceiving this fact the people, in the latter part of 1870 and the early part of 1871, began to agitate the establishment of a grain market. The spring of the year 1871 gave promises of a good yield of all kinds of grain, and the press opened upon the subject again. Its agitation caused the Board of Trade to take it up and discuss it. THE FIRST ELEVATOR THE INFANT MARKET. The result was, that in July, 1871, Messrs. Latshaw & Quade began the erection of an elevator of about one hundred thousand bushels storage ca- pacity. This was situated on nearly the same ground as is now the Union Elevator. It was "finished and open for business in December. But there were no grain-dealers to use it, and Messrs. Latshaw & Quade went into the business themselves, and were the first men to conduct a grain business in the city as a strictly commercial pursuit. Messrs. Branham & Sons owned and operated a corn-mill on Fourth Street, near Broadway, and Messrs. De- war & Smith owned and operated the Diamond Mills. In 1871 Messrs. Price & Doane took a large house on Santa Fe Street and Union Avenue,, and opened a grain business, but for a long time their business was largely of a retail character. The following statistics of the grain trade will be found interesting: STORAGE AND TRANSFER C!APACITY OF ELEVATORS AT KANSAS CITY. Bushels. Bushels DAILY TKANSFER CAPACITY. Union 400,000 Arkansas Valley 425,000 "A"... 175,000 Advance 60,000 Alton 175,000 State Line ' 100,000 Novelty 1 '^25,000 Total I 1,560,000 100,000 125,000 30,00a 15,000 250,000 30.000 40,000 590,000 HISTORY OF KANSA.S CITY. 91 In 1880 Kansas City received the following number of bushels of grain: Wheat 4,093,528 Oats 366,486 Barley 82,894 Corn 4,421,760 Rye 55,267 In the years 1876, 1877, 1878 and 1879 the receipts in the above grain had been much larger in corn. In wheat 1878 was double, and 1879 about 50 per cent larger than in 1880. COAL. This is another very important trade and is assuming immense propor- tions, while it is, also, growing rapidly. In 1870 very little coal was used, and but 18,000 bushels were reported to have been consumed. Undoubt- edly this is a mistake, and it probably exceeded 200,000 bushels. The rest of the table given may be considered approximately correct. It is as fol- lows : 1871 1,408,760 1872 2,722,750 1873 2,755,500 1874 2,799,000 1875 3,226,500 1876 3,388,000 1877 3,107,050 1878 4,621,725 1879 5,307,000 1880 5,772,405 ENTERPRISES OF 1878. On the 19th of January a number of leading citizens organized a mining stock board for the purpose of locating here a market for mining stock. Col. C. E. Kearney was president, T. F. Oakes and H. M. Holden, vice- presidents, Col. John C. Moore, secretary, and Mead Woodson, treasurer. It tried to arrange for the opening of the board May 10th, but did not suc- ceed, and before the close of the year passed into entire quiescence. BLOODED-STOCK SALES. On the 15th of May there was opened here the first great sale of blooded cattle, the stock coming mainly from the blue-grass regions of Kentucky, It was tried as a venture by parties owning the stock, and was so successful that it has been since maintained as a semi-annual sale. At this first sale two hundred animals were sold at an aggregate price of twenty-four thou- sand dollars. This and subsequent sales have brought into the country ad- jacent to Kansas City large numbers of blooded animals, the effect of which in the improvement of cattle is already perceived. 92 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. THE COURT-HOUSE AND POST-OFFICE. On the 8th of March a bill authorizing the construction of a public build- ing in Kansas City, for post-office and custom-house purposes, passed Con- gress. It was introduced by Hon. B. J. Franklin, of this city, who at that time represented this district in Congress, and provided for a building to cost two hundred thousand dollars, one hundred of which were appropriated at that session. Besides the bill for the benefit of Kansas City, Mr. Frank- lin secured the passage of a bill authorizing the holding of United States courts in this city, and introduced a bill providing for the organization of the Indian Territory and its opening to settlement, for the passage of which he made great, but, unfortunately, unsuccessful effort. In this latter he received the support of the people in unanimous resolutions adopted at public meetings and forwarded to him. SEVEN HUNDRED AND SIX. The building for 1878 had proved greater than was expected reaching to seven hundred and six buildings erected during the year, at a cost of $1,040,000, many of them elegant business houses and residences. THE EVENTS OF 1879. Early in the year 1879 a proposition was made by some of the mem- bers of the old Chamber of Commerce to revive that organization, but after several meetings and a conference with the Board of Trade the scheme was abandoned and the Committee of Commerce of the Board of Trade was appointed in its stead. This committee has never been an active one, 3^et several important enterprises have been inaugurated and secured by it, among which were the smelting-works and barge line of 1880. One of its first acts was to memorialize Congress on the improvement of the Missouri Kiver. On the 7th of January Messrs. Camp, McDowell and Poe, government commissioners to locate the court-house and post-office, arrived in Kansas City, and after acquainting themselves with the views of the people and examining the different sites offered, accepted the corner of Ninth and Walnut streets, January 25th, and it was purchased for $8,500 and the work of constructing the building soon afterward begun. In May a party of United States engineers, under J. W. Nier, Esq., ar- rived in Kansas City and commenced work on the improvement of the river a few miles north of the city, an appropriation of $30,000 for that pur- pose having been secured by Mr. Franklin. About the same time the first term of the United States District Court was begun in Kansas City, Judge Krekel presiding. In the latter part of the month, Robert Gillham, a young engineer who had recently located in the city, proposed to improve the means of transit between the western and eastern parts of the city by building a tramway HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. 93 down the bluff on Nintli Street. He secured the interest of many of the best men in the city, but tlie project met with such unfavorable treat- ment at the hands of the city council that it is still one of Kansas City's uncompleted enterprises. In August the first effort was made to organize a provident association in Kansas City. Mr. J. T. Howenstein was the projector of this movement and about forty prominent business men joined it; but for lack of attention it was allowed to expire. In September much, interest was taken in a proposition to convert the roads of Rosedale and Independence into boulevards, but after a number of public meetings the interest was allowed to die out; yet it will doubtless be done at some future time. This year was one of great activity in business and individual enterprises of all kinds. Trade was rapidly extended in all directions; the population increased. Real estate became very active, and transfers increased $1,943,- 350; besides which there were thirteen additions platted and largely sold, some of which were outside the city limits. And there were about thirteen hundred new houses built, at an estimated cost of about $1,500,000. KAILROAD CHANGES. " Great changes have taken place during the year in the ownership of the railroads at Kansas City. Mr. Jay Gould and associates, who previously held control of the Union & Kansas Pacific and St. Joe & Denver Rail- roads west of the Missouri River and the Wabash Road east of the Missis- sippi, early in the year bought a controlling interest in the St. Louis, Kansas City & JSorthern and consolidated it with the Wabash under the name of Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, This connected the roads except the Union Pacific, and to make connections with it the Pattonsburgh Branch of the St. Louis, Kansas City & JSTorthern was extended through to Omaha. Soon afterward the same parties bought the Missouri Pacific and the Central Branch Union Pacific and have since consolidated them, making two divisions, connecting with each other at Kansas City. The same parties also bought an interest in the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad during the year, and latterly have bought the Missouri, Kansas & Texas." In addition to the sales of roads here mentioned, the Fort Scott Company bought the Springfield & Western Missouri Road in June, and has since completed it to a connection with tjie main line at Fort Scott; and Mr. Gould bought the Kansas City & Eastern Narrow-gauge in November, and in December it was leased to the Missouri Pacific, which he had previously bought, and became a division of that road. Another important addition to Kansas City's railway facilities was the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, which in December made a contract with the Hannibal & St. Joseph Rail- road for trackage rights over that road from Cameron, Missouri, and it began to run its trains to Kansas City on the first of January, 1880. I HISTOKY OF KANSAS CITY. 95 The year 1879 was characterized by another great railroad war, which seemed to be the result of the completion of the Chicago & Alton Railroad to Kansas City. In view of its early completion the pool was dissolved again on the 12th of April, and a promiscuous cutting of rates opened on the 14th. The Alton, however, was not opened for business until the 18th, and did not begin running passenger trains until May 13. The war arose over the allotment of its share of business to St. Louis, and was inaugu- rated by the St. Louis roads. On the 7th of June the war was extended to passenger business also, and for the remainder of the summer passenger rates between Kansas City and St. Louis, and Kansas City and Chicago were but fifty cents; and freight rates went so low that for a considerable time grain was carried from Kansas City to St. Louis for five cents, and to Chicago for seven cents per bushel, and at one time reached the almost in- credible limit of three cents to St. Louis and five to Chicago. The trouble, however, came to a close in September, and on the 12th of that month a new pool was formed which took in the Alton. BANK CHANGES. First National Bank failed January 29, 1877. Mastin's Bank failed August 3, 1877. Watkin's Bank was consolidated with the Bank of Kansas City December 8, 1877. NEWSPAPERS. DAILY JOURNAI,. The Journal was established by a stock company composed of William Gillis, W. S. Gregory, H. M. Northrup, J. S. Chick, M. J. Payne, Dr. B. Troost, E. M. McGee, Thompson McDaniels and Robert Campbell, and made its first appearance in October, 1854, under the name of The Kan- sas City Enterprise^ with D. K. Abeel, Esq., as printer and business man- ager, and William A. Strong, Esq., as editor. One previous attempt had been made by a Mr. Kennedy to establish a paper called the Public Ledger but it failed, and its failure led to the organization above. On the 15th of February, 1872, the Journal Company was organized and incorporated under the State laws — Col. Robt. T?. Van Horn, editor, Mr. Abeel con- . tinuing as business manager until August 9th, 1872, when he disposed of his stock in the company and was succeeded by Isaac P. Moore, Esq. Mr. Abeel, Chas. N". Brooks, M. 11. Stevens and W. A. Bunker purchased a controlling interest in the paper and took charge of it August 8th, 1877, Col. Van Horn retaining his interest and continuing as editor-in-chief. On the 10th of January, 1881, Messrs. Abeel, Brooks and Bunker retired, and A. J. Blethen became business manager. Its stock is now $40,000, and during the past year has sold at a high premium. It owns its own building, an elegant structure on the corner 96 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. of Sixth and Delaware streets, worth probably $50,000. It is issued daily, tri-weekly, and weekly, and has a very large circulation. THE KANSAS CITY TIMES. On Tuesday morning, September 8, 1868, the iirst number of the Kansas City Times was issued. In starting the Times there was experienced that risk which every journalist who attempts to establish a new paper en- counters. The first paper was an eight-column folio, the size of the sheet being 26^x44 inches. At its head it bore the national Democratic ticket for president and vice-president, and also for State ofiicers. B. R. Drury & Co. were proprietors. On December 22, 1868, the paper changed hands, and a company was organized under the name of the Kansas City Times Publishing Company. Messrs. Wm. E. Dunscombe, Chas. Durfee, J. D. Williams and R. B. Drury were elected directors. Mr. Williams served as business manager, and Messrs. John 0. Moore and John N. Edwards, editors. The present company was formed in 1878 part of the old company selling their interests. The directors of the company after this were James E. Munford, Morrison Munford and Chas. E. Hasbrook; and the oflBcers were James E. Munford, president; M. Munford, secretary and general manager; and Chas. E. Hasbrook, vice-president and business manager. It occupies its own building on Fifth Street between Main and Delaware, where it has one of the finest counting-rooms in the city — and a thoroughly equipped outfit of machinerj^ presses, etc., required to publish its immense circulation. It is a newspaper establishment that any city of 100,000 in- habitants might well feel proud of. THE KANSAS CITY MAIL. The Evening Mail Publishing Company was incorporated as a stock company May 4th, 1875, by a few prominent business men of Kansas City, with E. L. Martin as president and John C. Gage as treasurer, having for its object the publication of a journal opposed to the movements of the water-works clique as it then existed. Col. John C. Moore was acting ed- itor-in-chief The growth of the Mail has been remarkable. In the winter of 1878-9 the Mail suffered severely from the effects of fire. The present manage- ment found the material of the paper in ashes and cinders. The expense of fitting up a respectable place of business on Missouri Avenue was considera- ble, but the increase of business in the spring and summer of 1879 cleared the office of indebtedness and left a margin for future operations. So flatter- ing was the outlook in the beginning of the present year that a new three- revolution Hoe press was ordered and a removal to a more commodious building determined upon. The Mail is now issued from its new office in the Mail building, 115 West Sixth Street. HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. 97 THK EVENING STAR. Messrs. M. R. Nelson and S. E. Morss, formerly of Fort Wayne, Indiana, came to this city in the fall of 1880 and established The Evening Star, a low priced afternoon journal, similar in size and style to those in all the other large cities of the country. The first number of The Evening Star appeared on the 18th of September. It is still published. OTHER PUBLICATIONS. Price Current, Commercial Indicator, Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Mirror of Progress, ^Mid Continent. There are, also, published two German papers, and a society paper. The Herald. There are two auxiliary publishing companies, one by the Times company, and the other by Bunker & Brother. CHURCHES. All the denominations are represented, and they number thirty-six churches in all. The Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists, the latter North and South, are the largest in number. The Catholics have a fine cathedral and other edifices and are a large and influential body in the city. There are ten Masonic lodges; eight, of Odd Fellows; five. Knights of Pythias; Grand Army of the Republic, one; two lodges of the order of Mutual Protection; The Ancient Order of David, one; The Ancient Order of Foresters, one; and Good Templars, one; The order of Chosen Friends, has three lodges, and there is the Irish Benevolent Society, and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. The Academy of Science was organized December 2, 1875. It is repre- sented by some of the ablest minds in the city, and has resulted in much good. At the annual meeting, May 31, 1881, the following oiScers were elected for the current year: R. T. Van Horn, president; W. H. Miller, vice-president; T. J. Eaton, treasurer; Theo. S. Case, corresponding secretary; J. D. Parker, recording secretary; Harry Child, curator; Sidney Hare and Dr. R. Wood Brown, assistant-curators; Robert Gillham, librarian. Dr. T. J. Eaton, Dr. George Hailey, Maj. B. L. Woodson and John D. Parker are members of the exec- utive committee. The Academy has two functions (1) to increase a knowledge of science by original observation and investigation, and (2) to difiiise a knowledge of science. The Academy has made some valuable collections and has a growing library. The influence of the Academy in difl*usiiig a scientific spirit is beginning to be felt throughout the city and its immediate vicinity. There are quite a number of miscellaneous societies. The Woman's Christian Association, which was organized in 1876, is worthy of special mention for its great charities and earnest and faithful work. The present 7 98 IHSTORY OF KANSAS CITY. officers of the society are: Mrs. F. M. Black, president; Mrs. J. K. Cravens and Mrs. F. J. Baird, vice-presidents; Mrs. H. M. Holden, treas- urer; Mrs. Win. Williamson, secretary. The Craig Rifles were organized in the year 1877. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The public schools of Kansas City are its glory, and there is no city in the Union of its size whose educational advantages are superior, while it is not too much to say that it has few equals. A condensed report of last year will give the reader of this book some idea of its great work. 1880-81. The schools closed June 9, 1881, after having completed the most pros- perous year's work since their organization. For seven years the utmost harmony has prevailed in every department — the board of education, the superintendent, and teachers — all having worked unceasingly to bring the schools to the highest degree of perfection. From sixteen teachers in 1867, the corps has increased till at present it numbers one hundred and three earnest and faithful workers. Complete preparations have been made to furnish and equip sixteen additional rooms during the present summer so that they will be ready for occupancy when the schools open in September. Under the skillful financial management of the board, all claims of what- ever character have been promptly paid on demand, and the entire busi- ness for the last six years has been conducted on a cash basis. In 1873 the first class, consisting of four members, graduated from the Central school, and a class has graduated every year since. The total num- ber of graduates is one hundred and thirty-six, of whom forty-three are males. Since the foundation of the library in 1876, it has continued to increase in usefulness and importance, and to attend to it properly required so much of the superintendent's time from his other duties, that the board last March employed Mrs. Carrie W. Judson as librarian and to perform such clerical duties at the office of the board of education as the superintendent might direct. The library is now kept open every day and its duties promptly attended to. Already there are 3,000 volumes in the library, and large additions will be made during the year. There are 16,981 children between six and twenty years of age in this school-district, and 8,026 enrolled in the schools. The board remains unchanged in its organization and membership. The public schools of this city have achieved a reputation for substantial work which places them among the foremost in the country. KANSAS CITY STOCK EXCHANGE. 100 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY, AS A MANUFACTURING CENTER, As a manufacturing center Kansas City has unequaled advantages in her cheap and abundant coal, and in the cheapness and abundance of materials afforded by the contiguous counti-y, a brief summary of which will be found further on in this chajDter. POSITION AND TRADE. True, this city does not yet supply all the merchandise, nor market all the products of the vast region tributary to her. The country and the city, commercially speaking, are but a quarter of a century old. The people com- ing in from all quarters, as emigrants always do, at first look back to the point from whence they came for supplies and for markets. It takes time to establish new associations. This city, as a depot of supply, is not over fifteen years old, and as a market only about ten, but her development in these respects is, for rapidity, without a parallel in the history of cities. She has trade relations established throughout the domain, and now reaches a point where all competitors must give way forever. She sends merchandise to Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, New Mexico and Texas, and though this trade has not been in existence to exceed ten years, she has now nearly excluded all competitors from the markets for the cattle of Texas, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, New Mexico, and western Missouri; the hogs of western Missouri, Kansas, south- western Iowa, southern Nebraska and Northern Texas; the sheep and wool of Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico, and the wheat of western Missouri, Kansas, and southern Nebraska, and partly of southwestern Iowa. That she will in a few years market all the products of this vast area and supply it with all its merchandise, is certain. Her railway lines penetrate it, radiating in all directions. The railway system of this entire area centers at Kansas City, the roads that do not terminate here making their connection with those that do. The non-use of navigable waters makes the railways the sole arteries of commerce, and that they will bear the pro- ducts of the country to Kansas City, and bear the merchandise from Kansas City, is as certain as that they radiate from Kansas City to all parts of the country. It is a remarkable fact that the markets of Kansas City came into exist- ence and grew to nearly equal importance with those of St. Louis and Chi- cago — in some respects to a controlling position — within five years, while there was little visible growth in the city and little immigration into the country. It is a remarkable fact also that during the same period, and un- der the same conditions, the mercantile business of the city was quadrupled, and has continued to grow with unprecedented rapidity since. Tiie signifi- cance of these facts is unmistakable. It simply means the rapid, intense concentration of the trade of the country at Kansas City. I 1 HISTORY OF KAKSAS CITY. 101 As a mamifacturing center Kansas City lias unequalled advantages in her cheap and abundant coal, and the cheapness and vastness of her material supplies afibrded by the contiguous country. She has become a vast depot of supplies for the entire western and southern domain, an area covered by no other city on the continent. ASSESSED VALUATION. The assessed valuation of property, real and personal, in Kansas City, shows the following rapid increase. The valuation is given by decades up to 1870, and then by years, to show the fluctuation of values and the effect of the great financial crash of 1874, which culminated in 1876, and its rapid recovery since that date. The following is the valuation of all property for the years given. 1846 $ 500,000 1861 , 1,814,320 1870 9,629,455 1875 11,728,750 1876 8,923,190 1877 9,370,287 1878 ... 9,092,320 1879 10,706,660 1880 13,378,950 The clearing-house report from 1876 to 1880, inclusive, gives the follow - •ng handsome showing: 1876 - $ 62,840,608.76 1877 69,213,011.51 1878 41,000,317.56 1879 68,280,251.55 1880 101,330,000.00 THE NEW WEST AND ITS EESOURCES. The area in which Kansas City trades may be defined as between the 17th and 29th meridian west from Washington, and the 23d and 41st parallels of latitude, embracing a greater variety of climate and mineral and soil pro- ducts than can be found in any similar area in the world. The great agri- cultural bolt of the United States crosses it. It contains the greatest pasto- ral region in the world, and embraces the famous lead, zinc and coal mines of Missouri and Kansas, and the lead, coal, iron, silver and gold mines of Colorado and New Mexico. There are no adequate statistics of its popula- tion or productions. It is so new and has been settling and developing so rapidly since the general census, in 1870, that the facts of the census would grossly misrepresent its present condition, and the census of 1880 is not yet available. The general conditions of a country have much to do in determining its 102 HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY. litness lor the habitation of man. These may be said to consist of climate^ rain-fall and soil, and we propose to take a brief view of these. CLIMATE. As above stated, this country embraces a wide range of climate, due parti}' to the number of latitudes it embraces, and partly to the difference in altitude, the country rising from about seven liundred feet at the Mis- souri River, to about five thousand at the base of the mountains. However, the most desirable latitudes cross it, the countr}'^ between the 38th and 42d parallels, both in this country and Europe, having been found to be the best adapted to vigorous manhood, longevity and physical and mental effort. These parallels embrace, on both hemispheres, the largest per cent of the population north of the equator, and the seat of man's highest achieve- ments. SOIL. The soil of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Iowa are composed of what geologists call the drift, loess and alluvial deposits. The first is of compar- atively limited extent, and is mostly found combined with the loess in what is known as modified drift. In this form it is very fertile, and yields sixty bushels of corn to the acre. The second embraces all the upland soil, and the third the bottom-lands. THE CLOSE. Thus has been sketched Kansas City and her surroundings. No city in the Union has exceeded her wonderful growth, or developed greater com- mercial resources, and that growth and strength will continue with increas- ing years. She is the marvel of the nineteenth century, and as such every Missourian should know her and feel a pride in her extraordinary success. UNION DEPOT, KANSAS CITY. History of St. Joseph, ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The First Settlement at Blackstone Hills — Robidoux — Biographical Sketch — At the Bluffs — Then at Roy's Branch and Blacksnake Hills — 1834-1836 — Robidoux' s Home — Employes — Servant — Ferry — From 1837 to 1840 — Rival Towns — Wolves. The French element of the class of pioneers settled Canada and the north- western part of the United States, as well as the country about the mouth of the Mississippi River. They came into the upper Mississippi and Mis- souri Yalleys in 1764, under the lead of Pierre Laclede Liqueste (always called Laclede), who had a charter from the French government giving him the exclusive right to trade with the Indians in all the country as far north as St. Peter's River. Laclede brought part of his colony from France, and received large accessions to it in New Orleans, mainly of hunters and trap- pers, who had had experience with the Indians. In the year 1764 this col- ony founded the present city of St. Louis. From this point they immedi- ately began their ti-ading and trapping incursions into the then unbroken wilderness in their front. Their method of proceeding seems to have been to penetrate into the interior and establish small local posts for trading with the Indians, whence the trappers and hunters were outfitted and sent out into the adjacent woods. In this way the country west and northwest of St. Louis was traversed and explored by these people, at a very early day, as far west as the Rocky Mountains. But of the extent of their operations but little has been re- corded; hence but little is known of the posts established by them. It is known, however, that such posts were established at a very early day on the Chariton and Grand Rivers, in Missouri, and at Cote Sans Dessein, in Cal- loway county. BIOGKAPHY. Joseph Robidoux, the son of Joseph and Catharine Robidoux, was oorn in St. Louis, August 10, 1783. He was the eldest of a family consisting of six sons and one daughter; to-wit., Joseph, Antoine, Isadore, Francis, Mi- chael and Palagie. Louis, the second son, lived and died in California, after BUCHANAN COUNTY COURT-HOUSE. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 105 his rejnoval from St. Louis. Joseph, Antoine, Isadore and Francis were all buried in St. Joseph. Joseph, the father of this family, was a Canadian Frenchman, and came from Montreal, Canada, to St. Louis, where he lo- cated shortly after the settlement of the city by the French. Bein^ a shrewd business man and possessing great energy he accumu- lated a fortune. His wealth, his business qualifications, and his genial disposition, made him many friends among the leading mer- chants and influential men of that city. He occupied a large mansion, lo- cated between Walnut and Elm streets, surrounded with every comfort and convenience. Here he entertained his friends in a royal style, and so noted was his hospitality that the first general assembly of Missouri did him the honor of holding its first session at his house, on the 7th of December, 1812. Four years after his marriage his wife died. After her death young Rob- idoux, then in the twenty-third year of his age, became an extensive trav- eler. He made a voyage up the Missouri River in company with one of the partners of the American Fur Company. Blacksnake Hills had been seen by some of the men connected with the fur companies while enroute on one of the expeditions, their attention being attracted thither, not only by the topography of the country, but by the presence of the congregated tribes of the Sac, Fox and Iowa Indians, who assembled here en masse at stated seasons of the year, preparatory to cross- ing the river, either on a visit'to other tribes farther west, or for the pur- pose of hunting. Seeing the Indians here in large numbers while on their journey at this time, the partners debarked, and after looking at its points and its advant- ages as a probable future trading-post, they proceeded on their wa}' to Council Bluffs, Iowa, the original place of their destination. Being favorably impressed with the " Bluffs " as a trading-post, Mr. Robidoux returned to St. Louis and purchased a stock of goods, which he transported uj) the Missouri by a keel-boat, arriving at the " Bluffs" in the fall of 1809. Here he remained for thirteen years, and while residing at the " Blufi's," in 1813, he married Angelique Yandory, another lady of St. Louis, who died in the city of St. Joseph on the iTth of January, 1857. By this union they had six sons and one daughter. Readily adapting himself to the habits, manners and customs of the Indians, and speaking with considerable fluency the dialects of the tribes by whom he was surrounded, Mr. Robidoux became an expert Indian trader. The American Fur Company were also in business at the " Bluffs," and had a monopoly of the entire Indian trade for some time previous to the locating»there of Mr. Robidoux. But a short time, however, passed after his 106 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. arrival before he began to divide the trade, and finally became so popular with the Indians that he controlled a large portion of this trade, to the great detriment of the fnr company. The company, wishing no further opposition from Mr. Robidoux, finally purchased his stock of goods, giving him fifty per cent on the origi- nal cost, and in addition thereto the sura of one thousand dollars annually for a period of three years, conditioned that he would leave the '' Bliifis." He then returned to St. Louis, where he remained with his family, car- rying on the business of a baker and confectioner, until tlie expiration of the three years, the time agreed upon between himself and the far com- pany. Having spent already many years of his life among the Indians as a fur trader, a business which, if not entirely congenial to his taste, had at least been a profitable one, he concluded to embark once more in the same pur- suit. Not that he really wished — — " for a lodge in some vast wilderness — Some boundless contiguity of space," but that he might reap therefrom a golden harvest. Making known his in- tention to the fur company, it at once offered him the post at the mouth of " Roy's Branch," just above the " Blacksnake Hills," at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars per year, provided he would in nowise interfere with the business at the " Bluffs." This proposition he accepted, and having been furnished with a stock of goods he landed at the mouth of " Roy's Branch," in the fall of 1826. Shortly afterward he removed to the mouth of " Blacksnake Creek," where he continued to work for the fur company until 1830, at which time he purchased their entire interest in the goods then in his possession, and be- came the sole proprietor of the post at " Blacksnake Hills." For many years the solitary log cabin of Joseph Robidoux was the only evidence of the presence of civilized man within a radius of fifty miles. With every puffing steamer which ascended the turbid waters of the Mis- souri came the emigrant and the adventurer, seeking homes in the western wilds. A few embryo settlements had been made along the banks of the great river in Jackson, Clay and other counties. The famous "Platte Purchase " became the new Eldorado, and the beauty of its rich, fertile valleys and prairies, fine timber, perennial springs and its numerous water courses, had been spread far and wide. A few families from Franklin county, Missouri, consisting of Thomas and Henry Soller^ Elisha Gladden, Jane Purget, and a few others, settled near the spot in 1834, '35 and '36. KOBIDOUX'S HOME. The only building that stood upon the town site of St. Joseph at that time was the log house of Joseph Robidoux. It occupied the spbt where FKANCIS STREET, St. JOSEPH. 108 HISTORY OF S'J'. JOSEPH. the Occidental Hotel now stands — on the northwest corner of Jule and Second streets — and was a building of considerable magnitude. It stood east and west, was a story and a half and contained nine rooms — three above and six below. On the north side was a shed divided into three rooms. A covered porch was built on the south side extending the entire length of the building. The west room of the north shed was used by Mr. Robidoux as his sleeping-room. His store was the middle apartment of the main building, the entrance to which was through a door at the east end, first passing through an outer room to reach it. So confident were some of the business men living in Clay and Clinton counties that some one of the last mentioned towns would be the future emporium of the "Platte Purchase," that they not only purchased land, but in one or two instances laid oflf towns and opened business houses. John "W. Samuels and Robert Elliott began business at "White Cloud, or what was known as "Hackberry Ridge," G, W. Samuels, now of St. Joseph, built a warehouse at Elizabethtown, where he bought and sold hemp, Amazonia was expected to be the county-seat of Andrew county, Charles Caples, concluding that the quarter section east and adjoining Amazonia, would be a more eligible spot for the building of a great city, laid it oft' into lots and gave it the name of Boston, These places, ex- cepting Savannah, are numbered with the things of the past, and live only in the memories of the men whose pluck and energy gave them a name and brief existence, WOLVES, In 1839, shortly after the arrival of Judge Toole in the county, he came to the " Blacksnake Hills" one afternoon, horseback, and while passing" along, near the present site of the Pacific House, he saw a large gray wolf, which he chased into the bottom, about where the first round-house now stands. In fact, the wolves were so numerous at that time in and about the " Blacksnake Hills " and their howls were so loud and incessant that to sleep at times was utterly impossible, EEMINISCENCES, The first white male child born at "Blacksnake Hill" was Thomas B, Sollers, born in 1837, The first white female child was the daughter of Polly and Henry Sollers, born in 1838, in a small hut east of the present site of the Occidental Hotel. The first physician who came was Dr. Daniel G. Keedy, in 1838. Dr. Silas McDonald an-ived about the same time in the county. He owned an old colored servant, who not only possessed a French name (Poulite), but who could speak the French tongue, having been raised among that nationality in St. Louis. This old man attended" to the culinary afiairs at the post. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 109 Mr. Robidoux operated Ji ])rivMte ferry just below Francis street for crossing the Indians and those who were in his employ. The crossing gen- erally was done in canoes, and occasionally in Mackinaw boats. The road leading from the ferry on the other side of the river led to Highland, Kan- sas, or to the Indian Mission, which was established after the removal of the Indians. The road from the ferry on this side passed below the Patee House, and crossed at Agency Ford, where it divided, one branch of which led to Liberty, Clay county, and the other in the direction of Grand River. The next house (log) erected at Blacksnake Hills was built in March, 1836, and occupied by Thomas Sollers, east of Finger's packing-house, for Mr. Robidoux, who wished to take up another additional quarter section of land, and about this period began to think that Blacksnake Hills would develop into something greater than a mere trading-point for the conven- ience of the non-progressive and half-civilized Indian. No other improve- ments of a special character were made until the following year. FKOM 1837 TO 1840. The treaty for the " Platte Purchase " had been negotiated, the Indians removed, the country opened to settlement, and hundreds of emigrants were flocking hither, locating in the interior and at different points along the Missouri. The small colony at Blacksnake Hills was increased in number by the arrival of F. W. Smith, Joseph Gladden, Polly Dehard, Samuel Hull, John Freeman, Charles Zangenett, Father John Patchen, Captain James B. O'Toole, Judge Wm. C. Toole, William Fowler, Edwin Toole, and others. KIVAL TOWNS. Between the years above named the country settled rapidly, and one of several localities in or near the Missouri River, it was thought, would take precedence of all the other settlements, and become the chief town in this portion of the State. The respective aspirants for future greatness were Blacksnake Hills, White Cloud, Savannah, Amazonia, Boston and Eliza- bethtown, all north of St. Joseph, some eight or ten miles, and within a ra- dius of five miles. IMPROVEMENTS. In 1841 Dr. Daniel G. Keedy erected a saw-mill in the bottom, north of the present fair grounds. At the same time Joseph Robidoux built a flouriug-mill on the west side of Blacksnake Creek. A little later another flouring-mill was built by Creal & Wildbahn. John Girard was the miller. Still, a little later, the first tavern in the place was erected by Josiah I St. JOSEPH GiTY liALL AxND MARKET-HOUSE. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH 111 Beattie, located between Main and Second streets. In this tavern the Rev. T. S. Reeve preached the first sermon that was delivered at Blacksnake Hills. In 1842 came Louis Picard, the first regular carpenter, and Wm. Lang- ston, the first plasterer. About the same time came the Belcher brothers, who were the first brick- makers. During this year Jonathan Copeland built a warehouse near the corner of Jule and Water streets. Then came Jacob Mitchell, a worthy son of Vulcan, the ringing of whose anvil was heard by the villagers from " early morn until dewy eve." A FOUR THOUSAND DOLLAR BURGLARY. Having regard to facts and dates as they occur chronologically, we have now reached a period (1842) in this history when there happened an inci dent which not only attracted the attention of the settlers at Blacksnake Hills and surrounding country, but furnished a theme for conversation around their firesides for months afterward, and as the circumstances con- nected therewith are of an interesting character, we shall narrate them: In the summer of 1842 Mr. Robidoux received from the Sac and Fox Indians the sum of four thousand dollars in silver, in four different boxes, each box containing one thousand dollars. Mr. Robidoux liad sold goods to these tribes to this amount, and when they were paid their annuity by the gov eminent its agent turned over to him the sum above mentioned. Having no safe, Mr. Robidoux placed the boxes containing the money on one of the lowest shelves of his store, behind the coun ter,^ near a window. This window was secured at night by wooden shutters and fastened on the inside by a bolt. On the east side of One Hundred and Two River lived at that time three families, bearing respectively the names of Spence, Scott and Davis. They were supposed to be counterfeiters, yet no one knew positively that they had ever passed any spurious money. The Spence boys, whose given names were John, George Monroe, Andy and James, were in the habit, in com- pany with Scott and Davis, of visiting Blacksnake Hills almost daily, and while there would spend their time lounging about the solitary saloon, which stood upon the bottom, west of Blacksnake Creek, and at Mr. Robidoux's store. For some days previous to the occurrence which followed, it was noticed that one of the Spence boys would often place himself in a recumbent po- sition on the counter, with his face turned toward the shelf containing the boxes of money. Two or three nights afterward an entrance was effected through the window above spoken of, and the boxes with their contents were re- 112 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. moved. As soon as it was ascertained by Mr. Kobidoux that his store had been bnrghirized and his money taken, immediate search was instituted by his clerk, Mr. Poulin, and others who volunteered their assistance. Suspect- ino- that the Spence boys knew all about the burglary, as well as the where- abouts of the missing treasure, they went in the direction of their house. While en route, and on crossing Blacksnake Creek, the party discovered a man's shoe which had evidently been worn but once, as it was entirely new. The day before three of the Spence boys had purchased shoes of Mr. Poulin at Robidoux's store. Pie remembered that the shoes were of diflferent numbers, the smallest pair being sixes, and of cutting an unusual long buck- skin shoe-string. The shoe found was a number six, and the buckskin string was "confirmation strong as holy writ " that the Spence boys were of the party of thieves, or were in some manner connected with the bur- glary. That they had worn the new shoes on the previous night, and that in their flight through the soft clay had lost one, was clear enough. Being thus encouraged, the party pursued their way to the cabin where the Spences lived, surrounded it, and captured the Spence boys as well as Davis and Scott. Davis and Scott, however, were released. The others were brought before Justice Mills, and upon a preliminary examination were discharged, there not being sufficient proof to hold them for trial. Sixteen or eighteen citizens, some of whom are still living, confident that the Spence boys and Davis and Scott had committed the crime, met the next day and proceeded in a body on horseback to Davis's and Scott's resi- dence, determined, if they could, to bring the offenders to justice and restore the stolen money. In the meantime, Mr. Kobidoux had offered a reward of five hundred dollars for the capture and conviction of the thief or thieves and the recovery of the funds. Scott and Davis were taken prisoners and compelled to accompany the party of citizens, who, when about half way back to town, separated, the larger portion taking Davis on a hill and leav- ing Scott in the valley of the One Hundred and. Tw^o in charge of Elisha Gladden. They took Davis out of sight of Scott and just far enough away that Scott could hear the firing of a pistol. They then halted and told Davis that he must tell them where Robidoux's money was, or, if he refused, they would hang him. Pie strenuously denied all knowledge of the affair and told them to "' hang and be d— d." They put a rope around his. neck and swung him up, only intending to frighten and make him confess to the whereabouts of the money. After he had remained suspended for some minutes they let him down, and asked him to confess the crime. Davis being as bold and defiant as ever, they hung him again, this time almost taking his life. They again asked him to tell where the money was, when he again refused in a fiendish, insolent manner, branding them with a pro- fusion of the lowest epithets. Seeing that Davis would tell nothing, some one of the party shot off a pistol (as previously arranged, if Davis did not 114 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH coufess), so that Scott could hear It, and at the same time two or three of them rushed down the liill where Scott was guarded, shouting that they had " killed Davis " and were now " going to kill Scott." One of these men held up his hand which he had accidently bruised coming down the hill, and which had some spots of blood on it, telling Scott, when Davis was shot, some of his blood had spurted on his hand. Gladden, who was guarding Scott, said, when the concussion of the pistol was heard, "that Scott's face ])ecame as pallid as death," he supposing that his accomplice had been killed. Thej' gave him to understand that thej had disposed of Davis, and that if he did not tell them all about the money and the parties implicated in taking it, they would also dispose of him in a very summary manner, but promised that if he would give them this information, they would not only spare his life, but would supply him with monej^ enough to take him out of the country. Believing what he had heard and seen to be true, and that the condition of things was such as had been represented, Scott asked some one present to give him a pencil and piece of paper. This being done, he wrote the names of all the parties concerned in the burglary (the Spence brothers, Davis and himself), and led the way to where one of the boxes had been buried, near the banks of the One Hundred and Two. So ingenious had been their plan, and so careful had they been to conceal all the traces of their villainy, that while digging a hole, in which to deposit the money, tbey placed every particle of dirt in a box and emptied it into the stream, excepting enough to refill the hole after the money was put in. Having four thousand dollars, they dug four holes. They then divided a blanket into four pieces, took the mone}^ out of the boxes, wrapped each thousand dollars separately, buried it by itself, and then refilled the hole, covering it over with the same sod that they had taken up, and then burned the boxes. Scott could only show them where the first thousand dollars was. He did not see them when they buried the other three thousand. They, how- ever, found the first thousand. How or where to obtain the balance of the money they did not know. Scott could not tell, and Davis, they supposed, would not. They had tried threats and hanging with him, but without avail. In the meantime Davis was still in custody. They went to him, told him that Scott had confessed, and it would be better for him to confess, also. That Scott had not only given them the names of the persons who stole the money, but had shown them where the first thousand dollars was buried. He still refused to believe or say anything. To convince him of the truth of what they said, they took him to the spot from which they had taken the money, and showed him the piece of blanket in which it was wrapped. JSTo HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 115 longer doubting what he liad seen and heard, he called for a drink of whisky, which was given him, and after drinking it told them he would show them where the balance of the money was buried. To further show that Davis and his pals were accomplished villains, and* possessed a cunning ingenuity which would have been creditable to the pi- rates and freebooters of a past century, and which in some respects is not unlike the narrative of "Arthur Gordon Pym," by the gifted Voe, it is only necessary to mention how he proceeded to show when and how to find the balance of the raontey stolen. He stood at the edge of the hole from which the first thousand dollars had been taken, and stepping fifteen paces to the south, pointed to his feet and said: " Here you will find a thousand dollars." He then led the way to a small log, with a single knot on it, and said, " Under that knot, in the ground, you will find another thousand dollars." Going to the bank of the One Hundred and Two, in the sand, 'neath a willow tree, iTuder a broken branch that bent downward, said, " You will find the last thousand dollars here." It was as he said, and the money was all recovered, excepting twenty- seven dollars, and returned to Mr. Robidoux. Scott and Davis were held in custody, but during the night Davis es- caped, and Scott was finally discharged on the ground of his having made confession, and giving the names of the persons who had committed the burglary. The Spence boys left the country. ST. JOSEPH LAID OUT. In June, 1843, Mr. Hobidoux laid out the original town, the site of which was covered with a luxuriant growth of hemp. Simeon Kemper acted as surveyor in this important undertaking, and Elisha Gladden as chain- bearer. Two maps of the town were made — one by F. W. Smith, and the other by Simeon Kemper, bearing respectively the names of " Kobidoux " and " St. Joseph," in honor of its founder. The map drawn by Mr. Smith was selected b}^ Mr. Kobidoux, and the more civilized and felicitious appel- lative of St. Joseph was substituted for that of Blacksnake Hills. This map was taken to St. Louis, where Mr. Robidoux acknowledged it in the office of the clerk of the Court of Common Pleas (Nathaniel Paschall, who has since been one of the editors of the St. Louis Republican, being the clerk at the time), and after having it lithographed, returned to St. Jo- seph. His declaration and acknowledgment are as follows: " DECLARATION OF PKOPRIETOR. " I, Joseph Robidoux, of the county of Buchanan, and the. State of Mis- souri, do hereby declare that I am the proprietor and owner of a certain 116 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. town named St. Joseph, located upon the southwest fractional quarter of sec- tion eight, township fifty-seven north, range thirty-five west of the fifth ^principal meridian, and that I have laid ofl" the same into lots and blocks, bounded by streets and alleys, and a levee, or landing on the front, which streets and alleys are of the width set forth upon this plat, and the lots and blocks are of the dimensions and numbers as are indicated upon said plat ; and the course of said streets and the extent of said lots, blocks and town are correctly set forth upon this plat of the same, which was made by my au- thority and under my direction. And 1 do hereby give, grant, allot and con- vey, for public uses, all the streets and alleys, by the names and of the ex- tent that are set forth upon said plat. And I do hereby declare this dedication to be made by me, this, the 26th day of July, eighteen hundred and forty-three, to be binding upon me, my heirs and assigns forever. " Jh. Eobidoux [seal]. ** a CERTIFICATE OF PROPRIETOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENT. " State of Missouri, , „„ ' "^ ss. .} " County of St. Louis " Be IT REMEMBERED, that ou this 26th day of July, eighteen hundred and forty-three, before me, the undersigned, clerk of the St. Louis Court of Com- mon Pleas, within and for said county, came Joseph Robidoux, who is per- sonally known to me to be the same person whose name is subscribed to the above plat, as having executed the said plat, and who acknowledged to me that he executed said plat for the purposes therein named. " In testimony whereof, I have set my hand and aflSxed the seal of said court at office in the city of St. Louis, and State aforesaid, 26th day of July, eighteen hundred and forty-three. " ^Nathaniel Paschall, " Cleric. " By Stephen D. Barlow, " DejputyP BLOCKS AND LOTS DONATED. The west half of block thirty-one was reserved on the map as a market cquare ; the west half of block fifty was donated for a public church ; the northwest quarter of block thirty-eight for a public school, and the south quarter of the same block for a Catholic church. These lots were immediately put upon the market, even before the title to them was complete. This was perfected in 1844, at which time a United States land-office was located at Plattsburg, Missouri. The uniform price of corner lots was one hundred and fifty dollars, and inside lots one hundred dollars. As rapidly as sale could be made the money was applied in payment of a mortgage, held by Pierre Chouteau, Jr., of St. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 117 Louis, upon the land embracing the town site, amounting to six tlft)usand tliree liuudred and seventy-two dollars and fifty-seven cents. The town, as then laid off, included all the territory lying between Eobi- doux Street on the north and Messanie Street on the south, and between Sixth Street on the east and the Missouri River on the west, and contained sixty-four blocks, twelve of which are fractional. Each whole block is 240 by 300 feet, bisected by an alley and containing twelve lots. The streets are governed by the cardinal points of the compass; those running back from the river in the " Original Town," extending north and south, are Water, Levee, Main (or First), Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth; and those running at right angles, commencing on the parallel of the north line, are Isadore, Eobidoux, Faraon, Jules, Francis, Felix, Ed- mond, Charles, Sylvanie, Angelique, Messanie. These names are derived from members of Mr. Robidoux's family. Since the laying out of the original town, covering a period of thirty- eight years, there have been added about seventy-two additions. CHURCHES. In 1844-5 the first church edifice in the town, a log building, 20x30 feet, was erected, under the direction of Rev. T. S. Reeve, a Presbyterian clergy- man. It was located on the lot where the business house of John S. Brit- tain & Co. now stands. Soon after this church building was completed and occuj)ied an incident 4^ccurred in it which is worth relating: In the fall of 1845, on a sabbath-day evening, while religious services M-ere being held, a loud, rough knock was heard upon the door. Without waiting for a response, the door was thrust wide open, when in stalked a large, burly-looking individual from Grand River. With hat on and hand raised, he advanced toward the pulpit and mo- tioned to the minister to stop. The man of God (Rev. T. S. Reeve) being thus rudely and inopportunely accosted, left off preaching, when the stranger said : " Is Bob Donnell in this house? I've got a bar'l of honey for him." Mr. Donnfell being present, and taking in the situation at a glance, im- mediately' left his seat and went out of the house ^^'ith the enterprising and redoubtable honey vender. Whether he purchased the " bar'] " we cannot say. The man, however, who, nothing daunted, had so persistently hunted him up, braving the parson and the astonished gaze of the congregation, certainly deserved some consideration at the hands of Mr. Donnell. We hope, therefore, a bargain was made, and that his Grand River friend re- turned home a happier, if not a wiser man. The log church was first permanently occupied in the winter of 1844-5. In the fall of the year 1844 the first Union sabbath-school was organized, 118 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. and a committee of ladies sent out for the purpose of making collections for the school. Joseph Kobidoux, the founder of the city, made tlie first dona- tion of ten dollars in mone}' for the school. This was the first time a sub- scription paper had ever been carried around, and it elicited some practical jokes from its novelty among those who subscribed, and who are now among the oldest citizens. The log church was also occupied once a month by the Methodist denom- ination for some time, and twice a month, until their own church was built, in 1846. In August, of that year, trustees were appointed by the First Presbyterian Church, under the care of the Lexington Presbytery, in con- nection with the '' Constitutional General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church." During the same year a building committee was appointed to make the necessary arrangements for the erection of a new house of wor- ship. Money was raised by subscription, and in 1847 was erected the brick building on the northeast corner of Fourth and Francis streets, in dimen- sions fifty feet front by sixty feet. The first services were held in the church in the winter of 1849-50. This building was used without interruption till the closing of the church and dispersion of the congregation in 1801, at the breaking out of the civil war. It then passed through various hands, till it finally became, by pur- chase, the property of the German congregation now occupying it. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The citizens of St. Joseph are justly proud of their excellent system of public schools, which not only aftbrd a practical and liberal education for their children at home, but have given the city character and reputation abroad. They have been one of the most important factors in attracting immigration, and have done more than any other institution to add to the population, wealth and general prosperity of the city. They are the schools in which the great masses of the children are educated — the children of the wealth}^ of the men of moderate means and of the poor alike — all classes, and frequently many nationalities, being rej)resented in the same school. Until the year 18G0, no attempt at any system of public schools had been made in St. Joseph. Occasionally a free school would be taught for a month or two, or for a sufficient length of time to absoi'b what was not wasted or lost of the city's share of the public school-fund. But there was no public school-system, and St. Joseph had merely the organization of a country school-district. In that year a few of the most enterprising of her citizens determined to make an eflbrt to establish a system of public schools. They sought and obtained from the legislature of the State a good and lib- eral charter. This charter has been twice amended by the legislature, at the request of the board of public schools; once in 1866 and once in 1872. Edward HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 119 Everett said: "To read the Eiiirlish language well, to write a neat, legible hand, and to be master of the tbnr rules of arithmetic, I call this a good education." Any pupil completing a course in the St. Joseph schools should have an education far above that standard, and be well prepared to enter upon any of the ordinary business avocations of life. But that the system of public instruction may be as complete and thorough in St. Joseph as in any Eastern city, a high school, with a liberal course of study, was organized in ISfiO, which lias graduated 208 young ladies and gentlemen who are filling useful and honorable positions in society. Of the above number, forty-four are either teaching now or have been teachers in the public schools o\' St. Joseph. THK GAZETTE. The lirst newspaper, the Gazette, a weekly, was establislied in St. Joseph in 1845, its first issue appearing on Friday, the 25th day of April, of that year. The proprietor was William Ridenbaugh. When commencing the publication of his paper he had extensively circulated throughout Buchanan and the adjoining counties, the following: "Again, the spirit of internal improvement is abroad, our people are determined not only to improve tlie transporting facilities now had, but to add others, which will place us on terms more nearly equal with other parts of the world. Then all the advantages we have in soil and climate will become available; then a new impetus will have been given to the indus- trious farmer; then the call upon the merchant for the necessaries and com- forts of life will have been vastly increased; then health and prosperity will everywhere greet the eye of the beholder; then ours shall be a town and county in which the wealthy, industrious and educated of the other and older States will love to settle, and the situation of our town and sur- rounding scenery, which are now surpassingly lovely, will be enhanced by the touch of art, and the citizen oi- visitor of cultivated or refined taste will love to contemplate their beauty." The above article was written in the spring of 1847, and is doubtless a faithful and coi-rect representation of St. Joseph and her business prospects at that time. Four years had elapsed from the laying out of tlie town, and the inferences drawn from the editorial are that notwithstanding many difiiculties had heretofore intervened, such as the jealousies of rival towns, imperfect navigation facilities, and other hindrances, the town had continued to prosper. IIAILROADS. The people of St. Joseph early awoke to a sense of the importance and necessity of railroad commmiication with the East. About the first refer- ence to this matter we find in the Gazette, of Friday, November 6, 1846: "Our countrv is destined to sufier much and is now suffering from the THIRD STIIEET, fer. JOSEPH, LOOKING SOUTH. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 121 difficulty of navigation and the extremely high rates the ])oats now charge. Our farmers may calculate that they will get m'uch less for i)roduce and will be compelled to pay much more for their goods than heretofore, and this will certainly always be the case when the Missouri River shall be as low as it now is. The chances are fearfully against having any considerable work be- stowed in improving the river, and until it is improved by artificial means the navigation of it to this point must always be dangerous and very uncertain. " The prospects for this fall and winter are well calculated to make the people look about to see if there is no way to remedy this inconvenience, if there can be any plan suggested whereby our people can be placed more nearly upon terms of equality with the good citizens of other parts of our land. " "We suggest the propriety of a railroad from St. Joseph to some point on the' Mississippi, either St. Louis, Hannibal or Quincy. For ourselves we like the idea of a railroad to one of the latter places suggested, for this course would place us nearer the Eastern cities, and make our road thither a direct one; we like this road, too, because it would so much relieve the intermediate country which is now suffering and must always suffer so much for transporting facilities in the absence of such an enterprise. " If this be the favorite route we must expect opposition from the southern portion of the State, as well as all the river counties below this. For the present we mean merely to throw out the suggestion, with the view of awakening public opinion, and eliciting a discussion of the subject. In some future number we propose presenting more advantages of such a road, and will likewise proj^ose and enforce by argument the ways and means of ac- complishing the object." The charter for the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was secured mainly by the exertions of Robert M. Stewart, afterward governor of the State, and, at the time of its issuance, a member of the State senate, and of General James Craig, and Judge J. E. Gardenhire. About the spring of 1857 work was begun on the west end, and by March of that year the track extended out from St. Joseph a distance of seven miles. The lirst fire under the first engine that started out of St. Joseph on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was kindled by M. Jeff. Thompson. This was several years before the arrival of the first through train in Febru- ary, 1859. (Sometime in the early part of 1857.) The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was completed February 13, 1859. On Monday, February 14, 1859, the first through passenger train ran out of St. Joseph. Of this train E. Sleppy, now (1881) master mechanic of the St. Joseph and "Western Machine Shops, in Elwood, was engineer, and Ben- jamin H. Colt, conductor. The first to run a train into St. Joseph was George Thompson, who ran first a construction train and then a freight train. 122 * TTISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. The first master luecluuiic of tlic Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad shops in St. Joseph was (\, F. Shivel. These shops were established in 1857. In the tbllowinij^ year Mr. Shivel ])nt up the first car ever built in the city. On the 22d of February, 1859, occui-red in St. Josepli the celebration of the completion of the Hannibal and St. Joseph road. This was, beyond doubt, the grandest display ever witnessed in the city, up to that period. Mr. Jeff. Thompson, at that time mayor of the city, presided over the ceremonies and festivities of this brilliant occasion. The city was wild with enthusiasm, and the most profuse and unbounded hospitalitj' prevailed. A grand banquet was held in the spacious apartments of the Odd Fel- lows' Hall, which then stood on the corner of Fifth and Felix streets. Not less than six hundred invited guests were feasted here; and it was estimated that several thousand ate during the day at this hospitable board. Broaddus Thompson, Esq., a brother of General M. Jeff. Thompson^ made the grand speech of the occasion, and performed the ceremony of mingling the waters of the two mighty streams thus linked by a double band of iron. The completion of the road constitutes an era in the history of St. Joseph^ and from that period dawned the light of a new prosperity. In the five suc- ceeding years the population of the city was quadrupled, and her name her- alded to the remotest East as the rising emporium of the West. In the summer of 1872 this road commenced the building of a branch southward from St. Joseph, twenty-one miles, to the city of Atchison. This was completed in October of the same year. The St. Joseph and Western is one of the most valuable roads that leads into St. Joseph, and has been the source of a large trade from the neighbor- ing State of Kansas. The Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs road is not so important, having parallel roads in opposition, and nntil it came under the control of the C, B. & Q. it lacked comprehensive business views and enlightened management. It is, however, a good, local road, all the way from Sioux City to Kansas City, but as a northern and southern road, with competing lines, will not be of very great value as an investment. The ]\tissouri Pacitic is another road that has run to the city, but found it far from profitable, and are now building from Atchison north, into Ne- braska. This road, like the K. C. & C. B., is of great local convenience to the people and St. Joseph. Tlie Wal.'ash, St. Louis and Pacific, as its southeastern route to St. Louis, the St. Joseph and Western, and the Hannil)al and St. Joseph, will always be the leading roads. The first mentioned running a branch to St. Joseph, giving them a route to St. Louis over what was called the Kansas City, St. Louis and Northern, now all known as the Wabash system. HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 123 The St. Joseph and Des Moines is another new road of local importance, although giving another Chicago route to the city of " pools and corners." There are now (1881) three lines of street railway in St. Joseph. The Board of Trade was organized October 19, 1878. WHOLESALE TRADE. The rapid increase of the wholesale trade of St. Joseph is simply re- markable. The merchants, in January, looked forward to a greatly increased trade, but they did not tliink for a moment that it would go so far beyond the expectations of the most sanguine. Such, however, has been the case, and there is no telling what proportions the trade will assume in 1881. To accommodate this increase of business, many of our merchants are com- pelled to erect more commodious buildings. The many magnificent whole- sale structures that have gone up in the past few months bear ample evidence to the truth of this assertion. Total sales in 1880 of merchandise $49,385,000 Add sales of manufactures 12,902,115 Grand total of the trade of St. Joseph, 1880 $62,287,115 GAS WORKS. In the year 1856 J. B. Ranney and associates proposed to the city authori- ties that privileges should be granted to a company to be organized of which the city should take one-half the capital stock and himself and associates the remaining half. The proposal was agreed to and the city became a stockholder. The works were erected and met with a steady loss even at the rate of five and six dollars charged per thousand feet of gas to con- sumers. The city sold out for twenty cents on the dollar. They continued changing hands and losing money until the purchase of the works in 1871, by James Clemens and his associates, of Detroit, Michigan, under the name of the Citizens' Gas Light Company, for the sum of $50,000. This company greatly enlarged and otherwise improved the works, and secured a contract for lighting the street lamps, which had remained unlighted several years. The trouble was that the people had not progressed far enough to fully appreciate gas in their business houses or private residences, and the cost of introducing was an item of serious contemplation while their residences to a large extent were not built with gas arrangements. The company, however, began to prosper for the first time in the history of gas in St. Joseph when a new company was granted equal facilities with them and proposed to cut down the price of gas and teach the citizens of St. Joseph the beauties of its use. In 1878 this new company came to the front under the name of the Mu- tual Gas Light Compan3\ tlie ])resent owners of the works, and made pro- posals to the authorities, through their president, C. PI. Nash, to supply 124 HISTOKY OF ST. JOSEPH. present consumers with gas at $2.50 per thousand feet, and tlie street lamps at $25 per annum. The old company had charged $4 per thousand feet and $30 for lighting the street lamps per year. They were granted the franchise and awarded the city contract, and this resulted in the sale of the entire works and franchise of the old company to the Mutual Gas Light Association. The latter company has erected elegant new works on the corner of Lafayette and Sixth streets, capable of supplying a city of 75,000 inhab- itants. The company have now placed in position over twenty miles of main pipe, supplying over eight hundred consumers and nearly five hundred street lamps. WATEK-WOEKS. One of the chief needs of St. Joseph for more than ten years past has been a complete and perfect system of water-works, to be employed both as a safeo-uard against fire and as a means of averting the possibilities of a de- ficient supply in seasons of drought. But it was not until the 10th day of December, 1879, that anything was actually accomplished in that direction, at which date the mayor approved an ordinance passed by the city council authorizing the construction of water- works upon the " gravity system," the supply to be obtained from the Missouri River above the city limits. On December 23, 1879, the contract was let to the St. Joseph Water Company, under bond to complete the works and furnish a full supply of pure, wholesome water within twelve months from that date. Tliis com- pany commenced work on the 4th day of January, 1880, and upon the 12th day of January, 1881, the works were accepted by the city authorities as per- fectly satisfactory. The great basins are supplied with water by the engines below, the water first being forced into a well west of the elevation, and after that it runs through pipes into the reservoirs, of which there are three. The settling basin is 380 feet long by 85 feet wide, and its capacity is three million gallons. Its depth is twenty feet, and its water level is two feet higher than the reser- voir on the south. The north basin, which is intended for the filtered water, is 150 feet wide and 300 feet long, and has a capacity of six million of gallons. If at any time it should be required to empty these basins there is cer- tain machinery on hand tliat can be placed at work immediately and the old water can be replaced by that which is fresh and pure. Reservoir Hill is 330 feet above high water mark, and it is 122 feet higher than any point in St. Joseph. In the business portion of the city the pressure has been, since the works were in operation, 120 pounds to the square inch. In testing the capacity of the street hydrants it has been demonstrated HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. 125 that in the business portion of the city a stream can be thrown through hose, with a proper nozzle attached, to the height of about 110 feet, while at tlie corner of Nineteenth and Francis streets, one of the highest points within the eastern cor^jorate limits, a distance of sixty-five feet has been shown to be the extreme limit of the elevation. At the present writing something over twenty miles of main pipe have been laid in place and one hundred and eighty-two hydrants placed at proper locations and in working order. The works were to cost at first $300,000, but the company kept adding to the original estimate until the works complete have cost $700,000 instead of the amount first estimated. THE UNION DEPOT. To John B. Carson, general manager of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, belongs the credit of originating a plan for the construction of a union depot at St. Joseph. After various conferences of the union depot projectors, the erection of the building was finally determined upon in April, 18S0, when the St. Joseph Union Depot Company was organized, with the following companies as in- corporators and stockholders: Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Company, Missouri Pacific Railway Company, St. Joseph and Western Railroad Com- pany, which is a part of the Union Pacific; Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Blufi's Railroad Company, which is a part of the Chicago, Burling- ton and Quincy Railroad; Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Com- pany ; St. Joseph and Des Moines Railroad Company. The ground which was selected and legally condemned for this enterprise is situated on the east side of Sixth Street, near the corner of Mitchell Ave- nue, that having been found to be the most suitable location for a common point of meeting for the different railroads operating their lines through this city. It embraces a tract of six acres, all of which will be required for its buildings, sheds, platforms, tracks, etc. The style of the building is Eastlake domestic gothic, and contemplates a building 400 feet in length and fifty feet in width, set back from Sixth Street thirty-six feet, so as to give room for carriage-way between present street line and front of building. STOCK. The transactions of the stock-yards for the past three years are as follows : KIIsD OF STOCK. 1878. 1879. 1880. Head of hogs Head of cattle Head of horses and mules. Head of sheep 69,710 5,992 1,842 3,564 99,513 15,005 3,179 2,293 102,150 20,592 3,505 5,990 126 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. The capacity of the yards is limited at present to fifty pens, which will accommodate 2,500 head of cattle and 3,000 head of hogs. LIVE STOCK. During the year 1880 nearly 10,000 head of cattle were marketed in St. Joseph, which amounted to the aggregate value of about $300,000. There were about 4,000 horses and mules sold in this market in 1880, of a total value of $350,000. A great portion of this number were shipped out to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Louisiana and South Carolina. There were 140,000 head of hogs sold in this city in 1880, of a value of $2,000,000, making the total sales of live stock $2,650,000. PACKING-HOUSES. There are at present (1881) three packing-houses in the city. The oldest of these was established by the present proprietor, David Pinger, in 1853. It is near the Francis Street depot. About five hands are generally em- ployed. Slaughtering here is principally done for the l)utchers. Hax & Bi'other were established in 1868. Their packing-house and oftice are on the corner of F'ourth and Mary streets. They employ in the winter season between sixty and eighty hands, and also pack to a limited extent in summer. The packing-house of II. Krug & Co. was established in the winter of 1877-8, II. Krug, president; James McCord, vice-president and treas- urer; George C. Hax, secretary. The capital stock of the company is $72,000. In the winter of 1879-80 this house packed between 60,000 and 65,000 hogs. In the summer about 24,000 head were packed. In August, 1881, they slaughtered 1,800 hogs per week. Connett Brothers, who packed in 1880 about 6,000 hogs, on their farm in the county, are now (1881) erecting a spacious brick structure south of the city limits, which will cost, when completed, about $25,000 or $30,000. Its packing capacity will be from 1,000 to 1,500 per day. ICE. The past winter has afforded the best ice harvest ever before known in this city. The following statement shows the number of tons taken from the Missouri Hiver and Lake Contrary and stored for use: Breweries 40,000 tons. Packing companies 25,000 tons. Ice dealers 25,000 tons. Private use 10,000 tons. Total 100,000 tons. The average cost of storing ice last season was less than $1.00 per ton, while the average cost of imported ice the year previous was $4.50 per tou. HI^^TORV OV ST. .lOSKPIt. OPERA HOUSE. 1'27 No other city in the entire West can hoast of so fine u temple devoted fo the dramatic art, nor comparing in size and elepjance of appointment, vith tlie Opera House in this city. The i>uildin2: was erected by Mr. Milton Tootle, in 1873, at a cost of 3150,000. If is regarded by all as the finest theater west of Chicago. The City Hall cost ^50,000. an imposing building. INTERESTING ITEMS. Ill accoi'dance with a res()luti(jn of the Board of Trade recently adopted, a committee ap}iointed for that ])ur|)ose has i)repared ai'ticles of association for the incorporation <»f a stock com])any, to be called tlieChaml)er of Com- merce, the object of which is to perfect a plan for the erection of a Board of Trade or Chamber of Commerce building in this city. The organization has been completed, and it is thought that the necessary stock can be placed at once. The location has not yet been determined upon, but it is de- signed to secure a corner lot, if possible, near to the business center of the city. The St. Joseph glucose company was formed in June, 1880. The name of the company is Tlie St. Joseph Refining Company. It has all of the latest improved machinery, and a capacity for making up 3,000 bushels of corn daily. The building is situated in South St. Joseph, and covers over an acre of ground. Situated on South Fourth Street, in the premises formerly t>ccu|»ied by the Evans, Day 6c Co. Canning Factory, are the Star Preserving AVorks, owned and operated by Albert Fischer & Co. They ha\e recently enlarged the premises with additional buildings until they cover nearly an entire square. The capucity of the works are 40,000 cans, or 1,800 bushels of tomatoes per day, or from 1,000 to 1,200 bushels of peas. During the preserving sea- son these works have about 250 employes upon their pay-roll. PRODUCE PACKING. The packing of butter, eggs, apples, potatoes, and other pixnluce is as- suming immense proportions, and as St. Joseph is situated in the heart of the finest agricultural district in the world, this industry must increase with each succeeding year. The following statistics of this branch of trade were supplied by the prin- cipal commission houses here for the year 1880. No. of bushels potatoes shipped from the city 100,000 No. of bushels apples ])acked and shipped from the city. . ^lUj^aO JS'o. dozen eggs packed and shipped from the city 400,000 No. pounds butter packed and shipped from the city .... 880,0)0 Total value of the sliipmeuts above noted $450,000 128 HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH. The military force of the city consists of two battalions, composed of five companies of infantry, all superbly equipped and exceedingly well drilled. THE FIRST TELEGRAPH LINE built to St. Joseph was completed to that point on the day of the inaugura- tion of President Franklin Pierce. The first dispatch to come over the line to St. Joseph was his inaugural address. The name of the telegraph oper- ator who received the message was Peter Lovell. His office was on the southwest corner of Second and Jule streets. POST-OFFICE AND FINANCES. Letters received by mail 1,043,209 Local letters received and delivered 95,061 Postal cards by mail 294,448 " local 72,988 Newpaper delivery ... 802,190 Total number of pieces sent, 1880 4,024,170 Increase over 1879, 12^ per cent. Total business money order department, 1880 $ 1,596,237.26 Sales of stamps, envelopes and postal cards 54,395.36 Internal revenue for 1880 66,161.43 Total debt of the city 1,750,000.00 " assessed valuation, 1880 10,000,000.00 Interest on city indebtedness, 4 per cent. Yalue of property owned by the city 250.000.00 St. Joseph is the third city in size in the State, and its population, by the census of 1880, is 32,484. It is gaining moderately, but the spirit of en- terprise has never been very highly developed by lier people. Her whole- sale merchants are opposed to further opposition in their line, and, as a rule, they do little to advertise their business; some of the heaviest never put- ting a line of advertisements in, the papers year in and year out, while many do it grudgingly, as a sort of tax which they are compelled to pay. It is like St. Louis, slow to move, and like the latter city, it has some live, energetic men, but not enough to leaven the mass. In scope of country tributary to her growth and prosperity St. Joseph has little to complain of, and if an energetic spirit possessed her people she would have a surprising growth the next ten years. As it is, she is likely to retain her present position as the third city in the State. She has a re- fined and cultivated people, hospitable and generous, but her business inter- ests are carried on to the extreme upon the basis of self. With an increase of population and more extended and broader views St. Joseph's future is one of promise. Laws of Missouri. HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION LAW. Tlie homestead exemption law of tlie State of Missouri has been uue of the most enlightened laws passed for the benefit of the people. In the last session of the general assembly of the State, the spring of 1880-81, there was a material change in the law, and it is given here in full. Thus every head of a family can be secure in a home of moderate value, if he will not waive his right to it. There are printed notes now drawn up in which there is a clause printed waiving the right of holding such property under that law. When a man signs such a note, his home stands in the same light as his other property. These notes should never be signed un- less by or with the consent of the wife as well as the husband. The law reads, as amended, as follows and is in full force at this time: Section 1. Section twenty-six hundred and eighty-nine (2689) of the Ee- vised Statutes of Missouri, is hereby amended by striking out, " or incor- porated towns and villages having a less population," and inserting in lieu thereof, '* having a population of ten thousand or less," in twelfth line, and by inserting immediately after " dollars," fifteenth line, the words " and in cities and incorporated towns and villages having a population less than ten thousand, such homesteads shall not include more than five acres of ground or exceed the total value of $1,500," so that said section as amended shall read as follows: Sec. 2689. The homestead of every housekeeper or head of a family, con- sisting of a dwelling-house and appurtenances, and the land in connection therewith, not exceeding the amount and value herein limited, which is or shall be used by such housekeeper, or head of a family as such homestead, shall, to- gether with the rents, issues and products thereof, be exempt from attach- ment and execution, except as herein provided; such homestead in the country shall not include more than one hundred and sixty acres of land, or exceed the total value of fifteen hundred dollars; and in cities having a pop- ulation of forty thousand or moi'e, such homestead shall not include more than eighteen square rods of ground, or exceed the total value of three thousand dollars; and in cities having a population of ten thousand and less than forty thousand, such homestead shall not include more than thirty square rods of ground, or exceed the total value of fifteen hundred dollars; 9 130 LAWS OF MISSOURI. and in cities and incorporated towns and villages having a popnlation less than ten thousand, sucli homestead shall not include more than five acres of ground, or exceed the total value of fifteen hundred dollars; and any mar- ried woman may file her claim to the tract or lot of land occupied by her and her husband, or by her, if abandoned by her husband, as a homestead; said claim shall set forth the tract or lot claimed, that she is the wife of the person in whose name the said tract or lot appears of record, and said claim shall be acknowledged by her before some oflicer authorized to take proof or acknowledgments of instruments of writing, afiecting real estate, and be filed in the recorder's ofiice, and it shall be the duty of the recorder to re- ceive and record the same. Aftei* the filing of such claims, duly acknowl- edged, the husband shall be debarred from, and incapable of selling, mort- gaging or alienating the homestead in any manner whatever, and every such sale, mortgage or alienation is hereby declared null and void; and the filing of any such claims, as aforesaid, with the recorder, shall impart notice to all j^ersons of the colitents thereof, and all subsequent purchasers and mortgagers shall be deemed, in law and equit}^, to purchase with notice: Provided^ hoioever, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the husband and wife from jointly conveying, mortgaging, alien- ating or in any other manner disposing of such homestead or any part thereof. Approved, March 26, 1881. HUSBAND NOT LIABLE. An Act to exempt the husband from the payment of the debts of the wife contracted before marriage. Section 1. The property owned by a man before his marriage, and that which he may acquire after his marriage by purchase, descent, gift, grant, devise, or in any other manner whatsoever, and the profits thereof, excej^t such as may be acquired from the wife, shall be exempt from all debts and liabilities contracted or incurred by his wife before their marriage. Sec. 2. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. Approved, March 25, 1881. BIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN. The law passed by the general assembly on the rights and privileges of married women is full and complete, is composed of fourteen sections and too long to be embodied in this work. The law can be found in the 'i Re- vised Statutes of Missouri, volume 1, 1879," It is chapter 51, and found on pages 557 to 561. HEDGES TRIMMED. It may not be known to all that a law was passed by the last general assembly (1880-1881), that " every person owning a hedge fence, over five LAWS OF MISSOURI. 131 years old, upon the line of any public road or highway in this State, is hereby required to cut down the same, to the height of not more than five feet nor less than four feet, every two years: Provided, that hedge fences inclosing orchards, house-yards and stock-yards, shall be exempt from the provisions of this act," The overseer of roads is to serve the notice and the owner has thirty days to commence, and if he fail to do it the overseer shall have it done and the owner must pay all expenses of the same. It can be collected of him by law, same as revenue for road purposes. The law passed and took effect March 16, 1881. CHANGING SCHOOL-HOUSE SITES. Section 1. The voters of any school-district in this State may change the location of a school-house site when the same, for any cause, may be deemed necessary and notice of such comtemplated change shall have been given by the directors at least twenty days prior thereto by posting at least three written notices in three of the most public places in the district where such school-house site shall be located: Provided, that in every case a majority of the voters of said district shall only be necessary to remove a site nearer the center of a school district, but in all cases to remove a site further from the center of a school-district it shall require two-thirds of the legal voters of such school-district. Sec. 2. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby I'epealed. Approved, March 24, 1881. marriage license. The legislature of 1880-81, passed a marriage license act which makes it necessary for persons before marriage to secure a license. No person au- thorized to perform the marriage ceremony, can legally do so without first seeing the license, and a marriage performed without a license is not legal and a penalty is attached. The intent of the law is to have an official rec- ord which will stand in the courts and settle any dispute either of mar- riage or property which may hereafter arise. The law reads: Section 1. Previous to any marriage in this State a license for that pur- pose shall be obtained. Section 2. The recorder of the county issues the license and the parties must be, the male 21 years and the female 18 years of age. If younger the parents or guardian must give consent, » PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of jpublishing hooks hy subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations 132 LAWS OF MISSOUKI. Twt authorized hy the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possi- ble, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the follow- ing statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consideration is that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work are described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before sub- scribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commis- sion for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the con- ditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional, or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the sub- scriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in con- nection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied, or rescinded verbally, hut if done, at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode and have no authority to do it any other way to the prej- udice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other manner. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery nor bind their principal for the payment of exp)enses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instru- ment, would examine carefully what it is; and if they cannot read them- selves call on some one disinterested who can. LAWS OF MISSOURI. 133 FORMS OF DEEDS, LEASES, MORTGAGES, Etc. GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, James Johnson, of the town of Muncle, county of Delaware, and State of Indiana, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament, in manner as follows; to- wit., First — I give, devise and bequeath to my son James Horace Johnson, $1,000 in bank stock, of the First Kational Bank of Boston, and the farm owned by myself, in the township of AVashington, Shelby county, Mis- souri, and consisting of eighty acres of land with all the houses, tene- ments and improvements thereunto belonging, to have and to hold unto my said son. his heirs and assigns forever. Second — I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Ida Louisa Johnson and Annie May Johnson, each $1,000 in cash, and each one a quarter section of land owned by myself in the township of Jasper, Henry county, Illinois, and recorded in my name in the record of said county, where said land is located; the north 160 acres to go to Ida Louisa, tny eldest daughter. Third — I give, devise and bequeath to my son Thomas Alfred Johnson, ten shares of railroad stock in the Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, and my lot, with the residence thereon, in Dayton, Ohio, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name in the county where situated. Fourth—! give to my wife Samuella Richardson Johnson, all my house- hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property about my home not hitherto disposed of, including $5,000 of bank stock, in the Merchants' National Bank of Toledo, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower to which she is en- titled by law, said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth — It is also my will and desire that at the death of my wife, Sam- uella Richardson Johnson, or at any time when she may arrange to relin- quish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly — I nominate and appoint as executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Samuella Richardson Johnson, and my eldest son, James Horace Johnson. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid Irom moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Dayton, Ohio, the residue of such money to revert to my wife, Samuella Richardson Johnson, for her use forever. 134 LAWS OF MISSOURI. In witness whereof, I, James Johnson, to this, my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of December, 1876. James Johnson. Signed and declared by James Johnson as and for his last will and testa- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request and in his presence and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Thomas Dugan, Dayton, Ohio. Rochester McQuade, Cincinnati, Ohio. CODICIL. Whereas, I, James Johnson, did,'on the fourth day of December, 1876,. make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, By the dispensation of Providence, my daughter Ida Louisa has deceased, October 10th, 1877; and Whereas, A son has been born to me, which son is now christened Jolm Wesley Johnson, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands, bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Ida Louisa, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 10th day of January, 1878. James Johnson. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, James Johnson, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament, and we, at his request and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Thos. Dugan, Dayton, Ohio. Charles Jackson, Cincinnati, Ohio. FORM OF LEASE. This article of agreement, made and entered into on this day of A. D. 188-, by and between , of the county of , and State of Missouri, of the firsj; part, and , of the county of , and State of Missouri, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises; to-wit., \Here insert description?^ for the term of from and after the day of A. D. 188-, at the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows; to-wit., [Here insert terms.] LAWS OF MISSOURI. 135 And it is further ac^reed that if any rent sliall be due or unpaid, or if de- fault be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to distrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainei-, or he may use all or any of the remedies to effect snch possession. And the party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by su- perior force or inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants and agrees that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purpose whatsoever; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or pur- poses whatsoever; that * will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under a penalty of a for- feiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part; and that use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damages by fire and the depredation by animals; that will keep build- ings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessor, or per- sons of family, or in employ, excepted; and that upon the expira- tion of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said cove- nants herein contained will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the occupancy and possession of said premises in as good condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, alone excepted. In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written Signed ix presence of REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all men by these presents: That , of county, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said , the following described premises, situated in the county of . and State of ; to-wit., \_Here insert description.'] and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of 136 LAWS OF MISSOUKI. said premises, that they are free from iucumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon the condition that the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein spec- ified, of certain promissory notes, for the sum of dollars, One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the hereby relin- quishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18—. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all men by these presents: That , of county, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of county, and State of — «— , do hereby sell and convey unto the said , the following described personal property, now in the possession of , in the county of , State of ; to- wit., {Here insert description ?\ and do hereby warrant tlie title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in the said property being the right of redemption herein provided. This con- veyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars, One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for % — , due , 18 — ,with interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantor may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expenses of such foreclosure, including % attorney's fees, and whatever remains after pay- ing off" said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — , LAWS OF MISSOURI. 137 QUITCLAIM DEED. Know all men by these presents: That , of county, State of , in consideration of dollars, to in hand paid b}^ , of county, and State of , the receipt whereof do hereby acknowledge, have bargained, sold and quitclaimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quitclaim unto the said , and to heirs and assigns tbrever, all right, title and interest, estate, claim and demand, both in law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expect- ancy, of, in and to the following described premises; to-wit., \^Here insert description.'] With all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto be- longing. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — Signed in presence of WARRANTY DEED. Know all men by these presents: That , of county, and State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, in hand paid by , of county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said , and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the county of , State of Missouri; to-wit., {Here insert description?^ And do hereby covenant with the said that a — law- fully seized in fee simple of said premises; that they are free from incum- brance; that ha — good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend said premises, and ap- purtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of • , A. D. 18—. Signed in presence of acknowledgment. All forms of deeds, mortgages, or bond for deed, shall have the following form of aeknowledjrment: 138 laws of missouri. State of Missouri, ) County of . \ ^ Be it remembered, that on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to ine personally known to be the identical }>erson who executed the above (deed, niortgage, etc.,) as and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and time of payment are mentioned: $100. New York, Sept. 1, 1881. Sixty days after date I promise to pay to John Doe, or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received, with interest. Richard Roe. A note to be payable in anything else but money, needs only the article substituted in the above form. " With interest," means at the legal rate, and any other rate must be mentioned, or if no interest is to be paid until after the maturity of the note it should be so stated. ORDERS. Orders should be simply worded: Mr. D. II. Waters, St. Louis, Mo., January 2, 1881. Please pay J. AValker twenty-five dollars and charge to account of J. Turner. If it is to be paid in trade it should be so expressed after the word dol- lars. receipts. Receipts should state when received and for what; thus: $100. St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1878. Received of J. W. Hardin one hundred dollars, for services in the harvest field to date, in full. Or, Received of J. W. Hardin fifty dollars, for one week's work of self and team, in hauling stone, in full. R. W. Fields. If only part is paid it should read, " on account," instead of "in full." LAWS OF MISSOURI. J 39 BILL OF PURCHASE. It should state each article and price, as follows: J. W. Shattuck, St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1878. Bought of J. D. Adams. To 5 Yards Jeans @.50 $2.50 " 20 " Brown Domestic .08 1.60 Received payment, $4.10 J. D. Adams. VALUABLE RULES. How to find the gross and net weight of a hog, is by the rule that a hog's net weight is one fifth less than his gross weight. For instance, a hog weighing 400 pounds gross, would when dressed weigh 320. A good rule to find the capacity of a granary or a wagon-bed is multiply by (short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off one dec- imal place — the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of bushels. To find the contents of a corn-crib multiply the number of cubic feet by 54 (short method) or by 4^ ordinary method, and point off one decimal — the result will be the answer in bushels. This rule applies when it is first cribbed and before the corn shrinks. For the contents of a cistern or tank, multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method) and point off one decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31^ gallons each. • To measure boards multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches), divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. Note. — This is the correct measurement for every inch of thickness. The same in substance is the rule for scantling, joists, plank, sills, etc. Multiply the width, thickness and length together (the width and thickness in inches and the length in feet) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. To find the number of brick required in a building, multiply the number of cubic feet by 22-|-. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. A congressional township is thirty-six sections, each a square mile. A section of land is 640 acres. A quarter section, 160 acres, is a half a mile square. Eighty acres is a half mile long and one quarter of a mile wide. Forty acres is a quarter of a mile square. The sections of a congressional township are all numbered from one to thirty-six, commencing at the northeast corner of the township. 140 LAWS OF MISSOURI. One hundred and ninety-six pounds is one barrel of flour. Two hundred pounds is one barrel of pork. Fifty- six pounds is called a firkin of butter. A cord of wood is four feet wide, four feet high, and eight feet long. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The lawful weight of the following articles is the following number of pounds per bushel, and so understood when no special contract is made. Apples, peaches and quinces • 48 Cherries, grapes, currants or gooseberries 40 Strawberries, raspberries or blackberries. 32 Osage-orange seed 32 Millett seed 45 Clover seed 60 Flax seed 56 Sorghum seed 30 Timothy seed 45 Hemp seed 44 Broom-corn seed 30 Blue-grass seed 14 Hungarian grass seed 45 Sweet potatoes 46 Castor bean 46 Dried apples 24 Dried peaches 33 Rye 56 Salt 50 Sand 130 Lime 80 Beans 60 Bran 20 Oats 33 Wheat 60 Barley 48 Buckwheat 52 Corn-meal 48 Stone coal 80 Com, in the ear 70 Potatoes 60 Onions 57 Shelled corn 56 There is a fine and penalty attached for giving false weights. LAWS OF MISSODRT. MISSOURI GAME LAW. 141 There has been so many violations of the game law that its publication is one of interest. Many persons violate this law through ignorance, and others willfully. The penalty is here given for all such acts. Every good citizen and lover of hunting is interested in preventing the law from being trampled upon, and those willfully breaking it should be forced to pay the penalty. A synopsis of the law is as follows: — It is unlawful to kill, catch or have in possession any deer between Janu- ary 15tli and September 1st. Wild turkey between March Ist and September 15th. Prairie chickens between February 1st and August 15th. Quail or pheasant between February Ist and October loth. Woodcock between January lOtli and July 1st. Turtle doves, meadow larks and plover between February 1st and August 1st. Wild song birds or insectiverous birds cannot be killed at any time. It is unlawful to net or trap any quail, prairie chicken, or any of the birds named above. It is unlawful to have in possession or purchase or sell any of the game or animals named above when the killing is prohibited. It is unlawful to have in possession or to sell any of the game birds named that do not show shot marks, it heing prima facie evidence that they have been trapped or netted contrary to law. It is unlawful for any railroad, express company, or other carrier, to re- ceive for transportation any of the birds or game mentioned, when the killing of the same is prohibited. Every person who shall violate any of the above named laws shall be guilty of misdemeanor and punished by a fine not exceeding $20 for each bird or animal killed, netted, trapped or found in his possession. Any violators of these laws can be prosecuted before any police justice, recorder, or justice of the peace, or other court having jurisdiction to try cases of misdemeanor. One half of any fines collected will be paid to the informer and the bal- ance to the school fund of the county. It is the duty of all constables, marshals, market masters and police officers, to arrest all persons violating any of the game laws, and take them before the courts having jurisdiction to hear and try complaints. California quail cannot be killed before October, 1883. Messina quail cannot be killed before January 1st, 1886. Hawks, owls, eagles and crows can be killed at any time, and the destruc- tion of these birds and their nests is recommended as they are very destructive to other birds. 142 STATISTICS. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY RACES— 1880. STATES AND TERRITORIES. T-co cSoo o ^ 00 00 00 QO i~* •7S d) ^ tv O G o ^ o O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Alabama Arizona Arkansas . California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. . . Michigan Minnesota ... . Mississippi. . . .. . Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. . . . Rhode Island. . . South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. . . .. West Virginia. . . Wisconsin Wyoming 1,262,794 40,441 802,564 864,686 194,649 622,683 135,180 146,654 177,638 267,351 1,539,048 32,611 3,078,769 1,978,362 1,624,620 995,966 1,648,708 940,103 648,945 934,632 1,783,012 1,636,331 780,806 1,131,592 2,168,804 39,157 452,4.33 62,265 346,984 1,130,983 118,430 5,083,810 1,400,047 3,198,239 174,764 4,282,786 276,528 995,622 1,542,463 1,592,-574 143,906 322,286 1,512,806 75,120 618,443 1,315,480 20,788 Total United States 50,152,866 43,402.408 6,577,497 105,679165,880 661,986 35,178 591,611 767,266 191,452 610,884 133,177 120.198 118,236 141,249 814,218 29,011 3,032,174 1,939,094 1,614,510 952,056 1,377,077 455,063 646,903 724,718 1,764,082 1,614,078 776.940 479,371 2,023,568 35,468 449,805 53.574 346,264 1,091,856 107,188 5,017,142 867,467 3,118,-344 163,087 4.197,106 269,933 391,258 1,139,120 1,197,493 142,381 331,243 880,739 67,349 592,433 1,309,622 19,436 600,141 1.38 210,622 6,168 2,459 11,422 381 26,456 59,378 125,262 724,654 58 46,248 38,988 9,442 43,096 271,462 483,898 1,427 209,897 18,644 14,986 1,558 650,337 145,046 202 2,376 465 646 38,796 V.07 64,943 531,316 79,655 493 85,342 6,503 604.325 402,992 394,007 204 1,032 631,996 357 25,729 2,724 299 4 1,632 134 75,122 610 130 18 18 17 3,378 214 37 47 22 10 483 8 6 256 29 54 52 94 1,737 18 5,423 14 182 55 942 1 117 9,508 170 27 9 26 142 518 6 3,227 14 16 914! 213 3,493 197 16,130 128 241 1,384 6 37 94 164 133 233 464 792 50 819 607 11 341 7,238 2,254 1,832 96 1,750 233 2,803 60 58 10,280 783 1,216 113 1,679 168 67 114 326 932 804 11 65 4,187 17 3,118 139 1 Per cent of increase from 1870 to 1880: Total population 30.06 per cent. White population 28.82 " " Colored population 34.78 " " Chinese population. . . 67.07 per cent. Indian population (civilized or or taxed) 156.02 " '* STATISTICS. 143 The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both unorganized as yet) are not included in the above total. The census of Alaska in 1880 showed: White, 392; Creoles (issue of intermarriage between the whites and natives), 1,683; Aleuts, 1,960; Innuits, 17,488; Indians, 8,655; total, 30,178. The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabit- ants. The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned as civilized, or outside of tribal organizations. Indians not taxed are by law excluded from the census. Estimates of their numbers var}^ widely — from 200,000 to 350,000 (the latter as estimated in the census of 1870). In the Chinese column (for want of space elsewhere) have been reckoned a very few Japanese, East Indians and Sandwich Islanders, not exceeding 250 in all. MILES OF RAILROAD IN THE UNITED STATES. 1850 9,021 ia55 18,374 1860 30,635 1865 35,085 1870 52,914 1875 74,374 1880 84,715 There were in the whole world, January 1, 1881, 192,952 miles of railway. TELEGRAPH LINES AND WIRES. In 1866 there were 37,380 miles of telegraph line in the United States and 75,685 miles of wire; in 1870, 54,109 miles of line and 112,191 miles of wire; in 1875, 72,833 miles of line and 179,496 miles of wire; in 1880, 85,645 miles of line and 233,534 miles of wire. There were 29,216,509 telegraph messages sent in the year 1880. COTTON CROP OF THE UNITED STATES, YEARS ENDING SEPT. 1. TEAB. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1,6:34, 1,683, 2,378, 2,030, 2,394. 2,100, 1,778, 2,-347, 2.728, 2,096, 2,355: 3,015: 3,262 945| 574 875 4091 503 537 651 634 596 706 257 029 822 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 11858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 2,930,027 2,847,339 3,527,845 2,939,519 3,113,962 3,851,481 4,669,770 3,656,006 Norec'd 2,193,987 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 2,019,774 2,593,993 2,439,039 3,154,946 4,352,317 2,974,351 3,930,508 4,170,388 3,832,991 4,669,288 4,485,423 4,811,265 5,073,531 144 STATISTICS. The crop for 1880 is given by States, as follows: STATES. Mississippi Georgia Texas Alabama Arkansas. . . . . . South Carolina. Louisiana. 955,808 813,965 801,090 699,576i 606,9801 522,548 506,7641 North Carolina. . Tennessee Florida Missouri Indian Territory. Virginia Kentucky. —Total, 5,781,018. The average net weight per bale ib 440 pouDds, 389,516 380,624 54,997 19,783 17,000 11,000 1,367 KOTK. AKEA OF THB COAL FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND ANNUAL PKODUCTION. STATES AND TEREIT0KIE8. Anthracite. . Bituminous Pennsylvania Ohio.. Illinois Maryland, Bituminous West Virginia Iowa Indiana Missouri Kentucky Tennessee California. . . Colorado Kansas Oregon Alabama Washington Wyoming V^irginia Michigan Nebraska Utah Rhode Island Arkansas Texas Georgia Total. OiO goooo 00. i s ^-^ oa ^ c6 ccog 472 12,302 10,000 36,800 550 16,000 18,000 6,450 26,887 12,871 5,100 22,256 '5,336 185 6,700 3,000 15,664,275 7,798,518 2,527,285 2,624,163 1,819,824 608,878 263,487 437,870 621,980 150,582 133,418 4,500 82,938 500 12,000 20,000 11,000 17,844 50,000 61,803 28,150 1,425 5,800 14,000 26,142,689 14,500,000 5,000,000 3,500,000 1,730,709 1,250.000 1.600.000 1,000,000 900,000 1,000,000 450,000 600,000 400,000 400,000 200,000 250,000 170,000 175,000 90,000 35,000 75,000 225,000 15.900 100,000 32,863,690 59,808,398 STATISTICS. 14:5 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE FROM 1789 TO 1880. 1789 1796 180(1 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 182S 1832 1^36 1S40 1844 1848 185ii i 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 CANDIDATE. ■{ Qeorge WashiDgtou . \ John Adams 'j Thomas Jefferson. . . ( *Thoma8 Jefferson.. -J Aarou Burr I John Adams i Thos. Jefferson ..... ) C. C. Pinckney i James MadisoD ■) C. C. Pinckney i James Madison 1 DeWitt Chnton j James Monroe , I KufuH King •i James Monroe ♦John Quincy Adams. . Andrew Jackson W. H. Crawford Henry Clay Andrew Jackson John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John Floyd William Wirt Martin Van Buren Wm. H. Harrison et al. . Wm. H. Harrison Martin Van Buren James K. Polk Henry Clay Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass , Martin Van Buren FrankUu Pierce . Winfleld Scott e< al , James Buchanan John C. Fremont.. Abraham Lincoln J. C. Breckenridge << al. Abraham Lincoln Geo, B. ivicClellan Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour riysses 8. Grant Horace Greeley R. B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden Peter Coopei et al James A. Garfield W. s. Hancock Japies B. Weaver . I Federal. Democrat. Democrat. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Democrat. Whig. Democrat. Federal. Democrat. Whig. Whig, Whig. Democrat. Whig. Whig. Democrat, Democrat. Whig. Whig. Democrat. Democrat, Democrat. Whig. Democrat, Kepubhcan, Republican Democrat. RepubUcan. Democrat, Republican. Democrat, RepubUcan, Democrat, Republican. Democrat. Greenback. RepubUcan. Democrat. Greenback, POPULAB VOTE. elect'i, VOTE. II lEl'lvote in opp'n, 105,321 155,872 44,282 46,587 646,231 509,092 687,502 530,189 761,!;49 736,656 1,275,011 1,135,761 l,33i',243 1,301,382 1,360,099 1,220,554 291,263 1,601,474 1,542,403 1,838,160 1,215,768 1,866,352 2,810,501 2,216,067 1,808,725 3,015,071 2,709,613 3,597,070 2,834,079 4,033,950 4,284,855 93,898 4,442,950 4,442,035 306,867 ELEOTOBAI^ VOTE 1880.t STATES. AU, 71 60 73 73 65 148 28 122 47 128 89 180 34 Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. . . New Jersey New York North CaroUna Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. . . . 163 1 Tennesser, 127 Texas . . Vermont 84 99 41 37 178 83 239 49 11 7 179 131 234 60 170 105 254 42 174 122 130 123 213 21 214 80 300 66 185 184 214 155 Virginia West Virginia. Wisconsin Totel. 10 6 6 3 6 3 4 11 21 15 11 6 12 8 7 8 13 11 5 8 15 3 3 6 9 35 10 22 3 23 4 7 12 8 6 11 5 10 36» 'Elected by House of KepreBentatives, tElection November 2, 1880. PRESIDENTS BORN. Washington, February 22, 1732. J. Adams, October 30, 173). Jefferson, April 2, 1743. Madison, March 16, 1751. Monroe, April 28, 1758 J, Q. Adams, June 11, 1767. Jackson, March 15, 1767. Van Buren, December 5, 1782, Harrison, February 9, 1773. Tyler, March 29, 1790. Polk, November 2, 1795. Taylor, November 24, 1784. Fillmore, January 7, 1800. Pierce, November 23, 1804. Buchanan, April 23, 1791. Lincoln, February 12, 1809. Johnson, December 29, 1808. Grant, April 29, 1822. Hayes, October 4, 1822. Garfield, November 19, 1831. Chester A. Arthur, October 6, 1830. 10 .g-f.. /i(3 XlXi' CJK ^m >iASiJiJ^" fc? History of Linn County. CHAPTER I. WHEN THE WHITE MAN CAME THE KED MAN LEFT. Retrospect — The Homeof the Oppressed — Linn County — Bright Jewel — The Indians' Depar- ture — Game — The Dawn of Civilization — Early Settlers — 1820 to 1830 — Indian Mischief — Indian Town — Black Hawk War — ThePendletons — Death of William — Wm. Bowyer as a Hunter — Locust Creek Country, the Happy Hunting-grounds of the Indians — Went to Mill, etc. While the territory of Missouri may be in name somethin^^ over a cen- tury old, the immediate pages of this history have most to do with Linn county, which shows just a half century since the first white man became a permanent resident of her soil. The lands of this great State were known full two centuries ago, yet for over one hundred years she was still a wilder- ness, the wild flowers of the prairies blooming in all their native loveliness, filling the air with a delightful perfume. The red man was still lord of the soil, and upon her face destiny had not marked out her magnificent future. But out of the womb of a century has sprung forth a mighty State, and with the triumphant marks of advanced civilization upon her breast she wel- comes with open arms the oppressed of all nations to rest, and a home with- in her portals. The mild and salubrious climate of our noble State, her magnificent proportions, and the unlimited wealth of her agricultural and mineral resources holds out to all who sliall make it their home peace, prosperity and plenty. LINN COUNTY Stands among the brightest jewels that form the municipal divisions of this great State, and while prospecting parties in 1831 decided to make it their homes, the first settler is not recorded until 1832. At that time Linn county was a part of Chariton county, which is among the oldest counties in the State, having been organized in 1820. It was still, in some respects, the home of the red men, who for years after occupied it as a hunting ground. Game was abundant, the bear, the elk, and even the buftalo roamed its hills 150 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. and valleys, and the deer, wild turkeys, squirrels, etc., were found plenti- fully in the woodland. The red man possessed a magnificent country, but destiny had decided that it should become the home of the pale-faces. Nature had indeed been lavish of her gifts. The tribes of Sacs, Foxes, Pottawattaraies, and Musquakies who inhabited this magnificent country, were loth to leave it, and it is no wonder that many, very many, of these warriors were more willing to join their departed braves in the happy hunt- in ^-o-rounds of the "Great Spirit," than to give to the pale-faces tlie lands of their fathers. But manifest destiny knew no obstacle. The Saxon and Gallic races had decreed that this should be their home and that of their posterity. They came as the leaves of the forest in number; they pressed forward, and the gallant, heroic, and vengeful struggle of the Indian for his home is written in letters of blood, in burning cabins and wide-spread deso- lation, but all gave way before the irresistible march of civilization. The cabins of the hardy pioneer took the place of the wigwams of the savage; the war-whoop and the war-dance gave way to the sound of the woodman's axe; the stealthy tread of the Indian hunter, to the sturdy walk of the pio- neer; and civilization and Christianity walked arm in arm to the glorious fu- ture of to-day. Let us drop a silent tear to the memory of the red man. He had a beautiful home and was despoiled of it; he had the hunting-ground of his father, it became his burial place. We can rejoice in the glory of our country, but the fate of the original possessors of the soil is a dark and bloody chapter in the record which gives the history of the onward march of civil- ization. It had been some years before the settlement of Linn county that the bat- tle for supremacy had been fought between the red man and the pale-faces, and won by the latter, and at this date it was occupied only by roving bands of Indian hunters who were on friendly terms with the whites. And so the wide expanse of rolling prairie, the wooded hills and bluffs and the rich bot- tom lands became the property and the homes of the pale-faces, and the wild ruffo-ed 2-randeur of this desert waste soon began to look for a place among the municipal divisions of the State. THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION. This country at that time assumed the character of the great unknown West. Restless spirits had indeed been over its trackless prairies and ver- dant woodlands, and it was these men, who, on returning to their eastern homes, told wonderful stories of a marvelously beautiful country which lay near the "setting sun." Where to-day is the center of a great nation, fifty years ago was described as the "far west." The restless spirits who traveled were soon followed by the hardy and vigorous pioneer, the men who lead the way, and mark the ground that civilization, Christianity, and progress shall tread. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. l51 EARLY SETTLERS. We speak in high terras of the gallantry and bravery of tlie soldiers, who, in the Revolution of 1776, fought for liberty and independence, and their names are proudly borne on the pages of history. They merited, as they have received, the plaudits of succeeding generations, but shall not that army of heroes known as the " old pioneers" have their names, as well, emblazoned u])on the pages of their country's history; shall not they, who, through privations, sufferings, and sometimes death, made^he wilder- ness blossom like the rose, have their meed of praise? They have followed the path of peace with a diligence tliat craved no rest until the broad light of the noonday sun shines upon a land secure as the abode of a people cul- tured, refined, and progressive. This has been the work of the old pioneer; and those of that gallant army of peace who are yet among the livino- should be honored among the greatest of the land, for their strong hearts, willing hands, and their labor, privations and suiferings, have given a grand and rich heritage to the generation of to-day. It is from these "old settlers" that very much of the early history of Linn county has been gathered. Months have been given to collecting the facts and reminiscences which are found in the pages of this work, but to secure them has been a work of incessant toil. Que great trouble has been that tlie memory of the old pioneers has not always l)een of the best, and a con- fusion of dates, and facts to verity incidents of the past, has been one of great trouble. History is valuable only as it deals in facts, and these should be more or less substantiated by dates. These are all important and are required if this shall prove, what it is intended to be, a book of reference from which people and historians of future generations will date their work. This is why, in the compilation of this history, months have been given to the task. Many of the old settlers have already crossed the river of time and now belong to the mysterious beyond; others have removed to far distant lands, so that the source of information is small, and time, trouble, and greater research is necessary to make it complete. The "old pioneers," however, of Linn county, have contributed much to make this book a success, and thc}^ have done it willingly and cheerfully, and it has been a pleasure to the compilers of this history to listen to the stories of those early years, graphically told. In these records of the past, when the light of civilization first dawned upon this section of our country, the writer has found much that brought to mind bright incidents of early years, and how the dim and distant future was ever before him in rainbow hues BETWEEN 1820 AND 1830. This portion of Chariton county was principally given up to the hunter and trapper between the above named years. Hunting parties of Indians 152 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. from the Iowa tribes, and whites, hunted through all this territory and! trapped along Locust Creek and Cliariton River. Game was plenty enough to satisfy the most persevering hunter, and fish were found sporting in all the streams. Wild honey was abundant, and many venturesome spirits tread the forests wild ere tlie red man hai ceased to be jealous of the pale- faces. Through the whole decade between the above named years Linn county was a hunting ground. Now and then the beauty of the country and the richness of the soil attracted the white hunter's attention, and it was not long before the stories he told began to bear their fruits. Parties gathered together to go on a prospecting tour and see if it was all truth that the eloquent hunter had spoken of the country. They came, they saw, and they were convinced, and this was the first starting that settled the- country from Chariton River on the east to the valley of the west fork of the Grand River, and had the celebrated "Platte Purchase" not been added to Missouri bounds until several years later, this country would have had double its population at this time. But the year 1831 is at hand, and the vanguard of civilization rested upon the soil of Linn county. EARLY SETTLEMENT. From the year 1820 to the year 1830 this portion of the State of Missouri was known to the people of Missouri — those of Howard and Chariton counties especially — as the "Locust Creek Country." The timbered region along Locust Creek, Yellow Creek, and Parsons' Creek was full of game and the hunters living in the river counties esteemed this country' a paradise. Among the Howard county hunters who visited the "Locust Creek Country" were James Pendleton and Joseph Newton, who lived near Fay- ette, and who came here at first with their brother hunters solely to hunt. But they were greatly pleased with the country, and at last determined to locate. Accordingly, in the fall of 1831, they came to section fourteen,, township fifty-eight, range twenty-one, where now is the southwest corner of Locust Creek township, and located a claim. Together they built a cabin and fenced five or six acres of ground that fall. Then they went back to Howard county and returned the next spring with their families. Pendleton and Newton were not only the first white settlers in Locust Creek township, but the first in Linn County. The next white family to come to the township was that of Mr. Bowyer. Mr. B. and his brother Jesse were also among the Howard county hunters who had visited the Locust Creek hunting-grounds and become enamored ot the locality. William and Jesse Bowyer came to Linn county about the first of January, 1832. They made their first camp on section two, about a mile and a half west of Linneus, where they found a good spring. They at first intended making this encampment but a temporary one, meaning HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 153 to make a thorough exploration of the country before locating permanently, but the existence of the spring and other circumstances influenced them to choose their first camping place as the spot where they would build a cabin and establish a home. Accordingly they set to work and erected a very substantial and comfortable camp, into which was placed the family of Wm. Bowyer, consisting of his wife, Martha, her two little children, a young slave girl, named Ann, and a brother of Mrs. B., named Louis Tyre. Tlie family of Jesse Bowyer had been left in Howard county, and he had come with his brother to assist him generally, and especially in taking care of his stock. The two brothers then started for Howard county to bring on the family of Jesse Bowyer. Soon after their departure a heavy fall of snow which was on the ground began to melt, and soon Locust Creek, and all other streams of any considerable size, wercrauch swollen, and as there were no bridges nor ferries in these parts at that day, they became impass- able, and the men were not able to return to their camp on the little branch in section two for about four weeks. Meanwhile Mrs. Martha Bowyer was hold- ing the foi't with her two little children, her sixteen year old brother, Louis Tyre, and the faithful black girl, against storm and tempest and the wild beasts of the forest. The Indians frequently came about Mrs. Bowyer's camp, but oftered her no harm. On one occasion a party of Iowa Indians came to Mrs. Bowyer's camp and were attracted by the presence of the girl, Ann, who was a sprightly young negress, black as ebony. The Indians made a great ado over her, and wanted to carry her away with them. The poor girl was greatly terri- fied by their friendly, but noisy, demonstrations, and would fain have run away and hidden if she could have done so. The Indians, seeing the per- turbed state of mind she was in, teased and tormented Ann until her mistress, whom she had implored to protect her from the savages, interfered and made the Indians go away and let her alone. There was an old Indian town on the forty-acre mound, a few miles southwest of Linneus, and from here the Indians came, every day or two, to Bowyer's camp, and other settlers whose habitations were near by. Upon the return of William and Jesse Bowj'er with the family of the latter, they at once set about constructing cabins for themselves. Two of these, built of round logs, were finished and occupied about the 1st of March, 1832, and the brothers immediately began the work of clearing away the timber and opening up farms. The first year their main eftbrts were di- rected toward preparing the land for farming, and securing permanent homes for themselves and their posterity. Sometime in 1832 Silas and Peter Fore came to section twenty-nine, township fifty-nine, range twenty, about two miles northeast of Linneus. The act of the legislature organizing Linn county directed that the courts should be held at the house of Silas Fore. JSTorth of Linneus, two miles. 154 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Judge James A. Clark settled, and north of him was Thomas Eussell. Near Russell was his son-in-law, John J. Flood, and Dr. Nathaniel Drjden. David Curtis came in 1832, and was a single man. John Yount came from Cole county, Missouri, and settled on section eleven, township fifty- eight, range twenty-one. February 24, 1833, and up to that time the above were about the only settlers in the county. One of the incidents of the early time was in the family of Mr. James Pendleton. William D. Pendleton was then a sturdy little fellow, and the Indians took a great fancy to him. One day they brought to his cabin a girl papoose and wanted to swap it with Mrs. Pendleton'for William. This was declined, and then a bundle of deer-skins was offered to boot, and when this very generous proposition was also rejected they offei'ed any amount of honey and wild turkeys for a trade, and would make the young Pendleton a great warrior and chief, but a mother's love overcame this last seductive offer of wealth to herself and a grand future for her son, when the Indians gave it up and William was left to grow up simply a "pale-face " instead of a great Indian warrior and chieftain. Still, no one has heard William murmur at his fate. BLACK HAWK W^AE. Trouble had been for some time brewing among the Indians in Iowa and Illinois, and that vengeful brave and indomitable chief, Black Hawk, had been trying to arouse his braves to make one more effort to drive the pale- faces from their country. He at last succeeded and his pathwaj^ and that of his warriors was soon marked with the blood of their victims. The scalping-knife had commenced its bloody work, and in the glare of burning cabins and the shrieks of innocent women and children, a tale of horror was told too fearful to be described. The alarm spread and all exposed set- tlements were at once abandoned. Women and children were sent to a place of safety, and the men soon after followed, after making what efforts they could to save their little property. The settlers of Linn county mostly left, temporarily, for a place of safety. This country, however, was not troubled, and the defeat of Black Hawk and his capture ended the last struggle of the Indians, in this quarter, to drive the pale-faces from the land. After the war had ceased, the peaceful Indians, who, during the war, had became impudent, if not aggressive, once more became tractable, and bands of lowas and Pottawattamies, on hunting excursions, roamed the country at will. The true history of the war showed that there was not the least cause for alarm then. The western Iowa Indians were peaceable, and so were the Indians who roamed the woodlands or prairies of the Grand River and Chariton River valleys in search of game. It was on the 14th day of May, 1832, that the bloody engagement was HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 155 fought that seemingly opened the struggle with the Indians. The forces were led by Black Hawk and Keokuk, and the battle was fought in Illinois? near Dixon's Ferry. Governor John Miller, fearing the State of Missouri might be raided by hostile bands, ordered Major-General Richard Gentry to raise a regiment of volunteers of one thousand men for the defense of Missouri soil. Five companies were raised, principally from the eastern part of the State. Two of these companies, commanded respectively by Captain John Jamison, of Callaway county, and Captain David N. Hick- man, of Boone count}', were mustered into service in July, J 832, for thirty days, and phiced under the command of Major Thomas W. Coiiyers. This detachment, accompanied by General Gentry, arrived at Fort Pike, on the Mississippi River, ou the 15th of Jul}'. Finding that the Indians had not crossed the river into Missouri, General Gentry returned to his home, leaving Major Conyers in charge of the fort. They remained thirty days, the time of their enlistment, and were relieved by two other compa- nies under the command, respectively, of Captain Sinclair Kirtley, of Boone county, and Captain Patrick Ewing, of Callaway county. Colonel Austin A, King conducted these two companies to Fort Pike, and, leaving Major Conyers still in charge, reconducted the two first companies of volunteers back to Columbia, Missouri, where they were discharged, retiring to their homes. As the soil of Missouri was not likely to be trodden by the hostile Indians, Major Conyers and his command were mustered out of service in September. The Indians continued the contest in Illinois and Iowa until the spring of 1833, when Black Hawk was finally defeated and captured and this ended the war. In the spring of 183i the settlements began to grow apace. The Indian war having closed, the old settlers began returning to their claims. At this time came John Holland, the founder of Linneus, familiarly called " Jack." His cabin was built on the present site of Linneus, and was built by John Yount and David Curtis. Holland moved into it that spring. William Howell and others had returned, and quite a number of new im- migrants began to settle in different parts of the county. In the spring of 1835 James F. Pendleton returned and a number of new settlers came with him. George Cason, John Kemper and son Enoch Kemper, Luke Patrick, and Mr. Pendleton's brother, William Pendleton. This latter never reached his intended home, and his loss was severely felt by all his com- rades — no less, it seemed, than the sorrow of his surviving brother. In crossing Yellow Creek, near the fork, and where the bridge now stands, one of the teams was stalled and William Pendleton, spoken of as a large, stout man, took hold to help lift the wagon out of the mire, and almost instantly fell back dead on the bank of the stream. His death was believed to have been apoplexy or heart disease. His was the first death recorded in Linn county. Such was the condition of the country in those early days. The 156 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. country was full of game and hunting was the principal recreation of the settlers. Mr. John Yount found time to lay in his winter's meat, and, as Mrs. Yount was also a good shot she often supplied the table with squirrels or wild turkeys which came too near the cabin for their health. Upon the first settlement of Locust Creek, as indeed upon the first set- tlement of every other portion of the county, the woods were full of game of all kinds. Before the settlement of the townships, and while on one of his many hunting excursions from Howard county, William Bowyer killed two fine, large black bears on Locust Creek in the upper portion of the township. The skins of these animals, when tanned with the hair left on, answered for pallets, on which rolled, and played, and sported the Boyer children, now men and matrons with children, and even grandchildren of their own. Occasionally a b^ar was killed after the township was settled. Panthers were scarce and not troublesome. As to wolves, the country was infested with them. There seem to have been three varieties, the large black, the gray, and the coyote or prairie wolf. The first two varieties made many a foray upon the settlers' flocks and herds, and it was a difficult matter to raise sheep and pigs on account of the depredatio!)S of these marauders. The sheep had to be penned every night and the hogs carefully looked after. Many of the latter ran in the woods and fed upon the nuts and acorns which were so plentiful in that day and the pigs were in great danger. Many a little porker was snapped up by the wolves and carried awaj'. In time, as the hogs continued to run in the woods and feed upon the " mast," they grew wild and vicious, and often when attacked by wolves would^ turn and fight and drive off their assailants. Out on Paison's Creek a litter of twelve wolves was found by one of the early settlers. An old pioneer says that the old she-wolf howls twice in twelve hours — loud and long — once at daybreak and again in the dusk of evening, between sundown and dark. After dark all the wolves, seemingly, would howl in the Locust Creek ct>untry — would howl and prowl too. The settlers' dogs would frequently be chased into the door-yards and into the houses sometimes. The howling and the yelping, the snapping and snarl- ing of the wolves could be heard about the settlers' cabins from dark until daylight. As before stated, deer were very abundant. They could be found almost anywhere. A settler could kill a deer almost any time — before breakfast, if he wanted to — and the juicy venison steaks of the old time were long remembered by the old settlers. There are many yet living who remember when the Locust Creek country was a happy hunting-ground; when deer, and turkeys, and the like game could be had for the shooting, for the game was not all driven out or killed off for many years after the county was settled. HISTOKV OF LINN COUNTY. 157 WENT TO MILL. The trading of this section was done principally at Brunswick and Keytesville, and at the latter place was the nearest mill. This going to mill was a sort of institution in those days, and a good deal of solid fun was experienced by those who made the trip, and then again there was a good deal happened which was decidedly of a vexatious order. Still, if high water left them on the wrong side of the stream, if two or three men were together, they could manage to worry through until the water fell. And then, perhaps, when they got across the stream with their grist, they would find parties who had started to mill and could not cross, and then they would commence to divide their grists, taking scarcely any home, knowing that they would have to again load up and make a return trip. Many a laughable inci- dent occurred, and these misfortunes and mishaps only served to cement the settlers into a brotherhood which allowed no one to suffer as loner as there was anything to divide. But a house-raising could beat going to mill by at least one hundred per cent of solid enjoyment. A " raising" is what would start the settlers for ten miles around, and the rifle was their companion. When gathered together, it did not take long to get up that cabin. The new settler was received with open arms. He would cut his logs, and draw them to the spot, arrange the first four logs to their places, and then announce a " raising." The neighbors came in from far and near and soon the cabin was up. Right over in a small pile of brush was a jug. It held corn in a fluid state, and while not a man would get under the in- fluence, it was disposed of. There wasn't so much talk about temperance in those days as can be heard now, and there was far less drunkeness, but then those days had not the enlightenment of the present, in the shape of fanatics on all subjects. Thus it is shown that the pioneers of our country were noted for gener- osity and hospitalit}', and socially lived like a band of brothers who were ever ready to lend a helping hand to one another, or assist the stranger who came within their gates. Of those early settlers who made their homes in Linn county between 1881 and 1835, but two are known to be living, Mr. John Yount, who lives on section twenty-two, township fifty-eight, range twenty, nearly five milessoutheastof Linneus, who is an honored and respected citizen, and David Curtis, who removed to Livingston county and was alive and well about two years since. Itis found that James F. Pendleton and William Howell raised the first two cabins in the township; that the iiowyers, IS'ewtons, etc., followed closely; that John Holland first settled on the site of Linneus; that John Yount and David Curtis built his cabin, and that the old town of Linneus was the gift of "Jack" Holland and wife for a •permanent countj' seat; that from the date of the closing of the "Black Hawk War" Linn county seemed to 158 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. have grown and prospered equally with the surrounding country, so much so that her people were ready in the winter of 1836-37 to be cut loose from the leading-strings of Chariton county, and embark on the world's sea as an independent municipality among the sisterhood of counties which composed the State. On January 6, 1837, the Governor approved the bill passed by the legislature, and Linn county from that day has received recognition. CHAPTER II. WHEN THE WILDERNESS COMMENCED TO BLOSSOM LIKE THE ROSE. 1831 — Influx of Settlers — Their Homes and Trials — The First Mill — School— Churches, Preachers, Teachers, and Physicians— Trading Point — Prices of Goods — Barter and Sale — Countri/ Produce— Game, Hone//, etc — Scale of Prices — Life and Incidents — Split- ting Rails — Work of Progress — Looking Back — The P((st and the Present. 1837. The first mill erected in the county was a horse-mill by William and Jesse Bowyer, on the east side of Locust Creek, west of the fair-grounds, about the year 1834, and that was way ahead of any other enterprise of the day. Keytesville lost a good deal of toll by the building of that mill. Bott's mill was soon after erected over on Paison's Creek, township fifty-nine, range twenty-two, and Maddox & Rook's mill on Yellow Creek, township fifty-eight, range eighteen was at work in 1840. This same year SethBotts and William Bowyer commenced building the water mill on Locust Creek, which still stands some three and a half miles from Linneus. Before completion, Bowver sold his interest to Thomas Botts, brother of Seth, and the two brothers finished the mill the year above mentioned. With these, the county was doing some of the grinding for her people. Settlements were steadily progressing all over the county, and extending into the present limits of Sullivan. James A. Clark settled on section nineteen, township fifty-nine, range twenty, Augustus W. Flournoy on section thirty-one, Jeremiah Phillips on thirty-six. E. T. Dennison got his claim over the line into Sullivan county; John J. Flood settled on section nineteen, James Howell was in Clay township, Robert Warren in Jackson, John W. Minnis, like Dennison, found himself in Sullivan; David Mullin was in Locust Creek, Meredith Brown in Parson Creek, Abraham Yenable in Benton, Irvin and John M. Ogan in Clay, the Ashbrooks in Grantsville, Mordecai Lane in Yellow Creek, with Epperley, John Cherry, John Kem- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 159 per, Charles A. Fore, Robert C. Combs and others, and this list might be continued until the names and location of over two liuiidred of these first settlers could be recorded, who date their arrivals before the organization of the county. Enough, however, is here given to show that all parts of the county had received its share of the immigrants who came to the land of the setting sun, the golden west, to make it their homes. The names of most of these early settlers will be found in these pages. Not all that had come to make their homes here, but such as could be found of record. The first school was taught in 1837, on section twenty-four, township tift^'-eight, range twenty-one, not far from the range line between twenty- one and twenty, a Mr. Hover being the teacher. He came from Howard county. His pupils numbered from eighteen to twenty, and the names of some of those who attended the school may be of interest, and are familiar to many now living, are among the living themselves, and are here given. There were James and Elizabeth Beckett, James and Robert Tisdale, James, Kenneth and Martha Newton, James M. Prailee, Rebecca Pendleton, and the children of David Mullins among his scholars. There was another school northwest of here, which was kept one winter by R. W. Foster, afterwards county surveyor and county agent for the town of Linneus. Allen Gillispie is credited with having taught the first school at the county seat. The Rev. Wilhite, belonging to the Baptist denomination, held meetings in the open air, and also at the houses of many of the settlers. He was ver}' much thought of, and being an eloquent preacher, his coming was the signal for a full turnout. His meetings were always large, and his sermons interesting. Another of the early preachers was the Rev. John Baker, who also belonged to the Baptist persuasion, known as the Hardshells. The first wedding recorded was in 1838, was that of Henry Cherry, son of John Cherry, to Miss Susan Kemper, daughter of Enoch Kemper, who so long held the position of county clerk, and whose death was recorded while still holding the office. The first death in the county was that of James Copeland, who died in 1834; he lived on the west bank of Locust Creek, west of Linneus. The next death of record was that of Jubal Hurt; the administration of his estate in 1838 is among the first of record. A Mr. Webber died in 1839, and was buried at the Linneus graveyard. In December, 1839, John D, Grant, who surveyed the town of Liimeus and made the first sale of lots, died, and was succeed by Robert W. Foster. These are the early deaths noted. The first physician who came to the county was from Keytesville, to see a brother of John Yount, who was sick with the fever. This was in 1834, Among the early physicians of the county was Dr. H. J. Dryden, and not long after his arrival came Dr. Isaac Relph. These two were the only resi- / 160 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. dent physicians in the county for a number of years, and of course they had a large practice. Some otlier physicians would come, but did not stay long, and the two spoken of above would have calls nearly to the Iowa State line. Still the health of the countr}' was such that a physician in those •days found it necessary to mingle other pursuits with that of medicine to accumulate wealth. Rev. Jesse Going was among the first preachers who came to Linn county and settled. He was an earnest man, belonging to the Baptist denomination, and not only preached at the cabins of the early set- tlers of Linn county, but also of Livingston, Grundy, and Sullivan. Then there was another Baptist, the Rev. A. F. Martin, who had large congrega- tions wherever he preached, and who was not wanting in his duty. Both of these gentlemen are still living and reside in the county. The Metho- dist denomination was also represented in the well known and ever welcome circuit rider, whose duties covered a vast extent of country, and who acted as the advance-guard of religion and civilization, as the star of empire con- tinued its westward way. The pioneer preachers of those days had work to perform, not a cushioned pew and a few thousand a year, but were fully exposed to the hardships, dangers, and privations of those early times, but then they loved their work and shrank not from its trials and its dangers. SETTLING. Quite a settlement sprung up on Parsons' Creek, in what is now Jackson township, in 1838, some settlers dating earlier. The Kirbys, Singletons, and others came from Kentucky. Lay, Gooch, and Morris got there about 1840. Benton, Grantsville, and Baker townships were settled about the same time. In fact, settlements were springing up in almost every section of the county. Yellow Creek township boasts of early arrivals, but not quite so many or early as those of Locust Creek township. Mordecai Lane settled in the north part of Yellow Creek as early as 1836, and others soon followed. Josiah Watson came in 1836, both Watson and Lane being orig- inallj' from Kentucky. It may be mentioned l-ere that Linn county was principally settled by Kentuckians; many had come to the State years be- fore and settled in the counties of IJoward, Chariton, and Boone, and gave their late residences as from those counties, but they were mostly, origin- ally, from the " dark and bloody ground." Yellow Creek was soon gaining in population, but it did not take the early settlers long to find out that there was a country lying west of Locust Creek that was unsurpassed, and so the Parson Creek country took a start. When you traverse the country now composed of the townships of Parsons Creek, Clay, and Jackson, you will indeed be hard to please if it does not come up to your idea of the beau ideal of a cereal growing or a stock raising country. Up to 1840 the county could boast of a very general settlement, and a population of 2,245 souls. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. TRADING POINTS. 163 The ])rincipal trading point for this whole upper country was Bruns- wick. No railroads in the country, the Missouri Eiver was the great high- way of travel. Many, however, would go down to Boonville, which was the largest town on the river, and even Glasgow Landing had its friends. Keytesville started up a mill, and that was the stopping place for those who had grist to grind, until Bowyer, Maddox, and others got theirs in oper- ation. Brunswick led as a trading ])oint for most of this upper country, and prices for all kinds of goods were considered low, but in the way of domestic goods, if the people of to-day were compelled to pay twelve to fifteen cents for calico, and common brown cotton, it would raise a revolt. Cattle, horses and hogs were cheap enough, and grain was not much better. Up to this time the country still felt the terrible crash of 1837, and the ruin brought on by the wild-cat banks of that day. Still the settler here in the far west was, in a measure, benefited by that which brought ruin upon the East. It cheapened every article of merchandise, while trade came al- most to a standstill. The commercial marts and money centers gave forth a wail of agony and despair. Houses, wealthy one day, tottered the next, and on the third were carried down the rapids and engulfed in the mael- strom of insolvency. The wants of the people of the West were few and could now be supplied at nominal prices. While the hardy pioneer endured the privations with which they were encompassed with heroic fortitude and a patience which exalted them, these old-time heroes and heroines could get the necessaries of life at a good deal less cost than their favored children and gradchildren of this day. They did not purchase any silks or satins, in fact a calico or ging- ham was considered fine enough for church wear, or visiting, and even these would give way to the enduring durable homespun, when an extra quality of yarn or coloring had been secured for weaving. But it is not of this alone we would speak. There was any quantity of good land lying around loose at government price, ^1.25 per acre, anxious to be tickled with a hoe that it might laugh with a harvest. The financial crash of 1837 had completely demoralized values. Property shrank to such amazing smallness that many people were in doubt as to whether they possessed anything except their lives and their families. The necessaries of life were cheap, and they who suffered most were of the class called wealthy. The farmer and mechanic had little to com])lain of. Their wants were few and the supplies cheap; if corn was at a low figure, tea, coffee, sugar, and whisky were also cheap. Of course it was not all one way. The farmers found prices for the prod- ucts of their farm remarkably low in price, "way down" as they expressed it. A good cow brought from -^7 to $10; horses from $25 to $40; hogs would rush around and eat mast, get fat, and marketed at from $1.25 to 11 164 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. $1.50, and that price meant the whole hog, not the hundred weiglit; wheat thirty-five to forty cents per bnsliel; corn fifty cents per bnshel and a nice veal calf seventy-five cents, while honey right out of a bee tree was worth twenty- five cents a gallon in store goods. The wild deer came forward and gave us their hams at twenty-five cents each, and the settlers generally clinched the bargain by taking the skin also, which, when not cut up into string or used for patches, brought another quarter, cash or trade, as demanded. It was also a habit in those days for farmers to help each other, and of their sons to work in the harvest field or help to do the logging to prepare for a new seeding. This was a source of wealth to the early settler and to his rising family. They raked in from twenty- five to fifty cents a day and board. That was wealth. It was the founda- tion of their future prosperity. It was the first egg laid to hatch them a farm, and it was guarded with scrupulous care. Economy was often whit- tled down to a very fine point before they could be induced to take or touch that nest egg, the incipient acre of the first farm. And then again, a week's work meant something besides getting on the shady side of a tree and three hours for nooning. It meant labor in all its length, breadth, and thickness, from holding the breaking-plow beiiind two .>oke of oxen, to mauling rails. Right here I will mention that' rails were made at twenty-five cents a liundred. Just think of splitting rails at twenty-five cents a hundred! It is enough to take the breath away from every efteminate counter-jumper in the State. ' Thus has been sketched, in general terms, the life of the old pioneer, and incidents of those early days. Not all is here given, for it would take many more pages than is generally contained in one book to record them, but while there may be numerous omissions, enough is here written to show the present generation how the old settlers, in the early history of the county, worked to improve their lands and secure a competency for old age. And so the country grew and prospered under the strength of the brawny arms of her noble old pioneers. Civilization advanced, and material pros- perity could be seen on every hand. Such has been in a measure the history of the early pioneers of this beautiful country, and those who are living can look back with interest to the days which tried the nerves, the muscle, and the indomitable will of the fathers and mothers who had the future of Linn county in their keeping. In closing this part of our history, covering but a short period, less than a decade, there has been much given founded more upon tradition than fact. The early pioneers made history, but took no care to preserve it. This is a sad loss to the county. Those years, and the lives and actions of the heroes and patriots then living, were of the greatest importance. Then it was that the foundation was laid and a noble and enduring su^ierstructure was to be reared, upon which the moral, physical, and political future of the country HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 165 was to rest. There were no stirring events or remarkable happenings, but it was a time of self-reliance, of persevering toil, of privation, of suffering that was endured with heroic fortitude, believing in a future reward of suc- cessful labor, of the good time coming, when the woods and the open prai- rie should resolve themselves into well cultivated farms, and their humble cabins into residences befitting their improved financial condition. They had come into the boundless wilderness poor in purse, but rich in faith and powerful in endurance, and their future was before them. CHAPTER HI. FROM PEACE TO WAR'S ALARMS. 18i0 to 1850 — Xanies of Pioneers — Schools — Death of Lewis F. Linn — Mexican War — The Call for Troops — Linn Count// in the War — Company H., List of Names — The Close of (he War — What the Wild Sea Waves Divulged on California's Golden Shore — The Grand Rush — Gold and Silver Lying Around Loose — The Hopes of the Living, Despair of the Dying, and the Bones of the Dead — Linn County Contributes her Quota. NAMES OF THE EARLY PIONEERS. The history of one decade has been here given, whicli, at the close, establishes Linn county on an enduring basis, and from the year 1840 the solid progress of the county may be dated. In closing this portion of the county's history, its first settlement, trials, and advance progress, it is be- lieved that those earnest men, the old pioneers, who brought it out of the wilderness into light and life, would be of interest to the present and future generations. Xot all who figured in the early history are here recorded; many familiar names may be missing— all could not be secured. The list numbers over two hundred and fifty, all of whom, with few if any excep- tions, were residents of Linn county in the year above mentioned. The voters of Linn county numbered, in 1838,^ « ne hundred and sixty- nine votes, the highest vote polled being for assessor. It will thus be seen that nearly all the voting population are given, with the exceptions noted above. There are names found elsewhere in this history not recorded in this list. The record is as follows: OLD SETTLERS. Ashbrook, Bowling H. Barber, Thomas. Ashbrook, K. Barton, Wharton R. Auberry, Joseph. ' Brown, Meredith. Austin, Robert. Bowyer, William. Adams, Hiram. Boyles, James. 166 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Beckett, John. Botts, Thomas II. Ba^^well, Kiiiitb. Baker, Bolin. Bowyer, Henry. Bowyer, Jasper. Ball, John S. .. Brigraan, Owen. Bowyer, Lewis F. Bowyer, Thomas B. Botts, Seth. Burt, Benjamin F. Bell, Samuel H. Bucks, Willard. Bucks, Ann L. Baker, Robert. Bryson, Eliza Jane. .Brown, Thomas. Brown, H. Brownlee, D. C. Brownlee, W. 0. Burnett, B. W. Brown, Henry T. Bunch, Stokely. Bainbrick, Fred. W. Bagwell, Carney. Black, Thomas. Bell, Samuel. Clark, James A. Clarksou, William. Cherry, John. Cornett, William J. Cornett, Littrel B. Combs, Robert C. Cresson, AV^ard H. Coulston, Jacob. Crews, Dawson T. Coulson, Isaac. Cooper, James. Carroll, Alex. Cornett, ]Sranc3\ Claypool, David. Clutter, Mary Ann. Curtis John. Cornett, J. M. Calhoun, M. Cason, George. Clem, Jacob. Chapman, William. Dennison, E. T. Daly, William. Dnnkeson, David. Doyle, Daniel. Dail, V. E. Davis, James. Dover, Abraham C. Epperly, George. Epperly, Solomon. Flonrnoy, Augustus W. Flood, John J. Fore, Silas A. Flournoy, H. B. Flory, Edgar. Foster, R. W. Flournoy, John G. Fore, P. M. Fore, Charles A. Grace, James. Glasgow, Jr., Wra. Guire, John. Guire, William. Guyer, H. D. Gibson, William. Grant, John D. Grant, Daniel. Gregory, N. H. Gillispie, Allen. Gibbs, Charles F. Golden, James. Gier, Thomas. Goings, Jesse. Gardner, John A. Grooms, Amos. Howell, William. Howell, James C. Head, William. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 167 Head, Uriah. Hooker, Jeremiah. Hancock, Jefferson. Holland, Jacob. Hurt, Jubal. Hill, Arnistreet. Holland, Robert. Hill, C. C. P. Harris, Monroe. Hnffaker, Jesse. Huffaker, J. W. Hines, AVilliain. Hoover, Christopher. Hurlbut, Hiram E. Hnrlbnt, George I. Hughes, Fleming. Haynes, William. Hendon, John. Hatch, John. Henry, George. Harris, John. Haney, I. C. Hoskins, S. W. Hoskins, D. Jones, Clayborne, Johnson, Sampson. Jenkins, David. Kemper, John. Kemper, Enoch. Kirby, A. Lane, Mordecai. Landis, John B. Lockridge, William. Lockridge, Matthias. Littlepage, I. B. Landreth, Cyrus. Langfield. Jacob. Minnis, John W. Mnllin, David. Maxwell, William M. Mullin, Preston. Masses, Samuel S. Merritt, James. Morris, Thomas. Mullins, Hiram. Morton, William M. Murrain, E. J. McCollum, D. C. McCollum, Stej)hen. McCowen, Johnson. McAllister, William. McCaffety, Harvey. Morgan, Jackson. Maddox, John W. Newton, Joseph. Neal, John M. Neal, Thompson K.. Neece, Beverly. Nichols, James. Owens, W. F. Ogan, Irvin. Ogan, Alex. Ogan, John M. O'Neil, Preston. Pendleton, James F. Phillips, Jeremiah. Phillips, John C. Pierce, John. Potts, Alfred. Prather, John. Prather, Thomas. Pearson, Thomas H. Pipes, George W. Pratt, H. Parks, Willis. Powell, Schuyler. Pearce, James. Patrick, Luke. Phipps, Elias. Phillips, Oliver. Pratt, John M. Phillips, Dennet. Phillips, James. Purdin, John. Russel, Thomas. Reed, John S. 168 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Rooker, William G. Ray, Zachariali. Ross, John. Riissel, Thomas. Reynold, Lorin. Read, Robert. Read, James. Sandusky, S. D. Southerland, W. D. Sint^leton, John. Stnrman, Samuel S. Stone, Jonathan. Slack, James C. Sights, B. F. Sights, John. Smith, Edward. Stanley, Thomas. Smith, William. Scales, Charles P. Scales, Henry. Sights, Robert. Sights, Isaac, Stewart, Lucien E. Sevier, William. Skelton, Willis. Shipley, James. Smith, Absalom. Sutton, Hezekiah E. Taylor, William. Tyer, William. Taylor, George. Taylor, Isaac. Tyer, Lewis. Tolston, Benjamin. Thompson, William B. Turner, Absalom. Thurlow, John. Tisdale, Remison J. Tisdale, James. Taylor, Robert. Todhunter, Ira. Tatman, John. Tyer, Jarvis. Tyer, Medium. Venable, Abraham. Yrooman, Daniel W. Warren, Robert. Warren, James M. Warren, Hugh 0. Watson, Sr., Thomas. Watson, Jr., Thomas. Watson, Robert Y. Ware, William. Ware, M. E. White, Alex. Wilhoit, Reuben. Wilhoit, Daniel. Watson, William M. Watson, Lysander C. Williams, Milton H. Webber, Timothy. Wheeler, R. J. Wilson, J. N. Wright, Lewis. Woodruff, T. T. Winkle, Isaac. Williams, Howard. Williamson, John. Wilson, Wiley. Yount, John. 1840 TO 1850. The decade betweeen the above dates was one of advance all over the country, and Missouri had her share of the general prosperity. After the exciting election of ]840, the country quieted down and the people turned their attention to the importance of building up their homes and individual fortunes. This continued until the spirit of the people was aroused by the declaration of war by Mexico. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 169 SCHOOLS. The number of inhabitants rapidly increasing suggested an improved system of schools. Up to this time, 1840, the schools of the county were kept only where the settlers were near enough together to afford to engage a teacher for about three months in the year. An old log cabin was gener- ally secured, or one put up by the neighbors, and all schools were subscrip- tion schools; that is, the neighbors would agree to send so many scholars, and pay from $1.50 to $2.50 per month per scholar. In another place will be found the school history of the county, and we will only state here that in the year above mentioned, the citizens of congressional townships 58-18 and 58-20 concluded to ask for the sale of the sixteenth or school section of land in their townships, and organize for school purposes. Congres- sional township 58-20 was the pioneer township thus organized, which was done February 22, 1840, and the entire sixteenth section was sold, re- alizing $2,209.40. In ]843 the Hon. Lewis F. Linn, United States Senator from Missouri from 1833 to 1843, and in whose honor Linn county and the county seat was named, died at his residence at Ste. Genevieve. He was an able man, of broad views, a mind of the progressive order, and he filled worthily the trust reposed in him as United States Senator, the associate and the peer of Benton. The General Assembly appropriated nine hundred dollars for a monument over his remains at Ste. Genevieve, which is enclosed with a hand- some iron railing. Few nobler men have ever graced the Senate (!!hamber than Lewis F. Linn. The presidential election of 1844 again precipitated the country into a period of excitement no less great than that of 1840, but upon entirely different grounds. Texas, the " Lone Star" State, has asked to be admitted into the union of confederate States, which lay upon her nortiiern border, with the understanding that annexation would be followed by admittance as a State, and an act was passed March 1, 1845, admit- ting her into the Union, to take efiect December 29, 1845. This caused the war with Mexico, which shed such luster upon American arms and ad- ded unbounded mineral wealth to the country. MEXICAN WAR. The annexation of Texas, followed by its admittance into the Union as a State, and the occupation of the border on the Rio Grande, aroused Santa Anna and the Mexican people to a spirit of frenzy, and the Mexican govern- ment promptly declared war against the United States. The flower of her army, under Generals Ampudia and Anista, two of her most noted cap- tains, were placed to intercept the march of the Amo'ican troops for the declaration of war on the part of Mexico was promptly met by Congress with the counter-declaration "that war existed between Mexico and the United 170 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. States," and General Taylor, who was in command on the Rio Grande, was ordered to march at once into the enemy's country. War had been de- clared by Mexico, in April, 1846, and in May, on the 8th and 9th, the cele- brated battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma had been fought and won, and the Mexican army had been defeated with great slaughter, and were in full retreat for Monterey. It was at the first of these battles that the brave Ringgold fell, and in them many of the rank and file gave their lives to their country's defense and glory. It is not necessary to go into all the history of this war. The achieve- ments of the American arms added luster to the American name, and the armies of Taylor and Scott, and the splendid exploits of Doniphan, have left an undying record upon the footprints of time. They and other comrades in arms "Belong to the few immortal names, That were not born to die." In May, 1846, Governor Edwards called for volunteers to join the Army of the West, and in June, the Hon. Sterling Price resigned his seat in Con- gress and was given a colonel's commission by President Polk, with author- ity to raise a regiment to reinforce the '*Army of the West." Colonel Price raised a full regiment from the district which he represented, and where he was well known. These volunteers came principally from Boone, Chariton, Carroll, Livingston, Linn, Randolph, and Monroe counties. They rendez- voused at Fort Leavenworth, in August, where Colonel Price was elected col- onel, and D. D. Mitchell lieutenant-colonel. The troops claimed their right to elect their own colonel, notwithstanding the appointment by the President. Soon after. Colonel Price took up his line of march for Mexico, and arrived at Sante Fe, September 28, 1846. Generals Kearney and Doniphan had preceded him, and taken possession of New Mexico, and formally declared it a part of the United States territory, leaving a small garrison in com- mand. When General Kearney captured New Mexico, by the surrender of its capital, Sante Fe, which was previous to Colonel Price's arrival, he raised the American flag, and asserted the supremacy of the United States over all its territorj^ and appointd Silas Burt its provisional governor. The leading Mexicans, backed by the Catholic priests, who feared for the power of their church under American rule, undertook to raise a revolt and drive out the forces of the United States. The situation of Colonel Price and his men was critical. Of those in command of the post was the Linn County Yolunteers, under the command of Captain . Colonel Price was, however, equal to the demands of the occasion. The revolt was led by General Tofaya, and the first outbreak occurred at Bent's Mills, near Taos. A few persons were killed, and Tofaya, with a strong force, threat- ened Sante Fe. Colonel Price gathered his forces, and determined to meet HISTORY OF LINN COUNT V. 171 the advancing Mexicans and decide the contest. The opposing forces met at a ]ilace called Canada, and the Mexicans met with a decided defeat. Col- onel Price pursued the retreating forces to their stronghold, Taos, capturing that place and capturing General Tofaya, and several other leaders of the insurrection. Thej had taken the oath of allegiance, and their revolt was treason. Tofaya and the others were tried and hung, and this satisfied the Mexicans tiiat the power of the United States was not to be trifled with, and that treason and treachery would be promptly and severely punished. This ended all opposition on the part of the native Mexicans, and the Cath- olic priests were quietly informed that any action on their part would re- sult in tlieir punishment as severe as that meted out to the leaders of the revolts. The Linn county company remained at Santa Fe until they were ordered to return. COMPANY N, SECOND REGIMENT MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS. With the command of Sterliiig Price was Captain Thomas Barber's com- pany from Linn county. This was known as company IN, Second Regiment of Missouri Mounted Yolunteers. The brave men who composed this gal- lant company are here given : Captain Thomas Barber, d. Second Lieut. John G. Flournoy. First Lieut. T. G. West,d. Third Lieut. M. H. Hamilton. " NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. John JSI. Barr, d. John M. Pratt. William Bowyer, d. William Barbee, d. John M. Xeece, d. Robert Morrow, d. Thomas Monroe, d. Chapman Lightner. PRIVATES. John Walkup. Henry S. Findley, d. W. R. Monroe, d. Alexander Findley, d. Daniel Monroe. G. W. Neece. Benjamin Ralson, d. R. Sights, d. J. H. Calaway. M. Grossman, d. Green Calaway, d. James Agle. William Mays. James M. Clarkson, d. M. H. Davis. E. S. Moore, d. Albert Nickison. Robert McCollum. James W. Talley, d. Isaac McCollum. T. L. Watson, d. Jesse Yocum, d. H. D. Watson, d. Thomas B. Moore. Jesse Watson, d. George W. Zinn, d. 172 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. John Nagle, d, John E. Porter. E. W. Foster, d. A. J. Wilson. David De Mastes. James Heron. H. S. (?) Bragg. James M. Heron. B. T. Tolson. ' James M. Hughes. David H. Allen. James Whorter. M. M. Bryant. Jesse W. Lowe. John Carson. Charles Lemmont, Johnston D. Gamble. Fred Maize. Arnold Chance. J. J. McCown. Isaac D. Enfield. Ferry McCollum. James Enfield. Calvin Rose. Andrew Estes. J. M. Spriggs. James A. Findley, J. J. Sights. Eobert N. H. Gray. Frederick Schweiss. Robert Gray. E. T. Taylor. Harrison Hawkins. W. B. Thompson. W. T. Hancock. Calvin Vanbeber. Those marked d are dead. Of this company but sixteen are now living. Much sickness was in Price's army and he was nnable to commence active operations until near the close of the year when he left Santa Fe in search of the enemy. January 24, 1847, he met the enemy at Canada under the command of General Tofaya and defeated him, loss slight on both sides. The enemy retreated to Taos, but before reaching there Colonel Price again over- took them and this time caused a stampede or total rout. The battle was at El Embado, January 29. The Mexican losses in these battles were about 300 killed and many more wounded. Colonel Price lost fifteen killed and forty- seven wounded. Taos was captured and a portion of the command returned to Santa Fe. The Linn county troops remained at the latter place until the}'^ were ordered to return and then discharged. Some came home to die, others left their bones to rest 'neath the chaparrals of that southern clime, and others still live. They were received with open arms and a grand bar- becue given in their honor. They had done their duty like brave men, and their memory will ever be green in the hearts of the American people. The brave deeds of the volunteers in the war with Mexico have been re- corded in song and story, and this has been done that posterity may remem- ber and revere those who gave their lives to their country's honor and glory, and it cannot and never can be forgotten, for "In seeds of laurel in the earth, The bloom of your fame is blown ; And somewhere, waiting for its birth The shaft is in the stone." HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 173 The war liad closed, peace spread its mantle once more over the land and in the past two years destiny, as it was looked upon by many, had added much territory to the area of this country. What this territor}' was few knew. It might be a desert, or its soils might be fertile and its mountains of great value, but who knew? THE GOLDEN LAND. Hardly had the clash of arms ceased, and the sound of cannon might still be said to be reverbrating through the canons and chaparrals of Mex- ico, when the country was excited by astounding news which came in iitful gusts from the Pacific coast. The report was that gold had been found in that western land; that the waters of the Pacific actually washed a golden shore, and that among mountains and on the plains, on hill-top and in gulches, the golden ore was found. All this came to the ears of the people, and by- and-by, when c irroborated, created the wildest excitement. Talk of frenzy, the madness of the hour, the surging of the w^ild sea waves when the storm- king lashes them to rage, listen to the clamor of contending hosts when the God of battles urges on the serried ranks to slaughter and to death! Think of all these combined in one terrible onset, and you can have only a faint conception of that mighty throng who truly proved the madness of the hour, and whose pathway became a charnel-house of sorrow and death, while the road became whitened with the bones of the victims wiio had failed to realize their dreams and never reached the golden shore. In that far distant land, where the white-capped waves kissed the pebbly beach on the Pacific's sun- lit coast, and sang the soft lullaby of a murmuring sea, or where the storm- king in his wrath ground the grand old ocean to fury, there gold, bright yellow gold had been found. The rush was as the charge of a mighty host. In wagons, on foot, on horseback, everywhere the tide set to the western border of our State, and there vast throngs "crossed the Rubicon," until the plains were whitened with their covered wagons and tents, and they entered the dark portals of an unknown beyond, some to pass the arid waste, others to leave their bones to mark the pathway of those who followed. It was many days, days of terrible suffering, befoi'e these ])risoners of a trackless plain saw the light breaking and the golden land appear in view for which they had longed with yearning hearts, and looked for with eyes dimmed by expir- ing lK»j)e, but seen at last. Despair gave way to joy too great for utterance. The El Dorado had been reached; would their hopes be realized? The hegira has left terril)le footprints upon the ])ages of time. History has re- corded in words of burning intensity the hardships and sufferings of the thousands who sought fame and fortune on the shore of the distant land. How many succeeded, or how many, after suffering and enduring all in the hope of a brighter day, failed, will never be recorded? The stream of surging humanity kept on for years, for many had gained 174 HISTORY OF IJNN COUNTY. a fortune, and California became to the poor man a veritable land of promise, but in reachinc^ it many weary days and nights were passed, and many drop- ped by the wayside — crossing not the plains which bordered the land of their hope and desire, but over the " dark river," with their fate unknown, until Gabriel's trump shall sound. EXCITEMENT IN ]JNN COUNTY. The people of Linn county caught tlie contagion, and the gold fever raged with violence. The voting population of the county did not probably ex- ceed one hundred and fifty votes, and full fifteen per cent of this left for the golden shore. The pioneers had been through privations and hardships to secure a home in the tiien wild West, and now, when wealth held out its allurements simply by enduring a few more months or years of what had already been their lot, were ready for the work. They had conquered the wilderness, had opened a pathway for civilization to tread, and what man had done man could do, and so while reports came thick and fast of the immense wealth of the far off El Dorado, they hastened their departure, putting down with the faith they had of their own powers, any report that told of the suf- fering and trials to be endured before reaching the elysium of their hope. Over one hundred and twenty of the bone and sinew of Linn county started for theland of the setting sun, — some to drop by the way, others to have years of alternate hope and despair, while yet others blest with a full fruition of their hopes, retured to tell of their success and the marvelous wonder of that far- off land. When the cold facts of experience are brought forward as a test, and the expenses incurred in fitting out, it is scarcely probable that Linn county received in return the amount required to fit out those who left to seek their fortune on the Pacific coast. A few of her citizens remained to add to the population of the Golden State, and when the profit and loss is footed up the figures show a preponderance on the wrong side of the ledger. Those who returned were ready and willing to let it be known they had secured a competency. So trade revived, and a new era of prosperity was opened to the county. No more stagnation, but new life to start the wheels of progress, and to inaugurate an era of prosperit}' which was to continue until in the wild fanatacism of the hour, our country became a charnel-house, and a fratricidal strife deluged our land with blood. In 1856 a heavy rain-storm so suddenly raised the waters in the streams and branches that it is stated that every bridge in the county, but one, was swept away. They were not very valuable, but cheap wooden structures, ready to float off" without any extraordinaiy effort. The bridge policy of Linn county up to 1870 seemed to have been of a penny wise and pound foolish character. Of course there were many streams to bridge, but it • would seem to most people that one good bridge would cost less and be of more value that two ])oor ones. What the bridges of Linn county have cost the people will be found under the head of bridges in a separate chapter. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 175 CHAPTER TV. UPWARD AKD ONWARD IN MATERIAL PROGRESS. Rapid Progress — 1840 to JS(JO Couipnred — Increase of Property and the Increase of the , Tax Levy — The Set-hack by the Ciril War — Shaking for a New Deal at the Close of the War — (hi the Up Grade — Repairing Broken Fortunes and Adding to New Ones — ISdo to 1870 — Organizing the Shattered Remains — A Tornado — A Matter of a Few Thousand Dollars on the Delinquent List — New Road Lato and How it Worked — Linn County Fair — Its Constitution and List of Officers — Busted— Rodents and Bounti/— Money for the Small Boy — Meteoric — Murder of Willie McKinley — Coroner's Verdict — Petiiion for Pardon — Governor Crittenden's Refusal — His Reasons in Full. Linn comity liad prog-ressed as rapidly as most counties in the State from 1840 to 1860, in fact there were but few counties in tlie State that exceeded her in the gain of popuhition during the period mentioned, that gain being a tritle over four hundred per cent. The gain in material wealth kept pace with the population, fur, vvhile the tax levy of 1S40 was but a trifle over $700, that of 1860 exceeded $9,000. This rapid progress received a check during the civil war, and Linu count}', like all others, had to bear the trial brought on by the unholy strife. What part Linn county took in that struggle, both upon the Federal and Confederate side, will be given in an- other chapter fully detailing the events of her local action, giving brave men their due, whether nnder the flag of the Blue or tlie Grey. Outside of war history there is little to be noted during those four years. There was no progress made either in population or wealth, and when peace once more blessed the land it found business blasted, society rent, and a general apathy seemed to have possession of the people. But it is not the nature of the American race to give way to despondency for any length of time, and it was not long ere hope began to nerve the heart, energetic action to take the place of indifference, while once more the wheels of progress be- gan to revolve and the cheering hum of industry was heard over the land. Linn county arose from her apath}', put on the armor of hope, and once more entered tiie race for material prosperitj^ and enlightened progress. What she has accomplished can be seen in well-improved farms, happy homes, and a future full of promise. In the year 18t!7 there was a discussion of a proposition to organize a new county, to be called Grant, atid to be composed of portions of Linn, Macon, and Chariton counties. The scheme had many advocates, but failed, and never made sufficient headway to be of serious consequence. Bucklin was proposed for the county seat of " Grant county '' should it ever be organized. In the fall of the year prairie fires occurred in various parts of the county, « 176 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. and were especially destructive around Brooktield. Several fanners lost hay, grain, fences, etc., and, in the vicinity of Bucklin, John Ryan lost his house, barn, and much other property, from a prairie lire. Along the rail- road many tires were thought to have been set out by sparks from passing- locomotives, and some suits were brought against the company for damage done. The county drifted on in peace and with no great effort to build up from outside parties. Immigrants were not numerous, and the decade between 1860 and 1870 was used to repair broken fortunes, put the lands in order, and prepare for a more promising future, sadly marred by the events of the past. Still the county grew slowly, and by the year 1870 showed a com- mendable advance. From 1870, taking into consideration the towns, and Linn county has gained in exact ratio to the State. Brooktield, from a little town of 1,156 in 1868, has increased to 2,500 and become the commercial metropolis of the county. Several other towns have shown considerable advance in population and wealth, and Linneus is beginning to throw off her fear of losing the gem in the coronet of her existence, the county seat, and is taking an advance step. There has been no incident of note to change the monotony of the ordinary events of the day. The railroad fever broke out when the Chicago & Southwestern Road was first talked of, and it was at last secured. If there should be no other roads built in the county, Linn is yet able to meet the demands of her people in rapid and cheap transportation, giving her farmers the best markets for their surplus produce. Thus, with an abundance of cheap lands, rapid and cheap trans- portation, a rich soil and salubrious climate, why should not Linn county's place be in the front rank among her sister counties? A TOKNADQ. " What at first was called a ' gust,' the same Hath now a storm's, anon, a tempest's name." Linn county was visited by a severe wind, rain and hail-storm on the night of June IS, 1875, and on the following day. It did the most damage in the vicinity of Laclede. The people were awakened by the vio- lence of the storm, and the shaking of their dwellings, and the noise of fall- incr trees, roofs, etc. For a full hour the citizens of the town were filled with terror, not daring hardly to move. Luckily the storm spent its force without loss of life, though quite a number of persons had very narrow es- capes. The steam mill had its roof blown oft', a Mr. Leggett's horse mill south of Laclede, was destroyed, and Mrs. L., who left her house in fright, came near losing her life in attempting to reach a neighbor. James Whit- ney's house, south of Laclede a short distance, wr.s turned nearly around, while Dr. Poison's residence was lifted completely from its foundation. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 177 Corn, wheat, tobacco, fruits, etc., received great damage from the hail-storm which followed, hail-stones being found as large as walnuts. Something like six thousand dollars was the loss in Laclede and surrounding country, to buildings, fences, trees, etc., but the damage to the crops was still greater, though not computed. There was slight damage reported from other sec- tions, where the storm had not marked its pathway, by trees torn up by their roots, fences blown down, and crops partially destroyed, but Laclede and vicinity seemed to have fared the worst. The citizens breathed freer when it had passed, and noting its power and fury, were thankful the dam- age was no greater, and more thankful that no lives were lost. On January 1st, 1878, the back taxes which led back to and including those unpaid at the close of the war, amounted in Linn county to about $60,000. An effort was made to collect these taxes, or as much of them as was possible. Lirm county was not alone. Livingston county was cred- ited with having 882,272 still unpaid; Lafayette county $171,000; St. Louis county $70,000. It was shown that there was an aggregate defalcation on the taxlists of the State, of an amount exceeding $5,000,000. A portion, of course, could not be collected, but the larger part of these back taxes ac- cumulated were due to the insufficiency of the collectors. Up to this date theie is quite a supi yet due upon the delinquent lists, and of those back years very little will ever be secured. Taxes are now lighter, and it is the special duty of one man to look after it, and the result is better and much closer collections. HOW IT W'OKKED. The "New Railroad Law " was not found to work advantageously only in the matter of extra expense. Under the law, the County Court ap- pointed in May, 1877, no less than seventy-two road overseers, four to each congressional township in the county. When the annual report of the receipts and expenditures was made out at the end of the year, it was found that the expenditures had exceeded the receipts by $5, 724-. 85. This was enough, and although Linn county needed good roads, it was hardly likely she could get them by paying out all the money she could raise, and something over, as salaries to the army of road overseers appointed under the new law. Li May, 1878, the road districts were condensed from seventy- two to twenty, and resulted in a pretty handsome reduction in salaries, and correspondingly more work done on the roads. LINN COUNTY FAIR. This institution was a short-lived affair. For three years the County Court appropriated one hundred and fifty dollars annually, toward its award of premiums, but it seemed to have died without trouble, and did not seem to have an overplus of mourners. Just why so valuable an ad- 178 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. junct to the agricultural and horticultural welfare of the county was allowed to perish, with scarcely an effort for its success, is hard to determine, and reflects unfortunately upon the intelligence and enterprise of the farmers of the county. A well sustained county fair can be made the very bulwark of agricultural, horticultural, and stock-raising success, and would add more to its immigration statistics than any other organization that conld be cre- ated. Not only does it bring forth a feeling of pride and of emulation among the farmers, fruit-growers, and stock-raisers of the county, but spurs other counties to active competition, and its doings and results are pub- lished broadcast over the State. Fairs were held as above spoken of, officers from among the best farmers of the county were chosen, constitution and by-laws adopted, but it died. Why, is a pretty hard question to answer. A few made strong efforts to build it up, but they were not seconded by any united effort on the part of the farmers generally, and it came to naught. The following were the officers, the last who held, and the names are good enough and ought to have been strong enough to give it unbounded suc- cess. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. Joseph Schrock, President; C. J. Hale, Yice-president; L. H. Higgins, Treasurer; J. V. Martin, Secretary. Directors—^. Schrock, W. H. Benefiel, C. J. Hale, E. Chesround, M. Cave, J. H. Tharp, E. Spokefield, J. T. Kawlins, F. Found. Marshal, W. F. Alexander; Assistant Marshal, Joseph Combs. Added to the above is given also the constitution of the organization, so that should a future attempt at resurrection be made, this may be a guide. The by-laws, subject to so many changes, it is not necessary to embrace in this w'ork. CONSTITUTION. Article 1. The officers of this society shall consist of nine directors, one of whom shall be elected president of the societ3^ who shall be elected annually, whom together shall constitute a board of managers for govern- ing and conducting the affairs of the society. The board of directors shall elect a secretary and treasurer, who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the board. Art. 2. The annual meeting of this society shall be held hereafter on the flrst Saturday of January of each year, for the election of officers and general business. Election shall be by ballot. Term of office to expire when' successor is duly qualified. Art. 3. The treasurer, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall execute a bond which shall be satisfactory to the directors, for the faithful discharge of his duties and the paying over of all moneys by him received, in such sums as the directors may direct. HISTORY OF LINX COUNTY. 179 Art. 4. No person can be an officer who is not a member of the society, and a resident of Linn county. Art. 5. Members of the society shall be residents of the State. Art. 6. The annual exhibition of the society shall be holden in the months of September or October. Art. 7. All articles offered for premiums shall be produced from the farm of exhibitor, and by the persons offering the same or by members of their family. All jn-oducts must be raised in this State. Art. S. The fee of membership shall be two dollars each, payable bj' the first of August to the treasurer of the society. Art. 9. No eating-houses or stands as such shall be permitted upon the grounds, except by permission of the board. Arr. 10. No spirituous, malt, or vinous liquors will be permitted to be sold or given away, or in any way disposed of on the ground, or in the vi- cinity of the fair grounds during the fair. Art. 11. All fast riding or driving is positively forbidden within the enclosure, and this rule sh-all be strictly enforced; and no huckstering, or gambling of any kind, shall be permitted within the enclosure. Art. 12. No person shall have access to the secretary's books to ascer- tain who have made entries in any ring, nor shall the secretary give such information in any case. Art. 13. Two auditors shall be chosen, one by the directors and one by the society, to audit the society's accounts at each annual meeting. Art. 14. Nine public notices shall be posted by the directors, in the most public places, at least ten days before each annual meeting. Art. 15. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual meeting by a two-thirds' vote of members present. From the ashes of the county fair, enterprising Brookfield started hers, and the annual meeting of that societj'^ is not only a paying institution for that city, but is an honor to the county. rodp:nts. Some five years ago north Missouri was infested with an army of rats. They seemed to exist everywhere and were terribly destructive. The legisla- ture in the winters of 1876 and 1877 authorized the counties which were overrun with them to pay five cents ])er head when presented to the num- ber of fifty and upwards. This worked to a charm, some counties paj'ing out from $1,500 to $2,000 each, and it exterminated the rats. When the hunter couldn't find them in his own county he would drop over the line and secure a haul in an adjoining county where a bounty was offered. When it got that far along and came to the ears of the County Court, the bount}' acf was promptly repealed. V>ut the small boy was fiusli that whole year with circus money, or for any other kind of a show that happened in his neighborhood. 12 180 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. METEORIC. The only meteor ever seen in this section passed over Linn county on the night of December 21, 1876. It came from the southwest, was visible in dif- ferent parts of this county for nearly half a minute, and was said to have exploded near Bucyrus, Ohio. November 13, 1879, was the night on which it was predicted that there would be a shower of meteors or falling stars similar to that which happened in 1833. Tliat was such a grand and awe- inspiring scene that those who witnessed it never could forget its grandeur, or the thrill of fear that filled their minds during its progress. When, there- fore, another falling of the stars was predicted, those who had witnessed the other would not fail to watch, while the stories of that heavenly pyroteclmic display guided by the hand of the Almighty, was enough to keep all hu- manity awake. The citizens of Linn county, like all others, kept the mid- night vigil, and like all others were disappointed. The meteoric shower failed to put in an appearance and Prof. Tice succeeded in getting a unan- imous "blessing" the next day from an outraged and sleepy-headed people. MURDER. On the fourth day of July, 1878, that horrible crime, murder, was com- mitted in the town of Laclede, the victim an innocent boy. Scene — a drunken man young in years, a slave to demon drink, a lot of small boys on mis- chief intent but with no thought of bodily harm. This young man, other- wise respectable, had allowed himself to become a slave to the intoxicating cup and in the frenzy of drink shot recklessly into this crowd of small boys with fatal result. The messenger of death sped on its fearful errand and the soul of that bright, beautiful boy, Willie McKinley, returned to the God who gave it. A coroner's jury was called the next day and below is their verdict: VERDICT OF THE JURY. We, the undersigned jurors, empaneled 'by A. Carroll, coroner of Linn county, Missouri, to view the body of Willie McKinley, now lying before us, do ti^d that said William McKinley came to his death by being shot in the breast by a ball fired from a pistol held in the hands of James Edwards on fourth of July, 1878, between the hours seven and eight o'clock p. m,, in the public square in the town of Laclede, Missouri. J. L. Reynolds, foreman. YiRGiL True. W. B. Gather. J. H. Wilson. O. W. Elliott. John Brinegar. Laclede^ Missouri, July 5, 1878. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 181 The sudden death of the boy, the fatal result of this frenzy of a drunken: man, caused intense excitement all over the county. Wiien sober no one regretted the deed more than the murderer, not because of the punishment that was sure to follow, but because, when sober, a murderous thought had never entered the head or heart of James S. Edwards. There was no malice. Yet Edwards was aware of two things; first, that he was dangerous when under the infiuence of liquor, and second, that he carried a pistol. He was sentenced to ten years in the penitentiary. An effort Was made in December last to havej'oung Edwards pardoned out after three years of his sentence had been served. The Governor, Thomas T. Crittenden, refused the pardon asked for, and in that refusal he so distinctly stated the grounds of his decision, that his reasons are not only of interest to the people of Linn county, where the heartrending tragedy occurred, but to the people of the whole State, and a warning to all men, young or old, who indulge in the maddening fluid and make it a practice of carrying deadly weapons. The Governor replies to the petition for pardon as fol- lows: "lam asked to pardon him by man}' leading citizens in that and other parts of the State for various reasons, some of greater, others of less im- portance. As this is an anomalous case I will set out in full some of the reasons given, and then present my views in the case. "Judge Burgess, before whom Edwards was tried, says: 'While there can be no question as to his guilt under the law and the facts, it seems to me that his punishment as fixed by statute is greater than it should be un- der the circumstances, and that which he has already undgergone is suffi- cient.' "These are considerate and well weighed words from one of the most learned, upright, and fearless judges in the State. The guilt being con- ceded it is not for me to make a law to suit the case, nor to reverse the one that the legislature has already made. The punishment aflixed for the crime by the law is not a proper subject for me to discuss on this occasion. That having been settled by tiie legislature it is my duty to leave it unques- tioned. The law directing that a certain grade of oflfense being punishable with a certain fixed penalty, I much doubt the propriety of the judge be- fore whom the case is heard, or the Governor, saying a less punishment 'is ample, is sufficient,' unless there are some extraordinary or mitigating cir- cumstances surrounding the case. It is not claimed that such surround this case. Some judges in the State seek the pardon of criminals before having served out one-half of the sentence, and in some instances as soon as the prison doors are closed upon the prisoner. Is not such conduct a reflec- tion on the legislature, and an acknowledgment that the court had not given the convict ' a fair and impartial trial?' If so, who should correct the error in the trial, the judge or the Governor? The judge by all means. 182 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The people love a brave judge; the time to correct such an error is at the time of the trial. If the sentence is right, stand by it; if wrong, say so by granting a new trial. " I have no hesitancy in granting a pardon when it is right, or in refusing one when it is wrong. I will stand by the courts in the execution of their duties, at no time imposing unnecessary labor upon them, and only ask in self defense 'that tiiey do unto me as they would have me do unto tliera.' In these remarks I do not impute anything wrong to Judge Burgess. He is a credit to the State and no one bears his honors more meekly or performs his duties more justly. "Edward W. Smith, the prosecuting attorney of Linn county, writes: 'I bave been called on by his parents to state to yon my opinion with respect to the case, with the view of obtaining a pardon for him, and having prosecuted the case and being familiar with every circumstance surrounding it, I have no hesitancy in saying that in my opinion he was guilty of a crime: his punishment was excessive, but as his offense under the law was murder in the second degree, it was wholly impossible to make the punish- ment less. I am quite positive .that his crime was the result of a drunken stupor, without any element of malice as a matter of fact.' I can only answer this b}' stating that the court and the law said it was murder in the second de- gree, and there can be no such murder without malice, and whether it was malice in fact or not, the result was the same, and the killing was done in sueh a way as to denote purpose and design, in contradistinction to accident or mischance, the presumption being that the defendant intended the probable consequences of the act. A familiar illustration, in the language of the Supreme Court, of this principle is afforded in the case of a workman who threw down a stone or piece of timber into a street in a populous town where people were continually passing and killed a person. Such a killing is murder at the common-law, for the law in such cases presumes the intent to kill, 66 Mo., p. 22, and that involves malice in fact as well as in law. " T. T. Easley, one of the best and kindest-hearted men in the State, writes: ' I think it is a case of great misfortune and young Edwards did not do the act willfully or intentionally.' Many others have written in the same hu- mane way and such letters are a credit to their hearts as far as this young man is concerned. But let us see what he did do in order to ascertain whether he is a proper subject for clemency. On the fourth of July, 18T8, the defendant was lying on the ground in a public park in the town of La- clede, near the music-stand, where dancing was going on, in a state of intoxication. A. H. Love, the marshal of the town, testified: ' As I passed Dr. Standley's office on the evening of said day Dr. Standley informed me that defendant was lying down in the park drunk, and needed looking after. I crossed the street and passed through the gate into park, and had gone about twenty feet when I saw the crowd scatter, some going east, north, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 183 and some west from where the defendant was lying. Defendant got up, made two or three steps in a northwest direction, pulled out his pistol, and fired it off. lie had the revolver in both hands. lie tired in the direction of the crowd where it appeared to be most dense. After Edwards fired he ran as fast as he could in the direction in which he fired, I followed, and when I came up to liim he was kneeling b}' the side of William McKinley and was fanning him. Willie appeared to be dying. I let Edwards alone untii the bo}' died, which was in a few minutes. I took Edwards to Linnens. On the way Edwards said that the killing of the boy was an accident and that it would nut have occurred had not the boys bothered liim; said he was not in the habit of carrying a revolver; that he had gone home and got his revolver because of a fuss he had had with Mr. Dysart; that when he fired he intended to shoot Al. Hall, but not to kill him.' " Al. Hall testified that he was trying to get him u))and removehiiu from the park; that I>ennie Edwai'ds, a nephew of defendant, five or six years old, came up and said, ' (Irandpa says pour cold water on him, and that will wake him.' Then defendant jumped up and said, ' by G — d, I am going to see wlio is doing this,' and pulled his pistol from his pocket; I jumped to one side, out of the way; he then shot; there were nine or ten boys in the direction in which he shot. Defendant said: 'I shot the boy accidentally; that accidents will happen.' "The boy killed was about thirteen years.old and small of his age, as said one of the witnesses. Enough of the evidence has been given to show how and by whom the little boy was killed and the condition of the nian who did it. Before a defendant is convicted in court he is presumed to be in- nocent, and it devolves on the State to remove that presumption. After the conviction he is not only presumed to be, but is adjudged to be, guilty, and before I will exercise clemency in an}' case the action and judgment of the court must be shown to be erroneous by invincible facts, or such miti- gating ones as would have modified that judgment if known at the time. What is there in tiiis case in the light of tiiis rule that requires me to in- terfere with the sentence of the court? Is it because he was drunk and discharged his revolver with great recklessness, to say the least of it, into a crowd of innocent boys who had gathered at the park for social amusements? If so, when would society be safe from the actions of bad men, who would often put themselves in that evil condition to accomplish their premeditated deeds? Drnnketiness is not now, never has been, 1 hope never will be, an excuse for crime in this State. Our Supreme Court, in this same case, 71 Missouri, p. 323, says, ' Intoxication or drunkenness can neither excuse nor extenuate a crime, and it cannot be taken in consideration hy a jury for either of such ])ur])Oses.' If men put themselves in that condition and commit crimes, then, as far as I am concerned, they must abide by the punishment and remain where they have placed themselves. The sooner 184r HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. the violators of law know that, the better it will be for them and society. This defendant was guilty also of another violation of the law before he killed young McKinley; that was in carrying a concealed weapon. This is a great growing crime in this State, against the laws of God and society, and should be punished without sympathy and without favor. If the men who engage in such lawlessness were disarmed by the force of the law and the sentiment of society, our courts and jurors would have rest from their labors and the newspapers could have space in their columns to devote to more readable matter than that with which they are dail}' filled. Drunken- ness and revolvers cause more crimes, more executions, more penalties, more sorrows to innocent mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, and wives, than all the other causes combined, and both should receive the strongest repro- bation from the social, religious, and moral conmiunity. Each are alike responsible; each are alike dangerous to society; and each are alike without an}' justification. The restraints of the law thrown around them brand them as evils and condemn them as enemies to the quietude of society. They are fit associates, and wiiere one is found in daily use the other is in close proximity to aid onward the dance of death. As in this case, the in- nocent and harmless ones are generally the sufterers from the men who are the devotees of such vicious habits. Society should have some way in protecting itself against such evils. It can only be done by legislation and education. Legislation will not do it if clemency is extended to the ofl^'end- ers without regard to the crime. The}' must know there is power and meaning in the law; that there is an iron will as well as justice in our courts; that there is a determination in society to protect itself against the lawless; that a sentence of a court means an execution; that 'the ^v*ay of the transgressor is hard,' and will remain so until reformation comes. I am asked to pardon Edwards on the ground of mercy and to gratify the hearts of his parents, who are old Christian people calmly awaiting the last summons. " It is not always judicious to exercise mercy toward one at the expense of the many. Society must be remembered as well as the individual. I have pi'ofound sympathy for the good old people, but that sympathy must not prevail against the obligation I owe to the preservation of good society in this State. If men will get drunk against common decency, if men will carry revolvers against the law and rule of propriety, and will under the evil inspiration of the one use the other, they must suffer for it on the gal- lows or in the penitentiary. My sympathy and mercy are for the indus- trious and law-abiding people of the State; not for thieves, murderers, robbers, inside of prison walls. I will see that justice is done them; be- yond that I am not expected to go. I see no reason why I should pardon Edwards; the application is therefore refused. " Tnos. T. Ckittexden. " Dec. 13, ISSiy HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 185 Who can gainsay the words above written? Young McKinley lost his life, his parents their hoped-for support in their declining years, and for this crime Edwards is asked to give up only ten years of his liberty. The punishment is light and should be borne by the murderer without a murmur. A whole life was taken, and only ten years asked in return. Not that it was done in malice, but in the breaking of the moral law daily in dissipation, it became at last that the criminal also was broken, and the penalty has been meted out. The people can sympathize with the €rring man, his family and friends, but none will deny the justness of his punishment. People can weep, not at man paying a penalty for his crime, but the fact that the penalty was just. CHAPTER Y. OFFICIAL HISTORY OF LINK COUNTY. What it Was, Is, and 7Wir Expected to Be — When Organized — Act of Incorporation — Commis- sioners — Metes and Bounds — Change of Boundary Line — First Coanti/ Court — Time and Place of Meeting — Dividing the Count// into Townships — The First Tax Levy — Location of the County Seat — Deed of John Holland and Wife — Named after Dr. Linn, U. S. Sen- ator — First Sale of Lots by John D. Grant, Commissioner — First Court-house — First Ferry License — Benton Township Organized — Election, etc. The territory of which Linn county is composed was once a part of Char- iton county. This latter county was organized November 16, 1820, and ■extended to the Iowa State line. At the session of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri in the winter of 1836-37, an act was passed, or- gaiiizing the county of Linn from the territory attached to Chariton county, and extending her municipal government over the territory lying north of her to the Iowa line. The act was approved January 6, 1837, and from that date Linn county has had a corporate existence. The act of organiza- tion included with the count}' of Linn those of Livingston, Macon, and Taney. The sections making Linn a county, and defining its metes and bounds, read as follows: *^ Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 3fissouri as fol- lows: "Section 18. All that portion of territory heretofore attached to the county of Chariton, in the following: boundary: Beginning at the south- east corner of township fifty-seven, range eighteen west; thence west with said township line to the range line dividing range twenty-one and twenty- two; thence north with said range line to the township line dividing town- 186 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. ship sixty and sixty-one; thence east with said township line to the range line dividing seventeen and eighteen; thence soutli with said range line to the beginning; is hereby declared to be a separate and distinct county, to be called and known by the name of Linn county, in honor of the Hon. Lewis F. Linn; and all the rights. and privileges guaranteed by law to sep- arate, distinct counties, are hereby extended to the county of Linn. " Section 19. John Riley, liansom Price, and Levi Blankenship, of the county of Chariton, are appointed commissioners to select the seat of jus- tice for said county. The said commissioners are hereby vested with all the powers granted to commissioners by an act, entitled ' An act to provide for organizing counties hereafter established,' approved, December 9, 1836. " Section 20. The court to be holden for said county shall be held at the house of Silas Fore until the county court shall lix upon a temporary seat of justice for said count3\ " Section 21. The Governor is hereby authorized and required to ap- point and commission three persons, resident in said count}^, as justices of the County Court, and one person, resident of said county, as sheriff of said county. W^hen so commissioned they shall have full power and authority to act as such in their respective offices, under the existing laws, until their successors are elected, commissioned, and qualified. "Section 22. All that portion of territory lying north of the county of Linn shall be attached to said county, for all civil and military purposes^ until otherwise provided by law." The following sections refer to all the counties organized by the act as given above, equall}' one with the other, and read: "Section 23. The Circuit and County courts of said counties, or the judges thereof in vacation, shall have power to appoint their clerks, who shall hold their office until the general election in 1838, and until their suc- cessors are elected and qualified. " Section 24. The commissioners to locate the respective county seats aforesaid shall meet on the first Monday in May next, at the places of hold- ing court for the counties respectively, in which said county seats are to be located, for the purpose of entering on the discharge of their duties. " Section 25. Four terras of the County Court shall be held in each of the counties aforesaid, on the first Monday in February, May, August, Novem- ber, and the courts ma}' alter the times of holding their stated terms, giving notice thereof in such manner as to them shall seem expedient. " This act to take effect and be in force, from and after its passage. " Approved, January 6, 1837." Eight days later the following supplemental act was passed, referring to the boundary line between Linn and Livingston counties: HISTORY OF I.rXN COUNTY. 187 " Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Jfissouri, as fol- lows: '* Section 1. The county line dividing the counties of Livingston and Linn be so changed as to continue up Grand lliver from where the range line dividing ranges twentj'-one and twenty-two crosses said river, to the sec- tional lino dividing range twenty-two into equal parts; thence north with said sectional line to the township line dividing townships fifty-nine and sixty; thence west with the original line of said county; and the line of Linn county shall extend from the point last mentioned north with the aforesaid section line, to the line dividing townships sixty and sixty-one; thence east with said line to the original line of Linn county. "Tliis act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. " Approved, January 14, 1837." METES AND BOUNDS. The act organizing the county of Linn gives its metes and bounds three miles less in width than is shown on the map, its western border being range line dividing ranges twenty-one and twenty two. When the error was discovered or when the additional territory was added can only be sup- posed from the metes and bounds of the county as given by the Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1879, g 5189. It reads: "Linn, Beginning at the southeast corner of township fifty-seven, range eighteen west; thence west to the southwest corner of section thirty-four, township fifty-seven, range twenty-two west; thence north with the sub- divisional line to the northwest corner of section three of township sixty, range twenty-two west; thence east with the township line between town- ships sixty and sixty-one to the northeast corner of township sixty, range eighteen west; thence south with the range line between ranges seventeen and eighteen to the place of beginning." This would make Linn county twenty-seven miles east and west and twenty-four miles north and south. The present map of Linn county does not show tins area of territory, its northern line being different from the metes and bounds given by the section above quoted. This arises from the fact that township sixty is a factional township, being on the east side of the county a trifle over five miles north and south and on the west side four miles and a half instead of the six miles of the usual congressional township. The north line, then, of township sixty bears south from range line between seventeen and eighteen to range line between nineteen and twenty one and a half miles; from tliere due west to the county line it divides the section nearly or quite equally. The county's true limit is twenty-three miles and a fraction north and south on the east sides, twentj'-two and a half miles north and south on the west line of the c6unty, and twenty-seven miles in 188 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. width. This fractional township is what has deceived the writers of the history of Linn count}'. There are not 684 square miles of territory in the county, but without goin^ into fractions 611 square miles, and that area covers 392,04:0 acres of as tine land, in the richness and productiveness of its soil, as can be found in the vailey of the Mississippi. This county, which was once a part of St. Charles, then of Howard, and later of Chariton coun- ties, the garden spot of central north Missouri, is what is now to be consid- ered and all that is worthy of record will be given, making it a standard b6ok of reference of Linn county for all future time. THE FIRST COUNTY COURT. The first County Court of Linn county is supposed to have been held on the first Monday in February, 1837, that being the time set by the act of organization. The proceedings of that first session are entered of record with- out date, and therefore presumed to have been held as above. Also, according to the act of organization, the court met at the house of Silas A. Fore, and there were but two of the judges present. Their first order was that James A. Clark, afterward judge of this Judicial District for nearly a quarter of a centur}', be appointed G\erk pro tern, of the court, and the second order reads as follows: "Ordered that the court adjourn to the house of E. T. Denison for the purpose of doing business, it being so inconvenient to do business at Fore's." This order seeins to settle the question that while the court 7nel at Fore's, the first term of the court was held at E. T. Denison's. The names of the judges present were James Howell and Wm. Bowyer, but there is no record of their commissions, or that of the sheriff", and the latter's name is not recorded in the first session of the court. This County Court composed of two members made an order, divided the county into three municipal townships by the names of Parson Creek, Locust Creek, and Yellow Creek, whose metes and bounds will be found in the township history department of this work. ' The first elections held in these townships were ordered to take place April 8, 1837, for one justice of the peace for Parson Creek and Yellow Creek townships,* and two justices of the peace for Locust Creek, to be held at the houses of citizens in each township. The court closed its ses- sion by ordering the sheriff to notify the judges of election, and to put up notices of the election, and also ordering the clerk of the court to procure a blank book for the use of the court before the next term. As there were but two and no presiding justice, the proceedings of this session of the County Court were signed by both judges present. The first officers elected in the county were at the above election, and were Thomas Rapell, formerly of Virginia, and David Mullins, as justices of the HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 189 peace of Locust Creek township, Irvin Ogan for Parson Creek, and Morde- cai Lane for Yellow Creek townships. The next term of the court was held on Ma}' 1st, 1837, and at that session, the three judges appointed by the (-rovernor; viz., James Howell, William Bowyer, and Robert Warren present. Their first work was to make P)arbee's store the temporary place for hold- ing court until a permanent location was had b}' the erection of a court- house. Judge James Howel was appointed presiding justice. John J. Flood was aj)pointed assessor and filed his bond, and E. T. Dennison ap- pointed clerk, to hold until the next general election, and with this the court adjourned until July 1, 1837. The July term resulted in giving the county of Linn its first treasurer in the person of Thomas JJarbee. Another election was ordered for the first Monday in Auj^ust to ffive another magistrate to both Parson Creek and Yellow Creek townships. Judge Clark got $5.12^ for his services as clerk. John J. Flood took $28.75 for assessing the county, and the sheriflF was called on to refund to the county $1.50 for an overcharge in his account, and it is presumed he did so. The first tax assessment was two hundrd per cent on the State tax, and a poll tax. The first agent of the county to receive its portion of the road and canal fund was Thomas Barbee, the treasurer. Mr. Irvin Ogan of Parson Creek township, and Stephen McCoUum of Yellow Creek were the men elected justices, giving each of the three town- ships two magistrates each. They were elected at the August election, 1837. The first road laid out in Linn county was in November, 1837, and started from one mile west of George Epperly's to tlie fish dam on Locust Creek. The road was cut out twenty-five feet wide, and banks dug so it would be passable. The first road overseers in the county were James A. Clark, Mordecai Lane, Sampson Wyatt, and Thomas Rupel. It was at this term of the court, November, 1837, that the county judges decided to appoint commissioners to locate the county seat, as the comniis- ers appointed by the State had failed to fulfill the duty imposed on them by the act of organization. What had deterred them from acting was not recorded, but the people became tired of the delay and insisted that the County Court should take action in the matter. ♦ LOCATION OF THE COL'NTY SEAT. The act of the leijislature of Januarv 6. 1837, orcjaniziuij Linn countv, designated "John Riley, Ransom Price, and Levi Blankenship, of the county of Chariton," as " commissioners to select the seat of justice for 190 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. said county." For some reasou these commissioners did not act, and the County Court, at the November session, 1837, appointed in their stead Da- vid Duncanson, of Livingston, James Jackson, of Howard, and Hiram Craig, of Chariton. The court also ordered the sheriif to "put up ten no- tices that the commissioners will meet on the 1st day of January, 1838, at the usual place of holding court in said county." Whether or not the com- missioners met at the date appointed is not known, but it is certain that they did not act, or, at least, did not locate the county seat for more than a year thereafter. Only one of the commissioners named by the order of the County Court, David Duncanson, performed any service that can be learned of; associated with him was William B. Thompson. On the 29th of Au- gust, 1839, these two selected the present site of Linneus as the permanent seat of justice for Linn county. For their services yach received $32. The report was approved by the judge of the Circuit Court at the August term^ 1839, as soon as filed, the Hon. Thomas C. Bnrch being then on the bench. On the 25th of August, 1839, John Holland and wife conveyed to Linn county the town site, by a deed in the following words and figures. The commissioners, aftei' due investigation, had fixed upon the site and agreed to so report if Mr. Holland would donate it to the county, which he readily agreed to do: "Know all men by these presents, that we, John Holland and Elizabeth Holland, his wife, have donated and given to the county of Linn, in the State of Missouri, for the use and benefit of said county, as a permanent seat of justice* of said county, fifty acres of land, bounded and situated as follows: Beginning at a post at the northwest corner of section six, town- ship fifty-eight, range twenty; thence east along the north boundary of said section, fifty-four poles to a stake in tlie prairie; thence south one hundred and forty-eight poles and five links to a stake in the prairie; thence west fifty-four poles to a stake on the range line, to which a red oak two feet in diameter bears north seventy degrees, thirty minutes east, eighty-two links, [and] a hickory ten inches in diameter bears south thirty-four degrees^ thirty minutes west, sixty-three links; thence north along the range line to the place of beginning; — to have and to hold the aforesaid tract of land, with all and singular the rights, privileges, and immunities there- unto in any wise belonging to the said county of Linn forever; and w^e further bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns to warrant and forever defend the title to the said tract of land to the said county of Linn against the claim or claims of all and every person or per- sons whosoever. In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this 25tli day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine. " John Holland [l. s.]. " Elizabeth Holland [l. s.]." *Sonie lawyers have given the opinion that if the county seat is ever removed from Lin- neus, the land will revert to the heirs of Colonel Holland. HISTORY' OF LINN COUNTY. 191 Two days after this deed was acknowledged before E, T. Denison, clerk of the court, by his deputy, Augustus W. Flournoy. Flournoy was allowed $1.02^ cents, September 17, 1S40, for recording the same. When the town was first laid off it was called Llnnville. On the 5th of November, 1S30, the County Court ordered "that the county seat for Linn county be called Linnville"; and on the 30th, twenty-five days later, it was ordered " that Linnville be the permanent seat of justice of the county of Linn." On the 4rth of February following, however, the same court ordered " that the permanent seat of justice for Jjinn county be called Linneus,* in- stead of Linnville." The name was changed at the instance of Dr. Lewis F. Linn himself. Judge James A. Clark wrote to him that the county seat had been named, as had the county, in his honor, and asked his approval. The doctor replied that he did not wish to dictate to the court in a matter of that character, but that he preferred the name " Linneus " to " Linn- ville, and when Judge Clark laid this letter before the court that body im- mediately made the change referred to. It is often erroneously supposed that the town was named in honor of the great German scientist rather than of that noble old Roman, Missouri's honorable senator, Lewis F. Linn. Doubts having arisen as to the legality of the proceedings of the com- missioners and other authorities in locating the county seat — other com- missioners than those appointed by the legislature having acted in the premises, the time set for the location having been changed, etc. — the' legis- lature, in December, 1840, passed the following legalizing act: " AN ACT TO LEGALIZE THE LOCATING OF THE SEAT OF JUSTICE OF LINN COUNTY. '■^ Be it enacted, etc. 1. That all proceedings and acts which may have been had or transacted by the commissioners of the seat of justice of the county of Linn, or by the County Court of said county, in selecting, locat- ing, or establishing the seat of justice of said county, and in naming or altering and changing the name of the same, be and the same are hereby legalized and rendered as ettectual as if the same had been done in all re- spects in conformity to law. "2. That all acts and proceedings wherein either 'Linnville' or ' Linn- ?ens' is used or occurs as the name of the seat of justice of said county shall be as bindino- and eft'ectual as if the name so used or occurring: had at all times been the legal name of the seat of justice of said county. "Approved, December 19, 1840." John D. Grant was the first county commissioner appointed. His duties were to attend to the sale of lots, etc. On the 5th of November the County Court ordered Commissioner Grant to advertise three weekly insertions in *In the proceeding's of the County Court the name of the town is spelled as here printed; in the legalizing' act of the legislature it is spelled Linnieus; the former is doubtless the cor- rect method, and the way the name is commonly written. 192 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. the Fayette Democrat newspaper tliat on the 2d of December following there would be sold " one-third of the lot? in the town of Linnville, Linn county, Missouri, on a credit of six, twelve, and eighteen months, of equal installments." He was also instructed to " lay out one acre of ground in the Publick Square to be laid out in a square to commence at a stake and run an equal distance from said stake, the Publick Square to be on the west of said line; one main street on each side of the Publick Square run- ning north and south, fifty-one feet and six inches wide; two back streets thirty feet wide each; two main cross-streets forty-nine feet six inches wide, each adjoining the Publick Square; one back cross-street on each side of the Publick Square, thirty feet wide each; and that he lay out sixteen lots to each block around the Publick Square, running back eighty feet, and the balance of the lots to be laid out agreeable to a plat rendered to said commissioner." John D. Grant, the first county surveyor and commissioner, surveyed off the town into lots, being assisted by another surveyor, R. W. Foster. The work was done in the latter part of the month of November, 1S39. For his services Grant charged the county $200, but the county court only allowed his estate $77 (Record " A," p. 45). Soon after the first lot sale» Mr. Grant died. December 28 R. W. Foster was appointed county commissioner in his stead by the County Court, and, shortly after, the Gov- ernor appointed him county survej'or. He was removed in February, 1842, and Charles A. Fore appointed county commissioner in his place. The first lot sold was lot one, in block one, to Meredith Brown; it has not been ascertained what was the price paid, although it must have been at least five dollars, as the court ordered that no lot should be sold for a less price than that sum. The sale continued two days, December 2d and 3d, On May 6th, 1840, another sale took place, one-half of the remaining lots being sold on that day. At the February term of the County Court, 1841, the first court-house was ordered built according to the following plan: "The house to be built on the southeast corner of lot three, block nineteen, of hewed logs, thirty-six feet long and twenty feet wide, [the house to be twenty feet wide, not the logs, of course,] from out to out; the wall to be fifteen feet high from the bottom of the sill to the top of the plate, with a wall partition to be carried up from the bottom to the top of the plate so as to make the front room twenty-three feet long in the clear; the logs all to be of sound oak; the sills to be of white oak or burr oak; the sleepers to be of good white oak or burr oak of suflicient strength, two feet from center to center; the joists to be of good sound oak, three feet by ten inches, put in two feet from center to center, to extend through the walls; * * * the house to be covered with good oak shingles; * * * the end of the house is to front the public square, with one door in the center of the end HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 193 of the house; one fifteen-light window on each side of said door, eight by ten inches; one door in the center of the partition wall; one door and one window in the end of the back room, so as to leave room in the center for a chimney; the window to be twelve-light of eight by ten inches glass, the doors and windows to be finished in plain batten order, with good black-walnut plank; * - '^ the whole building to be chinked with stone suitably tamped; the lower fioor to be laid down roughly, with square joint; the upper floor rough-tongued and squared, the plank to bie of good sound oak timber well dressed, with an opening left in the southwest corner for a staircase; the whole to be done in* a workmanlike manner on or before the 1st day of August, 1841." The building of the temporary court-house was let to David Jenkins and Goolsby Quine, $400 having been appropriated for the purpose February 5, 1841, and was superintended on the part of the county by William Hines. It was not completed by the time specified. In November Mr. Hines was ordered to have a brick chimney erected in the building, to con, tain two four-feet fire-places below and two two-feet fire-places in the upper story. The building finally cost, when completed, $516.50, and long stood in Linneus, and is well remembered by the older settlers. Before the building of the court-house, the county offices wore usually at the residences of the officials. Court was held at Barbee's, Fore's, and Holland's. Judge Clark held his first court at Holland's. The court assembled in one room of the cabin, (the first in the place,) which was warmed by a fire-place with a smoky chimney. The smoke was almost intolerable. The judge and the attorneys shed tears copiously and it was well for the blind goddess who was supposed to preside on the occasion that she uyis blind. Her eyes would have been smoked out if 'she had had any. The trouble with the chimney was that the back wall was bad — full of gaps and cracks. It chanced that in the midst of the session this back wall fell out. The judge thereupon adjourned his court, and was not very sorry that the mishap occurred. As he left the court-room the sheriff came to him, told him that a fight was in progress near by, and j^sked for instruc- tions. "Oh! never mind," said the judge, " let them alone — let the boys enjoy thetnselves!'^ But the buildings used by the early officers seemed good enough for the occasions and answered all purposes very well. There was not much busi- ness of a public nature to transact, and it was soon disposed of. Some of the officials carried all the records pertaining to their respective offices in their breast pockets. Yet there was no complaint that business was neg- lected or that injustice had been done. The first ferry license was granted to William and Jesse Bowyer, free, and they were allowed to charore twelve and one-half cents for man and 194 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. horse, fifty cents for a loaded wagon, and six and one-fourth cents for a footman. This license was granted at the December term, 1837. Fifteen months had elapsed, and the work was commenced to carve up the three original townships and duplicate them from time to time as popu- lation and a desire for local official life might demand. The first township that a slice of territory was taken from was the central or Locust Creek, and with its boundary lines defined they called it Benton. This was accom- plished at the May term of court, 1838, and an election was ordered May 26 for two iustices of the peace for this new municipal sister. John Pierce and William Gibson received the suffrages of their neighbors and were the elected justices. CHAPTER vl. ELECTIONS THE GLORY OF FREE INSTITUTIONS. The Firsf Election— The Result — Duncan Township— First Defalcation — Liberty Totvn- gfijp — First Money Borrowed by the County— Town Lot Fund — Bridges — Pleasant Hill Toiimship— Defalcation of J. W. Minnis Settled in Full — County Treasurer Makes a Final Settlement and all 0. K—The Year 1842 Ban Behind— Highland County- Its Organization as to Metes and Bounds, but Still under Linn County's Municipal Control — Minor Sale of Linneus Town Lots, 1844 — A Transfiguration — The Reorgani- zation of Linn County in 1845, after Sulliran Was Taken off — Toivnships and Their Metes and Bounds. ELECTION. Thomas Barbee resigned, and the court appointed Augustus W. Flour- noy to the office of treasurer of Linn county, May Y, 1838. In May, 1839, the court met at the house of John Holland. This was the first meeting of the new judges elected at the election of 1838. The following table of that election will be found interesting, the highest number of votes being cast for assessor.' ELECTION. • Locust Creek. 5 c 7i ^ O OJ 1^ Is "o Representatives. James A. Clark 35 47 36 49 15 1 16 1 21 3 23 1 3 18 8 16 74 69 5 Thomas Barbee Sherif. John Minnis 8319 Jermiah Phillips 64 -^ >>*r- c^lfc^ c^^^ ^ ^^, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 197 ELECTION — CONTINUED. Locust Creek. d o a o '^ Is o H o Connty and Circuit Clerk. E. T. Deiinison 36 49 61 80 56 49 35 6 16 1 16 16 2 3 ..' 16 11 20 1 23 19 15 3 6 5 23 5 16 "'is 22 16 22 77 67 111 65 91 77 63 11 127 11 31 10 E. Kem per County Jxidges. Robert Warren 46 William Gibson JVIereciitli ]3ro\vn 9,6 Alex. Oimn ^'>< W. D. Southerland James Bovle Assessors. Abram V^enable 96 William Head William Clarkson 31 All the votes in the county cast for State senator were for Daniel Ashbj, excepting one, Preston Mullin, giving his vote for a Mr, Brummel. The next township organized was on the 24th dav of June, 1839, and it was given the name of Duncan, and the voting precinct was located at the house of Jacob Holland. There was an election ordered for one justice of the peace, but the date of that election was not recorded, but in August Robert W. Holland was elected a justice of the peace, of what township was not stated, but proves to have been Duncan. The first constable of the township was Samuel K. Smith. SCHOOL LANDS. The first school lands sold by order of the county was on the fourth Mon- day of December, 1S39. The sixteenth sections of township fifty-eight, of range eighteen west, and of township fifty-eight of range twenty west, were sold in eighty acre tracts. These sections were in what is now Locust Creek and the north part of Bucklin townships. This sale laid the foundation of the school fund of Linn county, which has been so faithfully ke]>t all these succeeding years, the educational facilities having kept pace with the growth of the county. The first census of Linn county was taken by John W. Minnis in 1840 and the County Court allowed him $54.75 for his services. In 1841 at the August term, Liberty township was organized north of Duncan township. This township's southern line was township line be- tween sixty-two and sixty-three, what is now Sullivan county. The first election was held at the house of Jury Todhunter. Isaac Robert, Jr., Law- 13 198 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. yer Drake, and Thomas Woods were the election judges. At tlie same term a deed from John Holland of an acre of ground for a cemetery was received and recorded. DEFALCATION. The first defalcation was that of John W. Minnis, the first sherifi" of Linn county. In August the County Court ordered suit to be commenced in the Circuit Court for balance due the county. This balance is rather a big error if figures don't lie. On pages ninety-two and ninety-three, Book A, the figures are badly mixed, and the indebtedness which should have been $684.24 was made $784.25. After this came a credit of $485.22 and $9.04, leaving a correct debt against him of $189.98 while the balance against him was reported at $289.99. In November Mr. Minnis was charged up with $25 for a fine collected by him. In November, 1841, Liberty township, the territory of which now lies within Sullivan county, was organized and the first election ordered held on the first Monday in December. The County Court also decided tliat grand jurors in serving as such were only performing a patriotic duty and were therefore not salaried officers, and the court declined to pay for any such service already performed or that might thereafter be. This action of the County Court prevented that hank- ering after oflacial life so prevalent at this day. On a settlement with David Prewitt, treasurer, the school funds in his hands were found to amount to $1,054 and the treasurer had loaned at ten per cent interest $1,036 of this- sum. BRIDGES. The first bridge ordered built in the county was across Locust Creek near William Bowyer's, on the State road leading from Palmyra to Plattsburg, and at the same time two others were ordered to be constructed across the east and west forks of Yellow Creek, Thomas H. Pearson being designated to superintend the construction of the two last mentioned, and was to draw plans and submit to the court on the 22d of November. The bridge across- Locust Creek near William Bowyer's was to be superintended by him and he was to submit a plan of the same. Mr. R. W. Foster reported only $707.10 on hand November 8, 1841, and money was needed to complete the court-house, etc. This state of affairs caused the following order to be placed on record as the first money sought to be borrowed by Linn county up to that date. The order reads: "Ordered that treasurer of Linn county be, and he is hereby authorized to borrow the sum of two hundred dollars, at any per cent per annum not to exceed ten per cent per annum interest thereon, for a term of not less than six months nor more than twelve months, to be paid (if borrowed) out HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 199 of the town lot fund, in the town of Linneus, and it is further ordered that the clerk furnish the treasurer a copy of this order." The second loan ordered was for $100 in February, 1842. The account rendered by Mr. Foster, disposed of the town fund as follows: Amount collected $707 10 Amount turned over $485 99 To services as commissioner and per centum.. . 161 28 — 547 27 Due county $ 59 83 which he was called upon to pay. The principal business of the County Court during the year 1841 was lay- ing out roads or appointing reviewers, overseers, and commissioners; and these gentlemen made the road and canal fund grow small and beautifully less quite rajndly. It seemed that a raid on that fund was the chief object in life that year. There was a cheerful disposition prevalent that one town- ship was not to be allowed to get the start of another in depleting this fund, and so road-making was a lively business. Still, as if that would not alto- gether close it out, the bridges abov^e mentioned were brought to the front; and if there was any one thing in those early days that could get away with the road and canal fund faster than a wooden bridge, it was never discov- ered, and it was not necessary, for the wooden bridges did the work thor- oughly. The pillars placed firmly on a sandy foundation, a few braces left out where they would do the most good, and a freshet, were all that was needed to send a four hundred to a thousand dollar bridge on a voyage of discovery upon the muddy waters of the creeks and streams they once had spanned. These bridges were let to contract in January, 1842, upon the condition that one-third of the cost was to be paid when the work was half done, and the other two-thirds when the bridges were completed. The bridge across the west main fork of Yellow Creek was let to Stephen McCollum at $325, and he was allowed an extra compensation of $10. The east fork bridge was let to John R. Baker, who received $292 for the work. COMPLETED. The temporary court-house, so-called, was completed in February, 1842, and Su})erintendent Hines requested to place the key of the same in the hands of Jeremiah Phillips, sheriff, who, by order of the court, was placed in charge of this fine building. The plans had been considerably altered, four extra windows, brick chimneys and weatherboarding having been added to the original contract. Eight wooden benches were placed" in po- sition, furnished by Goodsby Quinn, at a cost of $66.54, which added to the convenience if not to the beauty of the court-room. After the completion of the court-room the next thing in order was a county seal, and it was concluded to purchase one for both the Circuit as well 200 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. as the County Court. The device was to be an eagle engraved in the center of each seal, and the words, State of Missouri. On one the " Linn Circuit Court," over the other the "Linn County Court." These seals were accord- ingly furnished, and the business of the respective courts conducted upon business principles, with the seal attached. The next township organized was that of Pleasant Hill, May 3, 1842, and this township was, also, located in Sullivan, or what is now Sullivan, county. An election was ordered, and Matthew Kidd's house was designated the voting precinct. Linneus Davis was appointed road-districting justice for the township. The Bowyer bridge across Locust Creek was completed after nearly seven months' time, by the contractor, Jacob Randolph. He received $700 on the contract, and was paid $60 for extra work, this bridge costing $760 in all. On a previous page reference was made to the defalcation of John W. Minnis as collector, the sum being small. He, however, settled in full by paying over to Jeremiah Phillips, some time after, the bum of one hundred and fifty-seven dollars, the amount in which he was actually in default after credit had been given him. The original amount charged of $289.99 was an error, as was shown in a previous page of this history, and the final sum in which Sheriff Minnis was in arrear for the years 1840 and 1841. In 1842 Mr. Minnis paid the amount to his successor, as stated above, and the amount was accounted for to the State by Collector Phillips. The first and only slave property found mentioned in Linn county up to 1845, was in settling the estate of Captain Daniel Flournoy, in December, 1842, when the following order is found of record: "It is ordered by the court that Kobert C. Combs, William Burt, and James Carson be, and they are hereby appointed commissioners to divide estate ol the late Captain Daniel Flournoy,deceased, consisting of four slaves named as follows: Fiank, Phil, Anna, and Edith, as is coming to a part of said lega- tees, to-wit, Virginia Ann Williams, formerly Virginia Ann Flournoy. And it is further ordered that the clerk deliver a copy of this order to John G. Flournoy, agent for the guardian of the said Virginia Ann Williams." School district number two was organized September 16, 1843, being congressional township fifty-nine, range twenty, and district number one, was organized June 24, 1843, being township fifty-eight, range twenty, while district number three, township fifty-seven, range twenty, was not organized until June, 1844, on the third Saturday of that month. A GENERAL SETTLEMENT. There was a general overhauling of county aflfairs at the May term, 1843, and the financial condition of the county was looked after, and the balances on the different funds reported due, or the amount short ascertained. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 201 The first settlement was with the treasurer, David Prewitt of the ROAD AND CANAL FUND, and his exliibit was as follows: Amount of notes received $ 867.98 Amount received of State Treasurer 810.00 Amount of premium on $300 15.00 Amount of State Treasurer 298.75 $ 1,991.70 EXPENDITURES. Amount paid out to August term, 184:1 . , . .$ 30.75 Paid out to May term, 1842 523.78 Paid out to May term, 1843 1,232.40 $1,786.93 $ 204.80 There was also due to this fund on money loaned out in notes and interest to June 1, 1S43 467.86 $ 672.66 The school fund amounted to $5,584.42 And there was due on back interest to this fund up to January 1. 1843 256.15 Total township school fund $5,840.57 The expenditures of the county for 1842 were $ 8S4,04f The receipts as per county clerk's statements 714.60|- Showing a deficit for the year 1842 $ 169.44^ HIGHLAND COUNTY. The territory north of Linn county to the Iowa line was attached to Linn for all civil and military purposes, and had no particular name until 1843. At the session of the General Assembly of the winter of 1842-43, an act was passed defining the territorial limits of a county of the territory above mentioned, which includes the present county of Sullivan. The county was Highland county, but was not organized into a district municipal gov- ernment until two years afterward. The act reads as follows: " £e it enacted hy the General Assemhly of the State of Missouri as folloii^s: " Section 1. All that portion of territory now attached to Linn countj^ in- cluded in the following boundaries; to-wit, beginning at the northeast corner of Linn county, where the same adjoins Adair county, thence with 202 HISTORY OF LINN COHNTY. the line of Linn county west to the northwest corner of said county of Linn; thence due north, in the middle of range twenty-two, with the east line of Grundy county, to the line dividing townships sixty-four and sixty- five, to include all of township sixty-four; thence east with the line divid- ing townships sixty-four and sixty-five to the line dividing ranges seventeen and eighteen to include all of range eighteen; thence due south with said line dividing seventeen and eighteen to the place of beginning, shall be in- cluded in a new county, to be hereafter organized and known by the name of Highland county. "Section 2. Highland county shall be attached to Linn for all civil and military purposes, until otherwise ordered bj" law. "Section 3. The revenue levied and collected by the county of Linn, for county purposes, within the aforesaid county of Linn, after deducting the expenses of assessing and collecting the same, and all the expenses which may arise from criminal prosecutions, originating in the county of Highland, shall be reserved for the use of Highland count}'-, and shall be paid over to said county by the County Court of Linn county whenever the said county of Highland may be organized. This to take eftect from its passage. "Approved February 17, 1843." The first charge recorded for assessing the territory attached to Linn county was at the June term of the County Court held on the 29th. The county of Highland, so called until organized as Sullivan county, was charged $33.50 for the assessment of 1844; the county of Linn proper had the amount of $37.75 charged to its expense account. MINOR. How they arranged for the present and future of minors may be gath- ered from the following order: "It is ordered by the court that Frederick Hester be and he is hereby appointed guardian for Daniel Franklin Clary, minor and heir of Henderson Clary, and that the said guardian bind the said minor to Levi Moore upon the following conditions; to-wit, the said Moore is to school said minor to read and write, and in arithmetic to understand the 'rule of three,' to clothe said minor with sufticient clothing, lodging, and diet until he shall become twenty-one years of age, at which time the said Moore is to fur- nish said minor two suits of common clothing, and one suit of fine cloth, which is to be worth twenty dollars, and a horse, saddle, and bridle to be worth sixty dollars.'' This was the order, but the age of the minor was not given when bound out. In 1844 the census of Linn county was ordered to be taken by the State HISTORY *0F LINN COUNTY. 203 and Wharton R. Barton was ordered to do the work, for which he received ^75. What the population of the county was, however, is not of record. On December 23d, ISii, the remainder of the town lots of Linneus was ordered to be sold by the county commissioner, Charles A. Fore, who had the county seat propert}'' in charge. Commissioners had been appointed to appraise all the remaining lots, and the price must equal the appraisement; if not, they were not to be sold, but Commissioner Fore was authorized to sell them at private sale at their appraised valuation. The terms of sale was two equal installments at twelve and twenty-four months from date of sale, drawing ten per cent until paid, with security. Deed to be given when first installment and interest were paid in full. The lots were sold on the ground and not at the court-house door. This was done, undoubtedly, to locate the lot, and the purchaser to know exactly the ground he bought. The report of the sale was filed February 7, 1845. The first contested election case which occurred in the county was in Pleasant Hill township, in February, 1844. William J. Cornett contested the election of John Spencer as justice of the peace for said township, and the court decided in favor of said Cornett, he receiving his commission with full authority to be designated as " Squire'' Cornett thereafter. A TRANSFIGURATION. Just before closing the County Court on the 6th day of May, 1845, the judges had the following order placed upon record; to- wit, •' It is ordered by the court that Linn county be divided into seven (7) municipal townships, and it is further ordered that Hiram E. llurlbut, Joseph W. McCormack, Thompson K. Neal, Stephen McCollum, and Samuel Baker, be, and are hereby appointed as commissioners to lay off said county into seven municipal townships, and that the said commissioners shall meet at the court-house in the town of Linneus, on the second Monday of July next in order tonnake said townships, and that said commissioners designate the townships' boundaries by water-courses, range lines, township lines and sec- tional lines. Beferred to acts of 26th of January, 1845, and that they make reports to this court at the next regular term thereof, and that the sheriff notify them of their appointment." The Commissioners failed to report in July, but on the 5th day of No- vember, 1845, they brought in the following report of the boundary lines of the seven townships designated below. These townships were all in Linn county, proper, the county of Sullivan having been organized February 16, 1845, out of the territory of Linn county, called Highland county previous to its organization, and the name of Sullivan given to it. The report was approved by the court. 204 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. METES AND BOUNDS. "It is ordered by the court here that there be seven municipal townships laid off in Linn county; to-wit, " Yelloio Creek township — Commencing at the southeast corner of town- ship fifty-seven, of range eighteen west, thence west with said line to the section line dividing thirty-four and thirty-five, township fifty-seven, of range nineteen; thence north with said line to the line dividing sections fif- teen and twenty-two, in township fifty-eight, of range nineteen; thence west with said line to the line dividing sections twenty-one and twenty, township fifty-eight, of range nineteen; thence north to the township line dividing townships fifty-eight and fifty-nine; thence east on said line to the county line between Linn and Macon counties; thence south along said line to the beginning. ^^ Baker townshij) — Commencing at the southeast corner of township fifty-nine, of range eighteen; thence west to the section line dividing thirty- two and thirty-three, in township fifty-nine, of range nineteen; thence north to the county line between Linn and Sullivan counties; thence east to the county line between Linn and Macon counties; thence south along said line to the beginning. ''''Benton toivnship — Commencing at the southeast corner of section eight, in township fifty-nine, of range nineteen; thence west along said line to the middle of the channel of the main Locust Creek; thence up said creek to the mouth of the west fork of said creek; thence up the said west fork in the middle of said channel thereof north to the county line between Linn and Sullivan counties; thence east along said line to the section line divid- ing sections eight and nine, township sixty, range nineteen; thence south along said line to the beginning. " Jackson township — Commencing in the middle of the channel of main Locust Creek where the township line divides townships fifty-eight and fif- ty-nine, of range twenty-one; thence west along said line to the county line between Linn and Livingston counties; thence north to the county line di- viding Linn and Sullivan counties; thence east along said line to the mid- dle of the channel of the west fork of Locust Creek; thence down the same to the main Locust Creek to the beginning. ''''Parson Greek township — Commencing in the middle of the channel of main Locust Creek on the county line between Linn and Chariton coun- ties; thence west to the southwest corner of Linn county; thence north along the county line between Linn and Livingston counties to the town- ship line dividing townships fifty-eight and fifty-nine; thence east along said line to the middle of the channel of main Locust Creek; thence down the same to the place of beginning. '^ Je'ff^erso)i township — Commencing at the southeast corner of section HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 205 thirty-tour, of township iif'ty-seven, of range nineteen; thence west along the county line to tiie middle of the channel of the main Locust Creek; thence up the middle of the channel of said creek to the section line divid- ing sections fourteen and twenty-three, in township fifty-eight, of range twenty-one; thence east along said line to the section line between sections twenty two and twenty-three, in township fifty-eight, of range nineteen; thence south along said Hue to the place of beginning. ^''Locust Creek township — Commencing at the southeast corner of sec- tion seventeen, in township fifty-eight, of range nineteen; thence west along said line to the middle of the channel uf the main Locust Creek; thence up the same in the middle of the channel to the section line divid- ing sections eleven and fourteen, in township fifty-nine, of range twenty- one; thence east along said line to the northeast corner of section seventeen, of township fifty-nine, of range nineteen; thence south to the place of be- ginning." The voting precincts of these seven townships were located as follows: Yellow Oeek, at the house of Sampson "Wyatt. Baker, at the house of Samuel Boyles, Benton, at the house of William Gibson. Jackson, at the house of John S. Reed. Parson Creek, at the house of Seth Botts, Jr. Jefierson, at the house of Matthias Lockridge. Locust Creek, at the court-hou§e in the town of Linneus, CHAPTER VII. INTENDED AS A TEMPLE OF JUSTICE— THE NEW COUBT- HOUSE. That Miserable Structure, the ''Log"' Court-house — Pride Takes Adratice Steps — $4,000 to Assert the New Dif/niti/ Assumed hi/ the People — Order for the Building of a New Temple of Justice — Bridges — licceipts and Expenditwes — Change of Court-house Super- intendents — First Public Administrator — Town and Counti/ — Court-House Finished, October 16, 1848 — Good Showing — Paging Back Borrowed Money, and the Interest Ex- ceeds the Principal — Railroad Ferer— Donation of $200 for the H. n the county treasurer in favor of said undertaker, on the town- lot fund of said county appropriated for the erection of said court-house, for the one-third part of the whole sum that may have been agreed upon between said superintendent and said undertaker, as the price to be paid by the county for erecting: said court-house, and so on when he the said super- intendent shall report that one other third part of said work is completed, another warrant to issue in like manner, and when the said superintendent shall report to this court, according to law, that said work is completed according to the terms of any contract that he may have entered into ac- cording to law as aforesaid, a warrant shall issue in like manner for the remaining third part, as to make the whole sum payable in three equal installments." ITEMS. A bridge across Big Muddy cost $40 and one across Long Branch $Q9, were completed by May 1, 1847. The County Court ordered the last sale of lots of the town of Linneus on the lirst Monday in May, 1847, to continue from day to day until all were sold. The town lots of the county had been a sort of elephant on their hands and they proposed to get rid of it. The lots sold brought the sum of $1,504.45 on the od and 4th days of May, and in August $98.25 more was sold. The county clerk, Enoch Hemper, tiled his report of receipts and expend- itures of Linn county for the year 1846 as follows: Receipts and revenue from all sources $1,189.38 Expenditures for all purposes 1,075.17 Receipts over expenditures S114.20 The tax levy of May 31, for 1847, was somewhat in advance of previous years, being double the State tax and an addition of one half of one per cent for court-house purposes. This gave the county a revenue of $1,464.71 and to the credit of the court-house fund $742.86. This last amount with the Linneus town lot fund was supposed would equal the demands for court- house purposes. 208 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. The contractor to build the court-house was Joseph L. Nelson, a resident of Gallatin, Daviess county, and the builder of the court-house in that county. He was loaned by the County Court $800 to prosecute the work. Lot number one, block number twenty-four, in the town of Linneus, wa& reserved by the county for building a jail on. Joseph L. Nelson came before the County Court and complained of injus- tice done him by the commissioner, William Sanders, and the court set the case for the 8th day of December, 1847. It came up for hearing on the day named, and the judges decided that "the court can conceive of nothing from the evidence that the commissioner, William Sanders, has violated doing his duty as commissioner of said court-house." Record book B, folio 236. During the building of the court-house the county and circuit clerks rented a room of George W. Smith, and as he wanted rent money the fol- lowing quaint order appeared of record: "That George W. Smith be allowed the sum of fifty dollars for the rent of the present clerk's office * * * and it is further ordered that he, said Smith, have a credit of twenty-five dollars on any note the county of Linn holds vs. him, and on the first day of February, 1848, be allowed a credit of fifty dollars on same or any other note the said county of Linn holds, vs. liim, being in full for the rent of said ofiice for the years 1847 and 1848." Mr. William Sanders having resigned his ofiice of superintendent of the court-house building, Augustus W. Flournoy was appointed his successor. This occurred on February 12th, 1848. The first public administrator appointed for Linn countj^ was Mr. Charles Boardman, which appointment was also made on the twelfth of February, 1848. TOWN AND COUNTY. Having disposed of all the lots in the town of Linneus in the original plat, and the court-house requring funds, the commissioner for the county seat, Charles A. Fore, was ordered to lay ofi" the residue of the town tract, and make a plat and have it attached to the original plat, and this was done. This was February 12, 184S. Tlie foundation having been laid and the brick work under way, a committee of arbitration was appointed to exam- ine the material and the workmanship. Owen Rawlings, Samuel S. Swope, and G. Walker were appointed, and their report was received and confirmed by the County Court. This resulted in an order to to the treasurer, dated March 7, 1848, to pay Joseph L. Nelson, $1,130, to apply on his contract. May 2, 1848, the superintendent reported to the County Court that two- thirds of the work on the court-house had been completed, and that the material was good, and the work well done. On June 5th the contractor re- ceived a warrant for $1,330 more. The commissioner, after platting the HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 209 addition to tlie original town of Linneus, was ordered to sell the same, and the six lots sold for $45.97^. FINISHED. On October IHth, 184S, the commissioner for the superintending of the building of the new court-house, August W. Flournoj, made a report to the County Court, to the effect that the court-house was finished accord- ing to contract in a good and workmanlike manner, and of as good material as could conveniently be got, and recommended that the same be received. The court accepted the report, and ordered a warrant to be issued to Joseph L. Nelson for ^1,330, balance due him under the contract. The total cost of the building was $3,894.85, including some slight alterations made in the contract. That court-house stands at this day, but is condemned as being in an unsafe condition for use, and the county offices are found in the second story of the l)rick block across from the southwest corner of the square. The two tirst to take possession of the new court-house were the county and cir- cuit clerks, as per order of the court, and the two rooms occupied were the two south rooms up stairs. GOOD SHOWING. The county clerk's statement of receipts and expenditures of the county for the year 1848 showed an excess, including balance on hand reported 184T, of $595.61. The county had borrowed, February 8, 1842, $282.34, of congressional township school fund belonging to township fifty-seven, range twenty-one; and the interest on the same to June 6, 1849, amounting to $286.11, being a trifie more than the principal. The whole sum — $568.48 — was ordered paid, which closed up that much of the indebtedness of the county. The county yet owes the road and canal fund $900, borrowed to make payment on the new court-house. The court made an order at the August term, 1849, that no larger sum than $100 should be loaned to any one person out of the road and canal fund. Two and three hundred dollar loans had been made, and there wasn't monev enough left to cro round. The first official movement in railway matters in Linn county appears to have been the following order of the court, which was of date October 10, 1849. It reads: " It is ordered by the court here that there be $200 appropriated out of the internal improvement fund of this county, for the purpose of surveying the tract for the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, subject to the order of the president of the board of commissioners of said road." With the order came the opening of the railroad question, and the peo- ple gradually waked uj) to the importance of rapid transportation and cheap freighting facilities. The question continued to be agitated for a number of 210 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. years, for it was nearly ten years after that order was placed upon record that the iron horse made its daily passage through the territory of Linn county, but when it did come its advent was hailed with rejoicing. In the report of all the lots sold in Linneus, and to whom, it was shown that Meredith Brown became the first purchaser, having bought lot one, in block one. The price was not given. THE FIRST PRIMARY. On the third day of December, 1849, Thompson K. Neal resigned the office of assessor of Linn county. It was necessary to have the office filled early the coming year, but judging from the action of the County Court, which met December 17, 1849, there were more candidates than offices, and to get over the difficulty the first primary election to decide the question was ordered to be held on the fourth Saturday in January, 1850. This wa& probably the first primary election held in the State, and it is probably the only one ever held by authority outside of the political parties of the times. This primary was carried out upon the following order of the County Court, neither the Whigs nor Democrats of the county having any- thing to do with it. In fact it was the first people's party of record. The order reads as follows: " It is ordered by the court that the legal voters in and for Linn county may meet on the fourth Saturday in January next, 1850, at the several election precincts in said county, for the purpose of electing an assessor to assess Linn connty for 1850, and that the court will appoint the person hav- ing the highest number of votes." This free for all race resulted in the appointment of William Clarksoii, February 4, 1850. At the April term of the County Court the following order drawing upon the financial resources of the county is found recorded: " It is ordered by the court here that the sum of thirty cents be allowed Daniel Shattock for house rent, and that the clerk of this court draw his warrant on the treasurer for the same, to be paid out of the county fund." It is barely possible that the house was not large or the time long that caused this munificent sum to be paid. The court-house fence cost $124.99, and two extra gates $18, and the same was completed and paid for July 6, 1850. The county clerk in his annual report of receipts and expenditures for 1849, reported an excess of receipts of $73.19, and a total in the county treasury of $665.80. The first jail was ordered built in March, 1851, and the sum of eleven hundred dollars was appropriated for the purpose. It was to be a double wall of brick and logs sheeted with iron, located on lot six in block twenty- two. Hiram E. Ilurlbut was appointed as a building committee of one to HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 211 look after its construction, and to see that it would be proof again&t the 'Mnost accouiplislied unfortunate" to regain his liberty on being confined therein without some help. The first settlement between Sullivan and Linn counties for revenues col- lected wliile the former was attached to Linn county was made, and the amount decided upon by the commissioners was $156. 55|^, and the same was ordered paid to Sullivan county by the County Court. Beverly Neece was appointed swamp land commissioner for selecting the land for Linn county, the eighth of July, 1851. The lands to be sold after selection at public outcry to the highest bidder. After nearly eleven years of service as treasurer of Linn county, David Prewitt was removed under the following order of the County Court, dated July 8, 1851; to-wit, " It is ordered by the court here that the treasurer's office of Linn county now filled by David Prewitt be vacated for neglect of duty as treas- urer, and that said Prewitt make a settlement and deliver all the books, papers, and money belonging to said office at the next term of said court^ and that the sheriff notify him of the same." Edward Hoyle was appointed treasurer and his bond approved, and he took possession of the office October 6, 1851, and on December 2d, David Prewitt and his securities were discharged from all liabilities and his bond given up. April 14, 1851, five hundred dollars was appropriated toward locating the Hannibal 6c St. Joseph Ilailroad through Linn county, and also an election was ordered to take place the third Saturday in May to say how much sub- scription to stock of said road the county would subscribe for. The election probably carried, for on the meeting of the County Court in September, 1851, the agent of the railroad company was on hand asking the court to make a subscription to the stock of said road. This application received the following indorsement; to-wit, " On motion of Colonel Robert M. Stewart, (there were colonels in those days,) agent for the Hannibal & St. Joseph liailroad Compan}', it is or- dered by the court here that the county of Linn take two hundred and fifty shares in the stock of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, at the sum of $100 per share (S25,000), and that the court reserves to their)selves the power to pay over the installments as they may be called for by said com- pany on said stock, either by payment in cash, or by issuing her bonds as the sura may be required; and also, if the bonds which may hereafter be issued by the county for the purposes aforesa d shall be disposed of by said company at a discount, the said count}' is to bear no loss on account thereof. Said bonds to bear interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, payable annually." William Sanders took the contract to build the jail and completed the same 212 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. August 1, 1854. It took something like two years and a half in building, and was reported by the commissioners August 9, 1852, as being two- thirds completed at that date. J. W. Hardy was the first jailer. The county assessor for the year 1852 was ordered in February to assess the county by municipal townships so that the road law could be enforced, and the county was made into road districts of municipal townships, coin- mencins: at Parson Creek as road district No. 1. There was very little of anything going on the next few years excepting the usual changes in office, the rule being generally observed of giving but one term to sheriffs, assessors, and commissioners, while clerks held on, apparently, while life lasted. The treasurer's ofiice, after the "old reliable" David Prewitt, who held it for eleven years, had given it up, also was sub- ject to changes, yet in all these years Linn county had prospered. The peo- ple had not only exhibited remarkable good judgment in the selection of their public servants, but had insisted on economy in the management of county affairs. This course made taxation light, and it kept the county comparatively free from debt. If there were no very rapid progress, neither were there any serious drawbacks. The session of the General Assembly in the winter of 1852-53 passed an act making the office of county treasurer an elective one, and all such ofii- ces in the counties mentioned in the act were to be declared vacant on the first Monday in August, 1853, and the voters on that day were to elect a treasurer. David Prewitt had retired, and Edward Hoyle had been ap- pointed in his place, and he received the nomination and election that year. The act also ordered an election on the first Monday in August, 3 854, and after that year to be held every two years after. The election of 1854 made John G. Flournoy treasurer for the succeeding two years. The legislature at the session above spoken of passed other acts of inter- est, and for the benefit of Linn county. One was the incorporation of the Brunswick, Linneus, and Milan Plank Road Company. The capital stock was not to exceed $300,000, and on the subscription of $2u,000 or more, the company should organize, etc. In this company Linn county had such rep- resentative men as Jacob Smith, Jeremiah Phillips, Daniel Pi'ice, Edward Hoyle, John G. Flournoy, Henry Wilkinson, Robert W. Menifee, Jacob E. Quick, Beverly Neece, and William B. Woodruff. The road was never completed. The act establishing a Probate Court for Linn county was also the work of this legislature. While Mr. John R. Baker was granted the privilege of charging toll at his mill to the amount of one-sixth, instead of one-eighth, which the law allowed, John W. Gentry was allowed to keep one store within the county without paying license, if the said Gentry did not invest over three hundred dollars capital. The act which gave to Linn and Char- iton counties the right to invest the proceeds of the sale of swamp land HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 213