52 N77 y l WISTON-CLARKSTON and the Clearwater Country I Washington Le wiston - Clarkston and the Clearwater Country Idaho — Washington The Land of Sunny Skies, Where Fortune Waits to Help the Man Who Tills the Soil, Trims the Tree and Trains the Vine 1 Q Issued by General Passenger Department Northern Pacific Railway 1911 ,C6(V77 W./Robson F%&3 /Cascade i 111117 , . . Sulnio/ Kooicnaj L d ^ErieA D Uei Jc Ryokerts Hughes Orient J 'SyV'Malo /Lauriei Curlew „ I < Ferguson yw--^ Red /> Mountain Marble locef) * V " ""TorthilTCT e» s ;;\- P Republic ]\] Beulah Jferry ^olville. indian reservation JWeyers Falls XolvillE £ 6 I BcSWrs F eri •pM, ^ I lai j'\ Naples ^Elmii ! B O N//N siK CJievrelah' Springdale Arden E. V E N\Ssa Rocklyn $»oi ,«* 1'PraU I * *'*>, WotySJi^&A *» 'Vc'S V T MColbelM Jf^THORUM | Trout Creek t % %\SIr °* V** m, P ° HSli. J Ha "sLJ/ ? 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V -V^N 54 Ol J^Jc^J^^. !iSiJfoj& D A Y.T O N la «T 4^^^^/^.^>>>^ Paradise^ GRANGt \ I J<£ rS:.^^..,M ^« Copper' l Tilot.ocVJ Meacl.amr^ t //6 '| UMATILLA \ Sd /Imbler ! ^l^-.^J^Ka-inela ^Alicd ^Wallowa PjitsburgJ 1 ^ j ENTERPRfSE J/ap of the Clearwater Country APR 10 Iftoiston-'dtar&sttm mtfc tlif (fflrortaratw (Joimtre HAT would they think, what would they say, those old explorers, hunters, and trappers of fifty or a hundred years ago, could they now see the old Clearwater country in its wonderful transforma- tion! What, too, would the old Chopunnish Indians, the forbears of the present Nez Perce, think and say, could they see their descendants living side by side with an alien race, the skin and brush tepee practically gone, the hunting almost a thing of the past, the Indian pony herds vanished, the "quamash" and "cowse" but little gathered, and in their stead the Indian grain and timothy fields and fruit orchards, the neat and comfortable homes, not to forget the churches and school houses, the herds of fine cattle ; the thoroughbred draft horses, and potatoes, pumpkins, melons, vegetables and fruits in abundance. A beautiful and wonderfully rich and fertile region is this old Clearwater country, so recognized from the beginning by every man who ever traversed it. The Nez Perce Indians have always been ranked the highest among Indian tribes, in religious fervor, intelligence, honor, man- liness, bravery, industry, morality and physical perfection. And one is convinced, from what one sees of their country, that their environ- ment, the land in which they lived, with its delightful climate, fertile soil, magnificent rolling prairies and pastures, pure water, fine timber and imposing landscape, had no small part in making these people the superior tribe. That those scouts of civilization, the explorers, hunters and missionaries, could foresee, even remotely, what this land would blossom into in the twentieth century, is, of course, almost incon- ceivable, considering the startling changes wrought by time in the last quarter of a century. Even though Dr. Whitman, at his mission at Waiilatpu, near where Walla Walla now stands, as early as 1841 was raising crops by irrigation, and, presumably, Spalding was doing the same at Lapwai on the Clearwater a few miles above Lewiston, yet the tremendous possibilities of irrigation in the West were not even imagined. It was not until 1847-1849 that the Mormon people, A Home on the Nez Perce Prairie NORTHERN PACIFIC RY prairie, Weippe prairie. The topography of the region is simply stated. From the junc- tion of the Snake and Clearwater rivers at Lewiston-Clarkston, each stream runs in a deep canyon. The Snake comes in from the south and the Clearwater from the east and south. These canyons range from 1,200 to 2,000 or more feet in depth and are cut through a great lava flow that forms the surface of the whole region. Rising from both these streams, on each side, and sloping upward to the more or less distant and diverse mountain rai ges are wide, rolling plateaus that form the prairies before named. Cutting into these plateaus are many lateral canyons from the main Clearwater and Snake canyons. Aside from the numerous forks of the Clearwater — the North, Middle, South Fork, etc., which flow for most of the way among the heavily timbered Bitter Root mountains, the principal streams with their canyons that thus penetrate the high prairies are the Asotin, flowing from the west into the Snake river, and Lawyer's creek, running from the west into the Clearwater. The canyon of the latter, a deep, narrow, precipitous, and very picturesque lava gorge, acquires importance from the fact that as it bisects the great prairie and plateau between the Snake and Clearwater rivers it has become i n arbitrary line of division; the prairie to the north being called Nez Perce prairie, and the one to the south, Camas prairie. Except for the names there is little or no differ- ence between them. The windings of the canyon also constitute a part of the boundary line be- tween Nez Perce and Idaho counties, in Idaho. Lapwai and Big canyons Page Seven Wheat Warehous at Waha Landin Steamboat at Waha_Landing Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY Craig Mountain are two of several other Forest SL 'rl i f'l '±. J J quite deep canyons de- bouching into the Clear- water. Trending in a general northeasterly direction from the angle formed by the junction of the Snake and Salmon rivers, is a low range of moun- tains called Craig moun- tains. This hill country is a very conspicuous and attractive feature of the Clearwater landscape, and the head-streams and canyons that debouch into and are the origin of Lawyer's and other streams and canyons, have their sources there. The plateau country between the Clearwater and Snake rivers — Nez Perce and Camas prairies, etc. — is largely undulating, thus forming not only a pleasing landscape but a well-drained farming region. Along the bottoms, or floors, of the stream valleys, both main and lateral, there are moderate areas of very rich land, and the terraced slopes of the canyons are equally available and valuable for agriculture and horticulture, and are thus used. The Craig mountains are well clothed with yellow pine, red fir and tamarack, and the cut-over timber lands produce the finest quality of timothy that can be grown. Wieppe prairie lies on the eastern side of the Clearwater river and extends eastward to the foot-hills of the Bitter Root range. It is limited on the north by Oro Fino creek and on the south by Lolo creek — the Collins creek of Lewis and Clark — and is thus compara- tively restricted in area. It was on the Weippe prairie that Lewis and Clark first met the Chopunnish, or Nez Perce, Indians in 1805, and it was the hunting ground of the explorers in 1806 before recrossing the mountains. In general, it is much like the prairie country on the west side of the Clearwater and it is as yet thinly populated. The Indians still gather a few "quamash" or camas roots there, and the old Indian trail, the Lolo trail, across the Bitter Root range into Montana, has its western terminus on the Weippe prairie at the Clearwater river. General Advantages It may be well to here epitomize the general advantages of the Clearwater region as a whole before referring to each district in detail. The country is, in common phrase, new. It is as yet sparsely settled and, in consequence, land is easily obtained and at compara- Page Eight NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q WL Vm \ AT ~~-m -V \ "*** i msml — -~-„ — ■ „ r.$hm IHh State Normal School at Lewiston, Idaho tively low prices. This is particularly true as regards general upland farming lands. Transportation facilities are now good and are constantly being improved. The Northern Pacific Railway has a direct line from Spokane to Lewiston, and branch lines up the Clearwater valley to Kamiah and Stites, and up Lapwai creek and across Nez Perce prairie to Grangeville at the southern edge of Camas prairie. A line following down the north bank of the Snake river from Lewiston gives direct connection with Portland, Tacoma and Seattle. Good markets, locally, are found in the mining camps of Idaho, Washington and Montana, while the coast cities and Spokane take much of the general farm produce, and large quantities of the various products are shipped to Alaska and the eastern markets. Educational facilities are of the best. Besides the common schools, which are found everywhere, there are, at Lewiston, Idaho, a State Normal school; at Moscow, Idaho, the University of Idaho; and at Pullman, Washington, the Washington State College. These institutions probably have no superiors of their kind anywhere in the United States. They have ample lands, fine buildings, good faculties and are thoroughly equipped with expensive and up-to-date apparatus and educational facilities. While, as has been stated, the country is not yet thickly settled, this should be understood as in a relative sense. There are settlers everywhere and more are constantly going in. They represent all parts of the Union and form a good and desirable class of citizens, progressive, moral, industrious. Page Nine * CLEARWATER COUNTRY With the development that is sure to come to this region in the next few years and with the splendid opportunities at hand, no one having an intention of moving into the West should fail to visit and investigate the Clearwater country. Lewiston-Clarkston The most important and advanced portion of the Clearwater country is that part at and near the junction of the Clearwater and Snake rivers generally known as the Lewiston-Clarkston region. Lewiston, in Idaho, lies in the angle formed by the above named streams, was founded in 1861, and was named for Captain Meri- wether Lewis, of Lewis and Clark. Clarkston, in Washington, on the west bank of the Snake river opposite Lewiston, was established in 189G, and was so called in honor of Captain W T m. Clark, of the same exploring expedition. On October 10, 1805, Lewis and Clark camped on the north bank of the Snake river where [it turns from the north to the west and just below the mouth of the Clearwater, or Koos-koos-ke, river, as they called it, so that the naming of these cities most appropriately perpetuates an historical fact. What may properly be called the Lewiston-Clarkston region lies south of the Clearwater, and east of the Snake, river, west of Lapwai and Sweetwater creeks, and north of the Craig Mountain foothills, in Idaho, with a more limited area in Washington in the angle formed by the bend of the Snake river and extending to and about the headwaters of Asotin creek. In the river bottoms of these streams there are considerable areas of tillable land noted for their productivity. These are irrigated from the streams themselves or from springs in the hills bordering them. Where the bottom lands and the hill slopes are easi'y irrigated, that is, can be irrigated by individual owners without £. Steel bridge across Snake River between] Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Wash. Page Ten NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q too heavy expense for irrigation works, they have been under culti- vation for years and, in the Clearwater valley above Lewiston especially, there are some very noted old orchards and vineyards. Large areas of the bench, or plateau, lands about Lewiston- Clarkston have been devoted to grain culture; these lands have been taken over by syndicates, or companies, platted into orchard tracts of various and convenient sizes, extensive irrigation works con- structed under competent engineers and at heavy expense, and the tracts are being sold out in small intensive holdings to purchasers, at fair prices and on convenient terms. St Stanislaus Church Lewiston Christian Church Lewiston The fact of previous cultivation should carefully be borne in mind in connection with these uplands as this obviates, entirely, the necessity of the purchaser , clearing the land, as he usually must, before planting his orchard, vegetables, or berries. These lands are clear of sage brush, chapparal, or timber and need a little leveling here and there only, to make them ready for planting and irrigation. Lewiston was originally built on a fairly wide piece of bottom land at the junction of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, and here the business section of the city is still found. This locality is the lowest in elevation of any point in Idaho, being 738 feet above sea-level. Back from the streams a bench with a vei deal bluff rises 100 to 200 feet above the river, and this has become the residence part of the city. This bench is about a mile wide, generally level, and commands a fine view of the surrounding region. Well back of this rises another and very much larger terrace which forms a part of the undulating plateau that slopes upward to the Craig mountains, some 20 miles Page EUten CLEARWATER COUNTRY distant. This second terrace lies beautifully at an elevation above sea-level, near Lewiston, of 1,400 feet, approximately, increasing in altitude as the mountains are approached. It is well drained, and is rapidly being transformed from wheat fields into magnificent orchards. Clarkston is directly opposite Lewiston in the midst of a wide bottom-land plain and well above the river. It is connected with Lewiston by a high, steel, cantilever bridge across the Snake river, and also by wire ferry. This bridge is 1,485 feet long and cost over $100,000. Two miles back from Clarkston, as on the Lewiston side, there is found a bench, or terrace, of large area which is being divided into small orchard tracts. These Clarkston lands are in all respects similar to those around Lewiston. The land in the valley below the higher terrace is known as Vineland, and Clarkston is the town and postoffice of the district. The high terrace is called Clarkston Heights. The lower lands lie from 50 to 300 feet above the river; Clarkston Heights is considerably higher, lying, generally, from 1,000 to 1,250 feet above the *ea. The towns and contiguous country recognize the fact that their aims and interests are identical and they work harmoniously to- gether toward a common end. Some who live in Clarkston do business in Lewiston, and vice versa. The combined population of the two places is about 10,000. These towns occupy a position of strategic importance socially and commercially. They are the social center and the natural depot of trade for a large and very rich section of territory. The places themselves are advanced and modern in every particular. Fine store buildings, residences, school houses and churches are found. The hotels are good, there are parks and public libraries, a Commercial Club, several strong banks and trust companies, department stores, wholesale establishments, water works and sewage systems, several fruit canneries, a 250 barrel flour mill, etc. JThe State Normal School at Lewiston, with ample grounds and imposing buildings, imparts an educational flavor of decided advan- tage to the community and the moral tone of the locality is of the best. Automobiles are common and auto trips into the outlying plateau and mountain towns are of daily occurrence. The Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad and Navigation companies have recently com- pleted a Union Station at a cost of $75,000, and a new steel rail- way bridge used jointly by both railways spans the Clearwater river at Lewiston. Page Twelve Carnegie Library, Lewiston NORTHERN PAG I FIG RY While Lewiston had been a trading post and base of supplies for trappers and miners wandering over a wide territory for many years, the real commercial history of the region began with the advent of the Northern Pacific Railway a brief ten years ago. Whole- sale houses quickly followed, and today there are over thirty traveling salesmen who make Lewiston their headquarters. They radiate in all directions: to the Nez Perce country, Clearwater, and Bitter Root points; the Elk City, Buffalo Hump, and Thunder mountain mining regions; the Salmon river country, Asotin country and other points in Washington, and regular trips are also made to the Paradise country, and other Oregon points more conveniently reached from Lewiston than from Oregon jobbing centers. The Lewiston- Clarkston merchants also secure a share of the business from the Palouse country. Since Lewiston-Clarkston became an active commercial center, with houses devoted exclusively to wholesale business, the obstacles incident to such a position have been met and conquered. Keen competition from other wholesale markets, including Pacific Coast merchants, has been survived; whether crops have been large or small the community has gone right ahead; the recent panic of 1907 did not disturb it, the banks issued no cashier's scrip in the time of financial stringency, nor did a jobber or merchant retire or fail. On the contrary the business for 1908 was larger than ever before and a feeling of prosperity today permeates all branches of com- mercial activity. There are new industries in prospect and with the recent completion of the Camas Prairie Railroad down the Snake river, giving quick connection with tide water for the products of the territory, a new expansion of trade is imminent and the sub- stantial and immediate growth of Lewiston-Clarkston as the com- mercial metropolis of a region of much magnitude, may be anticipated. There are now located here two large wholesale grocery and three fruit commission houses, four canneries, a fruit preserving plant, one wholesale liquor and one wholesale cigar house. The large retail houses also do more or less wholesaling. Lewiston also profitably supports the only wholesale drug house in Idaho. The bank clearings aggregate about $9,000,000 a year. The bank deposits exceeded $3,000,000, on an average, for 1910. Aside from the fruit center that Lewiston-Clarkston is bound to become, the place offers good promise for the future to the manu- facturer or man looking for a location in a coming commercial city. The production of grain in the surrounding country and the opening of a water-grade route to the Coast leaves no doubt, apparently, of its future as a coming grain and flour milling point. New grain firms are making headquarters here, and it is estimated that grain in excess of 10,000 cars annually will soon pass through Lewiston- Clarkston down the new line, this being the natural point for assemb- ling shipments from the contiguous territory. Page Thirteen Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY With a quality of oats superior to those of South Dakota, which have ranked highest for cereal mill uses, possibly the manufacture of rolled oats and other cereal products will enter into the future activity of Lewiston-Clarkston. It is certain that with milling rates in effect, flour milling offers inducements to men of experience, and in a manufacturing way there will gradually open up fields for many other enterprises. These opportunities await men with energy and capital. Lewiston-Clarkston is also the base of operations for a wide region in mining and in lumber. Large deposits of minerals are known to exist in the mountains and in case of certain new districts are believed to be rich beyond conception, and mining activity is increasing. Lumbering is on the increase and the demand for the yellow and white pine of the Craig and Bitter Root mountains is making this an important industry, although as yet almost in its infancy. There is a large area of fine timber tributary to Lewiston-Clarks- ton in the mountains adjacent. A lumber railroad from Craig junction to Winchester opens up a valuable timber zone in the Craig mountains. All the timber lands are very valuable and in demand. The water power of the various streams is an asset that will eventually prove one of very great value This is estimated at 200,000 horse power, only a trifling part of which is as yet utilized. A few miles above Clarkston on the Snake river at the mouth of Asotin creek, is the town of Asotin, the county seat of Asotin county, Washington. It is one of the older towns of the region and is con- nected with Lewiston-Clarkston by good roads and by river navigation. Snuggled among the bluffs of the Snake river and Asotin creek, with its wide shaded streets, amph lawns and yards ornamented with large cherry, mulberry and numerous other beauti- ful trees, the creek r'ppling merrily through the town, it is one of the most delightful, refreshing and attractive towns in that part of the country. It has schools, churches, business houses, flour and sawmills, grain warehouses, a free library, electric lighting, water supply, etc. It is a good business point, having tributary to it an extended and fertile agricultural territory which is now principally devoted to grain farming, but the Cloverland country, on the north- ern slopes of the Blue mountains, has proved to be well adapted to the growing of late fruits, particularly, and is now rapidly developing into a horticultural region. The Anatone country, farther south between the Grande Ronde river and Asotin creek, is a good farming, stock-raising and lumbering section. Besides the three important towns of Lewiston, Clarkston and Asotin, there are, here and there, at opportune and favorable locali- ties, smaller towns and hamlets, the embryo cities of the future. The towns and country are reciprocal factors in the evolution of a region that, ten years ago, was scarcely known to the outside world Page Fourteen NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q A four-Year Old Apple Orchard, Burrell Avenue, Lewiston and, ten years hence, will be known wherever fine fruits and their products are eaten and good wines are drunk. That the Lewiston-Clarkston region is specially adapted to intensive irrigation farming has been well proved. Fruits and most vegetables are less hardy than grain and grasses, and far mor particular as to their requirements of soil, climate and culture. We have always known that soil drainage was im- portant; in these latter days, and especially in connection with horticultural irrigation enterprises in the West, we have learned that air drainage, frost areas and dates, altitude and wind currents are to be carefully reckoned with in fruit culture. Obviously, it requires a little time to become acquainted with these conditions, — for any given locality to "find itself." This precise ascertainment of local conditions and how to handle them has now largely been attained in Lewiston-Clarkston, and the newcomer may thus learn by the experience of a neighbor familiar with conditions, not to set out peach trees where winter apple trees should be placed; not to plant early strawberries or lettuce where poor air drainage will allow a possible late frost to nip them and where potatoes or alfalfa should be planted. Some of the more detailed problems at Lewiston-Clarkston will be more fully worked out in the future, but, in general, the proper zones for apples, pears, apricots, peaches, grapes, berries and the delicate vegetables and the proper methods of handling them have now been well determined and those who now invest here may do so confidently and intelligently. The Lewiston-Clarkston region, with its long, dry, warm summers and short and mild winters; its varied altitudes — between 700 and 2,500 feet above sea level; its deep, rich volcanic soil; its 14 inches, approximately, of annual rainfall and its ample supply of water for irrigation, is an ideal region for fruits and vegetables. These soil products do exceedingly well here. Page Fifteen o CLEARWATER COUNTRY Apple Orchard, Showing System of Irrigation and Cultivation The general conditions are practically the same around both Lewiston and Clarkston. The surface soil is a rich dark loam, underlaid with a lighter colored warm sandy loam many feet deep. There is an absence of hard pan as a rule, there is good underdrainage and water storage capacity; there is no alkali and no sagebrush, and the land is easily worked. According to the authority of Prof. Severance, Professor of Agronomy, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington, the soil is first class fruit land, especially well adapted to apples, plums, peaches, pears, grapes and various berries. The mean annual temperature for this locality is a little under 54 degrees Fahrenheit; the mean temperature for July and August is about 74 degrees, the mean temperature for the months of Decem- ber, January and February, is 37 degrees. There have been three winters in the last ten years when the mercury dropped to zero or below, but it remained there but a short time. Frost rarely comes early enough in the fall to do any damage. The average latest date of killing frosts in the spring is April 8th. These frosts, however, are apt to affect vegetation only on the lowest lying lands and even here experiment has proved that, by being prepared and by promptly and unitedly setting smudges of wet straw and similar materials more or less saturated with coal tar and thereby filling the valley with a dense smoke cloud, all damage to vegetation may be avoided and the crops saved. This smudging experience and remedy has been used successfully in other irrigation valleys, for all of them must be prepared to expect and fight an occasional late frost. Or- chard heaters made of metal and specially for this purpose are rapidly coming into general use in western orchards. The diseases and insects common to deciduous fruits and which it seems must be met with sooner or later in all orchards, are to be found here, but by systematic use of the various scientific methods of spraying and the other well known means of protection, they are successfully combatted and controlled. Page Sixteen NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q The Lewiston-Clarkston region is fortunate in having located so near it the University of Idaho and the State College of Washing- ton at Moscow and Pullman, respectively. The Agricultural Departments are important parts of both colleges. It may be stated here that this region is, practically, free from mosquitoes, reptiles, and similar pests that so often afflict commu- nities and make life a burden. It is also free from malaria. Irrigation Projects The Lewiston-Clarkston Company The oldest orchards and vineyards of this section are found along the Clearwater river above Lewiston. These are mostly private enterprises, many of them begun much more than a score of years ago. It is only within the last ten or twelve years that efforts have been made to establish irrigation works on a large and system- atic scale. The first attempt to bring wide areas under irrigation* cultivation and induce extensive settlement on small orchard and vegetable tracts was in Vineland, Wash., across the Snake river from Lewiston. The Lewiston-Clarkston Company, that began this work, was organized in 1896. It was composed largely of eastern men. The holdings of this company were taken over recently by the Lewiston- Clarkston Improvement Co., headed by E. H. Libby, president, the founder of Clarkston- Vineland. The company's lands, both those sold and those still held by them, are thus classified: Clarkston 640 acres Vineland 1800 " Clarkston Heights 3000 " Miscellaneous acreage 350 " Total 5790 acres The company began selling its lands in Vineland in 1897 at $100 an acre. At that time Vineland was a vast sagebrush patch with hardly a house to break the monotony. Now it is widely covered with orchards, vineyards and gardens with comfortable and, in many cases, expensive houses scattered among them. The indi- vidual holdings range from one acre to five, ten, fifteen acres, and in some few instances there are larger holdings. Although the farm units are small, the cultivated areas are well massed, and the rustic picture as now seen from an elevated spot overlooking the wide expanse of orchards is a most beautiful one. These small orchard holdings mean, necessarily, contiguous neighbors; in effect a rural town, or urban community, with telephone lines, rural free delivery, and all such modern conveniences. The average size of these ranch homes, outside of the townsite of Clarkston, is less than three and one-half acres. Page Seventeen Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY / The present population of Clarkston-Vineland is estimated at 3,000. Unimproved lands now range in price, according to location, from $275 to $500 per acre, terms of payment being, for five acres or more, one-fifth cash down and one fifth payable at the close of the second, third, fourth and fifth years with interest at 7 per cent. The price includes a perpetual water right with service under pressure. The lands thus far sold have been largely in Vineland, those on Clarkston Heights having been but recently placed on the market. The lands farthest away are about three and a quarter miles distant from the Clarkston postoffice. The gravity system of irrigation is employed, and originally comprehended the use of the usual open main surface canals and lateral ditches. These open canals are gradually being superseded by a gravity system of closed pipe lines supplying the water to each land owner cool and under pressure. This method saves the loss by seepage and evaporation consequent upon the open canal system and, where it is also employed by the individual irrigator as it now increasingly is in Lewiston-Clarkston, it greatly simplifies and lessens the work of irrigation. The source of water supply for the Vineland-Clarkston lands is Asotin creek, a pure mountain stream rising in the Blue mountains. At a point some twelve miles distant from Clarkston the Company has constructed a concrete dam to bedrock at sides and bottom, forming a balancing reservoir with a capacity of 20 million gallons. The minimum flow of Asotin creek, government measurement, is 40 cubic feet per second, an amount claimed to be more than ample for the lands owned by the company. The company has the right to the entire flow of the stream less two cubic feet per second owned by prior users. r j® "rPw^fw? Peach and Cherry Orchard of R. U. Barr — 5 Acre*, 16 MonUu Jrom Planting — July, 1908 Page Eighteen NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Demonstration of Force of Water Brought from Craig Mountain! The water is conveyed to the lands in large wooden steel bound pipes. The first seven miles of pipe, from the dam, are 48 inches in interior diameter. A portion of the water is then diverted to an electrical power house and after using is returned to the creek. Page Nineteen 9 CLEARWATER COUNTRY Below the power house the pipe is 40 inches in diameter to the point of distribution over the lands where it again changes to a 32 inch pipe. Another power house and balancing, or pressure reservoir, are found at this point. The general system of distributing pipes to the many ranch homes, including mains and laterals, varies in size from 20 inches to 4 inches. The cost of these reservoirs, dam, water rights and conduits, all told, was $575,000. As has been indicated the Company has in connection with its irrigation rights and plant a valuable and extensive electric plant. There are two water and one steam electric plants, with a combined capacity of 4,000 horse power. There are five substations and 50 miles of high tension transmission line serving eight towns. These combined electric plants cost $350,000 in round numbers. The total investment of the Lewiston-Clarkston company, therefore, in irri- gation and electric plants and the Snake river bridge considerably exceeds one million dollars. In the deeds given by the company the purchaser obtains the right to an amount of water, annually, equal to one foot of water in depth over each acre purchased, or, as it is commonly stated, one acre foot of water. With an average annual rainfall, mostly from November to April or May, of nearly 14 inches, this acre foot of water has proved to be more than sufficient, and therefore the annual maintenance charge for water — common to nearly all irrigation enterprises — is based on two-fifths of an acre foot, this charge being $2.00, and for each additional one-fifth acre foot the charge is $1.00, an entire acre foot costing, if used, $5.00. The Lewiston Land & Water Company (Limited) The success of the Lewiston-Clarkston Company at Vineland, and the extension of the Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific Railway into Lewiston in 1898, thus giving that locality for the first time direct railway connection with the rest of the world — via Spokane- drew especial attention to the entire Clearwater country. A company of Portland, Oregon, gentlemen saw the tremendous possibilities of the wheat growing plateau above Lewiston, for fruit culture particularly, if water for irrigating it could be obtained. A year's careful study and investigation proved that the water supply was available and that it could be easily conveyed to the lands. The Lewiston Lan 1 & Water Company, Limited, was organized in 1905. They own 8,000 acres of land on the broad, high bench above Lewiston and to this they have given the name of "Lewiston Orchards," and there are now under irrigation, 4,000 acres. The land is gently rolling, faces north, is clean and clear of obstacles to culti- vation, is convenient to Lewiston, and is a most sightly and valuable property in every way. Prof. Severance, who made a very thorough investigation of the soil of Lewiston Orchards and submitted a most commendatory report thereon, closes his remarks thus: — fage Twenty NORTHERN PACIFIC RY "The reputation of the Lewiston-Clarkston valley is well estab- lished and the writer can say with a clear conscience that the Lewiston Land & Water Company, Limited, is offering for sale some of the very best land in the valley." The water rights of the company comprise four creeks having their sources in the Craig mountains to the south. Twelve miles of open main canal and flume were constructed, some of it through rock and costing $20,000 a mile. The canal varies in size from 9 feet in width at the bottom and 10 feet wide at three feet depth to 10 feet wide on the bottom and 20 feet wide at a depth of three feet, and it will eventually be enlarged as necessity requires. The canal termi- nates at a natural depression 10 miles distant from, and 1,000 feet above, Lewiston. Here an enormous and solid earthen dam has been constructed forming an immense reservoir and impounding the mountain waters brought down by the canal. The dam and reservoir have been built under the superintendence of expert engineers. The former, when entirely completed, will be 98 feet high, — 60 feet being its present height — 4,025 feet in length, and 500 feet thick at its widest point. The drainage area tributary to this plant is about 100 square miles and the reservoir will store more than 6,000 acre feet of water. The outlet pipes are of concrete and the water is distributed to the irrigators in large 48 inch underground pipes, under a minimum head pressure of 50 feet. The lands of the company are arranged in units of five acres and are sold in tracts of 2^, 5 and 10 acres, and multiples thereof. These tracts are nicely arranged with 60 foot streets and 20 foot alleys. The water distributing pipes are carried through the alleys and water is delivered to each tract through a tap under pres- sure, as before stated. The aims and plans of the company are high and far reaching and they are making of Lewiston Orchards a beautiful and model suburban community. The appearance of things, even to the casual visitor, betokens the intelligence of these plans and the faithful carrying out of them. The company itself has set out ornamental trees along the streets and, in line with a reasonable insistence that tends toward a pleasing though moderate beautifying of the entire plot, requires each purchaser to maintain around his holdings a fence, inexpensive in cost but well constructed, of a uniform design and painted white. The happy effect of such a simple requirement has but to be seen to be appreciated. Other improvements planned are a fine park, a modern automobile road system, a country club, etc. The company's investment in these lands and works aggregates $1,250,000. The Lewiston Land & Water Company, Limited, charges for its lands from $400 to $1500 an acre according to location, age of trees, etc. This includes the usual water right. An annual maintenance charge for water of $5 an acre is also required according to the usual terms. Page Twenty-one CLEARWATER COUNTRY The payments for a 5 acre tract run as follows, with interest on deferred payments at 7 per cent: — Purchase price 5 acre tract at $400 per acre .... $2,000 Cash, date of purchase, one-fifth $400 Cash, 1 year from purchase, one-fifth 400 Cash, 2 years from purchase, one-fifth 400 Cash, 3 years from purchase, one-fifth 400 Cash, 4 years from purchase, one-fifth 400 $2,000 The purchaser also has the option of paying one-fifth down in cash and $6 an acre each month in lieu of the other method. For the benefit of non resident purchasers the company sells lands on an improvement contract under which they will improve the tract and bring the orchard into bearing. This arrangement runs for three or four years, usually, or until the orchard reaches the bearing period, and all costs of development, including water rents, taxes, care of the place, etc., — in addition to the regular cost of the land — are charged against the property. The company, in effect, acts as financial agent for the purchaser. The terms under this Improvement contract are the same as under the regular contracts. The purchaser under this contract may, if he chooses, pay also, as in regular contracts, the one-fifth down in cash and the remainder in monthly installments until the cost of land and improvements are fully met. These lands are usually set out to standard commercial varieties of winter apples. Another form of contract exists by which the purchaser may purchase a tract, have it improved, and, upon its reaching maturity, have the product regularly marketed for him. Under this contract the purchaser is saved all worry and labor of development and marketing and the company participates in the net profits of the orchard, thus making successful handling of the property a matter of mutual interest. After the orchard reaches maturity the company will market the product, year after year, and pay to the owner the full yearly net profits until he has returned to him the full amount of his investment with interest. After that profits will be divided equally between the owner and the company. After five years the purchaser may take over the property and manage it himself, if desired, under a reasonable condition of the contract for compensating the company for its superintendence and services in the development of the orchard. These plans offer attractive inducements to clergymen, teachers, clerks, and others of moderate incomes, to become the owners of 2J/2, 5 or 10 acre orchard homes by the convenient and easy install- ment method of payment. Certainly the sight of the young, deep green, thrifty, growing orchards already set out, with the long, healthy rows of beans, onions, Page Twenty-two NORTHERN PACIFIC RY J Sweetwater Canal — A Small Part of Re in Left Background potatoes, berries, melons, carrots and other garden products occupy- ing and economizing the space between the trees until the latter need it, is one to gladden the eyes and a forerunner of a glorious future. The Waha-Lewiston Land & Water Company A third irrigation enterprise is that of the Waha-Lewiston Land & Water Company. This project is of quite recent origin and while several hundred thousand dollars have been spent and a large amount of work has been done, it has been, in the nature of the case, as yet, largely a work of thorough preparation preliminary to the actual subdivision of the land and the distribution of the water. The nucleus of the Waha-Lewiston Company is the use of Lake Waha, supplemented by several smaller lakelets in the vicinity, as a water supply and storage reservoir. Lake Waha is a beautiful natural lake having a water surface of about 80 acres. It lies on the northern slope of the Craig mountains 25 miles south from Lewiston and is about 2,000 feet higher than the city. The lake, at its present water level, is 100 feet deep in its deepest part. By means of proper engineering devices it is intended to impound the flood waters of as wide an area as possible around the lake, each year, until the season of irrigation. The annual precipitation in the Craig mountain region considerably exceeds 30 inches. By conserving the waters from the melting snow and the rains in the spring and raising the water surface to the lowest point of the present lake rim, the depth would be increased to 217 feet, the surface area to 200 acres, and the water content would amount to more than 20,000 acre feet. The company own in excess of 10,000 acres of land, including Page T wenly-three "Pipe Line" Water Supply for Clarkston o CLEARWATER COUNTRY Field of Potatoes — Lewiston Orchards, Summer of 1907 — Young Orchard in Background the shore and other drainage lands about Lake Waha and other reservoir lake sites. One of the features of the Waha-Lewiston project is the use of several large springs that burst out of the mountain below Lake Waha. These springs have a combined discharge, approximately, of 8,000,000 gallons a day of pure, cold, spring water. It is purposed to use this spring water, primarily, for the domestic water supply of those owning homes under the company's system and for the further purpose of developing electric power for lighting and other uses. The lands of the company to some extent adjoin those of the Lewiston orchards, running back, however, and up the Craig moun- tain slopes. They are well drained and possess a wide variety of elevations above sea level up to 2,500 feet or more, one being able to thus cover a wide range in making choice of a location. The prices of these lands will range about as do those of the other com- panies mentioned and liberal terms of payment will be offered. Vegetables and Berries As previously stated, in devel- oping an orchard it is customary for the owner to raise vegetables or small berries between the rows of trees until the trees are large enough to require the whole nour- ishment of the soil. This means a period of from three to five Onion* Grown in Young Orchard Page Timih/-foiir NORTHERN PACIFIC RY years. During this time these crops are relied upon to support the family, and until the orchard provides an income this plan is generally successful. Indeed, it often aids in making the deferred payments on the place and the cultivation benefits the trees without in any way being disadvantageous. All the ordinary vegetables and small fruits grow luxuriantly. All kinds of beans, potatoes, onions, carrots, cucumbers, cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, strawberries, dew- berries, blackberries, raspberries, etc., are raised. The canneries assist materially in the marketing of these products, and a consider- able amount of "garden truck" is shipped to the Montana towns and cities. The experience of Peter Spohn in commercial vegetable produc- tion will answer for that of others: — "Clarkston, June 6, 1910. "I went from Northern Ohio to Colorado in 1882. Followed market gardening at Denver and Fort Collins for about 18 years. In 1900 I went to Missoula, Montana, and remained there until 1905. Since then I have followed market gardening here. I have cultivated 7 acres, by hand, and raised a variety of crops. In 1907 one acre of White Spine cucumbers netted me $750, there being 750 boxes at $1 per box, containing 5 dozen cucumbers per box. I took from % of an acre 4,000 cabbages, mostly Jersey Wakefields. Prices were unusually good in 1907 and I got $3.75 per 100 pounds, gross, or about $6 per crate of 210 pounds. I had, in all, 57 crates. "From 1% acres of Monte Cristo watermelons I took 7,300 saleable melons of 12 pounds or over in weight each. These netted about $700. "From the watermelon ground I took 3,500 pounds of Alaska early peas which brought, net, $200. "I had % an acre of Rocky Ford cantaloupes which netted me about $350. With these I did much better in 1906, which was a more favorable year for cantaloupes. "A quarter of an acre of Grand Rapids lettuce netted me $400. There were 260 boxes of 20 pounds to the box. A half acre of White Queen (pickle) onions brought in $250. I shipped 50 dozen bunches of table onions per day for three weeks. One half acre of carrots produced well, realizing about $125. Miscellaneous stuff aggregated $100, making $3,000 income from 4M acres. %Y± acres were non- productive. Our income clear of all expenses was $1,800. My interest in the property is a working interest, being one-half the expense and income. The owner's returns were 30 per cent, on the total investment of $3,500 in the property." (Signed) Peter Spohn. Page Twenty-five CLEARWATER COUNTRY Tomato growing is an attractive branch of gardening and Mr. Krandelt has made it a profitable one as well: — "Asotin, Wash., May 1, 1910. "In regard to tomato growing, I herewith submit the following facts and figures: — "About two acres of my place are devoted to the growing of tomatoes and the first ripe ones are usually obtained about the first of July. The first ones produced net me about $2 a box. About August 1, when tomatoes are more plentiful, they bring about $1 a box, and as the season advances, they are sold as low as 40 cents a box. "Twenty one hundred boxes are the usual yield from this acreage and about four tons are sold in bulk." (Signed) A. J. Krandelt. While there undoubtedly is money to be made in raising vegetables in this way there is, with many, a decided feeling that the various berry crops are more remunerative. Mr. F. B. Laing, an experienced grower, has very positive convictions on this subject. In discussing the general question of orcharding he said: — "I came to Washington and Idaho in 1877 from Pike County, Illinois. Have lived in a number of irrigated fruit districts and have been at Lewiston-Clarkston since 1897. I have handled orchards for many years. I like this country and think it is bound to be a great success. The soil, climate, and water are of the best. "Apples, cherries, peaches, and berries grow to perfection. The most desirable apples to grow here are the Rome Beauty, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Spitzenberg, Jonathan and Winesap. The Bing, Lambert and Royal Ann are the best cherries and I give the Bing the preference. "For early peaches the best are the Alexander and Triumph; for late peaches the Early Crawford, Elberta and Late Crawford are the best. For domestic use the Early Rivers and Hale's Early are good peaches. Apricots and plums do well and I am satisfied that this is a fine grape country, especially for the European varieties — particularly, the Flame Tokay. "Dewberries do particularly well commercially and so also do red raspberries and strawberries. For a filler crop while the trees are growing, the berry crops are far better than vegetable crops. Dew- berries should bring $300 and upward per acre; strawberries will do the same year in and year out and often will do much better; rasp- berries will produce about the same results. Clark's seedling is the strawberry to raise, commercially; for domestic use the Magoon and the Crescent are good and are splendid producers. The Lucretia is the best dewberry, and the Cuthbert the best shipping raspberry. "No one has as yet undertaken to develop the strawberry here and I am satisfied there is great money in it. On a limited area in Vineland, one year, after raising a good crop of these berries I cultivated the bed carefully and to my surprise it bore a second crop Page Twenty-six NORTHERN PACIFIC RY yielding at the rate of $230 an acre. The following summer it again bore a good crop bringing returns at the rate of $500 an acre. As I soon after sold the place I know nothing of that bed since then. I am satisfied the strawberry will do as well as here indicated, all over this region. In strawberry culture intense cultivation is demanded." June 3, 1910. (Signed) F. B. Laing. Mr. Laing's opinions regarding berries are confirmed by other persons of experience. The dewberry appears to be the preferred berry and a dewberry patch is surely a sight to gladden the eye and, according to all reports, enrich the purse. Dewberries are calculated upon to produce a profit of $1 per bush per season. They are a sure crop and find a ready sale at from $1 to $3 per crate of 24 boxes each. They will return from $400 to $500 per acre. Raspberries do as well and in some cases have done much better. Mr. Laing's ideas anent the strawberry afford food for reflection to those who understand the cultivation of this delicious fruit. Every home, almost, in the Lewiston-Clarkston locality has its own strawberry "patch," but there appear to have been but few attempts, as Mr. Laing intimates, to raise strawberries, at least on a large scale, for strictly commercial purposes. Such efforts as have been made have demonstrated that strawberries will return to the grower from $300 to $500 or $600 per acre. Gooseberries and currants do well and the general situation as to small berries has been well stated by Mr. Laing and it is confirmed by others. If there can be a sufficiency of help obtained at picking time to harvest the crops, this region should become famous for its straw- berries and other small fruits. If the effort were made the Nez Perce Indians might become available for extensive fruit harvesting here even as the Yakima and other Indians now are in the Yakima valley at hop and fruit gather- ing time. The experi- ment would seem to be worth trying. There are several can- ning companies here : the Snake River Canning Co. , the Clarkston Fruit and Canning Co., both of Clarkston, and the Lewis- ton - Clarkston Canning Co. and Sprague Sanitary Preserving Co. in Lewis- ton. With these can- neries in full and con- tinuous operation, the Page Twenty-seven Apples Grow in Abundance Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY growing of those vegetables most in demand and of the small fruits should become very profitable, especially during the early years of the orchard. The financial flurry of 1907 seriously affected the general fruit market in 1908. For this reason the prices paid for fresh, and received for canned, fruit at the canneries in 1908 were very low. The canneries at Lewiston-Clarkston canned, during this, their first year, 675 tons of fruit of which about one-half were peaches and one-third cherries. The prices paid to the growers averaged about one cent per pound for peaches and apricots and three cents for cherries. The pack was curtailed as much as possible, owing to the depression before noted, and the output of canned goods amounted to about 60 cars which were shipped to many cities, extending from Spokane, Helena and Butte to Chicago, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, etc. This fruit equalled that packed in California and held its own in competition with it. The canned fruit product has since continued to find favor and the output is gradually increasing. Poultry There is money to be made in poultry raising in the Lewiston- Clarkston country, particularly when combined with fruit raising. The two form an admirable combination in this land of long warm summers and mild winters. And there is always a market for fresh eggs and chickens in the lumber and mining camps and the Coast cities. Nearly every fruit or vegetable ranch house has its proper quota of chickens, many are raised entirely from a commercial standpoint and they are of pure breeds in most cases. Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds and other equally well known breeds are found. The fruit orchards afford the necessary shade demanded in successful poultry work and the chickens by their scratch- ing make good cultivators of the ground and aid also in keeping down orchard insect pests. There is no excessive moisture and the fact that poultry can be out of doors practically all the year, is, undoubtedly, largely responsible for the success attending this branch of farm work here. Poultry raising appears A Flemish Beauty Pear Tree Page Twenty-eight NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q to be confined almost entirely to chickens. In the testimonials given on this subject it will be at once noted how closely fruit raising and poultry are combined. One of the most interesting places visited was the chicken ranch of Mr. Fraser, whose account of his experiences, immediately following, makes interesting reading: — "I came to Clarkston from Carrington, North Dakota, 10 years ago. I have 2 3^ acres of land; a half acre of alfalfa, a small garden patch, and the remainder of place is set out to trees and used as a chicken ranch. I have about 175 fruit trees in bearing, mostly peaches. They are principally late varieties — Crawfords, Sal ways, Muirs. My trees are well loaded this year and the returns ought to be satisfactory. "Chicken raising is my principal business. My chickens are all Leghorns — buff and white, principally white. I have 700 chickens, 300 old, and 400 young ones. Last year I had 250 layers which were three and four years old and, after running the place, making certain improvements, and feeding the young chickens, they gave me a profit of $1 per hen. This year I have 300 layers and have been getting an average of 12 dozen eggs a day. This is not a very large average on account of most of my layers this year being late hatched pullets. The yearling and two year old stock is the best for laying. "At this time with the small number of hens I have I can dispose of all my eggs on the local market. I have regular customers and I never get less than 20 cents a dozen; during holiday season eggs are worth as high as 45 cents a dozen. I make my deliveries twice a week. The eggs are delivered perfectly clean and guaranteed fresh. If any bad eggs are found I replace them. "So far the local market has absorbed all my young chickens. We get from $3.50 to $4 a dozen for four months old chickens alive. For dressed chickens I get from 25 to 30 cents a pound. "In hatching I use the incubators entirely and the Philo system for brooding. This system is simplicity itself and, at least with me, is entirely satisfactory. The majority of my chicken houses are open front but I have one or two curtained for fancy stock. I do not find though that curtains are necessary; only a few times in eight years has it been necessary to use them. In that time the thermometer has gone to zero only twice. "From my experience I am fully satisfied that any man of ordinary ability who will use standard bred stock and feed and care for the chickens according to latest improved methods can make a success of poultry raising in the Lewiston-Clarkston country. With proper care and attention there is no reason why flocks should be carried off by the ordinary chicken diseases — and mites and lice are easily gotten rid of. "There are no rats in this country." Clarkston, Wash., June 3, 1910. (Signed) G. A. Fraser. Page Twenty-nine CLEARWATER COUNTRY The statements of Mr. Henderson and Mr. Bailey regarding poultry will supplement Mr. Fraser's story: — "The combination of soil, climate, location and market will, in my opinion, make this the largest poultry raising district in the Northwest. "I have been experimenting with poultry for the past five years in this locality. Last year (1909) a pen of four hens produced 720 eggs at an average market price of 30 cents a dozen. This year I have 31 hens that have produced since January 1, 1910, to April 30, 1910, nineteen hundred and thirty -five eggs. The cost of feeding one chicken in this locality is estimated at 9 cents a month." (Signed) L. C. Henderson, U. S. Veterinary Inspector. "While fruit raising and gardening are the chief occupations of the people of Clarkston and Vineland, they are turning their attention more and more to poultry. The climate here is ideal for that purpose, and people are rapidly learning that poultry pays. " The writer having lived for the past ten years engaged in handling poultry supplies and shipping eggs, can safely say that the poultry industry has brought in more clear money than any other, with eggs averaging the producer about 35 cents a dozen the year around, and poultry always bringing a high price, the market growing steadily better. "This place offers the best of opportunities to the wide-awake poultry man." Clarkston, Wash., June 6, 1910. (Signed) E. J. Bailey. In the Century Magazine for March, 1908, there was an article entitled "One-iVcre Ranch." It was the story of a man formerly living at Minneapolis, Minnesota, who for many years had been a locomotive engineer. At sixty years of age, his health broken, he removed to Lewiston-Clarkston. A much neglected one acre place set out to fruit trees and having a six room house, was offered to him for $1,400. He bought it and in a leisurely, cautious, but very intelligent manner Joseph W. Lipe began irrigation farming, loyally aided by his wife. The story of Mr. Lipe's experience is not alone the story of one man's success in a radical change of vocation, but it is a story as well and perhaps even to better purpose, of what intensive farming means as opposed to our common extensive farming. His simple, plain narrative "points a moral and adorns a tale" much better than any outside comment can, and while it does not relate to poultry exclusively it does so sufficiently to justify its inclusion at this point. Mr. Lipe went to Clarkston in 1902, his health has been re- gained, the previous year — 1907 — he had cleared, from chickens and eggs, $150, vegetables, $72; fruit, $50 (trees young and few in bearing), prizes at the fair, $130, and last but by no means least, from Mrs. Lipe's wonderful preserved fruits and vegetables, $150. This makes a total of $552 cash returns besides what the family themselves used. Page Thirty NORTHERN PACIFIC RY O That it required good management and constant labor to exact such returns from one acre of land is evident. But it is easy to see that Mr. Lipe farms with his brains as well as with his hands, after con- versing with him. It was a great treat to be conducted by him and his wife over their little domain and see the marvelous way in which every inch of ground was economized and hear the story of their accomplishments all told in a modest and natural way. But here is Mr. Lipe's own story: — ■ "I have to work very hard, as any one who is successful with fruit and vegetables must. I get up at four in the morning and work until about ten A. M., go to work at about three in the afternoon and work until dark. During the heat of the day I do not work in the garden, but attend to the chickens, the irrigation or any other odd jobs that may require attention. A person on a small place worked intensively cannot leave the water for more than an hour or two at a time at the outside. I have but one acre here and desire no more land. We make a good living from it, but as I said before, a man has to work hard. In time, when the trees grow large and shade the ground, I intend to do away with the vegetable garden and put in more chicken pens and give my entire time to raising chickens and fruit. You have to keep the coops clean, keep the birds well supplied with fresh dirt, and keep the nests well cleaned and sprayed. By doing this there is no chance for lice or mites getting into the coops. We have 70 old hens and 250 young chickens this year. The Lewiston-Clarkslon Display at the National Apple Show, Spokane Page Thirty-one CLEARWATER COUNTRY Idaho Peaches As a rule we keep the hens but two years, except that the best moth- ers are kept three years. We raise only Barred Plymouth Rocks, Columbia and Black Wyan- dottes. We cannot raise chickens so well in the Brooders in the hot weather. We set the hens all at one time and as soon as they come off divide the chickens up amongst the best mothers and turn the other hatching hens back into the flock. One of my hens mothers 42 chickens hatched by herself and other hens. "In gardening we always get two or three crops of lettuce and We now have the third crop of peas. Carrots, be left in the ground all winter I ship most all of my vegetables other vegetables. turnips, onions and parsnips can and are fresh and nice in the spring. and fruit to Butte, Missoula, Helena and other Montana towns "I have the following fruit trees: 50 peach, mostly Elbertas and Late Crawfords; 3 plum trees, one Tragedy, one Washington, and one Peach-Plum; 8 apple trees bearing and 20 young trees. They are Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Newtown Pippin, Spitzenberg, Northern Spy, Bismarck, Winesap, Wagener, Banana, and Rhode Island Greening. I have 28 cherry trees, 4 Bing, 4 Hoskin, 14 Royal Anns, 1 Centennial, 1 English Morello, 2 Late Dukes, 1 Montmorency and 1 Early Richmond. Have three Bartlett pear trees, 2 Almond and three English Walnut trees. Have currants, raspberries, red and black, and dewberries. Have strawberries for family use only. The trees are beginning to shade the ground too much for raising strawberries. When we were regularly raising them we sold as high as forty crates in a season. We have 80 grape vines, being Flame Tokays, Rose of Peru, Malaga, Black Hamburg, Black Prince, and the Niagara. The grapes are going to yield heavily this year as will also all of my other fruits. We keep a book account of our sales and take special pains to see that it is properly kept. We do our own fruit packing and make special efforts to have it well done. All the culled fruit is fed to the chickens. "A man of industry and judgment can make a good living on a five acre tract. While the orchard is growing he should raise berries and vegetables between the trees. Mrs. Lipe's preserves won 45 prizes at the fair in 1907, 38 first and 7 second prizes." Clarkston, Wash., June 4, 1910. (Signed) J. W. Lipe. fage Thirly-two NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q Fruit in General Lewiston-Clarkston Apples and Grapes and producing abundantly, are Other fruits surpass them as money makers to do well are not yet extensively grown. All of the temperate zone fruits appear to thrive in this locality. Those that are most in evidence are cherries, peaches, apricots, pears, grapes and apples. Plums and prunes are not widely grown. Each little farm has a supply of many kinds of fruit for home con- sumption, as is evidenced by Mr. Lipe's category of varieties. Prominent among those thus found are peach-plums and nec- tarines, and they certainly are delicious fruits to the palate and ornamental features of an orchard when the fruit is ripening. Apri- cots, while growing luxuriantly not much raised commercially. Pears, while appearing Cherries While there are numerous varieties of this dainty fruit raised, those worthy of special mention may be reduced to three: Bing, Lambert and Royal Ann. They all grow to perfection, the locality seeming to be specially adapted to this fruit, and there seems to be little choice among them except as a matter of personal preference. The Royal Ann is esteemed the best for canning purposes. Ine Bing is, perhaps, given the preference oyer the Lambert at the present time, but whether this will continue is a question. A new cherry originated in Clarkston, the Mayhow, may prove to be the best of all. The Black Repub- lican, Black Tartarian and other varie- ties of sweet cherries are grown as, also, are several varieties of sour cherries. The trees are planted about 70 to the acre and a well watered cherry tree is counted upon for an income of about $10 a tree, net, annually. The experience of Mr. Kennedy as here outlined will give an idea of the success attending the growing of cherries in Lewiston-Clarkston: — Page Thirty-three Box of Late Crawford Peaches Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY Onions Between Rows of Peach and Cherry Trees, Lewiston Orchards "I have five acres of land in Clarkston. Three acres in cherries — Bings, Royal Anns and Lamberts — one acre — 100 trees — in Early and Late Crawford Peaches. "This year I had more than 13 tons of cherries from 400 trees. Sold 6 tons delivered in bulk in Clarkston for 4 cents a pound, or $80 a ton, cash. The other 7 tons I sent to the Co-Operative Cannery and realized from them, net to me, as much more. My crop was a good, full crop and I am entirely satisfied with results. My orchard is 7 years old and was purchased by me in March, 1908." Clarkston, Wash., July 31, 1908. (Signed) J. C. Kennedy. Cherries, in 1910, brought five cents a pound at the packing houses and canneries. Mr. Bethel, a jeweler of Lewiston, has his home in Clarkston and raises a good many cherries as evidenced in his memorandum of results for 1908. It may be remarked here that a cold, wet spring in 1908, materially reduced the cherry crop for the year. Mr. Bethel's experience shows what may be accomplished by a business man on his home place with little effort at commercial fruit raising. "I came from Illinois, near Bloomington, where I was born and raised. I have four acres in Clarkston which is used purely for a home. I have two acres in lawn and vegetable garden and have the remainder of the place in orchard. I have 125 cherry trees, consisting of a row clear around the four acres, and in the orchard every other row is cherries. From my cherry trees this year I sold two tons of cherries bringing in $125, selling the Bings to the packers and the Royal Anns to the canneries. My peaches are Elbertas and late Crawfords. I have my own apples, pears, apricots, berries, etc. My apple trees are the Yellow Transparent, Rome Beauty and Spitzenberg. My peach trees are well loaded this year, and I will have a large amount of fruit for sale. Page Thirty-four NORTHERN PACIFIC RY "I have three boys, aged 18, 16, and 10 years, who attend to the orchard and garden, taking care of the fruit. I have my own chickens and keep a cow and a horse. "I have a jewelry business in Lewiston and go back and forth to my business each day. Clarkston is an ideal home town and for a man with a small family growing up, this is a pleasant way to live. "I have been here 12 years and have met with success in my business. As the country settles up there will be good business openings in this territory." Lewiston, Aug. 24, 1910. (Signed) J. H. Bethel. Mr. Peaslee's experience ought to encourage some lover of cherries to establish an orchard here. "I received from the Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association $848 for a trifle over 1,200 boxes of cherries last season. The average price per pound was just a fraction less than 7 cents. Our crop was short last season, but at these prices cherry growing is very profitable and will become more so from now on, owing to the age of the trees and their ability to carry a heavier crop." Clarkston, Wash., May 3, 1910. (Signed) Geo. W. R. Peaslee. Peaches The Lewiston-Clarkston country seems to be a natural home for the peach. The trees grow easily and rapidly, produce abundantly, the fruit is fine in appearance and is well flavored. As in all peach districts the usual pests must be fought and an occasional late spring frost be guarded against by means of smudge pots and smudging. Many of the standard varieties of "peaches are raised. With two lines of railway, one leading direct to Spokane and the eastern markets, the other down the Snake river to the large cities of the Lewiston-Clarkston Canning Co.'s Plant, Lewiston, Idaho Page Thirty-five 9 CLEAR WATER COUNTRY coast; with three canneries in operation to aid in handling any surplus fruit; with a climate that matures a luscious and beautiful peach if proper attention be given to gathering, packing and market- ing the product, this region should acquire an enviable reputation in peach production. The trees begin to bear at two years of age. A favorite method of planting them, particularly in late years since apple growing has progressed so rapidly in this section, is to set them out as "fillers" between the apple trees. As the apple trees are so much longer reaching maturity the peach trees produce crops for several years before the former require all the ground. Eventually the peach trees are dug up leaving the apple trees in full possession. It is this temporary service to which the peaches are put that gives them the name of "fillers" in this connection. _ Mr. F. C. Caswell is one of the older settlers of Clarkston, although still a young man. His side hill orchard is an extremely inter- esting one to wander through, and while his experience has been one not by any means confined to peaches, his statement will fit in here as showing well the varieties of peaches that may be found in many of the orchards. No one or two varieties, thus far, has been planted to the exclusion of many others. They all seem to thrive and produce abundantly : — ■ "I came to Clarkston 12 years ago from Spokane and had only about $15, a team and wagon, and a wife and three children. I came originally from the state of Maine. I purchased five acres from the Lewiston-Clarkston Co. at $100 an acre, on time, and in four years sold the five acres for $4,000. I then purchased 17 acres at $175 per acre and afterwards sold 5]4, acres for $2,000. I am now living on the remaining 11^ acres which I have improved. "On this ground I have 1,200 trees in all. There are 200 cherry trees only six years old and not yet come into full bearing. Have 900 peach trees consisting of Elberta, Globe, Muir, Triumph, Hale's Early, and Foster. There are also a number of apple, apricot, etc., trees for family use. I consider that the Elberta is the best all around peach to raise in this country. "I have about 500 grape vines consisting of Black Hamburg, Muscat, a few Flame Tokay, Franklin Reisling, Zinfindel, and other vines of different varieties — just about one acre of grapes in all. I have each year about 4 tons of grapes for sale which bring me 3 or 4 cents a pound, those being the ruling prices. I have a few Concord, Isabella, Moore's Early, Green Mountain, and Delawares, all of which do very well here. "Have about J^ an acre in strawberries, comprising the Warfield, Clyde and Glen Mary varieties, from which we netted this year $175. If I were going to start anew with 5 acres I would put all in straw- berries — if on a ten acre tract would put one-half in strawberries, as there is more money in them than in any other berries or fruit." August 6, 1908. (Signed) F. C. Caswell. Page Thirty-six NORTHERN PACIFIC RY J Mr. Caswell's opinion of the Elberta peach is echoed verbally by others. It will be noted that Mr. Caswell strongly corroborates the opinion expressed by Mr. Laing regarding strawberry culture. The warm, sandy bottom lands and slopes of the Snake river below Lewiston-Clarkston are, practically, all in the hands of fruit ranchmen. Here, for mile upon mile, as you traverse the big, almost spectacular canyon, either by steamer or railway train, orchard after orchard passes in review. Some of these are many years old. At Wawawai (Rippling Water), some 28 miles below Lewiston, Mr. Wm. L. La Follette — now Congressman La Follette — had a large ranch at the time of which this publication treats, which has since been sold by him, extending from the river to the plateau high above. The eleva- tion at the river is 678 feet, at the top of the hill 2,484 feet, above sea level, the plateau being, therefore, 1,800 feet above the river bottom. On the bottom land there are 275 acres in orchard of which 100 acres are in peaches. This means that there are from 10,000 to 12,000 peach trees on the ranch. There are an equal number of prune and plum trees and about the same number of pear, apple, cherry, nectarines, etc., trees. On the plateau there are 2,000 apple trees. The peach orchard consists principally of the Crawfords, Muir, Hale's Early, Triumph, Admiral Dewey, Elberta, and Salway varie- ties. The Muir, Mr. La Follette considered the best peach for quality, but not commercially, and the Salway he ranked as the best of the late peaches. The orchard is irrigated principally by water pumped by a steam pump from the Snake river. Fifteen hundred gallons of water per minute are thus supplied and 500 gallons additional are procured from creeks and springs and utilized by gravity. As showing what can be done in fruit ranching in this region in a year when prices are good, Mr. La Follette realized, net, in 1907, $27,000. The financial depression in the fall of that year so affected prices for fruit all over the country for 1908 that results that year fell far below those for 1907. This was the story heard on all sides — 1908 was an "off year" for the fruit grower with a possible exception to be made in favor of late apples. Home of P. H. Mullarkey, Lewiston Orchards Page Thirty-seven Home of D. R. McDonald, on a Five-Acre Tract 9 CLEAR WATER COUNTRY Apples So firmly convinced were the early fruit men that peaches and cherries were beyond any doubt the preferable fruits to raise about Lewiston-Clarkston, that slight attention was given to apple culture, beyond the attempts to raise the fruit for home and local consumption. The success attending these unpretentious efforts together with the increasing and more stable market for this particular fruit, coupled with the lesser risks of marketing owing to the splendid keeping qualities of the apple, gradually turned the attention of practical orchardists to growing late or winter apples. Within recent years therefore much study has been given to this branch of horticulture by the growers and they have been materially assisted by the local Agricultural Colleges. The feeling is widespread, all over the Lewiston- Clarkston and Clearwater country, that the region is going to develop into a fine apple growing section. And the people have the courage of their convictions. Apple orchards are being planted very generally and at various altitudes and under such conditions as to soon and very conclusively determine the question. Most of the apple orchards are very young, but if the bright, symmetric, healthy appearance of the young trees seen in Clarkston and Lewiston orchards means anything, then there is no doubt of the ultimate outcome. Well up on the northern slope of the •Jp^^j Craig mountains just below Lake Waha, on land now owned by the Waha- Lewiston Land & Water Co., there is a large apple orchard at least a quarter of a century old. For several years the orchard had been neglected and allowed to deteriorate and run down. The company has recently taken hold of it according to modern and scientific methods, and has succeeded in largely restoring it to a state of health- fulness and productiveness. It now bids fair to become a striking example of successful apple culture on the elevated portions of the Lewiston-Clarkston plateau. Prof. Severance says of the Lewiston orchard lands and their adaptability for apple culture: — "The texture of this soil compares very favorably with the best apple, pear and plum soils in other sec- tions and it is believed that with this elevation, the northern exposure and the deep rich loam soil, together with our particular climatic Page Thirty-eight A Cluster of Wa.gen.er Apples NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q conditions, this will be splendid apple land." What is true of Lewiston orchards is equally true of other lands in this locality, of corresponding altitudes and situations. The apples growing here are stated to be of exceptional quality, caused by the great amount of sunshine, the nature of the soil, and the temperature during the growing season inducing a greater amount than usual of fruit sugar to be developed in the fruit. Of varieties grown there are, of course, many, depending upon individual caprice and notion. Of summer apples it may almost be said that there are none raised for commercial purposes. Among summer varieties grown the Red June, Wealthy and Yellow Trans- parent are favorites. In the commercial orchards set out to winter apples it will be found that the Jonathan, Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Rome Beauty and Winesap predominate. On 5 and 10 acre orchard tracts from three to five varieties are usually set out and on 20 acre tracts from five to eight kinds. Besides the five varieties mentioned the Black Twig, Gravenstein, Wagener, Grimes Golden, Gano and others are found. Here and there some one is growing the Mcintosh Red, Winter Banana or some other variety in addition to those already named. The Ben Davis, usually not ranked as a first class apple, here does extremely well. Known principally as a good keeping and shipping apple, in this locality it bears well, colors nicely and, as one writer puts it, "The sometimes friendless Ben has found new life in this section, and responds to irrigation with bounteous production, and with a quality that seems to justify a new name in compliment of the achievement." The five varieties first named appear to have the preference, however, at the present time. There is probably no section where there is more methodical and scientific handling of orchards than in Lewis- ton-Clarkston. The present tendency in planting apple trees is to place the trees much far- ther apart than formerly. Close planting is discour- aged. Where, heretofore, planting 25 feet apart in the rows was a common practice, now the more advanced orchardists are spacing their trees, 32, 35 and even 40 feet or more apart each way. This gives each tree when fully matured, ample ground room and allows Page Thirty-nine Money Makers in Blu CLEAR WATER COUNTRY the tree to be so pruned and grown as to prevent crowding, makes thorough spraying easy, allows the freest circulation of air, and permits the sun to thoroughly penetrate to every part of the tree, the latter a most important, indeed experience has shown it to be a vital, matter in properly coloring the fruit. In Lewiston-Clarkston good orchard practice does not usually permit crops of berries, vegetables, or grass to be grown after the trees reach the bearing period. The ground is kept clean and thoroughly cultivated. However, Prof. Nelson, Irrigationist of the Idaho Experiment station, seems to approve the growing and plow- ing under of green leguminous crops for their enrichment of the soil in those elements specially needed for fruit production. The orchards are not free from pests, the codling moth, San Jose scale, and the aphis family being found. By careful, persistent, intelligent spraying and scientific handling of the orchards in general, by all orchardists, these pests are kept in subjection, and, appar- ently, the damage done by them is not increasing. To one at all familiar with the horticultural conditions in the West and who has seen the plateau and elevated parts of the Lewiston- Clarkston country, it is hard to resist the feeling that within the next ten years these hills will be covered with some of the finest and handsomest orchards, particularly of the apple kind, to be found throughout the United States. Mr. A. H. Garlinghouse lives in Clarkston and carries on a marble and granite business in Lewiston. He thinks that "there is a lot of money to be made here growing apples." One year, recently, he sold 400 boxes of apples for $700, receiving from $1.75 to $2.50 per box, he doing his own picking and packing. His story is well worth telling: — "I came from Southeastern Kansas and formerly lived in Illinois, where I was born and raised. I have an orchard of 2 3^2 acres in Vineland, consisting of 98 apple trees, 89 peach trees and 98 cherry trees. From the 98 cherry trees, in 1908, I sold 3,000 boxes at four cents a pound. This year cherries sold for 5 cents per pound at packing nouses, just as they came from the trees. I have the following variety of apples: Rome Beauties, Jonathans and Newtown Pippins, and they all do well. This year I will have between 700 and 1,000 boxes of apples and expect to receive $1 per box, clear profit. Besides this I will have a large amount of culls for the canneries. My peaches are the Late Crawford and Globe. The trees are well loaded this year and I expect to get $1,200 net returns for my peach crop this year. "In addition to my orchard in Clarkston I am proprietor of the Lewiston ^ farble and Granite Works in Lewiston, where I transact business during the day and only my evenings and mornings are devoted to the care of my orchard in Clarkston, where I make my home." Lewiston, Idaho, Aug. 25, 1910. (Signed) A. H. Garlinghouse. Page Forty NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 9 The statement of Mr. John Brown is an interesting one covering as it does a wide range of products and a fair sized acreage, and it is inserted here as being as appropriate a place as any, even though it does not relate particularly to apples: — "I came from Northern Wisconsin and have been in Clarkston nine years. I own 7^ acres of irrigated land and have my home on it. I have a family of six children. I have 235 peach trees — ■ Triumph, Early Crawford, Foster, Salway, Elberta and Muir and a few Orange Cling and Hale's Early. I have also 155 cherry trees, principally Bing, Lambert and Royal Ann. I have thirty plum trees, twenty of them Bradshaws; twenty pear trees, principally Idahos and Winter Nellis, also some apple, apricot and nut trees. Have one- sixth acre of strawberries, x /i an acre of blackberries, and have set out 100 gooseberries this year. Have about 600 grape vines set out along the fences. "I had 7 tons of cherries this year, being only about one quarter of a crop account of late cold spring which was unusual. Sold 4^ tons to local fruit buyers for which I got 4 cents a pound. I consigned one ton which brought me 5 cents a pound. I placed about \Yi tons in the Co-Operative Cannery which will net me as much as those I sold green. My cherries this year will bring me about $600. I marketed $137 worth of straw- berries and am now marketing my peaches. Have already sold 450 boxes of Triumphs for which I received from 40 to 70 cents a box. I have picked SO far only 58 trees. Flame' Tokay' Grapes My plums are just coming in. I have about one acre of melons. "I figure that I can sell $3,500 in produce off my place each average year. I will sell only about $1,800 worth this year. This is an off year everywhere and prices are low. This is the first year we ever received as low as 4 cents for cherries. I have sold as high as $900 worth of melons in one season. This is also an off year in melons and they will not sell as rapidly as usual. "I do mostly all the work myself. I figure a man can take five acres and by proper care and management do well on it. "In nine years, with the exception of two payments I made on my place, I have paid for it, built a nice comfortable house, bought two lots in town, and purchased 11% acres at Gardena, Washington, at $150 an acre which I have nearly paid for now. When my trees were small I gave a good deal of attention to melon and vegetable growing." Lewiston, Idaho, Aug. 4, 1908. (Signed) Jno. Brown. Page Forty-one (? CLEARWATER COUNTRY Grape Exhibit from Lewiston and Clarkston Grapes Unless all signs fail, the vineyard is going to closely rival the orchard in Lewiston-Clarkston. There seems no question but that the locality is also the natural home of the grape, especially the European varieties, and great success has for years attended grape culture. The valley conforms to all the requirements for scientific and profitable grape culture and wine and grape juice manufacture, according to the careful and intelligent study of grape growing authorities. Mr. Robert Schleicher of Lewiston has for many years been raising grapes and making wine and is a recognized authority on these subjects. He has a fine vineyard a short distance above Lewiston on the Clearwater river hills. Lewiston-Clarkston grapes obtained as high an award at the St. Louis Exposition as did those from California. Mr. Schleicher's exhibit of grapes at the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland in 1905 brought forth a letter from Prof. Van Deman, President of the Horticulture Jury, in which he said: — "I wish you could have had more than one gold medal, for you deserved it. You made the best grape display at the Exposition." Mr. Schleicher, from his many years' experience in Page Fvriy-two NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q this valley, estimates the expense of raising and packing grapes at $75 an acre and the profits at about $400 per acre. Prices received range from 75 cents to $1.50 a crate. Mr. J. Schaefer has a 14 acre vineyard, and an attractive one it is, at Clarkston, or more specifically, Vineland, the product of which he turns into wine. Experts pronounce the wines made from grapes in this valley to be equal to the best California wines. Those of the Sauterne and Rheinish types are said to come nearer to the European wines than the California wines do. Those who, while desiring to pursue grape culture, yet prefer not to raise table grapes nor yet engage in wine-making, might profitably manufacture grape juice for which there seems to be a growing demand and market. The hillsides and bottom lands on both sides of the Clearwater are adapted to grape culture and will in time undoubtedly be largely devoted to this form of horticulture. Mr. Hilbert, in charge of Mr. Schleicher's vineyard, states that the varieties now raised by them are the Flame Tokay, White Malaga, Rammonia, Muscat, Black Cornichon and Emperor. The first is an immense bearer and its splendid appearance and good shipping qualities make it a grape very readily marketable at a good price. The others, of varying appearance and characteristics, have proved to be good table grapes and commercially valuable. The American Concord grape does not do well on Mr. Schleicher's ground, but others in Lewiston-Clarkston who have raised this variety have affirmed that they are well satisfied with its performances. The Black Hamburg and Sweetwater grapes are much grown for local consump- tion and are fine varieties, but their poor shipping qualities prevent them from being commercially profitable. Mr. Hilbert stated that good help is not difficult to obtain in the running of a vineyard. Day labor costs from $1.25 to $1.50 a day and board; by the month it is $30 to $35 a month and board. Vineyards here are but little subject to disease, mildew appearing now and then but yielding readily to simple remedies. _ As one travels about the Lewiston-Clarkston region inspecting the orchards and vineyards and talking with their owners, one question is ever uppermost in one's mind — can a man make a satisfactory living and be successful on a 5 acre or even a 10 acre tract of land? This question was put to many of the local people. Naturally, there were more or less varied answers. These diversities related largely to matters of detail, there being a general agreement as to the main proposition. This fact has been more or less emphasized in the testimonials here adduced. Among the owners of large properties doubt was expressed as to success being attainable on a 10 acre farm. Among those who have studied the question and who have had practical experience in the matter there is but one opinion, and that is that there is no question regarding it — it can and is being done. Such experiences as Mr. Lipe's and Mr. Garking- house's on areas of less than 5 acres would seem to determine the Page Forty-three Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY - ■•'J" fW*\ ■E i ^"B ^i nag - : ► ,' ' 1 " .- \ V^^S PS 1 *'* -> * ■ — 1 '■ ''^ "i'i ■ A • '■'-.•>-, -1'; "v.* f c If Packing Cantaloupes in Field matter. The personal equation counts for everything here. The inert individual and the energetic, brainy man will report radically opposite results. Here is a statement by Mr. Berry in regard to this which, coming from a former grain farmer, should count for something; — "I like Lewiston orchards and the climate. Have been a grain farmer. Judging from my limited experience here and my observa- tions I think a man of ordinary common sense, ability and industry can, on a five acre tract, after it has come into bearing, make a good living without excessive labor. Would set out such a tract to winter apples. Mine is set out to the Yellow Newtown Pippin, Rome Beauty and Mcintosh Red Apples." August 3, 1908. (Signed) J. S. Berry. Another report, by Mr. Mullarkey, an experienced irrigationist from the Southwest, also makes good argument in favor of the small fruit farm intensively farmed: — "I came here from Flora Vista, New Mexico. Am used to irrigation farming and consider this region all right. I have 20 acres, which is too much for one man to easily handle. If one sets out that acreage to orchard and does not attempt to farm much between the rows he can attend to that much land alone. If he cultivates between rows, after his orchard is in bearing 5 acres is all that one man can care for without help. A man with a small family may, usually, be able to buy from 2J^ to 5 acres and make his deferred payments from crops raised between the trees while the orchard is coming into bearing. "I have 8 acres in Bing cherries and Elberta peaches. The peaches are "fillers" and will be dug out, eventually leaving a Page Forty-four NORTHERN PACIFIC RY cherry orchard. I have 12 acres in apples — Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Mcintosh Red, 70 Winter Banana, and a few early sorts. The cherries, peaches and apples are in one body, are all about two years old and are in fine condition. "I have also 1600 Dew-, Logan-, Black-, and Rasp-berries that will bear next year. "I think this is bound to become one of the best strawberry regions in the west." August 3, 1908. (Signed) P. H. Mullarkey. Nurseries The Vineland Nurseries Co. have a 40 acre tract on Clarkston Heights set out to a nursery. The land is well adapted for this purpose and is supplied with water on the pressure system. These nurserymen are experienced in tree growing in this region, and the location of a good nursery here enables orchardists to obtain their trees under best possible conditions and after personal inspection. All delays and dangers of transportation are avoided and the trees in transplanting undergo no radical changes in soil and climate. Descriptive literature of a somewhat more detailed sort than this publication, dealing in various ways with the Lewiston-Clarkston region and its products, prospects, advantages, etc., may be obtained by addressing any of the Irrigation & Land Companies here named. Page Forty-five Asotin, Wash. 9 CLEARWATER COUNTRY A Prospect Avenue Residence, Lewiston, Idaho The Lewiston Commercial Club at Lewiston, or the Clarkston Chamber of Commerce, Clarkston, Washington, will gladly respond to all calls for information and can be of great service to all desiring to learn further concerning this locality. At the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition held at Seattle in 1909, Asotin County, Washington, fruit received the following medals, etc. : Seven Gold Medals. Three Grand Prizes, one each for cherries, grapes and peaches. Three Silk Banners for the best continuous display of fruit at the Exposition. There were also forty-seven silver and bronze medals of various sorts awarded to Asotin County for its excellence in fruit exhibited at the air. Some sample crop yields are appended of Asotin County products. Asotin is the County Seat of Asotin County and Clarkston is in the extreme northeastern corner of the county. Some Sample Crop Yields for 1909 from Asotin County, Washington Ray Johnson, Anatone, Wash., 70 acres of No. 63 wheat, yielded 47 bushels per acre. Jas. Sangster, Anatone, Wash., 120 acres 40 Fold wheat, yielded 47 bushels per acre. W. A. Johnson, Anatone, Wash., 100 acres 40 Fold wheat yielded 55 bushels per acre. Wm. Benedict, Anatone, Wash., 60 acres No. 63 wheat, yielded 47 bushels per care. Page Forly-tix NORTHERN PACIFIC RY J Threshing an the Nez Perce Prairie, Where the Sack Pile Compare) Favorably with the Straw Pile D. E. Newell, Anatone, Wash., 400 acres Turkey Red wheat, yielded 47 bushels per acre. Virgin Flock, Anatone, Wash., 40 acres winter barley, yielded 80 bushels per acre. Bery M. Clemans, Anatone, Wash., 350 acres 40 Fold and No. 63 wheat, produced 49 bushels per acre. R. Sangster, Anatone, Wash., 20 acres 40 Fold wheat, yielded 65 bushels per acre. Harry Goff, Asotin, Wash., 40 acres of No. 63 wheat, yielded 57 bushels per acre. G. W. R. Peaslee, Clarkston, Wash., 1200 boxes cherries, sold for $848 net. Weldon Wilson, Silcott, Wash., 2 acres production of water melons, sold for $1,000. John Brown, Clarkston, Wash., }/£ acre Rockyford cantaloupes, sold for $305. J. T. Travis, Clarkston, Wash., \ l /2 acres on Clarkston Heights. Watermelons sold for $500, being more than cost of the land. Lorer & Spohn, Clarkston, Wash., 7 acres of garden truck, sold for $3,500 net. J. P. Eastwood, Clarkston, Wash., 900 boxes of peaches, sold for $900. The Clearwater Valley Practically all that has been written here regarding Lewiston- Clarkston applies, with certain obvious modifications, to the Clear- water valley. The conditions of soil, climate, water, products, are, virtually, the same. The topography of the valley determines its possibilities for agriculture and horticulture. Here the valley is narrow with little or no bottom land; there the hills spread apart affording a wide area of splendid soil at their bases; now the hill slopes are steep or rocky with no chance for cultivation; again they Page Forty-seven CLEARWATER COUNTRY A Shipment of Horses from Nez Perce, Idaho are nicely terraced making ideal slopes and broad benches for vine- yards and orchards. The elevation at Lewiston is, as heretofore given, 738 feet; at Joseph, 11 miles above Lewiston at the mouth of Lapwai creek and the junction of the Lewiston line of the Northern Pacific Railway with the Camas Prairie branch line of railway to Grangeville, the elevation is 811 feet; Agatha, 15 miles above Joseph, is 906 feet above sea level; at Oro Fino, just above the mouth of the North fork of the Clearwater and 17 miles above Agatha, the elevation is 1,027 feet; at Kamiah, 23 miles above Oro Fino, it is 1,196 feet, and Kooskia, 7 miles beyond Kamiah and at the junction of the main stream and the Middle fork, is 1,261 feet above the sea. The physical characteristics are in the main similar to those at Lewiston-Clarkston. The broad plateau feature is greatly lacking except at the extreme tops of the valley, or canyon slopes, where the wide prairie grain fields are found. There are also found along the bottom lands and on the slopes of the river hills quite extensive areas of timber of the coniferous varieties. Beyond Agatha these tim- bered zones increase. At many points they, in connection with the undulating, grassy, terraced slopes and the springs of water or small streams, form most beautiful parks, destined some day to become orchard or vineyard homes of extreme attractiveness. In the region about Agatha there is a good deal of tillable land. On the north side of the river there is a wide bench several miles in length, of open land admirably situated for cultivation. The old Indian trail that Lewis and Clark followed in 1806 wound along this open ground and fragments of it can even now be dis- covered here and there. Near Oro Fino there is a widening of the valley and a consequent increase in area of available ground for horticulture. At Kamiah the valley opens out in fine style forming one of the most beautiful landscapes to be found anywhere within the mountain regions of the West. It is a landscape poem. Page Forty-eight NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 4 When the Nez Perce Indian Reservation was opened the Indians as individuals became the owners of a large part of the lands border- ing the Clearwater. While there are thus many Indian land owners, the white ownership is largely predominant. The two races live in perfect harmony and the Indians are good farmers, confining them- selves principally to livestock, dairy and grain farming. The sale of the Indian lands to the Whites is under certain restrictive regulations. The lands owned by the Indians, however, are now quite rapidly passing into the hands of the Whites. Lands not subject to sale may be leased by the Indians, but all sales and leases must be made through the Interior Department. Mr. Schaeffer, of Lewiston, already referred to, has a fine vine- yard of 65 acres at Agatha. It is beautifully located on the north side bench before mentioned, about 300 feet above the river. The soil is volcanic ash and the surface is gently rolling. The grapes grown are wine grapes and comprise Black Hamburg, Rose of Peru, Sweetwater, Black Permouse, Riesling and several other varieties. There are 10 acres set out to native wild grape vines on which domestic vines will be grafted in the hope of securing a more sturdy stock, one immune from phyloxera. This disease has not made its appearance in this region and it is hoped by watchfulness and care to keep it out. A slight touch of mildew in this particular vineyard yielded at once to a dusting of sulphur. These vines are three years old and are expected to bear 10 tons of grapes an acre at four years old and thereafter. There are 600 vines to the acre. Irrigation is not practiced and it is unnecessary. Alfred Day Pardee's Camp on Clearwater at Pardee Station Page Forty-nine 9 CLEARWATER COUNTRY Mr. Haskins says that the soil on the north side of the river is preferable for grapes and that on the south side is better for peaches. The seasons are earlier in the spring and later in the fall on the north side than on the south side of the valley. Frosts come later in the fall than about Lewiston-Clarkston. In the vicinity of Agatha Mr. Haskins estimates the Indians own about one-eighth of the land. There are good farms for sale along the river but the Indian farms have been somewhat difficult to buy owing to the restrictions heretofore mentioned. The situation in this respect will gradually change for the better. There is much difference in the character of the land and owing to the rough or timbered nature of the ground, in many cases, it is often necessary in order to obtain from 25 to 60 acres of tillable land to purchase a much larger acreage. Prices range from $20 to $30 per acre. There are many springs of fine water on the slopes of both sides of the canyon. About two miles from Kamiah lies a most delightfully situated ranch. It is on the west side of the wide valley among the foothills, is washed by the Clearwater river, slopes gently to the north and east, and affords one of the most refreshing panoramic views imag- inable. It is just south of the mouth of Lawyer's Canyon and the old Indian trail by which Lewis and Clark issued from that canyon. It overlooks the distant camp ground of the explorers where, for a month in 1806, the smoke from their camp fires ascended toward the skies as they waited for the snow in the mountains to melt that they might recross them and retrace their homeward steps. Mr. Geo. Runkel, a former mining and civil engineer of Wisconsin and other states, owns this ranch and was drawn to it by the beauty of its location and the mild and healthful climate. Mr. Runkel has been here nine years. Land here is worth from $25 to $100 an acre, is fine for alfalfa, timothy, clover and grains. Alfalfa yields two crops annually amounting to four or five tons an acre worth $10 a ton baled. After the second crop the field is also pastured. Timothy will run two tons to the acre, worth $15 a ton. Not much clover is raised. Wheat yields from 30 to 50 bushels an acre for winter wheat and the yield is somewhat less for spring wheat; oats and barley run from 60 to 80 bushels to the acre. Sweet potatoes yield well and Irish potatoes yield 200 bushels to the acre. Corn is not a pre-eminent success, but yields fairly well in some places. Turkeys and chickens do well here, and it is a good locality for grapes. Mr. Runkel grows the Concord, Black Hamburg, Flame Tokay, Isabella, Delaware, Niagara and Sweetwater varieties. The Concords are as finely flavored as in the East. Dewberries and red raspberries grow nicely, better than black- berries. Page Fifty NORTHERN PA CI FIG RY Mr. Runkel has 40 acres in orchard, principally in apples. He has 4,000 trees. The varieties of summer apples grown are Early- Harvest, and Red Astrachan; of winter apples he raises Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, Baldwin, Spitzenberg and Northern Spy. He has also some Newtown Pippins, but cannot yet say what the results with them will be. Mr. Runkel says the finest varieties of apples can be raised here and that the common grades do better in this part of the valley than they do at higher altitudes. The elevation at his ranch is about 1,400 feet above sea level. Peaches and apricots have not done well in Mr. Runkel's experi- ence; the soil he thinks is too heavy and strong. After trying peaches for some years he dug up 200 trees that were 7 years old. Cherries are a great success. Royal Ann, Bing, Lambert and Black Tartarian are the best varieties to plant. It is a good pear country. The Bartlett, Keiffer and Anjou all yield good crops year after year, as do all the other fruits named that are grown successfully. Mr. Runkel has never had any trouble from pear blight. Almond trees grow well but may or may not be profitable in the long run. Irrigation is unnecessary except in very hot weather in July and August. Mr. Runkel uses a 25 H. P. gasoline engine and a Duplex pump that pumps water from the Clearwater river to his orchard 360 feet above the stream. Of ornamental, etc., trees that thrive in this soil and climate, the catalpa, silver poplar, the willows, box elder, black walnut and elm may be noted. The meteorological conditions about Kamiah are not materially different from what they are at Lewiston-Clarkston. Frost does not appear after the first of May, nor before November first, as a rule, and sometimes it is much later than November first, before the fall frosts appear. Robins sing in the orchards all winter long. Most of Mr. Runkel's immediate neighbors are Nez Perce Indians, and from his ranch home the little Indian Presbyterian Church embowered among trees across the Clearwater river may plainly be seen. Here, Sunday after Sunday, with unfailing regularity, the Nez Perces, who are extremely and consistently religious, meet and worship. Their religion is of the seven days in the week kind and in their daily lives they are moral, honest, upright, sober, practicing their religious teachings. Kamiah is a thriving town having a Commercial Club, two banks, numerous stores, hotels, a newspaper, two churches, good schools, several saw mills, a planing mill and box factory, etc. A good water system is about being put in and a steel bridge is soon to be constructed across the Clearwater river. The name Kamiah is from the Indian word Kam-i-yahp, and was called Commearp, or Cammeap, by Lewis and Clark. It is the old Page Fifty-one J CLEARWATER COUNTRY Indian name of the present Lawyer's Canyon creek. Just what it means is not certain, possibly "pretty valley," which would make it very fitting. The town is well located and growing and is the commercial point for a large section of the Nez Perce prairie lying above it. The following memorandum of Mr. Waterman, Cashier of the State Bank of Kamiah, will show what is thought of the locality from a banker's standpoint : — "I came here over a year ago from Southern Minnesota, and am well pleased with the country and business conditions. The farmers are proving up, getting on their feet financially, and getting in a position to push right ahead. Our great variety of resources makes this a safe country in which to do business. Our climate is excellent and permits us to raise almost anything in the fruit line. Dairying is destined to be one of our greatest industries. I have seen the best crops of small grain here that I have ever seen anywhere. This is a country where there is plenty of room for people willing to work and get ahead, for the man of limited means as well as the man who is well to do. " Kamiah, Idaho, Aug. 21, 1908. (Signed) Geo. H. Waterman. The dairy interests' to which Mr. Waterman refers seem destined to become a very important part of the business of the town and country adjoining. The splendid grasses and pasturage of the wide plains bordering the Clearwater, with the mild climate and good water afford a substantial and enduring foundation for dairying that cannot be discontinued. This opinion is also held by the agricultural college chiefs. Jumbo Mine {Mill), Buffalo Hump Paye Fifty-two NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 9 The ranchmen are gradually working into good blooded stock and there are now hundreds of cows supplying cream that is shipped from Kamiah to Spokane. The timber business is also good. There are several sawmills, employing from five to twenty-five men each, within a few miles of Kamiah. Mr. E. D. Parr's opinion of the valley will be interesting to many as those of a man who, having been here for several years, are based upon extended experiences: — "I have resided here during the eight years last past, and during that period there has been no failure or partial failure of any crop. The country is adapted to a great variety of products. Wheat, oats, barley, timothy, clover and alfalfa do well. All kinds of vegetables and melons can be produced in abundance. Wherever corn has been properly planted and cultivated, results have been very satis- factory. Fruits and berries of all kinds have been a success in the past. Besides this the country is adapted to stock raising, especially that of the dairy cow. The feeding season is short, seldom extending over a period of three months. The climate is all that can be desired — summers cool and winters mild. Prices for farm produce have been good. "Our great variety of staple products is a valuable asset which few communities can claim. "The continuous development of the adjacent timber and mineral resources will increase our already good markets. All are reasonably prosperous and full of hope for the future. " Kamiah, Idaho, Aug. 20, 1908. (Signed) E. D. Parr. The Great Prairie Country Enclosed between the Snake river, the Bitter Root mountains, and the extreme lower Salmon river lies the great prairie region of the Clearwater country, the old roaming ground of the Nez Perce tribe — the tribe of Chief Joseph — and their forebears, the Chopunnish. As heretofore noted that part of this magnificent prairie lying between the Snake and Clearwater rivers is divided by the Kam-i- yahp, or Lawyer's Canyon, into two nearly equal sections. The one to the north, formerly known as the Cold Spring's, is now called Nez Perce, prairie after the Nez Perce Indians, and the prairie lying south of the big gulch is called Camas prairie, after the nutritious and indigenous root that was such an important article of food in the household economy of that tribe. The plateau between the Clearwater river and the Bitter Root mountains is known as the Weippe prairie. In a general sense what is true of one is true of all of these sections. The elevation, about;3,000-3,300 feet above seaievel; the rainfall about 30 inches; the general character of the soil and country; the climate; and the nature of farming followed, are essentially the same in each locality. Page Fifty-three » CLEARWATER COUNTRY The climate of this prairie region is in many respects ideal. For raising small grain it could not be better. The summers are never excessively hot nor are the winters at all severe. The thermometer seldom reaches zero and when it does it rarely remains there for more than a few hours. In the last six years there have been but six nights in which the mercury went below zero. In the summer it is not often that the mercury goes above 96 degrees and even this heat does not last long and the nights are always cool. Hard winds and dust storms are unknown here. Snow comes about December 1-15. In March there is usually a period of fine weather when the spring grain is sown. From April 15 to July 10 there are periods of rain at varying intervals. In winter the snow forms a protective, warm, ground covering so that potatoes, which are a fine crop, remain in the ground all winter without freezing and then will, if allowed, produce a volunteer crop. The prairie tubers are firm, solid and of superb quality. Here is a country that is, perhaps, unsurpassed anywhere for fertility. The yields of wheat, barley, oats, flax and hay are often beyond comprehension to the average Easterner who has not visited the Pacific Northwest. On Nez Perce and Camas prairies crop failure is almost unknown. It is the land of great harvests and tremendous possibilities. The proof of the excellence of the prairie soil is the millions of bushels of grain produced in this section. The soil is very dark and exceedingly fertile, and has a depth of from one to six feet. Some of the more careful farmers have tilled this soil from eight to ten years without having to summer fallow. With such a soil and aided by the abundant rainfall, government bonds are not safer security than are the fertile acres of this Idaho prairie country. No irrigation is ever necessary here, this being one of the very few sections east of the Cascades and west of the Rockies that has an abundance of rain for at least eight months of the year. It is a country where the grass remains green throughout the summer months. Both spring and fall grain are raised, that planted in the fall producing the heavier yield. When the claim is made that these prairies constitute the banner country for raising small grain the prairie farmer is ready with the proof to make it good. With a soil and climate that causes wheat to yield from 25 to 60 bushels an acre, oats and barley from 35 to 100 bushels, and flax from 10 to 30 bushels, the dweller on the Nez Perce and Camas prairies feels that he need not hesitate to claim that his is the best small grain country on earth. Wheat that went 62 bushels to the acre, taking a gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition and also at the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland in 1905, speaks for itself as to the merits of this section This Page Fifty-four NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Barley, Estimated 65 to 70 Bushels to the Acre upland barley is very superior, being nearly all of it purchased by Eastern brewers for brewing barley. The oats in this section are said to surpass in quality and yield oats raised in almost any other part of the United States. From this region is supplied the far-famed Craig mountain hay that is unexcelled for quality. Breeders of fine horses, after using this hay will have no other. Fine, bright, clean and green — -with all the qualities of the finest hay ever produced — it goes upon the market without meeting a real competitor, selling on an average for $4< more a ton than any other hay sold on the Northwest coast. The yield of timothy is about V/z tons an acre, and it brings from $10 to $15 and, occasionally, $20 a ton. A timothy field on these j>rairies is a wonderful sight. The plant is remarkably strong and ealthy, grows to a great height, is per- sistent in overrunning its set bounds and has to be fought like a weed to prevent it from monopolizing all creation. Like grain and potatoes it is a volunteer crop in this region. No section of Idaho, or indeed of the Northwest, furnishes more or better cattle, horses and hogs than the Nez Perce and Camas prairies and the Craig mountain country. Cattle and horses in many instances live on the wild range along the rivers and creeks that surround the prairie, and winter well. The raising of good, well bred horses has been systematically carried on as may be seen when it is stated that good farm horses cost from $200 to $600 a pair. There are large numbers of Durham and Hereford cattle raised. Sheep do well, but as yet there have been few of them raised. Poultry has never received much attention commercially, but all kinds thrive and do well. Page Fifty-five CLEARWATER COUNTRY Wheat, Estimated 65 to 70 Bushels to the Acre This is an exceptionally fine country for hogs, these animals bringing to the stock raiser one of the largest incomes of any line of stock. Large numbers of the best breeds are raised at great profit to the farmers. They are pastured on timothy and grain stubble, at about 250 pounds weight, usually in the Coast cities. Prices for several years have averaged from five to eight cents a pound on the hoof, and it is figured that in feeding wheat to hogs the grain nets the farmer from 75 to 85 cents a bushel. It is a fact that diseases of swine are unknown in the prairie country. In the rough, mountainous Salmon river country, also, there are extensive herds of good cattle and sheep. These, with the wool clip, find an outlet through Grangeville and the railway to the out- side markets. The following letter and statistics are valuable supplementary data as to what has been stated regarding the livestock industry: "Relative to your inquiry requesting data as to sales of live stock on the prairie, I herewith enclose memorandum of railroad shipments by us from July 1, 1907 to September 1, 1908; this includes shipments from Stites, Kooskia, Kamiah, Greer and other points on the Clearwater branch of the Northern Pacific. "This does not include 300 head shipped by Robert H. Jones from Lewiston on a contract he handled from there, nor does it include 1,360 head shipped from Council to Portland, nor 443 head of cattle and 861 head of hogs shipped by C. C. Day, acting for Bales & Jones, from Lewiston. These are all Bales & Jones deals, but were not handled from here. "We have also shipped from prairie points to ourselves at Anacon- da, Montana, 960 head and from Washington points to same desti- nation 300 head, and these shipments are not included in our list but were handled by the Northern Pacific Railway. Page Fifty-six NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q '/'The bulk of this stuff has gone to Spokane and Seattle, although a large proportion has gone to various railroad camps handled by meat contractors; one large shipment went to Mandan, N. D., on a government contract. Grangeville, Idaho, Sept. 4, 1908. (Signed) Bales-Jones Co. LIVE STOCK SHIPMENTS BY BALES & JONES. July 1, 1907 to Sept. 1, 1908. DATE. July 1907 August 1907 September 1907 October 1907 November 1907 December 1907 January 1908 February 1908 March 1908 April 1908 May 1908 June 1908 July 1908 August 1908 Total CATTLE. HOGS 1304 329 1072 «... 807 406 1415 406 959 355 1075 1204 768 920 358 875 697 901 687 556 234 911 321 1981 528 243 473 480 SHEEP. 502 309 751 215 223 10698 9567 2000 While, naturally, owing to the former lack of transportation facili- ties, the dairy industry is in its infancy, there is every evidence that before many years it will be one of the greatest revenue producers that the region possesses. Page Fifty-seven Yellow Pine, Craig Mountain 4 CLEARWATER COUNTRY Salmon Fishing, Lewiston, Idaho Band oj Cattle on Snake River, at Asotin Owing to the fact that the grass remains green throughout the entire summer this is an ideal dairy country. Dairy firms in Lewiston and Spokane have a fine line of customers through this country even now and the receipts from the sale of cream are already large. The Commercial Cream Company have a branch in Lewiston and supply the local markets with butter and jice cream, shipping annually about 250,000 pounds of butter and 350,000 pounds of ice cream. The herds of cows are of good quality and are constantly being improved by the infusion of fresh and high grade blood. On some parts of the prairie a fine milking strain of the Durham, or Shorthorn, breed is being raised to advantage. Creamery sta- tions are continually being established in the prairie towns where- ever conditions justify it. Good, pure, soft water is found at depths varying from 50 to 275 feet, according to location. In the vicinity of Craig, mountain springsjire abundant and the wells are of slight depth. Good farming land within reasonable distances of the railway canjbe'bought at prices ranging from $30 to $50 or $60 per acre. At more remote distances from the railway it can be purchased at lower prices, but these figures will surely be advanced in the near future. For the ordinary ranch hand the wages are $30 per month and board during about eight months of the year. For the four months during harvest these prices range from $2.50 to $5 a day, according to the work done. Mining and skilled labor command higher prices. On the western border of the Nez Perce prairie and commencing about four miles west of Vollmer, is the Craig mountain timber belt extending west and south to the Snake and Salmon rivers. This large area comprises a table land that is moderately undulating and is covered with the finest of yellow pine, red fir and tamarack. This land when cut over and cleared makes the finest timothy land on the coast. This section has a number of sawmills that cut for home consumption and manufacture shop stuff for the eastern markets. As yet hardly a beginning has been made on this large body of timber, which will mean so much to the towns in its vicinity. The Page Fifty -eigh NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 9 new railway from Craig Junction, on the Camas Prairie line, to Win- chester will facilitate the development of this timber belt. The proximity of this and other timber belts in the adjacent mountain ranges ensures low priced fuel, four foot cordwood in Grangeville, for example, costing $5.50 per cord. Inasmuch as the Clearwater prairie region in its entirety is relatively of recent settlement and development, the exact status of horticulture may be said to be somewhat undetermined. That in many localities it is a pronounced success is certain. On the Nez Perce and Camas prairies, almost every farmer has a fair sized orchard. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, prunes, blackberries, dewberries, red and black raspberries, strawberries, currants and gooseberries are raised. In some places early peaches have been grown successfully, but the season is too short, apparently, to certainly mature late peaches. The Foster and Alexander varieties do well. Bartlett, Winter Nellis and Flemish Beauty pears are a success, and Bing, Royal Ann, Oxheart, Gov. Wood and other cherries come to splendid maturity. For canning cherries the Montmorency, May Duke and Late Duke are grown. The varieties of berries attain great perfection and the prairie berries should, in the future, become noted for their excellence if grown with discrimination and care. Certain varieties of apples are, apparently, bound to do well at many localities, especially where a little natural protection can be afforded. Two orchards situated on the hillsides above Grangeville may serve as an indication of what the future may bring forth. These orchards cover fairly well the entire range of fruits, are somewhat higher than Grangeville, the elevation of which is 3,300 feet, and they both have a northerly exposure. That of Mr. Trueblood is Page Fifty-nine Cedar on North Fork CLEARWATER COUNTRY Some Camat Prairie Big Fellows small and devoted principally to cherries, and certainly the trees were fine specimens of their kind and were loaded with delicious fruit. Prominent among several varieties were the Bing and Royal Ann, two of the standard varie- ties of sweet cherries raised in the West. Mr. Trueblood has a good opinion of the prairie country for fruit, especially the hillsides, which are immune from frost. The orchard of Mr. Horning is much larger and the trees and berry canes are several years old. Mr. Horning says that while grapes do not do well here, as a berry country the region cannot be beat. All the varieties, blackberries, dewberries, raspberries and straw- berries, do well; the latter, he says, grow "as large as hens' eggs." The berry canes bore out his statements. Pears and cherries, he states, likewise produce well. Mr. Homing's experience with apples indicates that the Newtown Pippin, Northern Spy and the Baldwin are not well adapted to this particular locality. The Spitzenberg does fairly well but does not grow to large size, and the same is true of the Golden Russet and Geniton. The Jonathan, Belleflower, Gravenstein, Duchess of Oldenberg, Wealthy, Rhode Island Greening and Missouri Pippin are good varieties, and for domestic use he suggests also the Rambo and the King. The Snow and Early Harvest, summer apples grown, are very fine. One strong point named for this region as a fruit country is the fact that its elevation, practically, at least up to the present time, renders it free from pests. There is no trouble from the codling moth but there is some with the aphis. With some varieties of apples a heavy crop one year may be followed by a light crop the succeeding year. It is not improbable that a more extended and scientific experi- ence in orcharding will prove this region a decidedly good one for apple culture. This applies to both the Nez Perce and Camas prairies. No more healthful country exists than these upland prairies. They are free from many of the diseases commonly contracted in older settled regions, and the death rate is one of the lowest on record according to the population. A system of efficient free schools exists all over the region and the larger towns have good graded schools. All religious denom. nations are represented and many good churches are in evidence. Good towns are well scattered over both the Nez Perce and Camas prairies. With the lack of transportation facilities heretofore, the growth of these towns and the surrounding country has of course Page Sixty NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q been of the slow, quiet sort. With little blowing of trumpets they have slowly but surely forged ahead, the focal points of such immi- gration as was attracted to the region by the unpretentious methods of publicity used. Many of them, patterning after their larger and more ambitious sister cities, have had their Chambers of Commerce or similar organizations watching the trend of events, doing what they could to build up the country and waiting, more particularly, for the psychological moment when they could hopefully "push things." With the completion of the Northern Pacific Camas Prairie branch line from Cul de Sac, extending straight across the prairies to Grangeville, that moment arrived. With this line supplementing the Clearwater branch to Kamiah and Stites, these old Indian hunting grounds are now well supplied with the one thing formerly lacking — transportation. Now that this is the case the towns are awake to the opportunity presented and will, undoubtedly, present the claims of their beautiful, historic land to those seeking homes in the West, with vigor and intelligence. It would seem invidious and of no avail to attempt comparisons of these little centers of population. They have been established naturally, as the nuclei of the pioneers who have ingathered here. They will undoubtedly continue in that relation as the country becomes settled. Among those towns on Nez Perce prairie, that may be mentioned, are Fletcher, Forest, Ilo, Mohler, Nez Perce, Vollmer, Westlake, Winchester and Woodside. While these are all prospering and all possess the elements of successful growth, the two larger and m re pretentious at the present time, perhaps, are Vollmer, on the railway, and Nez Perce, 10 miles east of it. Schools, churches, hotels, stores, mills, etc., are common to most of them. Nez Perce has a system of water works and electric lights; Westlake has a creamery and also water works; Vollmer, less than two years old, has many business houses, and dentists, physicians, lawyers, a bank, etc. A railway has recently been completed between Nez Perce and Vollmer that is a great convenience to the people in this section. Plowing and Seeding on the Nez Perce Prairie Page Sixty -one CLEARWATER COUNTRY On Small's Ranch Across the deep Lawyer's Canyon on the Camas prairie the same situation obtains. Here are Keuterville, Fenn, Ferdinand, Dryden, Winona, Denver, Green Creek, Cottonwood, Grangeville and other local centers each with its own bit of territory to sustain it. Over on the Salmon river are Whitebird, Freedom, Lucile and other towns, business points of importance. Of all these places Grangeville, the county seat of Idaho county, is the largest and is a pleasant town, attractively located. It has a population exceeding 3,000 and all the usual appurtenances, commercially and otherwise, of a good progressive county seat town. It is the terminus of the Camas Prairie branch line of the Northern Pacific and is about ten miles from Stites, the terminus of the Clearwater branch. South from Grangeville are the mining towns of Mt. Idaho, Newsome, Elk City, Raymond, Florence, Dixie, etc. The Buffalo Hump region lies still farther to the south. Most of these mining towns have interesting histories. They stand for a period long gone when placer mining flourished, and they have supplied millions upon millions of dollars of silver and gold to the channels of trade. It would be difficult to state with accuracy how much, but Nez Perce and Idaho counties are today producing between $250,000 and $300,000 annually. As transportation lines are extended the mining industry will improve. Besides gold and silver, copper is beginning to assume an importance in Idaho mining. There are many small unpretentious mines found in the Salmon river country and these afford good markets for the ranchmen who are scattered along the bottom lands and benches. As the mining interests grow and the old towns resume their old time importance and new ones are established, they will provide increasing and stable markets for the produce of the prairies. Each Page Sixty-two NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q section, therefore, is the complement of the other, and this main- tains an equilibrium, both in demand and supply and- in prices, that is of great importance in the prosperity of the entire region. The appended statements and experience letters from persons resident in the prairie country cover both Nez Perce and Camas prairies and are from persons some of whom are engaged in com- mercial occupations, others in farming. These communications are typical of what one hears and sees on all sides, and fairly represent the conditions and possibilities of this region. The Prairie Country Is Good For Diversified Farming "As to the advantages of the Camas Prairie district in Idaho county to a farmer with limited means, will say: This bank has numerous customers who came here a few years ago with small or no capital, rented for a year or two, then made a small payment on a farm and went ahead to farm their own land. Their success is owing to the fact that they had good soil and climate, light expenses and sold something the year round. An industrious family with three or four cows, a flock of hens, a few sows and a garden, can get along under any circumstances. "The advantages are: That a farmer can, on 160 acres, sell something all the year round; timothy hay of the first quality — timothy is a weed here, naturalized — a few cattle, fat hogs, apples, plums, prunes, berries of all kinds, potatoes, these with weekly shipments of cream, eggs and poultry, pay all the expenses until harvest comes, when he generally has a big cleanup. "Many of the most successful farmers feed the crops to hogs, they claim they realize seventy cents and upwards per bushel for wheat when fed to a good hog and save the expense of threshing. Disease among hogs is unknown in this district. "Timothy hay is as valuable a crop as grain when properly managed, the market is very good, the yield per acre good, the expense light, and with the advent of railway communication the market will be continuous the year round. "The diversified farmer and the one who raises and fattens the most hogs usually has the best bank account. "This is an exceptionally good dairy country, climate, grass and water are already here, the cool nights favor the growth of roots, also corn for ensilage, a luxuriant growth of clover ensures large returns in milk and cream, and with railway communication the returns will be immense. " (Signed) Bank of Camas Prairie, John Norwood, Atiutant Cashier. Grangeville, Idaho, July 30, 1908. Page Sixty-three ® CLEARWATER COUNTRY Farms Pay Big Dividends "I came to Grange ville, Idaho, in the year 1892, from Whiteside County, Illinois. Since that time I have been engaged in farming and stock-raising quite extensively. "I can say that the nearest to a failure in grain crop I have ever had was in the year 1894, my winter wheat only making an average of 30 bushels an acre. "We have excellent pasture in this section, and get early beef in June, and the prices are usually about equal to Chicago prices for the same grade of beef. For hogs we usually get Chicago prices. "On my farm the work is carried on in a systematic form. I can say that this country will pay greater dividends than Illinois or Iowa, having liv ' in both states and drawn my conclusions there- from. "Land values, when I came here, ranged from $7 to $15 an acre. During 1894 they were even cheaper than that. Now, I consider that my farm consisting of 440 acres is worth at least $60 an acre. Grangeville, Idaho, Aug. 7, 1908. (Signed) E. S. Sweet. Made Money Growing Grain "I was born in the state of Missouri and came to the Nez Perce prairie twelve years ago with $1,500. I am now the owner of 420 acres of good land near Vollmer, Idaho, and have other property worth as much as the land I own. Made my money raising grain and in the advance of land." Vollmer, Idaho, Aug. 14, 1908. (Signed) W. E. Marckel. All Are Prospering "I came to Idaho County in the year 1879 and to Grangeville in 1886. "The country at that time was in a crude and raw state, the chief industry being stock-raising. Since that time, however, a great change has taken place. The prairie has been gradually broken up, and is nearly all in a high state of cultivation. I consider Camas Prairie one of the best, if not the best, agricultural sections in the Northwest. "I am, at present, Manager of the Alexander-Freidenrich Co., Ltd., Department Store, doing a volume of business each year which places me in a position to Bay that the people of Idaho County are a progressive, prosperous people, meeting their bills very promptly. " Grangeville, Idaho, Aug. 7, 1908. (Signed) Frank McGrane, Mgr., Alexander-Freidenrich Co., Ltd. Page Sixty-four NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 9 Made Money in Mercantile Business "Fourteen years ago I left Scotland and came to America and took up a homestead in the vicinity of Vollmer. I have met with splendid success. I have engaged in the general mercantile business in this section and have an up-to-date stock of goods to the value of $45,000. I am also the owner of several pieces of land. My success is far above my expectations." Vollmer, Idaho, Aug. 14, 1908. (Signed) Alexander Maw. The People Pay as They Go "One year ago I came here from Missouri and opened a mer- chandise store. I can truthfully say that the volume of business was about three times more than I had anticipated. The people on Camas prairie have money to pay for everything, consequently we have no accounts to collect. "I consider the climate the best that I have experienced in any section, and the water is soft and of the very best quality. This is one of the finest agricultural sections in the Northwest." Grangeville, Idaho, Aug. 7, 1908. (Signed) S. J. Foster. Has Made Money from the Start "I am a native of Illinois. I came to Nez Perce prairie four years ago with about $1,000 and since that time I have become the owner of 463 acres of Nez Perce prairie land, all stocked. I am also the owner of several business houses in Vollmer, Idaho, where I now hold the position of secretary and treasurer in the Bank and Trust Company of Vollmer. " Vollmer, Idaho, Aug. 15, 1908. (Signed) W. L. Lyon Great Country for Horses and Hogs "I came from South Dakota to Camas Prairie six years ago and bought 623 acres of land, the price being $10 per acre. My land is now worth $60 per acre. "I have raised Hereford cattle, Percheron horses and Berkshire hogs, and I am well satisfied with the results. Horses grow to perfection here, they never have the heaves, nor have I ever seen a blind horse, unless where one eye had been lost by an accident. "I consider this the best hog country I have ever seen, no cholera, no disease of any kind, and the prices are equal, if not in excess, of Chicago markets. "Thio is a great grass country and pasture is good nearly all the year. " Grangeville, Idaho, Aug. 11, 1908. (Signed) John Callan. Page Sixty-five Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY Oxen, Winchester, Idaho' Mr. A. C. Eitzen, a pioneer farmer and business man, with a faculty for statistics, has tabulated the amount and variety of the product of the farm lands tributary to Nez Perce, on the Nez Perce prairie, which will be handled by the new Idaho and Nez Perce railway line, which is, practically, owned by the farmers, and the result shows that there are few agricultural districts of equal extent in the United States that can make as creditable a showing. A significant feature of the report, and one that promises well for the future of the district, is, that of the 100,000 acres of tillable land covered by the statistics all but a small fraction are farmed by the owners, only a few farms owned by Indians being leased. Mr. Eitzen estimates the amount in crop this year at 75,000 acres, of which 25,000 acres are sown to wheat, which will yield a total of 750,000 bushels; 12,000 acres to oats, which will produce 500,000 bushels; 32,500 acres to barley which will yield 1,300,000 bushels; and 7,500 acres to hay, which will produce 11,000 tons. Figuring this on a basis of 60 cents a bushel for wheat, 35 cents for oats, 45 cents for barley and $10.00 a ton for hay, the gross income for the year of the farmers in the territory surrounding Nez Perce, for grain and hay alone, will be $1,320,000. Added to this there will be 10,000 hogs worth $125,000; 1,000 head of cattle worth $35,000; 500 head of horses, worth $50,000; 20 cars of apples, worth $60,000; and 100,000 sacks of potatoes worth $50,000, besides $25,000 worth of cream and $4,000 worth of eggs, which makes the grand total of gross value of the produce of the district $1,669,000. Mr. Eitzen is one of the best posted men in Nez Perce county on matters pertaining to agriculture and in addition to compiling this table of general statistics he had, for the last nine years, kept accurate account of the value of the product of a 40 acre tract of land on this farm V/i miles from Nez Perce, and in a statement sworn to before a local notary public he says that this land, which has been devoted exclusively to the raising of grain and hay, has produced in the nine years $8,756 gross, and netted him a little more than $6,000. Nez Perce, Idaho, June 25th, 1910. Page Sixty-rix NORTHERN PACIFIC RY 9 A Man from Missouri Has Been Shown "I was born in Missouri. We landed in Idaho in the spring of 1885. Have made stock raising and farming my occupation and have made a success of it in a small way, although handicapped by not having capital to start with. We now own 400 acres of choice prairie land which produces from 40 to 60 bushels of wheat, 35 to 80 bushels of barley, as high as 110. bushels of oats, and from 1 to 3 tons of timothy per acre. Hay land has increased in value from $9 per acre to $50 or $60 for choice places. "Hog raising is one of the chief farming industries. Hogs are very healthy here and bring good prices as a rule. "All kinds of hardy fruits and vegetables do well here. I never have seen what would be called a crop failure. Rainfall is ample to mature all crops and the climate is much better than that in the Northwestern states. It is a rare thing for the thermometer to register below zero. There is fine water, a healthy climate, and a liberal class of people will be found to welcome all new comers to Camas prairie, the gem of the mountains. " Grangeville, Idaho, Aug. 11, 1908. (Signed) R. M. Bibb. Who Can Equal This Record ? "A field of wheat on my farm, which is located on Camas prairie, between Cottonwood and Grangeville, Idaho, produced between 59 and 60 bushels per acre. The wheat was sold for $1 per bushel, so you will realize that I have been very liberal in my allowance for plowing, harrowing, threshing, binding, etc. "This field consisted of forty acres. I am the owner of 640 acres, my income from which the past year, was about as follows : 40 acres to wheat, net income, $42 an acre. 30 acres to oats, yield 86 bushels, price $1.50 per cwt., expense $7.10 per acre, gross income $42, net income $34.90 an acre. 30 acres to barley (rented), my share, $5.50 an acre, besides pasture. 40 acres to wheat (rented), my share, $8.50 an acre besides the pasture. 150 acres to summer fallow. 40 acres to grain hay for feed. 15 acres, right of way, Northern Pacific Railway. 85 acres to pasture. 10 acres orchard, barnlots, etc. Hoping that this information will be of service to others, I am Thorp, Feb. 5, 1910. (Signed) Herman von Bargen." Those who desire additional or more detailed information along particular lines than is here given, can address any of the persons named herein. Many of the towns have Chambers of Commerce that will gladly welcome inquiries and supply information. Others who may thus be addressed are: R. H. Wallace, Vollmer, Idaho; L. M. Harris & Co., Geo. M. Reed, A. F. Parker, Grangeville, Idaho. Page Sixty-term 9 CLEAR WATER COUNTRY Northern Pacific Train Service to the Clearwater Country HE NORTHERN PACIFIC provides a TwT daily service of four through electric- \f^ lighted transcontinental passenger trains between eastern and western terminals. Through standard and tourist sleeping cars, with dining car service, are operated daily from Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis, also from St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph to Spokane and the North Pacific Coast, over the lines as indicated by map of the system contained herein. There is convenient connecting service from and to Duluth and Superior. This service is operated both west and east bound. In connection with it, there is operated double daily service between Spokane and Lewiston, with daily connecting service to and from Genesee and Grange- ville and double daily service to and from Stites, on those respective branches. A daily train is also oper- ated over the "Camas Prairie" line between Lewiston and Pasco, Washington, carrying through standard sleeping car Lewiston to Seattle and making direct connection at Pasco with the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Ry., for Portland. Full details of Northern Pacific train service will be found in the time table folder — the latest issue of which will be provided on request by any Northern Pacific representative, as per list on another page. Northern Pacific tourist sleeping cars are excep- tionally clean and comfortable. They are upholstered in leather and are electric-lighted. The berths are large and ample for the accommodation of two persons. The cost of space in the tourist cars is just half that in the standard sleeping cars, hence the tourist car is eco- nomical. You save money at no sacrifice of comfort. Our illustrated booklet, "Over the Scenic Highway in a Tourist Sleeping Car, " gives full details of the service. Page Sixty-eight NORTHERN PACT FIG RY Q Northern Pacific Books and Pamphlets Apple Growing in the Northwest, No. 88. Prof. Shaw on North Dakota, No. 86B. Prof. Shaw on Minnesota, No. 86A. Gov. Burke on North Dakota, No. 89. What Montana Has to Offer, No. 85A. Handy pocket size pamphlets offering much val- uable Information on their respective subjects. U. S. Government Land Pamphlet No. 79. — Contains tabulated list of vacant public land tribu- tary to the Northern Pacific in the various states. Shows number of acres surveyed and unsurveyed, aud character of land. List of Land Dealers, No. 82. — A pamphlet containing a list of land dealers located along the line of the Northern Paclflc. Instructions in Dry Farming, No. 80. — A most valuable pamphlet setting forth complete directions for the succssful cultivation of soil by the so-called "dry farming" system. Prepared by Messrs. Alfred Atkinson, Agronomist, and F. S. Cooley, Supt. of Farmers' Institutes, of the Mon- tana Agricultural College. Watering the Waste Places, No. 83. — A new folder, fully Illustrated, giving a description of irrigation in the Northwest tributary to the Northern Paclflc. Opportunities, No. 76. — A book of valuable information relative to Business Openings along the Northern Paclflc Railway. The King of the Land of Fortune. — A beauti- ful booklet with handsome cover and well illus- trated, telling about the apple industry In the Northwest. Worthy a place in any library. Western North Dakota, No. 72-A. — A new illustrated booklet describing the lands ana con- ditions in the counties of Western North Dakota where the lands are very fertile, thousands of acres are subject to homestead, dry farming is success- fully practiced, and the country is being rapidly settled up. Irrigation in the Yellowstone Valley. — A description of the land now being irrigated near Billings and offered for sale by the Billings Land & Irrigation Company. Lower Yellowstone Project Pamphlet. — An illustrated folder giving full description of the lands under the project and how they may be obtained for settlement. Shields River Valley, Montana, No. 81. — A booklet describing one of the most fertile and beautiful valleys in Eastern Montana. Low priced lands, flue climate — jus,c the place many a man is looking for. Yakima Irrigation Project Pamphlet. — An illustrated pamphlet descriptive of the irrigated lands under this project; how the land may be obtained, etc. Washington and Lewiston Country In Idaho No. 59. — Pamphlet giving a general description of Northern Idaho and Eastern, Central and Western Washington with special reference to the markets in the Orient. Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho, No. 74A. — A booklet descriptive of the countrv and counties of Eastern Washington and the" Pan Handle of Idaho. This covers the well known irrigation sections of the "Inland Empire," of which Spokane is the metropolis. Southwestern Washington, No. 90. — Descrip- tive booklet, with special reference to Chehalis Clarke, Cowlitz, Klickitat, Skamania, Lewis Mason, Pacific, Thurston and Wahkiakum coun- ties. Through the Fertile Northwest, No. 87. — A new descriptive map folder, well illustrated, describing the territory tributary to the Northern Pacific from St. Paul-Minneapolis, Duluth-Superior to the North Pacific Coast. Kittitas County, Washington, No. 91. — A new descriptive map folder, dealing directly with Kittitas County, containing full details as to its resources, etc. From Office to Orchard, No. 92. — A beautiful little souvenir booklet, gotten up in the shape of a large red apple, neatly illustrated; contains much information about apple culture. Special Publications. — Consisting of pamph- lets, leaflets, etc., issued by various irrigation and land interests, descriptive of the country tributary to Spokane, Pasco, Kennewick, Lewiston-Clark- ston, North Yakima, Prosser, Walla Walla, Sunny- side, Mabton, Toppenish, Ellensburg, White Salmon and other towns. (State in what locality you are interested.) These pamphlets will be sent FREE to any address. Write to L. J. Bricker, General Immigration Agent, ST. PAUL, MINN. Rules Governing Transportation of Settlers' Movables .. *■ The rates on Emigrants' Movables apply only on shipments the value of which is declared bv K&ffi'W not t0 exceea S10.00 per 100 lbs. (or the proportionate amount thereof if weight is less than 100 lbs.) in case of loss or damage, and must be so receipted for. ™ ?' ^ n ? rate s will only apply on second-hand articles of household goods, books of professional men, store fixtures of merchants, vehicles (see Note A) and agricultural implements, wagons, tools and rarm machinery, when forming the outfit of intending settlers. These rates will not be applied on anv new articles, provisions, merchandise or grain, except as provided In Rule 3. ,. .?• The carload rates will also apply on the following articles forming part of a load of Emigrants' .Movables, when for the use of intending settlers: Fifty bushels of grain for seed, and a sufficient amount , nAnf anlln als ln transit; common lumber and shingles, not to exceed in the aggregate the equivalent or ^,500 feet of lumber; (40 bundles of shingles are equivalent to 1,000 feet of lumber) ; 500 fence posts a, small portable house; trees, shrubbery, live fowl and live stock, subject to conditions of live stock eon- tract, as follows: Small stock, (hogs, sheep and goats) not to exceed twenty head; or horses, mules and cattle, not to exceed ten head; in case car contains mixed stock, an equivalent of ten head will be allowed counting two head of small stock (hogs, sheep or goats) the same as one horse or cow. . . . 4 - When carload shipments contain live stock, one man will be passed free to take care of the live stock ln transit, and in such cases agents will execute the usual form of Live Stock Contract. No return pass or reduced fare ticket will be granted account live stock shipped with Emigrants' Movables. 6. Trunks containing Emigrants' Movables, less carloads, will not be accepted unless boxed. , . 5' . Trunks ?r other packages containing watches, jewelry, gold, silver or copper coin, articles manu- factured from precious metals, drafts, bank bills, notes, deeds or other valuable papers of any kind will not be taken. 7. Minimum Charge. — No single shipment will be transported for less than 100 lbs. at less than carload rate, subject to minimum charge of 25 cents. ... Note A.— Rates will not apply on boats or on the following vehicles, namely: Ambulances, auto- mobiles, barouches, breaks, broughams, cabriolets, coaches, carrettes, coupes, depot wagons (passenger) nacKs, hansoms hearses, herdlcs (four wheeled), landaulet". landaus, motor cycles, omnibuses, rockaways' stage coaches, victorias or wagonettes. Page Sixty-nine o CLEARWATER COUNTRY Page Seventy NORTHERN PACIFIC RY Q PASSENGER, Immigration and Freight Representatives of the Northern Pacific are located in the leading cities of the United States. For any details with reference to fares, train service, connections, descriptive literature or information relative to the territory served by its lines, or any facts which will aid in planning your trip, call on or write to Aberdeen and Hoqulam, Wash., 221 E. Heron St., Aberdeen. .E. A. McKenna General Agent Atlanta, Ga 16 North Pryor St. A. E. Ryan Traveling Passenger Agent Belltngham, Wash 1222 Dock St. .A. N. Bussing City Freight & Passenger Agent Billings, Mont Mont. Ave. and 28th St. .J. E. Spurling General Agent Geo. F. Knight Traveling Freight Agent Boston, Mass 207 Old South Bldg. .C. E. Foster District Passenger Agent F. W. Clemson New England Freight Agent Buffalo, N. Y 215 Ellicott Square. .Wm. G. Mason District Passenger Agent M. O. Barnard General Agent Freight Dept. Butte, Mont Park and Main Sts. ,W. H. Merriman .Division Frt. & Pass. Agent Chicago 144 S. Clark St . . C. A. Matthews General Agent Passenger Dept. J. C. Thompson District Passenger Agent W. L. Wampler Traveling Freight Agent C. B. Sexton General Agent Freight Dept. W. T. Kraft Traveling Freight Agent J. C. Herman Contracting Freight Agent H. F. Adams Traveling Freight Agent J. C. McCutchen Contracting Freight Agent. .W. H. Millard Traveling Freight Agent J. L. Daugherty Traveling Immigration Agent Cincinnati, Ohio 40 East Fourth St. .M. J. Costello District Passenger Agent J. C. Eaton Traveling Immigration Agent A. H. Caffee General Agent Freight Dept. Cleveland, Ohio Williamson Bldg. ,B. A. Hamilton General Agent Freight Dept. lies Moines, la 212-214 Century Bldg. .E. D. Rockwell District Passenger Agent Detroit, Mich 423 Majestic Bldg. . W. H. Whitaker District Passenger Agent Geo. Barnes General Agent Freight Dept. Duluth, Minn 334 W Superior St. .J. I. Thomas General Agent C. P. O'Donnell City Passenger Agent John E. Caine Traveling Freight Agent Everett, Wash 2825 Colby Ave ..CO. Martin General Agent Helena, Mont Main and Grand Sts. .E. S. Richards General Agent Geo. A. Miner City Passenger Agent C. W. Merrilies . . .Trav. Freight & Passenger Agent Indianapolis, Ind 42 Jackson Place. .W. E. Smith District Passenger Agent Jamestown, N. D J. L. Burnham Traveling Freight Agent Kansas City, Mo 823 Main St . . H. B. Bryning Traveling Immigration Agent F. A. Acker Traveling Freight Agent Lewlston, Idaho 320 Main St. .W. J. Jordan General Agent Los Angeles, Cal 531 S. Spring St. .Geo. W. McCaskey General Agent Milwaukee, Wis 316-17 Ry. Exchange Bldg. .M. E. Harlan District Passenger Agent C. T. Noonan General Agent Freight Dept. W. F. Comerford Soliciting Freight Agent Miles City, Mont Station. .J. G. Sanders Traveling Freight Agent Minneapolis, Minn 19 Nicollet Blk. .G. F. McNeill City Passenger Agent J. C. Simonton General Agent Freight Dept. Montreal, Que. . . .Imp. Bank Bldg., St. James St. .G. W. Hardisty . . .Dist. Passenger & Freight Agent New York City 319 Broadway. .W. F. Mershon General Agent Passenger Dept. C. F. Seeger General Agent Freight Dept. North Yakima, Wash Station. .C. C. Burdick General Agent Philadelphia, Pa 711 Chestnut St. .P. W. Pummill District Passenger Agent B. M. Decker Traveling Freight Agent John S. Donal. ..... .General Agent Freight Dept. Pittsburg, Pa 305 Park Bldg. .C. E. Brison District Passenger Agent W. W. Scully General Agent Freight Dept. Portland, Ore 255 Morrison St. .E. D. Sanders City Pass. Agent S. J. Miller Traveling Pass. Agent Portland, Ore 407 Worcester Bldg. . F. H. Fogarty Assistant General Freight Agent W. H. Ormsby Traveling Freight Agent Pt. Townsend, Wash 402 Water St. .W. L. Clark Agent San Francisco, Cal 685 Market St. .T. K. Stateler General Agent Passenger Dept. E. H. Forester General Agent Freight Dept. Seattle, Wash 1st Ave. and Yesler Way. .H. N. Kennedy General Agent J. O. McMullen City Passenger Agent C. M. Covell Assistant General Agent Spokane, Wash. 701 Sprague Ave General Agent W. H. Ude City Passenger Agent Lee M. Conry Traveling Passenger Agent M. E. Snyder Traveling Freight Agent G. W. Breckenrldge. . . .Trav. Frt. and Pass. Agent St. Louis, Mo 306 Cent. Nat. Bank Bldg. .D. B. Gardner District Passenger Agent It. J. Tozer Traveling Freight Agent R. K. Cross General Agent Freight Dept. St. Paul, Minn. 5th and Robert Sts. .C. L. Townsend City Passenger Agent St. Paul, Minn 4th and Broadway. .J. T. McKenney District Passenger Agent L, P. Gellerman District Passenger Agent Jno. C. Poore Assistant General Passenger Agent G. A. Mitchell Assistant General Freight Agent W. E. Alair Assistant General Freight Agent H. E. Still Assistant General Freight Agent A. Tinling Assistant General Freight Agent W. M. Burk Contracting Freight Agent H. K. Cole Contracting Freight Agent J. H. Runyon Traveling Freight Agent G. R. Merritt General Agent Refrigerating Ser. Superior, Wis 817 Tower Ave. .W. H. Mitchell Agent Tacoma, Wash 925 Pacific Ave. .C. B. Foster City Passenger Agent Webb F. Sater Traveling Passenger Agent Tacoma, Wash 621 Pacific Ave. .Thos. D. Sharp Traveling Freight Agent H. J. Walters Traveling Freight Agent R. T. Bretz . . . .Asst. Gen. Western Freight Agent C. R. Lonergan General Agent Freight Dept. Vancouver, B. C 430 Hastings St. H. Swinford General Agent Vancouver, Wash 512 Main St. S. J. Miller Traveling Passenger Agent Victoria, B. C Yatea and Government Sts. . E. E. Blackwood General Agent Wallace, Idaho Station. CM. Grubbs General Agent Walla Walla, Wash 3 E. Main St. .S. B. Calderhead General Agent W. B. Heath Traveling Freight Agent Winnipeg, Man 268 Portage Ave. . W. C. Hartnett General Agent W. H. Wickett Traveling Freight Agent A. M. CLELAND, Gen'l Pass. Agt., St. Paul A. D. CHARLTON, Ass't Gen'l Pass. Agt., Portland J. B. BAIRD, Gen'l Frt. Agt., St. Paul HENRY BLAKELEY, Gen'l Western Frt. Agt., Tacoma L. J. BRICKER, General Immigration Agent, St. Paul J. G. WOODWORTH, J- M. HANNAFORD, Traffic Manager ST. PAUL. MINN. Second Vice-President Page Seventy-one Q CLEARWATER COUNTRY When You Ship Household Goods, Farm Implements or Merchandise of any kind, either carload lots or less than carload To Any Point In the Northwest Route your shipments via the line furnishing fast through express freight service with through mer- chandise package cars daily — the Northern Pacific Ry to principal points in Minnesota, Manitoba, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, British Columbia For particulars regarding Passenger or Freight Service or Hates, address nearest Northern Pacific Representative as shown herein, or A. M. CLELAND J. B. BAIRD General Passenger Agent, St. Paul General Freight Agent, St. Paul J. G. WOODWORTH J. M. HANNAFORD Traffic Manager, St. Paul Second Vice President, St. Paul I' age Seventy-two LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 108 066 4