i^ t (L^ Xi V*^ .0 0, ^C. ,-v^^ *,i^'" ■c^ "■ o 0^ 'f. V?^ -0 H -7- ct-. -A v" ^r v ^c.. .^ oV'''^ -0' ^ v^^ "oO^ \0°.. ^ N^^ "^^^ >' '''<^. . : ^^ ^\^ <^ '"^^ <^' .■\^ ^V ^-=t ^,\ c\^' •7*, * "" fi^ ,0-' CO' .^ '^ "^A V^^ ^°^.. oO'' / "'e -c.'^^ Bulletin No. 226 Series P, Geography, 37 DEPAETMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. VVALCOTT, DIRECTOR BOUNDARIES OF ^HE UNITED STATES AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF ALL IMPORTANT CHANGES OF TERRITORY (THIRD EDITION) BY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1904 BuUetin No. 226 Series F, Geography, 37 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLO(4ICAL SURVEY (;HARLKS D. WALCOTT, director //y BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITOIIIES WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF ALL IMPORTANT CHANGES OF TERRITORY (THIRD EDITION) HENRY GhANlSriLlTT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1904 -oHcr C(3NTENTS, Page. Lettek of transmittal 7 Chapter I. — Boundaries of the United States, and additionH to it.s territory .. 9 Boundaries of the United States 9 Provisional treaty with Great Britain 9 Treaty with Spain of 1798 10 Definitive treaty witli Great Britain 10 Treaty of London, 1794 10 Treaty of Ghent 11 ArlMtration l)y King of the Netherlands 16 Treaty with Great Britain, 1842 j 17 AVebster- Ash burton treaty with Great Britain, 1846 19 Additions to the territorj- of the United States 19 Louisiana purchase 19 Florida i)urehase 22 Texas accession 23 First Mexican cession 23 Gadsden purchase 25 Alaska purchase 25 Hawaiian Islands 28 Porto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands 28 Tutuila 29 Chapter II. — The public domain, and an outline of the history of changes made therein 30 Cessions by the States 30 Territory northwest of the river Ohio 33 Territory south of the river Ohio 35 Louisiana and the territory actjuired from Mexico 36 Chapter III.^ — ^The boundary lines of the States and Territories 39 ]\laine 39 New Hampshire 47 Vermont 51 Massachusetts 54 Rhode Island 71 Connecticut 72 New York 77 New Jersey 83 Pennsylvania 85 Delaware 87 Maryland -. 89 District of Columbia 92 Virginia 95 AVest Virginia 99 4 CONTENTS. CiiAi'iKi; 1 1 1,- 'I'ln' liniiinlarv liiit'>;<(f tin- Slates ami TtTrilnricw — CoiitM. I'age. Nort li ( 'an >l iiia 99 .South Carolina 103 F THK UNITED STATES. [bvi,l.226. from its iiioMtli ill till' l'.;i\- >>i Vnui\y {<> ils source, ainl Irum its suiirr<- .lircctly lun-thi to tilt' aloi-fsai'l lii-rlilaiiilH uliicli dividi- tlic riviT^i tliat fall into tlic Atlaiitir Oivaa from lliosc wliicli fall into tin- river SI. Lawrence; conipreliendint; all islandH within twenty lea^MU'S of any part of tlie shores of the I'niteil States and lyinj^ between hnes to he tlrawn due east from the jxiints wliere the aforesaid boundaries lu-tween Xova Scotia on the mie part and East Florida nn t lie other, shall n-spectively touch the liay of FniKly and flic Atlantic Ocean, cxi cpliii^' sucli islands us now are, or hereto- fore have heeii, within tlic limits of Ihe saiil province of Xova Scotia. Tkkatv wiTir Si'.viN of 1798. 'riic boundary between the United States mid the Spanish Posses- .sions, known :is the Floi-idas, is reafBiinod in tiie tn^aty l)etween the United States and Si)aiii, made in ITt^f), in the following- term The southern houn(hiry of the United States, which ears south 74° 45' west, and is 1,840 yards dis- tant from the stone church in the Indian village of 8t. Regis, and indicates the point at which the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude strikes the said river; thence run- ning north ,35° 45' west into the river, on a line at right angles with the southern shore, to a point 100 yards south of the opposite island, called Cornwall Island; thence turning westerly and passing around the southern and western sides of said island, keeping 100 yards distant therefrom, and following the curvatures of its shores, to a point opposite to the northwest corner or angle of said island; thence to and along the middle of the main river until it approaches the eastern extremity of Barnhart's Island; thence northerly along the channel which divides the last- mentioned island from the Canada shore, keeping 100 yards distant from the island, until it approaches Sheik's Island ; thence along the middle of the strait which divides Barnhart's and Sheik's islands to the channel called the LongSault, which separates the two last-mentioned islanils from the lower Long Sault Island; thence westerly (crossing the center of the last-mentioned channel) until it approaches within 100 yards of the north shore of the Lower Sault Island; thence up the north branch of the river, keeping to the north of and near the Lower Sault Island, and also north of and near the Upper Sault, sometimes called Baxter's Island, and south of the two small islands marked on the map A and B, to the western extremity of the Upper Sault or Baxter's Island; thence, passing between the two islands called the Cats, to the middle of the river above; thence along the middle of the river, keeping to U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. IV DETRorrX BOUNDARY BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND CANADA IN ST. CLAIR AND DETROIT RIVERS. GANNETT] NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 13 the north of the small islands marked C and D, and north also of Chrystler's Inland, and of the small island next alxive it, marked K, nntil it approaches the north- east angle of Goase Neck Island; thence along the passage which divides the last- mentioned island from the Canada shore, keeping 100 yards from the island to the njiper end of the same; thence south of and near the two small islands called the Nut Islands; thence north of and near the island marked F, and also of the island called Dry or Smuggler's Island; thence passing between the islands marked G and H to the nt)rth of the island called Isle an Rapid Piatt; thence along the north side of the last- mentioned island, keeping 100 yards from the shore, to the upper end thereof; thence along the middle of the river, keeping to the south of and near the islands called Coussin (orTussin) and Presque Isle; thence up the river, keeping north of and near the several Gallop Isles numbered on the map 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, C, 7, S, 9, and 10, and also of Tick, Tibbits, and Chimney islands, and south of and near the Gallop Isles num- bered 11, 12, and 13, and also of Duck, Drummond, and Sheep islands; thence along the middle of the river, passing north of island No. 14, south of 15 and 16, north of 17, south of 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 28, and north of 26 and 27; thence along the middle of the river, north of Gull Island and of the islands Nos. 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, Bluff Island, and Nos. 39, 44, and 45, ar.d to the south of Nos. 30, 31, 36, Grenadier Island, and Nos. 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, and 48, until it approaches the east end of Well's Island; thence to the north of Well's Island, and along the strait which divides it from Rowe's Island, keeping to the north of the small islands Nos. 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, and 61, and to the south of the small islands numbered and marked 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 60, and H, until it approaches the northeast point of Grindstone Island; thence to the north of Grindstone Island, and keeping to the north also of the small islands Nos. 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, and 78, and to the soiath of Nos. 62, 64, 66, 69, and 71, until it appi'oaches the southern point of Hickory Island; thence pass- ing to the south of Hickory Island and of the two small islands lying near its southern extremity, numbered 79 and 80; thence to the south of Grand or Long Island, keep- ing near its southern shore, and passing to the north of Carlton Island, until it arrives opposite to the southwestern point of said Grand Island, in Lake Ontario; thence, passing to the north of Grenadier, Fox, Stony, and the Gallop islands, in Lake Ontario, and to the south of and near the islands called the Ducks, to the middle of the said lake; thence westerly along the middle of said lake to a point opposite the mouth of the Niagara River; thence to and up the middle of the said river to the Great Falls; thence up the Falls through the point of the Horse Shoe, keeping to the west of Iris or Goat Island, and of the group of small islands at its head, and follow- ing the bends of the river so as to enter the strait l)etween Navy and Grand islands; thence along the middle of said strait to the head of Navy Island; thence to the west and south of and near t(j Cirand and Beaver islands, and to the west of Strawberry, Squaw, and Bird islands to Lake Erie; thence southerly and westerly along the middle of Lake Erie in a direction to enter the passage immediately south of Middle Island, being one of the easternmost of the group of islands lying in the western i)art of said lake; thence along the said passage, proceeding to the north of Cunningham's Island, of the three Bass Islands, and of the Western Sister, and to the south of the islands called the Hen and Chickens, and of the Eastern and Middle Sisters; thence to the middle of the moutli f)f the Detroit River in a direction to enter the channel which divides Bois Blanc and Sugar islands; thence up the said channel to the west of Bois Blanc Island, and to the east of Sugar, Fox, and Stony islands, until it approaches Fighting or Great Turkey Island; thence along the western side and near the shore of said last-mentioned island to the middle of the river above the same; thence-along the middle of said river, keeping to the southeast of and near Hog Island, and to the northwest of and near tlie island Isle a. la Peche, to Lake Saint Clair; thence through the middle of said lake in a direction to enter that mouth or channel of the river St. Clair which is usually denominated the Old Ship Channel; 14 BOUNDARlE>^ OF THE UNITED STATES, [bitu..226. tlu'iKH' .iliiiij,' tlic iiiiildlc 111' saiil tliaiiin-l, iR'tuet'ii S(|uiirfl Island on tlu- southeast^ and Ilcrson's l.^jlaud on the northwest, to tlie npiuT end of the laHt-nicntioncd island, which is nearly opposite to Point an Chines, on the American shore; thence along the middle of the river Saint Clair, keeping to the west of and near the islands called Belle Riviere Isle and the Isle anx Cerfs, to Lake Huron; thence through tlve middle of Lake Huron in a direction to enter the strait or passage between Drummond's Island on the west and the Little Manitou Island on the east; thence through the middle of the passage which divides the two last-mentioned islands; thence, turning northerly and westerly, around the eastern and northern shores of Drummond's Island, and proceeding in a direction to enter the ])assage between the island of Saint Joseph's and the American shore, jiassing to the north of the intermediate islands Nos. 01, 11, 10, 12, 9, 6, 4, and 2, and t(j the south of those num))ered 15, LS, 5, and 1 ; thencre up the said last-mentioned i)assage, keeping near to the island Saint Joseph's, and passing to the north and east of Isle a la Crosse and of the small islands numbered 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, and to the south and west of those numbered 21, 22, and 23, until it strikes a line (drawn on the map with black ink and shaded on one side of the ])oint of intersection with l>lue and on the other with red) passing across the river at the head of Saint Joseph's Island and at the foot of the Neebish Ilapids, which line denotes the termination of the boundary directed to be run l)y the sixth article of the treaty of Ghent. And the said commissioners do further decide and declare that all the islands lying in the rivers, lakes, and water communications between the before-described bound- ary line and the adjacent shores of Upper Canada do, and each of them does, belong to His Britannic Majesty, and that all the islands lying in the rivers, lakes, and water communications between the said boundary line and the adjacent shores of the United States or their territories do, and each of them does, belong to the United States of America, in conformity with the true intent of the second article of the said treaty of 1783, and of the sixth article of the treaty of (client. In accordance with the terms of this treaty, a survey was made of the St. Lawrence and the (rreat Lakes, and a map prepared. This was })hotolithog-raphed and published, in 29 sheets, by the United States Lig-ht-House Board, in 1891. P)y the second article of the convention with Great Britain — 1S18 — the boundaiy line was extended Avestward along- the forty-ninth par- allel of latitude to the "Stony" (Rocky) Mountains, while beyond these mountains the treaty provided that the country should remain open to ))oth parties. The terms of the treaty areas follows: Article 2. It is agreed that a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, or if the said point shall not be in the forty-ninth i)arallel of north latitudes then that a line tlrawn from the said point due north or south, as the case may be, until the said line shall intersect- the said ])arallel of north latitude, and from the point of such intersection due west along and with the said parallel, shall be the line of demarkation Ijetween the territories of the United States and those of His Britannic Majesty, and that the said line shall form the northern boundary of the said territories of the United States and the southern boundary of the territories of His Britannic Majesty from the Lake of the Woods to the Stony Mountains. Article 3. It is agreed that any country that may be claimed by either jiarty on the northwest coast of America, w'estward of the Stony Mountains, shall, together with its harbours, Itays, and creeks, and the navigation of all rivers within the same, be free and open, for the term of ten years from the date of the signature of the present convention, to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two powers; it being GANXETT] . NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 15 well understood that this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of the said country, nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any other power or state to any part of the said country; the only object of the high contracting ])arties in that respect l)eing to prevent disputes and differences amongst themselves. In 1824 negotiations were resumed between the two countries for tiie settlement, among- other thing's, of the boundary west of the Rocky Mountains, but no conclusion was reached; the claim of the English Government being that the boundary line should follow the forty ninth parallel Avestward to the point where this parallel strikes the great northwestern branch of Columbia Rivei'. thence down the middle of that river to the Pacific Ocean. In 1826 negotiations were resumed, and several compromises were proposed l)y both parties, but without satisfactory results. After this the Avhole matter remained in abeyance until the special mission of Lord Ashburton to this country in 1842. Meanwhile the unsettled questions regarding the northeastern ])ound- ary again came up. The case having reached that stage at which it became necessary to refer the points of difference to a friendl}" sovereign or state, the two powers found it expedient to regulate the proceedings and make pro- visions in relation to such reference, and on the 29th September, 1827, concluded a convention to that effect. The respective claims of the United States and Great Britain were as follows, viz: Boundary claimed hy United States. — From the source of the river St. Croix (a point of departure mutually acknowledged) the boundary shoidd be a due north line for about 140 miles, crossing the river St. John at about T5 nules. At abol^t 97 miles it reaches a ridge or highland Avhicli divides tributarj'^ streams of the river St. John, which falls into the Bay of Fundy, from the waters of the river Risti- gouche, which falls through the Ba}^ des Chaleurs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In its further course the said due north line, after crossing several upper branches of the river Ristigouche, I'eaches, at about 140 miles, the liighlands which divide the waters of the said river Risti- gouche from the tributary streams of the river Metis, which falls into the river St. Lawrence. Thence the line should run westerly and southwesterl}^ along the highlands which divide the sources of the several rivers (from the Metis to the St. Francis) that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence — from the sources of the tributaries of the rivers Ristigouche, St. John, Penobscot, Kennebec, and Connecticut, all which either mediately or immediately fall into the Atlantic Ocean. Benindary claimed hy Great Britain. — From the source of the river St. Croix the boundary should ]je a due north line about 40 miles to a point at or near Mars Hill; thence it shoidd run westerly about 115 16 BOUNDARIES OF THK UNITED STATES. [b'i niilos al()ii<( tlic liij^liluiids that divide the sources of the tributaries of tiie i-iver St. .John fiom the sources of the river Penobscot to a spot] called Mctjannette Portage, near the source of the river Chaudiere. From this ])()int the line coincides with the line claimed by the United States until the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River is reached. Great Britain claimed one of several small streams to be the north westermnost tributary of the Connecticut River, and the United States anothoi-. Arbitration by King of the Netherlands. The King of the Netherlands was selected in 1829 by the two Gov- ernments as the arbiter, and each laid before him, in conformity with the provisions of the convention, all the evidence intended to be brought in support of its claim, and two separate statements of the respective cases. These four statements, which embrace the arguments at large of each party, respectively, have been printed, but not published (1840). The award of the King of the Netherlands, made in 18.S1, was as follows, viz: ******* We are of the opinion that it will be suitable {il convievdra) to adopt as the bound- ary of the two States a line drawn due north from the source of the river St. Croix to the point where it intersects the middle of the thalweg of the river St. John; thence the middle of the thalweg of that river, ascending it to the point where the river St. Francis empties itself into the river St. John; thence the middle of the thalweg of the river Saint Francis, ascending it to the source of its southwesternmost branch, which source we indicate on the Map A by the letter X, authenticated by the signature of our minister of foreign affairs; thence in a line drawn due west to the jioiut wliere it unites with the line claimed by the United States of America and delineated on the ]\Iay A; thence said line to the point at which, according to said map, it coincides with that claimed by Great Britain, and thence the line traced on the map by tlie two jx)wers to the north westermnost source of Connecticut River. ■K * * * -;;- X- We are of the opinion that the stream situated farthest to the northwest, among these which fall into the northernmost of the three lakes, the last of which bears the name of Connecticut Lake, must be considered as the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River. ******* We are of the opinion that it will l>e suitable {il conviendra) to proceed to fresh operations to measure the ol)served latitude in order to mark out the boundary from river C^mnecticut along the parallel of the forty-Hfth degree of north latitude to the river Saint I^awrence, named in the treaties Irocjuois or Cataraquy, in such a manner, however, that, in all cases, at the place called Rouse's Point the territory of the United States of America shall extend to the fort erected at that place, and shall include said fort and its kilometrical radius (nn/on kilometrique) . * * * * ' * * * However disposed the Government of the United States might have been to acquiesce in the decision of the arbiter, it had not the power to change the boundaries of a State without the consent of the State. Against that alteration the State of Maine entered a solemn protest by I U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. VII NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF MAINE, SHOWING UNITED STATES AND BRITISH CLAIMS. PORTION OF DISTURNELL'S MAP OF SOUTHWESTERN BOUNDARY, 1847 (SEE PAGES 23-24). NNETT.] NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY. 17 [le resolution of 19th Jamuirv, ls;32. And the Senate of the United . tates did accordinoly refuse to t^ive its assent to the award. S The arbitration of the Kino- of the Netherhmds having failed, fruit- less negotiations ensued for a period of eleven years. Unsuccessful ittenipts were made to conelude an agreement preparatory to another ^ar])itration. The subject became a matter of great irritation, collisions occurred in the contested territory, and for a time it seemed certain lliat the controvers}' would result in war between the two powers. In 1S42, however, Great Britain gave unequivocal proof of her desire for the preservation of peace, and an amicable arrangement of the matter at issue, b}- the special mission of Lord Ashl)urton to the United States. The subject of this mission was the settkment, not only of the .lortheastern boundary, ])ut the northern l)Oundary west of the Rock3^ Mountains. Regarding this object of his mission, Lord Ashburton's ninstructions gave as the ultimatum of the English Government the boundary as above claimed (p. 15), and, naturally, his mission had no result, as far as this portion of the ])oundary was concerned. An agreement was reached, however, in regard to the northeastern houndarv, which, the consent of the Stateof Maine having beenobtained, vas embodied in the treaty concluded August 9, 1842. Treaty with (Ikkat Britain, 1842. The following is the text of the portion of this treaty relating to the )()undary: Article I. It is herel^y agreed and .leclared that the line of boundary shall be as follows: Beginning at the inonunient at the suurre of the river !St. Croix, as desig- nated and agreed to by the commissioners under the fifth article of tlie treaty of '1794, between the e dependent on the General Government of New France and remain sul)ordinate to it, and we will, moreover, that all the territories which we possess on this side of the Illinois be united, as far as need be, to the General Government of New France and form a i)art thereof, reserving to ourself, nevertheless, to increase, if we judge proper, the extent of the government of the said country of Louisiana. From this it appears that Louisiana was regarded b}' France as com- prising the drainage basin of the Mississippi at least as far north as the mouth of the Illinois, with those of all its branches which enter it below this point, including the Missouri, but excluding that portion in the southwest claimed ))y Spain, It is, moreover, certain that the area now comprised in \Yashington, ' Oregon, and Idaho was not included. Crozat surrendered this grant in 1717. ' On November 3, 1762, France ceded this region to Spain, defining it only as the province of Louisiana. A few months later, on February 10, 1763, by the treat}^ of peace between Great Britain, France, and Spain, the western boundary of the former's possessions in the New World was placed in the center of the Mississippi River, thus reducing the area of Louisiana by the portion east of the Mississippi Kiver. Thus by these two treaties France disposed of her possessions in North America, dividing them between Great Britain and Spain. The limit set between their possessions was given as the Mississippi, the river Iberville, and lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. Great Britain then proceeded to subdivide her share of this terri- tory. The area south of a meridian through the mouth of Yazoo Kiver and west of Apalachicola River she called West Florida; the region east thereof and south of the present north ])oundar3' of Florida received the name of East Florida. For the following twenty years, i. e., up to 1783, these boundaries and names remained undisturbed. In the latter year, by the treaty of peace with the United States at the close of the Revolution, Great Britain reduced the area of West Florida by the cession of that portion north of the thirty-first parallel to the United States. In the same ^ear she gave East Florida and what remained of West Florida to Spain, and in Spain's possession they remained until ceded to the United States in 1819. Meantime, in 1800, by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain promised to return Louisiana to France. In the language of the treaty, she pledged herself to return to France the "Province of Louisiana, with the same extent it now has in the hands of Spain, and ^1 »&• 93" »!' ACCESS wo „ KX 95- 93' BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XIV U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GANNKTT] LOUISIANA PUKCHASE. 21 that it had when Spain possessed it, and such as it should l)e after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and other States." Immediate!}^ after this transfer became known, on November 30, 1802, measures were set on foot b}^ President Jefferson for securing in some wa}" free access to the sea by wa}' of the Mississippi River. Circumstances favored this negotiation. Bonaparte wag at that time in ahnost daily expectation of a declaration of war by Great Britain, in which case the first act of the latter would be to seize the mouth of the Mississippi, and with it the province of Louisiana. Under these circumstances Bonaparte offered to sell the province to the United States, and the offer was promptly accepted. The consideration was 60,000,000 francs and the assumption by the United States of the "French spoliation claims," which were estimated to amount to $3,750,000. The treat}^ of cession, which bears date April 30, 1803, describes the territory only as being the same as ceded b}^ Spain to France b}^ the treat}^ of San Ildefonso. From this it appears that the territor}" sold to the United States comprised that part of the drainage basin of the Mississippi which lies west of the course of the river, with the exception of such parts as were then held b}^ Spain. The want of precise definition of limits in the treaty was not objected to b}^ the American commissioners, as they probabh' foresaw that this very indefiniteness might prove of service to the United States in future negotiations with other powers. In fact, the claim of the United States to the area now comprised in Ore- gon, Washington, and Idaho in the -negotiations with Great Britain regarding the northwestern boundary was ostensibly based not only upon prior occupation and upon purchase from Spain, but also upon the alleged fact that this area formed part of the Louisiana purchase. That this claim was baseless is shown not only by what has been alread}' detailed regarding the limits of the purchase, but also b}' the direct testimony of the French plenipotentiar}", M. Barbe Marbois. Some twenty j-eai-s after the purchase he published a work upon Louisiana, in which he detailed at some length the negotiations which preceded the purchase, and, referring to this question, said: "The shores of the western ocean were certainh' not comprised in the ces- sion, but already the United States are established there." There is also contained in this work a map of the country between the Mississippi and the Pacific, on which the extent of Louisiana to the westward is indicated by a line drawn on the one hundred and tenth meridian, which is not far from the western limit of the drainage basin of the Mississippi in Wyoming and Montana. That part of the coun- try now comprised in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, which, it has been claimed, formed part of the purchase, bears the following legend: "Territories and countries occupied b}" the United States, following the treatv of cession of Louisiana." 22 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bui.i,.22G. From this it appears that the northwestern limits of the Louisiana purchase can no longer be a matter of discussion; but although the United States certainl}' did not purchase Oregon as a part of Louisi- ana, it is no less certain that that great area west of the Rocky Moun- tains fell into their hands as a direct consequence of such purchase. FLORIDA PURCHASE. The second addition to the territory of the United States consisted of the Floridas, purchased from Spain on February 22, 1819. From the date of the Louisiana purchase, in 1803, the territory l>ounded by the Mississippi Riyer on the west, the Perdidoonthe east, the parallel of 31 - on the north, and the Gulf on the south had been in dispute ))etween the two countries. During a part of this time it had been practically in the possession of the United States. The clause quoted aboye from the treaty of San Ildefonso was inter- preted 1)}^ Jefferson and others in this country to mean the inclusion of West Florida. Their reasoning was this: In 1800 Spain owned West Florida; West Florida was once a part of Louisiana; in 1800 Spain receded Louisiana to France; she therefore receded West Florida with it. Spain, howeyer, held that this was merely a treaty of recession, by which she gaye back to France what France had giyen to her in 1762. Since in 1762 she did not own West Florida, she could not, therefore, haye receded it to France, As to this matter, Marbois, the French plenipotentiary, was Aery positiye in stating that West Florida formed no part of the Louisiana purchase, and that the southeastern boundary of the latter was the riyer Iberyille and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. Immediately after the Louisiana purchase the claim was made by the United States that it included most of West Florida, and also a part of the Texas coast, but this was not entertained by Spain. In 1810 a reyolution was effected in that part of West Florida lying west of Pearl Riyer, and application was made for annexation to the United States. The goyernor of Louisiana, under instructions from Wash- ington, at once took possession, but immediately a counter revolution was organized against him, which was put down by force of arms, and in 1812 this part of West Florida was annexed to the State of Louisiana. Meantime, the insurrection spread eastward in West Florida, and, although put down by Spanish authorities, the moyement receiyed the sympath}" of the United States, which passed a secret act authorizing the President, under certain specified contingencies, to use force in taking possession of the Floridas. In 1812 that portion of West Flor- ida lying between Perdido and Pearl riyers was annexed to the Terri- tory of Mississippi. This purchase settled these conflicting claims. GANNETT.] FLORIDA PURCHASE TEXAS ACCESSION. 23 The following- is the clause in the treaty with Spain ceding the Flor- idas which defines the cession: Art. 2. His Catholic INIajesty cedes to tlie United States, in full property and sov- ereignty, all the territories which belong to him, situated to the eastward of the Mississippi, known l)y the name of East and West Florida, the adjacent islands dependent upon said province, etc. A further article in this treat}' defines the boundary between the United States and the Spanish possessions in the Southwest as follows: The boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall Ijegin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river, to the thirty-second degree of latitude, thence by a line due north to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches, or Red River; then following the course of the Rio Roxo to the degree of longitude 100 west from London, or about 23° west of Washington; then crossing the said Rio Roxo and running thence, by a line due north, to the river Arkansas; thence, following the course of the southern bank of the Arkansas, to its source in latitude 42 north; and thence by that parallel of latitude to the South Sea, the whole being as laid down in Melish's map of the United States, published at Phila- delphia, improved to the 1st of January, 1818. But if the source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall north or south of latitude 42, then the line shall run from the said source due south or north, as the case may be, till it meets the said parallel of latitude 42, and thence along the said parallel to the South Sea, all the islands in the Sabine and the said Red and Arkansas rivers, throughout the course thus described, to belong to the United States; but the use of the waters, and the naviga- tion of the Sabine to the sea, and of the said rivers Roxo and Arkansas throughout the extent of the said boundary on their respective banks shall be common to the respective inhabitants of both nations. TEXAS ACCESSION. The next acquisition of territory was that of the Republic of Texas, which was admitted as a State on December 29, 1845. The area which Texas broug-ht into the Union was limited as follows, as defined b}^ the Republic of Texas, December 19, 1836: Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River and running west along the Gulf of Mexico three leagues from land to the mouth of the Rio Grande, thence up the prin- cipal stream of that river to its source, thence due north to the forty-second degree of north latitude, thence along the boundary line as defined in the treaty between Spain and the United States to the beginning. FIRST MEXICAN CESSION. In 1818 a further addition was made to our territory b}^ the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. This added to the country the area of Cali- fornia, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, while the Gadsden purchase, which was effected in 1853, added the remainder of Arizona and another part of New Mexico. The treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was concluded Februaiy 2, 1818, and proclaimed July 1, 1848. The clauses in it defining our acquisi- tion of territory are as follows: Article V. The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, Bull. 226—04 4 24 BOUND AKIEB < >F THE UNITED STATES. [HrT.i..22i othi'r\vis((allt'(l tlir Kio Biavoik-I Norte, or opposite the moutli of its deepest branc' if it slioiiltl liave more tluui one Ijraiu-li emptying into tlie sea; from thence up the' middle of that river, following the deepest cliannel wlicre it has more than one, to the ])oint where it strikes the southern l)oundary of New Mexico; thence westwardly along the whole southern houndary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same); thence down the middle of the said branch and of tlie said river until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between n^ijx'r and Lower C!a1iforiiia, to the Pacifii; Ocean. The southern and western limitsof New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are tlujse laid down in the map entitled "Map of the ITnited Mexican States as organize«l and defined by various acts of the Congress of said Republic, and constructed according to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published at New York in 1847, by J. Dis- turnell;" of which map a copy is added to this treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in the year 1782 by Don Juan Pautoja, second sailing master of the Spanish fleet, and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage of the schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed, and sealed by the respective plenipotentiaries. Much difficult}^ followed in the interpretation of this treaty. A joint commission of the two Governments was formed, consisting- of a commissioner and a chief surveyor from each. The}" were instructed that any decision upon the interpretation of the treaty must be agreed to unanimously. The most important question coming before the commission for decision concerned the location and extent of the south boundary of New Mexico. Here, unfortunately, the Disturnell map left room for broad difference in opinion. The town called Paso is incorrectly located upon the map to the extent of nearly half a degree of latitude, or, in other words, the parallels of latitude are misplaced to this extent, so that if the position of the south boundary of New Mexico be accepted with reference to the nearest parallel of latitude, it is half a degree farther north than it would be if its position were measured from the town of Paso. In the absence of the chief surveyor the other three members of the conmiission, including Mr. J. R. Bartlett, United States commissioner, agreed to accept the position of the south boundary of New Mexico as shown by the projection lines of the map; to run a line in this latitude 8 degrees west from the Rio Grande, and from the end of this line to run north until a branch of Gila River was intersected. In accord- ance with this decision a durable monument was erected on the bank of the Rio Grande, in latitude 32^ 22', and the line was run a degree and a half to the westward. At this time the chief surveyor arrived, GANNETT] GADSDEN PURCHASE. 25 learned what had been done, and made a vigorous protest against this interpretation of the map. This protest, backed by Major Emory, the chief astronomer, caused a sudden stoppage of the work of run- ning the line and the repudiation of the agreement by the United States Government. Negotiations followed, but no agreement was reached until in 1853 the whole matter was taken out of court by the Gadsden purchase. (JADSDE> PUBCHASK. Subsequently, on December 30, 1853, a second purchase was made of Mexico, consisting of the strip of land lying south of the Gila River in New Mexico and Arizona. The boundaries as established by this, known as the Gadsden purchase, were as follows: Article I. The Mexican Republic agrees to designate the following as her true limits with the United States for the future: Retaining the same dividing line between the two Californias as already defined and established according to the fifth article of the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the limits between the two Republics shall be as follows: Beginning in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, as provided in the fifth article of the treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo; thence, as defined in the said article, up the middle of that river to the point where the parallel of 31° 47^ north latitude crosses the same; thence due west one hundred miles; thence south to the parallel of 31° 20^ north latitude; thence along the said parallel of 31° 20' to the one hundred and eleventh meridian of longi- tude west of Greenwich; thence in a straight line to a point on the Colorado River twenty English miles below the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers; thence up the middle of the said river Colorado mitil it intersects the present line between the United States and Mexico. In the year following a commission was appointed for surveying and marking this line, under the United States commissioner, Maj. W. H. Emory. The line was run and marked in the year 1855, and the report was transmitted in the following year. As settlement increased in the territory which this line traverses, the fact was developed that the line was insufficiently marked. Some of the monuments had disappeared, and in many places there were great extents of country in which no monuments had ever been placed, so that the necessity became apparent for rerunning and marking of the line. For this purpose a commission was created in 1891, the United States members of which were Col. J. W. Barlow and Capt. D. D. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., and Mr. A. T. Mosraan, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Under this commission the line was recovered from the original monuments as far as possible, and between these monuments was rerun and fully and durably marked. The report, with maps, profiles, and illustrations of the monuments, was published in 1899. ALASKA PCBCHASE. Alaska was purchased from Russia, the treat}^ of purchase having been signed on March 30, 1867, and proclaimed June 20, 1807. The I 26 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [m i,i..2i;r,. boundaries of the territory are described in the accoinpaiiyiii^- (jiiota- tion from the treaty: Coiniueiicinf^ from the southernmost point of the island called I'rince of Wales Island, which point lies in the jiarallel of 54° 40^' north latitude, and between the one hundred and thirty-first and one hundred and thirty-third degree of west longi- tude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude; from this last-mentioned i)oint the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far as the point of intersection of the one hundred and forty-first degree of west longitude (of the same meridian); and, finally, from the said point of intersection the said meridian line of the one hundred and forty-first degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean. IV. AVith reference to the line of demaniation laid down in the jireceding article it is understood — 1st. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall lielong wholly to Russia (now, l)y this cession, to the United States). 2d. That whenever the summit of the mountains which extend in a direction jiar- allel to the coast from the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude to the point of inter- section of the one hundred and forty-first degree of west longitude shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British Possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, as above mentioned (that is to say, the limit to the possessions ceded by this convention), shall be formed by a line parallel to the winding of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom. The western limit within which the territories and dominion conveyed are con- tained passes through a point in Behring's Straits on the parallel of 65° '^0^ north latitude at its intersection by the meridian which passes midway between the islands of Krusenstern or Ignalook and the island of Ratmanoff or Noonerbook, and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Frozen Ocean. The same western limit, beginning at the same initial point, proceeds thence in a course nearly southwest through Behring's Straits and Behring's Sea, so as to pass midway between the northwest point of the island of Saint Lawrence and the south- east point of Cape Choukotski to the meridian of one hundred and seventy-two west longitude; thence from the intersection of that meridian in a southwesterly direc- tion, so as to pass midway between the island of Attore and the Copper Island of the Kormandorski couplet or group, in the North Pacific Ocean, to the meridian of one hundred and ninety-three degrees west longitude, so as to include in the terri- tory conveyed the whole of the Aleutian Islands west of that meridian. The consideration paid for Alaska was $7,200,000 in gold. There is no possibility of a misinterpretation of the language of the above treaty concerning the portion of the boundary running along the one hundred and forty-tirst meridian from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the neighborhood of the coast near Mount St. Elias, and in recent years points upon this boundary", notably at the crossing of the Yukon, have been established by the United States and Canadian sur- veyors by astronomic means and marked. Concerning the remaining portion of the boundar^^, however, from the neighborhood of Mount St. Elias southeastward to the mouth of Portland Canal, question has been raised in recent years by Canadian authorities, •f oi r^ngianu, ."^ir 1.0ms A. JGTte, ana A. ». AYleswortb, of I autuuiJ-Vicaj' GANNETT.] ALASKA PURCHASE. 27 It has \oug boon known that the coast of this part of Alaska is extremt'l}' broken, containing- many fiords extending fur inland, and that no continuous range of mountains parallels the coast. It was for many 3'ears tacitly admitted by both sides that the second alternative of the treaty, that the boundary should follow a line 10 marine leagues distant from the coast and following its windings, should be the one finally adopted when the question of marking the Ijoundary arose. This position was taken by the United States and consistently followed from the time of the acquisition of the territor}^ to the present. All maps, United States and Canadian, agreed on it. INIan}^ acts of sov- ereignt}^ were performed by the United States within this territor}-, no question being raised by the Canadian authorities, and the claim of the United States to a strip of territory 10 marine leagues in width from the main coast was universally admitted by the Canadian authorities. The discovery of gold in the basin of the Yukon, in Canada, and the fact that the only feasible means of access to this region lay through United States territory, made it extremel}'^ desirable for Canada to possess a port or ports on this coast as the starting points of routes to tfie Yukon mines, and it was only when this necessity appeared that any question arose concerning the interpretation of the definition of limits in the treaty. The claim made by the British Government, before a joint commis- sion on the boundary, on behalf of Canada, in August, 1898, was that this portion of the boundary', instead of passing up Portland Canal, should pass up Pearse Canal, connecting with Portland Canal, up which it follows to the summit of the mountains nearest to the coast, and then should follow them, regardless of the fact that the}^ do not form a con- tinuous range, crossing all the inlets of the sea up to Mount St. Elias. This, of course, was refused by the United States commissioners. A proposition made by the British commissioners to refer the matter to arbitration was also refused by the United States commissioners, on the ground that there w^as nothing to arbitrate, since the territory in question was in the possession of the United States, and had been for many j^ears without dispute, such possession being in full accord with the terms of the treaty. The commission was then dissolved, the only outcome being an agreement that the summits of White and Chilkoot passes and a point upon the Cliilkat, above Pyramid Harbor, were temporarily adopted as points upon the boundary. The treaty of January 24, 1903, created an Alaskan Boundary Tri- bunal, to consist of "six impartial jurists of repute," three to be selected bj- each of the two parties to the controversy, to attempt a settlement of this boundary question. The United States was repre- sented by Messrs. Elihu Root, Henry Cabot Lodge, and George Turner. The Canadian side was represented by Baron Alverstone, lord chief justice of England, Sir Louis A. Jette, and A. B. Aylesworth, of 28 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bum,. 22G. Canada. After arguuicMt and discussion the majority of the trilmnal, consisting of Baron Alv^erstonc and the tiiree Americans, agreed on a boundary which satisfied the American claims. The l)oundary thus adopted may be defined as follows: Its commencement is at Cape Mnzon. Then it crosses in a straight line to the mouth of Portland Channel, this entrance being to the west of Wales Island, and thence passes up the channel to the north of Wales and Pearse islands, to the fifty-sixth parallel of latitude. Thence the line runs from one mountain summit to another, as shown on the accompanying map (PI. XV), passing al)ove the heads of all fiords. At the head of Lynn Canal it traverses White and Chilkoot passes. Then by a crooked southwesterly course it reaches Mount Fairweather, and thence follows the higher mountains ai'ouiid Yakutat Bay to Moulit St. Elias. It can be clearly described only by a map. HAWAIIAN ISIiANDS. i The Republic of Hawaii, comprising' eight inhabited and seven unin- habited islands in the Pacific, voluntarilv Joined the United States in 1898. PORTO RICO, GUAM, AND PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The next accessions of territory made by the United States were the islands taken from Spain following the war of 1898. These were relin- quished to the United States by the treaty of peace of December 10, 1898. They were as follows: Porto Rico and other Spanish West India islands which were ceded to the United States. The island of Guam, in the Ladrones. The Philippine Islands, which comprise all the islands lying within the following line, as defined in the words of the treaty: A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich; thence along the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the par- allel of four degrees and forty-five minutes (4° 45^) north latitude; thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty-live minutes (4° 45') north latitude to its intersec- tion with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty- five minutes (119° 35') east of Greenwich; thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty-five minutes (119° 35') east of Green- wich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7° 40') north; thence along the paralled of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7° 40') north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich ; thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich; and thence along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. ( GANNETT.] PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND TUTUILA. 29 For the Philippines the sum of $20,000,000 was paid by the United States to Spain. Subsequently the United States purchased of Spain, for the sum of $100,000, a small group of islands lying- north of Borneo, known as Cagayan Jolo, which, though a part of the Philippine Archipelago, was omitted by mistake in drawing the limits of the Philippines in the treaty. TUTIILA. For several years the United States, Great Britain, and Germany exercised a joint protectorate over the Samoas. For various reasons it was deemed best to bring this situation to an end. England with- drew and the islands were divided between German}^ and the United States, the latter country taking Tutuila and the other small islands of that group lying east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich and the German flag l)eing hoisted over the remaining islands of the group. This adjustment was reached February 16, 1900. CHAPTER II. THE pubijIC domain and an oiiti^ine of the his- tory OF CHANGES MADE THEREIN. CESSIONS BY THE STATES. At the time the Constitution was adopted by the original thirteen States, man}^ of them possessed unoccupied territor}', in some cases entirel}^ detaclied and lying west of the Appalachian Mountains. Thus, Georgia included the territory from its present eastern limits westward to the Mississippi River. North Carolina possessed a narrow strip extending from latitude 35° to 36° 30', approximately, and running westward to the Mississippi, including besides its own present area that of the present State of Tennessee. In like manner, Virginia possessed what is now Kentucky, while a number of States, as Penns3'lYania, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, laid claim to areas in what was afterwards known as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, a region which is now comprised mainly in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. These claims wereto a greater or less extent conflicting. In some cases several States claimed authorit}^ over the same area, while the boundary lines were in most cases ver}^ ill-defined. The ownership of these western lands by individual States was opposed by those States which did not share in their possession, mainly on the ground that the resources of the General Government, to which all contributed, should not be taxed for the protection and development of this region, while its advantages would inure to the benefit of but a favored few. On this ground several of the States refused to ratify the Constitution until this matter had been settled by the cession of these tracts to the General Government. Moved by these arguments, as well as by the consideration of the conflicting character of the claims, which must inevitably lead to trouble among the States, Congress passed, on October 30, 1779, the following act: Whereas the appropriation of the vacant lands by the several States during the present war will, in the opinion of Congress, be attended with great mischiefs: Therefore, Besolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia to reconsider their late act of assembly for opening their land office; and that it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circumstanced, to forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the contin- uance of the present war. 30 GANNETT.] CESSIONS BY THE STATES. 31 This resolution Avas transmitted to the ditferent States. The first to respond to it l^y tlie transfer of her territory to the General Government was New York, whose example was followed by the other States. The cessions were made on the dates given below: New York, March 1, 1781. Virginia, March 1, 1784. Massachusetts, April 19, 1785. Connecticut, September 13, 1786. The Connecticut act of cession reserved an area in the northeastern part of Ohio, known as the Western Reserve. On May 30, ISoO, Con- necticut gave to the United States jurisdiction over this area, but with- out giving up its propert}^ rights in it. South Carolina, August 9, 1787. North Carolina, February 25, 1790. Georgia, April 24, 1802. The following paragraph from the deed of cession b}- New York defines the limits of its cession to the General Government: Now, therefore, know ye, that we, the said James Duane, WiUiam Floid, and Alex- ander M'Dougall, by virtue of the power and authority, and in the execution of the trust reposed in us, as aforesaid, liave judged it expedient to limit and restrict, and we do, by these presents, for and in behalf of the said State of New York, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said State in the western parts thereof, with respect to the jurisdiction, as well as the right or pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the form following, that is to say: Aline from the northeast corner of the State of Penn- sylvania, along the north bounds thereof to its northwest corner, continued due west until it shall be intersected by a meridian line to be drawn from the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, through the most westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario; thence by the said meridian line to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; and thence by the said forty-fifth degree of north latitude; but, if on experiment, the above-described meridian line shall not comprehend twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait of Niagara, then Ave do, by these presents, in the name of the people, and for and on behalf of the Statq of New York, and by virtue of the authority aforesaid, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said State in the western parts thereof, with respect to jurisdiction, as well as the right of pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the manner following, that is to say: A line from the northeast corner of the State of Pennsylvania, along the north bounds thereof, to its northwest corner continued due west until it shall be intersected by a meridian line, to be drawn from the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, through a point twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait Niagara; thence by the said meridian line to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, and thence by the said forty-fifth degree of north latitude. The deed of cession b}^ Virginia gives no limits, further than to specify that the lands transferred include only those lying northwest of the river Ohio. The following paragraph from the deed of cession b)^ Massachusetts gives the limits of the area ceded: * * * We do by these presents assign, transfer, quitclaim, cede, and convey to the Ignited States of America, for their l)enefit, Massachusetts inclusive, all right, 32 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [BrLi..226. title, and ewtute of and in, im well the Knil as the jurisdiction, which tlie saitl Com- monwealth hath to the territory or tract of country within the limits of Massachu- setts charter situate and lying west of tlie following line, that is to say, a meridian line to be drawn from the forty-tifth degree of north latitude through the westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario, thence by the said meridian line to the most southerly side line of the territory contained in the Massachusetts charter; but if on experiment the above-described meridian line shall not comprehend twenty miles due w'est from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait of Niagara, then we do by these presents, by virtue of the power and authority aforesaid, in the name and on behalf of the said Commonwealth of ^Massachusetts, transfer, quitclaim, cede, and convey to the United States of America, for their benefit, Massachusetts inclusive, all right, title, and estate of and in as well the soil as the jurisdiction, which the said Commonwealth hath to the territory or tract of country within the limits of the Massachusetts charter, situate and lying west of the following line, that is to say, a meridian line to be drawn from the forty-fifth degree of north latitude through a point twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait of Niagara; thence by the said meridian line to the most south- erly side line of the territory contained in the Massachusetts charter aforesaid. The following- clause from the act of the legislature of Connecticut, authorizing the cession, defines its limits: Be it enacted * * * That the delegates of this State, or any two of them, who shall be attending the Congress of the United States, be, and they are hereby, directed, authorized, and fully empowered, in the name and behalf of this State, to make, execute, and deliver, under their hands and seals, an ample deed of release and cession of all the right, title, interest, jurisdiction, and claim of the State of Connecticut to certain western lands, beginning at the completion of the forty-first degree of north latitude, one hundred and twenty miles west of the western boundary line of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as now claimed by said Commonwealth, and from thence by a line drawn north, parallel to and one hundred and twenty miles west of the said west line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until it comes to forty-two degrees and two minutes north latitude. Whereby all the right, title, interest, juris- diction, and claim of the State of Connecticut to the lands lying west of said line to be drawn as aforementioned, one hundred and twenty miles west of the w^estern bound- ary line of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as now claimed by said Common- wealth, shall be included, released, and ceded to the United States in Congress assembled, for the common use and benefit of the said States, Connecticut inclusive. The cession of South Carolina was described as follows: * * * All the territory or tract of country included within the river Mississippi and a line beginningat that part of the said river which is intersected by the southern boundary line of the State of North Carolina, and continuing along the said boundary line until it intersects the ridge or chain of mountains which divides the eastern from the western waters, then to be continued along the top of said ridge of mountains until it intersects a line to be drawn due west from the head of the southern branch of Tugaloo River to the said mountains ; from thence to run a due west course to the river Mississippi. The State of North Carolina ceded — The lands situated within the chartered limits of the State, west of a line beginning on the extreme height of Stone Mountain, at the place where the Virginia line inter- sects it; running thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the place where the Watauga River breaks through it; thence a direct course to the top of the Yel- low Mountain where Bright's road crosses the same; thence along the ridge of the said GANNETT.] NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 33 mountain, between the waters of Doe River and the waters of Rock Creek, to the place where the road crosses the Iron Mountain; from thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to where Nolechucky River runs through the same; thence to the top of the Bald Mountain; thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the Painted Rock, on French Broad River; thence along the highest ridge of the said mountain to the place where it is called the Great Iron or Smoky Mountain; thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the place where it is called the Unicoy or XJnaka Mountain, between the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota; thence along the main ridge of the said mountain to the southern boundary (A this State. It will be noted that the above description of the eastern boundary of her ceded possessions agrees in general terms with the description of the western boundary of North Carolina, as given on page 102. The articles of cession by Georgia describe the area ceded as follows: The lands situated within the boundaries of the United States, south of the State of Tennessee and west of a line beginning on the west bank of the Chattahouchee River, where the same crosses the boundry line between the United States and Spain; thence running up the said river Chattahouchee and along the western bank thereof to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek or river, called Uchee (being the first considerable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the said Chattahouchee River; thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on the Tennessee River; thence crossing the last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee. Gf the area thus ceded to the General Government the part l3nng north of the Ohio was afterwards erected into the "Territory North- west of the River Ohio," and the balance, h'ing south of that river, was known as the "Territory South of the River Ohio." TERRITORY NORTHWEST OF THE RIVER OHIO. This territory was bounded on the west by the Mississippi and the international boundary, on the north by the boundaiy line between the United States and the British possessions, on the east by the Pennsyl- vania and New York State lines, and on the south b}^ Ohio River. It comprised an area of, approximately, 266,000 square miles. It was made up of claims of different States, as follows: 1. Virginia uncontested claims, which consisted of all the territory west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio to the forty-first parallel of north latitude, besides her claim, by capture, as far as the northern limits of the land under the Crown which had been subject to the juris- diction of the provinces of Quebec and to Lakes Michigan and Huron. 2. The claim of Connecticut, which extended from the forty -first parallel northward to the parallel of 42° 2', and from the west line of Penns3dvania to the Mississippi River. 3. The claim of Massachusetts, which extended from the north line of the Connecticut claim above noted to 43° 43' 12" north latitude, and from the eastern boundary of New York to the Mississippi. 34 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull.226. 4. The belt or zone lyino- north of the Massachusetts claim, extend- ing thence to the Canada line and west to the Mississippi River, was claimed to have been obtained In' the treat}'^ of peace of Great Britain, September 3, 1783. 5. At th(>. cession b}^ the State of Virginia, both Massachusetts and New Yolk claimed the Erie purchase of about 316 square miles, which was subsequent!}^ bought by Pennsylvania and added to that State. From this territory were formed the following States: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, that part of Minnesota east of the Missis- sippi River, and the northwest corner of Penns3dvania. In 1787 a bill for its provisional division into not less than three nor more than five States was passed by Congress. In this bill the limits of the proposed States were defined, corresponding in their north and south lines to the boundaries of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana as at pres- ent constituted. The following gives the text of the clause defining these boundaries: CONFEDERATE CONGRESS — AN ORDINANCE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHWEST OP THE RIVER OHIO. * * r- * * * * Article 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The western State in said territory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash River, a direct line drawn from the "Wabash and Post Vin- cents due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the (4reat Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: Provided, hoioever, And it is further understood and de- clared, that the l)oundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. Passed July 13, 1787. The provisions of this bill seem, however,, never to have been carried out. A provisional government was instituted in 1788. B}^ act of May 7, 1800, Congress divided this territory into two Territorial gov- erimients, the divisional line being a meridian passing through the mouth of the Kentucky River and extending thence northward to the Canada border. The eastern portion became the ' ' Terr itor}'- Northwest of the River Ohio," and the western portion, Indiana Territor3^ On November 29, 1802, the State of Ohio, comprising most of the former, was formed and admitted into the Union, w^hile the remnant of it was added to Indiana Territor}'. In 1805 all that portion of Indiana Territory lying north of a parallel I GANNETT.] TERRITOKY SOUTH OF OHIO RIVER, 35 through the most southerly bend of Lake Michigan and east of a meridian drawn through the same point became the Territor}^ of Michi- gan. The boundar}^ between these Territories was subsequent!}'- very much changed, as will appear in the sequel. By act of February 3, 1809, Indiana Territory was again divided, and the Territory of Illinois was created from the part lying M^cst of the Wabash River and a meridian running through the city of Vincennes, extending thence to the Canada line. In 1816 Indiana, and in 1818 Illinois, were admitted to the Union as States, each with its boundaries as constituted at present. By the same act the Mississippi River was made the western boundar}^ of the Terri- tory of Michigan, thus making it include all the balance of the original Northwest Territory after the formation of the three States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The act of 1831 added to Michigan Territory the land between the Missouri and White Earth rivers on the west and the Mississippi River on the east. Wisconsin Territory was formed in 1836 from the portion of Michi- gan Territory west of the present State of Michigan. On Januar}- 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union, with its present bounda- ries. In 1838 all that portion of Wisconsin Territory lying west of the Mississippi River and a line drawn due north from its source to the international boundary (that is, all that part which was originally com- prised in the Louisiana purchase) was made the Territory of Iowa, and in 1818 Wisconsin was admitted as a State, with its boundaries as at present constituted. This appears to leave the area which is now the northeastern part of Minnesota, lying east of the Mississippi River and a line drawn due north from its source, without any government until the formation of Minnesota Territory, in 1849. TERRITORY SOUTH OF THE RIVER OHIO. The "Territoiy South of the River Ohio" was bounded on the north by the present northern boundary of Tennessee, on the south by the thirty-first parallel of latitude, on the east by the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and on the west by Mississippi River. The different cessions from the States which made up this region are as follows: 1. The area ceded by North Carolina, which extended from 36° 30' north latitude southward to 35°, and from the western boundary line of the present State to the Mississippi River. This is now the State of Tennessee. 2. The area ceded by South Carolina, which formed a narrow belt 12 or 11 miles in width lying south of the thirty -fifth parallel and extending from her western boundary to the Mississippi Ri\'er. It is I 36 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull.22«, doubtful whether under the terms of the original charters South Car- olina possessed this strip, or whether it was not included in the posses-, sions of Georgia. 3. The area ceded by Georgia, which comprised most of the region of the present States of Alabama and Mississippi north of the thirty- first parallel. Tennessee was admitted as a State in 17!»6. In 1T98 Congress organized the Territory of Mississippi, which was originall}^ a small, rectangular area, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, on the north by a parallel through the mouth of the Yazoo River; the })oundary on the east was the river Chattahoochee, and on the south the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. This area was subsequentl}?^ enlarged so as to include the whole of what is now Mississippi and Alabama, with the exception of a strip along the Gulf coast, which was at that time claimed by Spain. In 1817 the Territor}^ was divided, and the eastern portion was made into Alabama Territory. Subse- quently the two Territories were admitted as States. LOUISIANA AND THE TERRITORY ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO. The Louisiana purchase was effected in 1803. In 1804 it was divided into two parts, tliat portion which now comprises the State of Louisi- ana being organized as Orleans Territory, while the balance remained as the Louisiana Territory. The State of Louisiana, comprising most of the Territoiy of Orleans, was admitted to the Union in 1812, and in the same year it was enlarged by the addition of the portion Ij'ing between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers, in the southeastern part. In the same yeav the name of Louisiana Territory was changed to Mis- souri Territor3^ In 1819 Arkansaw Territory was created, and in 1836 it was admitted as a State. In 1820 the State of Missouri was formed from another portion of Missouri Territory, and in 1836 the boundaries of this State were enlarged to their present limits. In 1834, as was stated above, that portion of this Territory lying north of the State of Missouri and east of the Missouri and White Earth rivers was attached to the Ter- ritory of Michigan. In 1836 this portion was transferred from the Territorv of Michigan to the Territory of Wisconsin. In 1838 it was transferred to the Territor}^ of Iowa. In 1845 the State of Iowa was created, and in 1846 its boundaries were enlarged. In 1849 the remainder of the Territor}' was transferred to Minnesota Territory. Minnesota was admitted as a State on May 11, 1858, with its present boundaries. Meantime Texas had been admitted to the Union, and b}' the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden purchase we had acquired from Mexico all the area west of the northern part of Texas and south GANNETT.] SUBDIVISION OF MEXICAN CESSIONS. 37 of the forty-second parallel. Furthermore, our northern boundary had been established on the forty-ninth parallel to the Pacific Ocean. Out of this great western region were carved the following Terri- tories: Oregon Territory, which was formed in 1848, and which extended from the parallel of 49 north latitude southward to latitude 42'^, and from the Pacific Ocean east to the summit of the Rock}^ Mountains. California, which was admitted as a State in 1849, with the same limits which it possesses at present. Utah Territory, which was formed in 1850, and which extended from the forty-second parallel southward to the thirty-seventh, and from the California boundary line eastward to the Rocky Mountains. New Mexico, which comprised all the country lying south of Utah to the boundary line of Texas and Mexico, and from the California boundar}^ eastward to the boundary of Texas. Nebraska Territory, which was formed from Missouri Territory in 1854. It comprised the country from the forty-ninth parallel down to the fortieth, and from the Missouri and White Earth rivers Avest to the summit of the Rock}^ Mountains. Kansas Territory, formed by the same act as the last, comprised the country lying west of Missouri to the boundary of Ncav Mexico and Utah, and from the south boundary of Nebraska to the thirty -seventh parallel. Indian Territory then had its present limits. Washington Territory was formed in 1853 from a part of Oregon, its southern boimdary being Columbia River and the parallel of 46° north latitude, and its east line being the summit of the Rocky Moun- tains. Oregon was admitted as a State in 1857, with its boundaries as at present established. The portion cut off from Oregon Territory was placed under the Territorial government of Washington. Dakota Territory was formed in 1861. As originally formed, it comprised all that region between its present eastern and southern boundaries, while its western boundary was the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The Territory of Nevada was organized from the western portion of the Territory of Utah in 1861. As originally constituted, its eastern line was the meridian of 39° of longitude west from Washington, and its southern boundary was the parallel of 37° of latitude. It was admitted as a State in 1864, its eastern boundary being made the thirty-eighth degree of longitude (approximately the one hundred and fifteenth degree west from Greenwich), while its southern boundary remained the same. In 1866, by act of Congress, the eastern boundary was moved one degree farther to the eastward, placing it upon the 38 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 220. tliirtv-scvcntli degree of longitude west from Washington, and the triangular portion contained between the former southern boundar}^ the boundary of California, the Colorado River, and the meridian of S7^ of longitude was added, thus giving the State its present area and limits. Colorado Territory was formed in 1861, with the limits of the present' State. It was admitted as a State in 1870. The Territory of Arizona was formed from New Mexico in 1863, being that portion of New Mexico lying west of the thirty-second meridian west of Washington. In the same year Idaho was formed from parts of Dakota and Washington Territories. As originally constituted it included all the territory lying east of the present eastern limits of Oregon and \\'ash- ington Territory to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west of Washington, the latter meridian being its eastern boundary. Its southern boundary was the northern boundary of Colorado and Utah — that is, the forty-first and forty-second parallels of latitude. From this Territor}^ was detached, in 1861:, the Territor}^ of Mon- tana with its present limits, and in 1868 the Territory of Wyoming, these se\^eral changes reducing Idaho to its present dimensions. I CHAPTEK III. THE BOUNDAllY LINES OF THE STATES AND TEKKI- TORIES. MAINE. The first charter havinj^ any relation to the territory comprising- the present State of Maine is that granted by Henry IV of France to Pierre du Gast, Sieur de Monts, in 1603, known as the charter of Acadia, which embraced the whole of North America between the fortieth and forty-sixth degree of north latitude. Under this, several expeditions were made, and in 1606 it was decided to make a perma- nent settlement at Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, and no further attempts were made under this charter to plant colonies within the limits of the present State of Maine. ( Vide Charters and Consti- tutions, p. 771.) By the first charter of Virginia {vide Virginia, p. 95), granted bj'^ James I, in 1606, the lands along the coast of North America between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude were given to two companies, to one of which, the Plymouth Company, was assigned that part of North America including the coast of New Eng- land. The first colon}^ in Maine was planted on the Peninsula of Sabine, at the mouth of Kennebec River, now Hunnewell Point, on August 19, 1607, O. S., by George Popham. James I in 1620 granted a charter to the Pljmiouth Company, in which may be found the following, viz: Wee, therefore * * * do grant ordain and establish that all that Circuit, Con- tinent, Precincts and Limitts in America lying and being in Breadth from Fourty Degrees of Northerly Latitude from the Equinoctial Line to Fourty eight Degrees of the said Northerly Latitude and in length by all the Breadth aforesaid throughout the Maine Land from Sea to Sea — with all the Seas, Rivers, Islands, Creekes, Inletts, Ports and Havens within the Degrees, Precincts and Limitts of the said Latitude and Longitude shall be the Limitts, and Bounds, and Precincts of the sec- ond coUony— and to the end that the said Territoryes may hereafter be more par- ticularly and certainly known and distinguished, our Will and Pleasure is, that the same shall from henceforth be nominated, termed and called by the name of New England in America. Under this grant, given in 1621, the Earl of Stirling claimed that he was entitled to land on the coast of Maine which was afterwards Bull. 226—04 5 ^^ 40 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [nvLL.226. uniiited to the nyiuouth Compiiny, and by direction of James 1 tliat company issued a patent to William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, For a tract of the main land of New England, hej^inning at Saint Croix and from thence extending along the sea-coast to Pemquid and the river Kennebeck. (Vide Charters and Constitutions, p. 774. ) The heirs of the Earl of Stirling sold this tract to the Duke of York in 1063. {Vide ZelPs Encyclopiedia.) In 1622 Capt. John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained from the council of Plymouth a grant of the lands lying between the Merrimac and Kennebec Rivers, and extending ])ack to the river and lakes of Canada. This tract was called Laconia, and it included New Hampshire and all the western part of Maine. " ( Vide Whiton's New Hampshire.) Mason and Gorges, in 1629, by mutual consent divided their terri- tory into two b}^ the river Piscataqua. That part on the east of this river was relinquished to Gorges, who called it Maine. ( Vide Whit- on's New Hampshire.) The charter of the Plymouth Company was surrendered to the King in the year 1635. (Vide Plymouth Colony Laws, p. 333 et .sapra.) King Charles I, in the year 1639, granted a charter to Sir Ferdi- nando Gorges, which virtually confirmed the patent given to him by the Plymouth Compan}^ in 1622. The following "extract from that charter defines the boundaries: All that Parte Purparte and Porcon of the Mayne Lande of New England aforesaid beginning att the entrance of Piscataway Harbor and soe to passe upp the same into the River of Newichewanocke and through the same unto the furthest heade thereof and from thence Northwestwards till one hundred a)id twenty miles bee tinished and from Piscataway Harbor mouth aforesaid Northeastw'ards along the Sea Coasts to Sagadahocke and up the River thereof to Kynybequy River and through the same into the heade thereof and into the Lande Northwestwards untill one hundred and twenty myles bee ended being accompted from the mouth of Sagadahocke and from the period of one hundred and twenty myles aforesaid to crosse over Lande to the one hundred and twenty myles end formerly reckoned upp into the Lande from Piscataway Harbor thr'ough Newichewanocke River and also the Northe halfe of the Isles of Shoales togeather with the Isles of Capawock and Nawtican neere Cape Cod as alsoe all the Islands and Iletts lyeinge within five leagues of the Mayne all alonge the aforesaide coasts betweene the aforesaid River of Pascataway and Sagadahocke with all the Creeks Havens and Harbors thereunto belonginge and the Revercon and Revercons Remaynder and Remaynders of all and singular the said Landes Rivers and Premisses. All which said Part Purpart or Porcon of the Mayne Lande and all and every the Premisses hereinbefore named Wee Doe for us our heires and suc- cessors create and incorporate into • One Province or Countie, and Wee Doe name ordeyne and appoynt that the i)orcon of the Mayne Lande and Premises aforesaid shall forever hereafter bee called and named The Province or Countie of Mayne. In 1664 Charles II granted to the Duke of York, who, the year before, had purchased the territory, which liad been awarded to the Earl of Stirling in the division of the country to his heirs, a portion of the present State of Maine, and also certain islands on the coast, I GANNETT.] MAINE. 41 and a large territory west of the Connecticut River. (For the bound- aries, vide New Yorlv, p. 77 d seq.) In 1674 Charles II made a new grant to the Duke of York, in sul)- stantially the same terms as that of 1664, including, as before, a portion of Maine. ( Vide New York, p. 78.) In the year 1677, Ferdinand© Gorges, a grandson of Sir Ferdinand© Gorges sold and gave a deed of the province of Maine to John Ushur, a merchant, of Boston, for <£1,250. In the same year, Ushur gave a deed of the same territory to the governor and compan}^ of Massachu- setts Bay, who had received a grant from the council of Plymouth in 1628, confirmed by the King in 1629. ( Vide C. & C, p. 774.) In 1686 Pemaquid and its dependencies, forming Cornwall County, under the jurisdiction of New York, were annexed to the New Eng- land government by a royal order, dated September 19, 1686. ( Vide Maine Historical Society Collection, vol. 5.) The charter of Massachusetts Bay of 1629 having been canceled in 1684, in 1691 William and Mary granted a new one, incorporating the provinces of Maine and Acadia, or Nova Scotia, with the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and of Plymouth, into one ro3^al province by the name of the Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay. ( Vide Mass., p. 54.) The right of government thus acquired over the district of Maine was exercised by Massachusetts until 1819, when measures were taken to admit Maine as an independent State. By the treaty of Paris in 1763, the King of France relinquished all claim to that portion of North America which includes the present State of Maine. The northern and eastern boundaries were settled by the United States and Great Britain. (See p. 12 et seq.) The western boundary was for a long, time a source of contention between Maine and New Hampshire. New Hampshire having been made a province in 1679, controversies arose concerning the divisional line. In 1731 commissioners from New Hampshire and from Massachusetts, having been appointed, met, but were unable to agree. New Hampshire appealed to the King, and the King ordered that a settlement should be made by commissioners from the neighboring provinces. The board met at Hampton in 1737. The commissioners fixed on — substantially — the present boundary, wording their report as follows: Beginning at the entrance of Pascataqua Harbor, and so to pass up the same to the River Newhichawack, and thro' the 'feame into the furthest head thereof, and thence run north 2 degrees west till 120 miles were finished, from the mouth of Pascataqua Harbor, or until it meets with His Majesty's other governments. (See N. H. His- torical Coll., Vol. II.) This was confirmed by the King, August 5, 1740. In 1820 Maine was admitted, as an independent State. 42 BOUNDARIES OF TIIK UNITED STATES. [iu'li..226. Dillk-ultii's hiiviii*;' risen iibout the bouudMry between Maine and Now llaiupshire, eoniiuissioners were appointed in 18^7 from eaeh State to determine the same. In 1821) tlie commissioners' report was adopted b}' eaeh State, and the line then settled upon is as follows, using the language of the com- missioners' report, viz: The report of the commissioners appointed Ijy His Majesty's order in council of February 22nd, 1735, and confirmed by his order of the 5th of August, 1740, having estabHshed — "That the dividing Une shall pass uj) through the mouth of Piscatacjua Harbor, and up the middle of the river of Newichwannock, part of which is now called the Sahnous Falls, and through the middle of the same to the farthest head thereof, &c.," and "that the dividing line shall part the Isle of Sholes, and run through the middle of the harbor, between the islands, to the sea on the southerly side, ttc." We have not deemed it necessary to com.mence our survey until we arrived north, at the head of Salmon Falls River, which was determined by Bryant, at his survey in 1740, to be at the outlet of East Pond, between the towns of Wakefield and Shapleigh. From that point we have surveyed and marked the line as follows, viz: We commenced at the Bryant Rock, known as such by tradition, which is a rock in the middle of Salmon Falls River, at the outlet of East Pond, about six feet in length, three feet in breadth, three feet in dearth, and two feet under the sm-face of the water, as the dam was at the time of the survey, to wit, October 1, 1827; said stone bears south seventy-one degrees west, three rods and eight links from a large rock on the eastern bank, marked "1827," and bears also from a rock near the milldam (marked "H") north nineteen degrees and thirty minutes west, and distant twelve rods and twenty-one links. At this point the variation of the needle was ascertained to be nine degrees west. From the above stone the line is north seven degrees and forty -one minutes east, one hundred and seventy-eight rods to East Pond, and crossing the pond three hun- dred and eleven rods in width to a stone monument which we erected up on the bank, about three and an half feet high above the surface of the ground, marked N on the west side and M on the east side, which description applies to all the stone monu- ments hereinafter mentioned unless they are otherwise particularly described; thence the same course, two hundred and twenty-five rods, to Fox Ridge, and to a stone monument which is placed upon the north side of the road that leads from Wakefield to Shapleigh; thence two hundred rods to Balch's Pond; across the pond, one hun- dred and three and half rods; across a peninsula, thirty-six rods; across a cove, fifty-one rods and seventeen links; across a second peninsula, forty-eight rods; across a second cove, twenty-seven rods ten links. Thence three hundred and seventy rods to the road leading from Newfield to Wake- field and a stone monument, erected on the north side of the same, near Campernell's house; thence north six degrees and ten minutes east, five hundred and ninety rods, to the line of Parsonfield, to a stone monument with additional mark " 1828." At this point the variation of the needle was found to be nine degrees fifteen min- utes west. Thence same course five hundred and eleven rods, crossing the end of Province Pond to a stone monument on the Parsonfield road, near the house of James Andrews, also with additional mark " 1828;" thence north eight degrees and thirty- eight minutes east, two hundred and eight rods, to the old corner-stone of Efiingham, about two feet above the ground, and not marked; thence north eight degrees fifty- five minutes east, two hundred and seventy-seven rods, to a large round stone about three feet diameter and two feet high, marked N and M, by the road upon Towles hill; thence north seven degrees fifty-five minutes east, six hundred and thirty-one I GANNETT.] MAINE. 43 rods to a stone monument, on the road leading from Parsonflold to Effingham. At this point the variation of the needle was found to he 9 degrees thirty minutes west. Thence north five degrees two minutes east, seven hundred thirty-four to a pine stump, upon a small island in Ossipee River at the foot of the falls; thence north ten 18' 23".33; longitude, 71° 5' 40".5. 46 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [buu..22C. whitc'-inapk' tree marked " N. II. M."; thence 10 rods across said river to a large l)i III' tree marked "M." " N. H."; thence and across a second open bog 290 rods to the same river and to a large elm stub; thence 10 rods across saieing 1,190 rods; thence 1,630 rods to a stone monument standing in the meadow 60 njds north of the north shore of Kimball's Pond, in Fryeburg. But as the towns of Fr3?el)urg and Stowe have erected no durable monument on the State's line at their respective corners, we deemed itadvisal)le, under our instructions, to proceed so far south as at least to pass the said corner and to complete the work at some well-defined monument of the old survey. This course bore from the monument to and across an open bay south 12 degrees west; thence on the old trees south 9 degrees west 100 rods; thence on the old line south 10 degrees 30 minutes west to a stone monument erected by us near the house of Jonnet Clay, in Chatham, and on the north side of the road leading from Stowe to Chatham Corners; said monument is marked "M." "N. H." 1858; thence on the old line south 11 degrees west to the road leading from North Fryeburg to Chatham, at which point we placed a stone monument; thence south 11 degrees west to the north- west corner of Fryeburg, being a stake in a pile of stones in a piece of low ground, southerly of the house of Captain Bryant, and to the old monument, 60 rods north of Kimball's Pond. On the bank north of said corner, on the south side of the road, and near Captain Bryant's house, we placed a stone monument marked "M." "N. H. 1858." The different courses laid down in the foregoing report are the bear- ings of the compass in 1858 when placed on the line established in 1828. (See Legislative Journal of New Hampshire, 1859, pages 764-767.) In 1874 the line between Maine and New Hampshire was resurveyed and marked. ( Vide Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire, Vol. I, p. 173.) NEW HAMPSHIRE. The first charter of Virginia, granted in 16(^6, included the territory of the present State of New Hampshire {vide p. 39), as did the charter of New England, granted in 1620 {vide p. 39), and the grant to Capt. John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges of 1622 {vide p. 40). The president and council of New England made a grant to Capt. John Mason in 1629 as follows, viz: ******* All that part of the main land in New England lying upon the sea coast, beginning from the middle part of Merrimack River, and from thence to proceed northwards along the sea-coast to Piscataqua River, and so forwards up within the said river and to the furthest head thereof, and from thence northwestwards until three score miles be finished from the first entrance of Piscataqua River and also from Merrimack through the said river and to the furthest head thereof, and so forward up into the lands westward until three score miles be finished, and from thence to cross overland to the three score miles, and accompted to Piscataqua River, together with all islands and islets within 5 leagues distance of the premises and abutting upon the same, or any part or parcel thereof, &c., * * * Which said portions of lands * * * the said Capt. John Mason, with the consent of the president and council, intends to name Neiv Hampshire. * * * In 1635 the grant of 1629 was confirmed by a supplementary grant, of which the following is an extract, viz: All that part of the Mayn Land of New England aforesaid, beginning from the middle part of Naumkeck River, and from thence to proceed eastwards along the Sea 48 BOUNDARIES OF THK UNITED STATES. [Bri,i..226. Coast to Cape Anne, and round aliout the «iine to I'iscliataway ]Iarl)Our, and soo f(jrwards up within the river Newgewanacke, and to the furthest head of the said Kiver and from thence northwestwards till sixty miles bee finished, from the first entrance of Pischataway Harbor, and alsoe from Naumkecke through the River tlu'ri'of up into the land west sixty miles, from which period to cross over land to the sixty miles end, accompted from Pischataway, through Newgewanacke River to the land northwest aforesaid; and alsoe all that the South Ilalfe of the Ysles of Sholes, all which lands, with the Consent of the Counsell, shall from henceforth l)e called Ne\v-ham])shyre. And alsoe ten thousaml acres more of land on tlie southeast part of Sagadihoc at the mouth or entrance thereof — from henceforth to bee called by the name of Massonia, &c. * * * After the death of Capt. John Mason (in December, 1035), the affairs of the colony coming- into bad condition, they sought tlie protection of Massachusetts in 1641 and enjoyed it till 1075, when Robert Mason, a grandson of John Mason, o])tained a ro3'al decree, under which, in 1680, a colonial government was established. But no charter was given to the colony, and its government was onl}^ continued during the pleas- ure of the King. The following is an extract from the commission, or decree, issued by the King in 1680: Province of New Hampshire, lying and extending from three miles northward of Merrimack River or any part thereof into ye Province of Maine. In the year 1090 the province of New Hampshire was again taken under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Ba}", but was again separated in 1692. [For a history of the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine, vide Maine, p. 41.] The controversy already referred to, arising between the provinces of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay, not only involved the settle- ment of the ])Oundary between New Hampshire and Maine, but also that between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and, as before stated {vide Maine, p. 41), the commissioners appointed by the two provinces having been unable to agree. New Hampshire appealed to the King, who ordered that the boundaries should be settled by a board of com- missioners appointed from the neighboring colonies. The board met at Hampton in 1737, and submitted a conditional decision to the King, who in 1740 declared in council as follows, viz: That the northern boundary of the province of Massachusetts be a similar curve line pursuing the course of the Merrimac River, at three miles distance, on the north side thereof, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean and ending at a point due north of Pautucket Falls, and a straight line drawn from thence, due west, till it meets with His Majesty's other Governments. ( Vide Vermont State Papers, Slade, p. 9.) New Hampshire claimed her southern boundar}^ to be a line due west from a point on the sea three miles north of the mouth of Mer- rimac River. Massachusetts claimed all the territory three miles north of any part of Merrimac River. The King's decision gave to New Hampshire a strip of territor}^ more than fifty miles in length, GANNETT.] NEW HAMPSHIRE. 49 and of varying- width, in excess of that which she claimed. This decree of the King was forwarded to Mr. Belcher, then governor of both the provinces of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bav, with instruc- tions to apply to the respective asseml^lies to unite in making the necessar}^ provisions for running and marking the line conformal)lc to the said decree, and if either assembly refused, the other was to pro- ceed ex parte. Massachusetts Bay declined complying with this requi- sition. New Hampshire, therefore, proceeded alone to run and mark the line, George Mitchel and Richard Hazen were appointed by Belcher to survey and mark the line. Pursuant to this authority-, in the month of February, 1741, Mitchel ran and marked the line from the seacoast about three miles north of the mouth of the Meriimac River to a point about three miles north of Pawtucket Falls, and Hazen, in the month of INlarch following, ran and marked a line from the point, three miles north of Pawtucket Falls, across the Connecticut River, to the sup- posed boundar}^ line of New York, on what he then supposed to be a due west course from the place of beginning. He was instructed by Governor Belcher to allow for a westerly variation of the needle of ten degrees. ( Vide New Hampshire Journal H. R., 1826.) The report of the survej^ors has not been preserved, but the journal of Hazen has been found, and is published in the New England His- torical and Genealogical Register, July, 1879. Subsequent investigation has proved that this line was not run on a due west course, the allowance for the westerly variation of the needle being quite too large, throwing the line north of west. This mistake seems to have been known previous to the Revolution. In 1774 calculations were made by George Sproule, founded upon actual surveys and accurate astronomical observations, from which he determined that Hazen's line was so far north of west as to lose to the State of New Hampshire quite a large tract of land. ( Vide New Hampshire Journal H. R., 1826.) In 182.5 commissioners were appointed by the States of New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts to ascertain, run, and mark the line between the two States, under the proceedings of which New Hampshire asserted her claim to a due west line, conformable to the decree of 1740, it being apparent by a survev made b}^ the commissioners that the original line was north of west. This the Massachusetts commis- sioners refused to do, alleging that they were only empowered to ascertain and mark the original line. On March 10, 1827, the legislature passed a resolution providing for the erection of durable monuments to preserve the boundary line between the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, as the same had been run and ascertained b}' the commissioners, and monuments were erected accordingly. ( Vide Resolves of Massachusetts, 1827.) 50 HOUNDARIF.S OF THE UNITED STATES. [buu,.22C. In 1885 tlic joiiil (oiimii.ssioii appointed b}' the tStatcs of New Hamp- shire and Ma«!sachusetts reran and marked the curved portion of the boundarv, l"()nc)\viMreemtiiit was as follows, viz: That the stake set up by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey, skillful, ap- proved artists, in the year of our Lord 1642, and since that often renewed in the lati- tude of 41° 55'', being 3 English miles distant southward from the southernmost part of the river called Charles River, agreeable to the letters patent for the Massachusetts Province, be accounted and allowed on both sides the commencement of the line between the Massachusetts and the colony of Rhode Island, from which said stake the dividing line shall run, so as it may (at Connecticut River) be 2J miles to the southward of a . 493.] At the Court of Kensington, the 28lh day of May, 1746. Present the Kings Most Excellent Majesty in Council Upon reading at the Board a Report from the Right Honourable the Lord of the committee of council for hearing appeals from the Plantations dated the 11th of December, 1744, in the words following vizt. Your Majesty having been pleased by Your Order in council of the 29th of July, 1742, to refer unto this committee the humble petition and appeale of the Governor and company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England in America, from several particular parts of the determination of the commissioners appointed by your Majesty to settle the Boundarys of said colony eastwards with the Province of Massachusetts Bay and humbly praying that the particular parts of the said commissioners' determination appealed from may be reversed, and such other determinations made instead thereof, as shall be agreeable to the true construction of the Boundarys continued in the Royal Charter under which the petitions claim — and your Majesty having been also pleased by another order in council of the 15th of September, 1742, to refer unto this committee the humble Petition and appeal of your Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England parte of the said determination of the said commissioners, and huml)ly praying that the same may be reversed and set aside and that instead thereof Your Majesty will be graciously pleased to give such judgment and determinations as shall be agreeable to the petitioners' claim exhibited before the said commissioners. The Lords of the committee in obedience to your Majesty's said orders of Reference, have met several times, and taken both the said Petitions of Appeale into their consider- ation, and having examined into the Proceedings of the said commissioners, do find that they pronounced their judgements or determination on the 30th of June, 1741, in the words following: The court took into consideration, the charters. Deeds and other Evidences, Claims Pleas and allegations produced and made by parts refering to the controversy before them and after mature advisement, came to the following Resolutions: That there is not any one Evidence proving that the Water between the Main Land on the East, and Rhode Island on the West, was ever at any time called Naragansett River, that though there be evidence that the place where the Indian called King Philip lived near Bristol, was called Pawconoket, and that another place near Swanzey 58 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATER. • [Bri.L.226. was culled Sowanis or Sowainsett, yet no evidence has been produced of the extent (jf the I'awconoket country to Seaconk, or Pawtucket River, a.s it runs to the line of the lati' Colony of the MassachusettH Bay, for tho' there be some evidence that the Indians at enmity with King riiilii), or with other Indians in enmity with him, lived on the west side of the said River, and that the Indians subject to Kinjj; I'liilip, or in amity with him, lived on the East side of the said Rivvr there is no Evidence that all the Indians subject to, or in amity with King Philip, lived in the Pawconoket Country. That the Province not having produced the Letters Patent, constituting the council of Plymouth, nor any copy thereof, the Recital of said Letters Patent in the deed from the council of Plymouth, to Pradfonl and his associates, is not sufHcdent eviilence .igainst the Kings Charter. That the council of Plymouth being a Corpora- tion, could not create another corporation, and that no .Turisdiction within the Kings Dominions in America canbehtldby Prescription or on the Foot of Prescrijition. That the deternnnation of the boundarys of the colony's of Rhode Island and New Plymouth ))y the Kings Commissioners in the year 1()()4 appear to have l>een only a tem- porary order for preserving the Peace on the P>orders of l)oth Colonys without deter- mining the Rights and Titles of either. Upon the whole nothing appears whcreljy the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence plantations can be barred or hindered from ex- tending their Jurisdiction Eastward towards the Province of the Massachusetts Bay according to the true intents and meaning of their charter. But some dispute having arisen Ix'tween the Partys as to the true construction and meaning thereof, the cotirt is of opinion. That the Narragansett Bay is and extendeth itself from Point Judith in the west to Seaconet Point on the East and including the Islands therein, layeth and extendeth itself unto the mouth of the River which runnith towards the town of Providence and that as it so lies or extends, it has and may be considered as having one Eastern Side as the Eastern coast of the said Bay runs up northerly from Seconets Point, — and one other North Eastern Side from near Mount Hope to Bullocks Neck, as the said Bay runs up North Westerly towards the Town of Providence and that the land adjacent to the said North Eastern and Eastern Coasts and including within the following lines and the said Bay are within the Jurisdiction of the Colony of Rhode Island; Vizt on the North East side of the said Bay — one line running from the south west corner of Bullocks Neck, Northeast three Miles. One other line run- ning from the Northeast extremity of the said line until it be terminated l)y a line three miles Northeast from the northeasternmost part of the Bay on the west side of Rumstick Neck, and one other line from the termination of the west line to the Bay at or near Towoset Neck, running so that it touch the North East extremity of a line running three miles North East from the North East corner of Bristol Harbour, and on the Eastern side of the said Bay; One line from a certain point on the Eastern side of the said Bay opposite to the southernmost i)art of the Shawmuts Neck, and four hundred and forty Rods to the Soutli wards of the ]\Iouth of Fall River running East three miles; One other line running from tlu^ Easternmost extremity of the said line till it be terminated by the Easternmost end of a line three miles East from the East- ernmost part of a cove in the said Bay which is to the southward of Nawciuaket and one other line from the termination of the last line to the sea, running on such course, as to be three miles East from the Easternmost part of the Bay adjoining to Scitchu- west on Rhode Island, and that the said Distances of three miles East and Northeast, are to be measured from high Water Mark, and this court doth hereby settle, adjust and determine, that the Eastern Boundary of the said Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, towards the Massachusetts Bay, is, shall be and runs from a certain Pointe (where a Meridian line passing tlirough Pav/tuckets Falls, cuts the South Boundary of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay), south to Pawtuckets Falls, Then southerly along the eastward side of Seaconk River, and the River which runnith towards the Town of Providence, to the Southwest corner of P>ullock's Neck, then Northeast three miles; and then along the aforesaid lines running at three GANNETT] MASSACHUSETTS. 59 niik'S distance from the Easteruinu.st 2)art,s of the said Bay to tiiesai^l l)a\', al or near Towoset Neck. Then as the said Bay runs to the southernmost point of Shawnmts Neck, and then in a straight line to the aforesaid point opposite to the said Neck. Then East three miles and then along the aforesaid lines, running at three miles dis- tance from the Easternmost jiarts of the said Bay, to the sea. All which lines are to be run by making the proi)er allowance for the variation of the Magnetic Needle from the Meridian. And for the better understanding of the description of the lines before mentioned; the Court hath caused the Boundary lines of the lands adjacent to the said most eastern and Northeastern points of the Said Bay, to l)e delineated on tlie Map or Plan of the said Bay and countries adjacent now in court, and the same are distinguished on the said Map or Plan, by A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. The Lord of the Committee having considered the whole matter and heard all par- tys concerned therein by their Council learned in the Law, Do agree humbly to report to your Majesty as their opinion. That the said Judgment or determination of the said Coiumissioners should be affirmed and both the Petitions of Appeal therefrom dismissed. His Majesty this day took the said Report into consideration and was pleased with the advice of the Privy Council to approve thereof, and to order, that the said Judg- ment or Deterniination of the said Commissioners, Be, and it is hereby Affirmed And both the said Petitions of Appeal therefrom dismissed. Whereof the Covernor or the Commander in Chief of liis Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay, The Governor and Company of the colony of Ehode Island and Providence Plantations for the time being, and all otliers whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern themselves accordingly. A true CoDy. I. P>. LENNARD. Collated with the Original entry in the Council Register, 18 Jaimary, 1745. ROBT. LEMON. Under the foregoing decree the line was run b}' coninii.ssioners appointed for the purpose, whose report was as follow^s, viz: AVe, the subscribers, appointed commissioners by the general assembly of the colony aforesaid, to mark out the Ijounds of said colony eastward towards the prov- ince of Massachusetts Bay, agreeable to His Majesty's royal determniation in council, the 28th day of May, 174(), did in pursuance thereof, on the second day of December last past, meet at Pawtucket Falls, in expectation of meeting with commissioners that might be appointed by the i)ro'vince of the Massachusetts Bay, for the purpose afore- said; and after having there tarried till the afterpart of said day, and no commis- sioners in behalf of the said province appearing, we proceeded to run a due north line from Pawtucket Falls to the south boundary of the aforesaid province of the Massa- chusetts Bay, in manner following, viz: From a certain point on the southern side of Pawtucket Falls, where we erected a monument of stones, with a stake thereon, we run a meridian line which directly passed through said falls, to a walnut tree on the northerlj^ side of said falls; then to a pitch pine tree; then to a small white oak; then to a grey oak; then to a small bush; then to another small bush with stones about it; then to a heap of stones with a stake thereon; then to a black oak tree; then to another Ijlack oak; then to a small pitch pine; then to a black oak; thou to a large white oak near the river, called Abbot's Run; then to a poplar tree; then to a heap of stones with a stake thereon; then to a large rock witli stones thereon; tiien to a small black oak tree; then to a walnut tree; then to a black oak; then to divers other marked trees in the said course, to the extremity of said line; and when we came near the termination of the said line made a monument of stones; there being no noted south boundary of the said province near the said line, and therefore, for 60 BOUNDAEIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [BT!u,.22e. till' (lisiM)Vciry t)f the goutli ))()ini(lary of thu said province, upon tlie l)eMt iiiloniiation we could o])tain, proceeded to Wrentliani Plain, at or near to a place where was for- merly erected a stake, called Woodward's and Saffery's stake, as one remarkable south boundary of the said province, and from thence run a west line, making an allowance of eight degrees and a half as the west variation of the magnetic needle from the true meridian, it being the course of the south line of the said province, according to their charter (as we apprehended), and then we extended the said north line from the aforesaid monument till it intersected the said Avest line, and upon the i)oint of its intersection erected a monument of stones with a stake thereon, as the northeast boundary of that tract of land commonly called the Gore. After which we proceeded to Bullock's Neck, and on the southeast corner thereof erected a red cedar post, marked with the letters J. H. C. R., with the figure of an anchor thereon, and from thence running a line northeast, making the same allowance for the variation aforesaid, to a black oak tree marked with the letters G. C. C. R., then to a large white oak marked with the letters G. B. C. R., then to a white oak post, set in the ground with aheap of stones around it, marked Avith the letters G.W C. R., with the figure of an anchor thereon, being three miles distant from Bullock's Neck aforesaid. After which we proceeded to the northeasternmost part of the bay on the west side of Rumstick Neck, and from a point where a locust post was erected run a line three miles northeast, with the same allowance for the variation and at the extremity of the said line erected a monument of stones, from which we run a line to the north- east extremity of that line drawn from the southwest corner of Bullock's Neck afore- said, the course whereof being west thirty-eight degrees north, according the magnetic needle, the distance of nine hundred and fifty-five rods, marking trees and making other boundaries in the course of said line. After which we proceeded to the north- east corner of Bristol Harbour, and from high-water mark, which was some rods dis- tant northeast from the bridge leading to Swanzey Ferry, we ran a line three miles northeast, still making the same allowance for the variation, and at the extremity of which line we erected a monument of stones; then we ran a line from the northeast extremity of the line drawn from Rumstick aforesaid, the course whereof being south twenty-five degrees east, till it met with the termination of the line drawn from Bristol Harbour aforesaid, the distance whereof being nine hundred and twenty- seven rods; and from thence to a straight line to the bay at Towoset Neck, making proper boundaries in the course of said line. After which we proceeded to the eastern side of the Narragausett Bay, and on the easternmost part of a cove in the said bay, which is southward of Nanequachet, ran a line three miles east (still making the same allowance for variation), at the extrem- ity whereof we marked a grey oak tree with the letters C. R., with the figure of an anchor thereon. After which we proceeded to the mouth of Fall River, and from thence measured four hundred and forty rods southerly on the shore, as the said shore extendeth itself from the mouth of said Fall River, and from the point where the said four hundred and forty rods reached, being east thirty-five degrees south of the southern- most point of Shawomet Neck, we ran a line three miles east, with the same allow- ance for the variation; in the course whereof we marked divers trees, and came to a large pond, on the west of which was a small oak between two large rocks, and from thence measured over the said pond to a bmich of maples, two whereof we marked with the letters I and F, standing on a place called Ralph's Neck, being the extrem- ity of the said three miles; from thence we ran a line south twenty degrees west, two thousand one hundred and twenty-three rods (making proper boundaries in said line) , till we met the termination of the three-mile line, ran from the cove southward of Nane(iuachet aforesaid. After which we proceeded to a place called Church's Cove, in said bay, and ran a WVHiN3UAA! OHOSlliXV HIUON ^ A N D XJ^ GANNETT] MASSACHUSETTS. 61 line three niile.s east, making the same allowance for the variation aforesaid, and at the extremity whereof, and near the sea, we erected a monument of stones, and from thent-e ran a line north two degrees and a quarter east, one thousand and nine hun- dred and forty-one rods, till it also met the termination of the said line, drawii from the first mentioned cove as aforesaid, making jiroper boundaries in the course of said line. The aforegoing is a just account of our proceediugs, and report the same accord- ingly. J. HONEYMAN, Jr. GEORGE WANTON. GIDEON CORNEJ.L. GEORGE BROWN. And it is voted and resolved. That the said report be, and it is hereby, accepted by this assembly. In the year 1748 the legislature of Rhode Island appointed connnis- sioncr.s to continue the line to the Connecticut corner, recognizing- the Woodward and Saffre}' stake as the place of beginning. Massachu- setts failed to appoint commissioners, whereupon the Rhode Island commissioners proceeded to complete the running of the line. In their report the}'^ say — That we not being able to find any stake or other monument which we could imagine set up by Woodward and Saffrey, but considering that the place thereof was described in the agreement mentioned in our commission, by certain invariable marks, we did proceed asfolloweth, namely: We found a place where Charles River formed a large current southerly, which place is known to many by the name of Pappatalish Pond, which we took to be the southernmost part of said river, from tln' southernmost part of which we measured three English miles soutli, which three Engli-h miles did terminate upon a plain in a township called Wrentham. (See Howard's Rei)orts !^. C, vol. 4, page 632). From this point the}' ran the line. From this time forward repeated steps were taken by Rhode Island by resolutions, and by appointment of commissioners at different times to ascertain and run the line, in connection with commissioners from IMassachusetts; conunissioners from both colonies met more than once, but the}' failed to agree upon a boundarj' in place of that established under the agreements of 1711-'18. Rhode Island alleged a mistake in her commissioners, in the place of beginning (that is, on AVrentham Plain), as the ground of these efforts. This controversy, however, embraced the entire line from the State of Connecticut to the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts asserted that an encroachment had been made on her territory from Burnt Swamp Corner to the ocean by Rhode Island, who, on her part, claimed that the jurisdictional line of ISIassachusetts from said corner to the Con- necticat line was, in its whole extent, upon the territory of Rhode Island. The legislatures of the respective States having failed, after repeated effort, to adjust the controversy, Rhode Island in 1832, by a bill in equity, brought the subject of the northern boundary, from Burnt Swamp Corner to the Connecticut line, before the Supreme Bull. 226—04 7 62 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [Rri.L.226. Court of the United States, which in 1.S4<> decided thut the jurisdic- tional line claimed })y Mas.sachusetts was the lej^ad l)<)uiidiiry of the two States ])etw(HMi tliese points. While this suit Avas pendin*;' an attempt was made to settle the long controversy by an amicable adjustment of the whole line from Connecti- cut to the ocean. Connnissioners were appointed })y both States in 1844 to ascertain and mark the true boundary from Pawtucket Falls to Bul- lock Neck. In 1845 the same connnissioners were authorized to ascer- tain the line from Burnt Swamp Corner to the Atlantic Ocean. In 1846, the equit}' suit having been decided, they were authorized "to erect suitable monuments at the prominent angles of the line, from the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest corner of Rhode Island, and at such other points on the line as may subserve the public conveidence." A majority of said commissioners agreed upon a line and erected monu- ments in 1847. The report of the joint commission Avas dated Boston, January' 13, 1848. The line so agreed upon as a boundary between Burnt Swamp Corner and the northwest corner of Rhode Island was a straight line, varying a little from the irregular jurisdictional line established by the decision of the Supreme Court, and is described in the joint report of the majority of the connnissioners of January, 1848, as follows, viz: Begin at tlie northwest corner of Rhode Island, on Connecticut line, in latitude 42° 00^ 29'^ north, and longitude 71° 48' 18''' west of Greenwich, thence easterly in a straight line 21.512 miles to Burnt Swami> Corner, in Wrentham, being in latitude 42° 01' 08" and longitude 71° 23' 13". Upon this line were placed twenty-seven monuments, exclusive of that at Burnt Swamp Corner. The general assembly of Rhode Island, in May, 1847, ratified and established the line from the ocean to the Connecticut line, "to take eti'ect and become binding whenever the said agreement and boundary line should be ratified b}^ the State of Massachusetts.'' The legislature of Massachusetts did not ratify tlie said agreement antl Ijoinidary line, but proposed another joint commission, which was agreed to. The attempt made by these commissioners to settle the line having failed, Massachusetts commenced a bill in cijuity before the Supreme Court of the United States for an adjudication of the boundary line from Burnt Swamp Corner to the Atlantic Ocean. In 1860 both States agreed upon a conventional line, and asked that a decree of the United States Supreme Court should confirm the same, which prayer was granted, and the line was thus tinallj'^ established by a decree rendered in the December term, 1861, which is as follows, viz: Beginning at Burnt Swamp Corner (so called), in Wrentham, in latitude 42° 01' 08" north, longitude 71° 23' 13" west of Greenwich, being the northeasterly corner of Rhode Island. CANNETT.j MASSACHUSETTS. G3 Thence in a straight line to the center of a stone monument in the division Hne, between Attleborough and Pawtucket, on the easterly bank of the Blackstone River, being in latitude 41° 53' 36'^ north, longitude 71° 23' 14'' west. Thence easterly, by the northerly line of the town of Pawtucket, to a point where said line intersects the highest water mark on the easterly side of Farmer's or Seven Mile River, which point is sliown on accompanying sheet marked "A," and desig- nated as "Bound No. 1," being in latitude 41° 53' 54" north, longitude 71° 20' 40" west. From Bound No. 1 the line runs southerly, following the highest water mark on the easterly side of Farmer's or Seven Mile River, as designated in said sheet marked "A," to its junction with the highest water mark on the southerly and easterly side of Ten Mile River, at a point designated as "Bound No. 3." From Bound No. 3 the line runs southerly, following the highest water mark on the southerly and easterly side of said Ten Mile River, as shown on sheet marked "A," to a point designated as "Bound No. 13," said last point being at the most southerly bend of Ten Mile River in said line of highest water mark. The line of "highest water mark" as shown on Sheet A is defined by offsets at right angles to straight lines shown on said plan in blue ink, from Bound No. 1, and passing through points designated as bounds numbered 2 to 13, inclusive. From Bound No. 13 the line runs southeasterly, being a straight line to the center of a stone pier in the middle of Runnin's River, on the north side of the road leading by Luther's store. Thence through the center or middle of said Runnin's River as the same is at low water at a point when such line intersects the dividing line between Barrington and Seekonk, being in latitude 41° 46' 28", longitude 71° 19' 23". Thence northeasterly, following the dividing line between Barrington and See- konk, to a point at the northerly extremity of the dividing line between Barrington and Swanzey, in latitude 41° 36' 34", longitude 71° 19' 30". Thence in a straight line southeasterly to the center of a copper bf)lt in King's Ro(;k, so called and well known, near an ancient monument on said King's Rock, being on the west side of the road leading from Warren to Swanzey. This point is in latitude 41° 45' 22".98, longitude 71° 16' 35".75. From King's Rock the line follows the dividing line between Warren and Swanzey to Mount Hope Bay, rurming in a stright line southeasterly to a point on the Birch Swamp Farm, in latitude 41° 45' 08", longitude 71° 15' 58".5. Thence in a straight line to Mount Hope Bay, passing through the center of a cop- per bolt in a bowlder, in line of extreme high water at Toweset, to low-water line of said bay. This bolt is in latitude 41° 42' 45".27, longitude 7-1° 13' 54".70. From Toweset the line runs southeasterly, crossing Mount Hope Bay, to the west- erly end of line dividing Fall River and Tiverton, where the same intersects low-water line of said Mount Hope Bay. Thence easterly, following said dividing line between Fall River and Tiverton, passing through the middle of a town w'ay on the north side of farm belonging to John Chase, and through the southerly end of Cool's Pond, in a line passing through the middle of a highway eight rods wide. Thence running southerly through the center of said eight-rod highway to a point in line with the stone wall on northerly side of farm of Edmund Estes. This wall is easterly of the Stafford road (so called). Thence running easterly in line with said wall to a point in line of highest water- mark on the westerly shore of South Watuppa Pond, which point is shown on accom- panying sheet marked "B," and designated as "Bound A." From Bound A the line runs southerly, following the highest watermark on westerly side of South Watuppa Pond, and of Sawdy Pond, and of the streams con- necting said ponds, as shown on said sheet marked " B, " to a point designated as 04 B(JUI^L>AKIES OF THE UNITKI) STATES. [Hri,i,.22G. " Bdiirid F," said last point being at the most southerly <'nil of Sawdy I'ond in said line (if lii;;liest water mark. The line of "highest watermark" as shown on sheet li is defined l)y offsets at right angles to straight lines from Bound A, and i)assing respectively through points di'signated "B" to "F," inclusive, and on the tSouth Watuppa Pond is also the line that would he traced ])y a level thirteen inches ahove a bolt in stonework on westerly side of waterway in gatehouse of reservoir dam of ^^'atuppa Reservoir Company, Ciueipiechau River. On 8awily Pond tlu' highest watermark is the line that would be traced by the level of an iron bolt driven in west side of liume to saw- mill at northerly end of said Bawdy Pond. From Bound F the line runs southeasterly, being a straight line to the monnnu-nt known as "Joe Sanford's bound," being the center of a copper l)olt in stone on land of Joseph Tripp, and is in latitude 41° 35^ 37'^ longitude 71° 08^ 13'^ From Joe Sanford's bound the line runs southerly, following the westerly line of the town of Westport to the Atlantic Ocean, passing easterly of (Quicksand Pond through the center of a bound known as Peaked Rock, situated in latitude 41° 2!t' 5iS''', longitude 71° 07^ 34'^ The first point in this line southerly of Sanford's bound is on the north side of niilldam at Adamsville, 85.58 feet easterly of straight line from Sanford's to Peaked Rock. The second is 113.94 feet easterly of said straight line, and is on the easterly side of road leading from Adamsville to the ocean. The third is 234.48 feet east of said straight line, on the road leading to Little Compton, l)y Philip Simmons' house. The whole of the line thus described is shown on a plan herewith presented, which, with sketches A and B, is made a part of this report and attested. It will bo observed that the above decree of the United States Supreme Court makes no reference to the line from Burnt Swamp Corner to the Connecticut line. It will also be remembered {vide p. 62) that the "line of 1848," so called, was ratitied b}^ Rhode Island and rejected by Massachusetts. In 18(36 the legislature of Massachusetts took action in regard to this portion of the line, as follows, viz: Resolved, That the boundary line between the State of Rhode Island and tlie Com- monwealth of Massachusetts, from the line of the State of Connecticut to Burnt Swamj) Corner, begins at the north west corner of the State of Rhode Island on the Connecticut line, in latitude 42° 00^ 2W' north, and longitude 74° 48' 18^' west of Greenwich, « and runs in a straight line 21 and jVq-j miles to Burnt Swamp Corner, in Wrentham, being in latitude 42° V %" and longitude 71° 23^ 13''. This is the line agreed upon by the commissioners, called the "line of 1848,'"' ratified at the time by Rhode Island, but rejected by Mas- sachusetts. The tardy ratification of the line by Massachusetts was, in its turn, rejected by Rhode Island, on the ground that the then recent settle- ment of the eastern boundary by the decree of the Supreme Court had so changed the aspect of the controversy that she could not consent to the adoption of the line of 1848 as her northern boundary. aThis is a clerical error. "Longitude 74° 48' 18"" should read "longitude 71° 48' 18"." {Vide Borden's Tables, p. 64.) GANNETT.] M ASSACHUSETT g. 65 Thus the northern boundary of lihode Island was left in a))eyance, or rather left in the condition prescribed by the decision of 184(1 ]n Juno, ISSO, the leg-jslature of Rhode Island passed a resolution to remove the monuments of the "line of iSlS" and erect monuments on the jurisdictional line. In ISSl the legislature of Massachusetts took like action. This jurisdictional line has the same termini as the line of 1848, but is a ver}^ irregular line, sometimes running north of a direct line and sometimes falling south of it [the extreme variations ])eing 52!>.3 feet north of the line of 184S, and 129 feet south of the same]. A full and detailed description ma}^ be found in Rhode Island Acts, May, 1867, p. 6 et seq. Also, vide Senate Document N6. 14, Massachusetts, 1848, for a full account of this controvers}-. In 1718, commissioners from the province of Massachusetts Bay and Colony of Connecticut settled a line between Massachusetts and Con- necticut. By this line certain northern frontier towns were given to Massa- chusetts, viz, Woodstock, Suffield, Enfield, and Somers, In 1749 the legislature of Connecticut passed a resolution that, inasmuch as the line had not been approved by the King, and that the two colonies had no legal right to transfer territory without the confirmation of the Crown, the contract was void, and these towns were again taken under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. Massachusetts appealed to the King, and the claims of Connecticut were fully established. (See HoUister's History of Connecticut, Vol. II.) In 1791 Massachusetts and Connecticut appointed commissioners to establish the boundary between them, but the}" were unal)le to agree. In 1803 conmiissioners were appointed to complete the line, a com- promise having been made concerning the line between the town of Southwick and the towns of Suffield and Granby (the cause of the dis- agreement of the former commissioners). The agreement made was as follows, viz: That the line should begin from a station 8 rods south of the southwest corner of West Springfield, and thence run west to the large ponds, and thence southerly by those ponds to the ancient south line of Westfield, and from thence on said south line to the ancient southwest corner of Westfield; and from thence northerly in the ancient west line of Westfield to the station in said west line made by commissioners in the year 1714, and from thence to the southwest corner of Granville. (See Mass. Special Laws, Vol. Ill, page 234.) In 1803 the commissioners. surveyed and marked the boundary be- tween their respective States. Their report, which was adopted, is as follows, viz: Beginning at the northeast corner of Suffield and the southeast corner of West Springfield, on the west bank of Connecticut River, at a point 75 links northward of 66 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 226. tlie renter of a small valley rnnniiiji into said river, said pf)int being between a small butternut tree, marked i\I.('., staiidinf^ on tlie sontli, and a small crooked wbite oak, marked M., standin}; on tlie north, about two feet di.stant from each other, and then run north 82° 45' west 1 cliain to a stone monument erected by us there; in the same course 22 chains 25 links to a stone monument on the stage road frf)m Springfield to Sufiield, and said course continued would pass two feet north of Smith's house; thence north 82° we.st 82 chains 3 links to a stone monument on the middle road from Sutfield to Springtield; then in the same course 13 chains 30 links to a large black or red oak tree, marked on the east side C. , and on the west side M., being an ancient bound; thence north 77° V west 134 chains 42 links to a stone monument on the road from Feeding Hills meetinghouse to Sufiield; thence in the same course 4 chains 21 links to a pine stump — an old monument; thence north 79° 48' west 102 chains 80 links to a stone monument on the road from Westfield to Suffield, called the back street; thence north 81° 30' west 61 chains 20 links to a stone monument at an old stump and stones, the ancient southwest corner of W^^^ Springtield; thence south 5° west 2 chains to a stone monument in the line run by connnissioners in 1714; thence north 85° west 167 chains 33 links to a stone monument at the middle pond, 22 links east of low-water mark, being at the center of a little valley running into said pond; thence on the eastern shore of said pond, as the same runs southerly, to a sluiceway or outlet from said pond to the south pond; thence southerly on the east shore of the south pond as the same runs to a stone monument at high-water mark on the south corner of said pond, being the south end of the most southerly bay thereof, from which the point of land beyond the bay on the east side of the pond bears north 29° east, and the high point beyond the bay on the west side of the pond is north 3° 30' east; then south 10° 20' west 24 chains 78 links to a stone monument at the southeast corner of Southwick, in the ancient south line of Westfield, from which the highest peak of Manatick Mountain bears south 42° 30' west; thence south 87° 30' west 33 chains 86 links to a heap of stones in a hedge, being an ancient monument in the south line of Westfield and the north- west corner of Sufiield, adjoining (xranby; thence in said ancient south line of West- field the same course to a stone monument at a white oak stump, an old monument, the southwest corner of Southwick, being 174 chains 36 links; thence north 10° 20' east 212 chains 84 links to a stone monument erected by us, at a place in the ancient west line of Westfield, where commissioners in 1714 established the monument called the Crank monument; thence north 82° 17' west 137 chains to a stone monument erected by us at the east road from Granby to Granville; in this course, at the distance of 86 chains 20 links from the Crank monument, we passed between two pillars of stones 45 links south of one and 13 links north of the other, both said to be the south- east corner of Granville; thence on the same course 61 chains 40 links to a stone monument erected by us on the Granby turnpike road; thence in the same course 44 chains to a white oak« tree, marked by commissioners in 1717, and which we marked M on the north side and C, 1803, on the south side; thence north 84° 24' west 5 chains 13 links to a stone monument erected by us on the west road from Granby to Gran- ville; thence in the same course 200 chains 37 links to a white elm stump and stones on the west bank of Valley Brook, so called, a monument, made by commissioners in 1717 in this (!ourse three monuments are mentioned by said commissioners, which we do not find; thence north 85° 7' west 60 chains 15 links to a stone monument erected by us at a new road near the east bank of Hubbard River; thence the same course 2 chains to dry hemlock tree with stones about it on the west side of said river near a small fall and a rock on the east side of said river stooping towards it more than 2 rods to a monument erected by said former commissioners; thenc ' north 82° 52' west 109 chains 35 links to a stone monument b erected by us on the road from Granville « Oak-tree boundary at Granville, marked in 1717. ft Boundary stone in we.st front of Granville. GAXNF.TT.] MASSACHUSETTS. 67 to Ilartland; thence the same course 275 chains !)l links to a larij(» heap of stones on the west bank of Slocnni Brook between two hemlock trees, having many ancient and modern marks tliereon, being a monument made by said former commissioners (in this course tiie commissioners of 1717 made mention of a large hendock tree, and a very large white-ash tree which we do not find); thence north 81° 50^ west 98 chains 74 links to a stone monument erected by us on the Beach-hill road, so called; thence in the same course 2o5 chains to a stone monument erected l)y us at a heap of stones about an elm tree standing on the west bank of Sandy Brook, a monument made by said former commissioners, who mentioned in their report a monument in this course, which we do not find; thence north 82° 11^ west 357 chains 30 links to a stone mon- ument erected by us on the road from Marlborough to Norfolk; thence same course 38 chains 20 links to a monument made l)y said former commissioners on the west bank of Whiting River, near falls, being a heap of flat stones on a large rock; thence north 82° 9' west 219 chains to a stone monument at the end of Greenwood Tm-npike road (in this course said former commissioners marked Iwmt trees, which we do not find) ; thence in the same course 161 chains 75 links to a stone momiment at the Bur- rell road, so called, leading from Canaan to Suffield; thence in the same course 49 chains to an elm tree, with stones near it, on the east bank of Housatonic River, about six rods west from a chestnut stump and stones, a monument made by said former commissioners, who also marked a white oak tree in this course which we do not find; thence north 82° 52^ west 20 chains 50 links to a stone monument erected by US at the road leading from Salisbury to Sheffield, called Wetany road; thence m the same course 119 chains 50 links to a stone monument erected by us at the road from Salisbury to Sheffield, near Ebenezer Fletcher's house; thence on the same course 211 chains 35 links to a stone momiment erected by us at the mountain road from Salisbury t(^ Shetheld; thence on the same course 28 chains 4 links to a monument established by said former commissioners at the foot of the mountain, being a heap of stones on a large rock, 20 links long on the northeasterly side, 5 feet high on the southerh' side, and which we marked 1803 on the southerly side; thence north 85° 30^ west 147 (-hains 20 links to a stone monument erected by us on the road from Salisbury to Mount Washington; thence on the same course 81 chains 80 links to a large heap of stones, the oblong corner bounds, so called, between the State of Connecticut and New York. ******* The courses of said line as before given, and here by us are according to the pres- ent state of magnetic needle, which we observed to vary 5° west of north. (See Private laws of Conn., vol. 2, pages 1540 to 1544.) ABSTR.AtT OF" REPORT OP COMMISSION OP 1803 ON nOUNDARY BETWEEN MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT WEST OP THE rONNECTIClIT RIVER. Beginning at a point on the west bank of Connecticut River, in latitude 42° OK 52^''.10, longitude 72° 37^ 03'^4(), and running north 82° 45' west 22 chains 25 links; thence north 82° Avest 95 chains 33 links; thence north 77° V west 138 chains 63 links; thence north 79° 48' west 102 chains 80 links; thence north 81° 30' west 61 chains 20 links; thence south 5° west 2 chains; thence north 85° west 167 chains 33 links to a stone monument at the middle pond, 22 links east of low-water mark, lati- tude 42° 02' 11", longitude 72° 45' 45". 07; thence southerly along the east shore of said pond, and also south pond, to a stone monument at high-water mark, at the south corner of said south ponc^; thence soutli 10° 20' west 24 chains 78 links to a stone monument at southeast corner of South wick, which is in latitude 42° 00' 11".98, lon- gitude 72° 46' 24".23; thence south 87° 30' west 208 chains 22 links to a stone monu- ment at the southwest corner of South wick, which is in latitude 41° 59' 51".89, lon- gitude 72° 49' 25".47; thence north 10° 20' east 212 chains 84 links to a stone monument at the northwest corner of the South wick Jog, which is in latitude 42° 02' ().S BOUNDARIES OP" THE ITNITED STATES. [mii.i,.22C. 1L>^;!<», l()iijj;itii(l.> 72° 4!K ];r.ri]; ihvnco iiortli H2° 17' west 242 cliiiins 40 links to a wliitc oak tivo, luarkcd by fomniissioncrH in 1717, wliich in in latitmlc 42° 02' ]5".84, l(.ii<;itn(U' 72° 52' 47". 74; thence north 84° 24' west 205chainH 50 links; thence north 85° 7' west ()2 chains 15 links; thence north 82° 52' -west lOi) cliains .'55 links to a stone monnnient in latitude 42° 02' 17".0P., longitude 72° 58' 22".52; thence north 82° 52' west 275 diains 91 links; thence north 81° 45' west 70 chains; thence north 81° 50' west 328 cliains 74 links to a stone monument, which is in latitude 42° 02' 31". 11, longitude 73° 07' 35".94; thence north 82° 11' west 395 chains 50 links; thence north 82° 9' west 430 chains; thence north 82° 52' west 140 chains to a stone monument on the road from Salisburj' to Sliefheld, which is in latitude 42° 02' 58".ll, longitude 73° 22' 55".27; thence north 82° 52' west 239 chains 39 links; thence north 85° 30' west 239 chains to the northwest corner of Connecticut, which is in latitude 42° 02' 58".54, longitude 73° 30' 06".66. According' to the snrve}^ of the cession of l)Oston Corners, by Massa- chusetts to New York, in 1855, the south l)oiuulary of Massachusetts from the northwest corner of Connecticut to tlie southwest corner of Massachusetts is as follows, viz: A line running- north 89*^ 08' 4" west, 40 chains, ])y the true meridian. The courses of the line of 1803 are magnetic, with the variation as at that date, i. e. , 6° west. The latitudes and longitudes in the foregoing are taken from the Borden Trigonometrical Survey of Massachusetts of 1843. In 1826 the line between Massachusetts and Connecticut east of the Connecticut River was run by commissioners appointed from each State. An abstract of the commissioners' report is here given: Ahstraet of report ofcornrnlssioners of 1S26. — The commissioners first made the following surve}^: Commencing at the northeast corner of Connecticut, at a large pile of stones erected bj'^ commissioners of 1734; thence running due west on the latitude of 42" 3' north to the west line of Woodstock, 15 miles 169 rods 15 links. (This is hereafter referred to as the '"" first line of latitude.'') Thence north 3° west 54 rods 19 links to an old pine tree, the reputed northeast corner of Union; thence due west 25 miles 168 rods to Connecticut River. (This line is hereinafter referred to as the "" second line of latitude,"' and the second line of latitude is 54 rods north of the first.) These lines of latitude were compared with the ancient survc}', monuments, evidence, etc., of the line run by the commissioners of 1713; the said lines of latitude were found to vary in sundry places therefrom. Therefore, in order to conform as near as possible to the line of 1713, the line was run as follows, viz: Beginning at the northeast corner of Connecticut and running west on "first line of latitude'" 1,702 rods and 4 links to the road to the Merino road; thence in a direct line 1,372 rods 20 links to the road leading from Muddy Brook, so called, by Fennel May's to Southbridge; this point is 21 rods 10 links north of the "first line of latitude;" thence in a direct line 360 rods 5 links to the Norwich and Woodstock turn- pike (this point is 20 rods and 5 links north of "first line of lati- ^ ■"" UJ J ~~"^---^^ J - Q > z Z < < J q: 15 t- cc ■- — — __ < a I Z < — ____ J "^ — -- J o s: h _^^— — a or z J o h 1- < 7 o 1 z 1/1 O f„ 7 U tfi u Z < 1 h ■\ . 3 GANNETT] > MASSACHUSETTS. 69 tude"); thence in a direct line 954 rods 18 links to the road leading from West Woodstock by Abel Mason's to Southbridge (this point is 10 rods and 22 links north of '" first line of latitnde "); thence in a direct line 1,247 rods to the road leading from Union b\' Asher Bodgen's to Holland (this point is 2 rods 14f links south of "second line of lati- tude"); thence in a direct line 1,127 rods to the turnpike from Hert- ford, through Stati'ord and Holland, to Worcester (this point is ♦> rods 23i links south of the "second line of latitude"); thence in a direct line 467 rods to an old white oak tree, an ancient bound, on the road from Statford by Robert Andruss' to South Brimfield (this point is 1 rod 2 links south of "second line of latitude"); thence in a direct line of 1,615 rods to the road leading from Stafford by Henry Cady's to Monson (this point is 16 rods 15 links south of "second line of lati- tude"); thence in a direct line 256 rods to the Tracy road (this point is 12 rods 12 links south of "second line of latitude"); thence in a direct line 620 rods to the road leading from Stafford by Seth Shel- don's to South Wilbraham (this point is 14 rods 7 links south of "second line of latitude"); thence in a direct line 1,066 rods to the road from Somer's by Walter Ainsworth's to Springfield (this point is 4 rods 1 Vink n&?'th of "second line of latitude"); thence in a direct line 523 rods to the road from Somer's b\ Abel Peas's to Springfield (this point is 6 rods 12 links south of the "second line of latitude"); thence due west 645 rods to the ancient line between Springfield (now Long Meadow) and P^nfield; thence sotith 80° 30' taest by the true meridian 645 rods to a monument at an old oak stump; thence south 51° 30' west by the true meridian 164 rods 18 links to a monument at an old pine stump; thence due west 349 rods 15 links to a monument on the Connecticut River 12 rods from the shore; thence due west to the Connecticut River. On the line are erected 49 monument stones, marked on the north side M and on the south side C. The commissioners also surveyed and marked the line from the corner of Connecticut to the corner of Rhode Island, reporting as follows: Beginnir.g at the monument erected at the northeast corner of said State of Con- necticut and running in a direct Une to the ancient lieap of stones on the nortli side of the turnpike leading from Hertford to Boston, through Thompson and Douglass, where we erected a monument, and thence running in a direct line to the northwest corner of the State of Rhode Island. (For survey of 1826, see Private Laws of Conn., vol. 2, pages 1544 to 1560.) The boundary between Massachusetts and New York at an early period became a subject of bitter dispute, New York claiming to the west bank of the Connecticut River, under the charters of 1664 and 1674 to the Duke of York, Massachusetts claiming, under her old charters, to the South Sea. After many fruitless attempts at a settle- 70 BOUNDARIES OF THK UNITED STATES. fBtM,.22(i. nioiil, an iiri:ino(>ni(Mit was ontorcHl into in 1TT3 tixinj^ the western l)onn(l;uT of Massachusetts whcMc it meets New York territory. The Revohition foIl()wini>' soon after, the line was not run. In iTSf) Con- g-ress appointed three commissioners to run the line, who performed that duty in ITlST. The line was as follows, viz: Beginninji; at a monuiiient erected in 17S1 by coinmipfiionerH from Connecticut and New York, distant from the Hudson River 20 miles, and running north 15° 12' 9", east 50 miles 41 chainsand 79 Hnks, to a red or black oak tree marked by said commissioners, which said line was run as the magnetic needle pointed in 1787. ( Vide Revised Stat- utes of New York, 1875, p. 122. ) The claims of Massachusetts to western lands were finalh' settled December 16, lTS(j, b}- a joint commission of the two States. By this agreement Massachusetts surrendered the sovereignt}^ of the whole dis- puted territory to New York, and received in return the right of soil and preemption right of Indian purchase west of the meridian passing through the eightj^-second mile-stone of the Pennsj^lvania line, except- ing certain reservations upon Niagara River. The title to a tract known as "The Boston Ten Towns," lying east of this meridian, previousl}^ granted by Massachusetts, was also confirmed. ( Vide Hough's N. Y. Gaz., 1872, pp. 25, 26.) April 19, 1785, Massachusetts executed a deed to the United States. It included all title of the State of Massachusetts to territor}^ west of the present western boundary of New York. In 1820 Maine, hitherto a part of Massachusetts, was admitted into the Union as an independent State. In 1853 a small portion of territory in the southwestern corner of Massachusetts, known as Boston Corner, was ceded to New York, and the cession confirmed by Congress in 1855. The cession of Boston Corner to New York changes the boundar}'^, so that it is now as follows, viz: Beginning at a monmuent erected in 1781 b}^ commissioners from Con- necticut and New York (known as the Connecticut monument), stand- ing in the south boundary of Massachusetts, latitude 12" 02' 58". 54, longitude 73^ 80' 06". 66, which is the northwest corner of the State of Connecticut; thence along the south boundary of Massachusetts, north 89- 08' 11" west, 40 chains; thence north i2° 57' 16" west 207.49' chains to a marble post marked on the east side M. S., on the west side N. Y., and on the south side 1853, which is in the line run by United States commissioners in 1787; thence north 15° 12' 9" east on the line run b}^ said United States commissioners (" 47 miles 73.70'' chains) to a red or black oak tree marked by said United States commission- ers, in the south boundary of the State of Vermont, latitude 42° 44' (iThis distance has been obtained by subtracting- the length of the west line of Boston Corner given in survey of 185:? from the entire length of west boundary of Massachusetts as given by the United States commissioners in 1787. GANNETT] RHODE ISLAND. 71 45". 4S, longitude 73^ 16' 17". OS. [Sec Revised Statutes of New York, 1875, page 122; also plat of surve}^ of Boston Corner in 1853, a copy of which is on file in office of clerk of House of Representatives at Wash- ington, D. C] RHODE ISLAND. The present State of Rhode Island was settled )jy Roger Williams and other innnigrants, who left Massachusetts Bay and established themselves at Providence in 1636. In 1613 a patent was granted for the Providence Plantation, from which the following are extracts, viz: t; ***** * And wheras there is a tract of land in the continent of America aforesaid, called by tlie name of the Narraganset Bay, bordering northward and northeast on the patent of the Massachusetts, east and southeast on Plymouth patent, south on the ocean, and on the west and northwest by the Indians called Narigganneucks, alias Narragansets, the whole tract extending about 25 English miles unto the Pequot River and country; and wheras divers English inhabitants of the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport, in the tract aforesaid, * * * have represented their desire, * * * we * * * do * * * give, grant, and confirm to the aforesaid inhabitantg of the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport a firm and absolute charter of incor- poration, to be known by the name of the incorporation of Providence Plantations, in the Narraganset Bay, in New England. * * * In 1663 Charles II granted a charter to Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, of which the following is an extract: * * * "All that parte of our dominiones in New-England, in America, conteyne- ing the Nahantick and Narragan sett Bay, and countryes and jsartes adjacent, bounded on the west, or westerly, to the middle or channel of a river there, commonly called and known by the name of Pawcatuck, alias Pawcawtuck river, and soe along the sayd river, as the greater or middle streame thereof reacheth or lyes upp into the north countrye, northward, unto the head thereof, and from thence, by a streight lyne drawn due north until itt toeets with the south lyne of the Massachusetts Col- lony; and on the north, or northerly, by the aforesayd south or southerly lyne of the Massachusetts Collony or Plantation, and extending towards the east, or east- wardly, three English miles to the east and north-east of the most eastern and north- eastern jjarts of the aforesayd Narragansett Bay, as the sayd bay lyeth or extendeth itself from the ocean on the south, or southwardly, unto the mouth of the river Avhich runneth towards the towne of Providence, and from thence along the eastwardh' side or l)anke of the sayd river (higher called by the name of Seacunck river), up to the ffalls called Patuckett ffalls, being the most westwardly lyne of Plymouth Collony, and soe from the sayd ffalls, in a streight lyne, due north, untill itt meet with the aforesayd line of the IMassachusetts Collony ; and bounded on the south by the ocean. ' ' And in particular, the lands belonging to the townesof Providence, Pawtuxet, Wor- wicke, Nusquammack, alias Pawcatuck, and the rest upon the main land in the tract aforesayd together with Rhode Island, Blocke Island, and all the rest of the islands and banks in the Narragansett Bay and bordering upon the coast of the tracts afo'-e- said (Fishers Island only excepted). * * * (For history of the northern and eastern boundaries see Massa- chusetts, p. 54.) In 1703 substantially the present western boundar}^ was settled by an agreement made between the commissioners from the two colonies 72 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 226. of Rhode Islsind und Coiiiu!cticiit, viz: '' A straight line from the mouth of A.shawogii River to the .southvve.st corner of the Warwick piirclia.se, and thence a st raight north line to Massachusetts. The line of ITOS was actualh' run b}' Rhode Island, and is still known as the Dexter and Hopkins lino. The two colonies disagreeing, Rhode Island appealed to the King, and the agreement of 1703 was finally estahlished in 172H. In September, 172^, commissioners from the two colonies met and ran the line. (For agreement of l7()3and 1728, decisions of English council, etc., see R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. III.) In 1839 commissioners were appointed by Rhode Island and Con- necticut to survey and ascertain the line and erect monuments. The following line was established, viz: Beginning at a rock near the mouth of Ashawoga River, where it empties into Pawcatuck River, and from f^aid rock a straight course northerly to an ancient stone heaj) at tlie southeast corner of tlie town of Yoluntown, and from said rock southerly in the same course with the aforesaid line, until it strikes Pawcatuck River. From the southeast corner of Yoluntown a straight line to a stone heap at the southwest corner of West Greenwich; from thence a straight line to the southwest corner of the ancient town of Warwick, and which is now a corner of the towns of Coventry and West Greenwich; from thence a straight line to the northwest corner of the town of Coventry; thence a straight line to the northeast corner of Sterling; thence a straight line to the southwest corner of Burrillville, and thence a straight line to a stone heap upon a hill in the present jurisdictional line between the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and at all of said corners, excepting said Warwick corner, we have erected monuments of stone, marked R. I. and C, and have also placed similar monuments on all the principal roads crossing the line, and at other suitable places. ******* And we have caused the ancient monument which Mas erected at the Warwick cor- ner in November, 1742, to be reset and a large heap of stones to be made around it. Said mormment is marked witii the letter C. on one side, and on the other R H < ) D E. ISLAND and tlie traces of other letters and tigures. [Extract from Commissioner's Report. See R. I. Acts and Resolves, Jan. 1846, images 12, 13, 14.] The above was ratified in 184(5. CONNECTICUT. The title by which the people of Connecticut held the countr}' was founded on the old patent granted l)y Robert, Earl of Warwick, in 1631, to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and others, associated under the name of the Plymouth Company. In 1630 the Plj-mouth Council made a grant of Connecticut to the Earl of Warwick, their president. This was confirmed by King Charles in 1631, and on the 19th of March, in the same year, the Earl conveyed his title to the Plymouth Compan}', as before stated. (Dwight's Conn., p. 19, et 8eq.) A charter was granted by Charles II to Connecticut in 1662, of which the following is an extract, viz: U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XXII ~ -■0 1 Q r- ■« (t U ■*"^ l- in O O L. z ■ -^ tr. -> -1 h CE UJ Z 1 z H > J m o (/) _i • D. 1 O J IT z I o "I I cr ^u 1- 3 ^ a: __ CD ■ o q: < z Z 3 y 1- 3 ^ > 1- (/) UJ y X O -J u J __---■' o J O z o > - .. Z J '~~~ — — , o J z 1- 1- z z s: z - ti V:j o I Q. h- cr z ^ -^ v»^w^ "l l 'x /v/" \ T -^ ^ \ '> V '^o 1 ^ f -^0 ) ^ 1 1 -v ( y / % \ VO / 1 o \ ^ 1 ><- ; ^ / -_/^ / rt 'p* 1 BOUNDARY BETWEEN RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT, GANNETT.] 0O]M]Sf ECTICUT 73 * • * * * * * * We * * * do give, grant and confirm unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, all tliat part of our Dominions in New England in America bounded on the east by Narraganset River, commonly called Narraganset Bay, where the said river falleth into the sea, and on the north by the line of the Massachusetts planta- tion; and on the south by the sea; and longitude as the line of the Massachusetts Colony, running from east to west, that is to say, from the said Narraganset Bay on the east, to the south sea on the w^est part, with the islands thereunto adjoining. * * [C. and C, p. 256-7.] Previous to this time the two colonies of Connecticut and New Haven had continued separate, but under this charter thej were united and the charter was accepted April 20, 1665, (C. and C, p. 252.) The Duke of York having been granted a charter in 1664, b}^ which the lands west of the Connecticut River were embraced in his jurisdic- tion, the question of boundary immediately arose. About this time Col. Richard Nichols, George Cartwright, esq. , Sir Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, esq., had been appointed commis- sioners by the King, and clothed with extraordinary powers, to deter- mine all controversies in the colonies. The matter was referred to them, who, after a full hearing, determined that the southern boundary of Connecticut was the sea (Long Island Sound), and its western, Mam- aroneck River, and a line drawn north-northwest from the head of salt water in it to Massachusetts. The territory south and west of these lines was declared to belong to the Duke of York. ( Vide Dwight's Connecticut, pp. 159 et seq.) This decision in effect, decided upon a line 20 miles east of the Hud- son River as the boundar}', having for a starting point a place on Mamaroneck River. In 167-1 the Duke, of York received a new charter in substantiall}" the same terms as that of 1661:. New controversies concerning jurisdiction led to a new agreement, by which it was stipulated that a tract of land on Long Island Sound, the bounds of which were described as con- taining 61,410 acres, should be permanently set off' to Connecticut b}^ New^ York on condition that the former, in exchange, should set off to New York a territor}' of like extent and of uniform width from the tract on the Soiuid to the south line of Massachusetts. This agree- ment was sanctioned bj^ a royal ordinance of the King, and in 1684 the tract on the Sound was surve3^ed and set oft' to Connecticut. The western boundary of Connecticut was run in 1685 by Major Gould, Mr. Barr, and Mr. Selleck, and ratified by both parties. ( Vide Dwight's Connecticut, p. 109.) For various reasons the survey of the equivalent lands was not made at that time. In 1725 conunissioners were appointed on botii sides to Hx the line, this being the tilth set appointed for the same purpose, none of which had been able to come to an agreement. Bull. 226—04 8 74 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Iiull.jjc. The coinmlssioiiors of 171^5, liowovcr, entered into artieles of jiijjrcc- nient settling the iniinner of the survey. They, however, run only the line bounding the trsiet on Long Ishmd Sound. For ,soine cau.se uetion was then suspendeci until 1731, when tiie commissioners of 1725 surveyed and set ott' the oblong or ecjuivalent territory to New York, dehning and niai'king its boundary, which was to remain forever tiie dividing lini^ l)etween the respective States (then colonies). The line was substantially as at present, and is as fol- lows, viz: Betiiniiiii^ lit Lyon's I'oiiit, in the moiilh of ;i brook or river called Byranl'^s River, where it falls into Lonij Island Sound, ;ind innning thence up along said river to a rock at the ancient road or wading place in said river, which rock bears nortli twelve degrees and forty-live minutes east, live hundred and iifty rods from said point; then nortli twenty-three degrees and l'orty-li\e nnnutes west, two thousand two hundred and ninety-two rods; then east-northeast, thirteen miles and sixty-four rods, which lines were established in the year one thousand seven hundreil and twenty-live, by Francis Harrison, Cadwaller Golden, and Isaac Hicks, commissioners on the part (jf the then province of New York, and Jonathan Law, Samuel Eells, Roger Walcott, John Copp, and Edmund Lewis, commissioners on the part of the then colony of Connecticut, and were run as the magnetic needle then pointed; then along an east-northeast continuation of the last-mentioned course, one mile, three- quarters of a mile, and twenty-one rods, to a monument erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty-one by Cadwaller Golden, Gilbert Willett, Vin- cent iSIatthews, and Jacobus Bruyn, jr., connnissioners on the part of said province, and Samuel Eells, Roger Walcott, and Edmund Lewis, connnissioners on the part of said t'olony, which said monument is at the southeast corner of a tract known and distinguished as the oblong or equivalent lands; then north twenty-four degrees and thirty nnnutes west, until intersected by a line run l)y said last-mentioned connnis- sioners, on a course south twelve degrees and thirty minutes west, from a monument erec'ted by them in the south l^ounds of Massachusetts, which monument stands in a valley in the Taghkanick Mountains, one hundred and twenty-one rods eastward from a heap of stones in said bounds, on the top or ridge of the most westerly of said moun- tains; then north twelve degrees and thirty minutes east from a monument erected by said last-mentioned commissioners at said place of intersection, and standing on the north side of a hill, southeasterly from the easternmost end of the long i)ond, along the aforesaid line to the aforesaid monument erected in the south bounds of jNIassa- chusetts — being the northeast corner of the oblong. (See Revised Statutes of N. Y., 1881, Vol. I, pages 128-9.) For more than a century no controversy arose, but subsequent to 1850 questions of jurisdiction were raised, and in 1855 Connecticut made a proposition for a new survey. Several sets of commissioners were appointed, l)tit no agreement being reached, tinally. in 1860, pur- suant to an act of the legislature of New York, the line was run by the New York commissioners, Connecticut not being represented. The lirst section of the act of the New York legislature is as fol- lows, viz: 1. The commissioners appointed by the governor to ascertain the boundary line between the States of New York and Connecticut are liereby empowered and directed to survey and mark, with suitable monuments, the said line between the two States as fixed by the surveij of 1731. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE ULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XXIII BOUNDARY BETWEEN CONNECTICUT AND NEW YORK. GANNETT.] CONNECTICUT. 75 The foliowinor is an abstract of the engineer's report of the line run under direction of the commissioners from New York, the Connecticut commissioners declining- to be present or assist, viz: Beginning- at the northwest corner of Connecticut, at the monu- ment erected by the commissioners of New York and Connecticut in 1731, latitude 42'^ 02' 58". 54, longitude 78" 30' OH". (16; thence south 11"^ 20' west, 461: chains, to the "47th mile monument; thence south 12° 34' west, 239 chains 57 links, to the 44th mile monument point; thence south 11° 33' west, 160 chains, 99 links, to the 42d mile monu- ment; thence south 13° 16' west, 161 chains 24 links, to the 4()th mile monument point; thence south 12 21' west, 398 chains 21 links, to the 35th mile monument; thence south 12° 32' west, 158 chains 96 links, to the 33d mile monument; thence south 11 44' west, 243 chains 37 links, to the 30th mile monument; thence south 12° 27' west, 161 chains 32 links, to the 2Sth mile monument; thence south 10° 56' west, 160 chains, to the 26th mile monument point; thence >south 11° 39' west, 320 chains 11 links, to the 22d mile monument; thence south 12° 18' west, 163 chains 17 links, to the 20th mile monument; thence south 11 49' west, 159 chains 9 links, to the 18th mile monument; thence south 12° 19' west, 157 chains 15 links, to the 16th mile monument; thence south 10° 11' west, 161 chains 7 links, to the 14th mile monu- ment; thence south 10° 51' west, 313 chains 41 links, to the lOth mile monument point; thence south 12' 24' west, 155 chains 71 links, to the 8th mile monument; thence south 10° 19' west, 159 chains 28 links, to the (Jth mile monument point; thence south 12° 10' west, 164 chains 42 links, to the 4th mile monument; thence south 11° 44' west, 158 chains 99 links, to the 2Tmile monument; thence south 14° 10' west, 109 chains 41 links, to the Ridgelield angle monument; '' thence south 25° 8' east, 213 chains 39 links, to the 4th mile monument on the east line of the oblong between the Wilton and Ridgetield angles; thence south 24° 48' east, 157 chains 63 links, to the 2-mile monument; thence south 24° 14' east, 167 chains 28 links, to the Wilton angle monument, or southeast corner of the oblong as set off b}" the com missioners of 1731; thence south 67° 45' west, 138 chains 76 links, to the southw^est corner of the oblong, and being where the survey' of 1T25 terminated; thence south 65' 44' west, 90 chains 81 links, to a point considered the original 12th mile monument point; thence south »)() 56' west, 241 chains 93 links, to a point called the 9th mile monu- ment; thence south 'oQ'^ 45' west, 319 chains 12 links, to the 5th mile monument point; thence south Qi6° 25' west, 398 chains 40 links, to the angle at the Duke's Trees; thence south 23° 38' east, 172 chains 93 «The mile monuments referred to are those, at that time remaining, whioh were established by the Connecticut and New York commissioners of 1731. fcThe entire distance from the Massachusetts line to Kidgefield angle is 52 miles 35 rods, a difference of only 5 rods from the survey of 1731. 70 BOUNDARIES OF THK UNITED STATES. [biii.i.22G. links, to ii ])<)iiil which is west-southwest and distant 82 rods fi'orn the chiinncv in the old Clapp house; thence south 24'"^ 21' east, 224 chains 7S links, to a point opposite the old William Andejson house; thence south 24 19' east, 1T;^> chains 7 links, to fin' J W E ST VIRGINIA J Cut off /'^"'^ E N N. j) .Cutoff ff^, J. c * 9^ / > V 1863 / L 1 N A^,^ -/ T e| N N E s s E E ,./■' / N .C A R HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF VIRGINIA. GANNETT.] NEW YORK. 79 The northern boundary was settled ])v the treat}^ of peace in 1783 and l)v the commission under the sixth article of the treaty of Ghent. (T/VA'p. 11.) The l)oundar3^ between New York and New Jerse}^ was plainly stated in the grant by the Duke of York to Berkele}' and Carteret. ( Vide New Jersey, p. 83.) In 1719 attempts were made to have the line run and mark(^d, ))ut nothing seems to have been done to settle the matter permanently till 1769, when commissioners were appointed by the King, wiio fixed on substantially the present line. ( Vide R. S. N. J., 1S21, pp. 29-34.) In 1772 this line was confirmed by the legislatures of both colonies, and commissioners were appointed to survey and mark the same. This line was as follows, viz: A direct and straight line from the fork or branch formed by the junction of the stream or waters called the Machackamack with the river Delaware or Fishkill, in the latitude of 41° 2V 'M" , to a rock on the west side of the Hudson River, marked by the said surveyors, in the latitude of 41° — said rock was ordered to be marked with the following words and figures, viz: "Latitude 41° north;" and on the south side thereof, "New Jersey;" and on the north side thereof, " New York;" also to mark every tree that stood on the line with five notches and a blaze on the northwest and southeast sides thereof, and to put up stone monuments, at 1 mile distance from each other, along the said line, and to number such monuments with the number of miles; the same shall be from the before-mentioned marked rock on the west side of Hudson's River, and mark the words " New Jersey" on the south side and the words " New York" on the north side of every of the said monuments. (See R. S. of N. J., 1821, pp. 29-34. ) The above was confirmed b}^ the King in comicil September 1, 1773. In the year 1833 commissioners were appointed by New York and New Jersey for the settlement of the territorial limits and jurisdiction of the two States. In the following year the commissioners made the following agree- ment, which was ratified by each State and confirmed by Congress, viz: UNITED ST.\TES ST.\TIITES .\T LARGE. TWEXTV-THIRD CONCiRESS, SESSION I. 1834. AN ACT giving the con.sent of Congress to an agreement or compact entered into between the State of New York and the State of New Jersey, respecting the territorial limits and jurisdiction of said States. Article first. The boundary line between the two States of New York and New Jersey, from a point in the middle of Hudson River, opposite the point on the west shore thereof, in the forty-first degree of north latitude, as heretofore ascertained and marked, to the main sea, shall be the middle of the said river, of the bay of New York, of the waters between Staten Island and New Jersey and of Raritan Bay, to the main sea, except as hereinafter otherwi.se particularly mentioned. Article second. The State of New York shall retain its present jurisdiction of and over Bedloe's and Ellis's islands, and shall also retain exclusive jurisdiction of and over the other islands lying in the waters above mentioned and now under the juris- diction of that State. Article third. Tlie State of New' York shall have and enjoy exclusive jurisdiction of and over all the waters of Hudson River Iving west of Manhattan Island and to the 80 MOUNDAKIES OF THK UNITED STATES. [Bm.i..226. soil Ml of llic iiKiiil li (if S|iiiyl('n(liiyv('l ( IrccU, uiiil ul' ami dvcr the lands ciivcnMl hy the said wulcrs to the Niw-watcr iiuiik on i.\\v wcsti'rly <>r New .Icrst-y side thereof, Hub- ject to llie follow inf the Kill Von KuU between Staten Island and New Jersey to the ■westernmost end off Shorter's Island in respect to such quarantine laws and laws relating to ])assengers as now exist or may hereafter be i)assed under the authority of that State, and for executing the same; and the said State shall also have exclusive jurisdiction for the like purposes of and over the waters of the Sound from the westernmost end of Shorter's Islanrs of Raritan Bay lying westward of a line drawn from the light-house at Prince's I>ay to the mouth of Mattavan Oi^ek, snbjet't to the following rights of property and of juri.wdiction of the State of New York; that is to say: 1. Thc( State of New York shall have the exclusive right of property in and to the land under water lying between the middle of the said waters and Staten Island. 2. The State of New York shall have the ex(^lusive jurisdicrtion of and over the wharves, docks, and imjirovements made and to be made on the shore of Staten Island, and of and over all vessels aground on said shore or fastened to any su(^h wharf or dock, except that the said vessels shall be subject to tlu' (piarantine or health laws and laws in relation to passengers of the State of New Jersey which now exist oi' whi(!h may hereafter be i^assed. 3. The State of New York shall have the exclusive right of regulating the fisheries between the shore of Staten Island and the middle of said waters: Frorided, That the navigation of the said waters be not obstructed or hindered. * * * * * * * In 1876 commissioners were jippointed to relocate the land boiind- ar}' between New York and New Jersey, and replace monuments that ma}" have become dilapidated or removed, or to erect new ones, etc. (77^/.' Rev. of N. ,1., 1877.) The above commissioners found in some cases a slight discrepancy between the orioinal marks and the verbal description thereof, and the leoislatures of each State ordered that the orio'inal monuments should be considered the true boundary. {See acts of New York, 1880, and acts of New Jersey, 1881.) - < z z < O I I S-*- f^^ J^/"^-'^ 'h^ D O CO I 3 GANNETT.] NEW YORK. 81 In 18S1 a joint commission of the two States was api)oiuted for the purpose of retracing and remarking, in a permanent manner, this boundary. This worl^ was completed in a thorough manner in 1SS3. In 1887 a joint commission of the two States was appointed to deter- mine and mark the boundary between the two States through Raritan Bay. This commission came to an agreement, the terms of which are as follows: First. From " Great Beds light-house," in Raritan Bay, north, twenty degrees six- teen minutes west, true, to a point in the middle of the waters of Arthur Kill, or Staten Island Hound, equidistant between the southwesterly corner of the dwelling house of David C. Butler, at "Ward's Point, on .Staten Island, in the State of New York, at the southeasterly corner of the brick building on the lands of Cortlandt L. Parker, at the intersection of the westerly line of Water street with the northerly line of Lewis street, in Perth Amboy, in the State of New Jersey. Second. From "Great Beds light-house," south, sixty-four degrees and twenty-one minutes east, true (S. 64° 2V E. ), in line with the center of Waackaack or Wilson's beacon, in IMonmouth Comity, New Jersey, to a point at the intersection of said line with a line connecting; "Morgan No. 2" triangulation point, U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey, in Middlesex Coimty, New Jersey, with the "Granite and Iron beacon," marked on the accompanying maps as "Romer stone beacon," situated on the "Dry Romer shoal; " and thence on a line bearing north, seventy-seven degrees and nine minutes east, true (N. 77° 9^ E. ), connecting "Morgan No. 2" triangula- tion point, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, with said "Romer stone beacon" (the line passing through said beacon and continuing in the same direction), to a point at its intersection with a line drawn l)etween tlie "Hook beacon," on Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and the triangulation point of the U. S. Geodetic Survey, known as the Oriental Hotel, <>n Coney Island, New York; then southeasterly, at right angles with the last-mentioned line to the main sea. Third. The monumental marks l)y which said boundary line shall be hereafter known and recognized are hereby declared to be as follows: 1. The "Great Beds light-house." 2. A permanent monument marked "State boundary line New York and New Jersey," and to be placed at the intersection of the line drawn from the "Great Beds light-house" to "Waackaack or Wilson's beacon," Monmouth County, New Jersey, and the line drawn from "Morgan No. 2" triangulation point, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, to " Romer stone Ijeacon." 3. Eight Ijuoys or spindles, to be marked like the permanent monument above mentioned, and placed at suitable intervening i^oints along the line from the said permanent motiument to the ' ' Romer stone beacon. ' ' 4. The "Romer stone beacon." In the 3"ear ITTl commissions were appointed b}' New York and Pennsylvania to fix the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude on the Mohawk or western branch of Delaware Rivei"; which is the northeast corner of Pennsylvania, and to proceed westward and fix the line between Pennsylvania and New York, These commissioners reported in December of the same year that they fixed the said northeast corner of Pennsylvania, and marked it as follows, viz: ( )n a small island in the said river they planted a stone marked with the letters and figures, New York, 1774, cut on the north side thereof; and the letters and fig- 82 BOUNDAKIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull.2-26. iiri's, latitude 42° variation 4° 20', t-ut on the top tluTcof; and in a direction due west from tlience on the west .si2f,. iuid 17()1 the proprietors rcpeatetlly iiiude petitions to be allowed to .sur- render their right of government to the Crown. Accordingly, in 1702, the surrender was made and accepted ])y the Queen, and ])oth parts imited were made the province of New Jersey. ( Vide Leaming and Spicer's grants, etc.) (For the history of the northern and eastern boundary, vide New Yorlt, p. 79.) The grant from the Duke of York to Berkeley and Carteret defined the west boundary of New Jerse}^ to be the Delaware River. ( Vide p. 83.) ^ The line between New Jersey and Delaware is thus described in the Revised Statutes of Delaware, p. 2, viz: Low-water mark on the eastern side of tlie river Delaware, within tlie twelve-mile circle from New Castle and the middle of the bay, below said circle. Ill 1876 the legislature of New Jersey authorized the governor to commence a suit in the Supreme Court of the United States to settle the boundary between New Jersey and Delaware. New Jersey claimed jurisdiction to the middle of the Delaware, so far as the river and bay is a boundaiy between the two States. ( Vide Revision of New Jersey, p. 1185.) In 1783 CoDimissioners were appointed by New Jerse}^ and Pennsyl- vania to settle the jurisdiction of the river Delaware and the islands within the same. Their report was ratified, and is in substance as fol- lows: First. It is declared that the river Delaware from the station point or northwest corner of New Jersey, northerl}^ to the place upon the said river where the circular boundary of the State of Delaware touches upon the same, in the whole length and breadth thereof, is and shall continue to be and remain a common highway, equally free and open for the use, benefit, and advantage of the said contracting parties, etc. Second. That each State shall enjo}^ and exercise a concurrent juris- diction within and upon the water, and not upon the dry land between the shores of said river, etc. Third. That all islets, islands, and dry land within the bed and between the shores of said river, and between said station point north- erly and the falls of Trenton southerly, shall, as to jurisdiction, be hereafter deemed and considered as parts and parcels of the State to which such insulated diy land doth lie nearest at the time of making this agreemetit, and that from said falls of Trenton to the State of Dela- ware southerly, certain islands (in the agreement the v are named B) be annexed to each State respectively. ( Vide Revision of New Jersey, p. 1181.) In 1786 commissioners were appointed by New Jerse}- and Pennsyl- vania for more accurately determining and describing the islands men- tioned in the foregoing agreement; that is, those in the Delaware from GANNETT.] PENNSYLVANIA. 85 the northwest corner of New Jerse}^ down to the falls of Trenton. Their report was ratified, and a long- list of islands, descriljed b}^ name in the act, were annexed to each State respectively. ( Vide Revision of New Jersey, pp. 1182-'3.) PENNSYLVANIA. The Swedish West India Company, chartered b}' the King of Swe- den in KW5, established the lirst permanent settlement on the west bank of the Delaware, occupying a part of the territory now in Penn- svlvania and Delaware, although the Dutch had previouslv established trading posts, which had been destroyed by the Indians. The Swedes acquired, by successive purchases from the Indian chiefs, all the land extending from Cape Henlopen to the great falls of the Delaware, calling it New Sweden. ( Vide C. and C, p. 1509.) •In 1655 this territory was surrendered to the Dutch. ( Vide Haz- ard's Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 185.) By the conquest of the New Netherlands, in 1061, the Duke of York seems to have successfully claimed the settlements on the west bank of the Delaware as part of his dominions. In 1681 Charles II of England granted to William Penn the Province of Pennsj'lvania. The following extract from the charter defines the boundaries: * * * all that Tracte or Parte of Land in America, with all the Islands therein conteyned, as the same is bounded on the P^ast by Delaware River, from twelve miles distance Northwards of New Castle Towne unto the three and fortieth degree of Northerne Latitude, if the said River doeth extende so farre northwards; But if the said River shall not extend soe farre Northward, then by the said River soe farr as it doth extend; and from the head of the said River the Eastern Bounds are to bee determined by a Meridian Line, to bee drawne from the head of the said River, unto the said three and fortieth degree. The said Lands to extend w^estwards five degrees in longitude, to bee computed from the said Easterne Bounds; and the said Lands to bee bounded on the North by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of North- ern Latitude, and on tlie South bj' a Circle drawne at twelve miles distance from New Castle Northward and Westward unto the ])eginning of the fortieth degree of North- ern I^atitude, and thence l)y a streight Line Westward to the Limit of Longitude above mentioned. William Penn, in order to perfect his title, procured of the Duke of York a deed bearing date August 21, 1682, b}' which the Duke of York conveyed to him all title and claim which he might have to the province of Pennsylvania. ( Vide Hazard's Annals of Pa., 586 et scq.) He also purchased of the Duke of York the territory now compris- ing the State of Delaware, which he held until 1701-'2, when he granted a charter which enabled them to set up a separate govern- ment, though still under proprietary control. (Vde C. and C. , p. 270 et seq.) (For a history of the northern and eastern boundaries of Pennsjd- vania, see New York and New Jersey, pp. 81 and 81.) 8() HOUNDAKIP^rt OF THE UNITED STATES. [biiu,.22C. That part of the southern l)oundary of Pennsylvania between Penn- sylvania and Delaware is an arc of a circle, havino- for its center the steeple of the old court-house at New Castle, Del., and a radius of 12 miles. This was surveyed and marked under a warrant f I'om William I'eiui in 17()1. ( Vide Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania.) This circular line, in connection with adjacent lines, was made the subject of controversy^ for many years. According' to the original grants of Pennsylvania and Maryland the })oundary ])etween them was to be the fortieth degree of noith latitude. This line being found to pass north of Philadelphia and to exclude Pennsylvania from Delaware Bay, negotiations ensued between the proprietors to rectify this geographical blunder, and for nearly a century the matter remained unsettled. In the 3^ear 1732 an agreement was made to fix the boundary. Com- missioners Avere appointed in that year, and subsequentl}' in 1739, to run the line, but they failed to agree, and chancery suits w^ere the result. Taking a decision of Lord Chancellor Hardwick in 1750 as a basis of final adjudication, an agreement was signed July -1, 1760. 15y this agreement the line between Pennsylvania and Delaware on the one part and Maryland on the other was determined as follows, viz: A due east and west line should be run across the peninsula from Cape Henlopen to the Chesapeake Bay. From the exact middle of this line should be drawn a lino tangent to the western peripher}" of a circle, having a radius of 12 English statute miles, measured horizon- tally from the center of the town of New Castle. From the tangent point a line should be drawn due north until it cut a parallel of lati- tude 15 miles due south of the most southern part of the city of Philadelphia, this point of intersection to be the northeast corner of Maryland; thence the line should run due west on said parallel as far as it formed a boundary between the two governments, ( Tide Dela- ware, p. 87.) In 1760 commissioners and surveyors were appointed, who spent three j^ears in measuring the base line and the tangent lino between Maryland and Delaware. The proprietors then, wearied with the delay, sent over from Eng- land two famous mathematicians, Charles Dixon and Jeremiah Mason, who verified the work of their predecessors, and ran the line west between Pennsylvania and Maryland, since known as "Mason's and Dixon's line." Mason and Dixon fixed the latitude of this line at 39° 13' IS". A resurvey in 1850 by Colonel Graham determined it to be 39° 43' 26".3. Mason and Dixon l)egun their work in 1703, *and were stopped by Indians in 1767, having run the line about 241 miles west of the Dela- ware, not quite finishing their work. They put np mile stones all GANNETT. 1 PENNSYLVANIA DELAWARE. 87 along said line, cveiy fifth one being marked with the arms of the respective proprietors. In consequence of the accidental removal of the stone at the north- east corner of Maryland, commissioners were apointed in 1850 by Penn- sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland to revise the former survey, which was done by Lieutenant-Colonel Graham, of the United States topo- graphical engineers. The result confirmed the work of Mason and Dixon, and Maryland gained by the resurvey a little less than two acres. (For a full report of the running of Mason and Dixon's line in lT63-'67, and the verification by Colonel Graham in 1850, see Senate Journal of Delaware for 1851, pages 56-109.) In 1784 the report of the commissioners who had ])een appointed to hx the boundaries between Virginia and Pennsylvania (West Virginia then forming part of Virginia) was confirmed, and the liiies so fixed are as follows, viz: Tlie line commonly called Mason and Dixon's line to be extended due west live degrees of longitude from the river Delaware, for the southern boundary of Pennsyl- vania, and a meridian drawn from the western extremity thereof to the northern limits of the said States, respectively, be the western boundary of Pennsylvania. ( Vide C. and B. laws of Pennsylvania, Vol. II, p. 495, and Hening's Virginia, Vol. XI, p. 554.) By the cession of 1784, by Virginia to the United States- — and that of 1800, l)y Connecticut to the United States, and the formation of the State of West Virginia from a portion of Virginia in 1802 — the above- mentioned meridian lino becomes the boundary l)etween Pennsylvania on the east, and Ohio and West Virginia on the west. By an examination of the cession of 1781, by New York to the United States, it will be seen that a small triangular tract on Lake Erie was left in the hands of the General Gov^ernment. This was sold to Penn- sylvania in 1792. DELAWARE. The State of Delaware was originally settled by the Swedes. ( Vide Penns3dvania, p. 85.) In 1655 it was surrendered to the Dutch, who, in 1664, in turn surrendered it to the English, and it was taken pos- session of ])y the Duke of York. William Penn, having received in 1682 a grant of the province of Pennsylvania, bought of the Duke of York the territory comprising the present State of Delaware. It was conve3^ed to him by two deeds of feoffment, dated August 24, 1682, one conveying the town of New Castle and a twelve-mile circle around the same, and the other convey- ing all the lands south of said circle to Cape Henlopen. (See Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 588 et seq.) Soon after the grant made by the royal charter aforesaid, an assem- bly of the province and three lower counties (then called th-e terri- 88 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [biii.l.22G. tories) was oallod ])y the proprietary and governor aforesiud, which met at Chester on the .seventh day of December, 1682, when the fol- lowing laws, among others, were passed, to wit: * * * Since * * * itha.si)lea.s('(lKinfi;CharlestheSecond * * * togrant * * * William IVnii., t^sq., * * * this Provinoe of Pennsylvania * * * And * Janie.s Duke of York and Albany * * * to release liiH rij^lit and claim * * * to the Province of Pennsylvania * * * and * * * to j,'rantunto the said AVilliam Penn * * * all that tract of land from twelve miles northward of New Castle, on the river Delaware, down to the South C!ai)e (connnoidy called ('ai)e llenlopen, and by the Proprietary ajid (iovernor now calleuinoctial, where New England is terminated; and all the tract of that land within the metes underwritten (that is to say), passing from the said bay, called Delaware Bay, in a right line, by the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the River Pattowmack; thence verging towards the south unto the farther bank of the said river, and following the same on the west and south xinto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the mouth of said river, where it disembogues into the aforesaid Bay of Chesajieake, and thence by the shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory or place called Watkins Point, so that the whole tract of land divided l)y the line aforesaid, l)etween the main ocean and Watkins Point unto the promontory called Cape Charles, may entirely remain forever ■excepted to us ****** . B}'^ an examination of the limits laid down in this charter, and a com- parison with the several charters of Virginia and the charter and deeds to William Penn, it will be seen that there was a conflict of boundaries on l)oth sides of the Maryland grant. The historj^ of the long controvers}^ with Penns3dvania has alreadj^ been given {r/de PennsAdvania, p. 8.5, and Delaware, p. 87). Virginia on the south claimed the territory under her charters, and for a time seemed disposed to assert her claim, notwithstanding we lind in 1638 a 90 BOUNDARIES OF THP: UNITED STATES. [i!in,i,.22C. proclaiuatioii by the o-ovenior iind couucil of Virginia rccogniziiii^- the province of Maryland, and for])idding trade with the Indians within the limits of Maryland withont the consent of Lord Baltinion^, pre- viously obtained {vUlc Boznian's Maryland, Vol. II, p. 5b0). Virginia's claim was finally given up by a treaty or agreement made in 1658. (For a full account nidf Bozniairs Maryland, p. 4-14 et neq.) In 1008 the Virginia assembl}' ordered a survey of the line betwtjen Virginia and Maryland on the peninsula, and declared it to be as fol- lows, viz: From Watkins Point east across the jieninsnla. They define Watkins Point To be the north side of Wicomicoe River on the eastern shore and neere unt(j and on the sonth side of the streight limbe opposite to I*atuxent River. ( Vide Hening\s Virginia, Vol. II, p. ISl.) In 1(')08 connnissioners were appointed byMarjdand and Virginia to fix the ])oundary across the peninsula. The commissioners were Philip Calvert, esq., chancellor of Maryland, and Col. P^dmund Scarbrugh, his majesty's surveyor-general of Virginia. Their report is as follows, viz: * * * After a fnll and perfect view taken of the point of land made by tlie north side of Pocomoke Bay and sonth side of Annamessexs Bay have and do conclude the same to be "Watkins Point, from which said point so called, we have run an east line, agreeable with the extreamest part of the westermost angle of the said Wat- kins Point, over Pocomoke River to the land near Robert Ilolston's, and there liave marked certain trees which are so continued by an east line running over Swanse- cutes Creeke into the marsh of the seaside with apparent marks and boundaries * ""• * Signed June 25, 1868. ( Vide Md. Hist. Soc. Coll. of State papers, volume marked 4 L. C. B., pp. 63-64. ) Virginia, by the adoption of her constitution of 1776 (see Article 21), relinquished all claim to territory covered by the charter of Mary- land, thereb}^ fixing Maryland's western boundarj^ as follows: Commencing on a true meridian of the iirst fountain of the river Pattawmack, thence verging towards the south unto the further bank of the said river and following the same on the west and south unto a certain place called Cinquack, situate near the mouth of said river where it disembogues into the aforesaid bay of Chesapeake, and thence by the shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory or place called Watkins Point; thence a right line to the main ocean on the east. (See charter of Maryland. ) The f oreging are substantially the present boundaries; but from that time up to the present a controversy^ has been going on concerning them. In 1786 a compact was entered into between the States of Maryland and Virginia, but as this referred more particularly to the navigation and exercise of jurisdiction on the waters of Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac and Pocomoke rivers, they are not given here. ( Vide Hen- ings Va., Vol. XII, p. 50.) GANNETT] MARYLAND. 91 From 1821 to 1858 frequent legislation took place in regard to this bolludar3^ In the last-named 3 ear commissioners were appointed by Maryland and Virginia, respectively, who, with the assistance of Lieut. N. Mich- ler. United States Engineers, surveyed the lines. In 1860 the governor of Virginia, under a resolution of the legisla- ture, appointed and sent an agent to England to collect records and docunientar}' evidence bearing on this <[uostion. The rebellion ensuing, nothing further was done Tuitil 1867, when legislation again commenced. The question of this boundary was referred to arbitrators by an agreement made in 1874, each State binding itself to accept their award as tinal and conclusive. J. S. Black, of Pennsyhania; AVilliam A. Graham, of North Caro- lina, and Charles A. Jenkins, of Georgia, were appointed arbitrators. William A. Graham having died, James B. Beck, of Kentuck}^, was appointed in his stead. The arbitrators made, in 1877, the following award, viz: Beginning at the point on the Potomac River where the hne between Virginia and West Virginia strikes the said river at low-water mark, and thence following the meanderings of said river by the low-water mark to Smith's Point, at or near the mouth of the Potomac, in the latitude 37° 53^ 8'^ and longitude 76° 13^ 46'^; thence crossing the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, by a line running north 65° 30^ east, a])out nine and a half nautical miles to a point on the western shore of Smith's Island at the north end of Sassafras Hammock, in latitude 37° 57' 13'-', longitude 76° 2' 52'''; thence across Smith's Island south 88° 30' east five thousand six hundred and twenty yards to the center of Horse Hammock, on the eastern shore of Smith's Island, in latitude 37° 57' 8", longitude 75° 59' 20"; thence south 79° 30' east four thousand eight hundred and eighty yards to a point marked "A" on the accompanying map, in the middle of Tangier Sound, in latitude 37° 56' 42", longitude 75° 56' 23", said point bearing from James Island light south 54° west, and distant from that light three thousand five hundred and sixty yards; thence south 10° 30' west four thou- sand seven hundred and forty yai'ds by a line dividing the waters of Tangier Sound, to a point where it intersects the straight line from Smith's Point to Watkins Point, said point of intersection being in latitude 37° 54' 21", longitude 75° 56' 55", bearing from James Island light south 29° west and from Horse Hammock south 34° 30' east. This point of intersection is marked "B" on the accomiianying map. Thence north 85° 15' east six thousand seven hundred and twenty yards along the line above men- tioned, which runs from Smith's Point to Watkins Point until it reaches the latter spot, namely, Watkins Point, which is in latitude 37° 54' 38", longitude 75° 52' 44". From Watkins Point the boundary line runs due east seven thousand eight hundred and eighty yards to a point where it meets a line running through the middle of Pocomoke Sound, which is marked "C" on the accompanying map, and is in lati- tude 37° 54' 38", longitude 75° 47' 50"; thence by a line dividing the waters of Poco- moke Sound north 47° 30' east five thousand two hundred and twenty yards to a point in said sound marked "D" on the accompanying map, in latitude 37° 56' 25", longitude 75° 45' 26"; thence following the middle of Pocomoke River by a line of irregular curves, as laid down on the accompanying map, until it intersects the west- ward protraction of the boundary line marked by Scar1)orough and Calvert, ]\Iay 28, 1668, at a point in the middle of Pocomoke River, and in the latitude 37° 59' 37", 92 KOUNDARIES (W THE TTNITED STATES. [iui,i..22C. lonjjitudc 75° 87'' 4'''; thence b}' the Scarl)or()n" In' north i>f east, to the Atlantic Ocean. Tlie latitudes, longitudes, courses, and distances luTe given have been nn-asured ujK)!! the Coast Chart No. 3.S of U. S. Coast Survey, sheet No. 8, Chesai>eake 75ay. * * * The middle thread of the Pocomoke Kiver and the low-water mark on the Potomac River are to be mea,sured from headland to headland, without con- sidering or following arms, inlets, creeks, bays, or allhient rivers. * * * {MtJr, U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. XX, p. 481.) This award was ratified by the States of Maryland and N'iioinia. and contirnied b}^ Conofress in 18T0. Tn 1879-80 acts were passed by the legislatures of Maryland and Viro-inia to appoint comnnssioners and to request the General (rovern- ment to designate one or more officers of the Engineer Corps, said commissioners and officers to survey and mark said line and erect monuments thereon. West Virginia having been formed from a part of Virginia and admitted into the Union in 1862, the western ))oiindary of Maryland now separates it from the State of West Virginia. The commissioners appointed in 1859 by Virginia and Maryland (?vV7,^'p. 91) surveyed the western boundary from the "Fairfax Stone" (the first fountain of the Potomac) due north to the Pennsylvania line, and the legislature of Mar3'land in 1860 passed an act declaring that line to be its western boundar5\ From the "Fairfax Stone" the boundary between Marj^land and West Virginia runs along the south bank of the Potomac Kiver till it strikes the line between Virginia and West Virginia. (For a history of the placing of the Fairfax Stone, vide Virginia, p. 96.) DISTRICT OF COLUIMBIA. On the 5th day of September, 177-1, the Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Two years later they adjourned to l^altimore. During the Revolution and subsequent to the treaty of peace the}' met in vari- ous places. After the close of the war much debate took place in regard to the location of a permanent seat of the Government of the United States. Several States made propositions to Congress, offering to cede certain lands for the purpose, but no determination of the loca- tion was made by Congress until 1790. Act of ce^^sioii fr(»n the State (>f Mari/hutd, ■paxxed Decemher 23, 17S8. On the 23d of December, 1788, the State of Maryland passed the following act, viz: Be it enacted by the general assemhly of Maryland, That the representatives of this Stiite in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the I'nited States, ap})ointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednesday of March next, be, and tliey are hereby, authorized and required on the behalf of this State to cede to the Congress of the United States any district in this State, not exceeding ten miles square, which the Congiess may lix ujion an), the State of Viroinia passed a similar act, of which the following is an extract: J>e if thercfurc enacted bi/ the general aMetnbli/, That a tract of country not exceetling ten miles siiuare or any lesser quantity, to be located within the limits of the State and in any part thereof as Congress may by law direct, shall be, and the same is here- by, forever ceded and relinquished to the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right and exclusive jurisdiction, as well of said soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon, pursuant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the 1st article of the Constitution of the Government of the United States. After long discussion, Congress in 1790, in view of the foregoing cessions of Maryland and ^^irginia, passed the following act, viz: AN ACT for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of government of the United States Approved July 16, 1790. Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potowmac, at some jilace be- tween the mouth of the Eastern Branch and Connoyocheque, be, and the same is hercljy, accepted for the permanent seat of the government of the United States: Provided, nevertlielet^s, That the operation of the laws of the State within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance until the time fixed for the removal of the Government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise l)y law provide. Sect. 2. And be itfurtJier enacted, That the President of the United States be author- ized to appoint, and, by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three commissioners, who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory, under the limita- tions above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited, and located shall be deemed the district accepted by this act for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. Sect. 3. ^Ind he it enacted, That the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the saitl river within the said district as the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States, and according to such plans as the President shall approve. The said commissioners, oranj^ two of them, shall, prior to the first Monday in December in the year 1800, provide suitable buildings for the accommodatiou of Congress, and of the President, and for the public offices of the Government of the United States. Sect. 4. And be it enacted, That for defraying the expenses of such purchases and buildings the President of the United States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money. Sect. 5. And be it enacted. That prior to the first Monday in December next all offices attached to the seat of government of the United States shall be removed to, and until the first Monday in December in the year 1800 shall remain at, the city of Phila- delj^hia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which place the session of Congress next ensuing the present shall be held. Sect. 6. And be it enacted, That on the first Monday in December, in the j'ear 1800, the seat of the Government of the United States shall, by virtue of this act, be trans- ferred to the district and jjlace aforesaid. And all offices attached to the said seat of government shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respective holders and shall, after the said ilay, cease to be exercised elsewhere, and that the necessary expense of said removal shall hv defrayed out of the duties on imposts and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated. 94 HOUNUARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [nru..226. Ill llic t'()ll()\viii<4' yt'iiv the Forcgoiiit^' uct was unicndccl, in order to include a portion of the Anacostia liivcr (*' Eawtern Branch"), and the town of Alexandria within the limits of the district. The foUowin*^ is the act of amendment: AN ACT to amend "Au act for establishing the temiiorary and permanent seat of government of the United States." Approved March 3, 1791. Be it enacted, ttc, That so much of the act entitled "An act for establishing the tem- porary and permanent seatof the Government of the United States" as requires that the whole of the district of territory, not exceeding ten miles scjuare, to be located on the river Potowmac for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States shall be located al>ove the mouth of the Eastern Branch be, and is hereby, repealed, and that it shall be lawful for the President to make an}- part of the territory below said limit and above the mouth of Hunting Creek a part of the said district, so as to include a convenient port of the Eastern Branch and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria; and the territory so to be included shall form a part of the district not exceeding ten miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States, in like manner and to all intents and purposes as if the same had been within the the purview of the above recited act: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall authorize the erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potowmac, as re(}uired by the aforesaid act. In pursuance of the foregoing- acts, three commissioners were appointed, who made preliminary survej^s of the territor}-, and on the 30th day of March, 1791, George Washington, President of the United States, issued a proclamation, in which the bounds of the said District were defined as follows, viz: Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle in the outset of 45° west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line; then beginning again at the same Jones' Point and running another direct line at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles for the second line; then, from the terminations of the said first and second lines, run- ning two other direct lines, of ten miles each, the one crossing the Potomac and the other the Eastern Branch aforesaid, and meeting each other in a i)oint. In 1800 Congress removed to this District. In the following 3^ear the District was divided into two counties, as follows, viz: UNITED STATKS STATUTES AT LARtiE, SIXTH CONGKESS, SECOND SESSION, 1801, (CH AFTER XV ). AN ACT concerning tlie District of Columbia. The said District of Columbia shall l)e formed into two counties. One county shall contain all that part of said district which lies on the east side of the river Potomac, together with the islands therein, and shall be called the county of Washington, the other county shall contain all that part of said District which lies on the west side of said river, and shall be called the county of Alexandria; and the said river, in its whole course through said District, shall be taken and deemed to all intents and purposes to be within both of said counties. In ISK) Congress passed an act retroceding to the State of Virginia that part of the District of Cohmibia originally ceded to the United Bull. 226 / < / < y U x: or < J s.. o V GANNETT] VIRGINIA. 95 States b}- Vii'o-iiiiii. The followiiio- is uii extract from said act of retrocession: That Avith assent of the people of the county- and town of Alexandria, to be ascer- tained as hereinafter [)rescribed, all of that portion of the District of C'olunil)ia ceded to the ITnit'ed States by the State of Virginia, and all the rights and jurisdiction there- with ceded over the same, be, and the same are, hereljy ceded and forever relinquished to the State of Virginia in full and absolute right and jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon. VIRGINIA. In the year 1000 King- James I of England granted the "First Char- ter of Virginia.-' The lioundaries therein described ai-e as follows, viz: * * * Situate, lying, or being all along the sea coasts, between four and thirty degrees of northerly latitude from the ecpiinoctial line and five and forty degrees of the same latitude, and in the main land between the same four and thirty and five and forty degrees and the islands thereunto adjacent, or within one hundred miles of the coast thereof. * * * Soon after, in 1609, a new charter was granted, called the "Second Charter of Virginia," W'hich defines the boundaries in the following- terms: * * * Situate, lying, and heing in that part of America called Virginia, from the point of land called Cape or Point Comfort, all along the sea coast to the north- ward two hundred miles, and from the said point of Cape Comfort all along the sea coast to the southward two hundred miles, and all that space and circuit of land lying from the sea coast of the i)recinct aforesaid up into the land, throughout from sea to_sea, west and northwest, and also all the islands lying within one hundred miles along the coast of both seas of the precinct aforesaid. * * * In 1611-12 the "Third Charter of Virginia" was granted, which was an enlargement of the second, of which the following is an extract: All and singular those islands whatsoever, situate and being in any part of the ocean seas bordering ui)on the coast of our said first colony in Virginia, and being within three hundred leagues of any of the i)ortes heretofore granted to the said treasurer and company in our former letters-patents as aforesaid, and being within or between the one-aud-fortieth and thirtieth degrees of northerly latitude. These boundaries, as will be seen, included territory composing wliolly, or in part, the present States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mar} land, North and South Carolina, in addition to others formed since the Revolution. This large extent of territory was reduced in the first instance by the charter of Maryland in 1632, next bj' the charters of Carolina in 1663 and 1665, then by the charter of Pennsylvania in 1681, and, again, subsequent to the Revolution, by the cession to the United States of the territoiy northwest of the Ohio River in 1781, by the admission of Kentucky as an independent State in 1792, and lastly by the division of the territory of Virginia in 1862, by which the new State of West Virginia was created and admitted into the Union. 96 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. fiuTi.L.22C. By the constitution of 1770 Virginia foiniiilly <;av(>, up uU claim to the territory now appertaining to the neighl)oring States of Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina. The follovv^ing is an extract from the Virginia constitution of 177G: The territories contained within the cliurters erecting the colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvaniii, North and South Carolina are herel)y ceded, released, and forever conlirnied to the people of these colonies, respectively, with all the rights of prop- erty, jurisdiction, and governiueut, and all the rights whatsoever which might at any time heretofore have been claimed by Virginia, except the fret^ navigation and use of the Rivers PotonuKpie and Pokomoke, with the proj)erty of the Virginia shores and strands bordering on either of said rivers, and all improvements which have 1)een or shall be made thereon. The western and northern extent of Virginia shall, in all other respects, stand as fixed by the charter of King James I, in the year one thou- sand six hundred and nine, and by the public treaty of peace betw'een the courts of Britain and France in the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three, unless by act of the legislature one or more governments be established westwards of the Alleghany Mountains. In the mean time a grant of territory had been made within the present limits of Virginia and West Virginia, which caused great dis- satisfaction to the people of the Virginia Colonj^, and which ultimately had an important bearing in settling the divisional line between Mary- land and Virginia. In the 21st year of Charles II a grant was made to Lord Hapton and others of what is called the northern neck of Virginia, which was sold by the other patentees to Lord Culpeper and confirmed to him ])y let- ters-patent in the fourth year of James II. This grant carried with it nothing but the right of soil and incidents of ownership, it being expressly subjected to the jurisdiction of the government of Virginia. The tract of land thereb}^ granted was "bounded b}' and within the heads of the rivers Tappahannock, alias Rappahannock, and Quiriough, alias Patomac, rivers." On the death of Lord Culpeper this proprie- tary tract descended to Lord Fairfax, who had married Lord Cul- peper's only daughter. As early as 1729 difficulties s]irung up, arising from conflicting grants from Lord Fairfax and the Crown. In 1730 Virginia petitioned the King, reciting that the head springs of the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers were not known, and pray- ing that such measures might be taken that the}' might be ascertjiined to the satisfaction of all parties. In 1733 Lord Fairfax made a similar petition, asking that a commis- sion might issue for running out, marking, and ascertaining tlio true boundaries of his grant. An order, accordingh", was issued and three commissioners were appointed on the part of the Crown and three on the part of Lord Faii'fax. The dutj' which devolved upon these commissioners was to ascertain GANNETT.] VIRGINIA. 97 l)y actual examination and survey the respective fountains of the Rap- pahannock and Potomac rivers. This survey was made in 1736. The report of the commissioners was referred to the council for plan- tation affairs in 1738, who reported their decision in 174.5, as follows, viz: * * * The said boundary ought to begin at the first spring of the south branch of the river Rappaliannock, and that the said boundary be from thence drawn in a straight line nortlivvest to tlie place in the Alleghany Mountains where that part of the Potomac River, which is now called Cohongoroota, first rises. * * * This report was confirmed b}^ the King, and commissioners were appointed to run and mark the dividing line accordingly. The line was run in 17J:6. On the 17th day of October, 174^), they planted the Fairfax stone at the spot which had been described and marked by the preceding commissioners as the true head spring of the Potomac River, and which, notwithstanding much controversy, has continued to be regarded, from that period to the present time, as the southern point of the western boundary between Virginia and Mary- land. ( Vide Faulkner's Report to Governor of Virginia, 1832. For full details, vide Bj^rd Papers, 1866, Vol. II, p. 83 et seq. Also Hening's Va. Statutes.) This tract of country was held by Lord Fairfax and his descendants man}^ years, Vjut subsequent to the Revolution the quitrents, charges, etc., were abolished, and it became in all respects subject to the juris- diction of Virginia. (For the history of the settlement of the boundary lines between Virginia and Maryland, vide Maryland, p. 89.) (For a histor}^ of the boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania, vide Pennsylvania, p. 85.) Kentucky formed originally a part of the county of Fincastle, Vir- ginia. In the year 1776 this county was divided into three counties, the westernmost of which was called Kentucky County, and its eastern boundary was declared to be as follows, viz: A line beginning on the Ohio, at the mouth of Great Sandy Creek, and running up the same and the main or northeasterly branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland Mountains; thence southwesterly along the said mountain to the line of North Carolina. (See Hening's Statutes, Virginia, vol. 9, p. 257.) Kentuckj" having been admitted into the Union June 1, 1792, com- missioners were appointed in 1798 by Virginia and Kentuck}^ to fix the boundary. In 1799-1800 the commissioners' report was made and rati- fied by the States. It was as follows, viz: To begin at the point where the Carolina, now Tennes.see, line crosses the top of the Cumberland Mountains, near Cumberland Gap, thence northeastwardly along the top or highest part of the said Cumljerland Mountain, keeping between the headwaters of Cumberland and Kentucky rivers, on the west side thereof, and the headwaters of Powell's and Guest's rivers, and the Pond Fork of Sandy, on the east side thereof, continuing along the said top, or highest part of said mountain, crossing the road 98 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 226. leading over the .same at tlie Little I'aiiit Gap, where l)y some it is called the Hollow Mountain and where it terminates at tlm West Fork of Sandy, commonly called Rus- sell's Fork, thence with a line to be run north 45° cast till it intersects the other great principal branch of Sandy, commonly called the northeastwardly branch, thence down the said northeastwardly branch to its junction with the main west branch and down Main Sandy to its confluence with the Ohio. (See Shepard's Virginia, vol. 2, p. 234.) It will be seen that the latter part of this line is the present line between West Virg-inia and Kentucky. (For the history of the settlement of the boundaries l)etween Virginia and North Carolina, vide North Carolina, vide p. 100.) In 1779 Virginia and North Carolina appointed commissioners to run the boundary line between the two States west of the Allegheny Moun- tains, on the parallel of 36° 30'. The commissioners were unable to agree on the location of the parallel; they therefore ran two parallel lines two miles apart, the northern known as Henderson's, and claimed by North Carolina, the southern known as Walker's line, and claimed by Virginia. In the year 1789 North Carolina ceded to the United States all territory west of her present boundaries, and Tennessee being formed from said ceded territory, this question became one between Virginia and Tennessee. Commissioners having been appointed b}- Virginia and Tennessee to estal:)lish the boundary, their report was adopted in 1803, and was as follows, viz: A due west line equally distant from both Walker's and Henderson's, beginning on the summit of the mountain generally known as White Top INIountain, where the northeast corner of Tennessee terminates, to the top of the Cumberland JMountain, where the southwestern corner of Virginia terminates. In 1871 Virginia passed an act to appoint commissioners to adjust this line. Tennessee the following year, in a very emphatic manner, passed a resolution refusing to reopen a question regarding a boundary which she considered "fixed and established- beyond dispute forever." (See acts of Temiessee, 1872.) Up to 1783 Virginia exercised jurisdiction over a large tract of coun- try northwest of the Ohio River. But by a deed executed March 1, 1784, she ceded to the United States all territory lying northwest of the Ohio River, thus making her Avestern boundary the west bank of the Ohio River. On the 31st of December, 1862, the State of Virginia was divided, and 48 counties, composing the western part of the State, were made the new State of West Virginia. By an act of Congress in 1866, con- sent was given to the transfer of two additional counties from Virginia to West Virginia. In 1873 and 1877 commissioners were appointed by each State to determine the true boundaries between the two States, and the General "<^;s Bull. 2l'6— 04 11 GANXETT.] WEST VIRGINIA. ^^--^"'^^ 99 Government was asked to detail otiicers oPeiigineers to aet with said commissioners in surveying and tixiiig^e line. Until their reportis at hand \hy6 boundary can only be found by following the old county lines. In view of the expectation of such report at an early day, it has not been thought best to go into an examination of the old county lines, WEST VIRGINIA. This State was set off from Virginia on December 81, 1862. It was originally formed of those counties of Virginia which had refused to join in the secession movement. It was admitted to the Union as a separate State June 19, 1863. It originally contained the following counties: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Cla}', Doddridge, Fa3^ette, Gilmer, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Ran- dolph, Ritchie, Roane,Taylor. Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wa3aie. Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, W^^oming. In 1866 it was enlarged by the two counties of Berkeley and Jeffer- son, transferred from Virginia. Its boundaiy with Virginia is made up of boundary lines of the border counties above enumerated, and can be defined only b}^ reference to the laws by which these counties were created. In the constitution of 1872, after a recapitulation of the counties which were transferred from Virginia to West Virginia, is found the following clause defining the boundaries upoii the south and west. The State of West Virginia includes the bed, bank, and shores of the Ohio River and so much of the Big Sandy River as was formerly included in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and all territorial rights and property in and jurisdiction over the same heretofore reserved by and vested in the Commonwealth of Virginia are vested in and shall hereafter be exercised by the State of West Virginia, and such parts of the said beds, banks, and shores as lie opposite and adjoinnigthe several counties of this State shall form |)arts of said several counties respectively. (For a history of the boundaries of West Virginia, ?;«W-ix and tliirl y (h-j:rfcs of the northern latitude, and to the west as far as the south seas, and so sontlicily as far us the river Saint Matthias, which bordereth on the coast of Florida, an'. This is found to be the wording- of every legislative act relating to it, and the errors of this boundary are due simply to errors in surveying and location. The following l)rief and comprehen- sive sketch of the north and south boundary lines bf this State, and of the various attempts made to locate them, is taken from Pi'ofessor Kerr's "•Geology of North Carolina," Vol. I. page 'i: "The lirst and only serious attempt to ascertain the northern l)()nn26. pasH was ascertained to be a little less than ;^° W. [The niagnetii; chart i>f the United States Coast Survey would make it 8° V..] And no account is given of any pubsetiuent correction, and if none was made at the end of the line surveyed by him the course woullished by act of 1819. The boundary between this State and Tennessee was run, according to the course designated in the act of 1789, entitled ' ' An act for the purpose of ceding to the United States certain western lands therein described " (the State of Tennessee) ; that is, along the crest of the Smoky Mountains, from the Virginia line to the Cataluche River (in Haywood County), in 1799, under act of 1796. It was continued from this point to the Georgia line in 1821. The commissioners who completed this line, at the date last- mentioned, instead of following their instructions, diverged from the crest of the Smoky (Unaka) Mountains at the intersection of the Hiwassee turnpike, and run (hw south to the (ieorgia line, thereby losing for the State the valuable mining region since know-n as Ducktown. And as to the southern boundary, the point of beginning on Goat Island is in latitude 33° 51' 37'^, as shown by the coast survey, and instead of running from Goat Island northwest to latitude of 35° and thence along that parallel, it appears, from the South Carolina geographical State survey of 1821-25, that the course from the start- ing point is N. 47° 30' W., and instead of pursuing the parallel of 35° it turns west about 10 miles south of that line, and then on approaching the Catawba River, turns northward pursuing a xigzag line to the forks of the Catawl)a River, which is about 12 miles north of that parallel; and from this point to the mountains the boundary line (of 1772) runs, not west, but N. 88° W., bringing its western end about 17 miles too far north, and reaching the (supposed) parallel of 35° at a distance of about 130 miles east of the Catawba River. The loss of territory resulting from these singular deviations is probably between 500 and 1,000 square miles. The following extract from the constitution of ITiXi, of Tennessee, defines the eastern boundary of that State, which is the western bound- ary of North Carolina, us it was intended to be run and marked: Beginning on the extreme height of the Stone Mountain at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it in latitude thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north: GANNETT.] NORTH CAKOLIISIA SOUTH CAROLINA. 103 running thence along the extreme heiglit of the said mountain to tiu; place where Watauga River breaks through it; thence a direct course to the top of the Yellow Mountain, where Bright' s road crosses the same; thence along the ridge of said mountain between the waters of Doe River and the waters of Rock Creek, to the place where the road crosses the Iron Mountain; from thence along the extreme height of said mountain to where Nolichucky River runs through the same; thence to the top of the Bald ]\iountain; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the I'ainted Rock o'- French Broad River; thence along the highest ridge of said mountain to the place where it is called the ( Treat Iron or Smoky Mountain; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the place where it is called Unicoi or Unaka Mountain between the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota; thence along the main ridge of the said mountain to the southern bounday of this State as described in the act of cession of North Carolina to the United States of America. In 1879 the legi.sliiture passed an act to appoint commissioners to make a surve}' from the northeast corner of Georgia westward. This point of conmiencement is common to North Carolina, Sonth Carolina, and Georgia. In ISSl the legislature passed another act providing for the appoint- ment of a commissioner, who shonid act with commissioners from Vir- ginia, Sonth Carolina, Georgia, or Tennessee to re-run and re-mark the boundaries between North Carolina and the other States. SOUTH CAROLINA. The territory' included in the present State of South Carolina was included in the charter of Carolina, which also embraced what is now the State of Georgia. ( Mde North Carolina, p. 99.) In 1Y29 the province of Carolina was divided, forming the two prov- inces of North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1732 the extent of South Carolina was reduced bv the charter of Georgia. ( Mde Georgia, (Foi a histor}' of the settlement of the boundary between North Car- olina and South Carolina, vide North Carolina, p. 99.) By the charter of Georgia the line between South Carolina and Geor- gia was to ])e the Savannah River, to the head thereof. In 1702 difficul- ties having arisen concerning the interpretation of the charter, as regarded the head of the Savannah, and also the title to the lands south of the Altamaha Iii\'er. Georgia made complaint to the King, who issued a proclamation in 1763 giving the lands between the Altamaha and Saint Mary's rivers to Georgia. The question of the boundary on the Savannah, however, remained unsettled until 1787, when a conven- tion between the two States was held at Beaufort, S. C, to determine the same, and the line was fixed as at present. The following is an extract from the articles of agreement: The most northern branch or stream of tiie river Savannah from the sea or mouth of such stream to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugaliio and Keowa, and from thence the most northern Itranch or stream of the said river Tugaloo till it intersects the northern lioundary line of South Carolina, if the said branch or stream 104 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [Bri.i,.226. of Tugaloo extends so far north, reserving all the islands in the saiil rivers Savannah and Tugaloo to Georgia; but if the head spring or sonree of any branch or stream of the said river Tngaloo does not extend to the north V)fiundarv line of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippi, to l)e drawn from the head spring or source of the said branch or stream of Tugaloo Kiver which extends to the highest northern latitude, shall forever hereafter form the separation, limit, and boundary between the States of South Carolina and Georgia. (Laws of the United States, Vol. I, p. 466.) In the .same year South Carolina ceded to the United States a nar- row .strip of territory south of the North Carolina line, which she claimed, about 12 or 14 miles wide, and extending to the Mi.s.sissippi River; this strip now forms the northern portion of Georgia, AlaT)ama, and Mississippi. Georgia being thus increased in extent northwardly, the line between the two States is clearly expressed in the code of South Carolina, as follows, yiz: The Savannah Kiver, from its entrance into the ocean to the confluence of the Tug- aloo and Keowa rivers; thence by the Tugaloo River to the confluence of the Tugaloo and Chatooga rivers; thence by the Chatooga River to the North Carolina line in the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, the line l)eing low-water mark at the south- ern shore of the most northern stream of said rivers, where the middle of the rivers is broken by islands, and middle thread of the stream where the rivers flow in one stream or volume. GEORGIA. Georgia was included in the proprietary charter granted to the lords proprietors of Carolina in 1663 and 1665, for which a proyincial charter was substituted in 1710. In 1732 the charter of Georgia as an independent colony was granted by King George II, of which the following is an extract: All those lands, countrys, and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, whicb lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea-coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Alta- maha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers, respectively, in direct lines to the south seas. This charter was surrendered in 17-52 and a provincial government established. (C. & C, p. 369 et s.-g.) In 1763 the territorj' between the Altamaha and Saint Mary's rivers was added to Georgia by roval proclamation. ( V/'de South C^arolina, p. 103.) In the constitution adopted by Georgia in 1708 the boundaries are declared. The following is an extract therefrom: The limits, boundaries, jurisdictions, and authority of the State of Georgia do, and did, and of right ought to extend from the sea or mouth of the river Savannah along the nortliern branch or stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence along the most northern branch or stream of the said river Tugalo, till it intersect the northern boundary line of South Caro- lina, if the said branch or stream of Tugalo extends so far north, reserving all the U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XXXVIII T E N N. J" N- C A R. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF GEORGIA. a\r k y r- I o 1 — tP / . / T (^E N Hy / o : r / 2 ^^-^\ A ddilti on 18 04 \ CO / \ V) j ^ \ JC ut off 1 81 7\ ~ 1 ^ CO / {/) / ^ r i'g i n a 1 Terr. " -J -0 17 98-1804 "0 -=C lAddUion r\ V p Y HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF MISSISSIPPI. GANNETT] GEORGIA. 105 islands in the said rivers Savannah and Tujialo to Georgia; but if the head, spring, or source of any branch or stream of the said river Tugalo does not extend to the north boundary hue of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippi, to be drawn from the head, spring, or source of the said branch or stream of Tugalo River, which extends to the highest northern latitude; thence down the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, south by a line drawn due east from the termination of the line last mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Chatahoochee; thence along the middle thereof, to its junction with Flint River; thence straight to the head of Saint Mary's River, and thence, along the middle of Saint Mary's River, to the Atlantic Ocean, and from thence to the mouth or inlet of Savannali River, the place of beginning, including and comprehending all the lands and waters within the said limits, boundaries, and jurisdictional rights; and also all the islands within twenty leagues of the seacoast. In 1802 Georgia entered into articles of agreement and cession with the United States, whereby Georgia ceded to the United States the lands west of her present boundaries, and the United States ceded to Georgia that part of the South Carolina cession of 1787 which lies east of the present western boundary of Georgia. The following extracts show the limits of the two cessions: The State of Georgia cedes to the United States all the right, title, and claim which the said State has to the jurisdiction and soil of the lands situated within the bound- aries of the United States, south of the State of Tennessee and west of a line begin- ning on the western bank of the Chatahoui-hee River where the same crosses the boundary line between the United States and Spain; running thence up the said river Chatahouchee, and along the western bank thereof to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek or river, called " Uchee" (being the first con- siderable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the said Chatahouchee River; thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on the Ten- nessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern bound- ary line of the State of Tennessee. ******* The United States * * * cede to the State of Georgia * * * the lands * * * situated south of the southern boundaries of the States of Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and east of the boundary line herein above described as the eastern boundary of the territory ceded by Georgia to the United States. For a history of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina, vide South Carolina, p. 103. The history of the boundary" between North Carolina and Georgia has already been given {vide North Carolina, p. 100). It ma3' be proper, however, to add that this line (the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude) was fixed by the cession, above detailed, from the United States to Georgia of that part of the South Carolina cession east of the present western boundary of Georgia. A long controversy ensued between Georgia and North Carolina, with no results, however, until in 1810 Georgia empowered her gov- ernor to employ Mr. Andrew Ellicott to ascertain the true location of Bull. 226—04 12 lOfi BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [m'i,L.2'26. the thirty-lil'tli deo-rco ol" latitude. Ellicottdid so, and the, point tixcd by him was acquiesced in. ( Vide C()))l)'s (ireorgia Digest, p. 150.) The boundary between Georj^ia and 'renness(;e was estal>lisli('d in 1818, and is as follows, viz, the thirty-tifth parallel of north latitude, beginning and ending as follows: Beginning at a point in the true parallel of the thirty-lifth degree of north latitude, as found by James Cormack, mathematician on the jiart of the State of Gef)rgia, and James S. Gaines, mathematicdan on the part of the State of Tennessee, f)n a rock about two feet high, four inches thick, and fifteen inches broad, engraved on the north side thus: "June 1st, 181.S; var. 6| east," and on the south side thus: "(tco. 85 North; J. Cormack," Avhich rock stands one mile and twenty-eight poles from the south bank of the Tennessee River, due south from near the center of the old Indian town of Nickajack, and near the top of the Nickajack Mountain, at the supposed corner of the State of Georgia and Alabama; thence running due east, leaving old D. Ross two miles and eighteen yards in the State of Tennessee, and leaving the house of John Ross about two hundred yards in the State of Georgia, and the house of David McNalr one mile and one-fourth of a mile in the State of Tennessee, with blazed and mile-marked trees, lessening the variation of the compass by degrees, closing it at the termination of the line on the top of the Unicoi Mountain at five and one-half degrees. ( Vide C. Stat, of Tenn., pp. 243-244. ) The boundary between Georgia and Florida was fixed b}^ the treaty of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, substantially as at present, viz: Commencing in the middle of the Apalachicola or Catahouche River, on the thirty-first degree of north latitude; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint River; thence straight to the head of Saint Marys River, and thence down along the middle of Saint Marys River to the Atlantic Ocean. ( Vide treat}^ of 1783.) This boundary was affirmed by the treaty of 1795 between the United States and Spain, and commissioners were appointed to run the entire line between the United States and the Spanish territory. ( Vide treaty of 1795.) In 1819 Spain ceded the Floridas to the United States. In 1822 Florida was made a Territor}^, and in 1825 was admitted into the Union^ as an independent State. In 1826 Congress took action as indicated below: UNITED STATES STATUTES AT LARGE, NINETEENTH CONGRESS, SESSION I, 1826. AN ACT to authorize the President of the United States to run and mark a Hue dividing the Territory of Florida from the State of Georgia. The line shall be run straight from the junction of said rivers Chatahoochie and Flint, to the point designated as the head of Saint Marys River. This boundary line was long unsettled, a controversy arising con- cerning the true point to be considered to be the head of the Saint Marys River, as Georgia contended that the point fixed upon by the Spanish and American commissioners under the treaty of 1795 was incorrect. This line was run in 1825 by the General Land Office. GANNETT.] GEORGIA. 107 111 1859 commissioners were appointed by Georgia and Florida to rerun the line. Florida ratified their report in 1861, and Georgia in 1860. The detailed report of the commissioners is not at hand, but the line is declared in the Statutes of Georgia, as follows, viz: From a jjoint on the western bank of the Chattahochee River in the 31st degree of north latitude; thence along the line or limit of high-water mark to its junction with the Flint River; thence along a certain line of survey made by Gustavus J. Orr, a surveyor on the part of Georgia, and W. Whitner, a surveyor on the part of Florida, beginning at a four-and-aft tree, aboutfour chains below the present junction; thenc;e along this line east, to a point designated thirty-seven links north of Ellicotts Mound on the St. Marys River; thence along the middle of said river to the Atlantic Ocean. ( Vide Code of Ga., 1873, p. 7. ) This line is also given in the Code of Florida, and differs in one re- spect, viz, from the thirty-hrst degree of north latitude down the middle of said river to its confluence with the Flint River, etc. ( Vide Code of Florida, 1873.) The line between Georgia and Alabama was fixed by the act of ces- sion of Georgia to the United States in 1802. In 1822-25, Georgia desiring to have the line run from the Chatta- hoochee to where it strikes the Tennessee line, appointed commissioners for that purpose, and requested the cooperation of Alabama and the United States, both, however, failing to take action. The Georgia com- missioners ran the line from Nickajack, on the Tennessee line, to Mil- lers Bend, on the Chattahoochee. (For a histoiy of the controversy concerning this line, vide Laws of Georgia, 1822-24-25-26.) Alabama protested against the above line and made repeated efforts to reopen negotiations concerning it, to all of which Georgia sturdily refused to accede, until finally, January 24, 1840, the legislature of Alabama passed the following joint resolution, viz: Resolved, That the State of Alabama will, and do, hereby accept, as the true dividing line between this State and that of Georgia, the line which was run and marked out by the commissioners of Georgia in 1826, beginning at what is called Millers Bend, on the Chattahoochee River; thence along said marked line to Nickajack. The line is given in the Code of Alabama in the following words, viz: The boundary line between Alabama and Georgia commences on the west side of the Chattahoochee River at the point where it enters the State of Florida; from thence up the river, along the western bank thereof, to the point on. Millers Bend next above the place where the Uchee Creek empties into such river; thence in a di- rect line to Nickajack. (See Code of Alabama, 1876, p. 189.) In James's Handbook of Georgia, 1876, p. 121, is the following description of the western boundary of Georgia, viz: From Nickajack the line between Georgia and Alabama runs south 9° 30' east to Millers Bend, on the Chattahoochee River, about 146 miles; thence down the western bank of the river at high-water mark to its junction with Flint River, at a point now four chains below the actual junction, latitude 30° 42' 42'', longitude 80° 53' 15". 108 B<)TTNDARIP:S of the united states. Ibull.226. FLORIDA. Florida avus orij^inally settled })y the Spaniards, and was held as a Spanish province nearly two liundred 3X'ar,s. In IT*?^ it was ceded by Spain to Great Britain, who divided it into the two provinces of East and West Florida, separated })y tlie Apalachicola River, with a north- ern boundar}' substantially as at present. {VkU Fairbanks' History of Florida.) In 1783 Great Britain retroceded Florida to Spain, and the northern boundary was fixed by the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain signed in the same year. Spain, however, claimed the territory as far north as the parallel of latitude of the mouth of the Yazoo River, Previous to this, in 1763, France had ceded Louisiana to Spain, which Spain retroceded to France in 1800, and in 1803 France ceded the same to the United States, who claimed that the eastern boundary of the said province of Louisiana, so often ceded, was the Perdido River, while Spain claimed it to be the Iberville River and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. The controversy arising from the difference of interpretation of these various treaties and cessions was terminated by the treaty of Washington in 1819, whereby Spain ceded to the United States the provinces of East and West Florida. On March 30, 1822, by an act of Congress, the territory ceded to the United States by Spain was made the " Territory of Florida," embrac- ing the same extent as does the present State. On March 3, 1845, Florida was admitted into the Union as an inde- pendent State. (For a history of the northern boundary of Florida vide Georgia, p. 104.) In 1831 Congress passed an act relating to the boundary between Florida and Alabama, of which the following in an extract: AN ACT to ascertain and mark the line between the State of Alabama and the Territory of Florida, and the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, and for other purposes. That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, authorized to cause to be run and marked the boundary Hue between the State of Alabama and the Territory of Florida, by the surveyors-general of Alabama and Florida, on the thirty- first degree of north latitude. ******* ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. IV, p. 479. ) In 1847 the agreement of commissioners previously appointed by Florida and Alabama was ratified, and the line is described as follows, viz: Commencing on the Chattahoochee River near a place known as "Irwin's Mills'' and running Avest to the Perdido, marked throughout by blazes on the trees, and also by mounds of earth thrown up on the line at distances of one mile, more or less, from each other, and commonly known as "EUicott's Line," or the "Mound Line. •' ( Vide Florida Code, 1873, p. 100.) GANNETT] FLORIDA ALABAMA. 109 This line was run in 1799-1800 by A. Ellicott. The line was retraced, remeasured, and marked in 1853-54. The line between the two States is oriven in general terms in the Florida Code as follows, viz: Commencing at the mouth of the Perdido River, from thence up the middle of said river to where it intersects the south houndary line of the State of Alabama and the thirty-first degree of north latitude; then due east to the Chattahoochee Eiver. ALABAMA. In 1798 the United States formed the Territory of Mississippi, including — All that tract of country bounded on the west by the Mississippi, on the north by a line to be drawn due east from the mouth of the Yasous to the Chattaliouchee River, on the east by the Chattahouchee River, and on the south by the thirty-first degree of north latitude. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. I, p. 549.) In this act was a clause reserving the right of Georgia and of indi viduals to the jurisdiction of the soil thereof. South Carolina and Georgia having ceded to the United States their claim to territory west of their present limits, the General Government, in 1804:, by an act of Congress, annexed the tract of country lying- north of Mississippi Territory and south of the State of Tennessee, and bounded on the east by Georgia and west by Louisiana, to the Terri- tory of Mississippi. ( VideV. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. II, p. 305.) Also in 18112 the United States added to Mississippi Territory all the lands lying east of Pearl River, west of the Perdido and south of the thirty- first degree of latitude. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. II, p. 734:.) By these additions the Territory of Mississippi was made to comprise what is now included in the two States of Alabama and Mississippi. On March 8, 1817, by an act of Congress the territory of Alabama was formed from the eastern portion of the Territory of Mississippi, with the following boundaries, viz: Beginning at the point where the line of the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects the Perdido River; thence east to the western boundary line of the State of Georgia ; thence along said line to the southern boundary line of the State of Ten- nessee; thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee River; thence up the same to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to the northwest corner of Washington County; thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico; thence eastwardly, including all the islands within 6 leagues of the shore, to the Perdido River; and thence up the same to the l^eginning. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 871. ) On December 14, 1819, Alabama was admitted as an independent State, with the above boundaries. It was, however, made the dut3"of the surveyor of the public lands south of Tennessee and the sui'veyor of lands in Alabama Territory to run and cut out the lino of demarca- tion between the two States of Ala))ama and Mississippi, and if it should appear to said surveyors that so much of the line designated as running due south from the northwest corner of Washington County 110 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [BrLL.22C. to the Gulf of Mexico sliould (Miroach on the counties of Wayne, (ireene, and Jackson, in the State of Mississippi, then the same should be altered, so as to run in a direct line from the northwest corner of Washington County to a point on the Gulf of Mexico 10 miles east of th(» mouth of the River Pascagoula. {Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. 111. p. VM).) This line was run and marked in 1820. (For the history of the Ijoundaries between Alabama and Georgia vide Georgia, p. 104. For the histor}^ of the boundaries between Ala- bama and Florida vide Florida, p. 108.) The boundary between Alabama and Tennessee is the thirty -fifth par- allel of north latitude {vide North Carolina, p. 102), from Nickajack {vide Georgia, p. 104) west across the Tennessee River, and on to the sec- ond intersection of said river by said parallel. ( Vide Alabama Code, 1876, p. 189.) The boundary between Alabama and Mississippi was to be run by surveyors, under the act of admission of Alabama. The report of said surveyors is not at hand, but the line as laid down in the Mississippi Code is as follows, viz: Beginning at a point on the west bank of the Tennessee River, six foiir-pole chains south of and above the mouth of Yellow Creek; thence up the said river to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to what was formerly the northwest corner of Washington County, Alabama; thence in a direct line to a point ten miles east of the Pascagoula River, on the Gulf of Mexico. ( Vidf Mississippi Code, pp. 48, 49. ) MISSISSIPPI. .. (For the early history of the extent of Mississippi Territory '?'/^(e Alabama, p. 109.) On December 10, 1817, the western pai"t of the Mississippi Territory was made a State and admitted into the l^nion, with the following boundaries, viz: Beginning on the river Mississippi at the point where the southern boundary of the State of Tennessee strikes the same; thence east along the said boundary line to the Tennessee River; thence up the same to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to the northwest corner of the county of Washington; thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico; thence westwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of Pearl River with Lake Borgne; thence up said river to the thirty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said degree of latitude to the Mississipj)! River; thence up the same to the beginning. ( Vide U. S. Stat, at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 348. ) (For further information concerning eastern boundary, vid^ Alabama, p. 109.) In 1819 the line between Mississippi and Tennessee was run bj- com- missioners. Their report is not at hand. In 1838 the legislature of Tennessee passed an act establishing ''Thompson's line." The details of "Thompson's line '^ have not been found. In 1837 the line was again GANNETT] MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA. Ill run ])y conuiussioners from th(> two States and ratified by the legis latures. The conimi.ssioners"' report was as follows: Commencing at a point on the west bank of the Tennessee River six four-pole chains south, or above the mouth of Yellow Creek, and about three-quarters of a mile north of the line known as "Thompson's line," and twenty-six chains and ten links nortli of Thompson's line at the basis meridian of the Chickasaw surveys, and terminating at a point on the east bank of the Mississippi River (opposite Cow Island) sixteen chains north of Thompson's line. (See Laws of Tennessee, 1837, p. 27.) The boundaries were fixed l)y the act of Congress admitting the State of Mississippi, as follows, viz: Commencing at the most eastern junction of Pearl River witli Lake Borgne, thence up said Pearl River to the thirty-first degree of north latitude, thence west along said degree of latitude to the Mississippi River, thence up the same to the point where the southern boundary of Tennessee strikes the same. (See U. S. Laws, vol. 6, p. 175.) Mississippi claims to the middle of the Mississippi River, where the river forms her western boundary. (See Rev. Stat., 185T.) LOUISIANA. The original territory of Louisiana was acquired from France. (See p. 19.) In 1804 a portion of this, comprising the area of the present State of Louisiana, with the exception of the southeastern portion, immediately adjoining the present State of Florida, was organized into a Territory under the name of Orleans, while the balance of the Louisiana purchase retained the name of Louisiana Territory. On April 30, 1812, the Territory of Orleans was admitted as a State under the name of Louisiana, and at the same time the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri Territory. In the same year the limits of the State were enlarged in the southeast to its present boundaries. The following act defines the Territory of Orleans: All that portion of country, ceded by France to the United States under the name of Louisiana, which lies south of the Mississippi Territory, and of an east and west line to commence on the Mississijjpi River at the thirty-third degree of north lati- tude, and to extend west to the western boundary of the said cession, shall constitute a Territory of the United States, under the name of the Territory of Orleans. (Eighth Congress, first session.) The following clause from the act admitting Louisiana defines its original boundaries: Beginning at the mouth of the river Sabine; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of said river, including all islands, to the thirty-second degree of latitude; thence due north to the northernmost part of the thirty-third degree of north lati- tude; thence along the said parallel of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence down the said river to the river Iberville, and from thence along the middle of the said river and lakes Maurepasand Pontchartrain to tlie (Jnlf of Mexico; thence, bounded by the said Gulf, to the place of 1)eginning, including all islands within three leagues of the coast. (Twelfth Congress, first session.) 112 BOUNDARIES (►K THE UNITED STATES. [biu..2-26. The following is a description of the addition to the State of Louisi- iuiu ill tcMMiis of the act: IV'giiininf^ at the junction of the Iberville with the river Mississippi, thence along the middle of the Iberville, the river Amite, and of the lakes Manrepas and Pont- chartrain, to the eastern mouth of the Pearl River; thence up the eastern Ijranch of Pearl River to the thirty-lirst degree of north latitude; thence along the said degree of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence down the said river to the i)lace of begin- ning, shall become and form a part of the State of Louisiana. (Twelfth Congress, first session. ) The north boundary of Louisiana was surveyed 1)3' a joint coniinis- sion of the State and the United States. TEXAS. Texas declared its independence of Mexico in 183.5. On December 29, 1815, it was admitted to the Union. As originally constituted, it embraced, besides its present area, the region east of the Rio (irande, now in New Mexico, extending north to the forty-second parallel, its eastern limits coinciding with the western limit of the United States, as laid down in the treaty with Spain of 1819. (See "Texas accession," p. 23.) In 1848 the eastern boundary of the State was extended slightly, as noted in the following act: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Congress consents that the legislature of the State of Texas may extend her eastern boundary so as to include within her limits one-half of Sabine Pass, one^half of Sabine Lake, also one-half of Sabine River, from its mouth as far north as the thirty-second degree of north latitude. In 1850 the State sold to the General Government for the sum of $10,000,000 that part lying north of the parallel of 36^ 30', and that portion lying west of longitude 103°, as far south as the parallel of 32°, as set forth in the following clause from the act of Congress relating to this transfer: First. The State of Texas will agree that her boundary on the north shall com- mence at the point at which the meridian of one hundred degrees west from (Green- wich is intersected by the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and shall run from said point due west to the meridian of one hundred and three degrees west from Greenwich; thence her boundary shall run due south to the thirty- second degree of north latitude; thence on the said parallel of thirty-two degrees of north latitude to the Rio Bravo del Norte, and thence with the channel of said river to the Gulf of Mexico. (Thirty-tirst Congress, first session. ) The following act defines the northern boundary of Texas: AN ACT to authorize the President of the United States, in conjunction with the State of Texas, to run and mark the boundary line.s between the Territories of tlie United States and the State of Texas. Beginning at the point where the one hundreth degree of longitude west from Greenwich crosses Red River, and running thence north to the point where said one hundreth degree of longitude intersects the ]iarallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and thence west with the said parallel of thirty-six degrees U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVFY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XXXIX -1 X ARK. \ M 1 s s. Orleans Terry . J804 ^'Louisiana State\ [ 1812 ) '^ Addition i HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF LOUISIANA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF TEXAS. GANNETT. TEXAS ARKANSAS. 113 and thirty minutes north latitude to tiie point where it intersects tlie one hundred and third degree of longitude west from Greenwich; and thence south with the said one hundred and third degree of longitude to the thirty-second parallel of north latitude; and thence west with said thirty-second degree of north latitude to the Rio Grande. (Thirty-fifth Congress, first session.) The l)oundaiT line of Texas is as follows: Beginning in the Gulf of Mexico, at the outlet of Sabine Lake, the line passes northward through the middle of Sabine Lake and up the middle of Sabine River to the point where said river intersects the parallel of 32'-'; thence north along the meridian of that point of intersection to the point where said meridian intersects Red River; thence up Red River to the one hundredth meridian west of Greenwich; thence north on said meridian to the parallel of 36° 20'; west on said parallel to the meri- dian of 103° west of Greenwich; thence south on said meridian to the parallel of latitude of 32- ; thence west on that parallel to its point of intersection with the Rio Grande; thence down the mid-channel of the Rio Grande to its mouth. That portion of the east boundary between Red River and the Sabine was run and marked by a joint commission of the United States and Texas in 1841. The boundary lines between Texas and New Mexico were run and marked in 1859-60, under the Department of the Interior. ARKANSAS. The Territory of Arkansas or Arkansaw, as it was originally spelled, was formed on March 2, 1819, from a part of Missouri Territory. The following clause from the act establishing it defines its limits in part: All that part of the Territory of Missouri which lies south of a line beginning on the Mississii^pi River at thirty-six degrees north latitude, running thence west to the river St. Francois, thence up the same to thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and thence west to the western Territorial boundary line, shall, for the pur- poses of a Territorial government, constitute a separate Territory and be called the Arkansaw Territory. In 1821 an act was passed by Congress fixing the western boundary of the Territory. This was as follows: AN ACT to fix the western boundary line of the Territory of Arkansas, and for other purposes. The western boundary line of the Territory of Arkansas shall begin at a point forty miles west of the southwest corner of the State of Missouri and run south to the right bank of the Red River, and thence down the river and with the Mexican boundary to the line of the State of Louisiana. Four years later, in 1828, the following act was passed defining its southern boundary : AN ACT to authorize the President of the United States to run and mark a line dividing the Territory of Arkansas from the State of Louisiana. Commencing on the right bank of the Mississippi River at latitude thirty-three degrees north and running due west on that parallel of latitude to where a line running due north from latitude thirty-two degrees north on the Sabine River will intersect the same. 114 BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 220. The soutli boundaiT wa.s originally run in 1823, and again in lSl-3— 15, ])y a joint connnission of the two States of Arkansas and Missouri. The same year the following treaty changed materially the western line of the Territory, placing it in its present position: TREATY WITir THE CnEHOKEE INDIANS MAY 28, 1828. Article 1. The western houndarv of Arkansas shall be, and the same is, hereby defined, viz: A line shall be run, commencing on Red River at the point where the Eastern Choctaw line strikes said river, and run due north with said line to the river Arkansas; thence in a line to the southwest corner of Missouri. The Eastern Choctaw line, referred to above, starts on the Arkansas River "one hundred paces west of Fort Smith, and thence due south to the Red River.'' {Treaty with Choctaw Nation, January 20, 1825.) This part le west boundary was run and marked in 1825, and that part fro., ^ort Smith to the southwestern corner of Missouri in 1831. The entire western boundar}^ was resurveyed and re-marked in 1877. Arkansas was admitted as a State June 15, 1836. The following extracts from the enabling act, and from various con- stitutions, give statements of the boundaries, dilfering slightly from one another, but, for the most part, onl}^ in wording: constitution of ARKANSAS, 1836. Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River on the parallel of 36 degrees north latitude; running from thence west with the parallel of latitude to the Saint Francis River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said river to the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north; from thence west to the southwest corner of the State of Missouri; and from thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of Red River, as by acts of Congress and treaties heretofore defining the western limits of the Territory of Arkansas, and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence east by the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said river to the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the point of beginning. Again, in the enabling act for Arkansas, 1836 (Twenty -fourth Con- gress, first session), the boundaries are found to be defined as follows: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees north latitude, running from thence west, with the said parallel of latitude, to the St. Francis River; thence up the middle of the main chan- nel of said river to the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north; from thence west to the southwest corner of the State of Missouri; and from thence to be bounded on the west, to the north bank of Red River, by the line described in the first article of the treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation of Indians, west of the Mississippi, made and concluded at the city of Washington, on the twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight; and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the Mexican boundary line to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence east with the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said river to the tliirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the point of beginning.- U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XL HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF ARKANSAS. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OHIO. GANNETT.] ARKANSAS TENNESSEE. 115 111 the constitution of 18(54 the boundaries are detined as follows: Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi Eiver, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees north latitude, to the St. Francis River; thence up tlie middle of the main channel of .«aid river to the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north; thence west to the southwest corner of the State of Missouri; and from thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of Red River, as by acts of Congress of the United States, and the treaties heretofore defining the western limits of the Territory of Arkansas; and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the boundary line of the State of Texas, to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence east with the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said river to the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the point of beginning. The constitution of 1868 differs but slightly from the last. It is as follows: Beginning at the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of 36° north latitude, running from thence west, with the said parallel of latitude, to the Saint Francis River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said river to the i)arallel of 36° 30^ north; from thence west with the boundary line of the State of Missouri to the southwest corner of that State; and thence to be bounded on the west to the north bank of Red River, as by acts -of Congress and treaties heretofore defining the western limits of the Territory of Arkansas; and to be bounded on the south side of Red River by the boundary line of the State of Texas to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence east with the Louisiana State line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said river, including an island in said river known as "Belle Point Island," to the 36° of north latitude, the place of beginning. In the constitution of 187-4 there are again slight differences, mainly in wording: Beginning at the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, on the par- allel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude; running thence west with said parallel of latitude to the middle of the main channel of the Saint Francis River; thence up the main channel of said last-named river to the parallel of thirty -six degrees thirty minutes of north latitude; thence west with the southern boundary line of the State of Missouri to the southwest corner of said last-named State; tlience to be bounded on the west to the north bank of Red River, as by act of Congress and treaties exist- ing January 1, 1837, defining the western limits of the Territory of Arkansas and to be bounded across and south of Red River by the boundaiy line of the State of Texas as far as to the northwest corner of the State of Louisiana; thence easterly with the northern boundary line of said last-named State, to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the middle of the main channel of said last-named river, including an island in said river known as "Belle Point Island," and all other land originally surveyed and included as a part of the Territory or State of Arkansas to the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, the j^lace of beginning. TENNESSEE. /, Tennessee was originally' a part of North Corolina. (For further information vide North Carolina, p. 99.) In 1790 it was ceded to the United States. Its boundaries described in the act of cessiin are, substantially, those of the present day. 116 BOUNDARIES OV THE UNITED STATES. [BrLi..226. Oil Juno 1, ITlH), ])y ail act of Coiij^rcss it wa.s admitted into the Union. The act of admission declares its boundaries as "All the territory ceded by North Carolina." (For the histor3'of the eastern ))oundary,'yi(^e North Carolina, ]). '.»!>; for the southern boundary, vide Georgia, p. l<>4, . 'abama, p. l(tl), and Mississippi, p. 110.) The Mississippi River forms its westerii boundary lunler the treaty of peace of 1783. The line which divided Virginia and North Carolina was the southern Iwundary of Kentucky. Virginia and North Carolina, prior to the creation of the States of Kentucky and Tennessee, appointed commis- sioners — Messrs. Walker and Henderson — to run and mark the line on the parallel of latitude 36° 30'. From a point on the top of the CJum- berland Mountains, now the southeastern corner of Kentucky, Walker ran and marked the line to a point on the Tennessee River. This line, called Walker's line, was regarded for many years as the dividing line between Kentucky and Tennessee. It was ascertained, however, that Walker's line was north of latitude 36° 30'. The Indian title to the land west of the Tennessee River being extin- guished liy the treat}^ of 1819, the legislature appointed Robert Alex- ander and Luke Munsell to ascertain the true point of latitude 36° 30' on the Mississippi River, and to run and mark a line east on that par- allel, which was done as far east as the Tennessee River. (For above, see Gen. Stat. Ky., 18T3, p. 167.) In 1820 connnissioners were appointed l)y Kentucky and Tennessee, respectively, to settle the boundary. Their report was ratified, and is as follows, viz: Art. I. The line of boundary and separation between the States of Kentucky and Tennessee shall be as follows, viz : The line run by the Virginia commissioners in the year 1779-80, commonly called Walker's line, as the same is reputed, understood, and acted upon by the said tStates, their respective officers and citizens, from the southeastern corner of Kentucky to the Tennessee Kiver; thence with and up said river to the point where the line of Alexander and Munsell, run by them in the last year under the authority of an act of the legislature of Kentucky entitled "An act to run the ])oundary line between this State and the State of Tennessee, west of the Tennessee River, approved Feb. 8, 1819," would cross said river, and thence with the said line of Alexander and Munsell to the termination thereof on the Mississippi River below New Madrid. Then follow nine other articles. Article III provides for running and marking the line at an}- subse- quent time. (See General Stat. Kentucky, page 170.) In 1858-59 commissioners were appointed by Kentucky and Tennes- see to run this line. The detailed report of the commission on the part of Tennessee can be found in Statutes of Tennessee, 1871, Vol. I, pages 223-243, giving courses, bearings, milestones erected, and a map of the boundar}". Bull. 226—04 13 \ Q " z < _J a: u m 5 D O,.'' v» •«)>. GANNETT] KENTUCKY OHIO. Il7 The report of this commission on the part of Kentucky was published at Frankfort b}^ the State printer, 1860, in a pamphlet of 98 octavo pages, with latitudes and a map of the line, on a scale of 1:108,000. For a histor}- of the boundary between Virginia and Tennessee, vide Virginia, p. 9.5.) KENTUCKY. Kentucky was included in the original limits of Virginia, and was a part of the count}' of Augusta. Augusta Count}^ was formed in 1738. I Ji 1 769 Botetourt County was created from a portion of Augusta County ; in 1772, Fincastle f roni Botetourt; in 1776, Kentucky from Fincastle. The boundaries of all these counties may be found in Hening's Laws of Virginia. Vols. I to IX. In 1789 Virginia passed an act giving her consent that the county of Kentuck}-, within her jurisdiction, should be formed into a new State. Accordingly, June 1, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union, with substantially her present boundaries. By the cession of 1784, by Virginia to the United States, of the terri- tory northwest of the Ohio River, this river became the northwest boundary of the State of Kentuck3\ The" western boundary, the Mississippi, was fixed by the treaty of peace in 1783. (For a histor}' of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia and West Virginia, vide Virginia, p. 95; for the boundary between Ken- tuck}' and Tennessee, vide Tennessee, p. 115.) OHIO. Ohio was the first State formed from the original Territor}'^ North- west of the River Ohio. It was admitted as a State on November 29, 1802, with limits given in the enabling act as follows: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania hne, on the south by the Ohio River to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the Hne drawn due north from the mouth of the tJreat Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after inter- secting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Cfreat Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the Territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid: Provided, That Congress shall be at liberty at any time hereafter either to attach all the territory lying east of the line to be drawn due north from the mouth of the 3Iiami aforesaid to the Territorial line, and north (if an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michi- gan, running east as aforesaid to Lake Erie, to the aforesaid State, or dispose of it otherwise, in conformity to the fifth article of compact between the original States and the people and States to be formed in the territory northwest of the river Ohio. (Seventh Congress, first session. ) In the constitution of Ohio of 1802, Article VII, the boundaries are defined as follows: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line; on the south by the Ohio River to the mouth of the Great Miami River; on the west by the line drawn due north from lis BOITNDARIKS OV THE UNITED STATES. [bull/^C. the month of tlic (Jrcat Miami afori'said, ami on tlic iioitii hy an cast ane ascertained, by like observation, the point on the Jliami of the lake which is due east therefrom, and also the latitude and longitude of the most northerly cape of the Miami Bay; ako, that he cause to be ascertained, with all prac- ticable accuracy, the latitude and longitude of the most southerly point in the north- ern boundary line of the United States in Lake Erie, and also the points at which a direct line drawn from the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan to the most southerly point in said northern boundary line of the United States will intersect the Miami River and Bay; and also that he cause to be ascertained, by like observation, the point in the Mississippi which is due west from the southerly extreme of Lake Michi- gan; and that the said observations be made and the result thereof returned to the proper Department within the current year. (Twenty-second Congress, first session, 1832.) AN ACT to establisli the nortliern boundary line of the State of Ohio, and to provide for the admis- sion of the State of Michigan into the Union. The northern boun^ 1 C o ^1 ^' / ^— \ L L . H . '/ i - 1 i ^ ! a I ■ i / J s "~y-Vo R T H I / D A k1 T * A ! 1 n • = ° U/ T H 1. I ° ' X Vt , \ _" ^ 8 « A S K A r 1 COL.i_ ) J- w \ M ^ 1 K A N S A s ( HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF WISCONSIN. OANNKTT] MICHIGAN. 121 The enabling act for Illinois, passed in 1818, eontained a provision transferring- to the Territory of Michigan the portion of the Territory of Illinois not included in the State of that name. The following is the text of the clause referred to: All that part of the territory of the United States lying north of the State of Indi- ana, and which was ineludeoundary of the United States, shall be, and hereby is, foi- the purpose of temporary government, attached to and made a part of the Territory of Michigan. In 1836 Wisconsin Territory was formed from that part of Michigan Territory Ij'ing west of the present limits of the State of that name. (TVc/,^ Wisconsin, p. 122.) The boundary line betw^een Michigan and Wisconsin, between the sources of Brule and Montreal rivers, was run and marked in 1817. Reduced to its present limits, as described in the following clause from its enabling act, Michigan was admitted to the Union January 2C., 18:37: AX ACT to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union. Beginning at the poin? where the above-described northern boundary of the State of Ohio intersects the eastern Ijoundary of the State of Indiana, and running thence with the said boundary line of Ohio, as described in the tirst section of this act, until it intersects the boundary line between the United States and Canada in Lake Erie; thence with the said boundary line between the United States and Canada, through the Detroit River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to a point where the said line last touches Lake Superior; thence in a direct line through Lake Superior to the mouth of the ^lontreal River; thence through the middle of the main channel of the said river Montreal to the middle of the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the nearest Ittadwater of the Menomonee River; thence through the middle of that fork of the said river first touched by the said line to the main channel of the said ^lenomonee River; thence»down the center of the main channel of the same to the center of the most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan; thence through the center of the most usual ship channel of the said bay to the middle of Lake Michigan; thence through the middle ot Lake Michigan to the northern bound- ary of the State of Indiana, as that line was established by the act of Congress of the nineteenth of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen; thence due east with the Bull. 226—04 14 122 BOrNDARIP:S of the united states. [Bri.i...>-26. nortli tiKiiiidary lint' (if llu- .«ai ! State of Imliaiia tu tlic northeast conuT tlii-reof; and tluMifc soutli witli tlie i-a^t Ixjiiiidary line uf Indiana t<> the jilace of lie'_dnnin^. (Twenty-fourtli Congress, first session.) Tlu' ;il)ove l)ounclarios i-ciiiiiii! uiichiing'ed. AVISCONSIN. Wisconsin was orLiunizcd as a Trriitory 'hily 3. 1836. As oritrinally constituted its aica conipiised all that part of the former Territory of Michioaii Avhich lay outside of the i)i'esent limits of the State of ]\Iiehi- gan. The limits are defined in the act for its organization as follows: Bovuidedon the east by a line drawn from the northeast corner of tlie State of Illi- nois, through the middle of Lake Michigan, to a point in the middle of said lake and opposite the main channel of Green Bay; and through said channel and (ireen Bay to the month of the Menomonee; thence through the mi: That the boundary of the State be so altered and extended as to include all that tract of land lying on the north side of the Missouri River and west of the present boundary of this State, so that the same shall be bounded on the south by the middle 124 HOUNDAKIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [lu ii./ifi. of the main clianiu'l (if tlic Missouri liivt-r any the present imrthern buuiidary line of tlie State, as established by the constitution, when thesanie is con- tinueil ill a right line to the west, or to include so much of said tract of land as Con- gress may assent. This was ratified 1)}^ Congress in the toHowiiio- act: AN Af;T to cxtuiid the western boundary of the State of Missouri to tlie Missouri Kiver. That when tiie Indian title to all the lands lying between the State < if Missouri and the Missouri River shall be extinguislied, the jurisdiction over said lands shall be hereby ceded to the State of [Missouri, and the western boundary of said State shall be then extendeil to the ^lissouri River. (Twenty-fourth Congress, lirst sessifjn.) The north l)oundar\^ of Missouri was surveyed and marked in pail in 181*], and tlic remainder in 1850, under the General Land Office. The western houndar}' was run and marked, from the mouth of Kansas River to the southwestern corner of the State, in 1823. The territory remaining after the formation of the Statt; l)ore the name of ^Missouri for many years thereafter. ]\Ieanwhil(% however, it was reduced by the formation of several Territories ^^•hich were carved from its area. In 1834 the part north of the State of ]Mis.souri and east of Missouri and White Earth rivers was annexed to the Ter- ritory- of Michigan. (For further liistory of this portion, r/^/c Michi- gan, p. 12(»; Iowa, below; Minnesota, p. 12."); and Dakota, p. 12!>.) In 1854 Kansas and Nebraska Territories were formed, absorbing the remainder. ( F/VA^ Kansas, p. 126, and Nebraska, p. 127.) The following ure the boundaries of Missouri tis at present estab- lished: The east l>ounclary is the mid-chiumel of the Mississip[)i Kiver from the mouth of the Des Moines to its point of intersection with the thirty-sixth i)arallel of latitude; the south ])oundary l)egins at tlii^ lat- ter point and runs west on the i)arallel of 3(3 degrees of latitude to the Saint Fraii'-is River, thence uj) the mid-channel of that river to the parallel of latitude 39^' 30', thence west on.tluit partdlel to its intersec- tion l)y a meridian passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River; the west ])oundary is the hist-mentioned meridian as far north as the mouth of the Kansas River, thence it folh)Ws north- westward the mid-channel of the ^lissouri River to the parallel of latitude passing through the rapids of Des ]\Ioines River, which is approximatel}' the parallel of 40 35'; the north boundary is the Itist- mentioned parallel is supplcmcntarv to tlie a))ove act: AX ACT to define and estahlisli the eastern l>oun(lary line of Itie Territory of Iowa. Tliat tlic iiiiildle or (vnter of the main chaimel of llie river Mit^sissippi shall be deeinetl, and is hereby declared, to be the eastern 1)onndary line of the Ti'rritory of Iowa, so far or to such extentas the said Territory is bonnded eastwardlv bv or upon saiil river. (Twenty-fifth Congress, third session.) Iowa was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. As orioinallv constituted the limits of the State were quite ditferejit from those which it has at present. The following- extract from the enahling act gives the original limits: That the following shall be the boundaries of the said State of Iowa, to wit: Begin- ning at the mouth of the Des Moines River at the middle of the Mississippi; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude i)assing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth Eiver; thence west along the said parallel of latitude to a jioint where it is intersected by a meridian line, seventeen degrees and tliirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City; thence due south to the northern l)oundary line of the State of Missouri; thence eastwardly following that boundary to the })oint at which the same intersects the Des ^loines River; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the jilace of l)eginning. (Twenty-eighth Congress, second session.) On December 28. 18-Ki. an act was passed (•hang-ing the l>oundaries of the State and g-iving it its present limits. The following- extract from the act detines the l)oundaries as at })res- ent constituted: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines River; thence up the middle of the main cliannel of the said Des Moines River to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the St^te of Missouri, as estab- lished by the constitution of that State, adopted June twelfth, eighteen hundred and twenty, crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines River; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the State of Mis- souri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersect the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux River, according to Nicollet's map; thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux River, according to said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three. degrees and thirty minutes nortli latitude; thence east along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirt\' minutes, until said parallel intersect the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the middle ol"' tlie main channel of said ^lississippi River to the place of beginning. Its northern boundary was surveved and marked in lSo'2, under the General Land Office. MINNESOTA. The Territory of Minnesota was org-anized on March 8, 184!), and originally comprised the portion of the former Territory of Iowa, out- side of the limits of the present State of Iowa, extending east to the ] 2art <>f tin- tcriitury of the United States which lies within the following limits, to wit: Ik'^riiuiiiig in the Minsispippi River, at the point where the line of forty-thrcr dctrrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same; thence runiiin<,' due west on said line, which is the northern l)oundary of the State of Iowa, to the nortliwest corner of the said State of Iowa; thence southerly along the west- ern boundary of said State ttj the point where said boundary strikes the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River to the mouth of the White Earth River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the White Earth River to the boundary line between the possessions of the United States and Great Britain to Lake Superior; thence along the western boundary line of said State of Wisi'onsin to the Mississippi River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. (Thirtieth Congress, second session.) Minnesota was admitted as a State on ^lay 11, 1858, with the same boundaries which it has at present. These are given in the enabling" act as follows: Beginning at the point in the center of the main channel of the Red River of the North where the boundary line between the United States and the British Pos.sessions crosses the same; thence up the main channel of said river to that of the Bois des Sioux River; thence up the main channel of said river to Lake Traverse; thence up the center of said lake to the southern extremity thereof; thence in a direct line to the head of Big Stone Lake; thence through its center to its outlet; thence by a due south line to the north line of the State of Iowa; thence east along the northern boundary of said State to the main channel of the ]Mississippi River; thence u[) the main channel of said river and following the boundary line of the State of 'Wiscon- sin until the same intersects the Saint Louis River; thence down said river to and through La,ke Superior, on the boundary line of Wisconsin and Michigan, until it intersects the dividing line between the United States and the British Possessions; thence up Pigeon River, and following said dividing line, to the place of beginning. The western boundary line, from Big Sioux River to Minnesota River, was surveyed and marked in 1859-60, under the General Land Office. KANSAS. The Territory of Kansas was organized on May 30, 185-1, from a part of Missouri Territory, The following clause from the act of organization defines its limits: Section 19. All that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this act, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of jNIissouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the sunmiit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Mis- souri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of begin- ning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territorv of Kansas. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. XLIX W A N- M E X HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF KANSAS. c 1— _!___' ° _J.---^d J ) ^ \ V 7 3 r T A N A ^1A^ R T H \ D A X ^ ^ \ °K -^ .- A- \ - . V 1 ^ ff eduction "■'^V ■ 7 861 S Ju T H 1 '■ -^ ^ j DAK 0\ T A |lj o i w\y M 1 N r. \ 1 / i \ ^ o ~ 1 — _J •<>v^ Reduction \ ^ i V 1 A nebraskaV ^ ! u T A F j x,^ Reduction \ iCOLORADOiK A '^ ^ i 1 HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEBRASKA. GANNETT.] KANSAS — NEBRASKA. 127 A portion of thits Territory wa.s oiven up to Colorado at the time of its formation in 1801. {Vide Colorado, p. 132.) Kansas was admitted into the Union on January 29 ISOI. with its present boundaries, which are thus detined in the enabling- act: The said State shall consist nf all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the twenty-tifth meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of latitu !e; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of lieginning. The south l)oundary was surveyed and marked l>y Col. fl. E. Jolin- ston, in 18.57. This line was subsequentl}' retraced and re-marked by deputy surveyors, in the extension of the public land surveys. The western boundary was surveyed in 1872, under the General Land Office. The nortli ])oundary, which is the base line for the sixth principal meridian, was run ])y deputy surveyors of the General Land Office, 1855-185!*, the initial point, on the ^Missouri river, having- been deter- mined by Capt. Lee, U. S. topographical engineer. XEBKASKA. The Territory- of Nebraska was formed on May 30, 1854, from the northwestern part of Missouri Territory. Its limits, as originally constituted, are detined as follows in the act of organization: Beginning at a point in the Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky ^Mountains; thence on said summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel c>f north latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the ^Missouri River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Nebraska. (Thirty-third Congress, first session. ) This area was reduced in 1861 by the formation of the Territories of Colorado and Dakota. ( Vide Colorado, p. 132, and Dakota, p. 120.) In 18()1, in the act creating' the Territor}" of Dakota, a small area was udded to the western end of Nebraska. The following is the text of the act making this addition: That, until Congress shall otherwise direct, that portion of the Territories of Utah and Washington between the forty-first and forty-third degrees of north latitude, and east of the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington, shall be, and is hereby, incorporated into and made a part of the Territory of Nebraska. The State of Nebraska was admitted on March 1, 1867. Its limits are detined as follows in the enabling act: That tlie said State of Nebraska shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencini; at a point formed by the intersection 128 BOUNDARIES OF THP: UNITED STATES. [bill. iiti. of the western 1)Oun(lary of the State of Miss^duii with tlir lurtieth degree of north latituile; extending thence due we.«t along said fortieth degree of north latituch' to u point formed l)y its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-llfth degree of longitude to a point formed by its intersection with the fortv-tirst degree of north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of nortli latitu le to a jioint formed ]>y its intersec- tion with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude; thence east along said forty-thinl degree of north latitude to the Keyapaha River; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Nio])rara River, and following the meanderings thereof, to its junction with the Missouri River; thence down the midvest l)oundary on the twenty-tifth degree of longitude west of Washington, between latitudes 40^ and 41^, the south boundar}' on the forty-first parallel from the twenty -fifth degree of longitude to the twenty-seventh deg'ree. and the west boundary on the twenty-seventh degree of longitude, l)etween the forty-first degree and the forty-third degree, were surveyed and marked in 1869, under the General Land Office. In iSSi} an act was passed transferring to this State from Dakota a small area lying between the Keyapaha River and the forty-third par- allel of latitude. The following is the act in question: Be it enacted, * * * That the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska shall be, and hereby is, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, extended so as to include all that portion of the Territory of Dakota lying south of the forty-third parallel of north latitude and east of the Keyapaha River and west of the main channel of the Missouri River. (Forty-seventh Congress, first session. ) The north boundary, from the Keyapaha River Avestward, was sur- ve3'ed in 1873. In 1893 the part of this l)oundary east of Ke3'apaha River was survej'ed and the remainder resurveyed. All this was done under the General Land Oflice. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV BULLETIN NO. 236 PL. L HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OKLAHOMA. GANNETT] BOUNDARY LINES OF THE STATES. 129 NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA. The Territory of Dakota was organized on March 2, 1861, from parts of Minnesota and Nebraska Territories. The following from the act of organization defines its original limits: All that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, namely: Commencing at a point in the main channel of the Eed River of the North where the forty-ninth degree of north latitude crosses the same; thence up the main channel of the same and along the boundary of the State of Minnesota to Big Stone Lake; thence along the boundary line of the said State of Minnesota to the Iowa line; thence alcmg the boundary line of the State of Iowa to the point of intersection between the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers; thence up the Missouri River and along the boundary line of the Territory of Nebraska to the mouth of the Niobrara or Running Water River; thence followmg up the s ame, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the mouth of the Keyarj^fta or Turtle Hill Riverfthence~"K«^ up said river to the forty-third parallel of north latitude; thence due west to the present Ijoundary of the Territory of \Yashington; thence along the boundary line of Washington Territory to the forty-ninth degree of north latitude; thence east along said forty-ninth degree of north latitude to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, organized into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Dakota. (Thirty-sixth Congress, second session. ) In 1863 the Territory of Idaho was formed, its area having been taken from Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska. ( Ylde Idaho, p. 136.) In 1861, in the act creating Montana Territory, the area described in the following paragraph was temporarily restored to the jurisdic- tion of Dakota: That, until Congress shall otherwise direct, all that part of the Territory of Idaho included within the following boundaries, to wit: Connnencing at a point formed by tho intersection of the thirty-third degree of longitude west from Washington with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence along said thirty-third degree of longi- tude to the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward along the said crest of the Rocky Mountains to its intersection with the forty-fourth degree and thirty min- utes of north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fourth degree thirty minutes north latitude to the thirty-fourth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence northward along said thirty-fourth degree of longitude to its intersection with the forty-fifth degree north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fifth degree of north latitude to its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence south along said twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington to the forty-first degree north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of latitude to the place of beginning, shall be, and is liereby, incor- porated temporarily into and made part of the Territory of Dakota. In 1882 a small area was transferred to Nebraska. ( Yide Nebraska, p. 127.) In 1877 that part of the west boiindar}- between latitudes 13"^ and 15^ was surve3^ed and marked, under the General Land Office. On November 2, 1889, the Territory of Dakota was div'ided into North and South Dakota, and each was admitted as a State. The fol- lowing extract from the enabling act defines the boundary between these States: The area comprising the Territory of Dakota shall * * * be divided on the line of the seventh standard • arallel produced due west to the western boundary of said Territory. Bull. 226—04 15 130 HOUNDARIER OF THE UNITED STATES. [Hri,i..22G. The l)()un(lary line iH'twccn the two States was surveyed in lsi>l-92, under the General Land Office. OKLAHOMA. The Territory of Okhihonia was organized under an a<;t passed May 2, 1890, from the western part of the Indian Territory. Its limits as originally constituted were as is set forth in the following act: Be it enacted by the Senate and Hoatte of Representatives of the United States of America in Comjress assembled, Sec. 1. That all that portion of the United States now known as the Indian Territory, except so nuich of the same as is actually occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes, and the Indian tribes within the Quapaw Indian Agency, and except the unoccupied part of the Cherokee Outlet, together with that portion of the United States known as the Public Land Strip, is hereby erected into a temporary government ])y the name of the Territory of Oklahoma. The portion of the Indian Territory included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded by a line drawn as follows: Commencing at a point where the ninety-eighth meridian crosses the Red River; thence by said meridian to the point where it crosses the Canadian River; thence along said river to the west line of the Seminole country; thence along said line to the north fork of the Canadian River; thence down said river to the west line of the Creek country; thence along said line to the northwest corner of the Creek country; thence along the north line of the Creek country to the ninety-sixth meridian; thence northward by said meridian to the southern boundary line of Kansas; thence west along said line to the Arkansas River; thence down said river to the north line of the land occupied by the Ponca tribe of Indians, from which point the line runs so as to include all the lands occupied by the Ponca, Tonkawa, Otoe and Missouria, and the Pawnee tribes of Indians until it strikes the south line of the Cherokee Outlet, which it follows westward to the east line of the State of Texas; thence by the boundary line of the State of Texas to the point of beginning. The Public Land Strip which is included in said Territory of Oklahoma is bounded east by the one hundredth meridian, south by Texas, west by New Mexico, north' by Colorado and Kansas. Whenever the interest of the Cherokee Indians in the land known as the Cherokee Outlet shall have been extinguished and the President shall make proclamation thereof, said outlet shall thereupon and without further legislation become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma. Any other lands within the Indian Territory not embraced within these boundaries shall hereafter become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma whenever the Indian nation or tribe owning such lands shall signify to the President of the LTnited States in legal manner its assent that such lands shall so become a part of said Territory of Oklahoma, and the Presi- dent shall thereupon make proclamation to that effect. The lands embraced within the limits above set forth comprised the present Territory of Oklahoma, with the exception of an area on the north known as the Cherokee Strip, and provision was made for its incorporation, without additional legislation, within the Territory whenever the Indian title to it should be extinguished. This was done and the strip was added to the Territor}' by proclamation of the President, issued in September, 1893, giving Oklahoma its present limits. These difl'er from those above set forth onl}^ in a part of the northern boundary, which now corresponds with the south boundary of Kansas from the ninety-sixth meridian west. cANNETT.] BOUNDARY LINES OF THE STATES. 131 MONTANA. The Territoiy of Montana was oroanized May 26, 1864, from a por- tion of Idaho. Its limits, which have been changed ])ut slightl}^ are oiven in the following extract from the organizing act: That all that part of the territory of the Uuited States included witlun the limits, to wit: Comiuencing at a point formed by the intersection of the twenty -seventh degree of longitude west from AVasliington with the forty-fifth degree of north lati- tude; thence due west on said forty-fifth degree of latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the thirty-fourth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due south along said thirty-fourth degree of longitude to its intersection with the fi:)rty-fourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; thence due w^est along said f(u-ty-fourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence following the crest of the Rocky Mountains northward till its intersection with the Bitter Root Mountains; thence northward along the crest of said Bitter Root Mountains to its intersection with the thirty-ninth degree of longitude west from AVashington; thence along said thirty-ninth degree of longitude northward to the boundary line of the British pos- sessions; thence eastward along said boundary line to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington ; thence southward along said twenty-seventh degree of longitude to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Montana. (Thirt}'-eighth Con- gress, first session. ) In 1S73 Congress, under the erroneous impression that a portion of Dakota remained west of Wyoming, and adjoining Montana, passed an act to attach it to Montana. As, however, no such detached area could by an}' possibility have existed, the compilers of the Revised Statutes sought to give the act effect by shifting a portion of the southern bound- ary of Montana from the parallel of 44:^ 30' to the continental water- shed, thereby reducing Montana's area. The following is the act referred to: AN ACT to readjust the western boundary of Dakota Territory. That all that portion of Dakota Territorj- lying west of the one hundred and elev- enth meridian of longitude which, by an erroneous definition of the boundaries of said Territory by a former act of Congress, remains detached and distant from Dakota proper some two hundred miles, be, and the same is hereby, attached to the adjoining territory of Montana. ( Forty -second Congress, third session.) The boundaries of Montana are as follows: Beginning at the inter- section of the twentj^-seventh meridian of longitude with the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, it follows said meridian south to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude, thence west on this parallel to the thirty -fourth meridian, south on the thirty-fourth meridian to the point where that meridian intersects the continental watershed, thence westward and northwestward, following the line of the continental watershed and the summit of the Bitter Root range, to its intersection with the thirtv-ninth meridian; thence north on the thirt3'-ninth meridian to the boundary line between the United States 132 BOUNDARIER OF THE TTNTTED STATES. [Btii.i,.226. and Hriti.sh po.sse.s.sioiis and cast on that boundary line to the point of bcgiiHunj>\ The east boundary of Montana was surveyed and marked in 1S85, and the south ))oundary in 1879-80, under the General Land Office. That portion of the west boundary between the crest of the Bitter Root Mountains and the Canada line was surveyed and marked in 1898-99, under the United States Geological Survey. Montana was admitted as a State on November 8, 1889, with the above boundaries. WYOMING. Wyoming was organized as a Territory on ^lul}^ 25, 18f)8, from an area previously comprised in the Territories of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. Its limits, which are the same as originally constituted, are defined in the following clause from the act creating the Territory: That all that part of the United States described as follows: Commencing at the intersection of the twenty-seventh meridian of longitude west from Washington with the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, and running thence west to the thirty- fourth meridian of Avest longitude, thence south to the forty-first degree of north latitude, thence east to the twenty-seventh meridian of west longitude, and thence north to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, organized into a tempo- rary government by the name of the Territory of Wyoming. (Fortieth Congress, second session. ) Wyoming was admitted as a State on Jul}' lU, 1890, with the above boundaries. The south and west boundaries were surveyed and marked in 1873, under the General Land Office. COLORADO. Colorado was organized as a Territory on February 28, 1861, with the limits which it has at present, being made from portions of Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, and Nebraska. On August 1, 1876, it was admitted as a State. The following clause from the enabling act gives its limits: AN ACT to enable the people of Colorado to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States. Sec. 2. That the said State of Colorado shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a jjoint formed by the inter- section of the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington; extending thence due west along said thirty- seventh degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the thirty- second degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due north along said thirty-second degree of west longitude to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence due east along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due south along said twenty-fifth degree of west longitude. (Thirty -eighth Congress, first session.) U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. LI COLOR A P Q Reductio HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEW MEXICO. OREGON! I N G D ZONA I N MEX. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF UTAH. GANNETT.] NEW MEXICO UTAH. 133 The south boundaiy of Colorado was run and marked in 1S6S and 1874, and the west boundar}' in 1^78-79. Tlie latter line was retraced and re-marked in 1885. All this was under the General Land Office. NEW MEXICO. New Mexico was organized as a Territory on December 13, 1850. Its original area formed a part of the region transferred by Mexico to the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and by Texas. It was subsequently enlarged by the Gadsden Purchase. The forma- tion of Colorado Territory in 1861 and of Arizona in 1863 reduced its area to its present limits. ( Vide Colorado, p. 132, and Arizona, p. 131.) The following clause from the act creating the Territoiy gives its original limits: Section 2. And be it further enacted, That all that portion of the territory of the United States bounded as follows: Beginning at a point in the Colorado River, where the boundary line with the Republic of Mexico crosses the same; thence eastwardly with the said boundary line to the Rio Grande; thence following the main channel of said river to the parallel of the thirty-second degree of north latitude; thence east with said degree to its intersection with the one hundred and third degree of longi- tude west of Greenwich; thence north with said degree of longitude to the parallel of thirty-eighth degree of north latitude; thence west with said parallel to the sum- mit of the Sierra Madre; thence south with the crest of said mountains to the thirty- seventh parallel of north latitude; thence west with said parallel to its intersection with the boundary line of the State of California; thence with said boundary line to the place of beginning — l)e, and the same is hereby, erected into a temporary gov- ernment by the name of the Territory of New Mexico. (Thirty-first Congress, first session. ) The present boundaries of New Mexico are as follows: Beginning at the point of intersection of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude west of Greenwich with the thirt3^-seventh parallel of latitude; running thence south to its point of intersection with the thirtj^-second parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel to its intersection with the Rio Grande; thence southerly down the main channel of the Rio Grande to its point of intersection with the boundaiy line between the United States and Mexico; thence with this boundary to its intersec- tion with the thirty-second meridian of longitude; thence north along this meridian to the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude, and so along that parallel to the point of beginning. The west boundary of New Mexico was run and marked in 1875, under the General Land Office. UTAH. Utah was organized on September 9, 1850, from territory acquired from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Its limits origi- nally extended from the eastern boundaiy of California to the Rocky \>H BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. [BrLi..2-2G. Mountains, iind from the thirty-seventh to the forty -second paniHeh This area was I'educed by the formation, in 1 p. i;W, and in 1804 and 1866 b}' the extension eastward of the limits of the State of Nevada. The following' is an extract from the act creating the Territory: All that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, to wit: Bounded on the west by the State of California, on the north by the Territory of Oregon, and on the east by the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and on the south by the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude, Ije, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government, by the name of the Territory of Utah. The present boundaries of Utah are as follows: Commencing with the intersection of the forty-second parallel of latitude with the thirt}'- fourth meridian of longitude; running thence south on this meridian to the forty-first parallel of latitude; thence east on this parallel to the thirty-second meridian of longitute; thence south on this meridian to its intersection with the thirty-seventh parallel of latitude; thence west upon this parallel of latitude to its intersection with the thirty- seventh meridian of longitude; thence north on this meridian to its intersection with the forty-seventh parallel of latitude; thence east on the forty-seventh parallel of latitude to the point of beginning. Utah was admitted as a State on January 4, 1896, with the above boundaries. Its north boundary, from longitude M'^ to 37^, was surveyed and marked in 1871, and its west boundary in 1870, under the General Land Office. ARIZONA, Arizona was organized as a Territory on February 2-t, 1863. Its area was formerly comprised in the Territory of New Mexico. In 1866 a portion of it was cut off and given to the State of Nevada. ( Vide Nevada, p. 135.) The following clause from the act creating it gives its limits as originally constituted: That all that part of the present Territory of New Mexico situate west of the line running due south from the point where the southwest corner of the Territory of Colorado joins the northern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico to the southern boundary line of said Territory of New Mexico be, and the same is hereby, erected into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Arizona. (For limits of the piece cut off and added to Nevada, see that State. ) The present boundaries of Arizona are as follows: Beginning at the point of intersection of the thirty-seventh parullol of latitude with the thirty-second meridian of longitude; thence south along this meridian to its intersection with the boundary line between the United States and Mexico; thence with this boundary to the Colorado River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Colorado River to its point of intersection with the thirty-seventh meridian of longitude; north U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. Lll U T AJ H i C L N A C HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF ARIZONA. HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF NEVADA. GANNETT.l NKVADA, 135 on this meridian to its intersection with the thirty-seventh parallel; and eastward along- the thirty-seventh parallel to the point of beg'innint^. NEVADA. Nevada, as orig-inally constituted on March 2, 1861, was formed from territory taken from Utah. Its western boundar}^ was made to conform to the eastern ])oundarv of California (^vV7^^ California, p. 139); its northern ])oundarv, was, as now, the forty -second parallel; the eastern was the meridian of 39°, and the southern the parallel of 37°. B}' the enabling act the eastern limit was extended to the thirty- eighth meridian. It was admitted as a State October 31, 1864, with above limits as modified by the enabling act, and in 1866 its eastern limits were still further extended to longitude 37°, and its southern line established as at present, the latter addition having been made from Arizona. In the act organizing the Territory the boundaries are defined as follows: Beginning at the point of intersection of the forty-second degree of north latitude with the thirty-nintli degree of longitude west from Washington; thence running south on the line of said thirty ninth degree of west longitude until it intersects the northern boundar)^ line of the Territory of New Mexico; thence due west to the dividing ridge separating the waters of Carson Valley from those that flow into the Pacific; thence on said dividing ridge northwardly to the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence due north to the southern boundary of the State of Oregon; thence due east to the place of beginning. (Thirty-sixth Congress, second session. ) The following is the text of that portion of the enabling act relating to boundaries: Sec. 2. That the said State of Nevada shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencnng at a point formed by the intersection of the thirty-eighth degree of longitude west from Washington with the thirty -seventh degree of north latitude; thence due west along said thirty-seventh degree of north latitude to the eastern boundary line of the State of California; thence in a northwesterly direction along the said eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty-third degree of longitude west from Washington ; thence north along said forty-third degree of west longitude and said eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence due east along the said forty-second degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the aforesaid thirty-eighth degree of longitude west from Washing- ton; thence due south down said thirty-eighth degree of west longitude to the place of beginning. (Thirty-eighth Congress, first session. ) The following act makes the addition to. its area from Arizona referred to above: AN ACT concerning the boundaries of the State of Nevada. That, as provided for and consented to in the constitution of the State of Nevada, all that territory and tract of land adjoining the present eastern boundary of the State of Nevada, and lying between the thirty-seventh and the forty-second degrees of north latitude and west of the thirty-seventh degree of longitude west of Wash- ington, is hereby added to and made a part of the State of Nevada. 136 ijoundarij:s of the ttnitp:d states. [BIU..226. SEf. 2. That there is hereby added to and made a part of the State oi Nevada all that extent of territory lying within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing on the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude at the thirty-seventh degree of longi- tude west from Washington, and running thence south on said degree of longitude to the middle of the river Colorado of the West; thence down tlie middle of said river to the eastern boundary of the State of California; thence northwesterly along said boundary of California to the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude; and thence east along said degree of latitude to the point oi beginning. (Thirty-ninth Congress, first session. ) The present limits of Nevada are a.s follows: The east boundary is the thirty-seventh meridian of longitude, extending- from the forty-second parallel of latitude southward to its intersection with the middle of the Colorado River; thence following the mid-channel of the Colorado Kiver down to the point where it intersects the thirty-iifth parallel of latitude; the southwest boundary is the arc of a great circle running from the last-mentioned point and the point of intersection of the one hundred and twentieth degi-ee of longitude west of Greenwich with the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude; the west boundary is the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; the north boundary is the fort3'-second parallel of lalitude. The north boundary was surveyed and marked in 1873, and the west boundary, from latitude 42- south to Lake Tahoe and thence southeast to Colorado River, in latitude 35°, in 1872, under the General Land Office. Between 1890 and 1899 the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, under an appropriation by Congress, ran a new line from Lake Tahoe to Colorado River, difiering widely in some places from the former line. IDAHO. The Territory of Idaho was formed March 3, 1863, from parts of Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska. Its original limits, wdiich included, besides the present territory, all of Montana and Wyoming, were given as follows in the act organizing the Territory: That all that part of the territory of the United States included within the follow- ing limits, to wit: Beginning at a point in the middle channel of the Snake River where the northern boundary of Oregon intersects the same; then follow down said channel of Snake River to a point opposite the mouth of the Kooskooskia, or Clear- water River; thence due north to the forty-ninth parallel of latitude; thence east along said parallel to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west of Washington; thence south along said degree of longitude to the northern boundary of Colorado Territory; thence west along said boundary to the thirty-third degree of longitude west of Washington; thence north along said degree to the forty-second parallel of latitude; thence west along said parallel to the eastern boundary of the State of Oregon; thence north along said boundary to the place of beginning. (Thirty- seventh Congress, third session. ) From this wei'e formed Montana in 1864 (vide Montana, p. 131) and Wyoming {vide Wyoming, p. 132) in 1868, thereby reducing this U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUPVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. Llll ^ ! c ■ A NAD A 1 >■ — ^ o ^ M N T A N A 3> 7^ o ) Reduction 18 64 o 'A / \ V ^^B 1: o \ ^ W Y M 1 N G ~-^%Ji M i Reduction 1868 J n i - •■■ N E V ADA I i ^ ^ ! L- A D J A ^ 1 C L R HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF IDAHO. GANNETT.] IDAHO OREGON. 137 territory, with the small addition made in 1873 {vide Montana, p. 131), to its present limits. The present boundary line of Idaho is as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the thirt^'-ninth meridian with the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions, it follows said meridian south luitil it reaches the summit of the Bitter Root Moun- tains; thence southeastAvard along the crest of the Bitter Root range and the continental divide mitil it intersects the meridian of thirty- fouT" degrees of longitude; thence south w^ard on this meridian to the fort3"-second parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel of lati- tude to its intersection with a meridian drawn through the mouth of the Owyhee River; north on this meridian to the mouth of the Owyhee River; thence down the mid-channel of the Snake River to the mouth of the Clearwater; and thence north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the Clearwater to the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions; and east on said boundary line to the place of beginning. On July 3, 1890, Idaho was admitted as a State with the above limits. The west boundary of Idaho, from the mouth of Clearwater River to the forty-ninth parallel, was surveyed and marked in 1873-74. The longitude of this line has been determined by the United States Geo- logical Survey to be 117° 02' 2>^" . The west boundar}^ from the mouth of Owyhee River south to the Nevada boundar}^, was surveyed and marked in 1867. Its longitude has been determined as 117° 01' 56" by the United States Geological Surve}-. Both these lines were run under the General Land Office. OREGON. Oregon Territor^^ was organized August 1-1, 18'J:8. The grounds of our title to its area are obscure. In treating with Great Britain for the establishment of our northern boundary west of the Rocky Mountains this region was claimed on three grounds — that of discovery and occu- pation, the Louisiana purchase, and cession from Spain. On which of these grounds we succeeded in having the boundary established on the forty-ninth parallel will never be ascertained, and is of little moment. The Territory as originally established extetided from the forty- second to the fort}- -ninth parallel, and from the Pacific Ocean to the crest of the Rock}^ Mountains, with boundaries defined in the organ- izing act as follows: All that part of the territory of the United States which lies west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, north of the forty-second degree of north latitude, known as the Territorj' of Oregon, shall be organized into and constitute a temporary govern- ment by the name of the Territory of Oregon. (Thirtieth Congress, first session.) In 1853 the Territor}^ was reduced by the formation of Washington Territory {vide Washington, p. 138), and on February 14, 1859, it was l.'}8 HOUNDAKIKS OF TIIK IJNITKJJ STATES. tiiui.L.226. admitted as a State with its ])i-osent lioiuidarics. 'I'licsc sire dcfinod Ixilow ill ail extract fi'oiii the State coiiNtitution: JJetxiiiniiij^ one iiiiiriiic Ic-ji^iu^ at sen (hie wc.st fioiii the point wlicn; tli(^ forty- HC(^()ii(l 2);irjill(!l of Mortli latHiidc iiitcrHcctH tlu! Harm;; thciicc northerly, at tin- Haiiie distances from tho line of the coast lyiiif^ west and oppositt^ the State, inclndinj^ all islands within the jurisdiction of the United States, to a point due west and opi>oHite the middh^ of the north ship channi^l of tlie Coluinhia Kiv(!r; thence easterly to and up th(! middle chami((l of saiortion of Oregon Territory lying and l)eing south of the forty-ninth degree of north latitude, and north of the middle of the main channel of the Columbia River from its mouth to where the forty-sixth degree of north latitude crosses said river, near Fort Walla Walla, thence with said forty-sixth degree of latitude to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, be organized into and constitute a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Washington. (Thirty-second Congress, second session.) In 1851>, on the formation of the State of Oregon, the residue of the Territory of Oregon, ))eing the portion lying east of the present limits of the State, extending thence to the crest of the Rocky Moinitains, was added to Washington, This area, with the part of Washington lying east of its present limits, was included in Idaho on the formation of that Territory in 1863. The present boundaries of the State of Washing-ton are as follows: Beginning on the coast at the mouth of the Columbia River; following- up the main channel of the Columbia River to its point of intersection with the forty-sixth parallel of latitude; thence east on the forty-sixth parallel to the Snake River; thence down the main channel of the Snake River to the mouth of the Clearwater; thence north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the (^learw^ater to the l)ouiKlaiy line between the United States and the British Possessions: thence west with that boiuidsiry lino to the Pacific. Washington was admitted as a State on November 11, 1889, with its limits as above defined. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 226 PL. LIV HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF OREGON. ylo M 1 N G ^ ' L. i Nevada! ^^X^h 1 ^ HISTORICAL DIAGRAM OF WASHINGTON. Bull. 226—04 16 GA.vxETT.] BOUNDARY LINES OF THE STATES. 139 CALIFORNIA, Culii'oniiu \v;is udmitted to the Union on September 9, 1850. Its area was taken from territory' accjuired from ]\lexico by the treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalg'o. Its limits, as detined in the State constitution, are as follows: Commencing at the point of intersection of forty-second degree of north latitude with the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, and running south on the line of said one hundred and twentieth degree of west longi- tude until it intersects the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude; thence running in a straight line iji a southeasterly direction to the river Colorado, at a point where it intersects the thirty-lifth degree of north latitude; thence down the middle of the channel of said river to the boundary line between the United States and Mexico as established by the treaty of ^May 30, 1848; thence running west and along said boundary line to the Pacific Ocean, and extending therein three English miles; thence running in a northwesterly direction and following the direction of the Pacific coast to the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence on the line of said fortj^- second degree of north latitude to the place of beginning. Also all the islands, har- bors, and l»ays along and adjacent to the Pacific coast. The northern boundary was surveyed and marked in 1868-69, under the General Land Office. INDEX Page. Afadia, charter of, area embraced by 39 Alabama, State of , admission of 10,36 State of, boundai-y between Florida and. 108-109 boundary between Georgia and . . 107 between Mississippi and 109-110 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of .. 10,36 Alaska, V)oiindary between Canada and, agreement of Boundary Tribunal concerning 28 boundary between Canada and, map showing 26 between Canada and, treaty pro- visions in regard to 25-26 purchase of, history of 25-28 Alexander, Robert , reference to 116 Arizona, historical diagram of 134 organization and boundaries of.. 38,134^135 Arkansas, State of. admission of 36, 114 State of , boundaries of 113-115 historical diagram of 114 Territory of, organization and bound- aries of 36,113 Baltimore, Lord, grant to 89 Barr, , western boundary of Con- necticut surveyed by 73 Beck, James B., reference to 91 Berkeley, Lord John , grant to 83 Black, J. S., reference to 91 Brooke, Lord, grant to 72 Cagayan Jolo, purchase of 29 California. State of, admission and bound- aries of 37,139 Calvert, Philip, reference to.. 90 Canada, boundary between Alaska and, treaty provisions in regard to.. 2.5-26 boundary between Alaska and, map showing 26 boundai*y between Maine and, maps showing.- 16,18 between United States and, in Niagara River, map show- ing 10 in St. Clair and Detroit rivers, map showing 12 in St. Lawrence Rive;-, map showing 10 in St. Marys River, map show- ing .. 14 Carr, Robert, appointed commissioner on controversies in the colo- nies 73 Page. Carteret, George, grant to 83 Cartwright, George, appointed commis- sioner on controversies in the colonies 73 Cherokee Indians, treaty with, provision of, concerning western boundary of Arkansas 114 Cherokee Strip, addition of. to Territory of Oklahoma 130 Choate, Ruf us, reference to 55 Colorado, State of, admission and bound- aries of . 38,132-133 Territory of , organization and bound- aries of 38,127,132 Connecticiit, boundary between Massa- chusetts and 65-69 bou7idary between Massachusetts and, map showing 68 between New York and 71-72 73-76 map showing 74 between Rhode Island and 71-72 map showing 72 cessions by, to General Government. 36,76 claims of, in Territory Northwest of theRiverOhio 83 grants and charters in _ 72-73 Crozat. Antoine de, grant to 19,20 Culpeper, Lord, grant to , 96 Dakota, division of 129 organization and boundaries of .. 37, IS-V, 129 See also North Dakota; South Da- kota. -' Delaware, boundary between Maryland and 88 boundary between New Jersey and. . 84 between Pennsylvania and 86 grants and charters in 87-88 Detroit River, boundary in, between United States and Canada, map showing 12 District of Columbia, acts of Congress relating to _ 93-94 bounds of 94 lands ceded for 92-93 Disturnell's map, extract from, showing southwestern boundary . , . 16 Dixon, Chai'les, work of 86 EUicott, Andrew, surveys by 82, 105-106 Erie purchase, claims of States to 34 Fairfax, Lord, grants by 96 Florida, State of, admission of 108 State of, boundary between Alabama and 108-109 boundary between Georgia and. lOfi-107 141 142 INDEX. Floi i'lu, Territory of, cessiouw and ri'tro- cessions of lands in Ills orj^anization of 108 Flor idii i3ni"<-liase, history of 3:J-23 Floridas. boundai-y between United States and, treatj- with Spain in regard to 10 Gadsden pnichase, histoi-y of ;J5 Qeorfda. Ixinndary between Alabama and.' - 107 boundary between Florida and 106-107 between North Carolina and 105 between South Carolina and 103-104 between Tennessee and 106 cessions to General Government by__ 33, 36,105 grants and charters in 104 historical diagram of _ 104 Germany, arbitration by Emperor of 19 Ghent, treaty of, provisions of, in regard to boundary 11-12 Gorges, Ferdinando, lands granted to 40,41 Gould, Major, western boundary of Con- necticut surveyed by 73 Graham, Lieutenant-Colonel, verification by, of Mason and Dixon's lino - 87 Graham, William A., reference to 91 Great Britain, treaties with, 9-10, 10-15, 16, 17-19 Guadalupe-Hidalgo, treaty of, territory added to United States by --- 33-25 Guam, acquisition of 28 Hapton, Lord, grant to 96 Hawaiian Islands, acquisition of . . _ 28 Hazen. Richard, survey by, of boundary between New Hampshire and Massachusetts 49 Idaho, State of, admission of 137 State of, boundaries of 137 historical diagram of-- 136 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of 38.129,136 lUiuois, State of, admission of - - 1 20 State of, boundaries of 120 historical diagram of 130 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of 120 Indian Territory, limits of 37 Oklahoma formed from 130 Indiana, State of, admission of 35, 119 State of, boundaries of.- 119-120 historical diagram of 118 Territory of, organization and bound- aries of 34-35,119 Iowa, State of, admission of 36,125 State of, boundaries of 125 historical diagram of.- 124 Territory of, organization and bound- aries of 36, 122, 124-125 Jenkins, Charles A., reference to 91 Kansas, State of, admission of "*127 State of, boundaries of 127 historical diagram of- -. 126 Kansas, Territory of, formation and boundaries of- 37,126-127 Page. Kentucky, State of , admission of 117 boundai-ies of 117 boundary between Tennessee and, map of 116 between Virginia and 97-98 map showing 96 Kerr. Professor, quoted on north and south boimdary lines of North Carolina 101-102 London, treaty of, provisions of, in re- gard to boundaries 10-11 Louisiana, ancient limits of, as under- stood by France 19-20 cession and retrocessions of 20-21 State of, additions to 112 admission of 36, 111 historical diagram of 112 original boundaries of - - - Ill Territory of, formation of 36 name of, changed to Missouri Ter- ritory Ill Louisiana purchase, history of 19-22 States and Territories formed from.. 36-37 Maine, admi.ssion of, as a State. -. 70 boundaries of - 39^7 boundary between Canada and, maps showing - - - 16. 18 between Canada and, settlement of _ 1.5-18 between New Hampshire and, map showing 18 resurvey of . - 45-47 settlement of ..- 41-t4 Marbois, Bar be, cited on limits of Loui- siana -.. 21.22 Maryland, boundary between Pennsyl- vania and - 86-87 boundary between Virginia and 89-92 cession ( >f land by, for seat of govera- ment 92 grants and charters in 89 Mason and Dixon's line, survey of 86-87 Mason, Jeremiah, work of 86 Mason, John, lands granted to 40,47-48 Massachusetts, boundary between Con- necticut and . _ 65-69 boundary between Connecticut and, map showing 68 between New Hampshire and 48-50 between New Yoi'k and 69-71 between Rhode Island and 55-65 map showing 60 between Vermont and - . 53 of. on the north, maps showing.. .54 cession of land to New York by 70 cessions of land to General Govern- ment by. 31-32,70 claims of, in Territory Northwest of the River Ohio- a3,34 grants and charters in 54-55 Maverick. Samuel, appointed commis- sioner on controversies in the colonies. -- 73 Mexico, boundary between L^'nited States and. treaty provisions in regard to 23-24.25 INDEX. 143 I'age. Mexico, territory acquired from 2:^25 territoi'y acquired from. States and Territories formed from. _ 36-37 Michigan, State of, admission of 35,121 State of, boiindaries of 121-122 boundary between Canada and, through St. Marys River. map showing 14 historical diagram of 12(1) Territory of, formation and bound- aries of :35, 119, 13(V121 Michler, N., reference to _ 91 Minnesota, State of, admission of 36,126 State of, boundaries of 126 historical diagram of 12-1 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of 35,36,125-126 Mississippi, State of, admission of 36. 110 State of, boundary between Ala- bama and 109.110 boundary between Tennessee and..... 110-111 historical diagram of 104 TeiTitoi-y of, formation and Ijounda- riesof.. 36,109,110 Missouri, State of, admission of 36. 123 State of, boundaries of 123-124 historical diagram of 122 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of 36.111,lri:s Mitchel, survey by. of boundary between New Hampshire and Mas- sachusetts - - - 49 Munsell, Luke, reference to 116 Montana, State of, admission of 132 State of, boundaries of. 131-132 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of ... 38,131 Monts. Sieur de, grant to 39 Nebraska. State of, admission of 127 State of, boundaries of . _ 127-128 historical diagram of 126 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of - 37,127 Netherlands, arbitration by the King of. 16-17 Nevada, State of, admission of. 135 State of, boundaries of 136 historical diagram of 134 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of.. 37-38,135-136 New Hampshire, boundary between Can- ada and 51 boundary between Canada and, map showing 18 between Maine and, map showing . 18 resurvey of 45-47 settlement of 41-14 between Massachusetts and 48-50 between Vermont and 52 char ter s and land grants in 47-48 controversy between New York and, concerning boundary 50-51 New Jersey, boundary between Delaware and 84 boundary between Pennsylvania and . 84-85 between New York and. 79-81 Page. New Jersey, boundary of, map showing, 84 grants and charters in 83-84 sale of, by Duke of York 78 New Mexico, formation and boundaries of 37.1.33 historical diagram of 1.32 New York, boundaries, western and southern, of, map showing 80 boundary between Canada and, iu Niagara River, map show- ing.. 10 between Canada and, in St. Law- rence River, map show- ing . 10 between Connecticut and. 73-76 map showing 74 between Massachusetts and 69-71 between New Jersey and 79-81 between Pennsylvania and 81-83 between Vermont and __ .52, .53 map showing 52 cessions to Genei-al Government by . . 31, 78 to varioiis States by 78 changes in territory of 78 controversy between New Hamp- shire and, concerning boundary 50-51 grants and charters in 77-78 historical diagram of 78 Niagara River, boundary in, between New York and Canada, map showing 10 Nichols, Richard, appointed commis- sioner on controversies in the colonies 73 North Carolina, boundary between Georgia and 105 boundary between Soiith Carolina and..... 1(¥)-101,102 between Tennessee and 102-103 map of 102 between Virginia and 100,101-102 between Virginia, Tennessee, and, map of 98 cessions to General Government by 32-33.:i5,98 grants and charters in 99-100 North Dakota, State of, admission of 129 State of, boundaries of 129 historical diagram of 128 Ohio, admission of 33.117,118 boundaries of 117-119 histoi'ical diagram of 114 Ohio River, territory northwest of. See Territory Northwest of River Ohio. Oklahoma Territory, formation and boundaries of 130 historical diagram of 128 Oregon, State of , admission of 37.137-1.38 Oregon, State of, boundaries of 138 historical diagram of 138 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of 37, 137 Orleans. Territoi"y of, admitted as State of Louisiana 11 144 INDEX. Orleans, Territory of, organization and boundaries of 3(;,111 Paris, treaty of, territory relinqiiished by 41 Pemacinid, annexation of, to New En- gland 41,54,78 Penn, William, charters granted by SH grant to, of Province of Pennsylva- nia . -- 85,87 territory purchased by - 78, 85 Pennsylvania, boundary between Dela- ware and 86 V)oundary between Maryland and 86-87 between New Jersey and 84-85 between New York and 81-83 grants and charters in _ 85 Peters, Doctor, latitude and longitude de- terminations by - - 82 Philippine Islands, acquisition of 38-29 Plymouth Company, charter of, extract from, defining boundaries ofMaine.- 4(1 grants to and by - 39,72 Popham, George, colony founded by 39 Porto Rico, acquisition of - 28 Providence Plantation, charter of, ex- tract from 71 patent to, extracts from 71 Rhode Island, boundary between Con- necticut and - 71-72 boundary between Massachusetts and - - 55-65 between Massachusetts and, con- troversy concerning 56-65 map showing 60 grants and charters in - 71 Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions, charter to 71 Saffrey , Solomon, reference to 55, 56 St. Clair River, boundary in, between United States and Canada, map showing 12 St. Lawrence River, boundary in, be- tween New York and Can- ada, map showing 10 St. Marys River, l)0\andary in, between Michigan and Canada, map showing 14 Saltonstall, Rich;ird, grant to _ 72 Say and Seal, Lord, grant to - 72 Scarbrugh, Edmund, reference to 9fl Selleck, , western boundary of Con- necticut surveyed by 78 Soiith Carolina, boundary between Geor- gia and 103-104 boundary between North Carolina and 100-101,102 cessions to General Government by . . . 32, 35-36 grants and charters in 103 South Dakota, admission of 129 historical diagram of 128 Spain, treaty with, ceding Floridas to the United States, 23 treaty with, ceding Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines 28 Page. Spain, treaty with, provisions of, relat- ing to boundary between United States and the Floridas 10 Stirling, Earl of, grant to. 39-4U Swedish West India Company, settlement by ' K5 Tennessee, admission of 36 boundaries of 115-117 boundary between Georgia and 106 between Kentucky and, map of . . 116 between North Carolina and ... 102-103 map of 102 between Virginia and 98 between Virginia, North Carolina, and, map of 98 Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, areaandboundariesof 33 claims of Connecticut in 33 claims of Massachusetts in 33 claims of Virginia in 33 provisional government of, bill for. . , 33 States formed from 1^4-35 Territory South of River Ohio, bound- aries of 35 Texas, admission of 36-37,112 boundaries of 23,112-113 boundary between New Mexico and. 113 historical diagram of 112 land sold to General Government by. 112 Tutuila, acquisition of 29 United States, accessions to territory of. 19-29 accessions to territory of, map showing £0 boundaries of 9-19 boundary between Canada and, his- tory of settlement of 10-19 between Canada and, in Niagara River, map showing 10 in St. Clair and Detroit rivers, map showing 12 in St. Lawrence River, map showing _ - 10 in St. Marys River, map show- ing 14 between Floridas and, treaty with Spain in regard to 10 between Mexico and, treaty pro visions in regard to 23-24, 25 soiithwestem boundary of, Dis- turnell's map of, extract from - 16 Ushur, John, province of Maine deeded to and by 41 Utah, State of, admission of 1 134 State of, boundaries of. 134 historical diagram of 132 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of 37,133-1:^4 Vermont, admission of 53 boundary Itet ween Canada and 52 1 )et ween Massachusetts and 52 between New Hampshire and — 52 between New York and 52, 53 map showing 52 land ceded to New York by 53 grants and charters in 51-52 INDEX. 145 I'age. Virginia, boundary between Kentucky and, map showing % boundai-y between Maryland and 89-93 between North Carolina and 100, 101-103 between North Carolina, Tennes- see, and, map of _ . 98 between Tennessee and 98 between West Virginia and 98-99 map showing 94 changes in territory of _ 95 claims of, in Territory Northwest of theRiverOhio _ SS/Si division of 98 first charter of, boundaries described in 95 lands granted under 39 gi'ants and charters in 95-97 historical diagram of .*. . . 78 land ceded to General Government by 31,93 land ceded to various States by 95,96 land retroceded to, by General Gov- ernment 95 second charter of, boundaries de- scribed in 95 third charter of, extract from 95 western boundary of 98 Page. Warwick, Earl of, grant to 73 Washington, State of, admission of 138 State of, boundaries of 138 historical diagram of 138 Territory of, formation and bound- aries of 37, 138 Webster-Ashburton treaty, provisions of, in regai'd to northern boundary west of Rocky Mountains.. 18-19 Webster, Daniel, reference to 55 West Virginia, boundary between Mary- land and _ boundary b?tween Virginia and. between Virginia and, map show- ing.... 94 Williams, Roger, settlement by 71 Wisconsin, State of, admission of 35,133 Stat3 of, boundaries of.. 133-133 historical diagram of 130 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of :-5. 131,123 Woodward, Nathaniel, reference to 55,56 Wyoming, State of, admission of 133 State of, boundaries of. 132 Territory of, formation and bounda- ries of .. :^, 132 York, Duke of, grants to. 40-41,51,73,77,78 92 98-99 o \ PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Bulletin No. 23(5.] The publications of tlie United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports. (2) Monogi'aphs. (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins. (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Ix'rigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United States — folios and separate sheets thereof. (8) Geologic Atlas of United States — folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7. and 8 are sold at cost of pub- lication: the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classi- fied into the following series: A, Economic geology: B. Descriptive geology: C, Systematic geology and paleontology: D. Petrography and mineralogy: E. Chem- istry and physics: F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry: I. Irrigation: J, Water storage; K, Pumping water: L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investigations: N, Water power: O, Underground waters: P, Hydrographic progress reports. This bulletin is the thirty-seventh in Series F. the complete list of which follows (all are bulletins thus far) : SERIES F, GEOGRAPHY. 5. Dictionary of altitudes in United States, by Henry Gannett. 1884. 335"pp. (Out of stock; see Bulletin 160.) 6. Elevations in Dominion of Canada, by J. W. Spencer. 1884. 43 pp. (Out of stock.) 13. Boundaries of United States and of the several States and Territories, with historical sketch of territorial changes, by Henry Gannett. 1885. 13.5 pp. (Out of stock; see Bulletin 171.) 48. On form and position of sea level, by R. S. "Woodward. 1888. 88 pp. (Out of stock.) 4ft. Latitudes and longitudes of certain points in Missouri. Kansas, and New Mexico, by R. S. Woodward. 1889. 1.33 pp. 50. Formulas and tables to facilitate the construction and use of maps, by R. S. Woodward. 1889. 124 lip. (Out of stock.) 70. Report on astronomical work of 1889 and 1890, by R. S. Woodward. 1890. 79 pp. 72. Altitudes between Lake Superior and Rocky Mountains, by Warren Upham. 1891. 239 pp. 76. Dictionary of altitudes in United States (second edition), by Henry Gannett. 1891. 393 pp. (Out of stock; see Bulletin 160.) 115. Geographic dictionary of Rhode Island, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 31 pp. 116. Geographic dictionary of Massachusetts, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 126 pp. 117. Geographic dictionary of Connecticut, by Henry (>annett. 1894. 67 pp. 118. Geogi'aphic dictionary of New Jersey, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 131 pp. 122. Results of primary triangulation, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 413 pp., 17 pis. (Out of stock.) 123. Dictionary of geographic positions, by Henry Gannett. 1895. 183 pp.. 1 map. (Out of stock.)- 154. Gazetteer of Kansas, by Henry Gannett. 1898. 246 pp., 6 pis. 160. Dictionary of altitudes in United States (third edition), by Henry Gannett. 1899. 775 pp. (Out of stock. ) 166. Gazetteer of L''tah, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 43 pp., 1 map. 169. Altitudes in Alaska, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 13 pp. 170. Survey of boundary line between Idaho and Montana from international boundary to crest of Bitterroot Mountains, by R. U. Goode. 19. Results of spirit leveling, fiscal year 19 pp.. h pis. ( Out of stw-k. I liCi Gazetteer of Culm, l)y Henry Gannett. 1!t(i;.'. 1 Ki i)]).. 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 1!)4. Northwest boundary of Texas, by Marcus Baker. 1!MI2. .51 pp.. 1 pi. 190. Topographi<* development of the Klamath Mountains, Ijy J. S. DillM-. 19()2. 09 pp., 13 pis. 197. The origin of certain place names in the United States, by Henry (iannett. 19fi;i. 2S0pp. < Out of stock. 1 2(11. Results of primary triangulation and primary traverse, fiscal year 1901-02, by H. M. Wilson, J. H. Renshawe, E. M. Douglas, and R. U. Goode. 19(12. 10-1 pp., 1 pi. 214. Ideographic tables and formulas, comi)iled by S. S. Gannett. 1903. 284 pp. 210. Results of primary triangulation and x^rimary traverse, fiscal year 19(12-03. by S. S. Gannett. 1903. 222 pp., 1 pi. 224. Gazetteer of Texas (second edition), by Henry Gannett. 1904. 177 pp.. 7 pis. B 220. Boundaries of the United States and of the several States and Teri-itories, with an outline of the history of all important changes of territory (third edition). l>y Heni-y Gannett. 1904. 14.5 pp., .54 pis. Correspondence should be addressed to The Director, United States Geological Survey. Washington, D. C. May, 1904. LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. [Mount each .slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the top of the second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the series card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first entry.] Gannett, Henry. . . . Boundaries of the United States and of the sev- eral states and territories, with an outline of the history of all important changes of territor}^, 3d ed., b}' Henr}' Gannett. Washington, Gov't print, off,, 1904. 145, III p. 54 pi. (incl. maps, diagrs. ). 235™'. (^'- »^- treological survey. Bulletin no. 226. ) Subject series F, Geography, 37. First ed. 1885. Gannett, Henry. . . . Boundaries of the United States and of the sev- eral states and territories, with an outline of the histor}'- of all important changes of territory, 3d ed., b}- Henr}^ Gannett. Washington, Gov't print, off., 1904. 145, III p. 54 pi. (incl. maps, diagrs. ). 235™'. (U. S. Geological survey. Bulletin no. 226. ) Subject series F, Geography, 37. First ed. 1885. U. S. Geological survey. Bulletins. I no. 226. Gannett, Henry. Boundaries of the United States and of the several states and territories. ... 3d ed. 1904. i U. S. Dept. of the Interior. I see also ^ U. S. Geological survey. / |i ft 35 LBJa'05 A .-is v^ ^, -- ./;--x^-" ."^ '.^^^ -%... .^^ ^^^ ,-N -r-^ •/• ■0? - V- -p '■ ■ 1 '^ ,0' ,^- -^^c. •\-' V^