Mi!!ll'^■1^4 W3£^P^- .,'p:^ i JxJ::^ -i II ) )) rij; >'i'; '■■':^-:5^ >^., J.;-\ia~^ •V^il >:^^:'7:: i«'> -1 '■■■ » •''> :> } '-^yy^'y^^ 1^^ ? '^ > n^ S^^^gs). ^Hwis yr^m,..^ y^P'^J?^.^^^ ■3^^ ->.^ "> xmrrjmM-.' '^3p3glt:l^: ^^.„^^^a^4fcte :M^m^ ^?1« Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/westernfruitbook01elli THE WESTERN FRUIT BOOK ; 3^llterkan Jfritit-§r0kr's #itik row. THF, ORCHAED AND FEUIT-GARDEN. BEING A COMPFVT) OF THE HISTORY, MODES OF PROPAGATION, CULTURE, AC, OF FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OP NEARLY ALL THE VARIETIES OF FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES dF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCALITIES AND SOILS, AND ALSO A COMPLETE LIST OF FRUITS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION. B Y ¥iJ^' R?^E L L I O T T. FOURTH EDITIOI< — EEVISED, ENLARGED, AND IMPEOVED. A. O. MOORE & CO., AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 140 FULTON STREET. 1859. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the j'ear ISOa, By a. O. MOOEE & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Coart of the United States, in and ^or the Southern Dis- trict of New Yorlc. ^■^ 3-^ ,t •WYNKOOP, HALLENBECK A THOMAS, PEIKTEES, JOHN A. 1>0UGLA8 & CO., STERE0TYPER8, 113 Fulton Street, N. Y. 183 William Street, N. T. PKOF. J A RED P. KIRTLAl^D, %\)X^ i0htmt is Scbitiit^ir, BY HIS FRIEND, THE u^XJTHOIt. PREFACE. It was my original intention to prepare only a small work, giving descriptions of new Western fruits, or those only that succeeded in the West. As I progressed, my friends urged me to extend it, and make a work for the whole Union ; at the same time, it was desired to have the work issued previous to the Spring of 1854, consequently, I was compelled to jDrepare some of it hastily. The first Edition was, therefore, sent out under circum- stances very unfavorable to its successful reception by the public ; but, as it has been generally Avell received, I have thought it due to myself, as well as to the public, to revise and correct it ; and, so far as possible, make it the most complete of its kind. In doing this, I have availed myself of liberal and generous notes and com- ments made for me by a large number of the best pomologists in the United States ; of the published transactions of all large pomological conventions, public journals, etc., and of an extensive and careful examination of trees and fruits. The present Edition has had a careful revision, and the addition of all important knowledge relating to cultivation, diseases, insects, &c. ; revision of synonyms ; notes of adaptation to locaUties, embodied in the text descriptive of varieties, and descriptions of over one hundred additional varieties. I have endeavored to add all new sorts worthy of notice. I may have omitted some, but not intentionally. From what has been previously written upon the subject of fruits and their culture, it may be said to be nearly impossible to embody much of originality with correct teachings. It has not, therefore, been so much my aim to be original, as to present, in a comprehensive and practical form, the entire knowledge of fruits and their culture, from the earliest writers down to the present V VI PREFACE. day. My designs and illustrations of fruits, with their cores and seeds, concentric lines, etc., have been very generally approved by horticulturists throughout the Union. I have ever considered these features essential to a scientific description, and my only regret is, that the public, as yet, are unwilling to pay a sum war- ranting the publication of a work wherein every variety of fruit should be fully figured and described. It will be found, on examination, that I have credited every author Avith whatever I have extracted from his works : that all descrij)tions of fruits, made by others, have attached thereto the initials of the author's name, or abbreviations of the title of the work from which they were taken. I have continued my classification mainly as in previous Editions, simply changing the terms designating their classes. Of the descriptions of fruit, some exjDlanation may be necessary. First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, in smaller type, the various synonyms, or local names, by which the same fruit is known in various countries, or parts of the country. The text, descriptive of nearly every valuable variety, will be found to explain in what section of country, and in what soil, it succeeds best. Having given more attention to Southern fruits, and their seasons, than formerly, and finding many to siicceed well South, that have l^een superseded North and East, I have introduced them throughout the work ; hence, I think it will be found as well adapted to that as to other portions of the United States. It would have given me satisfaction to append to each and every variety its habit of growth, color of wood, form of buds, leaf, &c., &c., but I have been compelled to omit this, except with the most jDopular sorts, from the fact that such additional matter would swell the volume beyond the intended limits of the work. F. R. E. St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 18.59. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In the difficult task of obtaining correct and adequate specimens of fruit to correspond with the varieties named and described — in preparing my texts of the value of fruits, as modified by localities and soils — in supplying descriptions and specimens of new varieties — I have been greatly assisted by, and my thanks are due to, various pomologists, nurserymen, &c., especially to Charles Downing, Esq., Newburg, N. Y. (from whom I received descriptions of many new kinds of fruit) ; also Hon. M. P. Wilder, Boston ; W. D. Brinckle, Phila. ; Robt. Buchanan, Esq., A. H. Ernst, Esq., W. Heaver, Esq., and Prof J. A. "Warder, Cincinnati ; C. H. Havens, St. Louis ; M. B. Bateham, Esq., Columbus ; Chag. Carpenter, Esq., Kelly Island ; J. P. Kirtland, and Thos. Brown, Esq., Cleveland; Jno. C. Teas, Raysville, Ind. ; Doct. J. A. Kennicott, West North- field. Cook Co., 111. Vll uftJBBPlE'VT.A.TIOlSTS J^lSrJD BOOKiS GJXJOTEI). Of these, we enumerate here those only that we have used most fi-eely, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our decisions. Allen. A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine. By J. Fisk Allen. 1852. Ariorettmi Brittanimmi ; or, the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. C. Loudon. London. 1845. Annales de la Socicte cP fforticuUure de Paris. Paris. In monthly numbers, 8vo., from 1827 to 1845. Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best Mode of Making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828. Berckmaiis' Cat. Catalogue of L. C. Berckmans & Son. Buchanan. A Treatise on the Grape. By E. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1S54. Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes generaux de cul- ture, etc. Par A. Polteau et M. Vilmorin. Yearly volume. Paris. Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth ed. New York, 1S44. Saumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetans en tout genre disponlble dans TEtablissement des Freres, a Bolvriller, 1842. Cole. American Fruit-Book. By S. W. Cole, 1S51. Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Cose. Philadelphia, 1817. Cliaptal. Chemistry Applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. American ed. Boston, 1835. Cohhcit. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. Coleman. Eeports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. Boston, 1840-41. Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c., edited by Luther Tucker. Albany ; continued to the present time. Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845. Dom. Card. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 1839. Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. 2 vols., Paris, 176S. Deo. Physiologic vegetale, ou E.xposition des Forces et des Fonctions vitales des VegiStau-x. Par A. P. De Candolle. 3 vols., Paris, 1832. Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq. Cincinnati. 'Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824. Tloy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by Michael Floy. New York, 1845. Fessenden. New American Gardener; containing Practical Directions for the Culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828. Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly numbers. 19 vols., to 1844. London. X ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. Ga. Pom. 8. Rej). Eeport of Pomological Society of Georgia. Hort. The Horticulturist, a monthly Journal of Horticulture, Etc. Published by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to 1852, and continued to the present time. J. Jay Smith, editor. lloare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grrape Vine on open -walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840. Ilort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. Harris. A Eeport on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetiition. By Dr. T. "W. Harris. Cambridge, 1852. Ilbv. Mag. or II. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Eural Affairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo., monthly numbers, 1834 to the present time. Johnston. Lectures on Agiicultural Chemistry and Geology. By James W. F. Johnston American ed. 2 vols., New York, 1842. Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette, 2 ed. 2 vols., Paris, 1839. Knight, Various Articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions. By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President. Kenriek or Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844. Kollar. A Treatise on Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. 12mo., London, 1840. Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. One thick vol., London, 1835. — An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1836. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the Same. 1 thick vol., London, 1831. ' Ilortus Brittanicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the same. London. The Suburban Horticulturist. By the Same. London, 1812. The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 1838 to 1842. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. London, 1838. Liebig. Organic Chemistry, in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844. Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or, an Account of the Fruits and Vege- tables Cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. London, 1831. Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832. An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley. Loudon, 1835, 2d ed. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work. The Theory of Horticulture ; or, an Attempt to Explain the Operation of Garden- ing upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 1840. — The same work, with Notes, by A, Gray, and A. J. Downing. New York, 1841. L. or Zinnwus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, ISIO, 5 vols. JIass. Hort. Society. Transactions of thu Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1842 to the present time. Man. The New England Fruit Book. By E. Manning, 2d ed., enlarged by John M. Ives. Salem, 1844. Man. in H. M. Manning's articles in Ilovey's Magazine. Me. P. S. li. Maine Pomological Society's Eeport Micliaiix. The Nortii American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Miohaux. Paris, new edition. Philadelphia, 1852. M'^Intosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M'Intosh. London, 1S19. N. Y. Trans. Transactions of the .JJew York State Agricultural Society, from 1S42 to the present time. Kois. See Jardin Fruitier. i^ew England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, &c Boston, continued to the present time. 0. Bull. See Duhamel. : ABBKEVIATIONS, ETC. XI l*om.. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of the most Important Varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. London, 1828. Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. Ey 'William E. Prince. 2 vols.. New York, 1831. Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William E. Prince. New Tork, 1830. Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New Tork, 1828. Pcrit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Eecueil des plus beaux Fruits, cultives en Franco. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to numbers. Eivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Eivers. Sawbridgeworth. Bon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Mains Brentfordienses ; or, a Concise Description of Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Eonalds. London, 1831. Pevue Horticole. Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 1S44, et chaque mois. Torrey cfc Gray. A Flora of North America : containing abridged deseriptions of all the known plants gi'owing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By John Torrey, M.D., and Asa Gray, M. D. New York. Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great care, by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.] ThacJier. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D. Boston, 1822. Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq. W. P. B, Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Eeports of Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. IT. B. P. Articles and Descriptions, by Wm. E. Prince, in various Horticultural Journals. Warder Beview. Western Horticultural Eeview. J. A. Warder, editor and publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, &c. Cincinnati, 1850, to the present time. Wilder in Eort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and published in Horticulturist. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORr REMARKS HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST VALUE AS FOOD. In almost every country, fruits are regarded as necessaries of life, and have been gradually transferred from the wilds of nature to the cultivated portions of the earth, ai'ound the dwellings of man. Many of the original fruits were unpalatable, but, in the course of cultivation, they have become ameliorated. Superior varieties have been obtained from time to time, to requite the industry and care of the cultivator, until domesticated fruits are not only improved in size and flavor, but increased in number almost innumerable. In their cultivation, they are affected by soil, situation, and seasons. The Winter of 185.5—56 destroyed, by extreme cold, nearly every variety of fruit, the apple only excepted, throughout the entire Western States. When a fruit tree is to be planted, the object is, to enable it to grow up a healthy and, at the same time, a fruitful tree ; and, whether planted in an orchard or in a garden, as a standard or as a d#arf, a certain space is contemplated, that it will, in its maturity, occupy. In order that this may be apportioned properly, the natural habit of the kind must be considered ; also, Avhether it is worked on a free or dwarf-growing stock, whether it is a delicate or hai-dy sort, and what aspect will be most favorable. All these circumstances must be duly weighed by the fruit-grower, in order to ensure success. A tree may have too much or too little space. If too much, a part of the intended space is lost ; and, if too little, the branches soon interfere, and the trees become crowded, to the manifest injury of each other. Aspect is a very material circumstance, and should be modified by the climate and the variety of fruit to be grown. But the nature of the soil, its composition, and depth, requires far the greatest share of the planter's attention. According as this is adapted to the growth of the variety planted, will be his success. Many cultivators imagine that if they can make their trees grow luxuriantly, they will certainly be fruitful. This is a mistake, to prove which, we have only to consider where the most prolific orchards are found, and what are the circumstances which render them so. We find a light, dry, sandy loam, reposing on a subsoil of gravel or rock, invariably 13 M INTRODUCTORY EEMAKKS. most congenial to the kindly growth and fruiffuhiess of the trees. Perfectly thorough drainage is, in all cases, absolutely essential to productiveness. Some of the most valuable orchards we have ever seen, stood on a thin, light, loamy soil, on a basis of rock, and constantly pastured. An elevated situation, with a light, loamy soil, will produce the most healthy and fruitful trees, as all fruit trees are more prolific when their growth is moderate ; but it will not grow trees as rapidly as the more level, deeper, and richer soils, and would, therefore, be unsuited to the commercial nurseryman. The increase of the curculio, asgeria, codling moth, and other insects, which are treated of under their appropriate heads, is a subject which has called forth more of ingenuity, practical tact, and scientific experi- ment, than perhaps any other connected with fruit-growing. The early settlements of the Western States wei'e comparatively exempt for a few years, but the transit of insects is so rapid, that they are soon overrun. This may, perhaps, be termed the " dark side," in fruit culture, and is to be met only by a genei-al diffusion of know- ledge. The Eastern States being possessed of great advantages and faci- lities for obtaining trees, with various treatises upon fruits, and numerous journals, devoted, in part, to this branch of horticulture, have, until within a few years, been looked to by the South and West for such information and knowledge as was requisite to the successful culture of fruit trees. Experience has proved that such knowledge was often erroneous, when applied in a different climate and soil. It is presumed that this has induced, in the new States, much more attention and discussion than would have occurred under other circumstances. At this time, horticulturists number in their ranks some of the most intelligent and devoted men from nearly every State in the Union, and their annual and biennial assemblings are diffusing the knowledge acquired by the practice of skillful persons, rendering it accessible to all. Previous to 1796, there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil cultivated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22 was there any considerable introduction and planting of " grafted fruits" in the north part of the State. At that time, the nursery of William Coxe, Esq., Burlington, New Jersey, seemed the nearest from which to obtain trees, and, therefore, from thence came most of the first plantations of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel, supplied our Northern pioneers; and from these, with the liberal hand wliich always characterises a fruit-culturist, grafts were distributed freely to whoever would. As early as 1796, or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propagated many of the older and best Eastern varieties on the borders of the Ohio river, and ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 15 there cultivated both trees and fruits, from whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably Indiana, were procured. Governor Worthington, at an early day, 1803, or previous, intro- duced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio. In 1824, Prof Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts of the best fruits then known ; and in 1827, or '28, George Hoadley, Esq., sent about one hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many fine Eastern varieties ; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all these wx^re libe- rally distributed, followed by additional introductions of new varie- ties in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly evei-y pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity of his former residence East, which he planted and grew with care, and we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties up to about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of extended varieties been largely made from Eastei'n nurseries, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multipled in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown and planted. __J For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A. Kennicott : " The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the '^*- French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskio and Cahokia ; and it is said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the advent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The liev. John M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost forest size. " From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their route from the old world. " From this you perceive that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit- growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener- ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ; though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our celebrated varieties in cultivation, to these glorious old trees, so graphically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illionois. " It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value, for local cul- tivation, at least, a large majority of the sorts named in the books. 16 INTKODUCTOKY REMARKS. Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here, of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be found worthy of notice, and Avorth preserving in their natural state, though not desirable for propagation. " From personal observation, you are already aware that some fruits of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others are wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost, and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much difficulty and doubt attend our Western nomenclature. " Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties at the East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the fructification here, under the true names. " Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in "Western Illinois, and Southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastei'n Illi- nois ; and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and others from Kentucky, Yirginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what propor- tion, or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars, I am unable to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, however, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin. " Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most valuable, and the ^Iilam the most abundant. " Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, which continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The BuflTalo nurseries, and the Cleveland dealers, have furnished the most. The nurseries of Chatauque County sent some early, and the Rochester establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve years ago. The Flushing nurseries ai"e also represented in our orchards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana ; and, in I'act, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not Bent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin." Similar to those named, is that of most Western States, in the his- toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value ' sufiScient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those meriting a first place are rare. The character of " very good " will apply to probably one-tenth of the fi'uit, while that of "best" will liardly apply to one-thousandth. Of the value of fruits as food, and the tendency to promote health of system and morality of character, much has been written ; but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words : ORIGINATING OF VAEIETIES. 17 "The free use of ripe fruits not only prei'e7i(s disease, hnt their regulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exists. All ripe fruits are, also, more or less nutritious. Professor Salisbury i has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato, j in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man, ' and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for swine, j or fed raw to other domestic animals." X Ripe grapes have cured epidemic dysentery. Physicians have, occasionally, advised the use of " cooling acid fruits ;" and the earliest writers have directed the sugai'y ones, as " figs," for food in conval- escence. Families, where fruits are most plentiful and good, and prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all kinds, and more especially from fevers and " bowel complaints." Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as " diluents," and all as " diuretics ;" the free acids neutralizing, or rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying tliem off rapidly through the natural channels. CHAPTER II. ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES THEIR PROPAGATION, BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS, AND SUCKERS. " Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild stale." Of this, we have a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed gathered from the same tree, only about one-tenth have surpassed, and two-tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling back toward the original Mazzard. Most of our choice varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance cross-impregnation ; few have been the result of artificial skill and care ; cross breeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley says : 18 PEOPAGATING OF VARIETIES. " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of another species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed, the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate between its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross-bred." Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and currant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female parent are termed sub-varieties. This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticultur- ist of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, was the re-production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting each time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the best in the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com- mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties. The Frederic, of Wurtemburg, originated by him in this way, it is well known, produces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud ; while the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve or fifteen years. This process, however, if taken, as by Van Mons, from the commencement, i. e., a wildling, would require a life-time ; but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more than ten years would elapse without producing something very superior. On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to whatever form, size, or character he may desire, and this with an almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully de- scribed by Thomas, in his Fruit Culturist, we extract tht'refrom : " A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the Indian corn. The pistillate, or seed-bearing fiowers, coverino^ the young e;ir, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate, or fertilizing flowers, on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re- mote position, the pollen, or fertilizing dust, from the summits may not certainly fall on the ear ; and, if different sorts grow near, a mix- ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif- ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted togethei-, each sort no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the riiOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GEAFTING, ETC 19 stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci- dental mixture from other trees, become very small unless atfected by insects, which, becoming thickly dusted Avith powder from one flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross fertilization. Where many varieties grow^ in one garden, in close proximity, cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings. "In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (Fig. 1), the five cen- a tral organs a, are the pistils ; the upper extre- mity of each is the stigma. The surrounding .^ thread-like organs, b, are the stamens, surmount- ed by the anthers. The anthers are little bags or cases, filled with the pollen, or fertilizing dust. When the flowers open, the anthers burst, and discharge the pollen on the stigma, which operates on the embryo fruit at its base. " The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im- pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen of another. This was performed with great success by Knight. Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the anthers had bui'st and discharged the pollen, he cutout with a fine pair of scissors all the stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2). When the stigma became sufficiently mature, which was in- dicated by its glutinous surface, he transferred the pollen of the other sort on the point of a camel's- hair pencil. The fruit, thus yielded, was un- seeds partook variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from them bore new and intermediate vai'ieties. " For the success of such experiments, several precautions are requi- site. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting, or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powderj'- ; the stigma must be inocu- lated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it maybe fertilized from another source, and then the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once inoculated, cannot be inocu- lated again. It is safest, where practicable, to force the trees by artifi- cial heat into flowering a few days earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporaiy covering of gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some experi- menters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they had only natural seedlings." Budding. — This process of propagation, as well as that by grafts, 20 ORIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. laj-^ers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of increasing the number of trees or plants of any variety; and is performed on stocks of the same, or closely allied, species. These are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c., on other pages. The process is also one, which, although well and truly described, in all fruit works, and most of the leading journals, is nevertheless so often attended Avith failure, that while we here repeat descriptions, we, at same time, advise every new beginner to visit the leading nursery- man, or successful amateur grower, in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in half a day from practical example, than could be told him were one to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty, healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time is just when the terminal bud is forming, in August or September, Various modes of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802 — which differs from the common shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T (fig. 3). A bud is then taken from a shoot of the present year's growth, by shaving off the bark an inch or an inch and a half in length, with a small part of the wood directly beneath the bud (fig. 4). The edges of the bark, at the incision in the stock, are then raised a little (fig. 5), and the bud pushed downward under the bark (fig. 6). A bandage of bass-bark, woollen-yarn, or other substance, is then wrapped around, commencing at the bot- tom and passing the bud, returning again and tying just below, cover- ing all but the bud (fig. 7). The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In about ten days, or two weeks, after in- sertion, the strings will require to be loosened, and at expiration of three weeks removed altogether. The ensuing Spring, as soon as the buds begin to swell strongly, cut off the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as the shoot, or bud, grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its insertion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some is, to place the buds in water ; tliis so saturates them with moisture, that they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of of the stock, and hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot PKOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GEAFTING, ETC. 21 containing buds intended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are to be kept a number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss, or wet cloths ; or if to be sent to a distance, the whole wrapped in oiled silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more. " Amiular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark is removed from the stock, and another corresponding ring, containing the bud, slit open on one side, is made to fit the denuded space. (Fig. 8.) " Trees which, have been girdled in winter by mice, may be preserved by a process similar to annular budding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions, and apply- ing one or more pieces of bark peeled from the branch of another tree, so as to restore the connection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as the bark will separate ; the same end may, however, be accomplished early in Spring, by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax." Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all resolv- ing into the same thing^that of transferring one variety on to ano- ther. Such methods as are in most common practice, we describe. Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practiced when the stock and scion are nearly of equal size. The whole gist of it lies in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other, or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. (See fig. 10.) The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut in the graft, and, when put together, to serve as support in steadying the graft, until the circulation of the sap has united it with the stock. This is practiced to a large extent by nux'sery-men on pieces of roots, and is then termed " root-grafting." . Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit is made in either stock or graft. (See fig. 11.) Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the upper rootlet or fibre. (See fig. 12.) 22 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES. Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obliquely on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge, and the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock. (See fig. 13.) This is the best mode to pursue with the cherry and other stone fruits. Side Grafting, as seen in the cut (fig. 9), is per- formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por- tion, splitting the graft, and paring the inner portion, then inserting it so as to give a union of the bark and wood — leaving meanwhile the top of the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions may have been received late in the Spring, or the work of grafting unavoidably delayed. I Fiar. 10. Fiff. 1 1. Fig. 13. Cleft Grcfting is an easy, though clumsy mode, rarely practiced, except on limbs, or branches, too large for whip grafting. In this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock is split with a grafting chisel, or large knife, which is drawn to one side, and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albumen, or inner barks, match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away. Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is performed, bass-bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen or cotton j'arn, is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places. Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nursery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed on stand- ard trees, it is better to cover the matting with a wax, made in the following; manner: PKOPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC 23 Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts iard. This should be well incorporated together while warm, strips of cotton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width re- quired for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the labor ; and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen string, may be dispensed with. Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is applied so gradually, that its absorption may require several weeks. In one instance, shoots cut early in Autumn, and subjected to thorough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next Spring, by wrapping them well in moss, and burying them in the ground ; and, being set, they all grew. Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a very small compass, with great safety, by enAvrapping them with oil-silk, or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them, to include the moisture, by means of small thread. Partially decayed wood from the forest, is also used successfully for keeping scions. Layering. This is practiced in low shrubs and vines, as the quince and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking a bi'anch, cutting a notch, or slit, on the under side, immediately below a bud, and pegging it securely, so that the centre will be about four inches under ground (see fig. 14). With the grape, trailing the vine on the surface, as shown in fig 15, and after buds have started a few inches, cover with soil the Fig. 14. vine ; each bud will throw out roots, and if the operation be performed in Spring, they may be taken up and separated in the Fig. 15. 24 OEIGINATING OF VAKIETIES. Cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multi- plying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil renews the supj)ly of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices expend them- selves in the production of new roots, which shoot downwards into the soil (fig. 16). Under ordinary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is only applicable to such species as readily throw out roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. The cutting should be made from eight inches to a foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out, in order to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted perpen- dicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see, under the head of Grapes ; the earth should be pressed securely at the bottom, and lightly at the Fig:. 16. top, and, when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark, saw-dust, etc., thrown over them to preserve mois- ture. Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as soon as well rooted, they are suited to be removed. Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed, but never replanted. The Frost Gage plumb, from having been pi'opagated thus, has become so diseased, as to be nearly discarded. and this in the short space of about fifteen years. CHAPTER HI. TRANSPLANTING TREES — HOW, WHEN; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RECEIVED ; PRUNING — TIME WHEN, HOW ; THE TOPS, THE ROOTS ; LABELS FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAIN- ING ; FORM OF YOUNG TREES. The first care in the removal of trees, should be not to destroy the roots in digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots, but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the tissues through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and injured, often more to injury of tree, than if one-half the roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor, and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half as much as trees well and care- fully dug, with roots nearly entire. Preparing the soil. If an orchard is to be planted, on soil reten- tive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ; it should then have sufficient number of under-drains, so that no surplus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging deep holes should never be practiced, but the whole soil should be made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well-drained, or naturally dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the ground is not drained, and naturally wet — a location and condition Avhich should never be adopted— let the planting be made by placing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon the level prairies this course has been found most successful, and at times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree. Many suppose, that a tree grown in the nursery on sandy soil, will not succeed on clay, and so the reverse ; this, if they will only use reason, and study the nuti'itive process in the tree, tliey will see, at once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich ground of a well-kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in vigor and 2 9S TRANSPLANTING TREES. health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our Western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, barren hills, of New England. Food for the plant is, therefore, requisite, and this should be prepared in a well, and previously cultivated and en- riched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state by appli- cation of animal manures immediately to the roots. Prof. Lindley says, " that a small quantity of super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown in around the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid in the formation of root fibres, and consequently assist very much in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where most required." How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next proceed to plant the tree. Supposing that the roots, in removing, have been carefully preserved, our tree will present, when placed in the hole pre- pared for it, the appear- ance represented in our figure 17, the upper root being about four inches lower than the level of the surrounding soiL If the roots are broken, prune, by a cut from the under side of each end. Now, one man should scatter in carefully the fine earth, ^'s<-i'?- while another holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other carefully presses the earth around and beneath every root, taking care to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them as the work pro- gresses to a nearly horizontal position. Leave the earth, if the plant- ing be done in Spring, level around the tree, and with the surround- ing surface ; if planted in the Fall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by the hand, in firmly placing the earth around the roots in the process. Time to Plant. With nearly all trees and all locations. Fall is the best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the roots broken by removal can again supply themselves, or the plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will PACKING, PEUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27 often be found to have taken place during winter, and ere the ex- haustion by the leaves from gi-owth in Spring, of their food laid up in bud and bark the year previous, and the roots are again furnishing their support. If, however, trees are removed in Spring, it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food previously laid up is exhausted ere new rootlets are formed. Mulching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted trees. Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable that they be so packed, as to ensure success when received. In order to do this, they should be made into a bundle, with damp moss liberally mingled among the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the small within ; tie securely with twisted straw bands, then take long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near the centre of the roots of the bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have the length of the bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at the top, so that when the cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with one end of the cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around, once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout stick should be packed in the centre of each bundle, extend- ing about four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong bass matt, or strong cloth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing the roots of the bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it by sti'ong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud, but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them. Care of Trees when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, withered, or frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bur- ied, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some days ; or, if late in the Fall, and they are buried where the water drains off readily, let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of inches upon them. Trees received dry in Spring, may be immediately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid-day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always kept moist by mulching, etc. Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a tree, whether made in Spring, just before midsummer, in Fall or Win- 28 TRANSPLANXma TEEES. ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected, where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c., &c., should, by all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches, that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu- ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer, closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se- lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been from the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be seen in almost every orchard. Barry says : " It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice. " The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal- ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch or stem, if we cut between two joints, so as to leave a portion of wood above the bud, intended to be cut to, as in fig. 18, this wood dies, and we have the trouble of another pruning to remove it. If we cut too close to the bud, and thus re- move a portion of the wood with which it is connected, as in fig. 19, the bud will either Figs, to Pruning. die Or disappoint US Fig. 18, cutting too fav above the bud. Fig.. 19, cutting too bv producin"" a verv close. Fig. 20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, removal of r- , , °, m o iivoT,«>, +i,a „,.^o„ i; — ;„.i:„„i.: — ^-jjg pvoper place for leeble growtli. JLlie a branch, the cross line indicating the cut. proper way is to take the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig. 20. In soft-wooded, pithy plants, like the grape vine, for example, half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning, to produce or mod- jfy certain forms. When we wish the new shoot of a lateral PACKING, PEimiNG, PEOTECTION, ETC. 29 bi'ancli to take as much as possible, an upright dii'ection, we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back of young trees, the bud selected to form the leader is chosen on op>posite sides every successive year, in order to maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclination to that side injurious to the sym- metry of the tree. " 2%e Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who take the proper care in this matter. They are either cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and sends out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided. " The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the cross line in fig 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder, and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com- pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch. When the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smoothly with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the heal- ing of the wound." Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re- store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken, or mutilated, to a greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and bi-anches in length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered, the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring them to a corresponding condition. Dishudding. When a tree is unfruitful by reason of its rampant growth, and the cultivator desires to bring it into a bearing state, the best and easiest way is by the simple method of disbudding during the months of April, May, and June. This we consider preferable to " pinching in," of which, extended directions are to be found on future pages. At the commencement of the Spring growth, the maua- 30 TKANSl'LANTING TKEE8. ger has only to mark the swelling buds, preserving all those which he wishes developed for the formation of spurs, or for extending the leaders, and rubbing off all the rest. This will check the demand upon the roots, consequently stop their extension, and they will send up a diminished supply of sap. Thus, a check upon the vigor of the whole system will be induced. In the course of a month, more or less, another set of young buds will be produced ; and yet another, some four to six weeks ensuing. These must be rubbed closely off, checking the growth, and causing the production of fruitful spurs and buds. " Pruning the Roots. This is practiced as well to promote fruit- fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence, when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of food from the soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the young branches and the buds begin to assume a fruitful character. " Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur- face, similar to the cutting back of a stem to produce lateral branches. The principle is the same. "The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, the distance from the tree will depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots. The trench should be the width of a common gai'den spade, and deep enough to reach all the roots of the tree. If the lateral roots are to be shortened, this is done first. The knife should be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as jjossi- ble, will separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the condition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those practicing it for the first time should go to Avork with great caution. It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As regards the season, it may be performed either at tlie end of the first growth, in July or August, or in the Autumn or Winter, when vegetation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after the pruning is performed." Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation ot blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or les- PACKING, PKUNING, PEOTECTION, ETC. 31 sen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil, in France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit Gar- den." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in gardens, than of standards in orchards. He says : " The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following six general principles : " I. The vigor of a tree, subjected to pruning, depends, in a great 7neasure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its-hranches. " In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally distri- buted in the different parts without any other aid than nature, be- cause the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural tendency of the sap.* " But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im- posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &;c., Change, more or less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees require the development of ramifications, more or less nume- rous, and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it happens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be ob- tained disappears, to be replaced by the na'ural form — that is, a stem or a trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ cer- tain means, by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed and directed towards the points where we wish to ob- tain the most vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegeta- tion in the parts to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the contrary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish this, the following means must be successively em- ployed : " 1. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those of the weak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves. The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have produced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long, present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves, and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle holds good in all trees, under what- ever form they may be conducted. * This is not in all cases trae. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, exhibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a general thing, the proposition is unsound, except . in a comparative sense. 32 ~ TRANSPLANTING TKEES. " 2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and re- move the tvhole, or greater part, from the feeble. We know already that the fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of this is, what we are about to point out — -viz., that all the sap which arrives in the strong parts will be absorbed by the fruit, and the wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be ap- propriated by the growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength. " 3. Bend the strong parts, and keep the weak erect. The more erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently, make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees. " 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superjlacus shoots as early in the season as possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos- sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch, the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth. " 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such point is checked, and naturally turns to the growing parts . that have not been pinched ; this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms. " 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the feeble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts obstructs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently, favors the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers. " 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light, and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance, for light is the agent Avhich enables leaves to perform their functions and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development. " 11. The sap acts with greater force, and produces more vigorous growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long. This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must, evidently, produce a greater development of wood on them than if it were divided between fifteen or twenty buds. " It follows from this, that if we wish to obtain wood branches, we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit-buds. On PACKING, PEUNING, PEOTECTION, ETC. 33 the contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because the most slender or feeble shoots ai'e the most disposed to fruit. " Another application of this principle is, to prune short for a year or two such trees, or parts, as have become enfeebled by over-bear- ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is of great importance.) " III. The sap tending always to the extremities of the shoots, causes the terminal hud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Accord- ing to this principle, when we wish a prolongment of a stem or branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-bud, and leave no production that can interfere with the action of the sap on it. " IV. The more the sap is obstructed in its circidation. the more likely it toill lie to produce fruit-buds. This principle is founded on a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer — viz., that the sap circulating slowly, is subjected to a more complete elaboration in the tissues of the tree, and becomes better adapted to the forma- tion of fruit-buds. " This principle can be applied to produce the following result : Vhen we wish to produce fruit-buds on a branch, we prevent a •ee circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular or circular incisions on it ; and, on the contrary, when we wish to change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a ver- tical position, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we con- centrate the action of the sap, and thus induce their vigorous devel- opment. "V. The leaves serve to prepare the sap absoi-bed by the roots for the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth, or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed buds, which will, the following year, produce a Aveak and sickly growth. " Vl. Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develope before the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very close pruning, and, in some cases, as the peach, this, even, will often ^ail. This last pi-inciple shows the importance of pruning the main branches of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots thus produced, for, without this, the interior of the tree will become naked and unproductive, and a i-emedy will be very difficult. " If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied 2* 34. TRANSPLANTING TREES. in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be perfectly plain and simple : yet no one need hope to accomplish, in all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skillful ojDerator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant attention to their trees will always discover a failure in time to apply a remedy." Training. We give the accompanying (fig. 22), taken from " Loudon's Encyclopajdia of Gardening," merely as illustrative of the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly, the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each form is known : a, the herring-bone fan ; h, the irregular fan ; c, the stellate fan ; d, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ; /", the horizontal ; g, the horizontal, with screw stem ; h, the vertical, with screw or wavy shoots ; ^', same, with upright shoots. Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or pine, about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with a soft lead pencil, before the oil or paint has dried, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the commencement of each variety. For standard trees, slips of wood, three inches long, and half an inch wide, and either painted and written on as above — or, having the name burned in with iron type, which is better — then secured to PACKING, PEUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35 a side branch by strong copper wire, are those most in use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mixture of two parts (by "weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be mixed in a mortar, with a small portion of water at first, and the whole added after- wards. Preserve the mixture in a well-corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards, to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for years. If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it should be firmly twisted round the zinc, so as not to remain loose, or else the constant motion, from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and passed round a side-shoot, instead of a main branch, to prevent the danger of cut- ting in by the growth of the tree, and should be attached below a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch. The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following contriv- ance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends, and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers. These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a shai'p awl to write the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating. Oxyda- tion soon renders the letters distinct. Common pasteboard printed with printers' ink has recently been introduced. Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection is to take three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec- tion from the latter, strong " hardware paper," as it is termed, secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tar, is best. The form of young trees most desirahle for planting, are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by permitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened-in in the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents the form of a pyra- mid. One tree so grown is worth more to the planter than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size, six or seven feet high. A tree rightly grown (as first described) will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years, and then never make a fine tree. CHAPTER IV. DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. — INFLUENCE OF SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS. The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist- ence in the parent tree, once had strong supporters ; but we have never been able to reconcile it with any known laws of vegetable life. That all cuttings taken from a seedling plant, no matter how propa- gated, are but the continuation of a single jalant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the original exists in vigor and health although advocated, and with considerable reason, is a proposition we cannot accede to. Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varie- ties to produce fruit on trees of an advanced age, and without care of size equal to its first appearance when the trees were youno-, is often cited as evidence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming not to know that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees, under good treatment, fully equal or surpassino' the original. All seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from a wildling or a cultivated variety ; and some varieties are undoubtedly unhealthy when propagated ; but that they are more so on account of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt. That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natu- ral limit shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree, propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedlinof stocks, or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original ti-ee, is a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical. The influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now well known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion of the soil is too often, unwittingly, made to support the theory of degeneracy of varieties. We have repeatedly reraai'ked that it is requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit originating in soil abundantly supplied with lime will preserve the same character and quality when grown in one deficient in that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, 36 FEUIT-KOOM FOK KEEPING. 37 while practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c., exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on varieties has the effect to create more or less rapid growth of both tree and fruit, as we go north or south, causing in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south ; and in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in the apple and pear ; but the peach, apricot, and nectarine, have additional character and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated. The iujliience of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily explained ; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing variety upon a slow gi'owing stock has a tendency at once to reduce its growth of wood and create a fruitful habit, and the reverse, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit, yet the reason why fruit is bet- ter or worse in quality when grown on varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seedling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on them and removed to various loca- tions. Under each variety of fruits, we give such information as we have been enabled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and refer thereto for further remarks. CHAPTER y. GATHERING FRUIT — TIME WHEN — FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND RIPENING. The gathering of hardy fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is depositing ; neither should they be . gathered immediately after a rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they 38 GATHERING FRUIT. are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering, with " fruit gatherers," is esteemed most perfect, but if we could induce all our orchard farmers to gather by the hand, we should consider we had accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation. The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter apples should be gathered some ten days earlier than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended to have them keep well. Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening, much has been said, and often with great reason and truth. The following description of a fruit room is from a foreign jour- nal, and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char- coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it produces a cooler temperature in Summer. "Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree, after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good, because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tissues cannot -be efi^ected. On the contrary, we commonly see fruit become shriveled and drj^, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces- sity of gathering fruit at two different periods, from one and the same tree. First, from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation ceases first, and eight or ten days later, from the upper half, or ex- tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath- ering from espalier trees than from standai'ds ; and likewise, sooner from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part- ing from the tree. The difi'erent kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they di'op of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump- tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity. The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccharine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in the open air, they should be kept from thoso ripened in houses or on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen, as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best method of gathering fruit is to pluck it off" singly with the hand, care FKUIT-KOOM FOE KEEPING. 39 being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the aid of a ladder, but practically, they require too much time, and therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all. Long, shallow, and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car- pet at the bottom, are in general use about Montreuil. In these baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers, separated by leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit, we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care, and at the proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus keeping up a succession .from the time they are gathered till the succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows. The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg, Fahr. A higher temperature would accelerate the process of ripening too much, and a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a long time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos- phere should be kept rather dry than humid, and the fruit should be placed separately, so as not to touch one another. We Avould select a northern aspect, and dry place, sheltered, if pos- sible, by high evergreen trees, for the purpose of building the fruit room ; the quantity of fruit to be preserved must determine its di- mension. The annexed plan is fifteen feet long Fig. 24. Ground Plan of a Fruit Room. u ^ i i? i. -j j by twelve leet wide, and nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls (fig. 40 GATHEEmG FEUIT. 24, a and V). A body of air is interposed between the two walls, and c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors, are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the walls. The enti'ance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the inside. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four \^ooden shutters, /", two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are jDlaced four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean- ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil- ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall. In the interior, benches, or shelves, (fig. % 25), from the bottom up to the ceilings, 1 are placed a foot above one another. To -^ facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the shelves above four feet from the ground are placed at an angle of 45 deg., a, in the form of a stage ; the lower ones are fixed horizontally, h. To ensure the circulation of air between the shelves, they are divided in five parts, and a space of an inch left between each of them ; those in front, c, are provided with a ledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room is reserved for a table (fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar- ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a fruit room, by the aid of which we are eanbled to furnish the table with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days, to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected, the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can, also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a pair of scissors, and fixed the reverse way to a metallic hook, of the Fig. 25. Section showing the ar- rangement of the Shelves. FEUIT-EOOM FOK ICEEPING. 41 Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus- pendin g the Grapes. form of an S. (Fig. 26.) Attached thus, they are less likely to rot, because the berries are placed in a freer position, and do not touch each other. They are hooked to one or two hoops, as shown at fig. 27, and suspended with a cord to the ceiling, and made movable with two pulleys. Having thus all the fruit Fig. 26. Method of disposed in the fruit room, suspending^ciusters ^j^g ^^^^.^ ^^-^^ shutters are opened during eight or ten days, to deprive the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room hermetically. The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of drying-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the interior temperature will change according to the ex- terior ; and, bad as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case, we recommend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the property of absorbing about double its own weight of moistui'e, when it becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a humid atmosphei^e, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit. It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition. To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden box is made (fig. 28, a,) one foot and a half square by three inches deep, and placed uj)on a table, b, which is at the side, c, an inch lower than on the other. The chlo- rine of calcium, after having absorbed a certain quantity of moisture, becomes liquefied, and runs into the earthenware vase, d, placed underneath for the pur- pose. Should the chlorine become dis- solved before the total consumption of the fruits, the dose must be renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good for use as before. Fi; 28. Box for using the Chlorin e of Calcium. 42 THE ALMOND. Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suflfers early decay, in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during Autumn, and after the fruit is deposited. Anotlier cause of decay, is the im- proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, tlie assorting of decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls. To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas- ".age all around. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may Pe twice the Avidth, with the same conveniences in assorting or pick- ing. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats cannot reach them. It is said, that tlie Germans are very successful in the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the principal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a current, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the vegetable and other contents." THE ALMOND. Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa, of the moun- tains of Asia, and of Russia. Linnteus places it in the same genus with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the parent of both — the fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch. How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know ; but we do know that nature produces no such variations in the present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine, but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the peculiar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those of the peach, but ar(i larger than most varieties, and produced in greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected, and especially in our South-Western States, where it should be grown in such quantities as to entirely exclude importation from Europe. Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in sand, kept moist during the Winter, cracked in Spring, and sown in drills three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, z-icli soils, the plum is best. SUPERSEDED BY BETTEK SORTS. 43 Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well drained, but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive in the middle and portions of the Northern States ; while South, the soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The cultivation needed is the same as that of the peach. Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic acid of the shops. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Varieties generally esteemed. Long Hard Shjell. Long Hard Shell Almond, [ Amandier a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros doux. Flowers^ large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone, about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper • very hardy ; ripens about last September. Languedoc. Great-fruited Sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian. The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know. It is said to be very large and sweet. Soft Shell Sweet. Soft Shell Sweet Almond, I Ladies Thin Shell, 1 Amandier des Dames. Dous a coque tendre. Sultan a coque tendre, Ou Amande Princesse. Amandier a coque tendre, | | This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between tiie fingers, and the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The flowers open at the same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged with red. Fruit, oval, compressed; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided, tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August or in July at the South, where it is only adapted. CLASS III. Varieties superseded bi/ better sorts. Common Almond. Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune. A variety usually found in nurseries ; inferior to the Long Hard Shell. Sultana Sweet Almond. Amande Sultane, | Sultan. A tender-shelled variety ; inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet. PisTACiiiA Sweet. Amande Pistache. Small, pointed, inferior fruit. PsAon Almond. Pecher, | Amandier Pecher. A cross between tho peach and almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter. BiTTEii Almond. Differing from the common almond in its bitter kernel. THE APRICOT. Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Rosacece of Botanists. Tpie common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu- mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes it as known in Italy under the name prcEcocia ; while the former mentions that it was introduced into that country about the sixteenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abounding in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. " The Chinese," says Grossier, " have many varieties, which they cultivate both for ornament and use." The barren mountains Avest of Pekin are described by the same author as being covered with these trees ; and Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole range of the Caucasus." It is also stated to be from Armenia and Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, herkoche, whence the Tuscan, hacoche or albicoco, and the English apricock, and, finally, apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub- lished in 1817, says of the apricot: "This fruit is extremely tender in our severe Winters, in exposed or open situations, unpi-otected by a wall;" and similar statements have been made by writers, from time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late years its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more tender as a tree than our sweet cherries; and, contrary to general statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions, for, in climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tending suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour, during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps, apparent until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root, in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best, but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely," as with the peach ; and standards should always be grown more in manner of round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise ; for, if so grown, injury to the fruit from late Spring frosts can often be prevented, by covering them with a cloth. Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States makes 44 MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 45 one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which answers very well on light, sandy soils, but generally gives too much ten- dency to wood growth, rather than producing fruit. The seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and productive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum tree, has been thought to add hardihood to the apricot. Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot, although they are often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter case, how- ever, it requires mulching or free watering, otherwise the tree ripens its wood and drops its fruit before fully matured. The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of this insect. Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to the peach, ripening about Midsummer, after cherries and before plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown, in the preparation of tarts. VARIETIES. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. Breda. Amande Aveline, I Ananas, I Hasselnussmandel. De Hollande, | Persique, | This old variety withstands severe frosts in Spring, is hardy as a tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ; suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich, brownish orange in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, roundish, compressed ; kernel, sweet. Season, first of August. Hemskirke. A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the peach apricot. Tree very short-jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ; sJcin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright, clear orange, tender, juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small : kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July. 46 . THE APEICOT. Large Early. Gros Precoce, I De St. Jean Eouge, I Gros Freche, De St. Jean, | Gros D'Alexandrie, | This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an abundant bearer ; foliage large, leaves tapering toward the footstalks, with little ear- like appendages in place of glands. Fruit, medium size, oblong, compressed ; suture, deep • skin, dpw"ny, pale orange in the shade, fine bright orange, with a few ruddy spots, in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates freely from the stone ; st07ie, brown, much flattened, oval, perforated along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season, 10th to 15th July. Aiison''s, Dunmore, Sudlow's Moorpark, Oldaker's Moorpark, De Nancy, Anson's Imperial, Moorpark. Peche, Peche Gros, Temple's, Dunmore's Bi'eda, Hunt's Moorpark, Walton's Moorpark, Peach, Eoyal Peach, Abricot Peche, Wurtembura:. This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin, orange in the shade, but deep orange, or brownish red, in the sun, marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor • stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back, where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August. We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moorpark and Peach apricot, and have, therefore, made the Peach a synonym of Moorpark. MUSCH. Musch Musch, | D'Alexandrio | Gros Musch. This variety takes its name from the city of Musch, on the frontiers of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent out for this variety, and so, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as Moorpark, wood being very short-jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish, about one and a half inch in diameter ; skin, rich yellow, with orange red spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting, sweet ; kernel^ sweet. Season, last of July. Roman. Abricot Commiin, 1 Grosse Germine, Germine, | Transparent. A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold, unfavorable situations; good bearer; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow, dotted with a few red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong; kernel, bitter. Season, 1st of August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 47 CLASS II. Embraces varieties^ of which many are new and untested^ and others suited only to large orchards or certain localities. Black. Purple, . I Noil-, I Du Pape. Angoumois, | Violet, | Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple : flesh, tender, juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet. Season, August. George Hoadley. Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany under name of " Hamburg Apricot," probably from Booth's nursery, near Hamburg. Brown's Early. Origin, CheLsea, Mass. jPrz<^ • large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek : flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last July. Burlington. This variety originated at Burlington, N. J., from a seed of the peach apricot, planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolraan, in 1838. Native soil, poor gravel. Tree, vigorous ; young wood, reddi.sh. Fruit, medium size, ob- long, somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct sutiire ; skin, golden yellow, with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine flavor ; storie, I'ough, perforated. Season, last of July. Early Golden. Dubois' Early Golden, | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot. Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty yet close wood, hardy, productive. Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval, narrow suture ; skin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moderately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ; kernel, sweet. Sea- son, 10th to 15th July. Kaisha. From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish, semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged, and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with a sweet kernel." Lafayette. Origin, City of New York. Tree, remarkably vigorous ; fruit, very large, oval; skin, light yellow, marbled with red next the sun; flesh, high-flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. R. Prince.) Larre Red. Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it as large, round dark orange red, sweet, and juicy. 4:8 THE APEICOT. Newhall's Early. Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruity medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor ; clingstone. Season, last July, early in August. /Cole.) RlNGOLD. • Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruity large, roundish, a little oblong ; suture slight ; skirij light orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted with carmine ; flesh, deep yellow, juicy and excellent. Ripens just after the orange ; hardy and productive. (Wm. N. White.) Royal. Abricot Eoyale. A French variety, with large leaves, a^d vigorous habit of gi'owth. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with a little red ; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy. Last of July. Shaker Para. A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen it in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society. Its name, meaning " bit of sugar," is the only description given. Shipley's. Shipley's Large, | Blenheim. From England; a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval' orange yellow, juicy, sweet ; kernel, bitter. Seasoji, last July. Texas. Originated, Athens, Ga. Fruit, small, round, color dark maroon, darker in the sun ; suture, slight, a mere line ; flesh, juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White.) Turkey. Large Turkey, ) De Nancy. Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish orange in the sun : flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy ; kernel, sweet. Season, middle August. The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all respects resembling the common Turkey^ except having most of the leaves more or less blotched with yellow. CLASS in. — Varieties superseded by better sorts. Alberge. Albergier. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, firm, Yinous. Middle of August. EKtrSBELS. Frnlt, medium, oval, compressed, palo yellow, with dark brown specks ; flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor ; kernel, bitter. Middle of August. THE APPLE. 49 Okange. Early Orange, , Royal George, I Eoyal Persian. Koyal Orange, | Persian, | Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, witli a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh, dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Season, middle July. Eed Masculine. Early Masculine, I Ahricot Precoce, I Abricotier. Brown Masculine, | Abricotier Hatif, | Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July. White Masoultne. White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc, I White Algiers. Abricot Blanc, | Early White Masculine, | Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later. THE APPLE. Pyrus 3Ialus, L. — Rosacece of Botanists. Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever had preference. The " crafte of graftynge, alterynge, and plantynge of fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had ar- rived at all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less num ber of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and of Europe, it is generally understood that, from the variety pyrus malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-two varie- ties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman writers ; these have increased, until now, probably, 2,000 would not include the whole number named and partially or wholly described. To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas, and others, as well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much for aid in winnowing this immense number, the wheat from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples, that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seedlings, adapted mainly to their own locality only, but occasionally of such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is owing to this, that, not- withstanding pomological writers are daily condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelline-, to tlie almost utter con- 3 50 THE APPLE. founding of the seeker after a knowledge relative to " what varieties to plant." The pecuniary profits of the orchard, especially of apples, is well understood, and no one, who has land in any way suitable, now hesi- tates to plant. We have no certain data, lout think we do not over- state when we say, that, besides large quantities imported from East- ern States, there are propagated and planted annually over 6,000,000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon- sin. The Western country is already producing by millions of bushels, and her " orchards," so to speak, are not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of increased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased, at what would here be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin, as sent from the Pell orchard, on the Hudson river, has done much toward establishing our reputation abroad, we antici- pate an advance in good favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East, far superior in size. The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul- ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1,000 years old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight regarded " many varieties " as in his time " already on the decline," which Coxe, in his " View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says " grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard." Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit. The puberty or fruit-bearing age of the apple tree varies accord- ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and under the clear sun of our Western States, most varieties come into bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated va- rieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to fif- teen years. Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected, if intended for stocks, from native seedling trees of strong, vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider mill in the months of October or November, and take therefrom indiscriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, although much of it will grow BUDDING. 51 if spread immediately on the land thinly and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse, unworkmanlike method. To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process is washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure, trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of about one foot wide and two feet between each drill ; scatter the seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two inches, and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects, and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for shipment, or keeping over until the Spring planting, boxes not over six inches deep should be procured, with holes made in the bottom for drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building or fence. Bij Chxifting. All of the modes described in previous pages are used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of a diameter at the crown of from one-quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our rich western soils ; they should be dug up, have their side roots trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about eight inches ; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with exception of shortening the roots. Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root, as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or November often with as good success as in Spring. Nurserymen generally practice taking up the seedling trees late in Autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them, when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to allow one inch of sand on the bottom; and the stock grafted just coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them, covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in a cool place but free from frost, until the day of planting. 52 THE APPLE. By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots, has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud- ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for budding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud, inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on the north side of the stock as possible. The time for this is usually the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the location is South or North, and the season early or late. By layers and cuttings. This course is only pui'sued to increase the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf va- rieties. Some growers West, however, have reputation for increasing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means of layers, than otherwise. We have never seen them. Cutting of Scio?is. These may be cut at any time from the fall of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in Spring — always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the Fall, when they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until Spring. The wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if possi- ble, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until toward Spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps, be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen the vitality and success of the scion. Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft, with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads, are worth twice as much as trees six years old, ten and twelve feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It should, however, always be recollected by the purchaser, that all varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmain, and many other vai'ieties, at the same age ; and in his selection he should be guided more by the stocky pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather than height of tree. Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity an d vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the atten- tion of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss comparatively TKANSPLANTING. 53 of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy, and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills. There are some parts of the West, and very much at the East, where the hills are entirely unsuited to the plow ; yet by planting with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old, they will make the most profitable of orchards. On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes destructive to fruit and tree. Here also the selection of the highest knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing. Injiuence of Stock on the hardihood. Recently there has been much speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indiscriminate use for stocks, of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found in the main any better than the grafting process, when the latter is performed at the crown of a seedling root, we are dis- posed to doubt, although many good orchardists now favor it. The only point we can see in its favor, is the hardihood of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be grown ; this will in some varieties make budding the preferable mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong rapid-growing sorts, of Northern or Eastern origin, are somewhat disposed to " bark-burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — although as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole roots, and again re- worked at three feet from the ground, would ensure as much hardi- hood as is in the nature of trees ; yet this will never be practiced to any considerable extent, on account of its expense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be increased or lessened by budding or grafting as we advise, is also another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to favor it, excep the fact that trees budded do produce better than roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of soil to create from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influence of stock, see previous pages. Transplanting. Trees when taken from the nursery should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on arriving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which, if not ruined, they are frequently so far injured as to check their entire growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but as usually dug, it is requi- 54 THE APPLE. site to success that the top be shortened back, to correspond with the diminished root. One reason for objecting to the shortening-in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top of the tree too tliick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather than increase the number of branches. The mode of planting has been written on a previous page. The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on the Soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater distance than shallow ones of inferior quality. And of varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Apple, and other stocky or up- right growing sorts, twenty-five feet apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet Bough, &c., or those of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil, forty feet. Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or other- wise, in proportion to the supply of that substance in the soil. Liebig b^s shown that the acids generated in plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot be j^roduced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree during its development, pro- duces a great quantity of acid ; and therefore in a corresponding de- gree, requires alkaline, and probably, earthy bases, as an indispensa- ble condition to the existence of fruit." " It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay- ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most certain, at the same time, that these alone would be inefficient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be some- what affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very exis- tence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quantity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable to the formation of acids." "The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de- prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of sulphuric acid, 38 lbs., of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the asli of the bark, about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the ash of the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our "Western soils, application of lime and jootash will be found requisite to the produc- tion of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily timbered ESrSECTS AND DISEASES. 55 lands of the West, which have been cut and burned, the ashes from the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already there are or- chards in Ohio, Avhere application of lime and potash in the form of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of trees, and perfection in fruit. The "Western prairie soils require these only ; of all other ingredients they are .naturally abundantly sup- plied, and application of animal manure is not needed. Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as re- quisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid man- ures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness, and consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decaying ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may be grown in an orchard. Potatoes, peas, and corn are most advisable. Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an- nually attended, is but a light task ; it should consist mainly of cutting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots. This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed, as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender shijots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with reference thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling, rampant habit, requir- ing only the checking of branches at the ends to maintain an evenly balanced tree ; these points will be found partially noted in our des- criptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particular forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to a previous chapter. Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees. Western cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex- empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa- tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and troublesome. The Borer, [Sajyerda bivittaia), is increasing ; destroying yearly many trees, and impairing still more. It is an insect that should be watched and checked on its first appearance. It is destructive, not 66 THE APPLE. only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash, suffer equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be destroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard. In its larva state, in which it does its work of destruction, it is a fleshy white grub, Avhich enters the tree at the collar, just at the surface of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an extent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed ; the small round holes from which dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole and destroys the worm, or on withdx-awing brings it out. Downing advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the following mixture : "one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and sufficient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint." The Caterpillar, (^Glisiocampa Americana,) or common orchard caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of orchards. " This," says Thomas, " is hatched in Spring as soon as the leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are de- posited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each, encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of the extremity. They remain through Winter, protected from the weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in Spring, as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars." A mode for their destruction, is to cut oflf the small branches which hold the eggs, during Autumn or Winter, and burn them. Those that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June, by attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For this work, one hour in the morning eai'ly, is worth four at any other time in the day. A little care will correct the evil. The Canker Worm. [Anisopter^x pometaria.) Gf this insect, there are several allied species. They are not confined to the apple, but, if anything, prefer the elm to all others. " The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath. " The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the Spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find their way up in the Autumn. The females, having no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the trees, we shall INSECTS AND DISEASES. 67 see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twentieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-brown, or ash- colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence preying upon the foliage." The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvas saturated with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree. Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden wedges, between it and the tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading up the gi'ound underneath all trees on which they appear, in the Fall, and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and cotton-batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all that have become entangled therein. " Apate Bicaudatus. — This is the scientific name given by Mr. Say to a little beetle whose injurious habits have lately been observed. The insects are found burrowing in the pith of the young branches of the apple tree, during the Spring. The branches above the seat >f attack soon die. These beetles are from one-quarter to more han three-tenths of an inch long, cylindrical, dark chestnut brown, )ughened like a grater, on the fore part of the thorax, with short spines pointing backwards, and armed, in the males, with an incurved spine, near the tip of each wing-cover. " The Palmer Worm, a wanderer, as its name signifies, is a small worm, about half an inch in length, with many legs, and extremely nimble. It appears at different times, in different parts of the coun- try, and on apple, oak, cherry, plum, and other trees. They give the trees the same appearance as the canker worm does ; and not only the leaves, but sometimes the fruit is injured or destroyed by them. Their appearance is generally directly after the canker worm ; and they differ from them in having sixteen legs, in being much more active in their motions, and in creeping without looping or arching up their backs at every step. They are also smaller and differently colored. The same remedies are applied to prevent their depreda- tions as with the canker worm." For further information respecting this insect, see N. Y. State Agricultural Society's Transactions, 1853. " The Neiu York Weevil, ( Curculio Noveboracensis,) attacks in May and June the buds and young shoots of trees ; gnawing them so that they break off and die. They work most in the night, and still, cloudy weather. They may be destroyed or their ravages prevented, by pursuing the same remedies as for the plum weevil." For further description, see as above, N. Y. S. Transactions, 1853. " The Oak-jyrimer, (^Stenocorus p>^t'i'^f-ior,) occasionally attacks the small branches of the apple tree ; and the blight beetle, Scolytus or Tomicus 2Wh whose perforations blast and kill the branches of the 3* 58^ THE APPLE. pear tree, has also been found equally injurious to those of the apple tree." The Apple Moth {^Carpocapsa ponionana), is the insect which dis- figures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prema- turely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown mingled with gray, four wings light gray and brown, and a dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevi- ces and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. Remedies. — Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed with lye-water early in Spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. The Bark Louse, a species of coccus, or scale insect, is of a brown color, about one-tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval foi'm, at- taching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking tiie sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale-oil soap, or a mixture of lime, soft soap, and water, of the consistency of common whitewash, and apj)lied to the bark with a hard brush, in Winter or early Spring. llie Wooly Aphis {Aphis lanigera), makes its appearance in the form of minute white down, in tlie crotches and crevices of branches. It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with lye-water, lime wash, or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five gallons of weak lye, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed. The Blight, or blackening and decay of terminal shoots, we have elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, and plugging them with sulphui-, are about as remedial as whistling to the moon. Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but suspect that it arises, from an unhealthy state of the tree, caused by a deficiency of some elements in the soil, and therefore a result, not a cause of disease. Of Terms used in Desci-iption of Varieties. — Thomas, in his '' Fruit Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These terms, as applied to the growth of a tree, in its shoots, have reference mainly to young trees, and comparatively as follows : Erect as in FOEMS OF THE APPLE. 59 the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the Domine, or Ribston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees do, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. Ascending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregidar, as in black Gilli- flower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern Spy, Stout, as in Red Astrachan. " The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif- ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of expo- sure to the sun, and with a change of soil, climate, and season. "When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap- plied by a comparison, at the time, Avitli the color of other sorts. During Winter, and early in the Spring, the shoots of most trees be- come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be ob- tained. Skillful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos- sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman- ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use- ful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could easily mistake the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown, or purple, of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or grayish appearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the cleai", shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astra- chan." The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in the Rhode Island Greening ; bhcish green, as in Peck's Pleasant. Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the genei'al understand- ing of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by Barry, from whom we extract : Bound or Roimdish (fig. 29), when the outline is round, or nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth. Flat (fig. 30), when the ends are compressed, and the width con- siderably greater than the length. 60 THE APPLE. Conical (fig. 31), in the form of a cone, tapering from the base to the eye. Ovate, or Egg-shaped (fig. 32). Oblong (fig. 33), when the length is considerably greater than the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as in the conical. In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some varieties are — Angular, having projecting angles on the sides. One-sided, having one side larger than the other. Ribbed (34), when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur- rows running from eye to stem. Of size — Small, as in Gilpin, medium, as in Fameuse, and large, as in Rhode Island Greening. Of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c., there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially about the calyx. Pip- pin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle texture of flesh, in the apple ; while Greening is understood to imply a breaking, tender character, Pearmain, to indicate a particulai", roundish conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh. Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c., &c., the apple deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties. MOST aENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 61 VARIETIES. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. American Summer Pearmain. Watkin's Early, | Early Summer Pearmain. This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, except at the South. In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole of September. The tree requires thinning out of small branches, but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections. SizCj medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep, round, smooth ; flesh, tender, sub-acid — best ', core, small ; seeds, ovate pyriform. 62 THE APPLE. Autumn Strawberry. Late Strawberry, | Strawberry, American : originated Western New York. Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked, and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a plum ; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October. Autumn Bough. Philadelphia Sweet, I Autumn Sweet Bough, I Autumn Swaar, Late Bough, | Summer Bellflower, | Fall Bough. American. Tree, vigorous, productive; size, medium, or above: /orrn, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stein, slender, curved to one side ; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, closed with long segments; basin, ribbed or fur- rowed; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deliciously sweet; core, small; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump, full. September, Autumn Seek-no-Further. American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with red in sun ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open, erect segments ; basin, round, medium depth ; core, medium ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October. Autumnal Swaar. Grown at the West. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sprinkled with star-shaped dots; sfaZ/c, rather short; cavity, broad, deep, slightly russetted ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, and corrugated ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, sub-acid flavor. September. (Downing.) Autumnal Sweet Swaar. Sweet Swaar, | Sweet Golden Pippin. Tree, spreading ; shoots, vigorous, diverging ; fruit, large, round, flat- tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; cayj/?/, open, shallow ; MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 63 calyx, half closed ; basin, slightly ribbed, deep • flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not juicy ; " very good." October. Autumn Pearmain. English Snmmer Pearmain, Sumiuor Pearmain, Eoyal Pearmain, Parmain d'Ete, Sieler's Eed. Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular, popular in Kentucky and South ; fruit, medium, oblong conical, brownish yellow and green, red, blended with yellow, in sun, small brown specks; stalk, short" calyx, in a broad, shallow basin, slightly plaited ; flesh, pale yellow, crisp; nearly " best." September. Baldwin. Late Baldwin Pecker, ■Woodpecker, Steele's Eed "Winter. American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash, and, for the Western soils, should be worked where intended to have the head commence. It has proved tender on Western prairie soils, and, in Southern sections, is liable to drop prematurely. Trees fifteen years old do better than while young. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very productive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern-grown specimen, and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in Illinois. Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color, yel- lowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem : stem, three-fourths inch long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, rather narrow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; core, small, com- pact ; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, long ovate, pyriform. December to March. 64 THE APPLE. Baltimore Pippin, Baltimore. Cable's Gilliflower, Eoyal Pippin. Origin, unknown. Tree^ thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm, rich soils ; size, medium to large ; form, round, or roundish ovate ; color, light yellow, striped, and splashed with purplish i-ed, a little bronzed russet about the stem, large whitish dots, and often a blue tinge marbled toward the stem, resembling a bloom ; ste7n, short • cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, half open ; basin, shallow, regular : flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium, or small ; seeds, obovate pyriform. December to March. This is distinct from the Baltimore of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tinged with red. and with large open calyx. Batciieloji. Gross, I King, erroneously. From North Carolina. Fruit, very large, roundish, flattened, angular, lemon yellow, washed with lively red on sunny sid«, gray dots, russet around stem ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, open ; hasin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium. October, November. Very valuable in Southern States. Benoni. From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow, striped with crimson, dotted with white specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, juicy. vinous; "very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and Sep- tember. Succeeds finely on the Wesieru prairies. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 65 Bentley's Sweet. From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great, keeper ; valuable South, in rich soils ; fruity above medium, oblong irre- gular, flattened at ends, red and yellow striped, or blotched ; stem^ long, curved ; calyx, large : basin, open, deep, furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pointed • flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, juicy ; " very good." January to September. Belmont. Gate, Mamma Beam, Golden Pippin of some, White Apple, Kelly White, Waxen of some. American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by others, in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr. Downing, in his first edition of '•' Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer, does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, bitt on all high, warm, or lime- stone soils does finely, and makes a large tree. Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, sometimes oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West, on new rich soils in Wisconsin ; but grown South its delicacy, fine grain, and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color, rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots : South slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; ste^n, medium length, projecting slightly beyond the sur- face, always slender ; calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed ; basin, from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed ; flesh, yel- lowish white fine-grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid : core 66 THE APPLE. rather large ; seeds, ovate pointed, abundant, brownish red. November to February, October to January in South-Western States. Yellow Bellflower, Bellflower. Yellow Belle-fleur, Lady "Washington. American. Tree, of slender; yet healthy growth, with yellowish, rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy ; grafted on pieces of roots, does not bear well : otherwise, very productive. Size, large ; fo7-m, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye ; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; stem, long, slender, curved • cavity, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid , core, large ; capsules, long, hollow ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform, angular at broad end. December to March. October to February, South. Berry. Kcd Hazel, | Pound. From Virginia. Fruit, above medium, oblate irregular, red, striped, and splashed on greenish yellow, large dots ; stein, short ; cavity, broad : calyx, open; basin, shallow; fl.esh, juicy, vinous; ''very good;" core, small. December to March. Esteemed South, and will probably prove valuable all South West. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. BSTHLEHEMITE. 67i This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newtown Spitzenberg, and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under that name. Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich, loamy soils, and all we can learn of its history is, that it came from Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; for7n, roundish, flattened, tapering slightly to the apex ; color^ pale yellow ground, striped and stained with two shades of bright red, dotted with irregular-shaped brown dots, some russet about the stem; caZya;, medium, sometimes large ; basin^ deep, broad, irregular, some- what furrowed ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ; seeds, obovate obtuse pyriform. November to January, but keeps until April. Trees upright, strong growers. BOHANON. A variety probably originally of Virginia, and is highly esteemed in Kentucky and South. It much resembles Maiden's Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with inclination to the ribbed sur- face ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, deep, expanded ; core, open ; seeds, numerous, light bi'own ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. September. An excellent regular bearer. Broadweli.. Broadwell Sweet. American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading, light yel- lowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form, regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the calyx ; sJcin, thin, smooth • color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny side brownish bronze ; stem, short; 68 THE APPLE. cavity^ expanded ; cahjx^ open ; segments^ short ; basin, narrow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, sweet, juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light- brown. November to March. Bullock's Pippin. American Golden Eussct, Siieepnose, Hunt's Eusset, Fall Winesap, erroneously. American. Trce^ ultimately of only medium ^size, with a round regular head, shoots erect, rather slender, admirably suited to rich soils of Southern Ohio, Indi- ana, the South-west, etc., etc. Grown South, the fruit is almost entirely cov- ered with russet ; North, on sandy soils, it is a warm, rich, yellow, with only marblinss of russet. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 69 Size, small to medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering much toward the eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx. small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate, sprightly ; core, large for size of fruit ; seeds, full, ovate pyramidal. December to March. November to January, South, Canadian Eeinette, Pomme de Caen, Eeinette Crosse du Canada, De Bretagne, Canada Reinette. Januarea, German Green, Eeinette du Canada, Grosse Eeinette d'Angleterre, Yellow Newtown Pippin, erroneously. Eeinette du Canada Blancte, Eeinette du Canada a'Cortes, Portugal, Wahr Eeinette, Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, very hardy. Size, large : form, roundish, flattened, irregularly angular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color, light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks, surrounded with light green, suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, angular, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, small, compact; seeds, dark, almost black. January to May. Carnation. Fruit, medium size ; a delicious sub-acid apple, fully first-rate ; color, dark- red, splashed with russet ; flesh, white, brittle, and very juicy ; both the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions : no Autumn apple is superior. August, at South. 70 THE APPLE. Carolina Winter Queen. Ladies Sweet, erroneously, \ Nix's Green. American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruity above medium, roundish conical ; greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red from the stem, a little russet at stem, and few small faint dots ; calyx, open, segments, re- flexed ; basi7i, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep : core, medium ; seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." No- vember and January. Challenge. American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, rich yellow, with many rus- set dots, and occasionally a russet patch ; when fully exposed to sun, the russet spots become vermillion red ; stem, projecting even with surround- ing surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, with long irregular segments; basin, broad, open, medium depth, always f'urrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. October and November. Cogswell. Cogswell's Pearmain, Ohio Nonpareil, incorrectly of some. American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass. and Ohio, and thus far, where the variety has been fruited, it has proved every- thing that can be required to class it as a first-rate fruit worthy of general cultivation. The tree is a good bearer, producing always fair and even fruit. Tree, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a dark, reddish brown color. The fruit is above medium size, roundish flattened ; often angular ; and also often, on the same tree, somewhat I'ound- MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 71 ish conical ; the coloi- is rich yellow, covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of red ; some russet specks and russet about the stem ; stem, short ; cavity, open : calyx, medium, nearly closed ; basin, shallow j Jiesh, yellow- ish, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, sub-acid; core, small; seeds, medium size, dark brown. January to March. Cooper. Beauty Ked, | Lady "Washington, | Seek-no-further, of some erroneously. An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in 1796 j its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ; hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright, stout ; branches at right angles ; wood, reddish, " subject to canker ; " a good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best on rich limestone clay. Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender, short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowisli, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ; " very good." September, but often keeps to November. Cooper's Early White Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, sprightly. September and October. Ilequires soil supplied with potash. Cornish Aromatic. Foreign : requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium ; form, round- ish regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground, mostly over- 72 THE APPLE. spread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small ; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; fiesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor closely allied to Esopus Spit- zenberg ; co7-e, open, hollow, regular form ; seeds, large. November to February. Danver's Winter Sweet. Epse's Sweet. American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, yearly produc- tive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock. Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong ; color, dull yellow, with orange blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to one side ; calyx, small, woolly ; bashi, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet ; core, large, open ; seeds, ovate pointed, dark rich brown. December to ApriU Drap D'Or. Vrai Drap d'Or, Early Summer Pippin, of some. Bay Apple, Bonne du Mai. / ^ This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage, moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, wide, open ; calyx, small, half closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine-grained, tender, juicy, well flavored ; core, with open, hollow capsules ; seeds, short, ovate, dark reddish brown. August to October. MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 73 DlSHAROON. From Georgia. Fruity large, regular, slightly conical ; calyx^ small, in a narrow basin ; skin, yellowish green, with many roundish spots made darker by minute specks ; flesh, fine aromatic, sub-acid. Early Winter, or late Autumn at the South. DOMINE. "Wells, I English Wintei-, I Striped E. J, Greening, Hogan, I Ked Streak, of some, \ Well Apple. Origin, uncertain. Tree, strong, vigorous grower : shoots, long, diverging ; early, good bearer, profitable orchard sort. West ; succeeding finely in most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes and splashes of bright red and large russet specks • stem, long, slender, inclining to one side : cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown; ^es/i, white, tender, juicy; "very good." November to April. Duchess of Oldenburgh. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, productive, valued for cooking and market. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red, striped and splashed on yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, accuminate : basin, deep; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September Very fine at the North in Canada. Dutch Mignonne. The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite — is from Holland, and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with strong, upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South Ohio. Size, large ; form, roundish regular ; color, dull orange, mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, nar- row, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, deep, round, regular ; flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming tender when well matured, sub-acid, aromatic flavor ; core, small, compact; seeds, few, defective. November to January. Pomme Eoyal, Golden Spice, Tompkins, Beard Burden, Dyer. Pomme "Water, | Bard Apple, Bullripe, | White Spiee, Mygatfs Borgamot, I Smithfleld Spice. American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or less over the surface ; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, slightly furrowed ; calyx, with long, recurved segments; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid : core, medium ; seeds, small. October and November. 4 74 THE APPLE. Early Joe. American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat question- able if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple has the most of delicate-pear flavor of any variety, and, while it is all unsuited to orchard- ing, one tree should always be planted. While young, it is of slow growth, but, as the trees get older, it improves, and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form, of medium size. It is very hardy, but should have rich, strong soil. Shoots, dark-colored, and so foliage. Size, medium, or rather below; ybrm, roundish flattened; sfem, rather slender; cavity, open, deep, a little russetted ; color, pale yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red : calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish white, tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short ovate pyriform. Last of August. Early Strawberry. American Eed Juneating, | Eed Juneating. American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all localities, and, although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed. Size, small : form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color, yel- lowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ; stem, varying from long straight and slender, to medium, curved ; calyx, small ; hasin, narrow and shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red, sub- acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds, small. July. Equinteley. Sol. Carter. Origin, Yancey Co., N. Carolina. One of the best of the Southern apples. Fruit, large, oblate, conic, angular, slightly oblique; slcin, whitish yellow, mostly overspread with beautiful bright crimson, and thinly MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 76 sprinkled with whitish dots ; stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a hroad, deep cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a deep, rather narrow, irregular basin ; Jlesh, yellowish, very tender, almost melting, juicy, with a very mild, sub- acid flavor. November to May. (Downing.) Esopus Spitzenberg. American : origin, on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open head ; requires a strong soil and age to produce much or good fruit, and much of lime and potash, when it is a good bearer. Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably ribbed and irre- gular in its surface, and almost always slightly angular ; color, rich, lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled with yellow russet; stem, vary- ing, sometimes short and stout, at others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open; calyx, small, closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate, rounded in form ; seeds, large. January to March. Fallawater, Green Mountain Pippin, Dutch Codlin, erroneously. Faldwalder. "Waldenner, Tulpaliocken, Pirn's Beauty of the "West, Pound, erroneously. Mountain Pippin, Burbacker. American: originated in Berks Co., Penn. Its name is from a Mr. Faldwald, with whom it originated. Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens, but, on rich limestone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable, being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long time, even in Southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ; shoots, stout, partially spreading. 76 THE APPLE. Fruit, large ; fonn, round, varying to roundijsli, flattened and roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surrounded with a shade of light green, presenting, at first glance, appearance as of white specks : stem, short ; cavity, open, generally regular ; calyx, smalJ*, closed • basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy, mild, suh-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed. December to May. Fall Pippin. PMladelpliia Pippin. This is, unquestionably, an American seedling, and probably from the "White Spanish Reinette," which it closely resembles in all but its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers respecting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name, as well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the Eastern States, and universally succeeds well ; but, where the soil is of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous ; shoots, dark j diverging or spreading; becomes large ; not always productive; proves tender on prairie soils. Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color, greenish yellow until fully ripe, then lich yellow with a faint blush, when grown in good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moderately stout ; cavity, deep, round; calyx, above medium, with segments in divisions; basin, deep, wide, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. Y7 and open : fleshy yellowish white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; core^ medium, for size of fruit j seeds^ ovate. October to December Summer Horse, Yellow Horse, Fall Queen. Horse Apple, I Oldfleld, Bed Gloria Mundi ? Fall Beauty. Origin, unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruit. medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular: greenish yellow to orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem; stem., short; cavity^ shallow; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; fiesh. yellow, coarse, acid. Last July. Fall Queen of Ky. "Winter Queen, | Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Origin, uncertain. Much grown at the South and Southwest, where it is highly esteemed. Tree, very vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Fruity large, oblate inclining to conic, slightly oblique, angular; s/cin, yellow, striped and marbled with crimson, and thickly sprinkled with brown and whitish dots ; stalky short, inserted in a broad, deep-russctted cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, set in a large open basin ; flesh, yel- lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a sprightly mild sub-acid flavor. January to March. (Downing.) 78 THE APPLE. Fall Wine. Sweet "Wine, Ohio Wine, Uncle Sam's Best. American : its origin unknown ; introduced West from the garden of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ; drooping when in bearing state ; very healthy ; producing moderately, but annually, large, beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils, and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure exhibits from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana and Illinois, as '^Wine," from which it is quite distinct. Size, medium to large; /orm, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; ste7n, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, ha,lf closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. September to November. Although evidently an old Eastern fruit, it appears now unknown there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his notice of where grown, Fameuse. Pommo do Nnige, | S.anguincus, | Snow. Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to all Northern sections, producing yearly, and always fair, smooth fruit. Tree, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 79 of moderate, rather diverging, habit ; shoots dark ; and, as an orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular, handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy and rich ; strong or heavy soils suit it best ; proves hardy West. Size, medium • form^ roundish, somewhat flattened • color, greenish yellow, mostl}^ overspread with pale and dai'k rich red ; stem, slender ; cavity J narrow j calyx, small; basin, shallow, narrow; fiesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; coi-e, close, compact ; seeds, light brown, long pointed. October to January. Fort Miami. Scandiana Mala. American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April, 1846, we made our outline and descriptions from specimens sent us by A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, Ohio., since which we have been unable to obtain any of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots, dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the original tree said to be very pro- ductive. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; color, brownish red, more or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long ; cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; basin, medium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceedingly high, spicy, sub-acid flavor. February to May. Fulton. Native of Fulton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36i inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across 80 THE APPLE. top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem cavity, small dots ) stem, short ; cavity, deep : calyx, short segments ; basin, rather deep ; core, small • seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, tender, juicy, mild sub -acid ; " very good." November to March. Garden Royal. American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower while young ; hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious fruit is desired for table use. Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat, very regu- lar ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, becoming brighter in sun : stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shal- low : flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild, sub-acid. Last of August and September. Golden Sweet. Orange Sweet, American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size; spreading, irregulai branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive annually of large crops of- fair fruit. F7-uit, medium to large ; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide : color, MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 81 yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium to long ; cavity, round, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ; flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender • core, medium, round ovate ; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. July and August. Golden Pippin. American Golden Pippin, I Eibbed Pippin, New York Greening, | Newtown Greening. An old American sort, of strong growth, not an early, but productive bearer. Fruit, large ; form, variable, sometimes ribbed, roundish flattened; golden yellow, with a few dots, sometimes net russet ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, vinous, aro- matic ; core, large, November, Febniyry. Goirr.];' Ball. Belle et Borme, | Oonn'scycat Apple The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt but it is probably a native of Connecticut, from whence it has b^en la^ge^ly distributed East. The trees do not bear well while young, hut improve f-s they advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ; requires a rich, strong, heavy soil. Fruit, large ; form, roundish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, lender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed ; core, medium ; seeds, large and plump. October to December. The Belle Bonne of Lindlcy is quite another fruit, and should not be confounded with this. Gravenstein. King of Pippins, erroneously | Grave Slije, Foreign .A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cooking in August, and eating in September and October • shoots, sti'ong, smooth, upright. Tree, large, regular, round head, foliage broad. Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened, a little irregular, somewhat rib- bed, on surface undulating : color, at first pale greenish, yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep : calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin, rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellow- ish, crisp, tender, sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, cap- sules open, hollow : seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown. 4* ' 82 THE APPLE. Gray Vandervere. Windowev, Green Vandervere, White Vandervere, Betsey's Fancy, "Vandervere Pippin, of some. A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere. This is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and esteemed highly for cooking. Fruity medium or slightly above, round flattened ; sMn^ rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, "with gray bloom, small specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem^ long ; cavity, open ; calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March. Ha"\vley. Douse, I Dow's. Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger, and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots ; stem., slender , cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, medium, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in September. Green Sweet. Honey Greening. Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading ; shoots rather slender ; fruit valu- able for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ; fruit always fair. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish ; color, dull greenish white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots : ste7n, varying; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size for the fruit, closed ; basin, medium, slightly furrowed ; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, and MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 83 quite sweet ; core^ medium, round ; seeds, ovate. December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is large, has a brownish cheeky and matures in October and November. Early Harvest. Yellow Harvest, Prince's Harvest, Early Frencli Eeinette, Bracken, Early June, July Pippin, Large WMte Juneating, Yellow Juneating. American. Universally esteemed ; requires a soil well supplied with lime and potash J otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots, erect, straight; slow growth, not successful : root-grafted as an orchard tree. 84 THE APPLE. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened : color, pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium lengthi, rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep, regula^"-; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; fl.esh, white, tender, juicy,, crisp, sprightly, sub-a.cid ; core, medium; seeds, abundant, light brown, ovate. July. Herefordshire Pearmain. Winter Pearmain, erroneously^ Eoyal Pearmain, Parmin Eoyal, Old Pearmain, Eoyale c'.'Angleterre. Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit is of the highest excellence ; some regard this as first-rate, others as only second ; cultivation, soil, and location, make the diflerence. It is best in Northern sections. Shoots, diverging, partially drooping. Fruit, medium; form, roundish conical; color, brownish red, mottled, and slighty striped, on a dull, rusty green, or, when fully matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet, from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stem, slender : cavity, acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, medium; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, aromatic; core, me- dium, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. De- cember to February. HUBBARDSTON NoNSUCH. Ilulibardton Pippin. American : originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even better when grown West than in its native locality, but not always hardy. Tree, vigorous grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin, which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very pro- ductive. Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular : color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped Avith rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open segments ; basin, deep, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 85 round, rarely ribbed ; ^e^^, yellowish, mild, sub-acid, juicy. October to February. High Top Sweet. Summer Sweet, of Ohio | Sweet June, of Illinois. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots ; stevi^ slender ; calyx, closed; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet; "very good." Last of July. Very popular Southwest aud West. Jersey Sweeting. American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of fair fruit in all soils — warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and more cha- racter to the flesh. Shoots, stout, short-jointed, reddish ; tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valuable. Is said to decay young ; we think incorrect. Fruit, medium ; /onn, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ; color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, medium, round ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. September and October. Jefeerson. Tree, good habit, spreading ; much grown and esteemed in some parts of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after lying in a warehouse during Winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ; cavity, mod- erate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, compact ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; almost " best." October to March. 86 THE APPLE. Jefferis. From Chester Co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant and abundant bearer. Fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained with red, becoming dark in the sun, dotted with white spots and russet at stem ; stenij half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep , calyx, nearly closed, woolly ; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; best." September and October. Jewitt's Best. From Torybridge, Vt. Fruit, large, nearly globular, irregular, greenish, shaded with deep red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, small ; C07'e, medium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sub-acid ; almost "best." December to February. Jonathan. Philip Eick. King Philip, "Winesap, erroneously. Wine, " American: originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown, slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping and pendent habit ; very productive ; needs rich, strong soil. Fruit, medium • form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yellow ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light red, and with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender : cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly Closed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yel- lowish white, tender, juicy, slightly acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. December to February. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 87 JuLIN. Juling. Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering somewhat to the eye, rather one- sided ; calyx, small, in a narrow basin ; stem, short, in a moderate cavity • s/cin, thin, yellowish white, striped and marbled with carmine, of a beau- tiful waxen appearance, sprinkled sparingly with whitish dots ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, and fine flavored ; indeed, the finest summer apple known North and South. Ripens about the middle of July at South ; August at North. Keswick Codlin. Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited to Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate, conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; hasin, furrowed imperceptibly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; ilesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid, September and October. KiNGSLEY. From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow: core, medium, open ; seeds, small, dark brown ; _/?esA, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid ; '■' best." November to July. (H.Wendell in Pom. Trans.) King of Tompkins County. Winter KiBg | King. This variety we have had more or less acquaintance with for the past ten years. It is really one of the most valuable apples grown at the North, [ts origin is uncertain. Supposed to have been brought at an early day from New Jersey to Jacksonville, Tompkins Co., N. Y. It is distinct from "King" of Ky., and Newark King of N. J. Tree, annually productive. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout, thick ; cavity, open, regular; calyx, with long pointed segments ; hasin, abrupt, slight furrows, and pro- jecting ribs surrounding ; /esA, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. December to February. Lady Apple. Apl, Petit Api, Pomme d'Api, Pomme Kose, Pomine d'Api Eouge, Petit Api Eouge, Gros Api Eouge. Foreign. Trees, very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads, like that of a Pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be ten or more years old, ere bearing much ; after which, very productive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty, always commands a high price. Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ; very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; hasin, furrowed ; fleshy white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. December to May. 88 THE APPLE. Ladies' Swekting. American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety West, where it seems generally to succeed, but varies much in different soils — often not more than second-rate quality ; always fair, handsome fruit j pro- fitable for marketing, or stock feeding. '* Wood, not very strong : grows thriftily; bears abundantly." " Fruity large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ; skin^ very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellowish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprinkled with well- marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is also, generally, a faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx, quite small, set in a narrow, shallow-plaited basin ; stalky half an inch long, in a shallow cavity : Jlesh, greenish white, exceedixigly tender, juicy, crisp, delicious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor ; keeps without shelving, or losing its flavor, till May." London Sweet. London Winter Sweet, | Winter Sweet, I Helcke's Winter Sweet. American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio : often abundant in Cin- cinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell. Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West ; annually productive. Fruit, medium, occasionally large; form, roundish flattened; color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ; very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think, marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, mcdii;m depth, round, regular ; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round, regular; Jlesh, A^ellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ; core, rather small : seeds, ovate pointed. Novem- ber to January, but will keep tlirough February. MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 89 Lowell. Orange, of some. Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Greasy Pippin, Queen. Anne, Pound Eoyal, erroneously. American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading • most valuable on rich heavy soils. Fruity large : form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color., green, be- coming rich yellow ; oily surface ; sfe???, long, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed; basiuj deep, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium or small : seeds, ovate, August and early September. Maiden's Blush. American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ; suc- ceeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils ; much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its handsome appearance. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, clear lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blnsh to rich crimson ; stem, short ; calyx, closed : basin, medium, abrupt ; core, medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened. September and October. 90 THE APPLE. Mangum. Seago, I Maxfleld. Fi'om Georgia. Fruity medium, roundish, conical ; yellowish, striped and shaded with red ; whitish brown dots • stem^ short, small ; cavity^ broad, often russeted : calyx^ closed ; basin^ medium ; core^ small ; fleshy yellow, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, excellent. October and November. Valued South as keeping until March. Maverack's Sweet. Southern origin. Fruit, very large; roundish, irregular, slightly conical; striped with bright red, and a few greenish dots ; stem, short ; cavity^ regu- lar : calyx, open ; basin, medium ; skin, thick : flesh, fine-grained, tender, sweet, excellent. November and December at the South; December to March at the North. Melon. Norton's Melon, | "WatermeloB. American. Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecticut. It proves fine so far, wherever it has been tested. Tree, vigorous, spreading; shoots, reddish brown ; retjuires deep, strong soil. Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish flattened, regular; surface, glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bottom ; flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly; core, rather small; seeds broad, nearly black. October to December. McLellan. Martin. From "Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive bearers. Fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 91 with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity^ round ; calyx, nearly closed ' basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to March. Minister. From Massachusetts. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, oblong conical, ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furro-wed: flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy* "good 3" showy and salable. October to December. Michael Henry Pippin. American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very productive. Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish conical ; color, light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregular formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow, marbled or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually short ; cavity, narrow, regu- lar I calyx, with long segments in divisions ; basm, shallow, narrow, some- what furrowed : flesh, white tender, juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use from October to March ; core, small, com- pact, surrounded by a broad, coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed, light brown. Mother. Queen Anne, of some, incorrectly. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate growth, annual bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and 92 THE APPLE. .striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, learly closed; basin, plaited: flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-acid, " best." October to January. Monmouth Pippin, Eed Cheek, of some, | Eed Cheek Pippin. American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conversant only with the fruit. Fruit, large: form, roundish flattened; sometimes roundish conical; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised, rough, brown specks, with a shade of light green suffused around them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, medium, seg- ments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide, abrupt, deep, much plaited , flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-grained ; breaking tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with considerable aroma, or perfume: core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, abundant. December to February, and often till April. Myer's Nonpareil. Ohio Nonpareil, | Cattail Apple. The original tree, in orchard of Mr. Bowman, Massillon, 0., is over fifty years old. It has been claimed as identical with " Cogswell," but it is only a Fall fruit, and the tree a far more upright grower. In our experience, it is one of the most valuable of Fall apples. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact head ; an annual bearer of fruit uniform in size. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; red and yellow marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular ', calyx, partially MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 93 open ; hasirij not deep ; flesh, yellowish ■white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; "best." October to December. Newtown Pippin. Green Newtown Pippin, American Newtown Pippin, Green Winter Pippin, Petersburg Pippin. 94 THE APPLE. American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich lime- stone clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see further pages ; but it is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendent. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow New- town Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard. Fruit, medium : form, roundish, oblong flattened • color, dull green when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small minute rus- set dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial soils South, patches of dark green mould ; stein, slender ; cavity, acuminate, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; Jlesh, greenish white, very fine-grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly, perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. February to May. Newtown Spitzenberg. Spiced Ox-eye, Ox-eye, Burlington Spitzenber] Joe Berry, Vandervere of Netv York, and Eastern States. American. From Newtown, Long Island. Originally described by Coxe, in 1817. It is extensively and successfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated. When Mr. Downing wrote his description 'of Vandervere, he evidently had this apple before him ; and was not ac- quainted with the true Vandervere. Fruit, medium ; form, round, flattened ; color, yellow ground, mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the crests of waves ; stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, x'egular ; calyx, small, segments MOST GENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 95 erect J basin, open, regular, not deep; flesh, yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic j core, small ; seeds, few, ovate pointed. December to February. Northern Spy. American. Native of East Bloomfield^ N. Y. While the quality of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot be con- sidered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It is of thrifty, vigor- ous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cultivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as it inclines to make an upright, close head : young shoots, stout, dark, spotted: blooms late, often escaping late frosts in Spring. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes ribbed ; sJcin, thin and tender ; color, light yellow, mostly overspread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red, and. when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom; stem, slender, projecting about even with the surface; cavity, open, wide, deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, open, regu- lar, other than the furrows produced by ribs of the fruit — not deep, but rather abrupt; flesh, yellowish white, very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds, abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. January to April. South, it will probably become an early Winter variety. 96 Ortley Pippin Woolman's Long, White Bellefleur, White Belliiower, Green Belliiower, Willow Leaf Pippin, Ohio Favorite, Detroit, White Detroit, THE APPLE. Ortley. Van Dyne, Jersey Greening, Davis, erroneously^ Hollow Core Pippin, Greasy Pippin, Melting Pippin, Crane's Pippin, Warren Pippin, White Pippin, erroneously. Yellow Pippin, Golden Pippin, of some. Woodward's Pippin, Tom AVoodward Pippin, Inman, White Seek-no-further, of some, erro7ieo\isly. American. Native of New Jersey. First described by Lindley as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the entire West- ern States, it proves one of the hardiest, most productive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form is more oblong, the texture some- what closer, and sprightliness a little enhanced. Shoots, slender, brown- ish, yellow, upright, long jointed. Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; skin, smooth ; form, oblong oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellowish white, at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with specks of dark red. and a Vermillion tinge surrounding when exposed to sun ; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender : cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, MOST GKNEKALLY ESTEEMED. 97 closed • hasin. furrowed or plaited, from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core^ large, open ; seeds^ abundant, loose iu the cap- sules. January to April. Peck's Pleasant. Waltz Apple. American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots, rather erect, slightly di- verging, vigorous, productive. If on sandy soils, it is of firmer texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large. Fruity medium to large : form, roundish, slightly (sometimes very much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when fii'st gathered, green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ; stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost always with a slight ridge or wave on one side, connecting with stem; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round, regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm, yet tender, juicy, mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, abundant, ovate, dark reddish brown. December to February, often keeps to April. Paradise Winter Sweet. Honey Sweet, of some. From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive . Fruit, large, roundish flat- tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity, rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyri- 98 THi; APPLE. form; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; to March. Quality a little variable. Peach Pond Sweet. very good." riovemhei From Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; an- nual moderate bearer. Fruit, medivun. roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped on yellow ; s/cm, slender; cauiii/, open, slightly russeted; calyx, with segments in divisions ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pyri- form ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet ; " very good." October. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. People's Choice. 99 Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ; fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases as they advance in years and size, and under good culture. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow ground overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with yellow russet stem, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short, erect segments hasin, shallow, broad, open; flesh, yellowish crisp, juicy, tender, sub-acid core, small, compact ; seeds, long; oval-pointed, abundant. January to April. PoMME Grise. 100 THE APPLE. A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to Northern a,nd Southwestern sections, and only to gardens. It is. a good bearer, of slender growth, forming a tree of small size. Fruit, below medium ; fonn, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, yel- low, gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye; .viem^' slender ; .avity, deep : calyx, small ; basin, round : flesh, yellow, tender, sprightly ) ore, medium; seeds, abundant. December to February. Porter. Golden Pippin of Michigan. American : native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender, slow growth, a egular, even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good supply of time and phosphates ; succeeds whercA^er grown — one of the best at South ) flardy all West. Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. September and October. POUGHKEEPSIE RuSSET. English Eusset, "Winter Eusset ? ^A A j^'"^^r"~'^^;^5r^^Ki? is variety, described by Downing as the " English Russet," is prob- ably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt the name of Pough- keepsie Russet, as commemorative of the section w^hence it was first dis- seminated. Growth, upright. Shoots, lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name, of which the fruit is larger, does not keep as well, and the tree when grown makes a dense top. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 101 Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regular ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish russet ; when well matured, becomes yellowish • stem^i rather short ; cavity round : calyx^ sma.ll, close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round • flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic; core, small; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. All Win- ter and Spring. There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx, and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they may prove identi- cal, and the soil and location make the apparent difference. Primate. Kough and Eeady, | Slimmer Pippin, erroneously. A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New Ycrk, that may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye — pale yellow — occasionally, blush red cheek ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, varying ; cavity, rather narrow ; core, with open seed-capsules ; seeds, ^yniorm : flesh, yellowish white, very tender, delicate, juicy, mild sub-acid; "best." September and October. PrYOr's PtED. Prior's Bed, 1 PitzerHill, | Big mil. This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield Seek-no- further and Ptoxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardy, and the fruit keeping well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Grown at the North, the trees come into bear- ing at about eight year.s, and the fruit has very little russet (unless unusu- ally warm seasons), except at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains 102 THE APPLE. e- size of four inches diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly *overed with russet. Popular m Kentiick\ not so, farther North. Fruity medium to very large ; form., at North, regular roundish, tapering to the eye — South, always angular, sometimes even broad at apex, being roundish angular, flattened ; co/or, pale yellow, ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet spots surrounded with a lighter shade ; 5/em, short) cawi^i/, narrow : ca/T/a;, small, segments erect; basing abrupt, pretty deep, round and even, occasionally siiallow : flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid, much resemblimg Westfield Seek-no-further; core, medium, marked at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate. January to April. Pumpkin Swekt. Pound Sweet, Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, Prencli's Sweet, Yankee Apple. An old Connecticut fruit, valued for baking. In wet soils or neavy clay, liable to be watered-cored. Bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit. large, roundish, ribbed at base — yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks s/c?n, short : caui??/, deep greenish, russeted ; caZ?/x, small ; iosm, irregular flesh, yvhitc tender, sweet ; "good." September to November. Rambo. Komanite, Bread and Cheese Apple, Seek-no-further, Ten-ry's Ked Streak. American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and locations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suilcd best to it, clay or loam. Fruit, medium ; form., flat, or roundish flattened, sometimes ribbed or angular ; color, yellowish white, marbled and streaked with yellow and MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 103 red, and with large rough spots ; stem^ long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate: calyXj nearly closed; 6asni, broad, slightly furrowed; flesh, greenish white, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid : core, large, rather hol- low ; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. October Lo December, but often keeps to March. Raules' Janet, Raul's Gennetting, Rawl's Janet, Winter Genneting Eock Eemain, Jennette, Jeniton, Eaules' Janette, Eawle's Jennette, Rock-Rimmon, Neverfail, Yellow Janette, Indiana Jannettina This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to the South-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov. Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock-Riramon, given it in the Sciota valley, was prob- ably on account of its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in Spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varieties ; thus escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincinnati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others often fail. In Missouri it is regarded as essential to every orchard. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; sJcin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and with a blue or grayish shade lying within as of a bloom : small russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored — South, many patches of mould or fungus; stem, slender, rather long ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short seg- ments ; basin, open, regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near 104 THE APPLE. the calyx ; flesh, yellowisli, tender, mild sub-acid ; core^ medium ; seeds^ angular ovate. Late Spring. Red Astrachan. Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular, moderate bearer of fruit, always fair. As a dessert fruit, it is rather acid, unless MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 105 fully ripe ; but, for marketing or cooking, it has few equals, at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage. Fruity medium to large; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex; color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson, a little russet near the stem and a white bloom; stem^ varying, generally short : cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid ; cot'e, small ; seeds, ovate, dark browish black. August. Red Canada. Steele's Eed Winter of Midi., | Old Nonsuch, Eichfield Nonsuch. American : probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich, strong soil, when it is productive, and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most valuable for orchard, or garden. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened at stem end ; color, rich, clear, yellow ground; when exposed to the sun, overspread with bright, handsome red, two shades, light and dark, intermingling, or striped, many light gray dots, presenting at first sight an appearance of a somewhat rough exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, varying from short and stout to slender and long, usually as seen in our figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven; flesh, yeWowinh. white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aromatic; core, small, compact; seeds, ovate pyriform. January to April. Red June. Carolina Eed June, | Blush June, | Carolina June. A vigorous grower ; early and abundant bearer ; popular West and South. Fruit, medium, generally oblong conic, but occasionally fiat ; skin, smooth, green in the shade, changing rapidly at maturity to a fine dark 106 THE APPLE. crimson ; stem and cavity^ varying in specimens ; calyx^ closed, segments long, reflexed • basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk sub-acid, not rich: core, large. Ripens in June at the South and South- west. Red Russet. Origin. Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree, very vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with dull red, and deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight appearance of rough russet on most of the surface ; stalk, rather short and thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; calyx, nearly closed, segments long, recurved in a narrow, uneven basin; flesh, yellow, solid, crisp, tender, Avith an excellent rich, sub-acid flavor, some- what resembling Baldwin. January to April. (Downing.) Rhode Island Greening. Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coxe, | Hampshire Greening. This variety has been condemned in many sections, because of not pro- ducing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the trees were young. Testimony lias shown that it is a gross feeder, and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes will answer. On sandy soils, well manured, the texture is closer than on clay. It is unreliable. South ; drops too early. Fruit, large ; form, roundi.sh flattened, sometimes a little angular at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ; cavity, open : calyx, MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 107 rather small, woolly ; basin, medium depth, slightly furrowed ; fleah, yel- lowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic, lively acid juice; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed. December to February. The best cooking apple as yet known. RiBSTON Pippin. Glory of York, | Travers, | Formosa Pippin. Foreign. Valued in Northern sections ; not esteemed South or Central. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small closed ; basin^ open : core, small ; seeds, flattened ovate ; Jlesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. November to February. Richmond. We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near San- dusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with any known sort. Fruit, large ; form roundish ; occasional specimens have one side a little enlarged: color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite overspread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light russet ; stem, varying, mostly short, slender ; cavity, deep, open, regular, a little brownish at bottom ; calyx, large, segments long , basin, deep, open, uniformly fur- rowed : flesh, white, tender, juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. October to December. Roman Stem. rrench Pippin, of some. From New Jersey. Shoots, slender, diverging; succeeds finely on the dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fnnt, medium, 108 THE APPLK. roundish oblong, whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patches ol blackish russet, unless well grown • stcm^ with a fleshy knob one side j cavity, russeted • calyx, small, closed: basin, narrow; core, open, long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; Jlesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly : " very good." November to February. One of the best at the Southwest. Rome Beauty. Eoman Beauty, | Gillett's Seedling. American. Native of Southern Ohio. Requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich, warm, loamy soil. On poor land, it is undersized, deficient in char- acter, and inclined to overbear. Fruit, large ; form, roundish ; color, rich light yellow, mostly overspread and striped with shades of clear, bright red ; ste7n, slender ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly sepairate ; hasiii, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp, mild, svib-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long ovate, large and full. October to December, Ross Nonpareil. Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish, dull red, blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet ; st-em, slender; calyx, medium; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic; " very good," nearly " best.'' October to November, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 109 Boston Eusset, Marietta Eusset, RoxEURY Russet. Putnam Eusset, Belpro Eusset, Sylvan Eusset. American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts. It ■was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Putnam, and from thence distributed throughout the Southwest. It is a thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to "bark burst" near the ground, but elsewhere perfectly hardy, and very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy shoots • young trees often crooked. Unreliable, West or South. Fruit medium to large ; form, roundish flattened, and often angular • color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet, occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side ,• stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed; basin, round, moderate depth ■ fiesh, greenish white, moderately juicy, mild sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds, ovate, defective. January to June. Gibbon's Smathhouse, Millcreek Vandervere, Smokehouse. Gibbon's Smokehouse, English Vandervere, Smathhouse, Millcreek. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Has been in cultivation about twenty years. Tree, a free grower, bearing early and abundantly. Fruit, above medium ; flat ; red, striped and mottled on greenish yellow ; stem, short, slender : Cavity, narrow; calyx, closed; hasin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, long^ brown; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, delicate, aroma agreeable October, November. Summer Rose. "Wolman's Harvest, | "Woolman's Harvest, | Lippincott, This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy, sprightly, sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert. Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shoots downy; requires rich, strong soil, lime and 110 THE APPLE. phosphate to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy. Moderate, regular bearer. Fruity medium, or rather small ; form^ roundish, sometimes flattened • color ^ rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ; stem^ varying from stout to slender, short ; cavity^ shallow; calyx, partially closed : basin, round, slightly furrowed ; fleshy white, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Last of July and August. Smith Cider. Oregon Spitzenberg, | Smith's Superb. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, round- ish flattened ; bright red and yellow, mostly red ; stem, varying ; cavity, regular ; calyx, half closed, long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid ; " very good ;" varies much in soils. November to December. It is a variety more grown for eating than for cider, SWAAR. American. " Produced by the Dutch settlers, on the Hudson; its name in low Dutch meaning heavy." It is one of the very best apples, growing well and producing abundantly on all rich, strong soils. Fruit, medium, to large : form, roundish, slightly ribbed or unequal on its surface and often a little angular; color, greenish yellow at first, becom- ing a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round the stem, and often tinged with dull red; stem, slender; cavity, round, deep; calyx, small, half closed; basin, shallow, somewhat plaited ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, tender, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. Ill spicy aromatic perfume ; core^ smali, to medium ; seeds, broad ovate. Jan- uary to March. Sweet Bough. Bough, I Large Yellow Bough, I 'Washington, Early Sweet Bough, | Sweet Harvest, | Nyack Pippin. American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add Sweet, as expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young shoots, yel- lowish, somewhat irregular, a.scending. Tree, a moderate, annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet. Fruit, large (our figure hardly medium) ; form, roundish, conical ovate, color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem, varying in length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open : basin, narrow, deep ; jlesh, white, ten- der, crisp, sprightly, sweet j core, medium, open capsules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. August. Sweet Pearmain. Henry Sweet, | Henrick Sweet, | Ladies' Sweet, erroneously. This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English Sweet- ing ;" but, according to Mr. Manning, the "English Sweeting '■" is the " Ramsdell's Sweeting," of Downing. (See Hovey's Mag. vol. 12, page 150.) This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio, and farther West, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all Winter; highly valued for baking or eating. Fruit, nxcAium size or often above ; /orm, roundish, slightly angular; coZor, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish bloom; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, wide, and open ; calyx, woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow- 112 tttt: apple. ish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet; core, medium, with outer or consecu- tive lines J seeds^ ovate pyriform, dark brown. December to March. Talman's Sweeting. Tallman's Sweeting-, | Tolman's Sweeting, | Brown's Golden Sweet. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 113 American. Native of R,hode Island; its name from a family by name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree, great bearer, fruit keeping well; growth, rapid, upright, strong; wood, dark. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow, with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, wide, regular ; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, furrowed ; flesh, white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, ovate pointed. Novem- ber to April. Tift's Sweet. American. Tree, moderate grower; productive. i^n«7, medium, round- ish flattened, greenish yellow with slight net- work of russet ; stem, slender ; cavity, varying ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; segments, long ; core, small ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, rich, very best for baking. September, Novem- ber. Vandervere. Vandervere Pippin, Bed Vandervere, Fall Vandervere, Yellow Vandervere, Baltimore, of some incorrectly. Imperial Vandervere, Pennsylvania Vandervere, Striped Vandervere, Staalclubs, "Watson's Vandervere, White "Wine, of some. American. Native of Delaware. For other synonyms heretofore used in connection with this variety, see '• Newtown Spitzenberg," page 94, Gray Vandervere, page 82, and Smokehouse, page 109. We do not think the true Vander vere has ever been grown to any extent east of Pennsylvania. The tree is a free grower, productive, and early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our Western bottoms, and some of prairie, it has always more or less of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears, the fruit increases in size, and improves in quality; needs good culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size, and much more conical, and less highly-colored than South. Young shoots, spotted. lU THE APPLE. Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red, few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to the sun, dotted at intervals of a quarter to half-inch with large yellow russet specks ; when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller, often russeted about the stem ; stem, projecting about even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, open, regular; calyx, with small segments; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, aromatic, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core, round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. De- cember to February. Wagener. American: "origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. ; seed sown in 1791. Tree, thrifty : young shoots, pale green ; old wood, dark red ; requires free trimming, in order to produce large sized fruit abundantly ; annual bearer." Fruit, medium ; form, roundish flattened, slightly ribbed at base ; color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep, glossy red, with stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light russet, specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep ; calyx, small : basin, broad, open ; flesh, yellow- ish white, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds light brown, ovate pyriform. November to March, but will keep to May. Westfield Seek-no-fukther. Connecticut Seek-no-further, | Seek-no-further, | Red Winter Pearmain, of some. An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State all South and West. Grown MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 115 in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze ; progressing Northward, it gradually loses its russet, until, on light sandy soils, in Michigan, it be- comes a pale yellow ground, with stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots. Fruity medium; form, regular, roundish conical — broad at base; color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow; often considerable rus- set about both stem and calyx; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, regular; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open, with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor: core, medium: seeds, ovate. November to February. Wood's Greening. Coate's Geening, | Onstine. American : native of New Jersey. First described by Coxe, from whose nursery it was introduced to the West by Prof. Kirtland, about 1820. This variety has been too little noticed. It .should be extensively planted in our Southwestern States and territories. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat spreading. It is well adapted to strong, heavy soils, producing abundantly IVuit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of "best" quality. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, flattened ; dolor, pale green, be- commg yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, rather large; basin, slightly plaited : j^csA, greenish white, fine- 116 THE APPLE. grained, juicy, tendei', sprightly, sub-acid ; core^ small ; seeds^ ovate. Jan- uary to March. Wine. "Wine Apple, 1 Hay's "Winter, Hay's "Winter "Wine, | Winter Wine, Hollow Crown Pearmain. American : native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and every- where successful. Strong, heavy clay loams produce the largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree, thrifty ; shoots, rather slender, spreading ; foliage small. Fruity medium to large ; form^ round flattened ; color^ light pale yellow ground, mostly overspread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem: stem^ short; cavity^ acuminate or narrow, deep; calyx, large; basin, broad, open, slightly plaited ; fle.sh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. November to February. White Seek-no-farther. Green Seek-no-fartlier, Flushing Seek-no-fartlier, Seek-no-farther of Coxe, Pomme Eoyal, of some. Pound Eoyal, Bracy's Seek-no-farther. From Long Island. Tree healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven or waived surface ; yellox'vish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ; stem, slender; cavity, irregular, acuminate; basin, broad, abrupt, furrowed; core, open ; flesh, fine-grained^ very juicy, tender, sub-acid : " best." No- vember to February. MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 117 Wine Sap. Wine Sop. Probably originated in New Jersey. First described by Coxe. It is one of the very best throughout the Southwest, and also in Oregon Territory. The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in its growth, not forming a handsome head^ but producing fair, fine fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the latter, and finest texture in the former — fine on dry prairies. Fruity medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, sometimes round- ish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ; color, grown North, a bright clear red, stained and striped with darker shades, and with spots of light yellow ; grown South, the dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yellow at base are more often seenj it is also more irregular or angular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, vary- ing in length, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep • calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medium ; capsule, hollow ; seeds, short, ovate. October to January often keeps till March. Wood's Sweet. Hyde's Sweet. From Sudbury, Vt. Growth, similar to Baldwin ; productive. Fruit, large, irregular, roundish flattened ; whitish yellow, oily, shaded and striped with red ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, furrowed : calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, saccharine ; " very good '' or " best ;" core, small. September to November. 118 THE APPLE. White Pippin. This variety we have heretofore considered identical with Canada Rei- nette ; probably it is distinct. It is much grown in the Southwestern sec- tions : proves hardy as a tree, productive, and is a good keeper. Tree strong, upright, vigorous grower. Fruity large ; form, roundish oblong, smooth • color, greenish yellow, with dark green specks and light green surrounding and suffused beneath skin, when fully ripe, yellowish green ; stem, varying ; calyx, medium ; segments, long ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark. January to May ; December to March at South. White Winter Pearmain. This variety is extensively grown and much esteemed throughout the Southwest, and in Oregon it is one of the most desirable of apples. In our first edition we made it a synonym of Michael Henry Pippin, from the fact that all the specimens we gathered from various places were identical with that variety. Having since tested it on our own grounds, we are confident of its distinctness. It is undoubtedly an old variety, but what we are unable to determine, therefore retain it under the name by which it is generally known. Tree, thrifty, not rampant grower, young wood, dark speckled, buds, prominent. Fruit, above medium, oblong conical, angular or oblique ; pale yellow, with slight blush cheek and minute brown dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, uneven, surrounded by five prom- inences, continued in obscure angles along its sides ; flesh, yellowish, ten- der, crisp, juicy, pleasant, very mild sub-acid ; " very good." January to April. Willow Twig. "Willow, Willow Leaf? Under these names we have examined specimens^ and although there is MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 119 a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for orchard ing on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper, and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large, round- ish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed, or mottled with light and dark red ; calyx and basin, medium ; stem, generally short, slender ; cavity, roundish acuminate • core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to May. Williams' Favorite. "Williams' Favorite Eed, Williams' Early, Williams' Eed, Williams' Early Eed. From Massachusetts. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ; lasin, narrow ; stem, slender ; flesh, yellowish white, tender ; " very good." August. Yellow Newtown Pippin. This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers, are apparently perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two Newtown Pippins, we do not question ; see " Newtown Pippin ;" but we have supposed there might be three, but whether the distinction is without a difference we are yet un- prepared to decide. We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter Newtown Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical with Y. N. P. 120 THE APPLE. Ffuit, medium, to large ; form, roundish flattened, angular, or broader than long; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, open ; segments, short, stiff, broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds, purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June. Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky. Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ; color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow marbled and splashed, the latter pre- vailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate, somewhat rus- seted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin, pretty deep, irregular, ribbed : flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges, and lines, and specks throughout, as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large • seeds, dark, rich reddisJi brown, ovate pyriform. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 121 CLASS II. Embraces varieties, of which many are neio and un- tested, and others suited only to large orchards or certain localities. Abbott. Abbott's Sweet. American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged, striped and blotched with red ; flesh, tender, juicy, wants flavor. Decem- ber to March. (Hov. Mag.) Adams. Noll's No. 1. A Pennsylvanian seedling of White Deer Township, Union County. Large ; roundish oblate ; faintly mottled and striped with red on a greenish yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ] cavity, broad, acute ; calyx, rather large ; segments closed ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy ; "very good." (W. D. B.) Adam's Pearmain. Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus- set ; stem, slender ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early Winter. (Lindley.) Agnes. American. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; color, yellowish, striped and shaded with red; brown dots: flesh, white, spicy, sub-acid; "good." August to September. AlLES. From Chester County, Pa. Tree, upright, free grower, profuse bearer. Fruit large, nearly globular ; stem, in a narrow cavity ; basin, round, medium ; yellowish, shaded and striped with red ; flesh, yellow, firm, rich vinous ; " verv good ;" core, small. December to May. For baking and stewing. Albemarle Pippin. Fruit, meaium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale yellow, sub- acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. ^Thomas.) Alexander. Emperor Alexander. Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green- ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin deep ; flesh, coarse, crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October. Allen's Choice. From Brownsville, Pa. Fruit, medium ; roundish flattened ; red, shaded and striped, often a dark cheek sprinkled with small white dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, coarse, aromatic ; "good." January, Allum. Hallum, I Kockingliain Eed. Much grown in northern N. Carolina, valuable chiefly for its keeping 6 122 THE APPLE. properties. Fruit, medium, oblate irregular; skin, deep red; flesh, •whit- ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk acid flavor. January to April. (Downing.) American Beauty. Sterling Beauty. Origin, Sterling, Mass., received from 0. V. Hills. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, above medium, globular, somewhat elongated ; color, chiefly deep red, thickly dotted with light gray; stalk, medium, inserted in a rather deep, round cavity : calyx, closed ; basin, broad and shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. December to April. (Downing.) Anglo American. From Canada West. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, slightly angular ; yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with bright red : stem, slender; cavity medium, a little russeted ; calyx, large, open; basin, uneven; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic, excellent ; core, medium. August to September. Ashmore. Eed Ashmore, | Fall "Wine, erroneously. Striped Ashmore. American. A desirable variety, deserving attention. Fruit, above me- dium, regular roundish, slightly conical, few white dots, bright clear red; short, slender stem ; deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; deep, regular basin ; core, large ; capsules hollow ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten- der, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. September and October. The Black Van- dervere, a third rate fruit, is sometimes grown as this variety. The true Ashmore is one of the most showy and desirable market sorts in the South- western States. Ashland. American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish gray, and large russet dots; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry; - hardly " very good ;" stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow; core, small ; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January. Aromatic Carolina. From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood, abrupt terminal buds. Fruit, large, oblate conical, pale red, slightly streaked; heavy bloom ; wide basin; open calyx; flesh, tender, melting, aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.) Aunt's Apple. Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red, radiating from stem, which is short, stout ; cavity, open, broad, russeted ; calyx, closed; basin, finely folded; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid, musky perfume, juicy ; "very good;" core, medium. November to .January. Aunt Hannah. From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow; flesh, tender, crispj sub-acid ; "very good." Winter. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 123 Autumn Pippin. Fruit, above medium ; oblong conical ; greenish yellow, slight bronzed cheek, sparse green dots; stem, short ;. cavity deep ; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, narrow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, medium. December. As yet little known out of Vermont. AVERILL. "Wolf's Den. Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large, irregularly conic, angular ; skin, greenish, yellow striped, and shaded with red ; stem, short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a very shallow, slightly furrowed basin ; flesh, whitish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. February to June. (Downing.) Baer. American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, below medium, roundish oblong ; skin, mottled with red, and striped with dark crimson on a green- ish yellow ground, with numerous gray dots ; stem, long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; calyx, closed, set in a moderately wide, shallow, plaited basin; flesh, tender, pleasant, "very good." April. (Ad. Int. Rep.) Bailey Spice. American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar- row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy ; core, large, open ; seeds, light brown. October. " Very good." Bailey Sweet. Patterson Sweet, | Edgeiiy Sweet, Howard's Sweet. From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened, some- times ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt, often plaited; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet; "very good;" core, medium; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December, Bailey Golden. From Maine. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellowish russeted; flesh, white, sub-acid; "good." January. Baker's Sweet. Long Stem Sweet, [ Late Golden Sweet, White Golden Sweet. An old fruit of Tolland County, Conn. Tree, crooked grower, produc- tive. Fruit, above medium, roundish elongated ; golden yellow, some patches of russet ; stem, long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yel- low, coarse, sweet; baking; core, large. November and December. Barbour. Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Size, medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conical : skin, mottled, and striped with red of different hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks ; stem, rather short, in a moderately deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, small, closed, set in a 124 THE APPLE. shallow plaited basin ] flesh, yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor plea- sant, quality very good. (Ad. Int. Rep.) Bean Sweet. " This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe on the tree • crisp and juicy ; ripe in October ; will keep till February or March ; a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.) Beef Steak. Garden Apple. Origin, Massachusetts : Habit, like Baldwin. Fruit, medium, roundish oval ; greenish yellow, marbled and striped with red ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed : basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild sub-acid ■ '• very good ; " core, medium. October and November. Belden Sweet. American. Fruit small, globular, light yellow; stem, medium; cavity, deep ; flesh, white, tender, good ; core, large, open. February and March. Ben Davis. From Kentucky. Tree, vigorous grower, constant and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, striped and splashed with red and yellow ; stem, short; cavity, narrow, deep, uneven; calyx, closed; basin, angular; flesh, white, sometimes tinged with red, mild sub-acid, pleasant flavor; core, medium; seeds, large, dark brown. Winter and Spring. Belzer. American : Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse, in Hov. Mag.) Better than Good. Juicy Bite. From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described. Tree, slender, irregular. Fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye; yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid; "very good." Early Winter. Betsy's Fancy. Origin, unknown, a free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. Fruit, scarcely medium, oblate ; skin, yellowish, shaded with dull red ; stem, short, inserted in a moderate cavity; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, and uneven ; flesh, compact, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid flavor. De- cember to March. Bevan. Bevan Favorite, 1 Striped June. From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis- tances. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, distinct, broad red stripes on yellow ; stem, varying from short to long ; cavity, shal- low ; calyx, large ; basin, plaited ; flesh, firm, tough, sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 125 Black Coal. "Welcome. This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above me- dium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly over- spreading a lighter red, numerous specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy ; basin, open ; core, large, hollow ; seeds, loose J flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, juicy, tender, rather acid. November to February. Blakely. Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely, Vigorous, up- right growth, regular bearer. Fruit, large, regularly oblate, slightly conic ; skin, yellow, with a sunny cheek, thinly sprinkled with reddish dots; stem, small and short, inseited in a broad cavity of moderate depth ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, small and shallow • flesh, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, sub-acid fla- vor. January and March. (Downing.) Bledsoe. Bledsoe Pippin. " From Kentucky. Resembles White Pippin. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base, brownish specks ) skin, smooth ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shal- low ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown : flesh, white, tender, juicy ; 'very good.' March and April. Claimed as a seedling — new." (A. H. Ernst, "Ms.) Blood. From Central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular, dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional rough gray dots : stem, varying ; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open • broad seg- ments : basin, furrowed : core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, breaking mild, al- most sweet; "very good." December to March. Blue Pearmain. Tree, hardy ; shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off". Fruit, very large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red over a dull ground— white bloom; stem, short; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter. Boalsburg. A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclin- ing to conical, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground; stem, short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, modera- tely wide ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing ; " very good." (W. D. B.) Boas. American: From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, crimson red stripes or greenish yellow, whitish yellow blotches; stem, 126 THE APPLE. short, stout; calyx, in a plaited basin; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, plea- sant ; " very good ; " core, small. February to June. BoNUM. Magnum Bonum. From North Carolina. Tree, hardy and vigorous, an early and abun- dant bearer. Fruit, large, oblate; color, light to dark red; basin and cavity, shallow; flesh, yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. (Downing.) Bowling's Sweet. Raised by Louis Bowling. Spottsylvania County, Virginia. A vei-y vig- orous grower, and very productive. Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, dull red, on a yellow ground ; flesh, rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. October to January. (H. R. Roby, Ms.) BOWKEA. From Western New York. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened, angular, pale yellow, with crimson in sun, small, brown gray dots : stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, closed ; flesh, whitish tender, mild sub-acid ; "good." October. BoURASSA. Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, Vermont, North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish brown in sun; stem, long, slender ; cavity, small, iregular ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, narrow ; core, rather large ; seeds, few ; flesh, white, fine grained, sub-acid, October to January. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 127 Brabant Bellflower. Brabant Belle-fleiir, | Iron Apple. Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, flattened at ends ; pale yellow, mostly covered with red, striped and splashed ; calyx, large; basin, wide; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid. November to Janu- ary. Brennaman. Origin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, above medium, yellow- ish, mostly covered with stripes of red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid — good for cooking. August. Briggs' Auburn. Origin, Auburn, Maine. Fruit, large, oblate, very much depressed ; skin, light yellow, with a slight blush on the sunny side ; stem, rather long, in a very large cavity; basin, broad and shallow; flesh, fine, white, with a very pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree, hardy and productive, September to October. (Me. P. S. Report.) Brittle Sweet. Origin unknown — good grower, and very productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish, approaching conic, sometimes elongated, angular ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson, sprink- led with gray dots ; stem, short, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a small corrugated basin ; flesh, yelloAvish, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. September, October. (Downing.) Brooke's Pippin. A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, deep, irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes furrow- ed ; seeds, long, slender, acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine texture, with a pleasant aroma ; " best." Winter ; bearing abundantly every year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some resemblance, does not succeed. Buck's County. Buck's County Pippin. A Pennsylvania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ; greenish yellowy with sometimes a faint brown cheek; stem, short, not stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ; seeds, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture, fine : flavor, excellent ; " very good." (W. D. B.) Buff. Granny Buff. Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous, erect. Fruit, very large, irregular, roundish flattened, and slightly angular ; skin, thick, yellow, striped, and shaded with red, very dark next the sun, marked with a few greenish rus- set spots ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a medium cavity ; calyx, in a large, irregular basin ; flesh, white, and when well ripened, tender and excellent, sometimes indiflerent. November to March. (White's Gard.) 128 THE APPLE. Buffington's Early. A moderate bearer — origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened, little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush ; cavity deep : basin, shal- low, furrowed; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July. Burr's Winter Sweet. Native of Higham, Massachusetts. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at crown — smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion, russet at stem — small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad, open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open, ribbed ; core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aroma- tic perfume. December to March. (Hov. Mag.) Bush, Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate conical ; greenish yel- low, russet dots near the crown : calyx, small ; basin, deep plaited : flesh, "very good." (W. D. B.) Butter Apple. American — probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu- lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar- row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt, ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds, roundish ovate : flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet ; " very good." No- vember to February. Blockley. Probably from Pennsylvania. Growth upright ; fruit, large, round flat- tened, occasionally a little uneven, pale yellow, with occasional patches of light thin russet ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, deep ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sub- acid ; core, large ; capsules, open. October to January. Buchanan's Pippin. Buchanan's Seedling. Raised by Robert Buchanan, of Cincinnati, 0. Tree, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, very much flattened, slightly angular; skin, yel- lowish, somewhat waxen, deeply shaded with maroon, sometimes very ob- scurely striped and thickly covered with light conspicuous dots ; stalk, very short and small, surrounded by thin, scaly russet, inserted in a large cavity; calyx, partially closed, set in a round, abrupt basin, slightly ribbed ; flesh, greenish, very solid, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, refreshing, sub-acid flavor. March, April. Buckingham. Fruit, large, round conical, angular, greenish yellow, shaded with crimson and whitish gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, closed; basin, deep ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid ; "very good ;" core, medium. December. Buck Meadow. From Norwalk, Conn. Tree, drooping habit ; productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical, angular, yellow, marbled and streaked with red ; miTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 129 stem, short; cavity, deep, abrupt, thin russet ; calyx, closed: basin, open; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous ; " very good." November to March. Buel's Favorite. Spotted Pippin, | Gray Pippin. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted; calyx, medium ; flesh, a little tough. November. BuRNHAP Greening. From Vermont. Tree, a good grower and regular bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, flat at base, greenish yellow ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, abrupt; calyx, closed; basin, open; flesh, juicy, crisp, firm, sub-acid; "good;" core, large, open. January, February. Callasaga. American : from Macon, N. C. Fruit, above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish yellow russet; calyx, large; wide furrowed basin. October, November, Valued highly South. Camack's Sweet. Camack's Winter Sweet, | Grape Vine. Southern. Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, whitish green, clouded with green russet ; calyx, large, closed ; flesh, firm, slightly sweet, juicy; '• very good." December to March. Will prove valuable through- out the Southwest. Campfield. Newark Sweeting. American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with dull red in sun ; flesh, white, dry, sweet. Valued for stock and cider. Cann. American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." October to Decem- ber. Tree, thrifty, spreading. Cannon Pearmain. American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, with dull red and large yellow specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly. December to March. Capron's Pleasant. Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a brownish tinge ; stem, rather stout, inserted in an open cavity ; calyx, large in a medium basin ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender, mild sub-acid, and very agreeable. September to October. (Downing.) Carnahan. Cannahan's Favorite. Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large^ roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with strines of red, greenish russet 6* 130 THE APPLE. dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large ; long segments , basin, ribbed • core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy; " very good." December to February. Caroline. Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, New Jersey. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate angular ; skin, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, obscurely striped, and thickly covered with light dots ; stalk, three- quarters of an inch long, inserted in a cavity surrounded by green russet with rays ; calyx, closed, set in a shallow, uneven basin ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. January to April. (Downing.) Carpenter. American. New, originated with Charles Carpenter, of Kelly Island. Tree, strong, healthy grower — an annua.l, abundant bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, oblique • skin, rather rough, rich lemon yellow, deepening in sun, often with a rich red cheek, thicVly dotted with small gray dots, apparently raised upon the surface ; stem, varying, sometimes thick, short,, and stout ;. again, medium in length and size ; cavity, open, deep, regular • calyx, large, open ; segments five, dis- tinct, long, reflexed; basin, deep, round, regular, slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking juicy, sharp sub-acid ; core, medium or small, compact ; seeds, long, ovate pointed. February to Maj'. Valuable for cooking from November to May. Carter. Eoyal Pippin. Southern. Fruit, above medium, roundish, yellow and red ; flesh, tender, mild, pleasant; almost '-very good." October to January. Cat Face. From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends, greenish yellow, streaked with light and dark red; stem, long, slender; cavity, deep, wide; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) Catooga. Large to very large, irregular, broadest at the base, yellow mottled, with black dots, and sprinkled with flecks of green ; stalk, of medium length, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, open, in a deep basin; flesh, yellowish, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor. Cat Pippin. West's Spitzcnbei'g, I Ilonemakcr Pippin, Haymaker, | Hommaolier Apfel. Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to large, greenish; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April. Cayuga Red Streak. Twenty Ounce, I Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneotisly, I Colman, Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward, Dunlap's Aurora. Twenty Ounce Apple, I I From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak," to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit, large, UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 131 roundish conical, dull yellowish green, striped and marbled with yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large • flesh, yellowish white, coarse, crisp, sub-acid. November, December. Esteemed for cooking. Caywood. Origin, Ulster Co. N. Y., valuable only for its late keeping. Fruit, medium, oblate; skin, bright yellow, with a tinge of red on the sunny side ; stalk, rather long, in a broad shallow cavity ; calyx, small, closed ] basin, broad and wrinkled ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, pleasant, but not juicy or rich. Keeps until July or September. Champlain. Tree, moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, roundish conic ; skin, greenish, with a fine blush ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ,• calyx, closed ; basin, narrow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid. September. (Downing.) Chester. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny cheek, and sprinkled with carmine dots ; stalk, short; inserted in a broad shallow cavity : calyx, closed, set in broad open basin ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Novem- ber, December. Christiana. Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Delaware. Size, medium, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, beautifully striped, and mottled with carmine on a yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a deep, moderately wide, plaited basin; flesh, yellowish white, flne texture, juicy ; flavor, pleasant, delicate, sprightly, vinous, quality " very good." November. (Int. R,ep.) Churchill Greening. Origin, uncertain. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, angular ; skin, yellowish green, shaded with dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots ; stem, rather long, slender ; cavity, broad ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, yel- low, tender, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. December to February. Clarke's Pearmain. Gloucester Pearmain, | Golden Pearmain. American. From Virginia. Fruit, medium, roundish : yellow, mostly covered with bright red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sub-acid ; " good," or "very good." December. Clyde Beauty. Mackie's Clyde Beauty. From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical, slightly- ribbed ; pale greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, deep crimson in the sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid. October to December. 132 THE APPLE. Cole. Scarlet Perfume. Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading, hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium, roundish, little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium, partly closed; flesh, white, juicy ; " very good." August. Connett's Sweet. Tree, strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ■ rich yellow ground, mostly covered with dark red • stem, slender ; cavity, wide, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, broad ; flesh, yellow, fine- grained, tender, sweet, excellent; promises great value. December to March. Conway, American. Fruit medium, roundish flattened ; color, greenish yellow, few brown dots; stem, short; cavity, bi-oad, shallow; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed; flesh, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic sprightly flavor. January to February. Chief Good. Summum Bonum. From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes of green ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open ; calyx, small, partly closed , basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A, H. Ernst, Ms.) Cocklin's Favorite. Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumberland Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) Cooper's M.\rket. Cooper's Eedling. Tree, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches. Productive, and a late keeper. Fruit, medium, oblong conic; skin, yellowish, shaded with red, and striped with crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, with a brisk, sub-acid flavor. December to May. (Downing.) Cornell's Fancy. Cornell's Favorite. From Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblong conical; skin, waxen yellow, shaded and splashed with crimson; stalk, of medium length; cavity, rather large; calyx, closed, abrupt, corru- gated ; flesh, white, tender, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor. September. (Downing.) CouRT-PENDU Plat Court-pendu, Garnon's Apple, Cour Pendu, Eond Gros, " " Musque, Coriandra Kose, Woll.aton Pippin, Capendu, Cour pendu Extra, Foreign. Tree, slender, early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium re- gular, flat ; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, Cour pendu, Eouge Musqufe, Pomme de Berlin, Eussian, Princisse Noble Zoete. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 13S deep; calyx, large; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly, little acid. " Very good." November to February. Barlow, Conrt de 'Wich:, Fry's Pippin, Wood's Huntingdon, Court of Wick. Philip's Eeinette, Week's Pippin, Court of Wick Pippin, Kival Golden Pippin, Oolden Drop, Transparent Pippin, Knightwick Pippin, Yellow. Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit for dessert, this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit, small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened, greenish yellow in shade, little red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long, wide-spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds, ovate ; flesh; yellow, sharp sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February. Cracking. From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little pruning. Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, slight tinge of red in sun, and large green dots ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. October to January. New; highly esteemed where known. CRAiNBERRY. American. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine, gray russet dots ; stem, in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx, small, closed. Gulp. A native of Jeflerson Co., Ohio. Tree, a fine, upright grower. Fruit, medium to large, conical, irregular ; skin, yellow, with dull blush, dotted 134: THE APPLE. with russet specKs ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven ; flesh, firm, crisp, very hard until ripe, juicy, with an agreeable sub- acid flavor and light perfume, January to March. Cumberland. Cumberland Seedling. From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed, valuable for market, large, roundish flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ; " good," new. Cumberland Spice. The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description : " Rather large, varying from roundish conical to long conical, the taper- ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, w"axen yellow, with a slight Vermillion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the sur- face ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long ) cavity, wide, slightly russeted • calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather light; core, hollow; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality." Curtis Sweet. Origin, unknown. Fruit, large, oval, ribbed, yellow, sprinkled and marbled with crimson, whitish gray dots; calyx, small ; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, esteemed ; core, large. August to October. Dapper. American. Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and speckled with crimson in sun; calyx, small, closed. Davis. From Wayne Co., Mich. Fruit, below medium, ovate regular, flattened at base and crown ; color, yellowish, shaded with red-gray dots ; calyx, closed; basin, small; flesh, whitish, firm, sub-acid; great bearer and keeper. March to April. Darlington. Darlington Eusset. Native of Northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear, smooth russet ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh, white ; hardly " very good.'' January to June. Derry Nonsuch. Dinsmore, | Londonderry. Origin, unknown ; from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there. Tree, thrifty and productive ; a late keeper. Fruit, above medium, oblong or conic angular; skin, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and splashed with crimson; stem, short, in a moderate cavity; calyx, large, closed; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly aromatic, agree- ably sub-acid. January to April. (Downing.) Dickson's Emperor. From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine red and minute specks of straw color, dull red cheek in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, irregular ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; '■ very good." November to January. UNTESTED YAEIETIES, ETC. 135 Delight. From R. Buchanan, Esq., Souithern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly angular, 3'ellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, vermilion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large, short segments 5 basin, round, slightly furrowed; core, compact; seeds, ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; good." New. December to March. very Detroit. Eed Detriot, Black Detroit, Jacksonia, Crimson Pippin. Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark, blackish crimson, dotted and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep : calyx, closed ; basin, plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes grown as the Black Apple. Dillingham. From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky. Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium, round regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet ; '• very good ;" great bearer. October and November. Doctor. Eed Doctor, | De "Witt. Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana, producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat, yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January. Ducket. Southern, Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, light waxen yellow, often 136 THE APPLE. a red cheek, grayish dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, small j basin, deep ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, tender, vinous; core, small; " very good." October to November. Early Long Stem ? Early Spice. Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burlington, Iowa. Fruit, small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, corrugated ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic, ,sub-acid. August. (Downing.) Early Pennock. Shakers' Yellow, I August Apple, I "Warren Pennock, Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Ked Streak ? | Harmony. This is probably an old Eastern variety, so changed by our Western soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or Belmont counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early, prolific bearers of fruit, rather below second-rate quality. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red ; stem, long ; cavity, deep, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid. August. Re- sembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen. Early Red Margaret. Early June, ) f ^ f, I Eed Juneating, I Eve Apple, of the Irish, Red June, ) -^ '^"^''"'■' Striped Juneating, Margaretha Apfel, of Germans. June, of soine in Ohio, \ Early Eed Juneating, | This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry — oftener grown as Red Juneating. Tree, a regular, moderate bearer, upright, downy shoots. Fruit, medium or below, roundi.sh oblong conical ; green in shade, dark crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July. Early Sweet. American. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree, productive, growth, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish oblique, clear lemon yellow, light blush red in sun. a few small russet dots, and consecutive russet lines about the calyx, suffused white spots on the blush side ; stem, medium to long, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, half closed, with long, partially reflexed segments ; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sweet and delicious as an eating apple. July, August. Enfield Pearmain. American. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, deep red, with many small dots ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, large, thinly russeted ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, pleasant, rich flavor. November to January. English Golden Russet. Golden Eusset, of New York. Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yel- low ; stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to March. UNTESTED VAKEETIES, ETC. 137 English Sweeting. Eamsdell's Sweeting, I Eamsdell's Eed Pumpkin Sweet, I Avery Sweeting. Eamdell's Sweet, | Red Pumpkin Sweet, | Foreign. Tree, vigorou.s, upright, early, prolific bearer. Fruit, medium to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob ; calyx, with short stiff" seg- ments ; basin, round, regular- core, long, ovate j seeds, imperfect; flesh, yellowish white, sweet ; '• very good." October to February. Ernst's Pippin. Ohio Pippin, American. Originated with A. H. Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, productive and hardy. Fruit, large, round- ish flattened, sometimes slightly oblong ; color, light greenish yellow, faint blush when exposed to sun, small dark green specks, surrounded w"ith light green, suffused beneath the skin • stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep : flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core, small, laying nearest the stem end ; seeds, dark. December to February. The general appearance of this apple closely re- sembles the Canada Reinette, from a seed of which it probably originated. ESTEN. From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow : flesh, white, sub-acid. October. EUSTIS. Ben. Native, Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened; red and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slendei', inclined to one side ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core small ; seeds, ovate angular ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January. Evening Party. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yel- low, shaded with red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; flesh, juicy, tender, crisp, fine dessert fruit ; core, medium. Decem- ber to March. Young shoots, reddish ; old wood, gray. A new variety that promises valuable for small gardens. EWALT. Origin, farm of John Ewalt. Size, full medium ; form, truncated, some- what angular ; color, greenish yellow, with a bright red cheek, and many greenish russet spots, especially about the base ; stem, very short, rather stout, inserted in a narrow, not very deep, cavity ; caly, closed, set in a narrow, moderately deep, slightly plaited basin ; flesh, fine texture, tender ; flavor, sprightly and pleasant, with an exceedingly fragrant odor ; quality, very good. April. (W. D. Brinckle.) Excel. From Sharon, Conn. Tree, strong grower, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, marbled and splashed with red, light gray dots ; cavity 138 THE APPLE. deep ; calyx, closed ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. December, February. Exquisite. Named and introduced by C. R. Overman, of Canton, 111. Tree, mode- rate, upridit grower, productive, hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; yellow striped and marbled with red ; stem, short, russet at base ; cavity, broad, deep ; calj^x, small, partly closed ; basin, small • flesh, white, juicy, melting, fine grained, tender, rich, vinous, almost sweety promises to be valuable. September, November. Fairbanks. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red and patched with russet ; stem, long ; cavity, broad and shallow; flesh, yellowish, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. September to October. (Me. P. S. R.) Fall Harvey. Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots ; stem, slender : cavity, deep ; flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy; -very good." October and November. Fall Jennetting. Fall Gennettin g. Probably American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx^ closed ; basin, round ; core, small ; seeds, angular; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy; "very good." October and November. There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July to September, which is sour and unworthy. Fall Pearmain. A variety considerably grown in Connecticut. Trees, moderate bearers ; healthy. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical; color, yellow ground, mostly overspread with red in stripes, patches, &c., and many grayish green dots ; stem, medium ; cavity deep,, slightly russeted ; calyx, partly closed ; basin, deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich aromatic flavor. September and October. So far as we have met with this, at the West and Southwest, it proves successful. Fall Seek-no-Further. Winter Seek-no-Further. Tree, thrifty and productive. Origin, unknown ; grown in Connecticut, and much prized there. Fruit, very large, oblate : skin, yellow", mostly shaded Avith red. striped with darker red and covered with numerous grayish dots ; stalk, rather long, inserted in a broad, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very broad, uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, sub- acid flavor. October, January. (Downing.) Farley's Pi,ed. From Kentucky. Tree, hardy and productive. Fruit, roundish conical angular ; color, yellowish, shaded and striped with bright, rich red, dotted UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 139 •with light dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, irregular, thinly russeted ; calyx, open: basin, shallow, uneven; flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant. January to April. Father Abraham. From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's description : " Small, fiat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker red ; texture, thin, tender ; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun, juicy, agreeable. Early Winter. Keeps till April." Favorite. From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yellow, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, medium, regular : core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good." Novem- ber to January. Fay's Russet. From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, productive. Fruit, small, conical, light yellow russet, faintly striped with red ; stem, short ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. March to April. Ferdinand. Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright. Fruit, large, oblate irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick : calyx, open ; basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New. (Wm. Sumner in Hort.) Ferris. "Westchester Seek-no-Farther. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, yellow shades and stripes of red ; stem, slender ; cavity, broad, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, mild sula-acid ; "very good;" core, small. Novem- ber, December. Fisk's Seedling. Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous and productive ; highly esteemed in its locality. Fruit, medium, oblate oblique; skin, deep red on the sunny side, indis- tinctly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots ; stalk, medium length, in a round, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx, large, seg- ments reflexed, in a broad basin of moderate depth ; flesh, greenish white, tender, melting, with a rich vinous, saccharine flavor. October, November! (Robert Wilson's MS. ; Downing.) Fleiner. Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright. Fruit, medium, oblong, lemon yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " good." Septem- ber and October. Productiveness its chief merit. Ford Apple. Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical ; color, rich yellow; stem, long: cavit)', shallow ; basin, small, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid flavor. October, January. (Cult.) 140 THE APPLE. Flushing Spitzenberg. American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots. Fruit, medium, round- ish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red, russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender : cavity, narrow; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, rather large; flesh, white, tinged yellow, juicy, mild, crisp, nearly sweet; ''very good.''" November to February. FOCHT. A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree, a low open head : productive. Fruit, large, oblate, slightly conic angular; skin, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush ; stem, short ; cavity, broad, deep, russeted ; calyx, almost closed ; cavity, broad and shallow ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a good sub-acid flavor. October, December. Excellent for culinary purposes. (Downing.) Foundling. Funtling, | Shirley, | Groton. Native of Mass. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes, pale red, greenish specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid. August and September. Franklin Golden Pippin. Sudlow's Fall Pippin, American. Tree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate conical, pale light greenish yellow, interlined with fine whitish net-work, few russet dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ; basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; " very good." October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 141 French's Sweet. The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ptipe, October and November, and will keep till January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.) Fronclin. Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer, medium, regular, round^ bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. (Pom. Trans.) Gabriel. Ladies' Blush, erroneously. Fruit, New. The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers; fruit, medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with pale red; stem, slender; cavity, medium; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core medium ; seeds, long ovate, pointed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; '•best." October and November. Garretson's Early. John Garretson's Early. Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun dant bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened ; pale green, becoming yel lowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx closed; basin, ribbed ; core, large; seeds, plump; flesh, white, crisp, tender, sub-acid; '"very good." August. George. From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer. Fruit, me- dium, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with russety blotches and specks, 142 THE APPLE. oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; tasin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, flrnij juicy, mild acid. July. Giles. From Wallingford. Conn. Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh, ten- der, juicy; " very good." October to November. Gilpin. Carthouse, | Eomanite of the "West. From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex, deep red and yellow ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, sometimes furrowed; core, medium; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy; will keep a year. Gloucester White. American ; medium, roundish oblong, bright yellow, black patches ; flesh, breaking, dry. October and November. GOBLE PbUSSET. Sweet Seek-no-further. Medium to large, oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red ; flesh whitish yellow, dry, sweet. October and December. Golden Goss. Fruit, roundish flattened, angular, yellow; stem, slender; calyx, nearly closed; flesh, whitish, juicy, brisk; " very good;" core, medium. Grandfather. American. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; color, yellowish white, striped, splashed, and shaded with rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, with prominent angles ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. Granniwinkle. Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundisli oblong, dark red; flesh, yellowish, sweet. October and November. Granny Earle. Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh, white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. JMag.) Green's Choice. Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, me- dium, roundish conical; skin, yellow, striped with red ; flesh, tender, juicy, very mild sub-acid or almost sweet ; ripe, last of August and first of September. Green Cheese. ■Winter Cheese, [ Turner's Green. Origin, Tennessee. Tree, of rather slow growth, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, obliquely depressed ; skin, greenish yellow, covered with brown dots ; stalk, very short, in a broad, deep cavity, sur- rounded by russet ; calyx, partially closed, in a broad, shallow, uneven basin ; flesh, rather fine, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavor. November to April. (Downing.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. . 143 Green Mountain Pippin. From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and crown ; skin, greenish yel- low ; stalk, medium, curved, in a rather broad, deep cavity, surrounded with russet ; calyx, open, in a broad, shallow basin ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November and February. Greenskin. Southern Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, oily ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, broad, open ; flesh, juicy, core, sweet, vinous, very good dessert apple ■ core, small. October to January. Grimes' Golden Pippin. From Brooke Co., Va. Fruit, medium, oblong flattened, golden yellow; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good." December to March. Gully. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium ; white, with blush cheek; flesh, white, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.) Hagloe. Summer Hagloe. Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots ; valued for cooking, often fine for dessert. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on yel- low ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small, ovate, cider fruit. . Hain. Origin, Berks Co.. Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. Fruity large, globular, inclining to oblong; skin, yellow, striped, marbled and mottled with red ; stalk, rather long, slender, set in a deep, abrupt cavity ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, rich, sweet and slightly aromatic. November, March. (Downing.) Hall. Hall's Eed, | Jenny's Seedling. From North Carolina. Fruit small, roundish flattened, mostly red, with many dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, open ; basin, small ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, rich, vinous aromatic ; " best." January. This variety should be introduced Southwest as a dessert apple. The trees are very hardy. Hamphill. From North Carolina. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; very productive ; young wood, reddish gray. Fruit, medium, roundish, straw color marbled and washed with red ; stem, long ; basin and cavity, small ; flesh, firm^ sub-acid, juicy; "very good." November to May. Harris, Originated with Mr. Harris, Rockingham Co.. N. C. Tree, vigorous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, bright straw color, occasionally with a pink blush ; stem, very short and stout : cavity, broad and shallow ; basin, large and deep ; flesh, coarse, 144 THE APPLE. pleasant, sub-acid. Last of August and continues a longtime; valuable for culinary purposes. (G. W. Johnson.) Harrison. Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until March, it becomes " very good " for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very productive. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate j yellow, with black specks, light-suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core, large ; seeds, long, ovate. November to March. It is from this variety, mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark cider is made. Harnish. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, slightly angular ; skin, mostly shaded with dark red. and sprinkled with grayish dots ; flesh, compact, tender, not juicy, almost sweet, pleasant. September to October. From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster County. (Downing.) Hartford Sweeting. Spencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting. Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ; " very good." December to March. Haskell Sweet. Sassafras Sweet. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture. Fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun ; stem and cavity, medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost " best." October. Hawthornden. White Hawthornden, | Mountaineer. Foreign. Above medium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, blush in sun : flesh, white, acid. October, November. Not equal to Maiden's Blush. Heart's Pippin. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at ends, oblique ; color, pale yellow, with suff'used shades of whitish yellow, and faint blush cheek in sun ; stem, medium ; cavity, regular, even, moderately deep, russeted ; calyx, with five distinct, erect, open segments ; basin, regular, medium depth / flesh, white, very tender, acid, juicy, fine for sauce ;. core, medium ' seeds, roundish oval. November. Hector. From Chester County, Pa. Large, oblong conical, striped and mottled with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ; basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good." (W. D. B.) Helen's Favorite. From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light spots, stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep j calyx, small ; core, compact ; seeds, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. small; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy; uary and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.) 145 ■ very good." Jan- Henry. From Vermont. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, conical; color, yellow, bronzed red in sun. small gray dots ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow ; " good." October, December. Herman. From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy; "very good." December to April. (Pom. Trans.) Hess. American. From Lancaster County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; shades of red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow ; basin, deep, narrow; flesh, greenish white, tender, aromatic. December to March. " Good to very good." Higby's Sweet. According to present information, this variety originated in Trumbull County, Ohio. It is a good and regular bearer, and extremely valuable as a table fruit. Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish flattened, often one side enlarged or obliqvie ; color, pale, clear yellow, with faint tinge of red is seen small obscure dots, and mostly apparently underneath the skin ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, regular, moderate depth, russeted regular; calyx, small, nearly closed; basin, deep, pretty regular, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, very tender, pleasantly sweet, juicy and well fla- vored ; core, small ; seeds, plump, round ovate. October to March. 7 146 THE APPLE. Highlander. Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree, a good grower, very productive; fruit, medium, oblate, approaching conic ; skin, greenish, mottled and striped with red • stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a rather deep cavity ; calyx, small and closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous flavor. September, October. (Downing.) Hilton. Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive ; apples making the finest tarts and pies. It is not equal to the Fall Pippin for eating. Fruit, very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it ; a little naiTOwed next the eye ; stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply sunk ; calyx, small, closed, moderately simk in a slight plaited basin ; skin, green- ish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few scattered, large greenish dots. (Downing.) Hill's Favorite. From Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical, yellow shaded and striped with red, whitish dots, thin bloom , stem, short ; cavity, uneven ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yel- low, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic; core, medium; "very good." Septem- ber, October. Hixon's Favorite. American. The fruit resembles Houghton Seedling in size and quality. The plant is of dwarf habit ; upright growth, hardy and productive. Hocking. Western. Fruit, medium to large ; red and yellow striped, sometimes slightly russeted ; stem, medium length: cavity, open, broad; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid ; core, small. August. Tree, upright, vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Origin, uncertain ; may prove identical with some Eastern sort — as yet only known West. Hollady's Seedling. Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania County, Va. A very thrifty, upright grower, a good bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate ; color, yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh, yellowish, compact, ten- der, rich, aromatic. November to March. (H. Pi,. Roby.) Hooker. Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, conic, slightly obJique ; skin, greenisli yellow, shaded with dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots : stalk, short, inserted in a very shallow cavity ; calyx, small, partially closed, in a small, abrupt basin ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub- acid flavor. November to January. Hoover. Raised by Mr. Hoover, of Edisto, South Carolina. Fruit, large and beautiful, nearly globular, inclining to conic; color, rich, dark crimson, UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC U1 peculiarly marked with round, white spots, of about an eighth of an inch in size; stem, half an inch long, fleshy; calyx, open, in a smooth, green- ish yellow basin ; flesh, white ; flavor, brisk acid. November to Februai-y Holland Pippin. Eeinette d'Holland, Summer Pippin, Pie Apple, French. Pippin, of some. Tree, resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but from which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip- tion to Fall Pippin, with this diff'erence, more regular round, stem shorter, cavity not as deep, more broad and open ; calyx smaller, and basin not as wide. Housum's Red. From Berks County, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides ; skin, red, in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited : flesh, fine tex- ture, tender, with delightful aroma ; " very good." at least. October to February. (W. D. B.) Howe's Russet. Origin. Shrewsbury, Mass. Very much resembles Roxbury Russet, and may be seedling of it. Fruit, large, oblate, often conic, angular ; skin, greenish yellow, mostly covered with russet, and generally with a bronzed cheek ; stalk, short, inserted in a broad cavity ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, abrupt, uneven; flesh, yellowish, compact, brisk vinous flavor. January to May. (Downing.) 148 THE APPLE. Hughes. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. From Thomas Hughes, said to be an abundant bearer ; large, roundish. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous gray dots ■ stem, variable in length, slender, inserted in a moderately deep, open cavity ; calyx, large, open, set in a wide, deep, sometimes plaited basin j flesh, fine texture, tender, juicy ; flavor, very agreeable, saccharine with- out being sweet, with a delicate and delicious aroma ; quality, " very good," if not " best." March, April. (Ad. Int. Rep.) Hunter. From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, striped and splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy October. Hunt's PlUsset. Origin, Mr. Hunt's Farm, Concord, Mass. Growth, rather slow, bears annually and abundantly. Fruit, small, conic ; skin, russet, shaded with dull red, on a greenish yellow ground ; stalk, short, slender ; cavity, deep and broad ; calyx, closed : segments, long, recurved in a round open basin ; flesh, juicy, fine grained, rather rich, sprightly, sub-acid flavor. December to April. Little known at the West. HURLBUT. Hurlbut Stripe. Origin, farm of Gen. Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree, very vigorous, and great bearer. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly conic angular ; skin, yellow, shaded with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded by russet; calyx, closed, basin rather shallow; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild sprightly sub-acid flavor. No- vember, December. (Downing.) Indiana Favorite. From Fayette Co., Ind. Tree, spreading head, good bearer. Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened at ends, tapering to calyx, angular ; yel- low, mostly covered, splashed and striped with two shades of red, many- russet specks ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, irregular, short segments ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid, almost sweet, plea- sant ; " very good ;" core, compact ; seeds, pointed, light brown. January to April. Iola. Southern origin. Fruit, large, oblate angular, compressed horizontally ; skin, yellow, mottled, marbled, striped and shaded with crimson ; stem, short, in rather large cavity ; calyx, large, partially closed, in an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous, rich and agreeable. A very delightful apple ; core, small. December to Feb- ruary. Jabez Sweet. From Middletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green, dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 149 Jackson. From Bucks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish ; color, greeni,sh yellow, with dark blotches and gray dots in sun, faint stripes and raottlings of red • stem, in a deep narrow cavity j calyx, closed; basin, slightly furrowed; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, aromatic flavor. October, December. Jefferson County. From Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, globular ; color, greenish yellow, with marblings and shades of red russet in sun ; stem, in a deep cavity ; calyx, small ; basin, deep _: flesh, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid. October, December. Jenkins. Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx, closed basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seeds, grayish brown, acute-ovate; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy: flavor, agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; "very good," if not "best.'' The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples peculiarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.) Jewett's Red. Jewetfs Fine EeJ, | Nodhead. V/7?] Tree, slow, rather slender, diverging growth ; fruit, unfair while young ; best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to suc- ceed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped with red, numerous white dots; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small, par- tially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, mild aromatic sub- acid. November to February. 150 THE APPLE. Jersey Pippin. Foreign. Fruit, medium, round oblong conical, flattened, pale yellow- ish green, faint stripes red • stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, rather large ] basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; flesh, green- ish yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. New. Johnson. From Brookfield, Conn. Fruit, above medium, roundish ; smooth, strip- ed red on yellow, dark red in sun • flesh, tender, crisp, juicy ; very fine. Avigust, September. John's Sweet. Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. A good grower, somewhat straggling ; a prolific bearer. Fruit, medium, oblong or conic ; skin, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and splashed with red ; stem, short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt basin ; flesh, juicy, tender, with a sweet peculiar flavor. January to May. (Downing.) Junalieska. Raised in Cherokee Co., North Carolina, by J. Whittaker. Fruit, largej globular, inclining to conic ; skin, fine yellow color, speckled with dark brown russet ; stem, short and fleshy • cavity, narrow ; basin, very small ,• flesh, yellow, with a sprightly sub-acid flavor. November to March. (J. Van Beuren.) (Downing.) Keim. Fruit, below medium, roundish conical, pale waxen yellow ; stem, long, slender : cavity, medium ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium ; flesh, white, tender, mild, pleasant ; " very good." January to March. Keiser. Eed Seek-no-further. An old variety much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly prized, growth of tree like Rarabo. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular* skin, pale yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with large grayish dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a large cavity ] calyx, small, closed in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin- flesh, yellowish, not very juicy, but mild sub-acid. November to February. There is another Red Seek-no-further, grown near Lebanon, Pa., distinct, and a universal favorite there. December to April. Kelsey. Origin, Berks County, Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. Size, me- dium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical ; skin, greenish yel- low, with occasionally a faint blush and numerous gray dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep, moderately open cavity ; calyx, closed, set in a very shallow, plaited basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, greenish white ; flavor, mild, and exceedingly pleasant, fragrant aroma ; quality, very good. March. (W. D. Brinckie.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 151 Eed Spitzenberg, Eed Pearmain, Eed Winter Pearmain, Long Pearmain, Kaighn's Spitzenberg. aef?f:;main,}-~-^2'' Long John, Eed Pippin, Eed Phoenix, Sheepnose, of some, Eussam. This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it, as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. Warder, at the late Ohio Pom. Meet- ing, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name, Spit- zenberg, was derived from a mountain "berg." Fruit, large, oblong rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, irregular in form ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in Michigan as Red Belleflower. Ketchum's Favorite. Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, Sudbury, Vt. Tree, vigorous and product- ive. Fruit, medium, irregularly oval, inclining to conic; skin, light waxen yellow, slightly shaded with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots ; stalk of medium length, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep and narrow ; flesh, white, with a very mild, rich, and excellent flavor. September to January. (Downing.) 162 THE APPLE. King Apple. From Mason Co., Ky. Fruit yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, medium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February. KiRKBRIDGE WhITE. Medium in size or rather large, oval, ribbed, tapering equally to each end, and blunt at the ends ■ skin, smooth, pale yellow ; stem, short ; cavity and basin both very narrow ; flesh, very tender, sub-acid, fine-grained ; " good." Latter part of Summer. Klaproth. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, round- ish flattened, greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, light specks and russet spots ; stem, short ; cavity, smooth, deep : calyx, small, closed ; segments, reflexed; basin, broad ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid; •' very good." August to October. Valuable for market. Kohl. From Germany. Tree, thrifty, good grower ; new. Fruit, small, round- ish ; crisp, juicy ; good keeper. December, May. Krow^ser. Origin, Berks Co., Pa., where it is exceedingly popular. Tree, a hand- some grower and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conic; color, whitish yellow, striped and splashed with carmine ; stalk, rather short, inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small and corrugated ; flesh, white^ tender, mild sub-acid flavor. December, March. Lancaster. Lancaster Greening. From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches : stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; flesh, greepish white, juicy, sub- acid ; valued for keeping till April. Landon. From Vermont. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow ground, mottled with two shades of red, minute dots with grayish suflused skin surrounding ; stem, medium; cavity, regular, with a tinge of greenish russet; calyx, with broad segments nearly closed ; basin, shallow, furrowed : flesh, yellowish, crisp, firm, tender, juicy, aromatic ; '• very good," or " best ;" core, medium ; seeds, abundant. January to March. A new variety that promises high value. Landrum. American. Fruit, medium, conical, deep crimson sprinkled with large white dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous; " very good ;" core, small. October. November. UHTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 153 Lane's Red Streak. Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree, of moderate growth. Fruit, large, round conical, regular ; color, yellow, with very fine short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful ; flesh, white, fine, tender, pleasant sub-acid, of fair quality. October. (McWhorter.) Lake. Growii by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, abundant bearer, fruit hangs well. Fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yelIo'v\", mostly overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots; cavity, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, open ,• core, medium ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; '• very good." October. Late Queen. Brown's Late Queen. American. Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on yellow, bluish tinge at stem end. and many large russet dots ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ) stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid; "very good." September and October. Lecker. Laquier, | Lacker. From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium, round- ish oblate : skin, striped with crimson on a pale red, with numerous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted, narrow, rather deep ; basin, wide, deep, plaited ; core, small ; seed, dark cinnamon, short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy, " good," at least. December to March. (W. D. B.) Ledge Sweet. From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; yellowish green tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus- set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.) Leland Spice. Leland Pippin, | New York Spice. From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green- ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half- inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ; '• best." October to December. Deserves more attention than yet received. Leicester Sweet. , Potter Sweet. Rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red; tender, rich, excel- lent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. Tree, vigorous, not very pro- ductive. Origin, Leicester, Mass. (Cole.) Lewis. Origin, Putnam Co., Indiana. A good grower, and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellowish, striped with crimson, and partially covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray and brown 7* 154 THE APPLE. dots : stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed, or nearly so, in a moderate basin ; flesh, yellow, compact, with a rich sub-acid flavor ; not very juicy. November, February. (Downing.) The Liberty Apple, as exhibited at the Ohio State Fruit Conventions, is claimed to be a seedling of Delaware county, in that state. Its claim for introduction to the West, we think, rests upon its character as a long keeper, even when grown on rich prairie lands. Fruit, medium to large; form, oblong oblique conical; color, yellowish, striped and splashed with shades of red — often the red is most prominent at first glance, and it appears as though there was a shade of rich yellow marbled underneath, small, irregular, russet dots, and occasionally a large oblong rounded russet patch; stem, usually medium height ; cavity, narrow, of medium depth, regular ; calyx, large ; segments, half open, slightly recurved, basin, open, broad, acute; flesh, yellow, firm, a little tough, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid; skin, thick, tough; core, medium, central, compact; seeds, light brown, ovate long, pointed. February to June. LocY. Globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong or conic; skin, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, inserted in a small, acute cavity ; calyx, closed, in an open, furrowed basin ; flesh, green- ish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a, very pleasant, brisk, vinous flavor. Novem- ber, February. (Downing.) UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 155 Limber Twig. James Eiver. A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree, hardy, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light yel- low, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and occa- sional patch of russet: stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small ; basin, irregular, round ; core, large, hollow; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; '• very good." Keeps to May. For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c. Long Stem. From Berks Co., Pa. Below medivim, roundish oblong, sometimes angu- lar ; skin, red, in faint stripes, with a number of gray russet dots ; stem, long ; cavity, medium, acuminate ; basin, small, shallow, plaited ; flesh, greenish white, tender, agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenberg aroma; quality, '• very good." This is distinct from the " Long Stem " of Cole, which is large, roundish, pale yellow, brown in sun; calyx, large; basin, broad, shallow; flesh, white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass. And also distinct from the '■ Long Stem " of Count. LoRiNG Sweet. Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow-, tinged with pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, medium, closed: basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, plump; flesh, yel- lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet • "very good." Nov. to Jan. 156 THE APPLE. Loudon Pippin. Tree, productive ; most grown in Northern "Virginia. Fruit, large, rounfl- ish conical ; greenish yellow : stem, short ; calyx, large ; flesh, greenish white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples should be. LowRE Queen. Loure Queen. Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ; some- what resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, oft angular; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular dots. or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regular, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy ; "very good." November to February. Lyscom. Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite. From Mass. Fruit, large, round; greenish yellow, broken stripes, and splashes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin plaited ; flesh, fine-grained, mild sub-acid. September to November. Macomber. Origin, Guilford, Maine. Fniit, full medium, oblate angular ; skin, yel- lowish, shaded and striped with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large ; calyx, closed; basin, large and regular; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender; flavor sub-acid, December to January. (Downing.) Magnolia. Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, beautifully striped and mottled with crimson ; stalk, short, in a broad, uneven cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a brisk, aromatic flavor. October. (Downing.) Maiden's Favorite. Maiden's Apple. From Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree, a slow grower, productive. Fruit, below medium, oblong rounded, pale yellow, shaded with blush, sometimes mot- tled carmine, and few minute dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, thin, russeted ; calyx, closed; segments persistent ; basin, regular; flesh, whitish, crisp, very delicate, vinous ; " very good :" a dessert apple. December to February. Mansfield Russet. American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, small, oblong conical ; cinnamon russet; stem, long, slender ; calyx, with long segments : flesh, white, aromatic * " very good;" core, small. Manomet Sweet. Horseblock. From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, A'igorous, good bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender; cavity, shallow; calyx, large, closed ; long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, medium ; UNTESTED. VARIETIES, ETC. 157 flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet; "very good."' August and September. Male Carle. Mela Caria, I Pomme de Charles, I Charles Apple. Mela de Carlo, | Pomme Finale, | Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should always have a place. North, it does not answer. Fruit, medium, globu- lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxy lemon yellow, with distinct brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem, slen- der ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular; calyx, small: basin deep ; core, small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose perfume ; " best," October to January. Maria Bush. Origin, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. A healthy grower and good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate ; skin, yellow shaded, striped and splashed with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, large : basin, abrupt and open ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sub-acid. October and November. Marks. Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania, on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree, vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; skin, yellowish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange blush; stem, half an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, 158 THE APPLE. closed: basin, narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted; flesh, whitish, tender, fine texture, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not "best." January to March. (Ad. Int. Rep.) Marks. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whitish, ten- der, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed; quality, "very good," if not " best." (W. D. B.) Marston's Rkd Winter. From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, round- ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun. russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep 3 calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy; "very good." January to April. Major. Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ; red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side ; stem, variable in length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin, uneven, shallow: flesh, yellowish, crisp; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac- charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which, however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) May. Medium sized, roundish conical, flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red streaks ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; valued only for its earliness, which, in the South, is the latter end of May. McAfee's Nonsuch. From Kentucky ; somewhat grown Southwest. Fruit medium, roundish flattened, oblique angular ; yellowish, mostly overspread with two shades red, bluish tinge, and grayish dots apparently raised on surface ; stem, short, slender; cavity, open, little russeted, broad, deep; calyx, medium; seg- ments, short, stifle, half open, erect, reflexed : basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, compact ; seeds, short, ovate; "very good." December to February. McHenry. Origin, Hamilton Co.. Ohio. Growth upright and free, moderately pro- ductive ; color, and quality similar to American Summer Pearmain. Sep- tember to December. (Jackson.) Meacii. From Vermont. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, long, rather slender, set in a pretty large cavity ; calyx, closed in a corrugated basin ; flesh, yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic. October and November. Meigs. Fruit, large, regular oblong, narrowing to the eye, sometimes slightly ribbed; skin, yellow, but moslly concealed with a marbling of red, and UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 159 sprinkled ■with prominent yellow dots; calyx, small and closed, set in a narrow basin ; stem, very shoi't, thick, in a narrow, deep cavity ; flesh, yel- lowish white, tender, juicy^ with a rich, slightly sub-acid flavor. Autumn. ^White's Gard.) Meister. From Berks Co., Pa. Size, below medium ; roundish conical ; skin, greenish yellow, striped with red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots ; stem, nearly half an inch long, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity : calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, shallow basin ; flesh, tender • flavor sprightly and pleasant: quality, "very good." October. (Int. Rep.) Melvin Sweet. From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped with pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February. (Hov, Mag.) Melt in the Mouth. -° Melting Mouth, I Melting. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical ; deep red on a green ground, small white dots ; stem, long, slender, curved : cavity, broad, deep ; calyx, small, closed; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, mild sub-acid; very good. October and November. Mifflin King. From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong, red on yellow; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.) Milam. Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some. American. Small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped dull red ; flesh, greenish, insipid. December and March. This variety con- tinues to have its friends South and West. It should be superseded, for it is unworthy. Miller Apple. Supposed to be a seedling, and brought to notice by James 0. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, rather large, oval or conical ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep, large cavity ; calyx open, in a broad, uneven basin ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a rather mild, rich, pleasant flavor. Sep- tember and October. (Downing.) Monarch. A fruit considerably grown. West ; will yet probably prove identical with some variety already described. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender, perfumed ; " good." October. Monk's Favorite. From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree very thrifty, rapid growth, annual bearer. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled, striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow- ish white ; sub-acid, tender ; " very good." December to June. 160 THE APPLE. Morrison's Red. From Medfield, Mass. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, conical, angular ; whitish yellow, shaded and striped with deep red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, narrow; calyx, closed ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, crisp, mild, pleasant: core, large, open. January. Mountain Sprout. American. Fruit, medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white dots. Mouse. Moose. From Ulster Co', N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical; pale greenish yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ; flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than "very good." De- cember to March. Murray. Southern. Fruit, medium, oblong conical, rich yellow: stem, short; cavity, deep ; basin, deep ; flesh, whitish, brisk sub-acid. January to March. South. Musk Spice. Fruit; small, roundish flattened, yellowish, bright, clear red cheek ; stem, long ; cavity, shallow : calyx, closed : segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid; "very good." October. Munson Sweeting. Orange Sweet, | Eay Apple, | Meachum's Sweet. From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark-colored ; short- jointed shoots, good bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, blush in sun : flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry, sweet ; "very good." October to December. Nantehalee. Maiden's Bosom. Origin, Alabama ; introduced by Dr. W. 0. Baldwin, of Montgomery. In size large, in shape quite conical, and deeply ribbed ; in color a beau- tiful pale waxen yellow ; stem, three-fourths of an inch long, in a narrow, deep cavity ; calyx, rather large, basin deep, very much ribbed ; flesh, white, juicy, and pleasant. Middle of July to first of August. (J. Van Beuren, MS.) Ne Plus Ultra. Southern. Fruit very large, roundish flattened, angular; shades of crimson with large brightish dots : stem, short ; cavity^ deep, broad, sui-- rounded by rus.set ; calyx, open: basin, large, deep, furrowed, downy; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, vinous ; core, small ; " very good " or " best." October. Nequassa. Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate ; color, yellow, striped with red ; stem, of moderate length, inserted in a large, open cavity ; basin, smooth and open ; flesh, white, and very sweet. November to January. (J. Van Beuren's MS. in Downing.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 161 Neversick. From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short and rather stout ; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large • basin, deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh, yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much shriv- eled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.) Newark King. Hinchman. An old variety from Newark, New Jersey ; originally described by Coxe. It is sometimes shown as " King " of New Jersey, and it is for this we have taken it from our list of unworthy sorts. It is unworthy attention along side of " Tompkins County King." Tree strong, spreading grower, pro- ductive. Fruit medium, roundish conical; striped and shaded with two shades red on a yellow ground, grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, me- dium ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed : flesh, white, firm, pleasant ; core small ; " good." October to February. Newark Pippin. French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin. Tree, crooked, irregular growth. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish to clear yellow, small black dots; cavity and basin, deep; flesh, yellow, tender, sub-acid; '-very good." November to February. NiCKEJACK, Summerour. American. From North Carolina. Fruit, large, oblate, red striped and mottled on greenish yellow; cavity, deep, russeted ; calyx, large, partially open ; core, small ; seed, light brown ; flesh, tender, juicy, delicate ; "best." Well adapted to the Southern and Southwestern States. November to April. Northern Sweet. Northern Golden Sweet. From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich yellow, often carmine red cheek ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, slightly fur- rowed ; stem, rather stout, swollen at base ; cavity, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November. Oconee Greening. Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Fruit very large, roundish flattened; skin, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots; calyx, open, in a shallow, slightly- furrowed basin; stalk, very short, in a rather regular, deep cavity; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic, lively, sub-acid juice ; quality, "best." — (Ad. Int. Rept., Ga. H. Sc.) Ohio Red Streak, Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, oblate ; sldn, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 162 THE APPLE. •with red ; stalk, short ; cavity, large, russeted ; calyx, large, closed ; basin, shallow, uneven ; flesh, rather compact, juicy, rich, sub-acid. January to April. (Downing.) Old Town Crab. Spice Apple, of Va. Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ; flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.) Orange. Holden, | Holden Pippin, | Ked Cheek. Hog Pen, I Jones' Pippin, From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots; early and productive bearer. Fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid ; best when fresh from tree. October to December. Orndorf. From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red ; stem, slender ; cavity and basin, deep : calyx, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October and November. Orne's Early. Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy. September. (Thomas.) Osborn's Sweet. Osborn's Fall Sweet. Fruit, large, roundish ; lemon yellow, with specks ; flesh, yellow, crisp, tender, sweet. October. Overman's Sweet. From Fulton Co., 111. Fruit, medium, conical ; pale yellow, striped with red ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" baking. October and November. Osceola. From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red, dotted with dark spots ; stein, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; keeps till May. Resembles the Newtown Spitzenberg. Paragon. Downing's Paragon. Origin, Canton, 111. Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends ; pale yellow, faint blush ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep, slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, slightly sweet; nearly '' best." September to November. Good regular bearer. Pawpaw. Originated Little Bain, Ronde, Mich. Size, medium ; color, red, ob- scurely striped ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, mild sub-acid ; sprightly. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETO- Pfeiffer. 163 * From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ; sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground, on the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx, rather large ; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. Phillips' Sweet. American ; native of Ohio. Growth, vigorous, upright, wants strong heavy soil. Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened : color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp, December and January. Phillippi. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, large, oblate conical ; skin, greenish-yellow, with numerous blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side ; stem, short and slender, inserted in a wide, moderately deep cavity ; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow superficial basin ; flesh, tender, fine texture, juicy, fragrant ; flavor delicate and fine quality ; " very good " or " best." January. (W. D. Brinckle.) PiCKMAN. Pickman Pippin. From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish; yellow, with scattered shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, centre somewhat hollow ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid; valued for cooking. January to April. Pink Sweeting. Originated Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, producing enormous crops. Fruit, small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, 164 THE APPLE. perfect in form ; rich, pleasant, sweet flavor, and a general favorite where known, but think it too small for general use. September and October. Pine Apple PtussET. Hardiugham's Eusset. Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over- spread with thin russet j stem, long; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November. Pittsburg Pippin. Flat Pippin, I Swiss Apple, I "William Tell. Father Apple, | Switzer Apple, | Supposed origin, Pittsburgh., Pa. Tree, irregular grower, moderate bearer. Fruit, large, I'oundish flattened : pale yellow, with brown dots ; stem, short; cavity, deep, slightly russeted; calyx, nearly closed, segments long ; flesh, whitish, sprightly sub-acid ; core, medium. December to January. PoWNAL SpITZENBERG. From Pownal, Vermont. Worthy more attention. Fruit, above me- dium, roundish oblong; yellow, striped and overspread with red in sun, large russet specks ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, a little coarse ; " good." De- cember to February. Press Ewing. Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened at base and crown, angular, slightly oblique ; skin, yellow, shaded and striped with crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre ; stalk, medium, inserted in a very deep, narrow cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an uneven, abrupt, peculiar basin; flesh, yel- lowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor, aromatic. February till April. (Downing.) Progress. Esquire, | Miller's Best Sort. From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, yellow, specked with greenish russet, blush in sun, conical ; flesh, tender. Keeps till Spring. Pumpkin Russet. Sweet Eusset, | York Eusset, | Flint Eusset. Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish green, thinly russeted ; stem, long; cavity, wide, shallow ; basin, small; flesh, dry, sweet ; ''good." Septem- ber to December. Putnam Harvey. American. Origin, uncertain ; first received by me from A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincinnati. Fruit, of size medium or above, roundish flattened, pale green, with suffused white specks, patches of russet about the stem ; stem, lonu and slender, Avith a strong knob at end where joined to the tree ; Cdvity, narrow, rather deep; calyx, closed; segments long, connecting, re- flexed ; basin, varying, sometimes moderately deep and regular, sometimes slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, sub-acid, agree- able; core, medium, centre capsule open, seed capsules closed ; seeds, ovate pointed. August and September. UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 165 Quince. Cole's Quince. From New York. Originally de.scribed by Coxe. Great bearer: .should be better known. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, with ridges, pale yellow, . occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad concentric lines ; seeds, short ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, aromatic perfume, sub-acid ; " very good." December to March. Ragan. '0M^ Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, over- spread, striped, and marbled with light red, an occasional russet patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed • basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small; seeds, abundant; flesh, white, crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises valuable as an early Winter market variety. Randel's Best. Eandel Bert. Fruit, medium, globular, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly striped and overspread with dark red; stem, short; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, tender, smooth-grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, MS.) infi THE APPLE. Raritan Sweet. From New Jersey. Tree, productive ; valued for baking and stock. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, dull yellow, tinged with red in sun, irre- gularly scattered brownish red spots ; stem, short • cavity, deep, little russeted; calyx, with bold, stiff segments; basin, deep, irregular, slightly wi'inkled ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, sweet October, November. Rebecca. From Delaware. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, whitish yel- low, red cheek in sun ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." September. Red Cathead. Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, shaded with red, whitish dots J stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant; '-very good." October, November. Republican Pippin. Eed Eepublican. From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West. A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread- ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, mottled and striped with red, few large gray dots; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brow"n ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sub-acid. September to October. Red Quarrenden. DevonsWre Quarrenden, | Sack Apple. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, clear, deep red, with specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ; calyx, large, half closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." August. Red Sweet. Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer. Fruit, uniformly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cook ing. Fruit, medium, round flattened, yellow, overspread and striped with lively red ; stem short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. November to February. Richard's Graft. Derrick's Graft, | Wine Strawberry, Eed Spitzenberg. An old fruit, supposed from Ulster County, N. Y., but as yet little known. Tree, a free, upright grower, good bearer of an apple, fine for the dessert. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattenened ; yellow, striped with red ; stem, inch long ; cavity, deep, broad ; calyx, closed ; segments reflexed ; basin, deep ; flesh, fine grained, tender, juicy, vinous. September to October. RiTTER. American. From Berks County, Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong, shades of red striped, white dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, narrow ; seed, short, plump ; flesh, tender ; " very good." October, November. UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 167 Ridge Pippin. Fruit, rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed • skin, yellow, ■very slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots ; stalk, rather short, inserted generally in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, set in an abrupt. uneven basin : flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. March, April. (Downing.) Rtest. From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. Size, large, roundish, ribbed at apex ; skin, fair yellow ; Stem of medium length, in a narrow, moderately deep cavity, with some stellate russet rays ; calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, contracted, ribbed basin; flesh, fine, flavor pleasant; '-very good." August. (W. D. Brinckle.) River. Origin. Mass. Tree of slow growth, but productive. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, slightly conic, ribbed ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom ; stalk, medium, deeply planted ; calyx, small, closed, set in a basin of moderate depth ; flesh, coarse, juicy, tender, pleasant sub-acid. August, September. (Downing.) Rock Sweet. From Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, strong grower, regular bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, splashed and shaded with red, large whitish dots ; stem, short ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; '' good."' September. Rock Apple. From New Hampshire. Fruit, large, roundish ; red on yellow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. September. Plockport Sweet. Originated with H. R. Spencer, Rockport, 0. Tree, a moderate healthy grower. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, flat at base ; waxy yellowish green, with brown russet or occasionally a dull red cheek ; stem, slender ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, regular, open ; flesh, white, juicy, pleasantly sweet: coi-e, open; seeds, ovate pointed ; "very good;" January to April. There is also a Rockport Sweet, originated in Mass., with a short, thick stem, set in a ribbed cavity. PtOADSTowN Pippin. From Roadstown, N. Jersey. Tree, strong, erect grower, good bearer ; market sort. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, angular ; greenish yellow, wiih green dots ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid; '-good." August, September. PlUM Apple. Bromley's Eum. American. Tree, vigorous, upright, hardy, shoots slender, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellow, slight crimson shades ; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open ; flesh, whitish, juicy, sub-acid. November to March. 168 THE APPLE. Sailly Autumn. Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree, upright, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate conic ; skin, greenish yellow, the exposed side fre- quently deep red ; stalk, short, in a medium cavity ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, small, narrow; flesh, very tender, rich, high flavored, with a pecu- liar aroma. September. • Seever. Seever's Eed Streak. From Coshocton County, 0. Fruit, medium,, globular; lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg- ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh, yel- lowish, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." October to November. Selma. From Clark County, 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened; yellow, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in sun ; stem, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt; core, medium; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, l3reaking, mild sub-acid ; '-very good." November to December. Scollop Gilliflower. This is entirely distinct from Red Gilliflower, with which it has been confounded. It requires rich, strong soil; is largely grown, and much esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering towards the eye, sometimes angular, always much ribbed or scolloped; light yellow, striped and splashed with UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 169 shades of light and dark red ] stem, short, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted, irregular; calyx, with long segments.; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed; core, large, hollow; seeds, ovate rounded; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. November to February. Scarlet Pearmain. Bell's Scarlet Pearmain, | Oxford Peach. Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils Fruit, medium, conical, red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid; "good." September to October. SCHOONMAKER. Schoolmocker. Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit, in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin, little rough ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small, compact ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk sub- acid ; "very good." January to March. September. Pride of September. Origin, Canton County, Pa. Tree, hardy and vigorous, a good and regu- lar bearer. Fruit, large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic angular ; skin, yellow, slightly shaded, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, short, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin rus- set ; calyx, partially closed, set in an open basin ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor. October. (Downing.) Sheppard's Sweet. Origin, Windham County, Conn. Tree, thrifty, upright, and a great bearer. Fruit, medium, angular oblong, approaching conic; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stalk, long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a small basin ; flesh, white, tender,, sweet, and pleas- ant. October, November. Siberian Crab. The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as Pted, Large Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for preserving, or grown for ornament. All Crabs, if left on the tree, will naturally dry and preserve themselves. Sinclair's Yellow. Fruit, small to medium, flat or roundish ; skin, smooth, of a fine orange color, darkened in the sun ; flesh, pale yellow, with a rich, sub-acid flavor ; a good bearer, and excellent for both the table and kitchen. June and July. SiNE-QUA-NON. From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. August. 8 170 THE APPLE. Slingerland Pippin. From Albany Co., N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, oblate angular, inclin- ing to conic, or distinctly conic ; skin, yellow, shaded with red. and sprinkled with minute dots ; stalk, short and stout, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, surrounded with very thin russet ; calyx, small, partially closed, set in a fine angled basin of variable size; flesh, white, tender, juicy, witli a very brisk, rather rich, sub-acid flavor. December, February. (Downing.) Smalley. Spice. From Kensington, Conn., where it was much esteemed. Medium size, oblate conic ; skin, yellow, with a slight blush ; stalk, short and large ; cavity, russeled ; calyx, closed ; basin, uneven, shallow ; flesh, tender, juicy, brisk, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. September, October. Sops of Wine. Sops in "Wine, 1 Sapson, | Bennington. Foreign. Tree, vigorous early bearer ; esteemed for its peculiar pink flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish ; light red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks, yellowish in shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom : stem, short, slender ; calyx, with broad segments ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core and seeds, me- dium; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild, sub-acid; "very good." August to September. Spice Sweeting. Moderate bearer, large, roundish, yellowish ; flesh, firm, sweet. August and September. Spice Russet. Sweet Eusset, of some erroneoxidy Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened ; light yellow russet, numerous small fine dots ; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen- der ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, large, some- what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine- grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic ; " very good." December to March. Sponge. Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; core, large open ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October. Spring Pippin Springport Pippin. Tree, unproductive, tipright, thrifty. Fruit, above medium, roundish , yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots ; calyx, closed ; stem, short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly sub-acid. December to May. Stanard. •• Stanard's Seedling. From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish, yel- low, overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 171 ribbed ; cortj, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, acid ; not quite " very good." November to February. Stehly. Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, large, oblate conic, an- gular ; skin, yellow, striped and shaded with red, and covered with large brown dots • stem, very short, inserted in a deep cavity • calyx, partially closed, set in a small, uneven basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. January to April. Stillman's Early. Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. Fruit, small, roundish conic ; skin, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a few brown dots ; stalk, long, stout : cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin, very shallow, plaited , flesh, yellow, tender, pleasant sub-acid. Last of July and first of August. St. Lawrence. MontreaL From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and splashed with red and deep crimson; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep • calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, sharp, sub-acid ; " very good." September to October. Straudt. From Berks Co., Pa. Size, large, roundish, inclining to conical ; skin, deep crimson, with stripes of paler red, and numerous light dots : stem, short, in a wide, deep, russeted cavity : calyx, small, closed, set in a narrow, shallow, furrowed basin ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, white ; flavor, sub- acid and pleasant: " very good." November. (W. D. Brinckle.) Sturmer Pippin. Foreign. Tree, healthy, good bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish conical, yellowish green, with brown dull red in sun ; flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, icid : keeps well. January to June. Stroat. Stratt. The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical ; yellowish green : stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, tender, brisk sub-acid. September to November. Striped Pearmain. Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter. Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip- tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular, slightly flattened, yellow, striped and blended with two shades of red ; calyx, small closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ; seeds, large j flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. December to Feb- 172 TOE APPLE. Sugar Sweet. This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium, ovate ; dull yel- lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ; a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.) Summer Sweet Paradise. From Columbia Co.. Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading shoots. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow in sun, dark russet maVblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, oft rus- seted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet ; " very good." September. Summer Queen. Sharpe'e Early, | Lancaster Queen, | Hdmony. Popular and profitable in some sections of the Southwest. Fruit, me- dium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the eye, yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red ; stem, medium ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, sometimes a pink tinge, juicy, aromatic, sub-acid ; " very good." August to September. Summer Bellflower. Summer Belle-fleur. From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth, spreading nead, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs : clear yellow, few greenish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed, small reflexed segments ; basin, five-sided ; core, medium, hollow ; small seeds ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid ; " best." New. Aug. to Sept. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower grown in Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit, distinct from above. There is also a Summer Bellflower which is distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and closed calyx. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, very pleasant flavor, and decidedly the best of its season. Last of August and first of September. Summer Pippin. Sour Bough. American. Tree, vigorous, profitable market sort ; valuable for cook- ing. Fruit, medium to large, oblong oval, irregular, waxy yellow ; shaded with crimson blush, green and grayish dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, deep, abrupt ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, plea- sant, sub-acid ; core, large. August, September. Superb Sweet. Raised by Jacob Dean, Mansfield, Mass. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, rather large, roundish, pale yellow, much red in the sun ; stalk, long, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, large, open ; basin, broad ; flesh, white, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 173 very tender, juicy, sweet, rich, high-flavored. September and October. (Cole.) Superb. Origin, Franklin Co., North Carolina. Tree, tolerably vigorous, and a prodigious bearer. Fruit, medium or above, roundish oblate, regular: skin, green, rarely with a blush ; stalk, of medium length, in a shallow cavity ; calyx, large and open; flesh, yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, and particularly high-flavored. November to March. Sutton Beauty. Beauty. Originated in Sutton, Mass. Tree, upright, thrifty grower, good bearer ; fruit, very handsome, fair and regular in form. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; yellow, shaded and striped with fine crimson, slightly sprinkled with whitish dots ; stem, medium : cavity, with a slight greenish russet ; calyx, closed : basin, open, round ; flesh, whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sub- acid ; " very good ;" core, small. November to February. Sweet Bellflower. Batter, of some. There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name. We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, slightly ribbed; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light and dark specks: calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender: cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November. Sweet Bellflower of Wyandott County. Fruit, large, globular, slightly conical; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal- low ; core, small, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white, tender, sweet. No- vember, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely re- sem-bles this, and may prove identical. Sweet Fall Pippin. From Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblate : skin, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk, short, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a very shallow basin : flesh, juicy, sweet, and rich. October, November. Sweet Pippin. Moore's Sweeeting, | Eed Sweet Pippin, of Indiana, | Pound Sweet, of some. West. Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened; yellow striped and mostly covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad ; core, small ; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking. December to February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet. Early Winter. Sweet Vandervere. Sweet Kedstreak, ] Sweet Harvey. Origin, unknown. Tree, of crooked growth ; a profuse bearer. Fruit, medium size, oblong, slightly conic, obscurely angular, sometimes nearly 174 THE APPLE. cylindric ; skin, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with dull red ; stalk, short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular cavity ; calyx, partially closed, set in a broad, open basin; flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with an exceedingly saccharine, aromatic flavor. November, March. (Downing.) Sweet Winesap. From Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin, greenish yellow, with blotches of dark green : calyx, medium ; basin, open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ■. flesh, yellowish white, tender, mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December. Sweet Winesap. From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic ; color, red, splashed with deep crimson : stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep cavity, sur- rounded with russet ; calyx, large, open, set in a rather deep, open basin ; flesh, tender, juicy, almost melting, with a very sweet, rich, peculiar flavor. November, December. (Downing.) Sweet Romanite. Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously. This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by W. B. Lipsey. of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The [flesh being fine-grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — probably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under the name of " Sweet Nonsuch,'"' and intro- duced there under the erroneous name of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer. Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular : color, greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright red, and covered UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 175 ■with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regular, with little russet , calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half erect ; basin, broad, shal- low, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to riamsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ; core, medium, or rather small, com- pact — centre, slightly hollow ; seeds, ovate, oblong pyriform. November to March. There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States, which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; core, light yellow, striped with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy variety. There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown, which is flat, with slender stem , cavity, deep, light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry, and tough : inferior. SwERT Pippin. Hog Island. American. Tree, good grower, productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical or angular ; yellow, shaded and striped with red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, small, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good ;" core, large. November to March. SwERT Rambo. From Berks Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate ; yellow with shades of red, large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep, russeted : calyx, closed ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary ; " very good." November, January. Sylvester. Originated at Lyons, N. Y. Growth, upright, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium size, roundish ; color, yellowish white, red cheek in sun, occasionally net work of russet ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, fine-grained, sub- acid, negative but pleasant flavor. October. Tetofskt. A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves large 176 THE APPLE. broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quality about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does not well represent it. being far too small for an average. Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yellow ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, furrowed ; calyx, rather large, long segments • basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed • flesh, white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid or sharp sub-acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste j core, small, fleshy; seeds, plump, light brown. Last of July. Tewksbury Blush. Tewksbury "Winter Blush. From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very productive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened, yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ; stem, slender; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to August. Fink's Seedling so closely resembles this, as to be by many thought identical. TiNMOUTH. Origin, Tinmouth, Vt. Tree, a good grower and productive. Fruit, above medium, oblate ; skin, whitish yellow, considerably shaded with car mine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stem, short, inserted in a deep cavity; calyx, partially closed, set in a rather large basin : flesh, whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-acid. November to February. TOCCOA. Muskmelon. Originated Toccoa Falls, Habersham Co., Georgia. Fruit, rather large, conical irregular ; skin, yellow, striped with red ; stem, short, in an irre- gular cavity ; calyx, closed in a small, irregular basin ; flesh, yellow, with a brisk, rich, Spitzenburgh flavor, moderately juicy. First of August, (White's Card.) TOWNSENB. From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately spreading gi'owth, abundant early bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, overspread and streaked with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots, rough, blue bloom; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calj^x, closed ; segments, narrow, in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, breaking rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good." September. This may prove same as Hocking. Trenton Early ? History unknown. We think it an old English apple belonging to the class of codlins. Our warm suns and rich soils have so improved it that it is often a right good table fruit, and always valuable for cooking. Fruit, medium or above, roundish conical, slightly ribbed ; color, yellow- ish, with suff'used patches of green ; skin, smooth, oily ; basin, often fur- rowed ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant, s-ub-acid. July and August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 177 Trumbull Sweeting. Fenton Sweeting. From Trumbull Co., Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, palo yellow, slight blush and red spots: stem, shorty cavity, deep; calyx, large; basin, deep; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet: "very good." Sep- tember to November. TwiTCHELL's Sweet. From New Hampshire. Fruit, medium, conical, red, with small gray dots ; flesh, white, veined with red, sweet. November, December. Vandyne. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic; skin, yellowish, with a tinge of red, and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots ; stalk, rather slender, in a large cavity ; calyx, closed, in a deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. October. Vaughan's Winter. Origin, Kentucky. Tree, hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate oblique angular; skin, whitish waxen yellow, shaded with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped and thickly covered with conspicuous light dots ; stalk, small and short, inserted in a deep, uneven cavity, surrounded by very thin green russet ; calyx, open, or partially closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, open, slightly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, with a brisk, very agreeable vinous flavor. January to March. Virginia Greening. Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at ends, slightly angular, dull green- ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green circle suff'used around them; stem, medium; cavity, acuminate; calyx, large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good." December to March. Esteemed at the South as a keeper. Waddel's Hall. Shockley. Southern. Fruit, medium, roundish conical, yellow, clouded and striped with red, little russet ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow; flesh, firm, juicy, saccharine ; " very good." October to March. Walker's Yellow. This apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia. Fruit, large, conic, fine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the sunny side ; stalk, of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity; basin, small; flesh, white, juicy, rather too acid for a dessert fruit. November to April. (White's Gard.) Walpole. From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish, tapering to the eye, yel low, with bright red stripes, deepest in sun, and yellowish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly ridged : core, large, open ; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub-acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following descrip- tion of the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. We suspect the two 8* 178 THE APPLE. identical : " The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. H., and is known in the family of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found, as the ' Gall ' Apple. It was introduced to our Society by A. de Copen, of Dorchester, and the Society gave it the name of Sparhawk, It is a large apple, oblate skin, smooth and glossy j color, yellowish ground, striped with red abundant bearer; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ; flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid. Highly desirable for cook- ing, and is ripe September, October, but will keep longer. It will class well with the Twenty ounce Pippin." Walworth. Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin. From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical, clear yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks ; stem, short, slender • calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large, open; seeds, plump; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.) We suspect this is an old variety under a new name. Washington Roval. Origin, farm of Joseph P. Hayward, Sterling, Mass. Fruit, above medium size, flattish round, yellowish green, with numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin ; calyx, in a broad basin ; stem, slender, half an inch long ; flesh, crisp juicy, and fine flavor, keeping till July. (N. E. Farm.) Waxen. American. Fruit, above medium, oblate, pale yellow, oily skin, sprinkled with a few dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish yellow, crisp, tender juicy, mild sub-acid ; core, small; " good," or " very good." November, December. Formerly much grown and esteemed in Virginia. This must not be confounded with '■ Bel- mont," which is sometimes grown under the erroneous name of Waxen. Wellford's Yellow. Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. Fruit, rather small, roundish flattened ; skin, pale yellow, with faint red streaks on one side ; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very juicy, with a ich aromatic flavor. Keeps well until June, retaining its flavor. Well's Sweeting. From Newburgh, N. Y, Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull light green, brownish red cheek; stem, slender; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good." November to January. Western Spy. From Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with red. becoming brilliant on sunny side, small white specks; stem, short; cavity, narrow; calyx, large; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." De- cember to March. Weston. Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish conical ; skin, yellow, striped and marbled with red ; flesh, white, tender, pleasant. September, October. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 179 Wheeler's Sweet. American. Introduced by W. C. Hampton, 0. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends ; color, rich lemon yellow, with reddish cheek in sun and russet marblings at blossom end ; surface, uneven or ribbed ; stern, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at bottom ; calyx, nearly closed ; basin, deep, uneven, slighly corrugated ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, pleasant. October. White. Medium to large, regular, slightly conical ; calyx, in a hollow basin; color, lemon yellow, with spots and splashes made darker by minute black specks on a greenish ground ; flesh, crisp, tender, juicy. Keeps until January. Rather acid for the table, but fine for cooking. White' Beauty. Ashtabula Co., O. Medium, globular, smooth, even surface, dull greenish, grayish specks ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, in a broad, open basin ; flesh very white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; negative character. September to December. Good grower; wood, red- dish, with gray specks. White Doctor. Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, largcj roundish oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, short, set in an acute cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow and furrowed ; flesh, white, tender, acid, sprightly but not rich. September, October. White Juneating. Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty, I Carolina, of some. Caroline, | Early May, | Foreign. Its early maturity its chief merit. Tree, fair upright growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small; pale green, marbled slightly with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub- acid. Last of June, early July. White Spanish Reinette. Keinette Blanche d'Espagne, 1 D'Espagne, De Katteau, | Concombre Ancien. Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish oblong, sometimes ribbed ; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular ; stem, half inch long; cavity, even; color, yellowish green; flesh, yellow- ish white crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. November to Feb- ruary. White Winter. Origin, farm of Mr. Cacklin. Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree, moderately vigorous, very productive. Fruit, small, nearly globular; skin, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek; stem, medium, in an acute cavity ; calyx, firmly closed, a little sunk, in a very .small basin ; flesh, whitish, juicy, almost buttery, with a mild, sub-acid, but not a rich flavor. January to May. 180 THE APPLE. White Rambo. Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Frmt, large, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and spots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad, open ; calyx, large ; segments, in divisions ; basin, large, open, deep : core, small ; seeds, round ovate, plump ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, mild sub-acid ; " very good." November to February. White Sweeting. Wetheriirs WMte Sweeting. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils Fruit, flesh, white, sweet ; From New Jersey, iree, vigorous large, roundish oblong, pale yellow ; stem, short valued for baking and for stock. September. Whitewater Sweet. From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round, bright yellow, with dark spots ; stem, short ; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet : keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.) Whitney's Russet. From Canada. Medium, oblate, almost wholly covered with thick yel- low russet ; flesh, white, with a very smooth, pear-like texture, and rich, brisk, spicy flavor ; keeps well till March ; tree, is a good bearer, but must be stock- worked the same as Rambo, when planted in Western orchards. TJKTE8TED VAEIETIEB, ETC. 181 William Penn. A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre of which is a minute russet dot ; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very good," if not "bestj" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W. D. B.) WiNSLOW. From Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded towards calyx ;. dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes; calyx, open, segments, short; basin, expanded ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow, rather deep ; core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early Winter. (A. H. Ernst's MS.) Winn's Russet. Origin, Sweden, Maine. Tree, of slow growth, hardy and productive. Fruit, large ; cavity, deep ; basin, broad and shallow ; color, dark russet, with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots ; flesh, fine grained, sub-acid ; keeps till May. (Me. P. S. Rept.) 182 THE APPLE. Wing Sweeting. Fruit, small, round flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on light yellow J calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet ; pro- ductive. Winter. Winter Pippin of Vermont. Origin, unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower, and pro- ductive. Fruit, large, to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, obscurely angular; skin, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, cheek shaded with dull crimson ; stem, short, inserted in a deep com- pressed cavity ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; segments, long, in a rather deep, uneven basin ; flesh, white, tender, and agreeable. November to March. (Downing.) Winter Pippin of Geneva. The appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pippin, but is a very late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Fruit, large, oblate, slightly angular; skin, fine yellow with a crimson cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots ; stalk, short and small, inserted in a narrow cavity ; calyx, open ; segments, long ; basin, open ; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, vinous, excellent. January to May. (Downing.) A variety of Northern origin ; will not keep South later than January. Winter Harvey. Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, yellowish, tender, firm, juicy. Winter Pearmain. This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain Fruit, ifledium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender, sub-acid ; not quite " very good." December to March. WiNTHROP Greening. Lincoln Pippin, | Howe Apple. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Fruit, large, golden yellow, with slight rus- set tinge of red in the sun ; flesh, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a sprightly rich flavor. September. (Cole.) Winthrop Pearmain. Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Size, large, roundish ovate ; skin, yellow, striped with red, and deep red in the sun ; stem, in a large cavity; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy ; flavor, spicy and pleasant. September to January. (Me. P. S. R.) Wonder. A Southern variety. Size, large ; mostly covered with red on yellow ground ; flesh, white, tender, jucy, well-flavoi-ed. August. Wright Apple. Origin, Hubbardton, Vermont. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, roundish oblate; skin, fine lemon yellow; stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx, closed ; basin, rather large and corrugated ; flesh, white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Middle of Sep- tember to middle of October. - UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 183 Yacht. Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular bearer. Fruit, large, roundi.sh. striped with red, with various hues on yel- lowish ground ; stalk, short, inserted in a small cavity ; calyx, open, set in a large, shallow basin; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, sub-acid flavor. November to March. Yacht. Medium, roundish, striped with red of various Imes on yellowish ground ; stem, half an inch long : cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very shallow, plaited ; flesh^ fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good." (W. D. B.) Yellow Crank. Medium size, flat, greenish yellow ; high flavor. January to March. Yellow Meadow. A Southern fruit. Fruit, large, oblate ; skin, greenish yellow ; stem, rather slender, in a deep, irregular cavity ; calyx, large and open, in a shallow basin; flesh, yellow, compact; flavor, vinous, rich and excellent. November. Yellow Pearmain. Golden Pearmain, Origin uncertain ; probably a Southern fruit, moderate in growth and productiveness. Fruit, medium, obliqiiely conic, inclining to oblong ; skin, yellowish, slightly shaded with dull red ; stem, short, inserted by a lip in a very narrow cavity : calyx, small and closed ; basin, deep, round and open; flesh, yellowish, tender, with a pleasant, rich, vinous flavor, slightly aromatic. January to March. Yopp's Favorite. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conic ; skin, smooth, oily, greenish yel- low, with a blush in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little russet about the stem ; calyx, open, in a deep basin ; stalk, short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, juicy, almost melting, of a most grateful, sub-acid flavor. From Thomas Co., Georgia. (Robert Nelson.) York Imperial. Johnson's Fine Winter. From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun- cated oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ; cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep, wide, plaited basin ; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy ; flavor, pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least •'' good " — to many tastes, " very good." (W. D. B.) Yost. Rather large ; roundish oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide, deep, cavity ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor : " very good " quality. (W. D. B.) 184 THE APPLE. CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. Alfeiston. Foreign. Large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun; flesh, crisp, acid. October, Decembet. Amekican Pippin. Grindstone, | Green Everlasting. Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red ; flesh, white, firm, acid. January to June. Anslb. Medium, roundish yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes of light ^and dark red, with white dots; flesh, yellow, tender, sweet. September. AtTGUSTINE. American. Large, conical, red striped on yellow ; flesh, sweet, dry. August. ArTUMN EOMANITE. American. Medium, round, red ; flesh, yellow. September. Bakbett. American. Eather large, conic ; skin, yellow, striped and splashed with crimson ; flesh, yellow, juicy, tender. January. Bake. Bars. American. Medium, roundish oblong, red striped ou gi-eenish yellow; flesh, greenish white, poor. Barnhilt. American. Small, conical, yellow striped with red; flesh, white, tough, dry. October, November. Beauty of Amebioa. Large, roundish flattened, yellow with blush cheek ; flesh, yellowish, tender ; poor bearer. November to January. Beauty of the "West. Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, coarse, sweet. October, November. Beauty of Kent. Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red ; flesh, tender, inferior. October, November. Bedfokdshiee Foundling. Foreign. Large, roundish, green ; flesh, yellowish, acid. November, December. Black Annette. American. Small, roundish, dark red. November. Black Lady Apple. Api Noir. Foreign. Small, roundish, blackish red ; flesh, white stained. November to March. Black Gilliflowek. Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple ; flesh, greenish white, dry, sub-acid, poor. November to March. Black Oxfoed. Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, nearly covered with red, light dots ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, half open ; basin, slightly russeted ; flesh, whitish, compact, not juicy, sub-acid. March to May. Blenheim Pippin. Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin. Foreign. Large, roundish, yellow and dull red; flesh, yellowish, sweet, dry. October, November. SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 185 BOESDOEFFBE. BorsdorJ^ King George the Third, | Queens. Foreign. Medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red check; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sub-acid. November, December. BOSFOED. Fruit, medium, oblate ; skin, whitish striped with red; flesh, compact, not very juicy, nor high flavor. September, October. Bbewbe. From Mass. Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush ; flesh, yellowish, ten- der, pleasant, mild sub-acid. October, November. Buenhap Geeenixg. Origin, Vergennes, Vt. Medium, nearly globular, inclining to conic ; skin, greenish yellow ; flesh, solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sub -acid flavor. January and February. BOEOVITSKT. Foreign. Medium, roundish, pale green striped red ; flesh, white, sub-acid. August, Sep- tember. Bullet. Bartlett, | Priestly, of some. American. Medium, oblong, bright red on yellow ; flesh, light yellow, inferior ; January to June. Cake Apple. From Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed ; skin, yellowish, with a Tjlush ; flesh, juicy, tender, pleasant. January to March. Chakdlee. Winter Chandler. American. Large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow ; flesh, greenish white, sub-acid. November, February. Caeoline. Foreign. Medium, round, yellow, streaked with red ; flesh, firm, acid. November, Feb- ruary. Cathead. Cathead Greening, | Bound Catshead. Large, roundish, yellowish green ; flesh, white, coarse, sharp acid. October, November. There is another one of this name, equally worthless, same shape, but striped yellow and red. Catline. Gregson, J Winter Grixon. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, nearly sweet, for cider. October, December. Cash Sweet. American. Medium, round conical, light red ; flesh, white, coarse, sweet, dry. October, November. CuEESEBOEOxran Eitsset. Howard Eusset, I Tork Eusset, of some, Kingsbury Eusset, | Forever Pippin, of some. West. American. Large, conical, thin russet on gi-eenish yellow ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, dry, sub-acid. October, November. Cos, OE Caas. American. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks ; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid. December to March. COENISH GiLLIFLOWEE. Cornish July Flower, | Pomme Eegelans, | Egg Top, ofsovie. Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek ; flesh, yellowish, acid. November to February. Connecticut Summee Sweet. American. Medium, roundish, yellow and red striped; flesh, yellowish, sweet, tough. August 186 THE APPLE. Ckanbekby Pippin. American. Above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sub-acid, November, December. Donnblan's Seedling. American. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes; flesh, yellowish, dry, sub- acid. September. DowNTON Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin, | Knight's Golden Pippin, ] Elton Pippin. Foreign. Small, roundish, yellow ; flesh, yellowish, sharp acid. October, November. DxTMBLow's Seedling. Dumelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple. Foreign. Medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots ; flesh, yellow, acid. No- vember to March. Dttmpling. Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana, \ Watson's Dumpling. Large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in sun : flesh, white, indiiferent. October, December. Dutch Codlin. Chalmer's Large. Foreign. Large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun ; flesh, white, sub-acid. Octo- ber, December. Eastek Pippin. Toung's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin, Claremont Pippin, j French Crab. Foreign. Medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush ; flesh, greenish, inferior. Novem- ber to June. Egg Top. Eve, I Pound Top, Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some. West. Foreign. Medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red ; flesh, yellowish white, ten- der, inferior. November to February. ElLI8. From Conn. Small, roundish, gi-eenish yellow, brown cheek ; flesh, firm, juicy, pleasant ; a long keeper. April, May. Epsy. From Vermont. Handsome, productive, small, elongated conic, deep red, almost crimson ; flesh, whitish, sweet. December, January. Fall Cheese. Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese. American. Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in sun ; flesh, crisp, often mealy. September to November. Fama GtrSTA. Foreign. Large, conical, pale green ; flesh, white, acid. October. Ferris. American. Medium, roundish, red, sub-acid ; new, but surpassed by many others. Novem- ber to February. Fennotjillet Eotige. Black Tom, | Bardin. Foreign. Small, roundish, dark red ; flesh, firm. November to January. FeNNOITILLET GrV-K. Pomme d'Anis, | Caraway Eusset. Foreign. Small, roundish, russet on yellow ; flesh, flrm, acid. SUPEKSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 187 Flower op Kent. Foreign. Large, roundish, flattened, dull ycHow and red ; flesh, greenish yellow, coarse, sub-acid. October, January, Gault's Bellflowek. American. Large, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh, white coarse. October, December. Giant. American. Large, roundish, dull red striped ; flesh, greenish white, tender ; " good." Golden Apple. American. Large, oblate ; skin, golden yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown dots ; flesh, yellow, coarse, juicy, sub-acid flavor. October to December. Golden. American. Medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow ; flesh, yellowish, acid. July. Golden Eeinette. Aurora, I Kirke's Golden Eeinette, Yellow German Eeinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c., L - " Fruit, medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on sides, surface Irregular ; color, liver-like, highly polished ; suture, half round ; flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure, half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small, round, elongated ; stem, medium. Late, 8th to 15th July. For profitable market purposes, this is one of the very best, the fruit ripening late^ and all being uniform and regular in size. MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 217 Red Jacket. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree has always stood in ground uncultivated; yet its fruit from lateness of ripening, size and qualitj^, renders it most desirable, and especially for market culture, as it is very productive.. The tree forms a head similar to the Black Mazard, not quite as erect. Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart shape : color, fine, clear, light red, when grown in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch, when grown in the shade ; Jlesh, with radiating lines distinct, half ten- der, juicy, of good, not high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and slender, set in an open, modera.tely deep basin. Middle of July. Reine Hortense. Lemercier of E. and B., Monstreuse de Bavay, Belle de Bavay, De 16 a la livre, Belle de Petit Brie. Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright, round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desira- ble in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as well. It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripening as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of hanging long after ripe, and its rich, sprightly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely popular, when it becomes fully known. Fruit, quite large, round elongated, sides com- pressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface ; suture, shallow, half round, followed by a marked line, terminating at base, in a knobby projection ; color, bright lively red, marbled and mottled on amber ; grown in the sun, it is mostly red ; fleshy pinkish yellow, with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular in form, tender, and when fully ripe, separating freely from the stone, often even exhibiting a hol- low, vacant space, between pit and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid flavor: jnt, rather large, oblong rounded ; sialic, two inches long, generally slender. Twelfth to twentieth July. 10 218 THE CHEKRT. ROCKPORT. Eockport Bigarreau. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, strong, vigo- rous grov^^er, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the first of Prof. Kirtland' s seedlings that was described, and feeling interested in its success, in various parts of the States, we distributed it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts. It has now been fruited extensively, and every where proves among the largest and very best quality. The tree wants good culture, and its period of maturity is materially altered both by soil and culture, while its character appears unchanged. Valuable, either for private or market gardens. Fruity large, round obtuse, heart shape, surface generally slightly uneven, and always with a knobby or swollen projection on one side ; color, clear, bril- liant, deep red, shaded and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellow- ish white, radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, deli- cious flavor ; pit, pval, regular and without ridges j stem, usually of medium length — one, to one and a half inches. 20th to the last of June. Shannon. This is a Morello, raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1829 ; first described in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once governor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many locations. Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe; flesh, tender, reddish purple, juicy, acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open cavity. Middle of July. Tecumseh. . Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, on a soil of gra.velly loam. The tree IS moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its blossoms late in the season. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture ; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or dark liver- color, mottled somewhat with red ; flesh, reddish purple, irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but not high flavor: pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ; stem, varying, set in aii open, rather deep cavity. Middle to 20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety. Vail's August Duke. Raised by Henry Vail, Troy, N. Y. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit, above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub- acid ; pit, oval ; stem, thick, where it joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity. Middle to last of August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 219 Wendell's Mottled. Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. Y. Tree, upright, thrifty gi'owth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly valuable during the few years it has been before the public. Fruity large, obtuse heart shape ; dark, purplish red ■ fleshy firm, juicy, well flavored • ptY, small ; stem^ set in a round, regular basin. First to middle of July. CLASS II. — Embraces varieties^ of ivhich many are new and untested^ and others suited to large orchards^ or certain localities. Adam's Crown. English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round heart shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Middle of June. Amber Gean. Gean Amber. Fruit, small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet, often bitter or mazardy ; stem, long, slender. Early July. American Amber. Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey, | Bloodgood's New Honey. American. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, amber and bright red ; flesh, tender, juicy, variable ; pit, large ; stem, long, slender. Last June. Anne. From A. V. Bedford, Paris, Ky. Fruit, below medium, bright red, tender, juicy, sweet, excellent — good for amateurs. Early in June. Bauman's May. Bigarreau de Mai, | "Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. From France. Fruit, small, dark red, oval heart shape • flesh, purplish, tender, sweet. Last of May or early in June. Belle Agathe. Foreign. New. Medium, roundish oval, two shades red : flesh, firm, sweet ; very late, which is the only inducement to its culture.' Belle de Sceaux. Chatenay. A Morello. from France. Fruit, round, deep red ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, acid. June. Valuable only at the West. Belle Vezzouries. Foreign. Fruit, medium to large, light red, somewhat translucent, round- ish, sub-acid ; " good." 10th to 20th July. 220 THE CHEERY. Black Heart. Early Black, | Guigne Grosse Noir, I Spanish Black Heart, Black Kussian, | Ansell's Fine Black, | Guinier a fruit Noir. An old variety, hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many. Fruit, above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color ; flesh, almost tender, juicy, sweet. Last of June. Brandywine. Originated with J. R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Del. Tree, vigorous grower. Fruit, above medium, broad heart shape, brilliant crimson mottled ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly. Last of June. Burr's Seedling. Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, clear bright red on pale yellow, half tender^ juicy, sweet ; stem, slender. Middle to last of June. Buttner's Black Heart. Buttner's Herz Kirsclie, ] Sclnvarze Neue Herz Kirsclie. From Germany. As a late variety, firm fleshed, for market, this pro- mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape, purplish black, when fully ripe ; flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, good, not high flavor. Middle to last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower. Buttner's Yellow. Buttner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsclie, | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche. From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de- sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end, pale lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even, tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size, in an open, round, regular cavity. Middle to last July. Carmine Stripe. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading, very pro- ductive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides, often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of carmine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively carmine; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable : pit, small ; stem, varies. Last of June. Conestoga. This variety originated in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County, Penn- sylvania. Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex, dark purple ; stem, from an inch and three-quarters to two and a c[uarter long, slender, inserted in an open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ] flavor, sugary, and very pleasant ; quality, '• best." (W. D. B.) Christiana. Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and resembling, in charac- ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a bright, lively, red color, and sprightly sub-acid flavor. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 221 Champagne. Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y, For large orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to command price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular; color, shades of lively red ; flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in a shallow cavity. Middle of June, but hangs well into July. ' Cumberland. Triomplie, of Cumberland, I Brenneman's May, I Cumberland Seedling. Monstrous May, | Sterefs May, | This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being a seedling or new variety. In the ad interim report of the Pennsyl- vana Hort. Society, it is thus described : '' Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some- times roundish, compressed at the sides, deep crimson, almost purple when fully ripe; suture, indistinct; stem, rather long, slender, inserted in a broad, open cavity; apex, slightly depressed; stone, roundish oval, compressed; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone; flavor, fine ; quality, ' best.' About the middle of June." China Bigarrkau. Chinese Heart. Raised by Wm. Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy, and rich, but, unless perfectly ripe, slightly bitter; stem, long and slender; very productive. Davenport. Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black. Tree, tender. Fruit, medium, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet. Last of June. D'Esperin. Bigarreau D'Esperin. From Belgium. Hovey says the tree has a compact, spreading habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape, de- pressed at ends, flattened on sides; suture, all round; color, clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh, pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slender. Early in July. DowNiNG's Red Cheek. Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, half spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white, with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one-half the fruit ; flesh, yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet ; stem, set in an even hollow of moderate depth. Middle to last June. Donna Maria. A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of medium size, dark red, tender, juicy, rich, acid ; valuable for cooking. Middle July. Promises valuable South and West. Sweedish, Sweedisli Bed Heart. 222 THE CHEEKY. DOWNTON. English ; raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head, j moderately productive. Fruit, medium, globular flatteued, bright red on yellow; flesh, yellow- ish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, set in a deep cavity. Early m July or last of June. Duchess of Pallua. -A variety introduced from France, by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, and fruited for the first time in this country, in 1853. Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped, purplish black, juicy, half tender, sub-acid; stone, small, oblong ovate. 15th to 20th June. Promises to be a productive, valuable variety. Early White Heart. Arden's Heart, I Dredge's Early "White Heart, White Transparent, Amber Heart, Arden's Early White Heart, | Herefordshire White, An old variety, and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufliciently early to com- pete with many new varieties. Fruit, medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yellow, often nearly covered with pale red ; flesh, half ten- der, juicy, sweet. Middle of June. The Early Red and Yellow of Man- ning is very similar. " Manning's Early White Heart," '■ Bowyer's Early Heart," and " River's Early Amber," are sub-varieties, varying but little from the original. Early May. Cerise Indulle, I May Cherry, Small May, | Precoce. A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red ; flesh, tender, juicy, acid. Much esteemed in many Southern and South- western sections because of its hardihood and productiveness. It should, however, give place to better sorts. Early Prolific. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited three years, during which we carefully noted the fruit. It then was lost by being re- moved ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas. Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands that we make our description. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading. Fruit, medium to large, round obtuse heart shape, bright carmine red, mottled on light am- ber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct line, edged with yellow ; stem, varying both in size and length ; flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ; A^ery productive. Middle of June. Elkhorn. Tradescant's Black Heart, I Bigarrean Noir Tardive, I Guigne Noir Tardive, Large Black Bigarreau, | Bigarreau Gros Noir, | Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel. This is, probably, an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made known in this country, and distributed under the name of Elkhorn, we have preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 223 Trees, very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, pro- ducing fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly cultivated, the fruit diminishes to nearly the size of the old Black Heart. Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horticulturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varieties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface, purplish black ; flesh, firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit. large ; stem, short. Middle of July. English Amber. This is. undoubtedly, an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous, strong growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive. Fruit, medium size, rounaish heart shape, very regular, borne in threes ; color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled with pale red ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet ; pit, medium : stem, long. Middle to last of June. Elizabeth. Ptaised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half ten- der, juicy, pleasantly sweet ; pit, ovate rounded ; stem, medium, set in a regular basin. Middle to last of June. I Favorite. Eliott's Favorite. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, lialf spreading, productive. Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ; color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans- lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium, inserted in an even basin. Last of June. This variety requires high cultivation, otherwise the fruit is small and the flavor only good ; but, under high cultivation, its sprightly high flavor is unsurpassed. GUIGNE NoiR LuiSANTE. Black Spanish, Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class. Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular, moderate bearer. In 1823. it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size, heart shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich, acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Middle to last of July. 224 THE CHEKEY. HOADLEY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our- selfj in compliment to one of our best pomologists Geo. Hoadley, Esq., of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet bronzed yellow • flesh, yellowish, tender, almost translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit, medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a shallow basin. Twentieth to last of June. This promises to become one of the most valuable as a dessert cherry ; not quite as sweet as Coe's Transpa- rent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit of less size. HOVEY. Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vig- orous, forming a pyramidal head. Fruit, large, ob- tuse heart shape, depressed point at apex; rich am- ber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem, short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to stone ; stone, small, oval, loth to last July. (Hov. Mag.) Jaurie de Prusse. Foreign. Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, yellowish white; stem, long, slender ; flesh, tender, brisk, a little bitter before fully ripe. Middle July. May possibly be valuable West. Kennicott. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the West, J. A. Kennicott, M. D., of Northfield, 111. Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, A'ery productive. Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture, shallow, half-round ; color, amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich, bright, clear, glossy red, flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu- lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding projections. Eighth to Sixteenth July. As a mar- ket fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this variety will make it popular when known. Keokuk. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a largo tree. Fruit, large, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, half tender, purple, rather coarse, defi- cient in flavor ; its chief value, a market variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Early July. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 225 Imperial. Imperial Morello. A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree; very produc- tive. Very valuable throughout the Southwest. Fruit, rather above me- dium size, roundish heart shape, elongated, sides compressed ; dark pur- plish red when fully ripe; flesh, tender, juicy, rich acid; if gathered un- ripe, quite bitter ; pit, small, long, pointed. Very late, last of July to middle of August. Lady of the Lake. Originated by Chas. Pease. Medium or above, globular heart shape, compressed on sides ; no suture ; stem. 1 to H inch, in a very shallow cavity; pale, light clear yellow, overspread mostly, when grown in sun with rich, bright vermilion red, with few marblings of light yellow ; flesh, pale yellow, concentric radiating lines ; in sun, flesh lined with pink ; nearly tender, very juicy and sweet. Large Morello. Kirtland's Large Morello. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, very large and fine. Fruit, above medium, roundish, dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor; pit, small. Early July. One of the best for South and West. Late Bigarreau. Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout, not rampant, forms a round, regular head; flowers, open, abundant, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasionally a little angular, and with a deep, broad indenture at the apex ; color, a rich yellow ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently the red covers nearly the whole surface — occasionally, it is blotched or mottled ; suture, shallow, half round, marked with a line on opposite side ; flesh, with distinct radiating lines, yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of agreeable flavor ; pit, small, round, regular ; stalk, one and a half inch long, in- serted in a broad, open depression. 4th to 12th July. LiNDLEY. Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape, surface uneven, dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red, juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. First of July. 10* 226 THE CHEERY. Leather Stocking. Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy, moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often obtuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, v\^hen fully ripe, rich reddish black ; flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, in an open, but deep basin. Middle to' last of July. As a variety to transport long distances to market, this will prove valuable. Louis Phillip. A variety of the Morello, from France. The tree makes a beautiful bush pyramid, bears profusely a medium-sized, roundish, dark red fruit ; flesh, red, juicy, tender, quite acid. Middle July. Valuable South and West. Madison. Madison Bigarreau. Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh, half tender, juicy, sprightly, very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender. Last June. Mary. Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y , and noted in the Horticul- turist as similar to Christiana. Merveille de September. Tardive de Mons. The Marvel of September is a French cherry, marvelous only because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet. Morello. Englisli Morello, I Large Morello, I Ronald's Large Morello. Dutch Morello, | Late Morello. | The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any rea- son for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling, if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers. In growth, it varies from our common Morello only in the branches being more strong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit, medium or above, round ; dark red or purplish black j flesh, purplish red, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Middle to last July. Mover's Honey Heart. Originated in Springfield, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree, strong grower, forming a round head ; productive. Fruit, large, heart shape : suture, half round : color, rich red ; stem, long ; flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, high flavor. Fifteenth to twentieth June, or just after Purple Guigne. Pierce's Late. Originated with Amos Pierce, and introduced by Hyde & Son, Newton Center, Mass. Tree, forms an upright round head. Fruit, medium, obtuse heart shape, dark red mottled on amber, ; stem, rather short and slender ; flesh, soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, '"delicious 3" pit, small. Last July. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 227 Plumstone Morello. Fruit, large, roundish, deep red ; flesh, tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon. President. Raised by Prof. Kirtland. 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large, dark red, slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct ; flesh, yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet ] pit, medium ; stem, short, slender. Middle to last of June. Proudfoot. Proudfoot's Seedling. Ptaised by D, Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous, round, spreading head ; moderately productive. This promises to become valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even, on warm, sandy soil (and sheltered in a city garden), holding its fruit until the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color, when fully ripe, dark, purplish red ■ flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy,, sweet ; pit. large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Fifteenth to last July. Richardson. Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point ; dark red, inclining to black ; stem, short, slender ; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy, saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps well on or oflT the tree. Good grow"er and bearer, rather upright, hardy in tree, and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.) Roberts' Pled Heart. Raised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy grower, productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct : flesh, white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored • pit, medium ; stem, long, slender. Last of June. Sparhawk's Honey. Sparaliawk's Honey. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, tender, sweet, very productive. 10th to 15th July. A variety much es- teemed by a few persons ; but we think superseded by other and better sorts. Townsend. From W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N. Y. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, high shouldered, compressed ; suture, distinct, apex, depressed ; light amber mottled and shaded with carmine: stem, long, slender, set in a broad, deep, depression; flesh, almost tender, juicy, rich sprightly; pit, small. Last June. Walsh's Seedling. A seedling much resembling "Large Heart Shaped." It has been classed by Am. Pom. Society, as among those that '• promise well." 228 THE CHEERY. Waterloo. We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip- tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo- logical Congress. Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with Monstreuse de Mezel. This, we conclude, must be error, either in the variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in the description given by Mr. Down- ing. We copy the latter's description : " Fruit, large,obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender ; flesh, purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be- gining of July." Werder's Early Black. Werdersche Frulie Scliwarze Herzkirsche. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark purp- lish red, becoming nearly black ; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, small : stem, medium. Middle of June. White Bigarreau. White Ox Heart, 1 Large White Bigarreau, [ Turkey Bigarreau. Ox Heart, | Harrison Heart, | Fruit, large, heart-shaped, yellowish with red in the sun ; flesh, almost firnr.. sweet, delicious ; poor bearer. Last of June. CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. Brown's Seedling. American. Fruit, medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender ; wanting in flavor. Black Mazakd. Hazard, I Common English, Wild English Cherry, | Black Honeyi Bristol Cherry This is the wild species of Europe, from which many of our sweet cherries have sprung. It is now found in nearly every village, or cultivated region of the States, and is valuable mainly for its seed, for growing stocks on which to bud. There are numerous varieties, as all are grown from seed; some are red, some black, and some nearly white — all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart shape ; flesh, tender, juicy. Middle to last July. Black Bigarreait. Bigarreau Noir. Fruit, middle size, heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, firm, sweet, dry. July, Bleeding Heart. G-ascoigne's Heart, I Bed Heart, Herefordshire Heart, | Guigno Eouge Hative. Fruit, medium, long, pointed heart shape, dark red mottled ; flesh, half tender, sweetish. Last of June. Buttnee's October. Buttner's October Morello, I Du Nord Nonvelle, Du Nord, I De Prusse. A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish ; of no value, except as hanging long on the tree. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 229 BOEEATTON. Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black ; flesh, half tender, sweet, poor flaror. Middle July. Cerise db Xatiek, A Morello ; medium, dark red, round, acid. COKONB. Couronne, I Coroun, I Large Wild Black. Herefordshire Black, | Black Orleans, | Fruit, small, roundish heart shape, dull black ; flesh, tender, mazardy. Middle July. Coe'b Late Carnation. Fruit, medium, roundish, red, acid ; only for cooking. Cluster. Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse, | Boquet AmareUe. Fruit, small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. List of June. Chinese Dottble Flowering. Yung To, I Cerasus Serrulata, | Serrulated-leaved Cherry. A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental. CORWIN. A Morello. Medium size, roundish, red ; flesh, tender, acid ; pit, large. July. Clarke's Superb. Clarke's Bigarreau ? Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, bright red, with a dark maroon-colored stripe half round ; flesh, whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter. Early July. De Spa. A Morello ; medium size, dark red, acid. Dwarf Double Flowering. Double Flowering Kentish, | Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. A variety of the Kentish, or Sour cherry, with semi-double flowers; a pretty ornamental shrub tree. Flemish. Montmorency, I Kentish, I Gros Gobet. Cerise a Courte Queue, | Montmorency a Gros Fruit, | Fruit, large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid; stem, stout, short; fruit borne in pairs. Last of July. Gkidlet. Apple Cherry, | Maccarty. • American. Fruit, small, roundish; color, almost black; flesh, firm, purplish, moderately juicy. Early July. Honey. Large Honey, I Cream, I Meresier a Fruit Blanc. Late Honey, | Yellow Honey, | Little better than a Mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red ; flesh, tender, sweet ; pit large. Middle July. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar, and probably identical with this. Hyde's Red Heart. Hyde's Seedling. Fruit, meaium, heart shape, red on yellow ; flesh,'whitish, sweet, mazardy. Early July. Hyde's Late Black. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, half tender, juicy, sweet. Early July. 230 THE CHERKY. Kentish. Late Kentist, I Common Eed, I Kentisli Eed. Pie Cherry, | Common Sour Cherry, 1 This is prohahly a seedling of this country, which is found everywhere that man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that, wherever planted, it has grown, and by suckers, increased " seventy fold." It is hardy, and fruits abundantly; and many think it indispensable, but not after having grown and fruited the Early Eichmond. Fruit, medium size, round, lively red ; tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July. Knight's Late Black. Medium to large, roundish heart shape ; flesh, half tender, sweet, dry. Middle July. Ladt Southampton's Yellow. Lady Southampton's Duke, I Lady Southampton's Golden Drop, Yellow or Golden, | Spanish or Yellow. Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, firm, dry. Middle July. Large Dottble Flowering. A beautiful ornamental tree, with large, showy, -donble white flowers, like little roses, with- out fruit, and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation, on account of fruit. As an orna- mental tree, it is beautiful when in flower. LuNDiE Gean. Fruit, medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black ; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, harsh* July. Manning's Late Black. Manning's Late Black Heart. Fruit, medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black ; flesh, purple, half tender, sweet ; pit, large. Early July. Manning's Eaelt Black. Frnit, medium, heart shape, purplish black ; flesh, tender, sweet, good. Middle June, Ox Heaut. Lion's Heart, | Bullock's Heart, | Yery Large Heart. Fruit, above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black ; flesh, red, half tender, sweet. Early July. OSTHEIM. Ostheimer Weichsel. A Morello. Fruit, below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July. Prince's Duke. Like carnation, but poor bearei'. Pink Heart. A small Mazard, of pinkish red, oval ; stem, short. July. Bed BiGARREAir. Large Bed Bigarreau, | Gros Bigarreau Rouge, | Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Kouge. Fruit, very large, oblong heart shape, irregular ; color, yellow or red, becoming dark red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, stained with red, flrm, sweet. Early July. Poor bearer. Kemington. Kemington White Heart, | Eemington Heart. Fruit, small, heart shape, yellow ; flesh, dry, bitter sweet. Middle of August. Eumsey's Late Mokello. This variety matures its fruit late ; but we have been unable to find qualities in it worthy of extensive, or oven moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and the tree a miserable grower. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, lively red, jaioy, acid. August. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 231 Sweet Montmokenot. Allen's Sweet Montmorency. Fruit, medium or small, round, amber and light red, mottled ; flesh, yellowisb, tender, sweet. Middle to last July. Tobacco-Leated. Four to the Pound. Fruit, small, round, red ; firm, dry flesh ; large pit. Transparent Guignb. Transparent Gean, | Transparent. Fruit, small, oyal heart shape, yellowish white, shaded with red ; flesh, translucent, tender, tnelting sweet, a little bitter. Early July. Virginian "Wild Cheery. This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for flavoring liquors, ' but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well known to need description, being the Cerasua serotina of Torrey and Grey ; while the Choke cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Yirginiana. There are two varieties of G. serotina in the West that produce fruit three to four weeks. Virginia Mat Duke. A. variety of Mazard. White Tartarian. Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent, | Amber a Petit Fruit. Fruit, small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color ; flesh, whitish yellow, half tender, sweet. WEEPrNG, OR ALL SAINTS. Ever Flowering Cherry, I Cerise Tardive, Cerisier Pleurant, | Cerise de St Martin. Fruit, of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes it very desirable. Warren's Transparent. Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle July. (Cole.) Wilkinson. Fruit, medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July. Wellington. Frnlt, medium size, obtuse heart shape, black ; almost firm fleshed. Early July. THE CUREANT. Rihes ruhrum, Lin. GrossularitB of Botanists. The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro- ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has found its way into every garden, and is the first fruit-shrub planted by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits, ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of the Kentish cherry. The Cherry currant, a variety of comparative new introduction, by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex- pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from seed, and improving the cun*ant ; and not until the latter period of the life-time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticulturists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties. Propagation. Where the intention is to produce new and improved varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed. When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early in following Spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and on approach of Winter have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mold scattered among the plants. The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in similar manner, and at the same time as directed under head of Goose- berries. Transplanting. This is best done in October, or early in Spring ; but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur. The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each way. Soil and Situation. The Currant will grow in almost any soil, producing fruit abundantly ; but it is only when grown in rich, deep 232 CULTURE, ETC. 233 soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac- ters. We have grown the Cherry currant in a poor, gravelly soil, and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same ; the first being only of medium size and indifferent character, while in the second they were large, as described, and possessing the sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July to September. Culture. The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard manure every Fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and during the fruit season the ground should be kept clean of weeds. Pruning. This should be pursued much as is described under head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees, it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible, compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present, when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyramidal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in diameter. The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa- liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations, producing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well supplied with food. Insects. The Currant Borer (^^geria iipuHformis) attacks the Currant, but is seldom met with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the plant. This insect is produced from a blue-black moth, appearing about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower buds ; these hatch, and the young borer en- ters the stem to the pith, which it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and burn all branches affected. The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to desti'oy the foliage of the Currant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the New York State Agricultural Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D. Uses. Familiar to every one are the uses of the Currant ; green, it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in Winter, by gather- ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red; have 234 THE CURRANT. them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and pack in sand in a cool cellar. Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes. Currant shrub and currant wine are also made from the ripe fruit, numerous recipes for whfch are in all the Horticultural journals. The fruit of the Black currant, made into a jelly, is regarded by many invaluable as a remedy for sore throat, quinsy, etc. ; made into jam or dried, it is valuable for puddings, etc. Varieties. Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of cul- tivation. The Ribes ruhrum, or Common Red currant, is distinct in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black currant. The Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul- tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with prefix " large-fruited " any more deserving attention of fruit-growei's. The Ribes sanguineiim, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a pretty, ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds. The Ribes floridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce new varieties. CLASS I. — Most generally esteemed. Black Naples. Black Grape, | Ogden's Black Grape. The largest fruited and most productive of the Black currant. Hardy in all sections of the States. Cherry. From Italy. In rich, deep, strong soiLs, and high culture, it is an abun- dant bearer of large, very acid fruit. In poor, thin, light soils, it is not desirable. Knight's Sweet Red. Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply colored and slightly less acid; resembling more the White Dutch in quality. Prince Albert. New. Plants, vigorous, large foliage, productive, ripens late, therefore valuable. Fruity large, resembling Victoria. PtED Dutch. Long Bunched Eed Dutch, I Large Bed Dutch, I Morgan's Eed. New Bed Dutch, | Eed Grape, ■iftct)/vcciany of which are new and untested^ and others suited only to certain localities. Ada. Raised by Dr. Valk, Flushing, L. I. Bunches, large, compact, dark, almost black berries, sweet, vinous. Bland. Bland's Virginia, I Powell, Bland's Madeira, | Bland's Pale Ked. Found on the Eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is by many discarded, from its habit of only bearing moderately. As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best, the objection to it being, that it drops its leaves before ripening. 2f8 THE GRAPE. Foliage, a light shade of green, smooth, propagated by layers ; bunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicles ; skin, pale red, thin; flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleasant delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing away for Winter use. Brinckle. Eaabe's No. 1. First fruited in 1850. Bunch, large, rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry, five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ; flesh, solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality, " best." (Ad.'int. Rep.) Canadian Chief. From Canada, and claimed to be a native, but so strongly marked w^ith foreign characteristics that we think it will not prove to be an acquisition for general cultivation. Bunches, very large and shouldered, and the vine very productive, and will probably do better in Canada than in a warmer latitude. (Downing.) Canby's August. Raised by William Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware, Ripe eight or ten days before Isabella. Bunch, four to five inches long, and over two inches broad, very com- pact ; berry, medium size, roundish, inclining to oval, nearly black, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, tender, juicy, not pulpy, or but very little, sweet and pleasant. Carter. Newly introduced ; origin uncertain. Berries, round, large, deep reddish black; ripens before Isabella, and said to be superior. Cassady. An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf and dark purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shoul- dered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an inch in diameter ; form,, round ; color, greenish white, with occasionally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, juicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very good." (Ad. Int. Rept.) Child's Seedling. A very large, fine grape, grown in Utica, N. Y., by Mr. Childs. It is doubtless of foreign origin, but has succeeded with him without glass, although latterly grown under it. We presume its foreign characteristics will not fit it for open culture. (Downing.) Clara. Eaabe's No. 4. Bunch, medium, not compact ; berry, medium, round, green, faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.) Clinton. Worthington. This variety is claimed to have its origin in Western New York, but we have seen vines taken from the woods in Northern Ohio that so closely UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 259 resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated. It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is, that it ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, therefore, suited to higher or more Northern latitudes. Foliage, small; wood, short jointed. Bunches, medium or small, not shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive. Columbia. This grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlu.m on his farm at ■ Georgetown, D. C. A vigprous grower, productive. Bunch, small, compact ; berry, small, black, with a thin bloom, with very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but pleasant and vinous, scarcely, if at all, foxy. Ripe last of September. Concord. This fine, hardy native grape was raised from seed by E. W. Bull, Con- cord, Mass. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and exceedingly productive. Bunch, rather compact, large shouldered ; berries, large, globular, almost black, thickly covered with bloom ; skin, rather thick, with more of the native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it resembles, but does not quite equal in quality; fleshy moderately juicy, rather buttery, very sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its pulp. It is more hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days earlier, consequently, it is a very valuable variety. Promises valuable for Ohio. Devereux. Bunches, of medium size, compact ; berries, rather small, purple, very juicy and sweet ; good table grape, and makes a good wine ; not liable to rot. Latter part of July. (Berckmans' Col.) Elsinburgh. Elsinboro, | Elsinborougli, | Smart's Elingburgh. The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to have come from a village in Salem Co.. N. J. It is a nice little grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens. A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella. Wood, slender, long jointed; leaves five lobed. Bunches, medium, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best." Emily. Eaabe's No. 2. Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry, below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diameter, round, pale red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor, saccharine and deli- cious ; quality, " best" for an out-door grape. Fruited in 1850 for the first time. 260 THE GRAPE. Garrigues. Raised by Edward Gai-rigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. A vigorous grower, hardy and productive, very much resembles Isabella, and no doubt a seedling of it. Bunch, large, loose, shouldered ] berries, large, oval, dark purple, covered with a thick bloom ; flesh, with little toughness in its pulp, juicy, sweetj and rich. P^ipe eight or ten days before Isabella. Graham. An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in 1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium size, shouldered, not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or 3io pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor ; quality, " best."' The lea.f indicates its native parentage. It is probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsin- borough, both of which were in bearing in the garden where it originated. (Ad. Int. P.ept.) Hall's Grape. A seedling raised by David Hall, of Urbana. Berries, of medium size, dark color, larger and better flavor than Clinton, but not equal to Isabella. Said to be earlier and hardier than Catawba or Isabella. Hartford Prolific. A variety of the Fox Grape, from West Hartford, Ct. For early maturity and escaping of frosts, it is valuable, as it always bears, but its foxy character is not agreeable, when the Delaware or Catawba can be had. Bunches, medium, loose j berries, round; skin, black; sweet, with con- siderable pulp. Ripens ten days or two weeks before Isabella. Herbemont. Herbemonfs Madeira, | Warren, | "Warrenton. The origin of this is yet in doubt, some claiming it same as Lenoir, and a native — others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy character and resemblance in foliage to the P^iver grapes, however, seems rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. Only moderately vigorous. Wood, dark color ; terminal leaves, red or brownish. Bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small, round ; skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp, sweet, excel- lent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine like Spanish Manzanella. Hudson. Originated in the gardens of Mr. Calkins, Hudson, N. Y. Growth similar to Isabella, and said to be two or three weeks earlier. Bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so rich. Lmitation Hamburg. Union Village, ] Shaker Grape. A native variety. Fruit, large, dark purple, or as large, skin as thin, pulp as soft and juicy, but of inferior aroma and flavor, to the Black Ham- burg. Origin, supposed among the Shakers, at Union Village, Ohio. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 261 Lenoir. Sumpter ? ] Clarence f Subject, in clay soila, to mildew and rot. Bunches, large, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berries, small, black, sweet, agreeable. Earlier than Herbemont, and by many considered superior. Logan. A new variety of a dark or black grape ; hardy, and said very fine. We have not seen it. Louisa. Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. Vine, hardy, vigorous growth. Bunch, medium, rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry, round, oval, blackish, with blue bloom ; resembles Isabella, and said to ripen a few days earlier. Marion. A seedling raised at Bethlehem, Pa., many years since, but not until recently much noticed. It is said to resemble (we -have never seen it) the Isabella in many respects, but is more uniform in ripening, and of a more delicate character. Vines, healthy ; wood, firm, short jointed; good bearer. Bunches, large, regular, seldom shouldered; berries, above or medium, inclining to oval, dark purplish black, with blue bloom ; juice, abundant; pulp, thin; promising to be one of the most valuable. Missouri. Missouri Seedling. Said to be a native of Missouri ; it is of slow growth, short jointed, and, like the Clinton, suited to border cxilture in gardens. From it a wine is made resembling Maderia. Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed. Bunches, below medium, loose ; berries, small, round ; skin, tliin, almost black, very little bloom ; flesh, tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant ; " very good." Norton's Virginia. Norton's Seedling. A native seedling produced by a cross between the Bland and Miller's Burgundy, by Dr. N. Norton, of Richmond, Virginia. It is a most produc- tive grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops (especially at the South, where many kinds rot), in all seasons. It has been confounded by some with Ohio grape, from which it is quite distinct, more pulpy, and less agreeable for the dessert, though a much better wine grape. Bunches, long, sometimes eight or nine inches, occasionally shouldered, somewhat compact; berries, small, round; skin, thin, dark purple; flesh, pulpy, with a brisk, rather rough flavor. Shoots strong and hardy. Northern Muscadine. Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon. Columbia County, N. Y. Bunches small, short, compact ; berry, large, round, chocolate or brownish red ; skin, thick, with a pungency and odor common to the wild fox grape, and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The berries fall from the bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks before Isabella. (Down- ing-) 262 THE GEAPE. Ohio. Longwoi'th's Ohio, j Segar Box. The original of the vines now known under this name were some cut- tings left in a segar box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq., Cincin- nati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wiierever planted should have long range on a trellis. Only valued f'or table use. Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly black, blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the amateur. Pauline. The finest Southern native grape. Bunches, large, shouldered, compact; berries, medium, brownish crimson, very sweet; skin, thin; no pulp. (Berkman's Cat.) Raabe. Eaabe's No. 3. Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Catawba aroma; quality, " best." (Ad. Int. Rept.) Rebecca. Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, Hudson, N. Y. The vines are hardy, and it promises to be one of the most valuable ; leaves deeply lobed, coarsely and sharply serrated ; upper surface light green, under surface with thin whitish down. Bunches, medium size, very compact, not shoul- kered ; berries, medium, obovate, greenish white, becoming jjale amber at maturity, and covered with a thin white bloom ; flesh, melting, juicy, free from pulp, musky aroma ; seeds, small, two to four in each berry. SCUPPERNONG. Fox Grape, of the SoutJi^ I American Muscadine, of the South, Bull or Bullet, " | Eoanoke, •' A distinct Southern species, vitus vulpina, too tender for the North, highly esteemed throughout the entire Southern States, where it is much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from Virginia to Florida. Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glossy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The White and Black varieties diflier only in the color of fruit, the White being light green, and the Black, dark red, with tendrils of vine corresponding with color of fruit. Bunches, small, loose; berries, round, large; skin, ihich; flesh, pvilpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent. Schuylkill. Schuylkill Muscadel, I Maderia, of Torh, Pa., I Clifton's Constantia, Alexander, Muscadine, Tasker's Grape, Spring Mill Constantia, | Cape Grape, | "Winne. From the banks of the Scliuykill. Pa. Us value is only as wine grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it extensively distri- buted North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves are much more UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 263 downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the bunches being not shoul- dered, while the Isabella is always shouldered. Berries, often large, roundish oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh, firm . pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh. Minor's Seedling, ShurtlefF's Seedling, Northern Muscadine, Charter Oak, Mammoth, and some others are cultivated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain in circumscribed limits ; not having yet been seen, when cultivated away from their first friends, inclines us to say they are simply varieties of the Fox Grape. Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Sherman, Chillieothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub- varieties, and not equal to the original Isabella. Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling. Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane, are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equaling it. The " Mammoth Catawba '' is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses the original only in size. Taft. Originated with W. P. Taft, Cleveland, O. Bunches, medium, short, compact, variety shouldered ; berries, above medium, globular compressed, light green in shade, marblings of chocolate red in sun ; flesh, slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet, a little musky; skin, tough, thick, with somewhat of the pungency belonging to the common Fox Grape j vines very hardy; fruit ripens two weeks before Isabella. To-Kalon. s Ptaised by Dr. Spofford, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. This fine grape has been but little disseminated in consequence of the general supposition that it was very much like, if not identical with, the Catawba, from which it is entirely distinct in wood, foliage, and every characteristic of the fruit. It is a vigorous grower, foliage very large, abundant, and much less rough than Catawba or Isabella, and the alse of the leaves overlap each other different from any other with which we are acquainted. Bunches large and shouldered ; berries varying in form from oval to oblate, very dark in color and profusely covered with bloom. Its fruit, when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, and luscious, without foxiness in its aroma, or any toughness or acidity in its pulp. It is perfectly hardy, and with good treatment in deep, rich, pervious soil, it is an early and abun- 'dant bearer; with indifi^erent treatment it is a poor bearer. It ripens a little earlier than Isabella. (Downing.) York Madeira. From York Co., Pa. Excellent when fully ripe ; extremely productive, hardy: canes, rather slender, short jointed ; resembles Miller's Burgundy in size of berry, shape, and compactness of bunch. Excellent when fully ripe ; of a peculiar flavor. (Downing.) THE FOREIGN GRAPE. Vitis vinifera, L. — Vitacece of Botanists. From the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty. " The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fer- tility of the vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its intro- duction and entire history up to this date, would occupy more room than the limits of our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ; that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the commencement of the Christian era ; that the varieties native of Britain and America, are quite distinct ; that those native of Britain are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, few or no varieties withstanding the extremes of our climate, with- out protection. Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to wine. The experiment tailed, as have those of Longworth, and others since. Of the longevity of the vine, records are made, giving it existence from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and stems six feet ai'ound, or sufficien.t to afford the cutting out of planks fifteen inches broad. Propagation. The same practices as noted under head of American Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in propa- gating esteemed varieties of the foreign grapes is by eyes, as represented in ad- joining figure. This is done by select- ing a strong bud and cutting it ofi^ from the remainder of the branch, at about two inches above and below, and plant- ing it in a pot covered about half an inch deep with light loamy soil, then plung- ing the pot in a hot-bed. By this means every bud on a shoot can be formed into a plant. Out-door Culture. In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities, &c., such varieties as the Black Prince, Traminer, and Royal Mus- 264 VINE BOEDEKS, 265 cadine, may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other mulch, and raising them again to their position in ApriL Free sup- ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.* Cold-Houses. By this term is meant an inclosed structure of wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These structures, as made at the East, and by a few wealthy men at the West, and represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen- sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the West. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at the West has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four-inch scant- ling against the building, nailing boards to it, and filling in between with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging shutters. Now, the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for swinging- shutters of say two feet square ; these opened, will give ventilation, in connection with those in the front wall. This done, a joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around, and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of width of house ; stiles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper stile or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ; the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty two inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six-inch glass. When the location of such houses is not in a very cold climate, or where the thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose ; but, perhaps in the end, not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advise to purchase " Allen's Treatise on the Grape." Vine Borders. Upon the formation of vine borders for cold, as well as forcing-houses, more has been written and published than one person could read at the rate of ten hours a day, in one entire month. Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while th _ White oweei- n aier, wnicn never niuaewea. lliis garden was sixty or seventy rotts irom tna harbor (or salt water). The prevalent winds were from the harbor, in Summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfrequently covered with spray. 12 266 THE GKAPE. others prefei' inside. If sandy ground, no care will be required to form a drainage ; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three feet deep, form a drain in centre at bottom, leading away from the house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods, and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quan- tities, or perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one-tenth in quantity each of gypsum (plaster of Paris), and ground bones, and one-sixth of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border. Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street scrapings, leather parings, old rags, bones, &c., are all used and all good, but the above named materials, with liberal water- ing with soap-suds, and occasional sprinkling with sulphur (which will be necessary at times to check mildew) will give good growth of vine and fruit. Planting and Training. The vines, being obtained from the nur- sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or bot- tom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ; now plant just outside the front wall, and so that you can run the stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall, so as to be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for cold houses, and is plainly described as follows : " In pruning in the Fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs, the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each bud puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and the one at the base is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom one is pinched out. The fruit-bearing spur is stopped three or four joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also stopped, when it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now trained as shown in the following figure. " a is the bearing shoot, and h the one not to be fruited till next year ; at next pruning (or what is still -7^ better, two or three weeks previous), a is cut clean cut \- to the base of h, and, when the leaves fall, h is cut back ^^^\ to three eyes, as a was last season, and so on from year L^Jj- to year." Every Fall, at approach of cold weather, take ^a down the vines, lay them on the border, inside, and cover with tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same depth with barn-yard manure. Routine of Cidtiire. The following brief instructions, from A. J. ^ THE FOREIGN GEAPE. 267 Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold-house : " In a vinery without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com- mence swelling their buds in the Spring, they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning ; and every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit- is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus- pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm, than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery of this kind. Insects. The aphis or " vine-frettei^" is destroyed by fumigating, i. e., burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely afterward. If red spiders are troublesome, syi'inge the vines at evening, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur. VARIETIES. Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and confuse the practical man, and our own esperience with foreign grapes not having been sufficient to enable us frdly to decide on which to recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy of general cultivation by the American Pomological Society. Black Hamburgh. Valentino's, | Salisbury Violet, Purple Hamburgh, Gibraltar, Browu Hamburgh, I Frankendale. "Warner's Black Hamburgh, Bed Hamburgh, Dutch Hamburgh, Hampton Oourt' Vine, This variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In sheltered locations, out of doors in cities south as far as Cincinnati, it does well with protection in Winter. A good bearer.* Bunches, large, shouldered on toth sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclining to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black when fully ripe; of sugary rich flavor. Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar. Fruit, larger, bloom very thick ; Jiesh, firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Hamburgh. * A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is stated to produce an- nually over one ton weight of fruit. 268 THE GRAPE. Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value. Bunches, not as large ; berries, black, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a synonym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly-improved sub-variety. Alicant, Black Valentia, Boston, Pocock's Damascus, Black Prince. Steward's Black Prince, Black Spanish, Black Portugal, Sir A. Pytche's Black, Cambridge Botanic Garden, Black Lisbon. • This often succeeds well with Winter protection out doors, while in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully ripe. A. pro- fuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries, large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue bloom ; flavor, sweet, excellent; "very good." Black St. Peter's differs from this in having a thin skin. Black Frontignan. Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees, Sir Wm. Rowley's Black, Purple Frontignan, Purple Constantia, Muscat Moir de Jura. Muscat Noir, Muscat Noir Ordinaire, Black Prontignac, This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A good bearer. Bunches, long; berries, medium size, round, black; 5/:m, thin ; flavor, musky rich. Black Cluster. Black Morillon, True Burgundy, Small Black Cluster, Early Black, Pineau, Black Burgundy, Black Orleans. This variety is hardy, and succeeds out doors. It is valued in France for wine, but will never take high rank in this country. It has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the West, which is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this country. Bunches, small com- pact ; berries, medium size, roundish oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by ab.sence of down on the leaf. Early Black July. De St. Jean, August Traube, Jacob's Straube. July Grape, [ Burgunder, Madeleine Noir, Madeleine, Morillon Hatif, | Eaisin Precoce, The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier, is its chief merit. Foliage, small light green ; bunches, small, compact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and of indifferent flavor ; " good." Grizzly Frontignan. Grizzly Frontignac, 1 Ecd Constantia, Muscat Eouge, | Muscat Gris, «&e,, &c., in all tbirteen Synonyms. Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of '' best " quality, is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrow, slight shoulders ; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor. THE FOREIGN" GEAPE. 269 Royal Muscadine. Chasselas de Fontainebleau, G-olden Cliasselas, Chasselas Dore, D'Ai'bois, Amlena, Chasselas, White Chasselas, Chasselas Blanc, Eaisin d'Champagne, Amber Muscadine, Early White Teneriffe. This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Water (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only Winter protection, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it cracks and mildews. Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleaii are distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Muscadine, he also says, only varies from this in ripening a few days earlier. Bunches, large, long, shouldered ; berries, above medium, round, greenish white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich delicious flavor. Middle to last of September. Muscat of Alexandria. White Muscat of Alexandria, Jerusalem Muscat, Malaga, White Muscat of Lunel, Lunel, Frontniac of Alexandria, Muscat d' Alexandria, White Muscat, Tottenham Park Muscat, Passe-longue Musque, Passe Musque. Adapted only to house culture, and, even then, benefitted by artificial heat. This isprobably the " Malaga " Grape brought to this country in jars and sold by confectioners. Bunches, very large, loose, irregular ; berries., large, oval, pale amber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often seedless. A strong grower. The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling its parent. Traminer. Eed Traminer, Fromentin Eouge, Kother Traminer, Pother Klevner, Tokayer, Kleinbranner, Rothclauser, Eanfoliga, Grls Eouge, Fromentean, Decimanner, Eothedel, Eothfranken, St. Clauser, Marzimmer, Pan Folak, Eothe Eeifler. Hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both fruit and wood. Allen says of it, " a much-esteemed wine Grape on the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden. Bunches, medium size, compact ; herries, roundish oval, middle size, uni- form, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich and pleasant flavor. R.ipens ten days before Isabella. White Frontniac, Nepeans Constantia, Eaisin de Frontignan, Mosohata Bianca, White Frontignan. I Moscatel Commun, White Constantia, I Muscat Blanc, Muscat Blanc de Jura, Moscado Bianco, Muscateller. An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches, middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered : berries, middle size, round rather closely set; skin, thin, dull white or greenish yellow, thin white bloom , flesh, deli- cate, sugary, rich musky flavor NECTARINES. The Nectai'ine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seeds return ; record is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec- tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling- ness of belief; certain, however, it is that the trees so closely resem- ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit. Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here it is inferior to the Peach, possessing a flavor partaking of the peculiar flavor and taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from the peach, we speak the genei-al view ; closely examined, the wood may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in same manner and time as the Peach, and their after culture is the same. The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable to attack from curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are adopted for prevention ; Ave, therefore, refer the reader to the article under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis- tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine, as in the Peach, and used accordingly. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. Boston. Lewis, I Perkins' Seedling. American. Claimed to have originated from a peach-stone. It is pro- bably one of tlie very best Nectarines, and well adapted to all sections of our country. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, sometimes eight inches round, roundish oval; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek, shaded oif by a mottling; of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; sto7ie, small, pointed. Free-stone. First September. Down TON. Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting, rich, high flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. 270 UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 271 Early Violet. Violet Hativo, I Hampton Court, Petite Violet Hatire, | Large Scarlet, Early Brugnon, I New Scarlet, Brugnon red at Stone, | Aromatic, Brugnon Hatif, Violet Musk, Violet red at Stone, Lord Selsey's Elruge Foreign. Tree, very hardy, often confounded with Eh'uge, from which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone. Flowers^ small ; glands^ reniform ; fruity large, roundish, narrowed at apex; suture^ shallow; skin^ yellowish green in shade, dark purplish red, mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; fleshy whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish brown. Free-stone. Last of August. Elruge. Common Elruge, I Anderson's, I Oatland's, Claremont, | Temple, ] Spring Grove. Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first character wherever correctly grown. Flowers, small ; glands^ reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; flesh, greenish, slightly stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval, rough. Free-stone. Early Sep- tember. CLASS IL Embraces varieties, many of which are new and untested, others suited only to certain localities. Barker. Foreign. " Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large obovate, dark red next sun, pale yellowish green, where shaded ; flesh, fine, yellowish white, rayed w-ith bright red at the stone ; stone, large ; kernel, bitter. Free- stone. August." New, not yet fruited in this country. Duke of Tellier's. Due du Tellier's, I DudeTello, I Du Tilly's. Du Tilliers, | Duke de Tilley, | Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, round- ish oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh, greenish white, red at stone, second rate flavor. Free-stone. Last August. Early Newington. Early Black Newington, I New Early Newington, I Early Black. Lucombe's Black, | Lucombe's Seedling, | Foreign. Flowers, large, glandless. Fruit, large, roundish ovate, point at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh, greenish white, red at stone. Cling-stone. Early September. Valued South. French Yellow. Foreign. Fruit, medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh, yel- low, juicy, rich. Cling-stone. September. (W. R. P.) 272 THE NECTAEINE. Hardwicke. Hardwicke Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling. Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, roundish oval, pale green, violet red cheek : flesh, pale green, little marked with red at stone, juicy. Free-stone. Last August. Hunt's Tawny. Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny. Foreign. Flowers, small, glandless ; fruit, below medium, roundish ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks : flesh, orange, juicy. Free-stone. Middle August. Large Early Violet. Violette Grosse. Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored. Neate's White. New "White, I Flanders, I Large Wliite. Cowdray White, | Emerton's New "White, | Foreign. Flowers, large : glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, round, white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early September. Oldenburg. English. New ; not yet fruited in this country. It is described as of " me- dium size, ovate form, dark red on pale yellow ; flesh, separating freely from the stone, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous." Orange. Pitmaston's Orange, | William's Orange, | William's Seedling. Foreign. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ovate, acute point at aj)ex. orange yellow, with dark brownish red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Fi'ee-stone. Last August. Valued South. Red Roman. Old Koman, I Brugnon Violet Musqufee, , Koman, | Brugnon Musquee. Foreign. An old variety, which proves best adapted to our northern sections. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform : fruit, above medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, and russety specks ; flesh, firm, greenish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Early September. Stanwicke. First fruited in this country by Caleb Cope, Esq., Phila. From its high praise in England, Avhere it originated, and the fact of our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of both Peach and Nec- tarine, as compared with England, we are led to suppose this will prove the very best Nectarine extant. It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round- SUPEESEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 273 ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pale greenish white, shaded into deep, rich violet in sun ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and without the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor ; stone, middle size, ovate, a prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color, kernel, sweet. CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. Bkoomfield. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundisli ; dull yellow, red clieok ; flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Cling-stone. Middle September. Faikciiild's. Faircliild's Early. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, roimd ; yellowisli green, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Free-stone. Early August. Golden. Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow, red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Cling-stone. Early September. MURKEY. Murry, | Black Murry. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red cheek ; flesh greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Free-stone. Last August. Newington. Scarlet Newington, I Smith's Newington, [ Rough Eoman, Scarlet, French Newington, Anderson's Bound. Old Newington, | Sion Hill, | Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ; flesh, firm, juicy deep red at stone. Cling-stone. Middle September. Pkince's Golden. American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger, and a week later, otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the Golden. PETERBOHOrGH. Late Green, [ Vermash, | Genoa, or Genoese. Foreign. Under the last synonym, it nas, of late, been disseminated as new. Glands, reni- form ; fruit, small, roundish, green, with dull red in sun ; flesh, greenish white. Free-stone. Early October. Sweet Yellow. Janue Lisse, | Late Yellow. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, yellow, with dull red cheek in sun ; flesh, yellow, dry. Free-stone. October. 12* THE PEACH. Persica vulgaris, Dec. — Rosacece of Botanists. Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned in Jewish history, it is doubtful Avhether the Peach is, as generally understood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, introduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was cul- tivated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this country, and, with the exception of portions of the Northern New England States and Northern New York, it is now cultivated in every settled portion of our States. History clothes the Peach with delete- rious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. In portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as our own country, the peach is grown without aid of glass, or artificial heat, or by means of walls, etc. ; we have, therefore, looked to receive some variety from abroad that would surpass our American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced. The wood of the peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter dura- tion. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not to admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in unfavor- able soils the peach decays in four to ten years, in favorable ones it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years, and, with the addition of being annually correctly and freely pruned, may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years. Of this we speak more at length under the head of Soil. Propagation. By Seed. The seed of the peach, if carefully planted in the Autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing Spring, and, in good soil, make a growth, the first year, of three to four feet; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them about four inches thick, on some light, sandy knoll, and cover with about four inches earth. In Spring, when the frost is fully out of the ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones Avill be found to have mostly cracked and the germ just started ; they should then be care- fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not cracked 274 BY BUDDING. 275 by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by placing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by striking the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already started, and, therefore, the rows in culture would often have trees unfitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from the last-named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the first yeai*. It is well to know that most of the yellow-fleshed peaches have a tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the innu- merable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues, and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superior." If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by selecting seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yellow, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a collection would be obtained preserving, in a great measure, the characters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also, may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent, hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen on each par- ticular tree. The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower, of some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ; hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated, or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other peach tree. Those who have not the dry sandy knoll wheron to place the pits, to prepare them for fhe ensuing Spring, may place them in a moist cellar until nearly the close of Winter ; then take them out, soak them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and cover two or three inches of sawdust or leaf mold over them ; thus exposing them to action of frost until the season for planting. By Budding. The seed sown as above will, early in the month of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possible ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back — not the limbs pruned oif, leaving bare stems — but the growth of every limb, should be shortened or cut back one- half ; this is to prevent injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break the tree just at the insertion of the bud. Some bud upon the Plum stock for the purpose of dwarfing the tree ; and when so done the month of August is best. The exaci- 276 ■" ^ THE PEACH. time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of country, but tlie watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is generally the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea- son, on the peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and " gum." Budding the jDcach may also be performed in the month of June, on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode. By Grafting. This is rarely performed at the North, but may be made tolerably successful if performed very early on trees standing in warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used around, cutting off all the roots of the tree, at about one foot from the body of a tree four feet high — the tree headed back about one half, and the lower limbs cut in to about two buds each — the graft inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft has' made one foot growth, the ligature should be loosed, and the lower limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultiva- tors in the Southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks are small it is a good way ; but the cleft-grafting mode is then best. Transplanting. In transplanting from the nursery to the orchard, the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within two feet of the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off. to within one foot of the crown. Distances apart. On light, sandy soils, twelve feet apart each way is sulRcient for the Peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees require from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, when full-grown, to enable them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun. Soil and Situation. The soil whereon to make plantations of the Peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland, Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed vai'ieties, viz. : Yellow Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Monisania, will be found ex- tremely useful to eveiy planter, as it is eas)' to get an analysis made of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par- ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his SOIL AND srruATioisr. 277 trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds above-named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried (whereby they lost about 44 per cent of water), carefully burned with a moderate heat, yielded as follows : Charcoal and Sand 3.180 Silica 1 .480 Perphosphate of Iron 2.174 Potash 12.545 Soda 2.000 Sulphate of Lime 2.258 Lime 23.951 Pho.sphate of Lime 21.699 Magnesia 7.052 Peroxide of Manganese .800 Chloride of Sodium 699 Carbonic Acid 33.350 111.188 Loss in Analysis 3.81 2 115.000 These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the Pear in amount of phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen, are growing on the borders of the Ohio river, on what is termed limestone soil, and where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air, while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and at the same time devoid of others I'equisite to the perfection of healthy wood. Lime and bone-dust, we judge, will be found especially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of enduring the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this appli- cation be added the practice of shortening-in during the month of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we believe the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme changes of climate. The duration of the Peach tree Ave consider greatly dependent upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro- portions of food toward forming perfect wood. Tiie doctrine of ex- cretions of vegetables is one which we are yet inclined to support, having been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon the same plot. A rank, luxuriant tree, witli shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un- 278 THE PEACH. ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un drained, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human frame, exciting only to destroy. The situation of a peach-orchard should, if possible, be upon high ground, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera- ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in Fall of year, and later period of blooming in Spring. If the trees are low- branched and well shortened-in, supplied with requisite inoi'ganic ele- ments in the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north, will only affect the time of ripening the fruit ; that to the south maturing about one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situa- tions, surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often fur- nish fruits when adjacent valleys fail; and this is especially true where the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during Winter, the southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce peaches, when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in the interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance of Avhich we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one was injured. The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the Winter is of rare occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," previously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they are capable of withstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury, unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being in an immature, unhealthy state. Season to Transplant. Throughout the Northern and Western States it is best to transplant the Peach in the Spring. South or Southwest, Fall or mid-winter may be best ; but from remarks of many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the last of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground should always be planted in the Fall. Cultivation. The ground about peach trees should always be kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy soil, running through an orchard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich prairie or limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped without in- jury ; but on tiie sandy, light soil, no crop except the white turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under by a very shallow plowing, of say two inches deep. On rich, deep prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after mid-summer. PEUNIN©, ETC. 279 Pruning. The fruit being borne only on wood of the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P. Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor- rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together with a cut illustrative of buds, on which G, D, E, are fruit buds, F, G, H, leaf buds, /, double buds, C, triple buds : the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be seen that it is furnished with a certain number of wood buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one or more wood buds. Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds on it would produce fruit, one, two, or three of the wood buds at the top would make new shoots ; these would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the number of fruit below them. At the end of the season there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the interior or lower parts of trees become so soon degax'- nished. But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half, the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining ; young vigorou's shoots are produced from the lower buds to bear next year, and take the place of those which have already borne. In this way re- gular uniform crops of large and fine fruit are obtained, and a constant succession of young shoots is kept up. To form the head, of a stand- ard Peach tree. We will sup- pose it the intention to form a porm of a low standard peach standard tree, with a trunk two tree, with a stem two feet high, „ . , . , , - and a round, open head. teet in height, and a round, open, and symmetrical head, like figure. We take a yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the ground in the Spring. Below this cut a cer- tain number of shoots will be produced, from which three will be selected to form the main branches or frame-work of the head. All the others are rubbed off when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season we have a tree with three branches. 280 THE PEACH. The second year these three branches are cut back full one half their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch, and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced below these are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering with the growth of the leading branches. In the Fall of the year we have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots below on the older wood. The tJdrd year each of these six branches is shortened one-half, in order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether fruit branches or not, should be cut back one-half, or as far as may be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and make shoots to bear next year. The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly pruned, do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their sides the full benefit of the sun and air. An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy. Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots, and these should, every Spring, be shortened-in one half or more, to produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out. With the advice above, as w^ell as of most writers, to shorten back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; believing, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it will en- able the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and fit it to endure changes of temperature during Winter, Diseases and Insects iiijurious. 2 he Curl of the Leaf . The first developed leaves, in the Spring, often become diseased with a spongy and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on the upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. " This occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a corresponding action in those important organs. A second growth is soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative powers of nature may, for once, twice, or even thrice, restore a growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis persica" fully described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects. DISEASES AND INSECTS. 281 A mixtui'e of tobacco water and strong soap-suds, applied with a syringe, early, or as soon as the leaves are one-third grown, will be found a good remedy. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced by sudden change of weather, a number of warm days that cause the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy day ; the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal the curl. Soaping tlie limbs of the trees early in Spring, or wasli- ing them with a solution of sulphur and potash, it is said, will pre- vent the curl. The TellowH. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known throughout the West ; neither have v/e ever observed it, to any ex- tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from their first start. That it may be perpetuated by inoculation, or sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether any distinct disease occurs, to which this name applicable. Perhaps it is only a collection of symptoms. arising from causes acting either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view, though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a specific and contagious disease." Depredations of the uEgeria exitiosa, Aphis persica, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct prun- ing appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto. Prof. Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and extent of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious impression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary entailment that may be propagated in the form of a predisposition to disease, or disease itself. The converse is equally true in producing health or physical development." These several causes have been exerting their influence on the Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny. The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the preventive is judicious cultivation. Mildew. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at- tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties, termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul- phur is by some advised. The Peach-v}orm, or Borer {JEgeria exitiosa), was known as early 282 THE PEACH. as before the commencement of the present century, and has been repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably dif- ferent that some natural- ists have almost hesitated in arranging them. " The insect, in its perfect state, is a slender, dark blue, four-winged moth, some- what like a wasp. It commences depositing its eggs in the soft and ten- der bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at different times from June to October. The egg hatches, and be- comes a small white borer, or grub (fig. a), which even- tually grows to three-fourths ..^rflf'lvli^^^^^^''^ >f^';^ai* of an inch long, penetrates and devours the bark and sap-wood, and, after passing the Winter in the tree, it en- folds itself in a cocoon (fig. b)^ under, or upon the bark, and emerges again in a perfect or winged form, in June, and commences deposit- ing its eggs for another generation." Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection against this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the careful cul- tivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June, and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose location is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots, of gummy mat- ter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc. Gathering. If for immediate use the Peach should not be gathered until fullyripe, butif intended for market, it is necessary often to gather while yet firm. Characters and Classification. The general outward characters of many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to other means than exhibited in the fruit, in order to identify varieties. This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult, owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being produced. The distinction of free-stones and cling-stones (melters and pavies of the English) is the most natural and well understood ; next, the distinc- tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the indentations, or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated, and coarsely serrated ; and, lastly, the distinction by means of the flowers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short period, and, therefore, is not used, except by the careful ama- teur pomologist, or correct nurseryman. USES. 283 The accompanying figures are illustrative : Figure 1, the ser- rated without glands ; figure 2, coarsely ser- rated, and with glo- bose glands ; figure 3, creneate and with reni- form or kidney-shaped glands. "The form of the glands," observes Lindley, " as well as their jjosition, is per- fectly distinct ; they ai'e fully developed in the month of May, and con- tinue to the last permanent in their character, and are not afi^ected by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, on the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more, on "the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen that glands are not discernible on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as well as most writers since, have I'en- dered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions, founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have preferred in this fruit, as well as others, to embody the distinction in the text descriptive of a vai'iety, and confine ourself to the practical every-day wanted divi- sion of " best," " very good," and " good." The word " Melocoton," only meaning " peach," we have dropped, and only use it in connec- tion with the synonyms. Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to make the following descriptions. In most parts of the country where peaches are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to market in very large quantities. The drying is performed on a small scale, in spent ovens ; on a large scale, in a small drying house heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips sufiiciently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled, the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with 284 THE PEAcia. the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house will complete the drying, and the drawei's are then ready for a second filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous preparation, of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in boiling water before halving them. Preserving the fresh fruit. Thomas describes the process as fol- lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin — about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in diameter. "Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled, the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately, until the tem- perature of the fruit is raised to that of the water. The way in which this is to be ascertained, is to put a drop of water on the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be wiped off, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as possi- ble, so as not cov^er them. If the operation has been properly con- ducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cooling has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external pressure of the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the canisters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water is to be kept boiling, must of course have a level bottom ; and every one Avho is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for himself." VARIETIES. The varieties of the Peach have, within a few years been largely increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable, and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest. Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality, and often perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found either in fruit or tree. The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety, mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 285 CLASS I. Varieties most generally esteemed. Tellow Alberge, Alberge Juane, Purple Alberge, Eed Alberge, Alberge. Golden Mignonne, French Eareripe, Pecbe Jaune, Gold-Fleshed, Yellow Eareripe, of some. Hardy Galande, Golden Eareripe. Foreign. Flowers^ small: glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Middle August. Valued highly for market purposes. Bergen's Yellow. American. It much resembles yellow Ra.reripe. but ripens about ten days later ; a moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct, rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red cheek ; flesh, yellow, melt- ing, and of luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early September. Brevoort. Brevoort's Morris, | Brevoort's Seedling Melter. American. A moderate but regular bearer. Floioers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad, distinct suture, deep at apex ; skin, dingy white, with a bright red cheek ; flesh, firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and highly-flavored. Free-stone. Early September. Crawford's Early. Crawford's Early Melocoton, | Early Crawford. American. As a market fruit, one of the most deservingly popular of the yellow-fleshed varieties; productive. Floivers, small ; glands, globose; yrwii, large, oblong, oval sometimes roundish, point at apex prominent; suture, shallow ; slci^i, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, and, when ripened in warm sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times, slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Last of August to 10th of September. Crawford's Late. Crawford's Late Melocoton, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton, Crawford's Superb Malacatune. American. One of the most valuable yellow-fleshed late varieties, deserving place in all collections ; productive. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow, with dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and, like the fore- going, depends on warm sunny weather to make it sweet. Free-stone. Last of September and first of October. Cooledge's Favorite. Cooledge's Early Bed Eareripe American. Tree, very hardy and productive. Floioers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one side : suture, at apex only; skin, whitQ, with a bright red cheek, often mottled; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor. Free-stone. Twentieth to last of August. 286 THE PEACH. Columbia. Indian Peacli, | Mulatto, | Italian Peach. American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a purplish cast, moderate regular bearer. Floivers. small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, rovmdish, with a shallow suture half round : skin, singularly marked and striped with dark red ; Jiesh, yellow, often exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor. Free-stone. More grown than any variety at the South. Middle to last of September. Early Newington. Early Newington Preestone, | Newington, | Smith's Newington. Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree, hardy, moderately productive. Flowers, small; g/a?ic/A-, reniform; fruit, large, roundish, one half always largest ; suture, distinct; skin, yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ; flesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere (if not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling), juicy, rich, vinous flavor. Twentieth to last of August. Early Tillotson. American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must, however, give it place for market purposes. For small gardens, where only three or four days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin, nearly white, dotted with red, and becoming dark red in the sun ; flesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as early as 29th July, and, again, not until 10th of August, but always, however, a few days before Early York : and we only note this here in order to show that no certain dates will answer from year to year in any fruit. Early York. Serrate Early York, ] True Early York. Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach, owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening, one of the very best. Flowers, large : haves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; suture, slight ; s?cin, with pale red dotted on greenish white in the shade, and becoming dark red where exposed to the sun; flesh, greenish white, tender, melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. Free-stone. Middle of August. George the Fourth. American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer. Floivers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium : suture, broad and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish white, dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ; flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August, MOST GENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 287 Grosse Mignonne. Early May, Early Vineyard, Vineuse, Niel's Early Puple, Johnson's Early Purple, Superb Eoyal, Eoyal Sovereign, Eonald's Seedling Galande, Pourpree Hative, Belle Beaute, Pourpree de Normandie, Vineuse de Fromentin, Mignonne, Early Purple. Eoyal Kensington, Grimwood's Eoyal George, " New Eoyal George, Large French Mignonne, French Mignonne, Swiss Mignonne, Purple Avant, Early Purple Avant, Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne, or Large Favorite, was a favorite peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed, although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultivated. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has small flowers. FloiverSj large ; glands^ globose ; fruity large, roundish, apex depressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull, greenish yellow, mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vinous flavor; stone, small, very rough. Free-stone. About 20th August to 1st September. Heath Cling-stone. White Heath, | Fine Heath, [ Eed Heath. American. This variety is extremely valuable in the Middle and Southern and Western States. Li the Northern States it does not always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas. It often repro- duces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The trees are very hardy, often producing on our Western soils when all others fail. Esteemed all South and West. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, with a swollen point at apex: suture, onQ side, distinct; skin, downy, cream-colored white, a tinge of red in the sun; flesh, greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, lucious flavor. Cling-stone. October. ^ Hyslop's Cling-stone. American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all Northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden, however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Kenrick's issue, we had sup- posed it probably a synonym, but have been unable so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous, and productive. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong roundish ; sJcin, white, with a deep, rich red cheek ; flesh, very juicy, melting, rich, and luscious. Cling-stone. Early in October. Jaques Rareripe. Jaquish, | Jaques Eareripe. American. A very desirable market variety, good flavor, and very cer- tain bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, distinct suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicyj rich, slightly sub-acid. Free-stone. Middle of September. 288 THE PEACH. Large Early York, or New York PuAReripe. Livingston's In ew fork Eareripe, I Haine's Early Eed, Honest John, ' | Early YorJj of New Jersey. American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but, after having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, certainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees, vigorous, healthy, moderate, but good bearers. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich red cheek where exposed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich, mild, excellent flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. Late Admirable. Eoyale, La Eoyale, Peehe Eoyale, Bourdine, Boudin, Narbonne, Teton de Venus, Erencli Bourdine, Judd's Melting, Motteux's, Pourpree Tardive. Foreign. An old variety, the trees of wliich have proved successful wherever grown. Moderate regular bearer. Floivers, small ; glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit, a swollen point at apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red, mingled, or marbled; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone. About 20th September. Lemon C ling-stone. Kennedy' Carolina, I Largest Lemon, Kennedy's Lemon Cling-stone, Pine Apple Cling-stone, Long Yellow Pine Apple, | Yellow Pine Apple. American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but the uniform hardihood and pi-oductiveness of the tree, together with the fine appear- ance of the fruit, making it verv desirable for marketing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Floivers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like unto a lemon : ski7i, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek, becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson red; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid acid flavor. Cling-stone. Middle to last of September. The "Yellow Blanton Cling" is only a sub- variety, ripening a few days later. Morris White. Morris "White Eareripe, White Eareripe, Luscious White Eareripe, Lady Ann Steward, White Malacaton, Cole's White Malacaton, Free-stone Heath, Morris White Free-stone, Philadelphia Free-stone. American. This variety is most suited to the Southern and Southwestern Stales, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the North, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brand5^ and always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate bearer. Floivers, small ; glands, reniform , fruit, large, oval ; suture, moderate, swollen point small ; skin, downy, greenish white, becoming a creamy white when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich. Free-stone. Middle of September. MOST GliNEKALLY ESTEEMED. 289 Malta. Peche Malte, I Italian, Malte de Normandie, | Belle de Paris. Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort having globose glands, which is most generally known. The true Malta is a deli- cious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for marketing. Flowers, large ; leaves^ serrated, without glands ; fruit, above medium, roundish flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one side ; skm, pale, dvill green, marked on the sunny side with broken spots and blotches of dull purple : fiesh^ greenish, with a little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. Morris Red Rareripe. Eed Eareripe, | Largo Red Eareripe. American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and also with Grosse Mignon, from both of which it is distinct. The large Early York of New Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is qtiite different. It is univer- sally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive. Flowers^ small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly depressed at apex ; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. NiVETTE. White Eareripe, 1 Veloute Tardive, Nivette Veloute, | Dorsetshire. Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers. Floivers, small ; glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, point of apex slightly depressed : skin, yellowish green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Early in September. OlDMIXON C1.ING-STONE. Baltimore Eose, American. Of the Cling-stone peaches we think this and Hyslop's the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked, and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamelon or swollen point ; skin^ yellowish white, with red more or less dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun; flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Cling-stone. Early in September. Oldmixon Free-stone. Oldmixon Clear-stone. American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Oldmixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety meriting place everywhere, as it always produces a crop, appearing to withstand late Spring frosts better than many others, and for market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, apparent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish 13 290 THE PEACJf white and pale green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red cheek in the sun; fiesh^ white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet, vinous, excellent flavor. Fifth to fifteenth September. Phesident. American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ; a val- uable market fruit. Flowers^ small ; glands^ globose ; fruit, large, or above medium, roundish oval ■. suture-, shallow ; skin^ downy, pale yellowish green, with a red cheek; j^esA, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor ; stone., rough, and unless fully ripe the flesh adheres slightly to it. Free-stone. Middle of September. Prince's Red R,areripe. Late Eed Eareripe. American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish appear- ance, distinguishing it from all other varieties. Floivers^ small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed sutiire and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-colored specks ; flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich, luscious flavor. Free-stone. Early in September. Red Cheek. Eed Cheek Melocoton, Malagatune, Lady Gallatin, Hogg's Melocoton, Malacatune, Yellow Malagatune. Yellow Melocoton, American. Floivers, small ; glands, globose. The parent of most of the recently-introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval, swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Free-stone. Early September. Red Rareripe. Large Eed Eareripe, I Douglas, Early Eed Eareripe, | Burgess' Beauty. American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; //-ui^, large, round; suture, broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last August. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our rareripes have been produced. ROSEBANK. American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees, healthy, moderate, but regular bearers ; leaf, serrated without glands. Fruit, above medium, round, compressed at the apex : suture, deep, extending somewhat more than halfway round ; skin, whitish yellow, with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes almost purple ; flesh, thick, whit- ish yellow, very little red about the stone, juic}^, rich, excellent flavor. Free-stone. Middle of September. Sturtevant. Originated by E. T. Sturtevant, of Cleveland, 0., in 1826. Although an old peach, its originator has never brought it forward, and hence it is as yet little known. It is unquestionably the best yellow-fleshed peach in existence. Fruit, medium size or above, roundish, compressed ; shallow, MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 291 broad suture, half round, followed by a dark line ; skin^ very downy, rich yellow, mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in sun ; stem, set in a deep oval-shaped cavity ; jiesh., yellow, red at stone, and the lines of red running into its flesh nearly one-half its thickness ; sione^ very small, roundish compressed. Free-stone. Last August, first September. Van Zandt's Superb. "Waxen Eareripe. American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly desira- ble in small gardens for dessert use. Floivers. small ; glands^ globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; suture., distinct, but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; ^es/i, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Early in September. Walter's Early. American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils. Trees, healthy and productive. Flowers, small ; glands^ globose : fruit, above medium, globular flattened ; skin^ white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Free-stone. Last of August. Ward's Free-stone. Ward's Late Free, | "Ward's Free. American. We have examined this variety for several years, and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesitatingly select this. The Weld's Free-stone spoken of by Mr. Manning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly suspect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valuable at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth. Flowers, small ; glands^ ; fruit., above medium, roundish ; skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek, where exposed to the sun ; flesh., nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous, and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor • for late preserving, it is invaluable. Free-stone. Early October. Washington. ■Washington Eareripe, | Washington Eed Free-stone. American. Flowers, small • glands., globose ; fruit, large, broad, de- pressed : suture., broad, deep, nearly round ; skin., yellowish white, with crimson cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Free stone, but often adheres slightly. Middle September. Weld's Free-stone. American. Floivers., small ; glands, reniform ; fruit., large, roundisl oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to Middle October. (Man ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's. Free-stone. White Imperial. American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular moderate bearer. South, the trees 292 THE PEACH. grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems to do equally well ii sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ; glands, globose; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, depressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled with light purplish red towards the sun ; ^^cs/j, nearly white^, melting, juicy, sweet, delicate, delicious flavor. Free-stone. Last of Au- gust. White Ci.ing-stone. Large White Cling-«tone, I Now York White Cling-stono, WiUiamson's New York, | Selbey's Cling. American. We think the Oldmixon preferable, and this variety suited to large orchards. Flowers, small ; glands, globose , fruit, large, round, small swollen point at apex : suture, shallow; sZ-m, yellowish white, little covered or dotted with red, where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting, juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September. Yellow Rareripe. Yellow Eed Eareripe, ] Marie Antoinette, Large Yellow Eareiipe, | French Eareripe. American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivatoi's should, however, be careful of the cor- rectness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and often known imder name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently grown for this variety. Floivers, small : glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yel- low, dotted somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks ; flesh, deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first- rate flavor. Free-stone. 20th to last August. CLASS M. Embraces many neio varieties, and others suited only to certain localities or very large orchards. Allen. American. Small, roundish ; white, red cheek ; juicy. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) ASTOR. American. Glands, globose : fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August. Atwater. American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical. Austin's Late Red. A large fruit ; juicy and excellent. Its late maturity makes it a valua- ble variety for preserves. Latter part of October. UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 293 Bachelder. American. Large, round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy. Free- stone. Middle September. (Cole.) Bagby's Large. The tree has a peculiar, slender growth, with drooping branches. Fruit, oblong, white, juicy, and well flavored. Is one of the best peaches for dry- ing. Middle of August. Baldwin's Late. American. Fruit, large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point at top ; skin, greenish white, slight red cheek ; flesh, juicy, melting. Free-stone. Originated South, where it ripens last of October, and can be kept two or three weeks. Barrington. Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausley's. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ; flesh, tinged red at stone. Free-stone. September. Barnard. Early Barnard, | Yellow Barnard. American. Much resembles Alberge. Baugh. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, terminated with a small point ; skin, pale yellow, slight blush towards the sun ;. flesh, yel- lowish, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Free-stone. Originated at the South, where it ripens first October. Briggs. American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek; flesh, white, red at stone ; sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) Belle de Beaucaire. Beauty of Beaucaire. Foreign. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, medium, greenish yel- low, red cheek ; suture, well marked, juicy. Free-stone. August. Ripens in July at South, where it is esteemed. Bellegarde. Early Eoyal George, Bed Magdalen, Frencli Koyal George, Smooth-leaved Eoyal George, Violette Hative, I Eonald's Mignonne, Violette Hative Grosse, | Large Violet, Brentford Mignonne, | Early Galande. Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a point : suture, shallow, yellowish green, red cheek : flesh, little red at stone, juicy. Free-stone. Early September. Blanton Cling. American. Glands, reniform : fruit, large, resembles Lemon cling, ex- cept that it matures somewhat later, and is more juicy. August. 294 THE PEACH. Blood Cling-stone. Claret Cling-stone, | Blood Cling. American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round • suture, dis- tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red throughout, firm, juicy. Last September. The old French Blood Cling-stone is a smaller fruit than the above, and also has large flowers. The Blood Free-stone is a variety of above, medium size, glandless leaves, and less valuable. Bordeaux Cmng. American. Fruit, large, oblong oval, one-sided ; color, lemon yellow, red cheek; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, melting, excellent. Early August. Cable's Late. Cable's Late Melocoton. American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Free-stone. Cambridge Belle. Hovey's Cambridge Belle. • American. Large, roundish, wliite with a blush, red cheek, juicy; " good." Free-stone. Early September. (Hovey.) Carmine. American. Glands, reniform ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, oblong, red- dish ; flesh, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. August. Carpenter's White. Raised by Wm. S. Carpenter, upper part of New York City. Tree, vig- orous and productive ; leaves, very large, serrulate, with globose glands. Fruit, very large and round ; skin, white, with a slight shade of green : flesh, white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and of excellent flavor ; sepa- rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October, and promises to be a valuable late market variety. Chinese Peach. Flat Peach of China, | Java Peach, | Peen To. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long, yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; pale yellow, red at stone, to which it adheres ; juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama- teur's garden. September; July, at the South. Chinese Cling. Reniform glands. Flowers, small; fruit, large, globular; sides, com- pressed ; suture, quite shallow ; skin, creamy white, shaded and marbled with fine red ; flesh, white, red at the stone (which is adherent), very juicy, melting, with a rich, excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle of September: at the South, from the middle of July to first of August. Tree, vigorous and productive. Imported from China. (Downing.) Clarke. American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at Btonc, juicy, sugary, fine. Early September. (Cole.) UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 295 Clinton. American. Only suited for marketing. Flowers, large; glands, glo- bose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Free- stone. Last of August. Cole's Early Red. American. Productive. Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Free-stone. Last August. Columbus June. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, flattened ; suture, shallow ; skin, pale, yellowish white, rich red cheek ; flesh, slightly red at stone, melting, juicy, high flavor. Free-stone. Oi'igi- nated South, where it ripens in June. DoNAHOo Cling. From Mr. Donahoo, Clark county, Ga. Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish ; suture, quite deep on one side, and visible entirely around the fruit ; apex, depressed ; skin, creamy white, beautifully dotted and tinged with red in the sun ; flesh, white to the stone, exceedingly juicy, excelling the Heath cling in tenderness of texture, and equally rich and luscious, and a most desirable variety. Ripens from 10th to 20th Septem- ber. (Ga. Pom. S. Report.) Double Montagne. Double Mountain, ] Montagne, | Montauban. Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first cla.ss. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades of red, when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Free- stone. Last of August. Druid Hill. American. Glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in the sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, inferior to Ward's Free-stone. Free-stone. September. Early Chelmsford. Mammoth. Leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, clear round, deep on one side ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek : flesh, white, very melting and juicy; of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Free-stone. Twen- tieth to last of August. Hardy, vigoi'ous, and productive ; one of the best, handsomest, and largest of early peaches. (Cole.) It also succeeds well at the South, and is one of their most profitable market varieties. Eastburn. Eastburn's Cboice. American. Large, roundish ; pale yellow, with red on the sunny-side ; flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last of September. Edward's Late Wpiite. From Dr. Baldwin, Montgomery, Alabama. Fruit, large, roundish, de- pressed at the summit J suture, distinct; point at the apex, small, and 296 THE PEACH. slightly sunken ; skin, moderately downy, white, with a beautiful waxen red cheek J flesh, white, red at the stone, slightly adherent; sweet, juicy, and of excellent flavor. Ripe first of October, and continues all the month. (Wm. N. White. MS.) Eliza. American. Originated at Philadelphia. Glands, reniform : fruit, large, round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek • flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. Last of September. (W. D. B., in Pomologist.) Elmira. American. This variety originated in Mississippi, by M. W. Phillips, Esq. We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Cling-stone, ripening a few days earlier than early Tillotson, and being very desirable in that section. Favorite. Favorite Bed. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September. Flewellen Cling. Fruit, large, globular, depressed at the apex ; skin, downy, yellowish white, mostly overspread with shades of red ; dark, dull purplish red in the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes ; flesh, yellowish white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, sweet, and hiah flavored: a desirable early cling. First of August. (Wm. N. White, MS.) Fox's Seedling. American. Glands, globose : fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Free- stone. September. Fulkerson. Fulkerson's Early. American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, 0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy and productive when Yellow Rareripe. Tillotson, and other varieties fail. Fruit, medium, obtuse rounded, sides irregular, unequal; suture, half round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, rich sweet and high flavored : stone, small, angular, flattened. Free-stone. 20th August. Galarde. Hardy Galarde. Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, L. L, who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below medium ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on oppo- site, red and yellow marbled; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apri- cot flavor. Free-stone. Last August. Gorgas. American. Native of Philadelphia; originated with Benjamin Gulliss, from a stone of Morris White. Leaves, serrate j fruit, large, roundish, with UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 297 a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity, wide, rather deep : stone, free ; flesh, whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor, saccharine and exceed- ingly luscious ] quality, " best." Free-stone. Middle to end of Sep- tember. Green Catherine. Doctor Cooper. Probably foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender, juicy ; very fine South, inferior at the North. Free-stone. First to middle September. Green Rareripe. American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. We have not seen it. Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Free-stone. Middle September. Griswold. Large, round, greenish white, slightly tinged with red ; very juicy and high flavored. Middle of September. Hale. Hale's Melocoton. American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base; suture, slight, yellow; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) Barker's Seedling. American. Glands, globose; flowers, small; fruit, large, roundish, red- dish mostly ; flesh, yellowish, sweet, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem- ber. Hartshorn. American. Large, roundish, oval, yellow, deep blush; flesh, coarse; keeps long. Cling-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) Hastings. American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium, round, slightly flattened ; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek, juicy, delicious. Free-stone. Early September. (Manning.) Hatch. American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel- low, blush in sun : flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) Hative de Ferrieres. New. Early French variety. Medium, round, a little one-sided, white, nearly covered with red, juicy, melting, rich vinous flavor. July. Henry Clay. American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss., by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep pur- ple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white; flesh, grayish white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pine-apple ; small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at the North. 13* 298 - -THE PEACH. Hill's Chili. Fruit, medium, roundish elongated, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yel- low, juicy, sweet, slight sub-acid ; productive. HOFFNER. Hoflfner's Seedling. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. Free-stone. August. Honey Peach. A new Seedling peach, originated by H. Lyons. Esq., of Columbia, S. C. Fruit, large, oblong, coming to a sharp recurved point ; the color of the skin is of a yellowish white ground, mottled with red and crimson ; flesh, very fine, tender, juicy, of a peculiar delicious honeyed sweetness, white, with a few red veins roimd the stone. The stone has the same peculiar sharp recurved point as the fruit. Tree, a thrifty grower, and productive • the foliage is small, resembling a wild seedling. It is undoubtedly one of the finest peaches, and its earliness will make it the standard market variety. It commences ripening at the South about June 25, and lasts until July 15th. (Berckmans' Col.) Horton's Delicious. Fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point very small, and within the depression; suture, shallow; skin, moderately downy, of a rich, creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun ; flesh, white to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath cling; quality, '-best." From first to middle of October. (Ga. Pom. S. Rept.) Hubbard's Early. Medium, white, with a little red; flesh, juicy, very fair. July to August. Imperial — (Middlcton's). American. Flowers, small : glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, sweet. Free-stone. September fifteenth. Imperial — (Pettit's.) American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet, sub-acid. Free-stone. Middle September. Incomparable. Pavie AJmirable, | Late Admirable Cling. Foreign. Valuable only for market. Trees, healthy, productive ; flow- ers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. C ling-stone. Late September. Jackson Cling. Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin. Athens, Ga. Fruit, large, oblong, with a very large, swollen point; skin, rich, dark yellow, covered with dark red in the sun ; flesh, rather firm, orange-yellow, and dark red at the stone: juicy sprightly, rich, and delicious; quality, "best." Last of August. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 299 • Jones' Early. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, with pale red in sun j flesh, yellowish white, red ai stone, juicy. Free- stone, Middle August. (Hovey.) Jones' Large Early. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture, deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at stone. Free-stone. Middle August. (Hovey.) Jose Sweet. American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, broad; suture, deep; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla- vor. Free-stone. Last September. Kenrick's Heath. Heath. Free-stone, | Heath Free. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, lai-ge, oblong, swollen point at apex ; suture, slight ; greenish white, purplish red cheek; flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September. La Grange. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red in sun; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time ripening. Free-stone. September. Lady Parham, Large, round, yellowish white, downy ; flesh, pale red at the stone, re- sembles Baldwin's October. Of Southern origin. Lincoln. American. Glands, globose: fruit, large, roundish; broad suture; downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) Madeira. Hill's Madeira, | Madeira Free-stone. American. A variety now little known, and, we think, never much out of Southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich, and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Free-stone. Early September. Madeleine of Courson. Madeleine de Courson, 1 True Red Magdalen, 1 Madeleine Eouge, Eed Magdalen, | French Magdalen, | Eouge Paysanne. Foreign. Glandless : fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. Last August. Malden. Early Maiden. American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated by James Dougall, Esq., of C. W. Fruit, medium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged ; suture, distinct ; skin, white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Free-stone. Last August. 300 THE PEACH. Merriam. American. Glands, globose : large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Last September. (Cole.) Moore's Favorite. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ; flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Free-stone. Early September. (Cole.) Moore's June. Below medium, globular ; suture, shallow ; cavity, deep ; skin, yel- lowish, nearly covered in the shade with red dots and marblings, and deep red in the sun ; flesh, white, marbled with red from the skin to the stone in the darker colored ones, but red only at the stone where grown in the shade, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored, and good; flowers, small : glands, reniforra. Free-stone. Origin, Athens, Ga. Last of June and first of July. (William N. White, MS.) Molden's White. Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake ; a fine white peach, valu- able for its lateness. Fruit, large, oblong ; suture, on one side, distinct, one side usually a little larger than the other ; skin, creamy white, rarely with a tinge of red; flesh, white to the stone, juicy, sweet, melting, and excellent. Separates from the stone. Ripe last of September, and first of October. Monstrous Clingstone. Pavie de Pompone, I Pavie de Pomponne Grosse, 1 Pavie Camu Monstrous Pompone, Pavie Monstreux, Gros Melocoton, Monstrous Pavie, | Pavie Eouge de Pompone, | Gros Persique Bouge, Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin, yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it; flesh, firm, yellowish white, deep red at stone, juicy. Cling-stone. Last October. Montgomery's Late. Glands, reniform; flowers, large ; fruit, large, round, depressed at apex ; suture, shallow, but distinct ; skin, downy, yellowish white, dotted with red, and having a dull red cheek : flesh, pale white, red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of very fine flavor. Separates from the stone. A hardy and desirable kind. Rapens the first of September, and continues nearly all the month. (Wm. N. White, MS.) Morhisania. Morrisania Pound, | Iloflfman's Pound, | Morrison's Pound. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. Mrs. Poinsett. American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, globular; suture, distinct, regular ; skin, brownish yellow, veined withred; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially cling-stone. First September. TTNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. SOI Newman. American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) Noblesse. "Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite, | Lord Montague's Noblesse. Foreign. The " Double iVlontague" is said by some to be identical with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double Mon- tague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are. as yet, unwilling to place them as identical, although their identity is not improbable. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Free-stone. Last of August. Nonpareil. Scott's Nonpai-eil. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oblong, yellow, with red cheek, much like Crawford's Late. Free-stone. September. Old Newinqton. Newington Cling, | Newington, | Large Newington Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek; flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone, juicy, September. Orange Cling-stone- American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless : fruit, large, round ; suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally dark red cheek; flesh, yel- low, firm, juicy, vinous. Cling-stone. Middle September. Orchard Queen. Eeine des Vergers. Foreign. Comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree, vigorous ; new shoots, reddish ; glands, reniform : fruit, large, oval, depressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun : flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, melting, vinous. Free-stone. September. Owen. Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Eareripe. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish : suture, distinct ; yellow, purplish red in sun : flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free- stone. Middle September. Paragon. Prince's Paragon. American. Flowers, large; glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish oval, yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point at apex ; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Free-stone. Middle September. Poinsett. American : originated in South Carolina. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish oval, ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. September. 302 THE PEACH. Poole's Yellow. Poole's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Free-stone. American. Glaiids, reniform : fruit, large, roundish ] suture, half round ; deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Free- stone. Last of September. President Church. Pbaised by the Rev. A. Church, President of the Franklin College, Ga. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture, shallow, often a mere line, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed • skin, pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark red in the sun ; flesh, white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of delicious flavor. Middle September. Prince's Climax. Originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, Long Island ; very pro- ductive. Fruit, large, oval ; skin, yellow, with crimson cheek, and two- thirds mottled with crimson ; flesh, yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine-apple flavor : adheres to the stone. Ptipens the middle and end of September. (Wm. R. Prince's MS.) Prince's Excelsior. Originated with William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Fruit, very large, round ; suture, slight, a mere line, ending in a flattened depression at top. where there is a slight cavity, and a little abortive mamelon : skin, a most splendid pure bright orange color ; flesh, golden yellow to the stone, very rich, luscious, aromatic, apricot, or exquisite orange flavor, sweet and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Ripens middle of October ; well suited to the South. (W. R. Prince's MS.) (Downing.) Prince John. Large, oblong, orange yellow, very juicy and delicious; resembles the Crawford's. Ripens latter part of July. Reeves' Favorite. American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sometimes a little acid. Free-stone. Early September. Rodman's Red. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; frviit. large, oblong, mostly red in suu; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Cling-stone. Last of Sep- tember. Scott's Magnate. A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands, reniform : fruit, very large, round, depressed ; skin, pale yellow, with a dark red cheek ; flesh, white, luscious, and well flavored. Ripens early in September. (Down- ing-) Scott's Nectar. Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands, globose fruit, large, round, somewhat depressed ; color, red, shaded on pale yellow ground, and bright red next the sun ; flesh, white, very sweet, and of the highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Downing.) UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 303 Stetson's Seedling. American. Glands, globose ; flowers, small ; fruit, large, roundish ; su- ture, indistinct ; skin, greenish -white, marbled, and shaded with crimson in the sun ; flesh, white, pink at the stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich, and luscious. Free-stone. Ripens from' middle to last of September' (Hov. Mag.) Shanghai. From North of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated ; glands, reni- form : fruit, large, roundish : pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ; flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres. (Jour. L. H. Society.) Sites' Old Zack. A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit, above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separating freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September. Skinner's Superb. A free-stone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early in August, and is regarded as " very good." Smith's Favorite. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel- low, red in sun • flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle Septem- ber. Smock Free. Smock, I Saint George, American. Valuable market sort. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, compressed sides ] orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich. Free-stone. Last September. Snow. American. Only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin, thin, clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Free-stone. Early Septem- ber. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a light green. Stephenson Cling. From Thomas Stephenson, Clark county, Ga. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, distinct ; skin, very downy, of a creamy tint, shaded with flesh- color — the tint deepening in the sun to a dark, dull, purpli.sh red, where fully exposed ; flesh, white, somewhat tinged with red, and deep red at the stone ; flesh, very tender, melting, juicy, delicious, vinous flavor. One of the best. September 12th. (Ga. Pom. S. Rep.) Strawberry. Eose. American. Glands, reniform : fruit, below medium, surface mostly red j flesh, whitish ; too small. Free-stone. August. 304 THE PEACH. Stump the World. Fruit, very large, roundish, a little oblong ; skin, creamy white, with a bright red cheek: suture, shallow, rather more than half round: flesh, white, juicy, and high flavored • very productive. A fine market variety, SUSQUEHANNAH. Griffith's Melocoton. American. Glands, reniform; flowers, small ; fruit, large, oblong round- ish : yellowish red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet, delicious. Free-stone. Mid- dle September. Tarbell. American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ; yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) Tippecanoe. American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Cling-stone. Middle to last of September. There is also a Free-stone variety under this name, which originated in Ohio. It is, however, rarely grown, and we know of no description, nor have we seen the fruit. Troth's Early Red. American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose : fruit, medium, roundish, bright red in sun ; flesh, juicy, sweet. A new variety ; very productive, and valued highly as an early market sort ripening about time of early Fillotron. Tuft's Early. American. Glands, globose ■ large, roundish ; yellowish white, red cheek ] flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Fi"ee-stone. Last of Au- gust. Tuft's Rareripe. American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish ; red and yellow ," flesh, yellow, sweet. Free-stone. Middle September. (Cole.) Walburton. Walbui'ton Admirable. Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, above medium, roundish oblong ; greenish white, with red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, melting, and separating freely from the stone. Late September. Washington Cling-stone. American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable South, not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform : fruit, medium, round- ish ; yellowish green, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun : juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September. SrPEESEDED BY EETTEE SOETS. 305 CLASS III. Superseded by better sorts. Acton Scott. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat, pale white, often bitter. August. Anne. Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early August. Admirable. Early Admirable, | L' Admirable, | Belle de Vitry. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. August. Almond. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh, red at stone. September, Belle de Vituy. Admirable Tardive, | Bellis. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, flrm, red at stone. Last September. Beatjtt of Saltsbukt. Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek, juicy. Froe-stone. September. Baltimoke Beauty. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek. Free-stone. August. Bullaed's Clingstone. American. Large, round, white, with red cheek, juicy, flne. September. (Kenrick.) Bttllakd's Seedling. American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Free-stone. Middle of September. (Kenrick.) Bennett's Eaeeripe. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deflcient in flavor. August. Belle Cheveeiise. Foreign. Glands, reniform; fruit, medium, oval, greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, white, red at stone. Free-stone. September. Belzae's Eaely Eaeeeipe. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked with red. August. Chilian. American. Glands, ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, deflcient in flavor. Free-stone. September. Canaey. American. Fruit, medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone, to which it adheres closely. September. Cable's Medium Melocoton. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. Sep- tember. 306 THE PEACH. Cable's Eablt. Cable's Early Melocoton. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-acid. September. Congress. Congress Cling. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish withred, juicy ; poorbearer. September. Chamcellok. Chanceliere, I Noisette, I Edgar's Late Melting. Late Chancellor, | Stewart's Late Galande, | Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson cheek ; flesh, red next stone. Free-stone. September. Caret's Mammoth Cling. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oral ; flesh, white. September. Chablottb. Old Eoyal Charlotte I New Eoyal Charlotte, Grimwood's Koyal Charlotte, | Kew's Early Purple. Foreign. Glandless; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek; flesh, white red at stone. September. Cathekine Cling. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish oval, one side enlarged, yellowish green, red in sun ; flesh, iirm, yellowish white, red at stone. September. Down Eastek. Hall's Down Easter. American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cheek, good, hardy, productive. 20th September. (Cole.) Empekor op Eussia. Cut-leaved, I New Cut-leaved, Serrated, | Unique. American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek; fle.sh, firm, yellowish white. Free-stone. August. Early Eohinson Crusoe. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun. September. Gest's Superb. Gest's Large Free-stone. American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and red; flesh, flrm"" sub-acid. September. Golden Ball. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow, with which it ripens. Early September. There is a Golden Ball cultivated at the South ; but whether it is this variety, or distinct, wo do not know. Ispahan. Pecher d'Ispahan. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, round, whitish green ; flesh, greenish white, a little sub- acid. September. Late Yellow Albebge. October Yellow, | Algiers Yellow, | Algiers Winter. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow when ripe ; flesh. Arm, yellow, dry. October. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 307 La Fayette Clingstone. American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September. La Fayette. American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh, stained witli red. September. Melting. Large Melting. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish, with red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. Magistrate. Majestrate. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, gi-eenish white, red cheek ; flesh, juicy, not high flavor. Free-stone. September. Monsteoijs Fkee-stone. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer. September. PnFLEIGER. American. Fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Free-stone. September. Eed Nutmeg. Brown Nutmeg, I Avant Eouge, Early Ked Nutmeg, | Ked Avant. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August. EoYAL Geokge. Early Eoyal George, 1 Lockyers Mignonne, New Eoyal George, Griffin's Mignonne, Millet's Mignonne, | Superb, Eed Magdaline. Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white, red dots, and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at stone. Last of August. EOSANNA. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow, and purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Free-stone. September. SWALSH. Double Swalsh, | Swalze. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. Sweet "Watee. Early Sweet Water, | Large American Nutmeg. There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson. Scott's Eakly Eep. American. Glands, globose; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red; flesh, whitish, juicy. Free-stone. August. Smith's Newington. Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newlngton. Foreign. Glandless; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with purplish red in sun; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stone. Cling-stone. August. Smock Clingstone. American. Large, oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid. September. 308 THE PEACH. Spbing Gboye. Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundisli, greenish. yoUow, red cheek : flesli, greenish, yellow. Free-stone. September. SULHAIISTEAD. Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun; flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September. Sloctjm's Early. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow. August. f SlEBOLT. American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellowish white. Free-stone. September. Tick. Tice's Red and Yellow. American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer. Free-stone. September. Vandekmark. American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. A cling-stone. September. White Nutmeg. Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche, | White Avant. Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh, white to the stone. Early August. WuiTE Blossom. White Blossomed Incomparable, 1 Willow Peach. American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to stone. Free-stone. September. Weeping. Eeid's Weeping. American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not deserve to be classed in fruits. Yate's Early. American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior. Yellow Admirable. Orange, 1 Apricot Peach, Abricotee, | Admirable Jaune. Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Free-stone. September. ZoAR Beauty. American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where exposed to sun ; flesh, tinged with red. ''Free-stone. September. THE PEAK. Pyrus communis, L. Rosacece of Botanists. Nativk of Europe and Asia, the Pear has long been cultivated, but not until within the past three centuries has there been any con- siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, except they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and their ex- ertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before written, and to their skill and care do we owe many of our best imported va- rieties ; while, in this country, w-e are not the less indebted to such men as PI. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder, J. P. Kirt- land, W. D. Brinckle, and many others, for the importation, origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States. Our pioneer settlers all planted seeds of the Pear, as well as of the Apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the States there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests, few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one re- move from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impression that " he who plants Pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute the neglect of fruit-growers, for years, to plant any considerable number of Pear trees. Gradually, however, as fecilities of traveling have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with practice and results, and information become freely disseminated through our agricultural and horticultural joui'nals, have pear plantations inci'eased, until at this time there are, probably, yearly planted in the States not less than one million of trees. In almost every State there appear certain localities where the Pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor, and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be selected from many : Danvers, in Mass. ; Hartford, and East New Haven County, in Conn. ; Vincennes, in la. ; Detroit, in Mich. ; and North-western or Central New- York. And, indeed, we may find it difficult to name a place where, with the appropriate care in culture we have pointed out, the Pear may not be grown healthy and pro- ductive. Propagation — By Seed. The propagation of the Pear by seed is the same as that of the Apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots of the Pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap- root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil be at least two feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow, trenched with the spade, is the best for the growing of pear seedlings . 309 310 THE PEAR. The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the Pear as in the Apple, and usually performed at same season. The remarks we made relative to root-grafting on pieces of roots are also equally applicable to the Pear as the Apple. Some practice the grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of the Pear from the graft ; tliis is easily done, but we see no advantage ; and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favor- able ; we have found the roots thrown from the Pear small and in- sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the circu- lation of sap-vessels. Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over foreign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sustained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within a a few years past, most of the pears* worked on pear stocks in this country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for- eign varieties. Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling pear stocks, usually two years old and about three-eighths to half an inch diameter at crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince, apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for growing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seed- lings are not desirable to use for tliis purpose, as they do not run even in growth ; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain-ash are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where the quince roots do not appear as well suited. While a very large number of varieties will take, and grow for a year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, Avhen grown on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now very extensive on the quince root, we can not but fear that in eight- tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower ; and in the remaining two-tenths, require equally as much care in suppl3nng nutrition and pruning, as a system of root pruning when grown on pear roots. There are, however, some sorts of the fruit that seem improved by be- ing worked on quince, as Duchesse d'Angouleme, Easter Buerre, etc., and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore, while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that without careful and high culture the grower will meet disappointment. About one hundred years may be taken as the natural duration of the Pear on pear roots, when grown m soil supplied with the elements TEANSPLANTTNG, ETC. 311 necessary to sustain it ; and about thirty or forty years the natural duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and cultivated. Instances are of course recorded and known, where trees exist for longer periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in one half the time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has been so great for some years past that, too often, little regard has been paid to the stock ; and we have now in our grounds rows of bearing trees on quince roots, all of one kind, received from France, from Avhich although receiving the same care and attention, there may be selected those that ere many years must of necessity decay, as the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. Again, as before remarked, there are varieties that, while they grow apparently well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The success of the Pear on quince roots tz'ained en-pyramid in the old country has been con- fined to but few varieties, and these kept under a steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will never repay the first cost of the trees ; but if trees are selected of varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of culture pursued Avhich shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result, if we except a few va- rieties of foreign origin, when grown on the pear, and annually root- pruned ; added to which, if one half the trees were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine permanent orchard, to be managed as our apple orchards. In small gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers (and correctly so, if the right varieties are selected), success will not be had without an ap- preciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is capable of ripening and con- tinue in health ; the tendency being rather to over-production and exhaustion. Transplanting, Selection of Trees, and Distances apart. The roots of the Pear have few laterals except grown on shallow, rich soil, and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly destroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On the quince root, when vi^ell grown, there will need little attention, except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends of each root, as often directed in this work ; and in setting, taking care that the earth is even with the junction of the pear on the quince. Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden are best at about three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown, and shaped as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or tiiose on quince roots, are 312 THE PEAE. be?t at one year from the bud; for, as a general thing, the nursery- mun has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com- pared with that of labor in this country, wari'ant him in a system of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree bo so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed positions. The distance apart of Pear on pear roots for large orcharding, should be fron:i twenty five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs for gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much planted intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the prac- tice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary method of plowing, planting potatoes, etc. Soil and Manures. The pear roots thrive best in a soil where the subsoil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open arid porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots, extend- ing deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of extreme drought. Cold clay is a bad subsoil, and where it exists in the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and thoroughly sub- soiled, and well drained. The Pear on quince roots succeeds best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring considerable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis of the ash of the Pear as made by Dr. Emmons : Sap-wood. Bark. Potash 22.25 6.20 Soda 1.84 Chlorine 0.31 1.70 Sulphuric Acid 0.50 1.80 Phosphate of Lime 27.22 6.50 Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0.31 Carbonic Acid 27.69 37.29 Lime 12.64 30.36 Magnesia 3.00 9.40 Silex -. 0.30 0.40 Coal 0.17 0.65 Organic Matter 4.02 4.20 100.25 98.30 From this it will be seen what is most wanted in the soil to pro- duce healthy foliage and wood in the Pear. As a general thing, soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and the cheapest remedy is liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone dust; or in sections where bone dust is not easily attainable, dig in around the tree whole bones from the use of a family, or procured from a slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and applied to vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite. Iron filings, etc., from PRUNING. 313 smith-shops is also good, and hence the impression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented. The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was exhausted in the soil. Pruning. In connection with what we have recorded under this head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable to the Pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq., England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in the world : " If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp- pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open ; otherwise these root-pruned trees on the quince stock are so full of them, that the tree receives a check if they are all allow- ed to expand. About ten or fifteen fruit may be permit- ted to ripen the first season ; the following season two or three dozen will be as many as the tree ought to be allow- ed to bring to perfection, in- creasing the number as the tree increases in vigor, al- ways remembering that a few full -sized and well -ripened pears are to be preferred to a greater number, inferior in size and quality. " Summer pinching in the youth of the tree is the only remedy, if it is not well fur- nished below ; and a severe remedy it is, for all the young shoots on the upper tiers, including the leader, must be pinched closely in May and June till the lower ones have made young shoots of a sufiicient length to give uniformity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble ; it is better to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that i-; not well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this description may soon be made to assume the shape of the fore- going figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be in July, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders 14 314 THE PEAR, are shortened, which is best done towards the end of August ; this shortening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots shortened in the same maneer ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with. The spurs are the bases of the shoots that have been pinched in June." Planting and after man- agetnent. As before men- tioned, the autumnal and early winter months are to be preferred for planting ; care should be taken in se- lecting trees that are fur- nished with buds and branches from bottom to top ; but if a young gar- dener intends to plant, and wishes to train up his trees so that they will become quite perfect in shape, he should select plants one year old from the bud or graft ; these will, of course, have good buds down to the junction of the graft with the stock. The first Spring, a tree of this de- scription should be headed down so as leave the shoot about eighteen inces long ; if the soil is rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpendicular, this must be fastened to a stake. As soon in Summer as the leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one to about two inches, leaving the topmost for a leader ; the side shoots will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight stake, so that an open py- ramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the PLANTING, ETC. 315 end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds of the stem ; * this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and no pruning in Winter will be required. The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will each put forth three, four, or more shoots ; as soon as these are four inches long they must be pinched off to within three inches, all hut the leading shoot of each side hranch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end of August, The perpendicular leader must be top- ped once or twice ; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch off its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for the first season ; in a few years, most symmetrical trees may be formed. When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root- pruning to bring them into a fruitful state. I have thus far given directions for those who are inclined to rear their own pyramids. Much time and attention are required ; but the interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the young cultivator. I will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees, adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa- tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitfuh A most valuable auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock ; pears grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of moderate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should recom- mend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered, during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure, and to give them once a week, in dry -weather, a drenching with guano water (about two pounds to six gallons), which must be well stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pi-oduced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine specimens to show for pj'izes. Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants (Jardin des Plantes), France, where all are on their own or pear roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul- turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded as the most perfect of specimens. " M, Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In the month of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with * There are generally three or four abortive buds at the base of each shoot ; these must not be reckoned. 816 THE PEAE. the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not only a new leading shoot, at the end of the branch, but side shoots, h, h, at vaj-ious places on the lower part of the shoot. The side shoots are left to grow till the end of May. They have then pushed out to about four or five inches in length. The ends of all these side shoots are then -pinched off, leaving only about an inch and a half at the bottom of the shoot. "Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the side shoots, as they are at the end of June. The dotted lines, b, b, show the point to which these shoots should be pinched off. " The terminal or leading shoot, e, is left entire, in order to draw up the sap, which would other- wise force all the side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding this precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently push out new shoots again, just below where they were pinched. This being the case, about the Itst of August M. Cappe shortens back these new side siioots to about an inch and a half. But this time he does not pinch tliem off. He breaks them, and leaves the broken end for several days attached and hanging down, so that the flow of sap is not so suddenly checked as when the branch is [)inched or cut off, and the danger of new slioots being forced out a third time is thereby effectually guarded against. "The object of this stopping the side bi'anches, is to accumulate the sap, or, more properly, the organizable matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining buds become fruit-buds instead of wood-buds. They also become spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly year after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in the same manner every Summer. " In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate the pruning of the terminal branches or leadei's, which, as we have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time to adjust any extravagances of growth wliioh the tree may have run into, on either side ; and in the summer pinching the balance of growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while those that start near the bottom of the branch (or the centre of the tree), INSECTS AND DISEASES. ' 317 where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five inches long. " Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry and heauty of form. But in order to have the branches regularly produced from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree which is only a couple of feet high, so that you can form the fii'st tier of branches quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset ; tor if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and fullness of branches at the bottom." All this our readers will understand relates more especially to the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that pursued in the Apple ; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the branches becoming too thick. Insects and Diseases. The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by Hari'is. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight. Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of as much destruction, as reported. The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is found in the larvte state under the bark, on the bodies of both the Pear and Apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree, on the South or Southwest side. Cutting it away carefully, and destroying the larva3 in months of July to September, and washing the body first with lye- water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy. The slug Selandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both Cherry and Pear in June, July, and August. It is about half an inch long, of a dull, greenish bi'own, slimy, shining, offensive appearance. It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, following up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have remarked on in previous pages, and refer thereto. Barh Lice^ or Scale insects, are often found upon the Pear, as well as the Apple. See " Apple Insects," for remedies. " The Psylla, or jumping louse, is probably identical with the same species that infests the Pear tree in Europe. In some of its forms it 318 . THE PEAR. is found on pear trees from May to October ; and probably two or more broods are produced every year. These little insects live by suction, and obtain their food by puncturing the bark of the young shoots, mostly in the vicinity of the buds. They defile the shoots with the fluid which they discliarge in large quantities, and which soon forms a blackish crust on the bark. The best remedy that occurs to me is, a wash of strong soap-suds and sulphur, applied with a brush to the branches in the Spring, before the buds expand. A solution of whale-oil soap, thi'own upon the trees, will kill the insects, but will have to be repeated at intervals through the Summer." Selection of varieties knoivn to he permanently successful on the Quince. As we have before remarked, while there are a great many varieties that at first take, and grow well on the quince stock, there are but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there- fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in planting the grounds of our residence we looked to the testing of va- rieties, and therefoi-e ordered and planted one tree only of a sort. On a double border so planted, containing over two hundred sorts, we in three years discarded one half, and feel confident that not more than one half of the i-emainder will answer to continue permanently. As yet, few of our American native Pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all introduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots, we advise most planters so to procure them. " Cultivated on the pear stock, the trees in general gi'ow vi- gorously in a light, deep, alluvial soil, provided always that the sub- soil is free from stagnant water. The form and quality of the fruits depend in a great measure on the conditions of the soil and subsoil, careful cultivation, proper management of the trees, and vigor of the stocks." Gathering of the Fruit, and Uses. '" Gather pears of the summer sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat mealy if kept above a day or two; even when gathered as they ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They should not, howevex', be gathered when they require much force to pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time of gathering, though tiiey will keep longer than the Summer. Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on tiie trees as thej' may, so as to es- cape frost, which would make them fiat in flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but not after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from tlie tree. Let them be quite dry when FORMS AND SIZES COMPAEATIVE. 319 pulled, and in handling, avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way bruis- ing it ; as gathered, lay them quietly in shallow baskets." This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with their after maturing in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature, has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened, when, with this care, they are really the most delicious. Others, again, as is the case with most varieties maturing late, require simply to be put away in barrels in the cellar, like apples, and a few days before wanted for use, brought out and placed in a warm room. The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic juice, soft sub-liquid pulp, or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or fine crisp and "breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as when first written. The common uses of tlie pear are for dessert, baking, stewing, dry- ing, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use, large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider. Varieties and ISonienclature. The number of varieties now known is something over twelve hundred, but of tlicsi- it is more than pro- bable over one thousand may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Throughout the West, the pear culture is only in its in- fancy, and we therefore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather our Western growers should plant varieties Avorthy their attention, than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those most known in our own language, while we could wish (and probably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to trans- fer all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size type. Forms and Size comparative. Our forms illustrative of the terms used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, fyriform is with the small end at the stem ; while in the apple it is at the calyx. 320 THE PEAK. Obovate. Ovate. Globular ; obtuse pyrltbnn. Globulai- ; acute pyriforin. FOEMS AND SIZES COMPARATIVE, 321 Obovate ; acute pyriform. Oblong pyriform. 14* Obovate obtuse pyi-iform , 322 THE PEAR. Oblong obovate pyriform. Oblong ovate pyriform. Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Doyenne, or Virgalieu, as medium ; the Bartlett as large. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 523 CLASS I. 3Iost generally esteemed. Ananas D'Ete. Ananas, of some, \ Poire Ananas. Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting. Tree, vigorous, light brown wood, with white oblong dots, early regular bearer, fruit always large and excellent. Fruit., large, oblong, obovate pyriform. angular ; color., dull yellowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest at base. or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx, open, short divi- sions ; basin, shallow, open : core, compact, capsules small; seeds, long ovate : ftesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, perfumed 324 THE PEAE. Last August and early September. This variety varies much in form. Our figures are from specimens from same tree. Bartlett. "William's Bon Chretien, I Poire GuiUiaume, William's, | Delavoult de Clement. An English variety, originated about 1770. Now extensively grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees are vigorous, and early productive of fair, handsome fruit, either on Pear or Quince root. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, surface somewhat uneven ; colo7-, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet around the stem, and minute russet dots over whole • stem, short, thick ; calyx, medium, partly open; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Middle August to middle September. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 325 Belle Lucrative. Fondante d'Automne, | Signeur d'Esperin. A Flemish variety. Tree, of moderate growth ; productive bearer, young shoots long, yellowish gray. Thus far. does well on the Quince. If picked, and fruit ripened in house, one of the very best. Fruity medium, obovate pyriform; color^ pale yellowish green, slightly russeted ; stem^ stout, often fleshy ; calyx^ short, open ; basin, medium , core, medium ; seeds, ovate; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Last September. Beurre Giffard. Beurre Gilford. Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish, good bearer on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium pyriform, yellowish green to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks: stem, long, slender, curved ; calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." La.st of August. 326 THE PEAK. Due d'Aremberg, C olmar Descliampa, L'Orphelines, Beurre d'Aremberg. Soldat Laboureur, of some, Deschamps, D'Aremberg Parfait, Beurre des Orphelines, Orpheline d'Enghein. A foreign variety which has been often confounded with G!out %forceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct. The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy, bear young on the pear root, annually and abundantly : the fruit hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from December to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best. Fruity above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set obliquely, without depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ; basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. December to February. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED, 327 Diel, Diel's Butterbirne, Dorothee Koyal, Grosse Dorothee, BUERRE DiEL. Buerre Itoyal, Des Trois Tours, De Melon, Melon de Kops, Buerre Magnifique, Beurre Incomparable. Foreign. Grows and fruits well on Pear or Quince, but is best on Quince. Tree vigorous, the foliage large; wood, olive brown, with grayish specks ; very productive. Fruity large, obovate obtuse pyriform, surface rather uneven ; color, dull green, bright yellow when mature, russet specks, and scattered russet and greenish brown patches; stem, stout, and slightly curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments; basin, abrupt; core, large; seeds, dark brown ; jlesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, especially near the core, juicy, melting, perfumed. October to last November. 328 THE PEAE. Beurre Moire. Beurre Moire. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often blossom.<« the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which, of course, does not mature ; promises well. Fruity large, obovate oblong pyriform, pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch; stem. one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression ; calyx, small, short, stiff segments ; core, small ; seeds, imperfect ; skiyi, thick, harsh ; flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly ; " very good." November and December. Brandywine. American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree, thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyriform, running into the stem, which is fleshy, and rather obliquely set; color, dull yellowish green, reddish brown in sun, marked with russet dots and streaks, and much russeted about eye ; cahyx, open, segments few : basin, smooth, moderate depth ; MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 329 core^ small, compact ; seeds, few, dark brown ; flesh., white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous. Last of August, first of September. Succeeds on Quince. Bkurre Bosc. Calebasse Bcsc, | Maiianue Nouvelle, | Bosc's Flasclienbirne, A foreign variety, raised in 1807, by Van Mons. It is an early, annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots, and should have a place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish olive shoots strag- gling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always fair and smooth. Fruit., large, obovate acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly covered, 330 THE PEAR. dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender; calyx., medium, segments partially erect ; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven : core, small ; seeds, blackish ; ^^es/i, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, or last of September. Beurre d'Anjou. Niell, I Poire Niell, Beurr6 Niell, | 'S&VVas'M.QV.ris, of some catalogues. Colniac Bosc, Pondante du Bois, erroneously. Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently intro- duced under a new name, and grown on Quince. It is found of the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on Pear or Quince, but largest on Quince. Fruit, large, long, oblong obovate pyriform, obtuse at stem ; color, pale yel- low, dull blusli, and nuinerous .^mall specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, seg- ments (hick, reflexcd ; basin, round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long pointed : flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. October and November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. Beukke Eastkr. Doyennfe d'Hiver, Doyenne du Piintemps, Bergatnotte de la Pentecote, BeuiT(5 de la Pentecote, Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles, Benrre Eoupi^, Du Patre, Beurre de Paques, Phillippe de Paques, Bezi Chaumontclle tres gros, 331 Chaumontel tres gros, Canning, Seigneur d'Hiver, Pater Noster. Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening, when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on Quince. Fruit, large, globular obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with rus- set spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep : calyx, generally small ; basin, narrow, rather deep ; core, medium : seeds, long, ovate acute pyri- form ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet. January to May. Beurre St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas, I Duchess of Orleans. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright, olivc-colored wood, leaves 332 THE PEAK. dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on Quince : one little tree^ two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beautiful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open, short segments -flesh, melting, juicy ; "very good." October. Beurre Coit. A new variety, raised by Col. Coit. of Euclid. O. We first ate of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we have seen it several times, and as we write this, September 25, 1853, have the fruit before us. It is worthy a place in all collections. The tree is hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading in form, dark brown shoots, and early good bearer on the pear root. Our drawing was made from a specimen pulled in August, and is below an average size. Fruit, above medium, obtuse p3Tiforra, slightly angular : color, rich brown russet, mostly overspread- ing a yellow ground, with a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, rather short ; cavity, shallow, with un- equal projections ; calyx, with segments nearly erect, surrounded by depre.'^sed crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; co?-e, small ; secd.s-.biacldsh ] flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet vin- ous. Last Sept. and Oct. Beurre Langelier. A foreign pear, newly introduced ; it has fruited but few times in this country, but may sal^ly be placed as. " best." Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating ob- tusely at, stem : color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale yellow, wilh a dull red cheek in sun. and numerous gray russet dots : stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted, without depression : calyx, medium; basin, shallow, plaited : core, medium ; seeds, long, ovate pyriform \ flesh, yellow- ish white, melting, juicy, fine-grained, sub-acid, slight perfume. iVovem- ber to January. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 333 Black Worcester. Black Pear of Worcester, | Parkiiison''s 'Warden, | Iron Pear. A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking purposes ; shoots, dark olive, diverging; tree, hardy vigorous. Fruit, large, obovate oblong; color, dull green, 'vvith numerous mar- blings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight depression ; calyx, rather small ;_/?e5A. firni; coarse, austere. November to February. Bloodgood. American. From Flushing, L. I. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires a rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit, medium, or below, ovate obovate, yellow, with russet marblings and dots : calyx, open ; stem, fleshy at base; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting ; "very good." Early August. Bon Chretien Fondante. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy, productive on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium, roundish oblong oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and much russet ; stem, medium, curved ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, furrowed ; core, large ; flesh, white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty; •' very good." September, October. Buffum. American. Native of Rhode Island. It is very successful wherever grown, admirably adapted to stan- dard orcharding, an up- right, strong grower, red- dish browii shoots, always productive of fair, even- sized fruit ; not, however, of more than second-rate quality. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate ; color, brownish green, becoming yellow, bright red, suffused in sun ; brown dots and a little russet ; sfe7n, half to inch long, slight depression ; calyx, with short recurved segments ; basin, round ; core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet. Septem- ber. 334 THE PEAE. Delices d'Hardenpotnt. Delices d'Ardenpont, | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers. Foreign. Tree, hardy, moderate grower ; shoots, upright, yellowish brown, good bearer ; deserves more attention. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale yellow, with many gray dots and russet in sun ; stem, varying ; calyx, small, closed : basin, round, slightly uneven ; core, me- dium ; seeds, broad, ovate • Jlcsh, whitish, buttery, melt- ing, juicy, almost ■' best." October. Dix. American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous, young shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young, well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform ; skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem : steyn, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle, extending toward the stem ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little harsh, juicy, sweet. October and No- vember. Doyenne d'Ete. Summer Virgalieu, Duchess de Berry d'Ete of Bivort, Summer Doyenne, Doyenne de Juliet. Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownis4i red wood, early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on Quince. Fniit.^ rather small, roundish obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a bright mar- bled red cheek ; stem, ralher long, fleshy at base, inserted without depres- sion; calyx, small, closed: basin, shallow: core, medium; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Last of July. Doyenne Boussouck. Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle, Providence, Plymouth, Beurre de Mesode, Double PhiUipe. Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country in 1841, by William Kenrick. Tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown, sprinkled with large round grayish specks ; a good and regular bearer ; a little vari- able in quality. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 335 Fruit, large, globular, obtuse obovate pyriform ; colo7-j yellow, with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base; cavity. sha.Uo\\ ; calyx, mediam, open.; core, medium ; seed.^, small, almost black, abortive ; ^^e-sA, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. October. Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Doyennfe Marbre, Doyennfe d'Alencon, St. Michael d'Hiver, Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alencon. Foreign. Proves valuable on the Quince. Fruit, medium or above, obovate, obtuse pyriform, slightly angular, or one side longest ; color, pale dull yel- low, with many- small brown russet specks ; stem, short, stout • calyx, me- dium ; basin, irre- gular, abrupt ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed : flesh, whit- ish, rather coarse- grained, melting, juicy, vinous, a little astringent un- less well ripened January to May. Doyenne Gray. Gray Butter Pear, Gray Doyenne, Doyenne Rouge, Doyenne Eoux, St. Michel Dorfe, Doyenne Galeux. Doyenne d'Automne, Gray Dean's, Doyenne Gris, Eed Doyenne, | This has been confounded with " Boussouck,'' and with •' Surpasse Vir- galieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on Pear or Quince, a hardy tree, with upright, grayish brown shoots. Fruit, medium^ roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; ,s-^m, covered with smooth cinnamon russet ; stem, curved : cavity, rather deep : calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow; ^es/i, white, fine-grained, buttery, melting. Oct. 336 THE PEAK. Dearborn's Skedling. Done's, | Wheeler's New St. Michael. Raised by General H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury. Mass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning; productive on the pear root; quality variable. Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a little to the stem ; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem, and surface dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick segments ; stem, long, slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. August. Doyenne White. White Dean Virgalieu, Butter Peai', St, Michael, Virgaloo, Bei'galoo, Tellow Butter, White Beurri^, White Autumn Beurre Kegnier, Dean's, Warwick Bergamotte, Snow Pear, Pine Pear, St. Michael, Doyenne, Doyenne Blanc, Beurre Blanc, Eeigner, And twelve others of French and Dutch. An old variety, everywhere esteemed when well grown. Trees, hardy, productive either on Pear on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkled with small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium, brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery, delicious. September tc November. The Doyenne Panaciiee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green and red striped. It is juicy, not high flavored. October. MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 337 Flemish Beauty. Belle do Flanders, Bosche Nouvelle, Bosch, Fondante du Bois, erroneously, Bosc Sire, Imperatrice de France, Beaurrfe Spence, of some. Poire Davy. Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation than it has yet received. It succeeds most admirably on the Quince, and on the rich soils of Illinois, we have seen it far surpass even the most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree is vigorous, with upright, dark brown shoots. Fruity large, oblong obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun, rich reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow, deep • calyx, short, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, melt- mg, sugary. Last of September. Does not keep long. 15 338 THE PEAR. Fulton. American. Native of Maine. Tree, very hardy, yearly and abundant bearer, well suited for standard orcharding at the West ; young shoots, slender, red- dish brown. Fruity small, obovate ; color, at first gray russet, becoming dark cinnamon russet J calyx, open, seg- ments nearly erect ; basin, round, regular ; stem, one to two inches long ; cavity, nar- row ; core, encircled by a coarse line, but of itself small, compact ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, half buttery, moderately juicy, sprightly. October, November. Golden Beurre of Bilboa. Hooper's Bilboa. Foreign. From Spain. Tree, hardy, requires rich, strong, heavy soil, when it is an abundant Ijcarer of fair, regular, medium-siz- ed fruit of second-rate quality. Fruit, medium, obovate ; color, rich yellow, with russet around the stem, and many russet dots and patches over the entire sur- face ; stem, slender : cavity, slight ; calyx, small, most- ly open, short stiff seg- ments ; basin, shallow ; flesh, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sometimes a little acid and harsh. Septem- ber. MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. Glout Morceau. 339 Goulu Morceau, G-loux Morceau, Beurre d'Hardenpont, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Colmar d'Hiver, Bearre d'Hiver Nouvelle, Linden d'Automne, Eoi de Wurtemlberg, And iive more of German. Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French. This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain its original, and those ■who grow it must speak the name as best they may. It is an unproductive variety while young, either on Pear or Quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer. It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or blue-green wood and its wavy leaves. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface rough ; 340 THE PEAK, color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole surface ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity, but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ; basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scal- loped; co7-e, large; seeds, large, ovate, pointed; Jicsh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. December to February. Howell. American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to notice. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform. pale yellow, small russet dots, faint red blush in sun : stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ; basin, irregular ; Jlesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma. Oc- tober. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. Foreign. We have never fruited a pear that has given us more satisfaction. On the Quince it is a fine grower, and inclined to over-bear. It must not be confounded with the " Jalousie," a third-rate varie- ty. Young shoots upright ; brownish yellow. Frmt, medium or above, ovate pyriform ; color, dull yel- low, with brownish red cheek, and patches and dots of russet, often the russet covering one half the surface ; ste7n, vary- ing, often obliquely set on, with a fleshy ridge at side ; calyx, with segments, long, half open ; basin, shallow ; core, medium or small ; seeds, long, ovate ; flesh, white, but- tery, melting, juicy, sweet, aro- matic. Last September, early October. Lawrence. Native of Flushing, L. L An abundant bearer on pear roots, exceedingly ■ desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate growth ; wood, light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons says, '• Succeeds very finely on Quince.'' Fruit, above medium, long, obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, pale red yel- MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 841 low, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet at each end ; calyx^ large, closed : basin, open, furrowed ; sfem, medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity^ round, deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. November to February. KlRTLAND. Seedling Seckel, Kirtland's Seedling, Kirtland's Beurre. Grown from seeds of the Seckel pear, by H. T. Kirtland, of Mahoning Co., Ohio. Tree, vigor- ous, hardy, early and very productive bearer on the pear root : shoots, yellow- ish brown, upright, stout ; succeeds well on Quince. Fruit, medium, of- ten above obovate obtuse pyriform color, rich yellow overspread with cinnamon russet stem, usually stout medium length curved ; calyx, short reflexed, persistent basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, short, ovate, blackish ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. September. Long Green, of Coxe. Verte Longue de la Mayenne ? Vevte Longue, Mouth Water, New Autumn, Muscat Fleure, Mouille Bouche. This is an old foreig-n variety, always excellent, and an abundant bearer. Frvit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark green specks ; stem., medium length, slender; calyx, with long reflexed segments; basin, very s\\2i\\ow, core, above medium; seeds, dark brown; flesh, yel- lowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. October. The Striped Long Green. Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily striped ap- pearance. 342 Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading, rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard oi'chard variety, but re- quires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rapidly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium, roundish ob- ovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with many russet specks; stem, long, slender, shallow depression; ca/yx, large; segments, broad, in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy. November to February, Elizabeth. (Manning's.) Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 154. Foreign. Received under number, and named by the elder Manning: young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon j-ellow. red in sun. slight traces of russet: calyx, small, open ; core, large; flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy ; " very good." Last August. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 343 Bordenave, Lodge. I Smith's Bordenave. » merican. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Requires rich, warm, sandy •TOil when it is one of the best; on cold clay it is hardly '-very good." fn-i^, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see our en- granng) ; when fully mature, yellowish, with rich, golden russet, and patches of dull russet ; calyx^ with short, half reflexed segments ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy, melt- ing, " very good." September and October, Madeleine. Citron des Carmes, | Magdalen. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, strong grower, a little liable to frozen sap- blight on the rich Western soils, until it has acquired the age of ten or more years : very productive on pear or quince root. Fruit, below medium, obovate, oblong pyriform; stem, long, slender, at base one side of fruit a little enlarged ; color, pale yellowish green, a lit- tle brownish blush, and russet specks on those exposed most to sun ; calyx, 344: THE PEAK. with long, persistent, irregularly placed segments ; basin, obscure, slightly- plaited; core, small J seeds, ovate; flesh, ^vhite, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Fifteenth to last July. The Striped Madeleine Citron des Carmes Panachee, differs from the former in being striped with light yellow, flesh more sweet and less juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed, striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight. NOUVEAU PoiTEAU. New Pear. Foreign. Tree, upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far success- ful on both pear and quince stock. Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one-sided at neck ; color, pale green, with many dark green dots, and a few russet stripes or blotches : stem, about one inch long, medium size, set on and not into the fruit; calyx, medium, with broad segments half reflexed; basin, irregularly contracted ; core, medium, capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyriform : flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 345 Louise Bonne de Jersey. Louise Boune d'Avranclies, Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore, William the Fourth. The "Good Louise of Jer- sey," from the Isle of Jersey, proves one of the best pears grown on the quince stock in this country. Tree, hardy, very productive, shoots vigor- ous, upright. Fruit, large, (our drawings were made ere the fruit had swollen its full size, and are not more than half size.) ob- long pynform ; skinj glossy, smooth, green in shade, brown- ish red in sun, dotted wath gray dots ; stem, about one inch long, moderately stout, a little curved, fleshy enlarge- ment at base • calyx, open, segments large, reflexed • ba- sin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, long, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, delicious. October. Paradise D'Automne. Calebaase Bosc. Foreign. This is esteemed by many pomologists as superior even to the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ; wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color, dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ; calyx, rather large, open; segments, reflexed; basin, furrowed; stem, about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy, and often times wrinkled base ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, delicious. Sep- tember and October. 15* 346 THE PEAE. Duchess De'Berre, of some, Winter Bell, Bretagne le Oour, Uvedale's St. Germain, Uvedale's Warden, Pound. Germain Baker, Lent St. Germain, Pickering Pear, Dii Tonneau, Belle de Jersey, Piper, Union, Chamber's Large, Belle Aagevine. Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, very productive, very valuable for cooking, and profitable orchard sort. Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green, with dull brown and brown russet patches ; stem^ long, stout, curved j cavity, deep oblique angular; calyx, large; flesh, white, firm, astringent. December to March. Ott. American. Native of ■ Montgomery Co., Pa. This is by many Eastern pomolo- gists classed as " best ;" specimens we have had, have not merited more than to be classed -'very good." Fruit, small, roundish, greenish yellow, with little russet, and rarely faint red cheek in sun ] stem, medium, a little curved ; calyx, rather large, open, reflexed; core, below medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, slightly aromatic. August. We believe this pear will prove valuable as a standard orchard sort at the Southwest. ROSTIEZER. Foriegn. Tree, strong, upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer; succeeds on Quince. Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish brown cheek in sun ; whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem, long, slen- der, without depression; calyx, medium, open; hasin, very shallow; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, perfumed. Last of August. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 347 Patency. Paquency, Poire de Payeacy. Poire de P6rigord, Payenchi, Payenchi de Perigord. Foreign. Tree of vigoi'- ous growth, early bearer, and especially profitable on the Quince. Fruity medium, pyriform, extending into the stem, which is stout, uneven, dark brown ; color, at first dull pale green, becoming brown- ish yellow at maturity, many russet dots and patches round stem and calyx, few in cen- tre, occasionally a tinge of dull red in sun ; calyx, open, segments half erect : basin, very shallow ; core, small ; seeds, oblong pointed, dark brown ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, su- gary, vinous. October. Sheldon. Penfield, Wayne. American. Native of western Central New York. Tree, vigorous, erect, hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellow- ish. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obo- vate, pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark russet ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved; calyx, medium, open, broad short segments ; core, rather large ; seeds, dark brown : flesh, a little coarse, and gritty, at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly, aro- matic ; nearly " best." October. Seckel, Sickle, Seckel. Few York Eed Cheek, Eed-cheeked Seckel, Sycle. The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a half mileg from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so generally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and Middle States, no one 34:8 THE PEAE. variety deserves so extended culture. North, it should, when possible, be planted in "'.varm, rich, sandy loam, and sheltered situations. The tree is of slow growth ; wood, short-joint- ed, stout, forming a round head, and of only medium size on the pear stock, and well suited to garden planting. Fruity small, (our drawing too small for a fair average), rounded, obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish green at first, becoming yellowish brown, with a liA'ely red russet cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved, set in a very slight depression : calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, buttery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sep- tember and October. Prince's St. Germain. New St. Germain, Brown St. Germain. Raised from the seed of the old St. Germain, i;i!f nearly fifty years since," at the Prince Nurseries, Flushing, L. I. Tree, hardy, thrifty, very pro- ductive; the fruit keeps well, and requires no more care to ripen than apples ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, green and pale yellow marbled, and covered nearly with brownish russet specks ; stem, long, slender, (our drawing shows only a portion of it ) ; cavity, slight, nar- row ; calyx, witli broad segments without divis- ions ; basin, regular, even, not deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ; fiesh white, juicy, melt- ing, sweet, vinous. ' December to March MOST GENEKALLY ESTEEMED. 349 SOLDAT LaBOUREUR d'EsPERIN. Augusts Van Krans, | Beurre de Ehine. This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Soldat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the -'Soldat Laboureur" of the French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was grown by Major Esperin, of Malines ; is of strong, vigorous, upright growth, yellow- ish brown wood, succeeding finely on the Quince, producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree, always large and fair, but of only second-rate quality. Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyri- form ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open, sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout persistent segments in divisions; core, compact, with outer concentric lines ; seeds, obovate ; flesh, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed ; " very good." December to February. 350 THE PEAE. St. Andre. Poire St. Andre. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer. Fruit, above medium, globular acute pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where it joins the fruit : calyx, me- dium, open, segments varying ; basin, very shallow, sometimes slightly fur- rowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong pointed, light brown ; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. September. Skinless. Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau, Fleur de Guignes. Foreign. A'n old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is pro- ductive, and often "best." Frwii, small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish yellow, light red specks in sun; stem, long, slender; cali/x, closed; flesh, white, juicy. Early August. MOST GENEKALLT ESTEEMED. 351 Stevens' Genesee. ^ouise lie Prusse, | Guernsey, | Stephens' Geneaee. Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of pears for all collections, either on Pear or Quince ; a fine grower, with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive. Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color^ greenish yellow, becoming yellow ; stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx with short, stiff, connected seg- ments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish; flesh, white, half buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Sep- tember. Even windfalls of this variety are extremely fine. Tyson. This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa., about 1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish brown wood ; a moderate, regular bearer. Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular; color, dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with numerous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Thus far succeeds on Quince. August. 352 THE PEAR. Beurre Van Mons, SURPASSE ViRGALIEU. Surpasse Vigilouso, | Colmar Van Mons, of some. Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first disseminated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regular abundant bearer on Pear or Quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with yellowish brown wood, upright growth. Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the same branch ;) coIo7'^ yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute dots, and often sprink- lings of russet: calyx^ generally small, erect, open ■ basin, slight j stem, varying ; core, medium ; seeds, broad, ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, aromatic. October. Urbaniste. St. Marc, | Louise of Orleans, | Beiirr6 Picquery. Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well suited to rich soils West; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow ; not an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abundant. Fine grower and bearer on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather stout ; cavity, shal- low : calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, narrow, abrupt ; core, medium or, small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh, white, yellowish, buttery, melting, vinous, October and November. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 363 Thompson's. Foreign. Tree of vigorous, diverging habit; young wood, yellowish olive, with grayish specks; bears on the Tear about the sixth year. Fruity large, obo- vate obtuse pyri- form, surface un- even ; color^ lemon yellow, with brown- ish red cheek in sun, some russet dots and marblings, and rus- set at the stem ; stem, short, usually plant- ed or set on angular- ly, with a fleshy rim one side ; calyx, with connected half-clos- ed segments . ba- sin, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi- um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. ber to November. Octo- Van Assene. Van Assche, Vanassfi, | Van Asshe. This is a new pear, first fruited at the West, in the grounds of A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati, who has disseminated it freely, and thus far it has proved " best." Leaves, light yellow green ; young wood, yellowish red ; tree, a vigorous, erect grower, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth, wide, rather shallow, ribbed ; ste7n, one and a half inch long, rather slender, slightly sunk ; skin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade, sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with carmine dots ; flesh, white, buttery, melting. September and early October ; August at Cincinnati and South. 354 THE PEAR. Vicar of Winkfikld. Vicar of Wakefleld, Le Cure, Monsieur le Curfe, Clion. Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a French curate, hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &c. ; afterwards it was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Ptev. Dr. Rham, and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language, is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the quince stock, and, although only second quality, it is always fair and large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves j shoots, diverging, dark olive color. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at first, MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED, 355 becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek, marked with brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx^ with open reflexed segments ; sterUj an inch or more long, rather slender, obliquely inserted without depres- sion ; core^ small ; seeds ^ oblong ovate ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly ; " very good." November to January. Winter Nelis. Nellis d'lliver, Bonne de Malines, Milanaise Cuvelier, Etourneau. Foreign. As a standard Winter pear, if we were to select but the one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with slender diverging shoots ; very hardy; an early prolific bearer on Pear or Quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ; color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ; stem, rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, shallow; core, medium; capsules, ovate; seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, sugary, aromatic. Novem- ber to middle January. 356 THE PEAK. Washington. Eobertson. American : native of Dela- ware. Tree of healthy, mo- derate growth, with slen- der, diverging, reddish brown shoots ; an annual bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ovate, or ovate pyriform • color, lemon yellow, tinged in sun with red and reddish russet, and, near the stem, patches of clear russet ; stem, an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity, sometimes al- most obsolete, and then there is a fleshy lip one side of stem ; calyx, small, long pointed segments ; basin, round, regular- core, rather small, lying near the apex ; seeds, obovate pyriform, black- ish ; flesh, white, juicy, sweet. September. ZoAR Beauty. Zoar Seedling. American : native of Ohio. Tree, vigorous grower ; dark brown shoots • early and abund- ant bearer. Fruit, a little below medium, varying in form, usually as seen in our engraving ; cotor, light yellow, with greenish spots, red in the sun, with deep red spots ; stem., generally long, slender, curved, plaited, with slight de- pression one side ; calyx, large, for size of fruit; basin, shallow; core, medium ; seeds, obovate, or broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, juicy, sweet. Early August. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 35T CLASS II. Embraces varieties many of which are new and untested^ and others suited only to certain localities. Abbe Edouard. Foreign. Tree, a beautiful pyramid, very vigorous on Pear and Quince. Fruit, medium, turbinate ; skin, bright green, becoming bright yellow at maturity ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, half buttery, juice abundant, sugary, and agreeably perfumed, resembles Janimett. November. Abbe Mongein. Foreign. Fruit, of first quality, immensely large, weighing forty-two ounces, recommended by M. Tourres as a delicious fruit. Ripe March and April. (Hor. Mag.) Abbot. From Providence, R. I. Wood, slender, dark reddish, productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark gi'een, reddish brown clieek ; calyx, small • flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly; core, large. Middle to last September. Adams. American. Wood, short-jointed, moderate liealthy grower. Fruit, medium, obtuse ovate pyriform ; deep yellow, tinged with pale red in sun, dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, wrinkled, fleshy, obliquely inserted ; calyx, small, closed; short segments; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, perfumed ; core small ; seeds, medium. September and October. New. Originated in Waltham, Mass. First fruited in 1847. Adele de St. Denis. Baronne de Mello, | Poire His. Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on Quince. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish russet ; stem, short, stout, fleshy at base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Middle October. Adelaide de Reves. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very fertile on Pear or Quince. Fruit, large enough, roundish. Bergamotte or turbinate ; skin, bright green, becom- ing lemon yellow at the time of ripening ; flesh, white, half fine, melting, juice very abundant, sugary, vinous, well perfumed, of first quality. Ripe last half of October. (An. Pom.) Alexander. Originated in the town, of Alexander, Genesee Co., N. Y. Young shoots yellowish, rather stout; leaves, narrow, acuminate, deep green fruit, medium or below, obovate, slightly irregular and often one-sided stem, one and a quarter inch, curved, fleshy at base, in a shallow cavity calyx, small, partly closed; segments, short, irregular; basin, narrow, medium depth ; skin, yellowish green, rather thick, often overspread with cinnamon russet : flesh, white, a little coarse, and gritty at core, melting, very juicy, with rich, sugary flavor ; core, small ; seeds, small, nearly black and pointed. September and October. 358 THE PEAR. Alexandre Lambre. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, compressed at ends, yellowish green, mottled with red in sun, russet at base of stem and calyx • stem, stout ; calyx, in a flat basin ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sweet ; core, small ; seeds, plump, acute pointed. November, December. Alexandrine Douillard. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, above medium, pyriform ovate : yel- lowish ; stem, long ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. November, December. Ananas de Courtrai. Foreign. Tree, very vigorous aiid productive, takes readily any form ; turbinate, pyriform ; skin, citron-yellow at maturity, beautifully colored on the sunny side ; flesh, white, firm, buttery, melting, sweet and juicy, plea- santly perfumed, but not musky. Ripens at the end of August. (An. Pom.) Andrews. American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise highly desirable. Fruit, large (our drawing too small for an average), roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots and russet patches ; calyx, open ; segments, long, half refiexed ; basin, small ; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without depression ] flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly " best." September. "UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 359 Alpha. Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yellowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery; "very good." October. Althorpe Crassane. Foreign. Quality, variable. Fruit medium, roundish obovate. rough, pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of brown : flesh, white, buttery, juicy, rather coarse : "very good." October and November. AUGUSTE DE MaRAISE. Seedlings of Van Mons, of Belgium. Fruit, large, pyriform ; skin, rough, dotted and patched with deep brown; stem, short; calyx, closed; basin, shallow : flesh, buttery, sweet, juicy, delicious flavor. October. Bankerbine. Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs. EUwanger and Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with small russet dots : stem, stout ; calyx, open, broad segments ; core, large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October. Barry. Foreign. Fruit, medium size, sometimes, large, pyriform. irregularly shaped ; skin, rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish on the opposite ; calyx, small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk, obliquely inserted ; flesh, white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and perfumed. October. Belle Crainese. Elize d'Heyst. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular obovate, pale greenish yellow with dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, coarse-grained, juicy; "good." February to March. Pelle de Noel. Fondante de Noel, | Belle apres Noel. Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ; calyx medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ; core, large; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy ; " very good." December. Belle de Thouars, Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform angular, rich brown russet ; short stem; cavity, little plaited; calyx, half open; shallow basin, core, small; seeds, ovate; flesh, white, tender, juicy; "very good." October and November. Belle Excellent. Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey. Oblong pyriform, yellow, red blushj with raised specks on surface. October. 360 THE PEAE, Belle Julie. Foreign. Tree, upright grower. Fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowish green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout : calyx, medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy ; '• very good." October and November. (Hov. Mag.) Belle Epine Dumas. Epine Dumas, | Da Mas, | Due de Bordeaux. Foreign. Heretofore considered as a synonym of Vicar of Winkfield. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull yellow, with red cheek in sun ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sugary ; "very good." November, December. Bergamotte Hambourg. Belgium. Tree, vigorous, good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish, com- pressed at ends, greenish yellow, rough, dotted with brownish red in sun • flesh, white, fine-grained, sugary, perfumed. September and October. Beurre Beaulieu. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots and blotches ; short, stout stem : calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, juicy. October. Beurre Benoist. Beurre Auguste Benoit, | Benoits. Foreign. Tree, not vigorous, but very productive. Fruit, medium, obo- vate ; skin, bright green, spotted and shaded with brown russet ; stalk, of moderate length, inserted in a cavity ; calyx, open, in a regular basin ; flesh, white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and well perfumed. Ripe, end of September. Beurre Brown. Beurre Gris, Beurre Rouge, Beurre, Golden Beurre, Gray Beurre, Beurre Vert, 1 Beurre d'Ambleuse, Badham's, | Beurre du Eoi, Beurre d'Or, I Poire d'Amboise, Beurre Doree, Isambert, Beurre d'Amboise, J Isambert le Bon. An old variety : does finely in warm, ricJ;L soil, but a peculiar vinous taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel- lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun , flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September. Beurre Charron, Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long: calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep : flesh, juicy, melting, buttery : " best." Octo- ber. (T. S. H. & Co.) Beurre Crapaud-. Beurrfe Cadet. Foreign. Vigorous and productive on Pear or Quince, fine for extreme northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially closed; core, large ; flesh, yellowish melting, sugary, juicy; "very good." October. UNTESTED VAEIBTIES, ETC. 361 Beurre de Beaumont. Jeri Vaet. Foreigji. Fruit, medium, ronndisli obovate, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, covered with dark green or rnssety specks : stem, short; calyx, closed; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet : '-very good." Last September. Beuure de Ranz. Beurre Eance, I Beurre de Flanders, I Buerr6 Noircliain. Beurre Epine, | Hardenpont du Printemps, | Foreign. Very variable, rarely "very good." Tree, a straggling, pen- dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dark green, bronzed in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April. Beurre de Rhine. Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular; stem, stout; calyx, open, basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots ; flesh, white, rather coarse ; '• good." Grows well on Quince. October and November. Beurre Fougiere. A foreign pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. Fruit, of medium size, obo- vate ; skin, greenish yellow, with patches and points of light russet, and some dark green spots ; flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, and good. October. (Robert Manning.) Beurre Kossuth. Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven; stem, curved, inserted upon a little projection ; calyx, in divisions, dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at crown, greenish at stem ; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated. (Hov. Mag.) Beurre Leon le Clerc. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oval, approaching elongated pyriform , skin, yellowish green, thickly speckled with large russet dots; stalk, long, curved, inserted in a cavity by a lip ; basin, abrupt, deep ; calyx, par- tially closed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, but not high flavored. October. Beurre Mollett's Guernsey. Molletfs Guernsey Chaumontelle. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform. yellowish green, with dark brown russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melting, vinous; '"very good." December. Beurre Preble. American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery ; " very good." October and No- vember. Beurre Suisse Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red and yellow. Only desirable as a curiosity. October. 362 THE PEAK. Beurre Winter. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread- ing, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit, medium, obovate elongated pyriform ; skin, greenish, rough, spotted with russet j stalk, stout, curved, inclined at its insertion ; calyx, firmly closed, set in a shallow irregular basin ; flesh, yellowish fine, grained, melting, buttery, vinous or sub-acid. January, February. Beurre Bennert. Foreign. A new, hardy, late, melting pear of small size from the collec- tion of Van Mons. Ptipe February. (Riv. Cat.) Beurre Gens. Tree, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, medium, irregularly obovate. inclining to conic, truncate ; skin, rough, greenish, slightly shaded on the sunny side and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, short and thick, in- serted in a cavity at an inclination ; calyx, open, stiff", in a broad, rather deep, uiieven basin ; flesh, sugary, perfumed, excellent. September. Beusire d'Elberg. Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; skin, pale yellow, often with a blush, slightly speckled with russet ; stalk, medium, stout, curved, inserted in an irregular cavity : calyx, small, open, set in a very small basin; flesh, whitish, somewhat coarse, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, and perfumed. November. Beurre Hamecher. Foreign. Fruit medium, elongated-oval, inclining to pyriform, angular, and irregular; stalk, large, long, curved, inserted at an inclination by a lip ; calyx, small, and closed, set in a shallow, irregular basin ; flesh, melt- ing, sugary, and excellent. October, November. Beurre Duhaume. Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower, productive, young wood yellowish brown. Fruit, medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture along one side ; skin, rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots ; stalk, short, thick and fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination; calyx, open, segments stiff; basin, irregular; flesh, coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. November to February. Beurre Millet of Angers. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, and very productive, young wood yellowish brown. Fruit, medium, angular, somewhat conic : skin, greenish, covered with russet, and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots ; stalk, medium, stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity; calyx, closed, set in a deep, irregular basin : flesh, greenish, somewhat buttery, exceedingly juicy, melting, with a brisk vinous flavor, sometimes astringent. November to January. (Downing.) Beurre d'Amalis. Beurrfe d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amanlis. Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on Pear or Quince; said to bear well; our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 363 yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches | (Stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ■. flesh, yellowish, a little coarse, often austere : '• very good." Early September. There is also a striped Beurre d'Amalis. differing not materially, except in being striped red, yellow, and green. Beurre Bymont. Bymont. Above medium, obovate truncated, russety ; stem, rather long, curved, slight lip: calyx, small ; basin, shallow- flesh, juicy, sweet, perfumed j " very good," perhaps '• best." New; foreign. October, December. Beurre Nantais. Beurr6 de Nantes. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, crimson cheek, rus- set dots ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary ; " very good." September. Beurre Superfine. Foreign ; with some very fine, others unproductive. Fruit, large, pale green, traces, and patches of russet, dull brownish cheek; flesh, juicy, melt- ing, slight aroma; "very good." Succeeds on Quince. Middle to last October. Beurre Van Marum. Grosse Calebasse of Langlier, I Triomph de Nord, Triomph de Hasselt, I Boutielle. Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow ; stem, long ; calyx, large; flesh, white, hardy; -'good;" its bearing, its recommendation. October. Beurre Bachelier. Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow; stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.) Beurre Millet. Madam Millet Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale j'ellow, with large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. Tree, healthy grower. November to January. Beurre Brettonneau. Beurre Bretouneau. Foreign. Does not succeed on the Quince ; very fine on Pear ; very hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot- ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Rivers, in Hort.) Beurre d' Albert. Poire d' Albert, | Poire Prince Albert. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, dark M'ood, good bearer. Fruit, medium, pyra- midal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem, stout, curved, swollen at base ; calyx, partly open ; core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, melting, juicy. October. 364 THE PEAE. Beuure Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Beurre Gris d'Hiver, I Beurre Gris Superieure, Beurre de Lucon, | St. Michael d'Hiver. Foreign. Very similar to Brown Beurre, except in its time of ripening. Tree a poor, irregular grower, with dark reddish brown wood. Fruit, me- dium, obovate obtuse oblique, rough, dull, yellow, cinnamon russet, red- dish, bronzed in sun,, and dotted with dark specks ; stem, short, stout, obliquely inserted : calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous: core, large. December to February. Beurre Comice de Toulon. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, oblong obovate. pale yellow, \'V'ith red dots, highly colored in the sun ; flesh, white, melt- ing, juicy. November, December. Beurre Phillippe Delfosse. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, juicy, sugary. December. Beurre de Wetteren. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, thorny. Fruit, medium, turbinate, cinnamon russet ; flesh, fine, yellowish white, buttery, sugary, perfumed ; " very good." Beurre Judes. Longue de Monkowty, 1 Longue de Nakourto, Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, dull yellowish green, russet patches and dots ; stem, long ; calyx, open ; basin, farrowed : flesh, melting, but- tery, sw^eet ; variable, core, medium ; seeds, sharp pointed. October. Beurre de Konink. , Beurre de Konig, of Downing. Belgium. Fruit, medium, oblate, yellowish green, with russet and brown dots ; stem, medium length, stout, inserted in shallow cavity ; calyx, open • basin, broad; flesh, while, melting, vinous. Octob'?r. Beurre de Montgeron. Beurre de Montigcron, | New Frederick, of Wurtemberg. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, promises to succeed on Quince. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, deep yellow, suff"used with bright vermilion in sun, a few pale gray specks ; stem, long, swollen at base ; calyx, large, open, in a broad, open basin ; segments, thick, broad ; core, small ; seeds, large, light colored ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, per- fumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) Beurre Benoits. Beurre Augusta Benoits. Foreign. Wood, reddish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, depressed, irre- gular, dull green, bronzed with red, dotted with russet specks ; stem, short, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, short segments ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, vinous, sprightly, musky • core, large, gritty ; seeds, obovate, brown. Oc- tober. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 365 Beurre Duuaume. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, brownish russet ; flesh, melting, juicy; " good." November. Beurre Kennes. Medium, oblate turbinate, angular or oblique, greenish, with thin rus- set and shade, dull crimson russet, and crimson dots ; stem, varies, fleshy ring at base : calyx, large, open; flesh, whitish, buttery, juicy, sweet, per- fumed ; '■ good "' or '-very good." October. Beurre Naver. Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, turbinate ; stem, medium, inserted without depression : calyx, closed ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, pleasant ; '■ very good." October. Beurre Soulange ? Foreign. Fruit, medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tracings of russet ; stem, curved, fleshy at base ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, pleasant. Oc- tober, November. Beurke Spence ? Medium, globul.nr. short pyriform, greenish, yellow at maturity, shaded crimson and russet, russet dots; stem, fleshy at insertion; calyx, closed: basin, abrupt ; flesh, juicy, melting, vinous ; core, small. September. Beurre Richelieu. Large, obovate oblong, obtuse pyriform, truncate irregular, greenish yel- low dots ; stem, stout, slight lip ; calyx, closed ; basin, broad, shallow, fur- rowed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic: " good" to "very good." November. Beurre Six. Foreign. Tree, vigorous on pear stock. Fruit, large, pyriform, light -een, dotted with brown, and a deeper shade of green; flesh, white but- ery, melting, sugary, perfumed. November. Beurre Delfosse, Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish brown, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. No- vember, December. Beurre Berckmans. Medium, turbinate or short pyriform ; yellowish, rough russet; stem, at right angles, large; calyx, small, basin, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, highly perfumed ; core, small ; " very good." November. Buerrk Leon Le Clkro. Above medium, oval obovate elongated, yellowish green, with large rus- set dots; stem, curved, large, inserted with a lip; calyx, partly closed; basin, deep ; flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet ; '• good." October. Beau Present d'Artois. Foreign. Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, gray and green spotted; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad : flesh, white, with green lines, tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.) 366 THE PEAK. Bergamotte d'Esperik. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet ; ■• very good j" very productive in clusters. December to February. Bergamotte Gaudry. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ; " good." November. Bergamotte Cadette. Beurre Beauchamps, I Bsauchanjps, I Bergamotte Buffo, Ognonet, | Poire de Cadet, | Bergamotte Crapaud. Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely little red in sun ; stem, long, stout : calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December. Wood, light olive brown j productive on Pear or Quince. Beurre Audosson. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots : stem, short, stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy; "very good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.) Beurre Clairgeau. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong obo- vate pyriform: color, mostly russet, reddish in sun: stem, short, stout; calyx, small, open; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinaus ; "very good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most valuable, as a large-sized pear, and desirable as an orchard variety, on the pear root. Growing strong, and bearing very young : does not succeed on Quince. Beurre Esperin. Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight lip ; calyx, small, with segments united ; core, medium; seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy; " very good." October. Beurre Sterckman. Beurre Hardy. Foreign. Treej vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on Quince or Pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov- ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open : flesh, white, melting, juicy, sub-acid. October. Bezt de Montigny. Trouve de Moutigny, I Doyenne Musquo, Louise Bosc, | Beurre Komain. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved, rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed : core, large; flesh, white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary. October. untested vakieties, etc. 3j67 Bkzi dk la Motte. • Bein Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey. Foreign. A Angorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit, medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ; stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved : calyx, small, open, reflexed seg- ments : core, medium • seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting ; '• very good." October. Bezi de Naples. Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ; stem, stout ; calyx, small ; basin, furrowed • flesh, fine, buttery, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Last September. Bezi Sanspareil. Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow, much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yellow- ish white, melting, juicy, aromatic ; " very good," if not " best." February to March. Bezt d'Esperen. Foreign. Tree, a moderate grower ; good bearer. Fruit, large, elongated pyriform; skin, dull yellow, sprinkled, and patched with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots ; stalk, rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip at an inclination, in a small, irregular cavity; calyx, small, open, set in a very deep, acute basin, surrounded by russet; flesli, juicy, with a sprightly, vinous flavor. October, November. Bezy Garnier. Foreign. Fruit, pyriform, very beautiful ; flesh, white, breaking, very juicy, sugary. April. (Pap. Cat.) Bezy Quessoy d'Ete. Foreign. Tree, of good vigor, and of exceeding fertility. Fruit, moder- ate size, roundish oval, of almost equal diameters ; skin, rough, thick, and altogether covered with gray russet, becoming russet fawn at maturity ; flesh, yellowish white, fine, half melting, very juicy, sugary, and deliciously perfumed. This pear is very beautiful, and of first quality, with the excep- tion of a little grit about the core. R,ipe towards the middle of September. (An. Pom.) Beadnell. Beadnell's Seedling. Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer; shoots long, bright chestnut color; white dots ; fruit, middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short; eye a Jittle open ; skin, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun, much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy. Last September. Benoist Nouveau. Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received fi-om Messrs. EUwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks ; 368 " THE PEAK. stem, stout: cavity, deep, narrow; caJyx, open; core, small; seeds, long, ovate pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful ripening. February to April. Bergen Pear. A chance seedling, found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to Simon Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree vigorous, and early bearer, productive. Fruit, large, turbinate : skin, very thin, smooth, clear yellow, with a beautiful red cheek on the sunny side ; stalk, rather long, slightly curved, inserted at an inclination, in a very small depression ; calyx, small ; basin, very shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, buttery, juicy, melting, with a sweet, excellent flavor ; core, small, with few seeds. Ripens last of September. (T. G. Bergen.) Belle Fondante. Fruit, medium, pyramidal, turbinate ; skin, pale yellow, clouded with green, irregularly patched with russet, especially around the eye ; flesh, juicy, buttery, very fine grained and rich, with a perceptible astringency. October. (Rob. Manning.) Bergamotte Heimburg. Foreign. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit, large, Bergamotte shaped ; skin, rough, green, changing to lemon yellow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next the sun; flesh, white, very fine, somewhat buttery, juice abundant, sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in Oc- tober. (Gard. Chron.) Bergamotte Leseble. Foreign. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, oblate, or Bergamotte shaped ; skin, yellow, with a sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches : stalk, long, curved, inserted in a depression ; calyx, large, open, broad; basin, irregular; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet and perfumed. October. (Hov. Mag.) Bergamotte de Millepieds. Foreign. Fruit of medium size, roundish, resembling Belle de Brussels; skin, greenish, rather dark, dotted ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, first rate Ripens September. (Leroy's Cat.) Bleeker's Meadow. Spice Butter, I Heidelberg, Large Seckel, [ Toaster. American. Tree, free grower, hardy and produclive. Fruit, mediumj roundish, yellowish; quality, '-good.''" October, November. Bonne de Ezee. Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies. Foreign. Tree of short, stocky habit ; wood, yellowish; fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem, rather short, uneven ; calyx, partly closed; short segments; core, large, flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary ; "very good." September. UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 369 Bonne Charlotte. Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive ; fruit, moderate size, variable in form, generally resembling Doyenne ; skin, smooth, lightly washed with purple on the side of the sun ; flesh, moderately fine, more buttery than melting, sugary, and strongly perfumed. Should be gathered early. It is a long time in use. Ripe middle of August. (Al. Pom.) Bon Gustave. Foreign Tree, vigorous : fruit, medium, pyriform, light green, nearly covered with russet; flesh, white, sugary, perfumed. December, January. (Hov. Mag.) BOUVIER BOUKGERMESTRE. Foreign. Growth moderate. Fruit, above medium, obtuse, pyriform, green, yellow at maturity, rarely red cheek in sun; stem, rather long; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, pleasant sweet; ''good." October, November. Brandes St. Germain. Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a very desirable variety. Tree, moderate grower, succeeding finely on Quince, very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth russet; stem, short, stout; calyx, small ; flesh, juicy, vinous ;" very good." November, December. Bringewood. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem, long and slender ; calyx, open, prominent ; flesh, yellowish white, gritty at core, the rest buttery; •' very good." November. (Hov. Mag.) Brielmont. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish and russet specks ; calyx, prominent ; basin, open; flesh, white, melting ; " good." October. Caen du France. Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and reddish dots ; stem, rather long ; calyx, open ; flesh, fine, juicy, sweet ; '■'• very good." December, January. Capiaumont. Beurre Aurore, | Beurre Capiaumont, | Benrrfe Caloma. Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on Pear or Quince. A free grower : branches, grayish yellow. Fruit, medium, glo- bular, acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and streaks; stem, curved; calyx, large; flesh, buttery, sweet, a little astringent; "very good."' September, October. Calhoun. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; core, medium; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy; "very good." Oc- tober, November. 16* 370 THE PEAK. Capsheaf. American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree, hardy, wood yellowisn. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large : flesh, yellowish white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet ; '■ very good." October. Catinka. Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyrifonn. yellowish; flesh, fine, juicy; 'very good," and will probably prove '-best." We have only seen it once. November. Canandaigua. Catherine. American. From Central New York. Fruit, large, resembling Bart- lett ; flesh, white, fine, juicy; "good." Tree, vigorous, upright grower on Quince or Pear, productive. September. Calebasse d'Ete. Summer Calebasse. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, hardy ; foliage, light green. Fruit, above me- dium, oblong pyrifonn, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun. rich yel- low at maturity, russet at stem and eye ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; core, small ; seeds, long : flesh, white, fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. One of the best. Last August and early September. Camerlyn. Foreign. Vigorous and productive. Fruit, medium, pyriform ; skin, yellow, with numerous brown dots and a slightly marbled cheek ; stalk, long, slightly inclined in a small cavity surrounded by russet ; calyx, open : basin, small and shallow ; flesh, juicy, melting, rich, sugary, with a very peculiar, aromatic flavor. September, October. . Canandaigua. Catherine. Origin uncertain ; supposed to have been brought from Connecticut to Canandaigua about the year 1806 ; vigorous and productive. Fruit, rather large, irregular, obtuse pyriform, surface uneven, resem- bling Bartlett; skin, lemon yellow ; 'stalk, medium or rather short, inclined ; calyx, open ; basin, small ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, buttery, and melt- ing, with a vinous somewhat sugary flavor. September. Cassante de Mars. Foreign. Tree, vigorous. Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles Doyenne blanc ; skin, smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, striped and shaded with fawn ; flesh, when in full perfection is half melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. December to April. ( Al. Pom.) Catherine Gardette. Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Foliage much waved, young shoots short-jointed, yellow-olive on the shaded side, brownish-olive on the side exposed to the sun, with many minute white dots ; buds^ pointed. Size, above medium, roundish obovate : skin, fair, yellow^ with numerous small carmine dots on the exposed side; stalk, one inch long, UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 371 curved, inserted by a fleshy termination into a slight depression ; calyx, small, set in a rather deep, regular basin ; flesh, fine texture, buttery ; fla- vor, delicious, with a delicate aroma; quality, "best." Beginning of Sep- tember. (Trans. A. P. S.) Camerling. Medium, yellow, brown dots, marbled cheek ; stem, rather stout, curved, inserted by slight inclination in a small cavity ; calyx, open ; basin, shal- low ; core, small ; flesh, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic peculiar flavor ; " very good." September to October. Chaptal. Beurrfe Chaptal. Foreign. Fruit, medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish yellow: stem, curved; cavity, slight; calyx, large, open; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, oblong ; flesh, white, breaking, juicy ; " very good." December, January. Chancellor, Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain. Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree, healthy, abundant bearer; young wood, slender, yellowish brown. Fruit, large, oblong obovate pyri- form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely a faint brown cheek ; stem, one inch long, rather thick ; cavity small, irregu- lar ; calyx, small ; basin, contracted ; core, medium ; seeds, long, yellowish brown; flesh, melting; " very good." Last September. Charles Van Mons. Foreign. Fruit, below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem, slender, curved, depres- sion one side ; calyx, large, open ; segments, broad, completely reflexed ; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, obovate pyriform; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, vinous ; '• very good," if not " best." January. Charles Van Hoogten. Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate acute pyriform, dull pale yel- low ; stem, stout, enlarged at base ; calyx, open ; segments, short ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy ;" very good." Promises valuable ; good grower, productive. Early October. Christmas. Noel. American. New; from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit, medium, ovate rounded : skin, rough, bronzed, russety ; stem, stout, slight depression ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; flesh, a little gritty, juicy, sweet ; " very good." Decem- ber, January. (Warder's Notes.) Choice d' un Amateur. Foreign. New. Tree, upright, strong growth. Fruit, large, oblong ovate, smooth, pale green ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, su- gary. (Hov. Mag.) 372 THE PEAK. Charlotte de Brower. Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish golden russet, with spots of yellow in sun; stem, short; calyx, small; long segments ; core, small ; flesh, pinkish white, half melting, buttery, juicy, perfumed. November. (Hov. Mag.) Church. From New Rochelle, N. Y. Medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish green, spotted and marbled with russet; stem, medium; calyx, closed; basin, medium ; flesh, buttery, juicy, sweet, aromatic. July, August. Chaumontel. Bezi de Chaumontelle, I Winter Beurre, Beurre d'Hiver, | Oxford Chaumontel, Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit, large, oblong obovate ; skin, rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots ; stem, one inch, curved ; calyx, medium ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, flattened : flesh, buttery, melting ; " very good." November, January. Citron. American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots ; flesh, a little coarse, greenish white^ melting, juicy: "very good."' Last August. Cooke. Origin, King George County, Virginia. Tree, a very strong, vigorous grower, and productive. Introduced by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Vir- ginia. Fruit, rather large, irregularly pyramidal ; color, pale yellow ; flesh, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, rich and vinous. (Roby.) Collins. "Watei'town. American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit; large or above medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some rus- set ; stem, short, curved; calyx, large, open: core, large; flesh, white, vinous, juicy, sweet, melting. September. CoLMAR Epine. Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish obtuse oblong, dull green, with cloud- ings of darker hue; flesh, white, melting, vinous, juicy; '"very good." September. Colmar d'Alost. Comtesse d'Alost, | Duchesse d'Alost, | Belies d'Alost. Foreign. Tree, vigorous and productive. Fruit, large, elongated pyri- form, sometimes obovate ; skin, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, sprink- led with many green or brown dots, often much russeted : stalk, large, rather long and curved, inserted in a slight depression ; calyx, open ; seg- ments, long ; basin, shallow and uneven ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, slightly astringent. October, November. UNTESTED VARIETIES, ETC 373 Columbia. Columbian Yirgalieu, Native of Westchester county, N. Y. Without being of more than second quality, its hardihood of tree, productive habit, and fruit uniformly smooth and fair, make it a valu- ble as well as profitable variety. Tree, thrifty ; young shoots, yellowish brown. Fruit, large or above medium., oblong obovate pyriform ; color, at first pale green, becoming, when ripe, fine golden yellow, dotted with small gray dots ; stem, medium size, slightly curved ; ca.- lyx, rather small, partial- ly open, or half closed • basin, shallow ; core, me- dium ; seeds, oblong pyri- form ; flesh, white, mode- rately juicy, sweet; va- riable quality. Decem- ber to January. Columbian Virgalouse. COLMAR NeILL, Fruit, large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh, white, buttery, melt- Marie Louise the Second, Marie Louise Nova. Foreign, ing ; ' good." October. CoMPTE DK LaMY. Beurre Curte, Dingier, Foreign. Tree, upright. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate. yellow, brownish red cheek, small rus.set dots ; stem, long ; calyx, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, butlery; '-good." Early October. CoMTE Lelieur. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, moderately productive. Fruit, me- dium, turbinate; skin, yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek, speckled ■with gray and patched with russet ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. September. (Rob. Man- ning.) 374 THE PEAK. COMTE DE FlANDRE. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, medium, obovate acute pyri- form, yellowish, traced with russet, occasional red in sun ; stem, stout, fleshy at base; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet sub-acid; very good. Novem- ber, December. Prx)mises to become valuable. CONSEILLEUR RaMUEZ. Conseilleur Kanwez. Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded and traced with russet; flesh, melting, tender ; "good." October. Valu- ble as a market sort. Countess of Lunay. Comtesse de Lunay. Foreign. Tree, vigorous ; very productive on Quince ; has been much disseminated as " Doyenne d'Ete." Fruit, medium, roundish obovate ; skin, smooth, pale yellow, often thinly sprinkled with red in sun, some rus- set specks, and russet at base of stem ; stem, long, largest where it joins the tree ; cavity, slight, often a little lip one side of stem ; calyx, large, open, with long reflexcd segments ; core, medium ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, ratlier coarse, melting, juicy ; '' very good." October. UNTESTED VAKIETIES, ETC. 375 COTER. Foreign. Tree, healthy ; young "wood, short -jointed, light yellow. Fruit, medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh, fine-grained, tender, melting, juicy ; " very good." November. Ckoss, Winter Cross. American. From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, slender, grayish yellow wood. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and patches; stem, stout: calyx, small" flesh, white, melting, juicy' '-very good." November, January. Gushing. American. Native of Hingham. Mass. Tree, hardy, of slender, diverg- ing growth. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small gray dots, dull red cheek; calyx, small ; stem, one inch long ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, sweet ] " very good." September. Dallas. American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit, medium', roundish obovate, dull yellow, mcstly covered with red russet : stem, medium ; calyx, large, open ; core, rather small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous ; " very good." November. Dana's No. 19. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Fruit, large, obovate, swel- ling out at the base : stalk of moderate length, inserted in a rather slight depression ; skin, yellow and thick ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, half melt- ing, with a pleasant perfumed flavor. November. (Hov. in Mag.) Dana's No. 16. Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury Mass. Fruit, under medium, obo- vate : skin, yellow russet, with dark russet specks ; stem in a very slight depression ; calyx, open, in a deep cavity ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, high flavored. November. (Hov. in Mag.) De Louvain. Poire de Louvain. Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow, rough russet dots and patches ; stem, long, medium size, curved ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, greenish white, crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March. Desiree Cornelis. Cornells. Foreign. Tree, vigorous, productive, thorny. Fruit, large, roundish ovate; skin, rough, pale green, yellowish, and tinged red in sun; calyx, open ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, sugary. Early September. (Hov. Mag.) 376 THE PEAE. Delicks d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium. Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, \ Beurre Curtet, of A. Lei'oy. Foreign. Frait, large, pyriforra, yellow, gray spotted ; calyX; small ; flesh, coErse, melting, sugary, ''good." October. Promises to become valuable. Des Nonnes. Poire des Nonnes, | Beurre de Brignais, I Des Nones. Foreign. New. Fruit, medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many small brown dots : stem, long, slender : calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed; "very good," perhaps " best." September. Deux Sceurs. A fine tree, very productive. Fruit, large, elongated, pyriform ; skin, green, spotted with dark brown ; flesh, fine yellowish, green, buttery, very sugary, with a decided flavor of almonds. November. (Al. Pom.) De Bavay. Poire de Bavay. Foreign. Succeeds and bears well on quince or pear stock. Fruit, medium, turbinate, dull yellow, dotted and traced with russet ; calyx, large. open; flesh, juicy, agreeable sub-acid; "very good.'' October, November. Delices Charles Van Mons. Delices de Charles. Foreign. Fruit, large, medium, pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also re- sembles in size and shape : stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shal- low basin; flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Delices de Mons. Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half-inch long ; calyx, small : skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted and spotted with gray: flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed; "very good." September, October. De Sorlus. Foreign. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact; wood, yellowish, grayish white dots ; free bearer. Fruit, large, turbinate ; stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green, gray russet; marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. October, Decof the quince, are small twiggy shoots, pro- duced on wood at least two years old. These bear two, three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore should be shortened back the Spring after they have borne, in order to pro- duce new spurs at the same point." Insects, etc. " The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is the larva of an insect Avhich attacks the wood of the trunk, near the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwards, but sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood, during the summer season. " As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre- vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife, lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first examination. Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of warm tar and ochre or brickdust. ' It is a great saving of labor to arrest early their progress ; hence, trees should be examined frequently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree." In Spring or early summer months the ends of ihe branches often turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an insect {^scolytiis), and the remedy said to lie in the cutting oiF and burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme- diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a very few hours. Uses. The Quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marmalade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered carefully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in a cool room, kept until near midwinter. VARIETIES. Of these there are very few really worthy of description, and, of these, three only worthy of cultivation to any extent. The Chinese Quince {Cydonia Sinensis') is cultivated only as ornamental. Its fruit 460 THE QUINCE, is egg-shaped, dull green, Avitla hard, dry flesh ; its flowers rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince {Gydonia-Japonica) is also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three varieties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard, with a pleasant odor ; not eatable. Angers. This variety is mostly grown for the purpose of engrafting the pear upon. The fruit is. however, equal to the Pear-shaped, and much resembles it, only that it is larger, somewhat more rounded, and a lighter, brighter yel- low. The principal value, however, is for stocks on which to work the Pear. New Upright. Paris de Fontenay. A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from cuttings, but after the iirst year's growth, seems to lose vigor and afterwards grows very tardily. Orange Quince. Apple Quince, | Apjjle-shaped Quince, | Cydonia v. Malformis. This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed. When fully ripe, its rich golden. yeJlow re.se)iibles more the color of an orange VARIETIES. 461 than its shape correspoiids to the general form of apples ; therefore ■we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange Quince, when, in truth^ as many of the seedlings are likely to produce the pear-shaped or even far in- ferior fruit, as seedlings from a good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown hy itself. It is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to the last of October. If gathered too early they do not cook tender. Leaf, ovate pointed. Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to obovate conical ; stein, usually in a slight depression ; when well-grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow ; without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly ; core, large, and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown, Portugal Quince. Cydonia Liisitanica. This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abundant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety; core, medium, and placed near the centre; seeds, light brown ; flesh, mild, less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, 462 THE RASPBERUY. and turns a fine purple oi; deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about ten days earlier than Orange Quince ; requires rery rich, deep soil. Pear Quince;. Pear-shaped Quince, 1 Pyrifonn Quince, Oblong Quince, | Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform, This takes its name from the Iruit being shaped much like many varie- ties of the Pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyriform, taper- ing to the stalk. Skin^ dull yellowy Jlcshj firm, tough, dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender, and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong ovate. Last of October. Rea's Skedlino. Yan Slyke. New. Originated by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Green Co., N. Y. Tree, healthy, thrifty grower, productive ; said to be very valuable. Fruit, one- third larger than the Orange variety ) of same form and color, fair, hand- some and equally good. THE KASPBERRY. Ruhus idceus. JRomcece of Botanists. A LOW deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this country and Europe. The roots being permanent, and the stems biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been produced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers. Propagation and Transplanting. New varieties are produced from seed; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange," produced from seed of a crimson berry. Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe, about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded. They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in- creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro- pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing cuttings of the rose; the care and attention requisite, making it only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their branches bending over until the ends touch, and become covered in tlie ground. CULTUKE AND TKAINHSTG. 463 In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous season's growth. The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We think they become matted too soon in this way. Soil. All cultivators agree that, while the raspberry may be made to grow on gi-avelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where there is moisture, but such drainage that water will not stand. For those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons. Situation. The situation should be open, fully exposed to light and air ; to this end the advice to form rows north and south. Culture and Training. In large plantations, weeds are kept down mostly with the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culti- vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single pruning in the Spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early in March or April, according to the season or section of the country where located ; and consists in cutting away tlie canes of last year's bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers, unless wanted for future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in Spring. An English gardener, in our immediate neighborhood, has prac- tised the following modes of training, ever since our residence in the north of Ohio : Figure 1 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April. The uprights are posts ^.^ made of cedar or locust, four inches square at the bottom, and two inches at top. The horizontal lines may be of tarred rope, or annealed iron ^°' ■ wire, coated with coal tar. To the horizontal wires, the canes are tied by strips of bass bark, such as is used in budding. 464 THE KASPBEEEY. Ill figuz-e 2, the arched portion tied to the stake in the centre, represents the canes of last year's growth pre- pared for fruiting the coming season. Figure 3 represents the plants in the Fall ; the upright canes being those of the season's growth, while the arch- ed ones are those Avhich have produced fruit, and must be cut away. Insects. The rasp- berry is generally free from destructive in- sects. Dr. Munson, of New Haven, Conn., in >- a paper to the Ameri- can Pomological Soci- ety, speaks as follows " It is a functus of a bright of one. We have not seen it West orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the common red raspberry, Rubus idceus, in Connecticut; and the exhaustion oc- casioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive. This aflection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy.'' Protection. Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re- quire protection in Winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two me,n passing along the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other, with a shovel, throws two inches of earth upon them. Gathering Fruit. This should be done in tlie cool of the morning, when they are higher flavored than at midday. Uses. " The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the dessert, but it is employed by almost every ikmily in making pre- serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners, for making syrups ; by distillers, for making raspberry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is considered tlie most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines." {Downing.) Its fruit, immediately succeeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermentation in the stomach, is regarded, and prescribed by many phy&icians, as a pro- moter of health. Profits. Seldom failing to produce a crop, when grown on suita- MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 465 able soil ; requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale, at fair prices, it is sur- prising that more attention has not been given the culture of the raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which is mostly grown for the New York market by cultivators on the Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets, of one pint each, from three-fourths of an acre ; and s^l,500 has been realized, in a single season, from sale of product of thi'ee acres. A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro- fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a fresh piece of ground. Autumn Fruiting. Any variety may be caused to mature its fruit in the Autumn, by cutting away all shoots in Spring, and stop- ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's fruiting, except in the same way, and the yield is only about one- half. Classification and Varieties. We have made but two classes of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for a first class, which would bear the mark of worthy general culture. Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re- garded as finest for the dessert ; but, since the introduction of the Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as surpassed in delicacy. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. iVMERicAN Black. Thimbleberry, 1 Common Black Cup, ] Black Easpberry. This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, iu tiie garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth : and ripening very late, will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots, long, rambling, recurved. Berries^ dark purple, nearly black, round flattened. American Red. Common Eed, | English Ked, o/ some. Well known. Shoots, upright, light brown. Fruit, medium, roundish, light red, sub-acid. Early. Belle de Fontenay. A dwarf-growing variety, with large and deep green leaves; bears large frnit all the Autumn, of good flavor, but requires warm soil and exposure. (Hort.) Catawissa. American. From Columbia Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, dark reddish purple, producing abundantly on the young wood, and commencing to ripen 20* ^66 THE RASPBEEEY. early in August. This character will probably make it valuable when raspberry canes are liable to be destroyed by the colds in Winter. Antwerp. New Eed Antwerp, | True Eed Antwerp. Atthough universally desired, it is rare that the tnie Red Antwerp rasp- berry is found West of the State of New York. It is a Dutch sort, ori- gii ily from Antwerp city. An exa- mination of the Red Antwerp as im- ported from several sources, all of which prove incorrect, leads us to doubt whether it is better known in the old country than here. The common Red Antwerp is easily de- tected in its fruit being smaller and round, while that of the true is large, regularly long conical, dull red, with a rich, sweet flavor. Canes, mode- rately strong, yellowish green, be- coming pale brown or mouse color, early in Autumn, covered below with dark brown spines, but the upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens from first to tenth' July. The canes need protection in Winter throughout Northern sections, iix order to secure a full crop. Colonel Wilder. Another seedling of Dr. Brinckle's. Shoots, strong, light-colored. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical, light cream color, firm, with a sprightly, fine flavor ; moderately productive, ripening its fruit in succession, from early until quite late in the season. Raised from seed of the Fastolf, and named in honor of one of the best pomologists in America. Cope. A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's ; promises well. Foliage, light green. Frtiit, • arge, conical, crimson ; spines, red. CusriiNG. This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing, by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It promises well ; should receive atten- tion of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous ; prickles, brown : leaf, plaited, regular form. Fruit, large, roundish conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures earl v. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMKD. 467 Emily. A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigorous growth, "with "wiiite spines. Fruity large, round, occasionally shouldered ; light yellow. English Eed Cane. Allen? 1 False Eed Antwerp. A variety much grown and highly valued by market gardeners. The canes are pretty strong, tall, of a bluish red color, whitish gray bloom, very hardy and productive. Fruit, medium or above, globular, slightly conical ; dull red, large grains, and moderately firm, bearing carriage well ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, not high flavor. Fastolf. An English variety, in- troduced with high praise, which it has fully sustained in this country. It is proba- bly a chance seedling of the Red Antwerp, which it much resembles. Its name is from an old pile, called Fastolf Castle, near Yarmouth, Eng. Throughout most of North and Western States it will need protection in Winter, as its canes are not quite hardy. For small gardens, we prefer it to Red Ant- werp ; but for market cul- ture, the latter is best, on account of being more firm. Shoots, strong, are much in- clined to branch, light yel- lowish brown. Fntit, large, roundish, obtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored, product- ive ; ripening its fruit in long-continued succession. Fkanconia. Introduced to this country from France, under this name ; but not to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access. Its canes are nearly hardy; maturing good crops, without protection, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles; leaves, rather narrow. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark rich red, rich, rather acid flavor ; more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A few days later than the latter in ripening. It is said that in New Hampshire there is a wild variety similar if not identical. 468 THE EASPBEREY. French. Vice-President French. This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp: originated with Dr. Brinckle. Fruity large, round, crimson, matures late ; spines, red. It is one of the best of the Brinckle seedlings, and deserves extensive culture. Fulton. From seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson: productive, and a vigorous grower : spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin. General Patterson. Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower. Spines, red. Fruit, large, round, crimson. Knevett's Giant. Imported from England by Col. Wilder, in 1843. This raspberry has proved more hardy than any other foreign variety, requiring no protec- tion, and producing uniformly large crops of fruit. Its texture being firm, it will be found profitable to grow for market. Canes, strong, upright, dis- posed to branch. Fruit, large, obtuse conical or roundish, deep red and of excellent fla- vor. It is recommended for genera] cultivation by the American Pomological Society. Magnum Bonum. A white or yellowish fruit of large size, rather firm flesh, and finely flavored, similar to the old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive and vigorous. Merveille de Quatre Saisons. Large, bright red, and is, of all the Autumnal raspberries, the most abundant bearer ; its spikes of fruit are often twelve or eighteen inches long, and produced till the end of October. (Hort.) Merveille de Quatre S.-visons. Yellow fruit, new variety, raised from the above. It bears abundantly in the Autumn.' and its fruit is sweet and well flavored. (Hort.) Monthly. Large-fruited Monthly, ] Eiyers' Large-fruited Monthly. Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dark purple spines. Fruit, hardly above medium, red. fine flavor. MOST GENERALLY ESTEEMED. 469 Mrs. Wilder. Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to require distinct description. Northumberland Fillbasket. A new foreign variety. A strong, vigorous grower, with numerous rather strong, crimson-colored spines. Fruit, somewhat globular or obtuse conical, deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor. Productive. Ohio Ever-bearing. Ohio Easpbeny. Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing two crops in a year. By many esteemed very desirable. Orange. This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow Antwerp, while its late period of ripening will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots, vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular. Fruit, large, ovate, beautiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor. Productive. By many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by Dr. Brinckle. Thunderer. A new variety lately introduced from England, and which very much resembles Franconia. It promises equally valuable. Yellow Antwerp. "White Antwerp, [ Double-bearing Yellow. This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there, we presume, will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish spines. Fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet, and excellent. Requires protection in Winter. In our Southern States, the Antwerp varieties are said to fail . Walker. Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruity large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps long in per- fection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines^ red. Woodward. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, though larger than the ordinary wild raspberry. Fruit., round, sometimes roundi.sh ovate, crimson : red spines. Has ripened as early as the tenth of June, (Wilder in Hort.) 4:70 THE EASPBEKKT. CLASS III. Superseded varieties. Ambkican "White. "White Thimbleberry. Varying from above, only in color. Baenet. Cornwairs Prolific, I Cornwall's Bed, I Lord Exmoutb's. Cornwall's Seedling, | Large Ked, | English. Shoots, long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit, large, soft, roundish conical, purplish red, agreeable. Bkentfoed Cane. English. Shoots, strong, branching. Fruit, medium, oval conical, dull red. Inferior. Cox's HONET. English. Fruit, medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems. Cretan Eed. From the Mediterranean. Shoots, upright, hardy. Fruit, medium, round, deei) red, acid. Late. Double-Bearing. Perpetual Bearing, I Late Cane, Siberian, | Eed Double-Bearing. Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Eipens late. Nottingham Scarlet. English. Fruit, medium, obtuse conical, red. Eed Antwerp. Old Eed Antwerp, I Rowland's Eed Antwerp, I Burley. Knevett's Antwerp, | Framboisier a Gros Fruit, | This is the common Eed Antwerp of England and this country, and is quite distinct from the North Eiver variety, which is shorter iii growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes, strong and tall ; spines, light red, rather numerous, and pretty strong. Fruit, large, nearly globular, or obtuse conical ; color, dark red, with large grains, and covered with a thick bloom; flesh, juic}', with a brisk vinous flavor. Victoria. English. Medium, roundish conical, red. "Wood-ward's Eed Globe. English. Large, red, roundish conical. "Wilmot's Early Eed. English. Small, roundish, red. Early. THE STRAWBERRY. Fragaria, [of species,) L. — Rosacece of Botanists. During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed- ling to the vai'ieties of the Strawberry, there has arisen a furor for the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the United States has its " rare and unsurpassed seedling," cultivated and extolled with pi-aise and poetry equaling that of olden bard ; while savans, wise on Strawberry culture and the structure of plants botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical men. A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the varieties of the Strawberry are universally esteemed among the most delicious, as well as most wholesome, of the smaller fruits. And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates, it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this country. As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not sufiicient quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of Strawberries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a piost agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at the present day. The dis- tinctive name, Fragaria, is highly expressive of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit. Raising from Seed. When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, Avhere only the morn- ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold-frame with the lights sloping to the North, Sow the seed at distances of about one inch, and cover lightly, by sifting fine sand, or, what is prefera- ble, vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the plants will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a frame, they should have tan -bark or decayed leaves strewed among them to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans- plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable com post. 471 472 THE STIiAAVBEEEY. Propagation from Runners and Divisions. All varieties of the Strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should be carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them, to induce them more readily to make roots. In this way, from fifty to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single one in a season. To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster of roots early in the Spring. Fertile and Barren Plants. It is an old saying that " every person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth, of Cin- cinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in common phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms ; and so vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country, whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the distinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers understood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe. " The European Wood and Alpine Strawberries always maintain a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and there- fore every blossom gives a perfect fruit." Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 8. Sterile Staminate Blossom. Sterile PistilMe Blossom. Natural Stat* The " Scarlets," and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown from seed in higlaly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be, and hence arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms, male and female. In the production of new varieties, even in our wiidlings, the seed- lino- plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the VAEIETIES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 473 other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which, when once formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr. Downing, " that the organs are always present, though imperfectly developed," and that when " deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 1,) they are called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female phmts, the terms are incorrect ;" yet these terms have become so commonly accepted, that we have, for the better understanding, continued their use. This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif- ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will, when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and ninety-five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con- struction in the flower of the Strawberry cannot be depended on from a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich- j^ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage, with corresponding decrease of fruit-stems ; hence, the necessity of forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants, and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from the root, being given to creation of new plants by means of runners instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety. With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continually being produced, in which one organ is most prominently developed, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting, to secure such propor- tion of fruit-bearing or -pistillate plants with the fructifying or stami- nate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pistillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in new-ly formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males. Varieties, however, exist, like the Large Early Scarlet, Burr's Old Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been class- ed as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit. These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her- maphrodite. Varieties and their Classification. The varieties of this fruit have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome to the autlior who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few are retained as desirable to cultivate, where quantity of produce and char- acter, or rather flavor in fruit is expected. The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage, yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more varie- 474: THE STEAWBEKET. ties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them. Authors have classed the Strawberry as Scarlets^ the original type being our wild Strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or Surinam Strawbei'ry; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood Straw- berry of Europe ; Hauthois, or High wood, from Bohemia ; Chili, from South America. The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ; long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit, of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded. The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green leaves ; fruit of pine-apple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds slightly imbedded. The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit, small, sweet, and separating freely from the calyx. The Hauthois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks, the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color. The Ghili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit pale red and insipid. The Green Strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country. We have dropped the arrangement into classes, as many of the new varieties combine two of the above classes, and it is therefore im- possible to classify distinctly. Soil and Situation. Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils, are generally found to produce the largest berries, as well as most in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, well manured with compost of ani- mal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any recorded in the public journals. Deep, the soil must be, say twenty inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a moderately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and perfect, while the heat and drought, so usual throughout the West and South-west in Strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion, and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder. Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well repay the labor, in the extra crop produced. Where beds have been long established and rendered rich by dig- ging in, liberally, of barn-yard manui'e, it frequently happens that too much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit- stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum (plaster of Paris), to every four feet square of ground, with two inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the woods TIME OF KIPENING. ' 475 or old pastui-es, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de- tected, as they flower some eight or ten days earlier than the pistil- lates, and may then be drawn out. The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or later maturity of a variety. A side-hill sloping soutii-east, witli springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the •' Early Scarlet " strawberry, some ten days or two weeks in advance of others, who have the same variety on warm soils and upon level exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or springy, cold soils, should never be selected. Season for Transplanting and Preparation of Plants. South of Pliiladelphia, the best season for forming new plantations is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to transplant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust or the like; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by frosts of Winter. The plants, when set, should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable, one hermaphi'odite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants. 2\me of Ripening. This varies according to latitude. In the latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the 25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree of lati- tude a difference of ten days may be counted on, either earlier or later, as you go north or south. The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering. If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken, of eight feet square, the fii'st two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and fruit at its usual time; the next two feet shall have only its first fruit- stems plucked when just about to bloom; the third shall have its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no moisture after the first cutting for a space of ten days or two weeks. The result will be a succession of fruit in order. Modes of Culture. Different varieties require measurably different modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit. That of 4:76 THE STEAWBEERT. cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a hill, the runners regularly desti'oyed, is most successful with the Wood and Alpine varieties, and is the only successful mode of growing any of the English varieties ; it also returns the largest and most perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to compare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which have been successfully and largely practiced in this country, and are thus described by A. J. Downing : " Culture in Hows. The rows should be two feet apart, and the plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, fi'om one foot to eighteen inches is sufficient. Tlie runners must be kept down by cutting them off at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every Autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. " A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in the Fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold Winter, Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be covered with straw or new-mown grass to keep it clean, A planta- tion in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must always be renewed after the fourth year." Culture in Alternate Strips. " Strike out the rows three feet apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to take possession of every alternate strip of three feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The occupied strip, or bed of runners, will now give a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new space alloted to them, and will perhaps require a par- tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case — say about the middle of August — dig under the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinach, wdiich will come off before the next season of fruits. " In this way, the strips or beds occupied by the plants are re- versed every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be con- tinued in a productive state for many years." SPECIFIC NUTRITION. 477 Specific Nutrition. R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : " I fertilize the plants, on opening of Spring, with a liberal sprinkling of a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium, Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week, or ten days, until they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen." An old recipe, published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia, says that " a bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in full bloom, the following preparation : " Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quarter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water, one-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening." If dry weather, free application of clear soft water should be made between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of the Western soils there is, as yet, no necessity for specific application of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. For field, or market culture, new clover-lye will be found better than specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their susceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ; yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than enhance vigor. We append analysis of the Strawberry plant, made by Mr. Bilius Kirtland, for guidance of those whose grounds have become exhausted, and who prefer this method : Garden Strawberry. In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes : Grains. Silica 6.117 Charcoal and Sand 3.103 Perphosphate of Iron 1.515 Lime 26 539 Magnesia ., 8.908 Sulphuric Acid 1.469 Phosphoric Acid 6.970 Chlorine 708 Potash 33.154 Soda 2.790 Carbonic Acid 23.008 114.281 Organic matter and loss 1.739 116.020 478 THE STEAWBEEET. CLASS I. Most generally esteemed. Boston Pine. American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation ; vines, vigorous. Fruity large, roundish, slightly conical; seeds^ yellow, slightly imbedded color^ deep, rich, shining red ; flesh, pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet, with ? sprightly, agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey is the originator of this variety Its earliness and great productiveness make it highly valuable. Burr's New Pine. Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ] vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive. Fruit, large, obovate, or rounded, light pale red ; seeds^ slightly imbedded : fleshy whitish pink, deli- cate aromatic flavor, sweet, and delicious ; core^ firm, long rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very ear- liest. Genesee, American. Hermaphrodite ; vines, luxuriant ; fruit-stalks, stout, sup- porting the fruit well. Fruit, large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc- tive. Ripens late. Originated with EUwanger and Barry. Hooker. Originated with H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. Esteemed. Herma- phrodite ; vines, vigorous, large broad foliage, hardy, productive, long time in bearing; fruit-stalks, long; truss, large. Fruit, large, obtuse conical, generally regular, but sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, purplish red, surface soft, polished ; seeds, not deeply imbedded ; flesh, fine, sweet, rich, and excellent. IIovey's Seedling. American. Pistillate. Flowers, small ; vines, vigorous ; leaves, broad, roundish, distinct from all other varieties : leaf and fruit-stalks, short and stout. Fruit, very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short neck ; color, when' fully exposed to the sun, dark, rich, shining red ; seeds, dark; flesh, scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of flavor. In' rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator, this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. The " Methven Scarlet" has been largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seedling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in Winter. MOST G-ENEEALLT ESTEEMED. 4Y9 Hudson. Hudson's Bay, Old Hudson, Late Scarlet, American Scarlet, Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than an/ other variety ; its har- dihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine, rich, acid flavor, so valuable for preserving, will continue for years to bring it abundantly to the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around Cincinnati it gi-ows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as Longworth's Pro- lific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit, above medium, ovate, often with a neck: seeds, deeply imbedded; color, rich dark glossy red ; flesh, firm, of a high, brisk acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until fully matured. Season, rather late. Jennet's Seedling. Valuable for ripening late — say one week after '• Longworth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dundee " — and for its firm texture, and desirable qualities as a .variety for preserving. Flowers, pistillate : vines, very hardy; leaf and fruit-stems, both long, stiff, and upright ; calyx, very large, dis- tinctive. Fruit, large very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich, glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded : flesh, white, tinged with pink at the core, while the red of surface is shaded in one- sixteenth of distance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious; core, long conical, open texture, sometimes, hol- low. Season, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathered from less than three-quarters of an acre. Longworth's Pkolific, Sclmeike's Seedling. Originated at Cincinnati at the same time as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar ground ; both on the land of Mr. Longworth known as the •• Garden of Eden." For market culture we re- gard it of more value than McAvoy's Superior. Flowers, hermaphrodite; vines, hardy; foot- stalks, long, stout; leaf, broad, round, bold, up- right, with a curve ; trusses, large, full, stand up well from the ground ; productive, regular, and sure bearer. Fruit, above medium 'to large, gen- erally regular, roundish or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or coxcomb ; color, rich, dark uii.ii^un J seeds, small, deeply imbedded ; flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim surrounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high, not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate, and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season" or with " Hudson." crimson 480 THE STKAWBEREY. Large Eari.y Scarlet. Early Virginia. American. Hermaphrodite. With some this is regarded as the best early berry. Its chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruity medium, roundish orate, bright scarlet ; seeds^ deeply im- bedded ■ fleshy tender, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early. Vfe think '"Jenny Lind " will prove superior to this, and take its place. McAvoy's Superior. McAvoy's No. 13. Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. 1851. Flowers, pistillate; vines, hardy; foliage, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ; trusses, full, and well- formed. Fruit, very large, exceeding by one-eighth that of any other va- riety ; form, varied, as shown in our drawings, generally roundish, irregu- lar conical, and occasionally slightly necked ; color, rich, dark, glossj^ crimson ; seeds, large, slightly imbedded : flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely fine, high flavor; core, round oblong, rather open and coarse in texture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances; desirable for private gardens. Ripens at medium season. Monroe Scarlet. American. Pistillate. Plants, vigorous, prolific. Fruit, large, round- ish, short neck, fair flavor; flesh, firm. Valuable market sort. Walker's Seedling. American. Staminate. Fruit, medium size, roundish conical, very dark crimson; seed, moderately sunk; flesh, not quite solid, deeply stained with red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best ;" prolific for a staminate. MOST GENEEALLY ESTEEMED. 481 Prolific Hautbois. Laftiyette, of some. La Grange, of some. ay-^ Conical Hautbois, I Double Bearing, | Musk Hautbois, | Caperon Royal, j Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of strawber- ries, this \Ye regard as the only one worth cultivating ; and even this is only adapted to private gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky flavor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varieties, imparts a richness and character that few can avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both sexes require to be carefully selected in order to give product. Foot-stalks, long, bearing the fruit above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very ,^ productive. Fruity medium, sometimes large, rounded conical, dark purplish red ) seeds, light crim- son, prominent ; jlesh^ firm, musky, very rich, sweet and delicious: core^ ovate conical, partially hollow. Ptipens with "'Wes- tern Queen ;" and sometimes, when the season is rainy, gives a partial second crop. John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois of Myatt is a larger fruit and bearer than above. Western Queen. Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy; foot-sialks, long; foliage, dark, acumi- nate ; truss, well spread, very productive. Fruit. medium to largo, regular rounded conical, very little inclination to form a neck: color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds.^ dark : flesh., yellowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and agreeable flavor ; core., long, conical. This variety bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as larger than Hud,son or Willey, should supersede them. Willey. Wiley. American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its name.) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha- racter allied to. but yet varied. Fruit, medium to large, ovate conical rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red; flesh., firm, juicy, high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines.^ very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially lessened in size. Wilson's Albany. Ptaised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Flowers, pistillate ; vines, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit, large, broadly conic, pointed ; color., deep crimson ; fleshy crimson, tender,' with a brisk acid fla- vor: a promising variety. The introduction of this, as well as most other Northern varieties, at the Southwest, should be done cautiousl)', as it is doubtful whether they will bear the heat of Southern summers. 21 482 THE STRAWBERRY. CLASS II. New and untested varieties^ or adapted to certain localities. Admiral Dundas. English. New. Foliage, small. Fruit, large, irregular, conical flat- tened, pale scarlet, yellowish, seeds slightly imbedded ; flesh, pale red, hol- low, juicy : " good." (Hov. Mag.) Ajax. English. Staminate. Fruit, globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson, fine flavor. New. Alice Maude. Princess Alice Maude. English. Hermaphrodite. Large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy, flavor sprightly, abundant bearer; grown largely in some sections of Virginia. BicTON Pine. English. Staminate. Fruit, large, long oval, flattened, bluish white. For amateurs only. Bishop's Orange. Orange Hudson's Bay, | Bishop's New. Pistillate. Medium, light orange scarlet, conical; fruits in clusters, moderately prolific. Desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. Black Prince. Black Imperial. English. Pistillate. Large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds, slightly imbedded, very showy; flesh, rich, red, sweet; in some localities — as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit — proves of the very highest flavor; wants a rich, loamy clay; core, full, firm, surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince, which is long, conical, somewhat acid. Brewer's Emperur. English. Staminate. Large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro- ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has not as yet been much disseminated. Brighton Pine. Raised by Mr. Scott, of Brighton. Mass. An early and prolific variety, much lauded by Mr. Hovey, from whose magazine we extract description : Vines, vigorous, hardy. Fruit, large, roundish conical, dark red ; flesh, tinged with scarlet, sprightly, high flavor. Ripens among the verv earliest. Brilliant. American. Hermaphrodite. Flowers, large. Fruit, large, conical, deep crimson; flavor, excellent. Productive; plants vigorous. (W. R. P., in Hort.) '^~ TUSfTESTED VARIETIES, ETC. 483 British Queen. Myatt's British. Queen. English. Stamiiiate. Large, roundisli, scarlet, rich : poor bearer. Burr's SEEOLiNa. Burr's Staminate Seedling, | Burr's Old Seedling. American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, light green : vines, strong, vigorous and hardy. Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed, light-colored ; color, light pale red ; flesh, tender, mild, and pleasant flavor, does not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market. Productive, and, as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable. Caleb Cope. American. Pistillate. Large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh, white ; flavor, good. Prolific. Captain Cook. English. New. Vines, said to be strong and haray ] great bearer. Fruit, large, firm, bright scarlet. Charlotte. American. Pistillate. Flowers, medium; foliage, broad. Fruit, large, obovate ; color, dark scarlet • flesh, sweet, sprightly flavor. Productive. (W. R. P., in Hort.) Cleveland. American. Hermaphrodite. Leaf, large, ovate rounded, dark green. Fruit, large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular ; color, dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion : seeds, ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh, firm, of pine-apple flavor, rich, and deli- cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve- land, Ohio. Climax. Climax Scarlet. American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, slightly necked, light scarlet, rather acid. Very productive. (E. and B.) Cornucopia. American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, conical, scarlet. Productive. (W. R. P., in Hort.) Crescent Seedling. A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We have been unable to examine it. It requires further testing. Crimson Cone. Dutch Berry, | Scotch Pineapple. Pistillate. Flowers, medium. Fruit, large, conical, good flavor, slightly acid. Vines, vigorous, requiring .«pace : productive. An old market sort. Superseded. 484 THE STEAWBEEET. Gushing. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large; color, light scarlet; form, obtuse conical ; flesh, fine; flavor, sprightly, agreeable. Productive. Ori- ginated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle. of Philadelphia. DuCHESSE DE TrEVISE. A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus describes it : " Presented to the Society by M. Jamin. Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, September 6th, 1851. Fruit, middle-sized, ovate, deep red : seeds, small, rather deeply imbedded ; flesh, pale red, juicy, with a brisk, rich flavor ; leaves, large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf- stalks, moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon- tally, but those on the scapes and runners are depressed. Appears to be a good bearer." Duncan's Seedling. English. New. Fruit, large, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive. Lately introduced. Dundee. Scotch. Pistillate; leaves, light green; foot and fruit-stalks, long, sup- porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich acid, high flavor very productive : extremely valuable as market berry, its period of ripening being from five to ten days after Wiley or Hudson. Vines, very hardy. Duke of Kent. Duke of Kent's -Bcarlet, | Austrian Scarlet, | Early Prolific Scarlet. English. Staminate. Fruit, small, roundish conical, bright scarlet, sharp, rather acid flavor : valuable only on account of its early period of ripening. Vines, hardy. FiLLBASKET. English. New. Vines, strong. Fruit, large, round, bright scarlet, firm ; great bearer. Germantown. Young's Seedling. From Germantown, Pa. Vines, vigorous, hardy, productive, long time in bearing. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, regular, rich, dark crimson, firm, sweet, high flavor ; promises valuable for market pur- poses. Green Strawberry. Green Pine, | Green Wood, | Green Alpine. Cultivated only by the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green. IIautbois Seedling. Pealiody Seedling. American. New. Origin, C. A. Peabody. Columbus, Geo. Herma- phrodite. Hardy, vigorous plant, withstanding both cold and heat without injury. Fruit, bonie upon tall stalks, and attached to the calyx by a coral- UNTESTED VAEIETIES, ETC. 485 like neck, without ^ceds; size, large ; form, irregular, conical ovate, com- pressed ; color, rich, dark crimson : flesh, firm, melting, juicy, exquisite, pine flavor ; prolific, and bears carriage well. Hooper's Seedling. English. Staminate. Fruit, medium, conical, dark rich red, good flavor ; productive. Late. Iowa Male. "Washington. American. Staminate. Fruit, medium, I'ound conical ; seed.s, deeply imbedded; color, pale red; core, ovate conical, marked with a greenish line • flesh, yellow ; flavor, delicate ; moderate bearer. Tenny Lind. Staminate. Size, rather large ; form, conical, perfect, generally with short neck ; seeds, moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color, bright light scarlet ; flesh, white, nearly solid, heavy, tender, and juicy ; flavor, plea- sant sub-acid, and, under favorable circumstances, highly perfumed ; quality, "very good." Early, ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Magnifique. American. Pi.stillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant flavor : productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) McAvoy's No. 1. McAvoy's Extra Eed. American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place as •• McAvoy's Superior.'' They are yet comparatively untested, but, with exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large, roundish, scarlet; seed, deeply imbedded ; flesh, stained with red; flavor, agreeable ; the extra red. sub-acid. Methven Scarlet. Methven Castle, 1 Southampton Scarlet, I Ilovey's Seedling, of some, "West, Methven, | Keen's Seedling, of some, "West, | Stoddart's do. •' Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit, large, roundish or cock's- comb shaped; seed, slightly imbedded; color, dull scarlet; flesh, coarse, open texture ; core, large and hollow ; flavor, very indifferent. It some- times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the height of strawberry season. Montevideo Pine. American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage, large ana vigorous ; flowers, very- large. Fruit, large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in Hort.) Moyamensing. American. Pistillate. Foliage, large, crenate serratures. Fruit, large, roundish conical, deep crimson; seed, crimson, set in rather deep depres- sions, with rounded intervals; flesh, red; flavor, fine. Valuable market sort in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 4:86 THE STRAWBEKKT. Necked Pine. Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple. American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, conical, always necked, light scarlet ; flesh, white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant whcji fully ripe ; little grown, except in private gardens at Cincinnati. Omar Pacha. English. Vines, vigorous : a seedling from British Queen. Fruit, large, roundish, cock's-comb form; bright red, with many small, yellow seeds j flesh, white, juicy, sweet. New. Orange Prolific. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, orange scarlet, acid; produc- tive, late. (E. & B.) Pennsylvania. American. Pistillate. Leaf, large, deep green. Fruit, large, broadly conical, dark crimson : seeds, crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im- bedded ; flesh, red ; flavor, fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So ) Prince of Wales. English. New. Said to be very early. Fruit, medium, deep scarlet, fine flavor ; productive. Primate. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; pro- ductive, fine for market. (W. Pt. P. in Hort.) Primordian. American. Pistillate. Flowers, small. Fruit, large, conical, deep scarlet; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) Prolific Hudson. American. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor; ripens gradually. (W. 11. P. in Hort.) Prolific Swainstonk. American. Hermnphrodite. Fruit, large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor, fine ; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) Red Alpine. Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth. Flowers, perfect. Fruit, small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos- soms. The " White Alpine " varies only in the color of its fruit. Red Wood. EnglisTi Rod Wood. The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long continuance; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White Wood varies only in color. untested varieties, etc. 487 Refulgent. American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.) Richardson's Late. American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit, large, roundish, short neck, light scarlet, rich sub-acid, sprightly flavor ; moderately productive. Ripens in succession, until about middle of July. (M. P. W., in Hort.) Rival Hudson. Burr's Rival Hudson. American. Pistillate. Fruit, large, bright scarlet ; flesh, red, firm, sub acid ; very productive. Originated same time as '• Burr's New Pine,'' and is much like "Hudson," its parent. Ross Phcenix. American. Staminate. Fruit, large, roundish, compressed, dark red; flesh, firm, good flavor : generally a poor bearer. Ruby. English. Fruit, medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.) Salter's Versaillaise. English. We copy description of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. So- ciety : Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter. Nurseryman, Hammer- smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit, large, ovate, somethiies flattened or cock's comb-shaped, dark red; seeds, rather deeply imbedded: flesh, pale, juicy, and rich ; leaves, middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks, scapes, and runners, hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A good bearer. Scarlet Nonpareil. English. New. Vines, vigorous. Fruit, large, regular roundish, coni- cal, glossy red ; delicate perfumed flesh. Scott's Seedling. From Brighton, Mass. Staminate. Vines, dwarfish, hardy ; light yel- lowish green foliage. Fruit, medium, conical, crimson scarlet, hollow at core ; flesh, pale red, wanting in flavor. Sir C. Napier. English. Vines, vigorous ; foilage, medium. Fruit, large, roundish cock's comb, glossy scarlet; seeds, yellowish; flesh, pinkish, juicy, slightly musky. Sir Harry. English. Vines, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, cock's-comb form ; flesh, red, solid, delicious, perfumed : fruit-stems, stout. New. (Hov. Mag.) SOUTHBOROUGH. Southlborougli Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling. English. Pistillate. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, sometimes pointed, rich deep scarlet; seeds, small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor; firm 488 TPIE STEAWBEERY. flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con- nection with ''Large Early Scarlet "' (to which it is a good mate), and found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines, hardy : fruit and foot-stalks, short. SwAiNSTONE Seedling. English. Staminate. Fruit, large, ovate, light crimsou, rirni fleshed, rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer. Unique Scarlet. American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious flavor. Moderate bearer. Victoria. Trollope's Victoria. English. Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit, medium to large, round, conical, rich scarlet ; flesh, firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season, with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety, but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any variety under different name. The vines are hardy ; prosnise well. White Alpine. Varies from Pted Alpine only in the color of its fruit. White Bush Alpine. This and Red Bush Alpine diflier from the Alpine previously described, only in not forming runners, but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing through- out the entire season, renders it desirable. They are propagated by divid- ing the roots early in Spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn, N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country. CLASS in. Superseded by better sorts. Aberdeen Bee Hive. English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet. Bain's Extka Eaely. Medium to small, round conical ; flesh, tinged with red, sweet and pleasant. BOSTOCK. llostock. English. Roundish ; poor hearer. BuiSTS Prize. American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm ; moderately productive. Cole's Late Scaklet. English. Medium, deep color; moderate bearer. Cole's Pkolifio. English. Large, conical, good flavor. SUPERSEDED BY BETTER SORTS. 489 Cox'3 Seedling. English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid. COLTJMBtrS, American. Pistillate ; large, dark red, sweet, too tender. Ceimson Pine. Hermaphrodite ; resembles Hudson. Deptfokd Pine. Myatt's Deptford Pine. English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet ; poor bearer ; partially hardy. DOWNTON. Knight's Seedling. English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet; unproductive. Ebeelein's Seedling. American. Hermaphrodite ; vines, vigorous ; flowers, medium ; fruit, medium, conical compressed; seeds, light colored, prominent ; color, dark scarlet ; good, slightly acid flavor. Elton. Elton Pine. English. Staminate; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender; unproductive. Giant Alpine. Medium, globular, tasteless. Globe Hatjtbois. English. Small, globular ; unproductive. GOLIAU. German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous; there is also an English Tariety. Gbove End Scarlet. Atkinson's Scarlet. English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion, acid ; early ; pr«- ductive. Huntsman's. American. Pistillate ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Staminate : Medium, dark scarlet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Keene's Seedling. English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich, high flavor, lender ; unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling, received by N. Long- worth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive. La Liegoise. French. Staminate; medium, bright scarlet; unproductive. Late Pkolific. American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet, Lizzie Eandolph. American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet ; indifferent grower. Myatt's Eliza. English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core, high flavor ; poor bearer. Mottier's Seedling. American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson." Melon. Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color ; dwarf. 21* 490 THE 8TKAWBEEKY. Mtatt's Elbanoe. English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid. Mtatt's Globe. English. Large, roundish, ilne flavor, tender. Mtatt's Mammoth. English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorless, poor bearer. ^Mtatt's Prince Albekt. English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson. Mtatt's Pine. English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor ; poor bearer. Mtatt's Prolific. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor ; not prolific. Ohio Mammoth. American. Staminate ; large, light pale red, conical, hollow core, deficient in flavor ; pooi bearer. Old Pine, or Caroline. Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine, | Pineapple. American. Staminate ; medium, conical, with a neck, bright scarlet, rich flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties. Profusk Scarlet. Areerican. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resembles. Proftision. American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive. Prince of Orleans. Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor. Eoseberrt. English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor ; jjoor bearer. Richardson's Early. American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid. Scioto. American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet. / Scarlet Melting. American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy, good. Taylor's Seedling. American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet and agreeable, hollow core ; unproductive. True Chili. Patagonian, | Greenwell's New Giant, | Greenwell's French. This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit, large, conical, dull red, firm, hollow core. "Wilmot's Superb. English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet ; poor bearer. Wilmot's New Scarlet. English. Large, oval, bright scarlet ; poor bearer. William Henrt Harrison. American. Staminate ; large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh, reddish. Tbllow Chili. Fruit, large, irregular, yellow, firm. SELECT LIST OF FEUITS. We have prepared the following list of Fruits, as most desirable for growing in the several sections of country we have designated. It is not presumed to be a perfect list, or to embrace all the valuable varieties, but it is believed to embrace those most known, proved and esteemed, and comprisable within the bounds of our numbers. Our list embraces, of Apples 40 varieties. Peaches 12 market do. Peaclies 12 gardeu do. Pears 80 varieties. Pears on Quince 20 do. Sweet Cherries 12 do. Duke Cherries. 6 do. Morello Cherries 6 do. Plums 15 do. Nectarines 3 do. Quinces 3 do. Apricots 4 do. Currants 6 do. Hardy Grapes 4 do. Strawberries 6 market sorts. Strawberries 6 garden sorts, Easpberries 6 varieties. Gooseberries 6 do. We have divided the territory as follows : Sec. 1. Embracing Northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Northern Ohio, New York, most of Pennsylvania, and the States east. Sec. 2. Embraces Southern Pennsylvania, Southern and Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, and Northern Missouri. Sec. 3. Includes all territory south of what is noted in the two pre- ceding sections. These sections we use only with the Apple and Pear. With Cherries, and other fruits, we give selections of the best. Perfect drcsnage, and trees with branches near the ground, is essential to successful culture of the Cherry at the South and South-west. Propagated on Morello stocks, they are more hardy, and succeed better than on Mazzard or Mahaleb. We have also endeavored to give the use for which the variety is most adapted, and also its time of ripening. In our illustrations necessary to this end, T stands to designate that it is used for the table, or dessert ; M, that it is profitable as a market variety ; C, that it is among the best for cooking purposes ; b, for baking of sweet apples. Apples tor Section 1. T. Name of Variety. Amer. Summer Pear- I main f Early Harvest T. M. C. Bed Astrachan M. C. Sweet Bough T. b. Primate T. Gravenstein T. CM. Fall Pippin T. M. Lowell T. M. Garden Boyal T. Autumn Bough T. M. Mother T. M. Myer's Nonpareil T. M. Jei-sey Sweet. T. b. Time of Ripening. Aug., Sept. July. July, Aug. Aug. Aug., Sept. Aug., Oct. Oct, Dec. Sept., Oct. Sept., Oct. Sept., Oct. Oct., Jan. Sept., Nov. Sept. Name of Variety. Uses. Jeffries T. M. Fameuse T. M. Baldwin T. M King of Tompkins' Co . T. M. Belmont T. M. Bellflower T. M. C. Bullock's Pippin T. Melon T. M. Kambo T. M. Esopiis Spitzenberg T. M. Westfleld Seek-no- ( further ) Domine Hubbardstown Non- I such f 491 T.M. T.M. T.M. Time of Eipening. Sept., Oct. Oct., Nov Dec, Feb. Dec, Mar Dec, Feb. Dec, Feb. Jan., Mar. Dec, Feb. Nov., Jan. Jan., Mar. Dec, Feb. Jan., Mar. Dec. Feb. 492 SELECT LIST OF FEUITS. Name of Variety. Jonathan Lady Apple Newtown Pippin Paradise Winter Sweet Peclv s Pleasant Ehode Island Greening Swarr Ked Canada Eichmond London Sweet Cogswell Winesap Newtown Spitzen- berg Vandervere of Dow- ning Ladies' Sweet T.M. T.M. T.M. T. M. b. T.M. T. M. C. T.M. T. M. T. M. b. T. M. b. T.M. T. M. C. Time of Eipeni7ig. Jan., Mar- Dec., Mar. Feb., May. Dec., Feb. Dec, Feb. Nov., Mar. Jan., Mar. Jan., Mar. Oct., Dec. Dec, Mar. Jan., Apr. Dec, Feb. T. M. Dec, Mar. . T. M. b. Dec, Apr. Apples fok Section 2. Ainer. Summer Pear- | m main ) Early Harvest T. M. C. Ked Astrachan M. C. SweetBough T.b. Primate T. Iligb Top Sweet b. Ke4 June M. Fall Pippin T.M. Garden Koval . '. T. Giavcustein T. C. M. Mother T.M. Porter T. M. Fall Wine ,. T. Eambo T. M. Smith's Cider T.M. Smokehouse T. M. Jeffries. T.M. Paradise Winter Sweet T. M. Willow Twig M. Newton Spitzenberg. .. T. M. Vaudervere T. M. Winesap T. M. C. Domino T.M. 0. Bullock's Pippin T. M. Talman's Sweet M. b. Pougbkeepsic Eusset. . T. M. Myer's Nonpareil T. M. Ortley T. M. Bellflowor T. IVL Esopus Spitzenberg T. M. Jonathan T. M. Lady Apple T.M. Newtown Pippin T. M. Swaar T. M. Maiden's Blush M. C. Keswick Codliu M. C. Prior's Red M. T. White Pippin T. M. Eaulc's Janet T. M. White Winter Pear- ( rp j^j- main j Apples foe Section 8. Early Harvest T. M. C. Ked June T.M. Julian T. M. Ked Astrachan M. C. Toccoa T. M. Sweet Bough T. M. Am. Summer Pearmain T. Aug. July. July. July, Aug. Aug. Jul)', Aug. July. Sept., Oct. Aug., Sept. Aug., Sept. Sept., Dec. Sept., Oct. Sept., Oct. Oct., Jan. Nov., Feb. Nov., Feb. Aug., Sept. Nov., Jan. Jan., Mar. Dec, Mar. Nov., Jan. Nov., Feb. Dec, Mar. Nov., Jan. Nov., Feb. Dec, Feb. Sept., Oct, Jan., Mar. Dec, Jan. Dec, Feb. Dec, Feb. Nov., Jau. Jan., Mar. Nov., Jan. Sept., Oct. Aug., Sept. Jan., Mar. Jan., Mar. Feb., Apr. Jan., Fob. May. June. July. June, July. July. June. July, Aug. Name of Variety. Uses. ^^^g^^ Maiden's Blush C. Julyi Aug. Garden Koyal T. July, Aug. Autunm Pcarmain T. M. Aug., Sept. Carnation T. M. Aug. Fall Queen M. C. July, Aug. Bohanoa M. C. Aug., Sept. Fall Wine T. Aug., Sept. Fall Pippin T. M. Aug. Dutch Mit;nonne T.M. Sept., Oct. Mala Carle^ T. M. Aug., Sept. White Spanish Keiuette T. M. Oct., Nov. Ne Plus U Itra T. M. Oct. AVaddeirs Hall T. M. Oct., Jan. Mangum T. M. Dec, Mar. Bentley's Sweet T. M. b. Dec, Feb. Nickejack T. M. Dec, July. Carolina Winter Queen T. M. Nov., Jan. Ben Davis T. M. Jan., Mar. Hall T.M. Jan. Disharoon T. M. Oct., Nov. Green Skin T. M. Jan., Mar. Camaks' Sweet T. M. Dec, Mar. Maverack Sweet T. M. b. Jan., Feb. Duckett T. M. Oct., Feb. Berry T. M. Nov., Feb. Bachelor T. M. Oct., Dec. AVhite C. Nov., Jan. HamphiU T. M. Nov., May. Callasaga T.M. Oct., Jan. Eaule's Janet T. jM. Nov., Jan. Jonathan T. M. Oct., Dec Limber Twig T. M. Jan., Mar. Carter .". T. M. Oct., Jan. Peaks fob Section 1. In this we have one column to designate the Stock upon which the variety succeeds best. P, stands for Pear Stock, and Q, for Quince Stock. Stocks. Uses. Jfaturity. Ananas d'EtP .... P. T. M. Aug., Sept. Hartlett P. T. M. Aug., Sept. Belle Lucrative.. P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. Buffum P. T. M. Sept., Oct. BourreLan.gliev.. P. Q. T. M. Nov., Jan. Beurrc Moire.... P. Q. T. M. Nov. Brandvwine P. T. M. Aug., Sept. Bcurre Bosc. ... P. T. Sept., Oct. Beurr«Coit P. T.M. Oct., Nov. Beurre d'Anjou.. P. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. Black Worcester.. P. Cooklug. Nov., Feb. Bloodgood P. T. Aug. Bon Chretien ) ^ T. M. Sept., Oct. Foudantc ) ^ '■ Dearborn s l P T Au" Seedling i ' ' "' „ Doyenne White.. Q. T.M. Oct., Nov. Flemish Beauty.. P. Q. T. M. Sept., Oct. GloutMorcwi... Q. T.M. Dec, Feb. Jalousie deFon- I q rp -^ q^^ teenay Vendee ) ^ Kirtland P. T. M. Sept., Oct. Lawrence P. T. M. Nov., Jan. Louise Bonne de ) q T M Oct. Jersey f ^" Long Green of (. p q rp j^j_ Qgt. Coxe ) ■ ^ Novcau Poitcau.. P. Q. T. M. Nov. Dovenued'Ete... P. T. July, Aug Madelaine P. Q. T. M. Aug. Pound P. Cooking. Dec, Mar. SELECT LIST OF FllUITS. 49J Stooka. Soldat Laboureur j q •d'Esperin f ^' Stevens' Genesee P. Q. Tyson P. Q. 'WinttrNelis P. Jamiuette P. Y/ashington P. Urbaaisto Q. Vicar of Winkfield Q.. Doyenne d'A- j f^ lencon ) "' Beurre St. Ni- ( ^ cholas j ^' Beurre d'Arem- I t> berg f ^• Zoar Beauty P. Payenoy Q. Skinless P. Kostiezer P. Uses. ifaturity. T.M. Dec., Jan. T.M. Sept. T.M. Aug. T.M. Nov., Feb. T. M. C. Dec, Mar. T. M. Sept, T. M. Ocu, Nov. M. 0. Nov.. Jan. Peaks for Section Stocks. Uses. T.M. T.M. T.M. T.M. T.M. T. T. PzAns FOK Section 2. Ananas il' E te P. T. M. Bartlctt P. T.M. Belle Lucrative... P. Q. T.M. BL'urreLanglier... P. Q. T. M. Beurre Moire Q. T. M. Beurre Bosc P. T. Beurre dAnjou... P. Q. T.M. Beurre Easter. Q. T. M. Buffum P. T.M. Black Worcester . . P. Cooking, Bloodgood P. T.M. BonChret'nFon- I p, m -«t d.ante f ^- '■■^^• Dearborn Seedling P. T. Doyenne White. . . P. Q. T. M. Fal.'^^u P. T.M. Flcmisli Beauty. . . P. Q. T. M. Glout Morceau.... Q. T.M. Jalousie de Fon- | ^ ,„ -. r tonay Vendee, f ^- -^- ^^• Louise Bonne I q T jSI de Jersey \ "' " Lawrence P. T. M. Long Green of ( p m -.r Coxe (■ ^* ■^•'^^• Lewis P. T.M. Nouvcau Poiteau. P. Q. T.M. Beurre Giffart.... P. Q. T. Beurre St. Ni- / /-> m at cholas.... f *-^- ^•^^■ Pound P. Cooking. SoldatLaboureur I /-> rp -., d'Esperin f ^- ^•^^• Urbaniste Q. T. M. Vicar of Winkfleld Q. M. 0. Seckel P. T.M. Stevens' Genesee. P. Q. T.M. Tyson P. Q. T. M. St. Ghislain P. Q. T. M. Winter Nelis P. T.M. Jaminette P. T.M. Duchess d'An- ] rt w -\r gouleme f ^^^ ^'^'■^ Washington P. T.M. Madeleine P. Q. T. M. Beurre d'Arem- I jj rn -\r berg f ^- ^-^^l- Skinless P. T. Bostiezer P. T. M. Nov., Jan. Nov. Dec, Feb. Aug. Oct, Aug. Las't Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Oct., Nov. Oct. Sept., Oct. Oct. Jan., Mar. Sept. Nov., Jan. July. Sept. July. Sept., Oct. Oct. Sept. Nov., Jan. Sept. Sept. Nov. Sept., Oct. Oct., Jan. Oct., Nov. July. Oct., Nov. Nov., Dec. Nov., Dec. Sept., Oct. Oct., Dec Sept., Oct. Sept. Aug. Sept. Nov., Jan. Nov., Feb. Aug., Sept. Aug., Sept. July, Aug. Nov., Jan. July, Aug. Aug. T.M. T. M. Q. T. M. Q. T, M. Q. T. M. T.M. T.M. Aiumas d'Etc P. Bartlctt P. Belle Lucrative. . . P. Beurre Langlier.. P. Beurre Moire P. Brandy wine P. Beurre Bosc P. Beurre d'Anjou... P. Q. T.M, Beurre d'Arem- / -n berg f ^• Beurre Easter Q. Buffum P. Black Worcester. P. Bloodgood P. BonChrofnFon- dante Doyenne White Duchess d'An- goulemo Doyenne d'Alen^ con Beurre St. Ni- '( q cholas ( ^' Doyenne d'Ete P. Franklin P. Fulton P. Glout Morceau... Q. Forelle Q. Jaminette P. Jalousie de Fon- j tenay Vendee. (" Louise" Bonne de j q Jersey f ^' Lawrence P. I^ong^^reen of I p_ q ,j,_ j^j_ Q. T.M. T.M. T. M. Cookinc T. T.M. T.M. T.M. T.M. T.M. T. T. M. T.M. T. M. T. M. T.M. ifaturiiy. July, Aug- Early Aug- Aug., Sept. Oct. Sept. July. Sept. Sept. Nov., Dec. Dec, Mar. Aug., Sept. '. Oct., Jan. Last June, Aug., Sept. Aug., Sept. Aug., Sept. Oct. Sept. June. Jan. Sept. Nov., Jan. Sept. Nov., Dec. Q. T. M, Sept. T.M. T.M. Nouveau Poiteau Martin Sec. Pound P. Rostiezer P. Skinless P. Seckel P. Stevens' Genesee.. P. SoldatLaboureur \_ ^ d'Esperin I ^• St. Ghislain P. Paycncy Q. Urbaniste Q. Winter Nelis P. Washington P. P. Q. T.M. T.M. Cooking, T.M. T. T.M. Q. T.M. T. M. Q. T.M. T.M. T.IVL T.M. T.M. Aug., Sept Oct., Nov. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct., Dec. July. June. Aug., Sept. Aug., Sept. Oct., Nov. July. Sept. Sept. Oct., Nov. Aug. The Ttvelte best Sweet Citerries. All Cherries ripen, at the South, about one month earlier than the date we have fixed. These are all good market varieties, with the exception of " Delicate," and " Early Purple Guigne." Uses. Maturity. Bello of Orleans Table . . Early Juno, Brant " .. Mid. June. Black Tartarian " . . Last June. Black Hawk " . . Last June. Coe's Transparent, j ,. Last June. or Carolme j Delicate " . . First July. Downer's Late " .. Mid. July. Early Purple Guigne " . . First June. Elton r... " .. Last June. Governor Wood " .. Mid. June. Kii'tland's Mary " .. Last June. Kockport " . . Mid. June. 4U SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. The Six best Duke Chekeibs. Uses. Maturity. Arch Duke Table & Cooking. Early July. Belle de Choisy Table. Last June. Belle Magnifiquo Cooking. July & Aug. May Duke Table. Mid. J uly. Eeine Hortense. Table. June. Vail's August Duke Table & Cooking. Aug. The Six best Morello Chekeibs. Carnation (for ) South) and J- Table & Cooking. July. West I Early Kichmond Cooking. June. Shannon Table & cooking. Mid. July. Donna Maria. . . Cooking. Mid. July. Imperial " Aug. Louis Phillippe " Mid. July. The " Large Morello," originated by Pro- fessor Kirtland, will probably supersede Car- nation, but it is not yet sufficiently tested. The Fifteen best Plums. Maturity at South. At North. Bleecker's Gage First July. Last Aug. Coe's Golden Drop. . . Early Aug. Last Sept. ^South^""'^'"' ^"""^ Early June. Early Orleans Last June. First Aug. Green Gage Early July. Mid. Aug. Imperial Gage First July. First Sept. Jefferson Last July. Last Aug. McLoughlin Last July. Last Aug. Imperial Ottoman Mid. June. Last July. Purple Favorite Mid. July. Last Aug. Purple Gage Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept. Prince's Yellow Gage Mid. June. Early Aug. Eed Gage July. Mid. Aug. Saint Martins Last Aug. First Oct. Washington July. Last Aug. Smith's Orleans July. Last Au_g. The Twelve best Peaches foe Gaedens. Sturtevant Early July. Early Sept. Cooledge's Favorite.. Early July. Last Aug. Early York Mid. June. Mid. Aug. Grosse Mignonne Early July. Mid. Aug. Heath's Cling-stone ( ^^^ g ^ (for the South) . . . ) ' llyslop Cling-stone... First Sept. First Oct. Large Early York Mid. July. Last. Aug. Monis's White, for ( ^^^ j , j^j;^ g ^ preserving j ■' ^ Old Mixon Cling-stone Last July. Early Sept. Old Mixon Free-stone Mid. July. Early Sept. AVard's Free-stone.. . Mid. Aug. Last Sept. Yellow Bareripc Early July. I-ast Aug. YanZandt's Superb. . Early July. Early Sept. The Twelve best Market Peaohbs. Maturity at South, At North. Sturtevant Early July. Mid. Aug. Crawford's Early Mid. July' Early Sepi. Crawford's Late Early Aug. Last Sept. Columbia Early Aug. Early Sept. Heath Cling-stone, \ a„„ (for South) f ^®P- Lemon Cling-stone.. . Early Aug. Sept. Large Early York.. . . Mid. July. Last Aug. President Mid. Aug. Mid. Sept. Ward's Free-stone... Early Sept. Early Oct Yellow Kareripe Early July. Last Aug. Walter's Early Early July. Last Aug. Troth's Early Eed Mid. June. Last July. Hyslop's Cling-stone Last Aug. Early Oct The Six best Stkawbekeies, foe Peivatb Gardens. Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson's Albany. Burr's New Pine, McAvoy's Superior, Boston Pine, Jenney's Seedling. The Six best Steawbeekies, foe Market Gaedens. Hovey's Seedling, Hooker, or Wilson's Albany, Large Early Scarlet, Genesee, Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen. In the Southern States, " Moyamensing," and "Bishop's Orange," are to be-prefei-red to " Longworth's Prolific," and " Genesee." The Six best Easpbeeeies. Fastolf, Knevett's Giant, Eed Antwerp, Franconia, Yice-Presid't French, Orange. The Three best Quinces. Orange, Portugal, Eea's Seedling. The Foue best Apricots. Breda, Moorpark, Large Early, Hemskirke, The Thkee best Nectarines. Boston, Early Yiolet, Elrige. The Six best Currants. Cherry, White Dutch, Victoria, Eed Dutch, Knight's Sweet Eed, Black Naples. The Six best Gooseberries. Champagne. Pale Eed, Houghton's Seedling, Green Gage, Crown Bob, Whitesmith. The Four best Habdt Grapes. Delaware, Kebecca, Catawba, Isabella. INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. [The standard names are in Italic letters. The synouj'mous names in Roman.] ALMONDS. PAGE Amaude Commune 43 Amande Pistache 43 Amande SuUane 43 Amandiei- a coque tendre .... 43 Amandier a gros fruit . . . .43 Amandier a gros fruit doux . . .43 Amandier a petit fruit , . . .43 Amandier des Dames . . . . .43 Amandier Peclier 43 Bitter Almond 43 Common Almond 43 Common Sweet 43 Doux a coque tendre 43 Great-fruited Sweet 43 Great Soft-Shell 43 Ladies' Thin-Shell 43 Languedoa 43 Large Persian 43 Long Hard-Shell 43 Long Hard-Shell Almond . . . .43 Ou Amande Princesse 43 Peach Almond 43 Pecher 43 Pistachia Sweet 43 Soft-Shell Sweet 43 Soft-Shell Sweet Almond . . . .43 Sultan 43 Sultan a coque tendre . . . .43 Sultana Sweet Almond . . . .43 APRICOTS. Abricot Commun 46 Abricotier 49 Abricotier blanc 49 Abricotier Hatif 49 Abricot Peche 46 Abricot Precoce 49 Abricot lloyal 48 Alherge 48 Albergier 48 Amande Aveline 45 Ananas 45 Angoumois 47 Anson's 46 Anson's Imperial 46 Blick 47 Blenheim 48 Blotched Learned Turkey . . . .48 Breda 45 Broion^s Early 47 Brown Masculine 49 BniSKeU 48 Burlington 47 PAGE D'Alexandrie 46 De HoUande 45 De Nancy 46 De Nancy 48 De St. Jean 46 De St. Jean Rouge 46 Dubois' Early Golden 47 Dubois' Early Golden Apricot . . .47 Dunmore 46 Dunmore's Breda 46 Du Papa 47 Early Golden 47 Early Orange 49 Early Slasculine 49 Early AVhite Masculine . . . .49 Germine 46 Gros d' Alexandria 46 Gros Fruhe 46 Gros Musch 46 Gros Precoce 46 Gros Germine 46 Ilasselnassmandel 45 Hemskirke 45 Hunt's Moorpark 46 Kaisha 47 Lafayette . 47 Large Early 46 Large Bed 47" Large Turkey 48 Moorpark 46 Musch 46 Musch-musch 46 Newhall's Early 48 Noir 47 Oldaker's Moorpark 46 Orange 49 Peach 46 Peche 46 Peche Grosse 46 Persian 49 Persique 45 Purple 47 Bed Masculine 49 Ringold 48 Rom,an 46 Royal 48 Royal George 49 Royal Orange 49 Royal Peach 46 Royal Persian 49 Shaker Para 48 Shipley''s 48 Shipley's Large 48 Sudlow's Moorpark 46 Temples 46 4£>& 496 INDEX OF FiOriTS. PAGE Texas 48 Transparent 46 Turkey 48 Violet 4T Walton Moorpark .... 46 AVhite Algiers 49 AVhite Apricot 49 White MasciUine .... 49 46 IPPLES. Aliiott 121 Abbot Seedling 121 121 Adams Pearmain 121 Agnes 121 Ailes 121 Albemarle Pippin .... 121 Alexander 121 AUeii's Choice 121 Alluin 121 Alprision 184 American Golden Russet . 68 American Golden Pippin . 81 American Mammoth 190 American Benuiy .... 122 American Newtown Pippin 93 American Pippin .... 184 American Red Juneating . 74 American Summer Pearmain 61 American White Winter Calville 193 184 Anglo American .... 122 Api 87 Api noir 184 190 Aromatic Carolina .... . 122 Ashland 122 Ashmore 122 136 Augustine 184 122 Aunt Hannah . 122 Aurore 187 Autumn Bough .... 62 Autumn Pearm.ain 63 Autwnn Pippin .... 123 Autumn Roman .... 184 Autumn Heek-no-fariher 62 62 Autumn Sweet Bougli 62 62 Autuinnal Swaar .... 62 Autumnal Sweet Swaar 62 Averill 123 Avery Sweeting .... 137 Baer 123 Baker's Sweet 123 Bailey Golden 123 Bailey Sweet 123 Bailey Spice . . . . 123 Bald9.vin 63 Baltimore Pippin . . . . ( 4,190 Baltimore 64 Baltimore 113 Barbour 123 Bard Apple 73 Eardin 186 I!:irs . 184 J!,lrr 184 Barrett 184 PAGE Bartlet 185 Barlow 133 Barnhilt 184 Batchelor ....... 64 Bay Apple 72 Beefsteak 124 Bean Sweet 124 Beaxiiy of America .... 184 Beauty 173 Beauty Red 71 Beauty of Kent 184 BeaxL,ty of the West 184 Beard Burden . . . . . .73 Bedfordshire Foundling . . . 184 Belden Sweet 124 Belmont 65 Bellflower 66 Belle-Fleur 191 Eelle-Fleur Rouge 191 Belle et Bonne 81 Bell's Scarlet Pearmain .... 169 Belpre Russet 109 Beleer 124 Ben 187 Ben Davis 124 Bentley's Sweet 65 Bennington 170 Benoni 64 Berry 66 Bethleheinite 67 Better than Good 124 Betsey's Fancy 82 Betsey^s Fancy 124 Bervan 124 Bevan Favorite 124 Big Hill 101 Big Komanite 191 Big Sweet 193 Black Annette 1S4 Black Coal 125 Black Detroit 185 Black Gimflower 184 Black Lady Apple 184 Black Oxford 184 Black Tom 186 Blakely 125 Bledsoe 125 Bledsoe Pippin 125 Blenheim Orange 184 Blenheim Pippi)i 184 Blood 125 Blockley 128 Blue Pearmain 125 Blue Sweet 190 Blush June 105 Boalsburg 125 Boas 125 Bohanon 67 Bonne du Mai 72 Bonum 126 Borsdorff 185 Borsdorffer 186 Boroviisky 185 Bough Ill Boston Russet 109 Bourassa 126 Bowkea, 126 Bonding's Sweet 126 Boxford 185 Brabant Bell/fower . . . .127 Brabant Belle Fleur 127 Bracken 83 INDEX OB'' FEUITS. 497 PAGE Bracy's Seek-no-farther . . . .116 Brandy Apple . . . 1ST Bread and Cheese Apple . 103 Bre,unnam,aib . . 127 Brewer . 185 Brigg''s Auburn . 12T Broadwell . 67 Broadwell Sweet . 67 Brittle Htoeet . . 127 Bromley's Rum . 167 Brooke's Pippin . 127 Brown's Golden Sweet . 112 Brown's Late Queen . . 153 BitePs Mivorite . 129 Buchanaii's Pippin . 128 Buchanan Seedling . . 128 Baff .... . 127 Bi.tffuigton's Early . . 128 BuokingliMn . . 128 Buokman's Pearmain . 187 Buck's County . . 127 Buck's County Pippin . 127 Buck Jfeadoto . . 12S Bullock's Pippin . . 63 Bullripe . 73 Bullet . 185 Burbacker . 75 Burlington Spitzenberg . 04 Burlington Greening . 106 Burr's Winter /Sweet . 128 Burnhap Greening 185, 129 Butter 173, 190 Butter Apple . . 128 Bush .... . 128 Cable's Gilliflower . . 64 Cain .... . 1S8 Oake Apple . 185 Callasagsb . 129 Calville Blanch de Iliver . 193 Calville Rouge . . 191 Calville Rouge de Hiver . 191 Camack's Sweet . 129 Camack's White Sweet . 129 CampflelcL . 129 Canada Reinette . . 69 Canadian Reinette . . 69 Cane .... . 183 Cann .... . 129 Cannahan's Favorite . 129 Cannon Pearmain . . 129 Carpenter . 130 Capendu . . 132 Capron's Pleasant . . 129 Carnahan . 129 Carnation . 69 Caraway Russet . 186 Carolina . 179 Carolina Red June . . 105 Carolina June . . 105 Carolina Winter Queen . 70 Caroline . 185, 130 Caroline . . 179 Carter . 130 Carthouse . . 143 Cash Sweet . 185 Cat Pace . . 130 Cat Head Greening . . 185 Cat Head . . 189 Catshead Beaufin . 190 Catooga . . 180 Catline .... . 185 Cat Pip} in . 130 PAGE Catshead Beauflli 190 Cattail Apple 92 Cayuga Red Streak .... 180 Caywood 131 Champ Sweeting 144 Champlain 131 Challenge 70 Chandler 185 Chalmer's Large 186 Charles Apple 157 Cheesebo rough Russet .... 185 Chester 131 Chief Good 132 Christiana 181 Claremont Pippin . . . . . 186 Churchill Greening .... 131 Clyde Beauty 131 Clarke's Pearmain 181 Coate's Greening 115 Cocklin's Favorite 132 CogsioeU 70 Cogswell Peirmain 70 Cole 132 Cole's Quince 165 Colman 130 Concombue Ancien 179 Connecticut Seek-no-further . . . 114 Connecticut Apple 81 Connecticut Summer Stoeet . . . 185 Conneit's Sweet 183 Conway 182 Cooper's Early Wldta .... 71 Cooper 71 Cooper's Market 132 Cooper's Redling 132 Cornish Arom,atia 71 Cornell's Fancy 1.83 Cornish Gilliflower .... 185 Cornell's Favorite 182 Cornish July-flower 185 Coriandra Rose 1-33 Cos or Caas 185 Cour Pendu Plat 132 Cour Pendu Extra 132 Cour Pendu 133 Cour Pendu Rouge Musque . . . 182 Cour Pendu Rond Gros .... 183 Cour Pendu Musque .... 182 Court of WicJc 183 Court of Wick Pippin .... 183 Court de Wick 138 Cracking 183 Crane's Pippin 96 Cranberry 133 Cranberry Pippin 1S6 Crimson Pippin 135 Crooked Limb Pippin .... 186 Gulp 133 Cuinberland 134 Cumberland Seedling . . ' . . 134 Cumberland Spice 184 Curtis Sweet 134 Dainty Apple 188 Danger's Winter Sweet .... 72 Dapper 134 Darlington 184 Davis 184 Darlington Russet 134 Davis 96 De Bretasjne 69 D'Espagne 179 Delight 185 498 INDEX OF FEUITS. PAGE Dernj NonaurJi 134 De Ratteau 179 Detroit 135 Detroit 96 Devonshire Quarrenden .... 166 Derrick's Graft 166 De Witt 135 Dickson's Emperor .... 134 Dinsmore 134 Dillingham 135 Disharon 73 Doctor 135 Domine 73 Donnelans Seedling .... 186 Downing's Paragon 162 Doximton Pippin 186 Downton Golden Pippin .... 186 Downy 188 Dow's 82 Douse 82 Drap cVOr 72 Ducket 135 Dumelow's Crab 186 Dumelow''s Seedling .... 186 Dumpling 186 Dunlap's Aurora 130 Duches of Oldenburg .... 73 Dutch Codlin 1S6 Dutch Codlin 75 Dutch Mignonne 73 Dutch Pearmain 187 Dyer 73 Eaily Crofton 188 Early Joe 74 Early June 83, 136 Early May 179 Early Pennock 136 Early French Reinette . . . .83 Early Long Stem 136 Early Harvest 83 Early Red Juneating .... 136 Eiirly Red Margaret . . . .136 Early Spice 136 Early Strawberry 74 Early Summer Pearmain .... 61 Early Summer Pippin ... .72 Early Sweet 136 Early Sweet Bough Ill Easter Pippin 186 Edgerly Sweet 123 Edmonton's Aromatic .... 188 Egg Top 186 Egg Top 185 Eighteen Ounce Apple .... 130 Ellis 186 Elton Pippin 186 Emperor Alexander 121 Enfield Permain 136 English Nonsuch 190 English Vandevere ..... 109 English Summer Pearmain ... 63 English Sweeting 187 English Golden Russet .... 186 English Russet 100 English Golden Pippin . . . .187 English Winter 73 Esquire 164 English Codlin 190 Epsy 186 Epsis Sweet 72 Eqiiintely 74 ErnsVs Pippin 137 PAGE Eustis 137 Exquisite 138 Esten 137 Excel 137 Esopus Spitzenburgh .... 75 Ewalt 137 Eve 186 Evening Party 137 Eve Apple 136 Faldwalder 75 Fallawater 75 Fairbanks 138 Fall Beauty 77 Fall Bough 62 Fall Cheese 186 Fall Genneting 138 Fall Harvey 138 Fall Jennetting 138 Fall Pearmain 138 Fall Queen 77 Fall Queen of Kentucky . . .77 Fall Pippin 76 Fall Wine 122 Fall Wine 78 Fall Wine Sap 68 Fall Seek-no-further . . . .138 Fall Vandervere ..... 113 Fama Gusta 186 Fameuse ....... 78 Father Abraham 139 Farley^s Red 138 Favorite 139 Fay''s Russet 139 Feriouillet Gris 186 Fenoxdllet Ro^ige 186 Fenton Sweeting 177 Ferdinand 139 Ferris 139 Ferris 186 risk's Seedling 139 Flat Pippin 164 Fleiner 139 Father Apple 164 Flint Russet 164 Flower of Kent . ■ . . . .187 Flushing Spitsenhurgh . . . 140 Flushing Seek-no-further . . . 116 Ford Apple 139 Forever Pippin _ 185 Fort Miam.i 79 Focht .140 Formosa Pippin 107 Foundling 140 Fulton 79 Funtling 140 Fra7iklin Golden Pippin . . . 140 French Crab 186 French Pippin . . . 161, 186, 107, 147 Frenches Sweet 141 French's Sweet 102 Frith Pitcher 189 Fronclin 141 Fry's Pippin 138 Gabriel 141 Garden Apple 124 Garden Royal 80 Garret-son's Early 141 Garnon's Apple 132 Gate 65 Gavir.i Bellflower 187 George 141 German Green 69 INDEX OF FEUITS. 499 PAGE Giant 187 Gibbon's Smathhouse .... 109 Gibbon's Smokehouse .... 109 Giles 142 Gilpin 142 Gillet's Seedling 108 Glace de Zelande 193 Gloucester Cheese 186 Gloucester Permaia 131 Gloucester White 142 Gloria Mundi 190 Glory of York lOT Goble Russet .142 Golden 18T Golden Apple 18T Golden Ball 81 Golden Drop 133 Golden Goss 142 Golden Harvey 187 Golden Pippin of Michigan . . . 100 Golden Pippin G5, 96 Golden Pippin . . . . 81, 187 Golden Pearmain .... 131, 183 Golden Pearmain 187 Golden Reinette 187 Golden Russet 68 Golden Russet of New York . . . 136 Golden Spice 73 Golden Sweet 80 Goodyear 187 Goodyear's Seedling .... 187 Governor 187 Governor Seward 130 Grandfather 142 Granny Buff 127 Granniwinkle 142 Granny Earl 142 Grand Sachem 187 Grape Vine 129 Gravenstein 81 Grave Slije 81 Gray Apple 99 Gray Pippin 129 Gray Yandervere 82 Greasy Pippin 89, 96 Green Bellflower 96 Green Cheese 142 Green's Choice 142 Green Domine 187 Green Everlasting Synonym . .184 Greenskin 143 Green Mountain Pippin . . . 143 Green Mountain Pippin .... 75 Green Newtown Pippin .... 93 Green Sweet 82 Green Seek-no-further .... 116 Green Winter Pippin .... 93 Green Vandevere 82 Gregson 185 Greyhouse 187 GriTne's Golden Pippin .... 143 Grindstone 184 Grise 99 Gross 64 Gros Api Rouge 87 Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre ... 69 Groton 140 G%My 143 Hain ■ . . .143 llagloe 143 Hallum 121 Uall 143 PAGE Hall's Red . 143 Hamphill 143 Hampshire Greening .... 106 Hampshire Yellow 183 Hannah 187 Hardingham's Russet .... 164 Harkness' New Favorite .... 191 Harmony 136 Harnish 144 Harrison 144 Harris 143 Harrigan 159 Hartford Sweeting .... 144 Harvest Red Streak .... 187 HaskM's Sweet 144 Hawley 82 Hawtlwrnden 144 Hay Maker ,130 Hay's AVinter 116 Hay's Winter Wine 116 Hearfs Pippin 144 Hector 144 Heicke's Winter Sweet .... 88 Helen's Favorite 144 Henrick Sweet Ill Henry Sweet Ill Henry 145 Herman 145 Hepler 187 Hepper 187 Herefordshire Red Streak . . . 191 Herefordshire Pearmain ... 84 Hess 145 Heteriah 188 HexcitVs Sweet 188 Highy^s Sweet , 145 Highlander 146 High Top Sweet 85 Hill's Favorite 146 Hilton 146 Hinchman 161 Hixon's Fivorite 146 Hocking 146 Hogan 73 Hoary Morning 188 Hog Island 175 Hog Pen 162 Holden Pippin 162 Holden 162 Holland Pippin 147 Holland's Sweet 188 Holladay^s Seedling .... 146 HoUandsberry 188 Hollandburgh 188 Hollow Brown Pearmain .... 116 Hollow Core Pippin 96 Homony 172 Hommacher Apfel ..... 130 Hornemaker Pippin 130 Horse Apple 77 Horse Apple 77 Horse Block 156 Honey Greening 82 Honey Sweet 97 Hooker . . . . . . . 146 Housom^s Red . .... 147 Hoover 146 Howe Apple 182 Howard Russet ...... 185 Howard's Sweet 123 Ho^oe's Russet 147 Uuhhardston lifonauch .... 84 500 INDEX OF FEUITS. Hubbardton Pippin Hughes Hunge Hunger JIunier Hunt's Russet . JIunVs Jlusset . Jliirlbut Hurlbut Stripe . Hyde's Sweet Imperial Vandervere Indian Apple Indian Queen Indiana Jannetting Indiana I'a'vorite Inman lola ... Irish Peach Apple Irish Pitclier Iron Apple . Iron Stone Pippin Jabez Sioeet Jackson Jacksonia . Jack Murphy- James River Januarea . Jenny's Seedling Jenkins Jennette Jeniton Jefferson . Jefferson Covnty Jeffries Jersey Greening Jersey Pippin . Jersey Sweeting JeweiVs lied Jewett's fine Red JeweWs Best . Joe Berry . JoJiJi's Sweet Johnson Johnson's Fine AVinter Jonathan Jones' Pippin John Garretson's Early Jucy Bite . Juneating . June . Julin . Juling July Pippin JunnliesTca Kaighn^s Spit^enhuri Kane . ICeiser Keim . Kelley AVhite . Kelsey Kenrirl-^x A iii\imn KenitiKh. FlUlHiKket Kerry Pippin . KetehnnVs Favorite Kes%cii;k Cocllin K'lham ma . King . King Apple King George the Thirc King Pliilip JCing of the Pippins King of Pippins 148 1S8 188 148 68 148 143 148 IIT 113 82 13G 103 148 96 148 ISS 189 127 186 148 149 135 190 155 09 143 149 103 103 85 149 86 96, 106 150 85 149 149 86 94 150 150 183 86 102 141 124 179 136 87 87 83 150 151 188 150 150 G5 150 188 188 188 151 87 ISS 64, 87 152 185 80 188 81 King of TompTcin's County Kingsiey . Kingsbury Russet Kirk's Golden Reinette Kirk's Lemon Pippin Kirkbridge White . Kirke''s Lord Kelson Klaproth . Knight's Codlin . Knight's Golden Pippin Knightwick Pippin Kountz Kohl .... Krowser Lacker Ladies'' Plush . Ladies' Blush Ladies' Sweet Ladies^ Sioeeting Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Lady Apple Lady Finger . Lady Finger Lady de Grey's . Lady Washington Lake .... Lane's Red Streak . Lancaster Lancaster Greening . Lancaster Queen Landon Lane Sweet Landr^im . Laquier Large Golden Pippin Large Red Sweeting . Large Romanite Large Striped Pearmain Large White Juneating Large Yellow Bough . Late Baldwin Late Bough Late Queen Late Golden Sweet . Late Golden Strawberry Leather Coat Russet Lecker Ledge Sweet Leicester Sweet Leland Pippin . Leland Spice . Lemon Pipjnn Levels Liberty . Limber Twig . Lincoln Pippin . Little Pearmain . ],lpi)incot . Loan's English Peartnain Locy .... Londonderry London Sweet . Loudon AVinter Sweet Long Idand Pusset Long John Long John Long Pearmain LongviU's Kernel Long Stem Long Stem Sweet Lop-sided Pearmain Loring Siceet . INDEX OF FRUITS. 501 PAGE Loudon Pippin 156 Loure Queen . 159 ZovetVs Sioeet . . 186 ZotDre Queen . . 156 Lowell . 89 Zuoe's Early Joe . . 189 Lucomhe^s /Seedling . 189 Lyman's Pumpl^in Sweet . 102 Lyscom . 156 Macomber . 156 Macliie's Clyde Beauty . 131 Magnum Bonum . 126 JTaynolia . . 156 Maiden's Apple . . 156 Maiden^s Blmh . 89 Maiden's Bo5oni . 16i) Maiden's Favorite . . 156 Major . 158 Male Carl . . 157 Mamma Beam . . 65 Mangmn . . 90 3fank\'i Codling . 189 Manomet Sioeet . 156 Mnnsijield Russet . 156 Marhle Sweeting . 189 Margai-etha Apfel . 136 Margil . 189 Marietta Russet . 109 Mar^ton^s Red Winter . 158 Marks . 158 Marks ... . 157 Maria Busk . 157 Martin . 90 Maverack''s Sweet , . 90 Matchless . . 94 Mattliew's Stripe . 156 Mauok . 189 Maxfleld . . 90 May .... . 158 May Apple . 189 3fay Seek-no-farther . 189 McAfee's Nonsuch . .. 158 McEntire's Sweeting . . . 189 Mc Henry . . 158 McLMan . . 90 Meachum's Sweet . 160 Mfach . 15S Meigs , 158 Mela Carla . 157 Mela di Carlo . . 157 3feister . 159 Melon .... . 90 Melting , 159 Mett-iii-the-mouth . . 159 Melting-mouth . . 159 Melting Pippin . . 96 Meloin Sweet . . 159 Meniigere . . 189 Menagerie . . 189 Merrill's Sweet . 189 Methodist . . 189 Michael TTenry Pippin . . 91 Mifflin King . 159 MiTlcreek .... . 109 Miller's Best Sort . 164 Miller Apple . 159 Millcreelc Vandervere . 109 Milam .... . 159 Mini>,ter .... . 91 Molasses .... . 190 Monarch .... . 159 Monk's Favorite . 159 Monmouih Pippin Monstrous Pippin Montreal . Moore's Sweeting Moose Morrison''s Red MoVier Mother Dairies . Mountaineer Mountain Pippin ^fountain Sprout Mouse Munson Sweeting Murphy . Murphy's Red . Murray Musk Melon Musk Spice Myer's Nonpareil Mygatt's Bergamot Nantchulee Neisley's Winter Ne Pius Ultra . Nequassa . Neverfail . Neversink . Newark Pippin Neivark King . Newark Sweeting New Jersey Red Streak New Scarlet Nonpareil Newtown Spitsetiberg Newtown Greening . Newtown Pippin Newtown Pippin ofSandert New York Gloria Mundi New York Greening New York Spice Niac Pippin Nicke jack Niger Nix's Green Nodhead Noll's No. 1 Nonpareille . Nonsuch Norfolk Beaupin Northern Sweet Northern Golden Sweet Northern Spy . Norton's Melon Nyack Pippin Oconee Greening Ohio Favorite . Ohio Nonpareil . Ohio Pippin Ohio Wine . Ohio Red. Streak Old English Codlin OWfield . Oldfield Old Golden Pippin Old Pearmain . Old Nonpareil Old Nonsuch Old Royal Russet Old Town Crab Onstine Orange Orange Orange Sweet Oregon Spitzenbergh 502 INDEX OF FEUITS. Orne's Early . Orndorf . , Oriley Ortley Pippin OshorrVs Sweet Osborn's Fall Sweet Osceola Osgood's Favorite Odin . OvermaiVs Sweet Owen's Golden Beauty Ox Apple Ox Eye Oxford Peach . Paradise Winter Sweet Paragon . Parmain d'Ete . Parmin Royal . Pai^son's Early Patterson Sweet Pawpaw . Peach Pond Sweet Pecker Pectus Pleasant Penick Pennock. . Pennock's Red Winter Pennsylvania Vandervi People^s Giioice Petersburg Pippin Petit Api Petit Api Rouge Pfeiffer . Philadelphia Pippin Philadelphia Sweet Phillip's Reinette Philip Rick PhiUp''s Sweet . Phili23pi . Pickman . Pickinan Pippin Pie Apple . Pillikin Pirn's Beauty of the West Pi7it Sweeting . Pine Apple Jiusset PiitsMirgh Pippin Pitzer Hill . Pole Cat . Polly Bright . romme d'Anls . Poniine de Berlin Pomine de Charles Pomrae de Caen Pomine d'Api Rouge Pomnie d'Api Pomme de Neige Pomme de Rose Pomme Grise . Pomme Finale . Pomme Regelans Pomme Royal . Pomme Rose Pomme Roye Pomme AVater . Pompey Porter Portugal Potter's Sweet . Potter's Large Grey Seedling Poughkeepsie Pusset Pound Sweet, of some West PAGE 162 162 96 96 162 162 162 156 190 162 179 190 94 169 97 162 63 84 190 123 162 98 63 97 191 191 191 113 99 93 87 87 163 76 62 183 86 163 163 163 163 147 189 75 163 164 164 101 192 191 186 132 157 69 87 87 78 191 99 157 185 T3, 116 87 191 73 193 100 69 153 188 100 173 PAGB Pound . . * 191 Pound . . . . . . 66, 75 Pound Royal 89, 116 Pound Sweet 102 Pownal Spiteenhurgh . . . .164 Press 190 Press Moing 164 Pride of September 169 Priestley 191 Priestley 185 Priestley's American 191 Priest's Sweet 190 Priinate 101 Prince's Harvest 83 Prince's Red and Green Sweet . . 191 Princesse Noble Zoete .... 182 Prior's Red 101 Progress . . .... 164 Prolific Beauty .'.... 191 Prolific Sweet 190 Pryor's Red 101 PuTnpkin Russet 164 Pumpkin Sweet 102 Putnam Russet 109 Putnam Harvey 164 Putney ite 190 Quaker Pippin 191 Queen's 185 Queen Anne 89, 91 Quince 165 Ragan 165 Rambour d'Ete 192 Rambour Franc 192 Ramdells' Sweet 137 Ramsdell's Sweeting 137 Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin — Sweet . . 187 Randel Bert . ■ 165 RmideVs Rest 165 Raritan Sxveet . ... . . . 166 Raul's Gennetting . . . . . 103 Raul's Janet 103 Raule's Janette . .... 103 RawFs Janet . .... 103 Rawle's Jennette 103 Ray Apple 160 Read's Baker 190 Rebecca 166 Red Ashmore 122 Red AstHcan 104 Red Belle Fleur 191 RedBellflower 191 Red Bough 191 Red Canada 105 Red Cal'ville 191 Red Cathead ... . . 191 Red Cathead ... . . 165 Red Cheek 92, 162 Red Cheek Pippin 92 Red Detroit . . . . . .134 Red Doctor 13£> Red GilUfloxoer 191 Red Gloria Mundi 77 Red Hazel 66 Red Ingestrie 191 Red June 136 Red Jtme 105 Red Juneating ' 74, 136 Red Pearmain 151 Red Pennock 191 Red Phoenix 151 Red Pippin 151 Red Pumpkin Sweet 137 INDEX OF FKUITS. 503 PAGE Hed Quarrenden 166 Red Republican 166 lied Russet 106 Red Russet 18T Red Seek-no-further .... 150, 191 Red Streak 73 Red Streak 191 Red Sioeet 166 Red Sweet Pippin of Indiana . . . 173 Red Spitzenberg 151,166 Red Winter Pearmain . . . 114, 151 Red Winter Calville 191 Red and Green Sweet . . . .191 Red Vandervere 113 Reinette blanche d'Espagne . . . 179 Reinette du Canada 69 Reinette du Canada Blanche ... 69 Reinette du Canada a Cortes ... 69 Reinette Grosse du Canada ... 69 Reinette d'Holland 147 Reinette Triomphante . . . .193 RepiMioan Pippin .... 166 Rhode Island (freening .... 106 Ribbed Pippin 81 Ribstone Pippin 107 Richfield Nonesuch 105 Richard's Grajt 166 Riclimond 107 Ridge Pippin 167 Riest 167 Ritier 166 Rival Golden Pippin 133 River 167 Roadstoton Pippin 167 Rockingham Red 121 Rock Remain 103 Rock Riramon 103 Roclc Apple 167 Rock.port Sweet 167 Roelc Sweet 167 Rome Beauty . . . . los Roman Beauty 103 Romanite 102 Romanite of the West .... 142 Roman Stem. 107 Roseau 192 Roseau 191 Roseau d'Automrie 191 Ross J^onpareil lOS Rough and Ready 101 Round Catshead 1S5 Round Top 1S6 Roxbury Russet 109 Royale d'Angleterre 84 Royal Pearmain . . . . 63, 84 Royal Pippin 64, 130 Rule's Su,m,m.6r Sweeting . . . 192 Rum Apple 167 Rumbo 102 Russian 182, 151 Rymer 191 Sack Apple 166 Sailly Autumn 168 Sam's Crab 189 Sam Rawlings 188 Sanguineus 78 Sapson 170 Sassafras Sweet 144 Scandiana Mala 79 Scarlet Perfume 132 Scarlet Pearmain 151 Scarlet Pearm^ain 169 PAGE Scarlet Nonpareil 192 Schockley 177 Schoomacker 169 Schoolmocker 169 Scollop G-illifiower 168 Scudamus Crab 191 Seago 90 Seek-no-further .... 71, 102, 114 Seek-no-farther of Coxe .... 116 Seever 168 Seever's Red Streak 168 Selvia 168 September 169 Shaker's Yellow 136 Sharp's Spice 78 Sharp e's Early 172 Sheep Nose . . . 188, 68, 151, 186 Sheppard''s Sweet 169 Shipley Green 192 Shippen's Russet 192 Shirley 140 Siberian Crab 169 Sigler's Reel 63 Sinclai)''s Yellow 169 Sine-qua-non 109 Skutik 192 Slingerland Pippin .... 170 Smalley 170 Smathhouse 109 Smith's Cider 110 Smithfield Spice 73 Smith's Superb 110 Smokehouse 109 Snorter 171 Snow 78 Sol Carter 74 Sops in Wine 170 Sops of Wine 170 Sour Bough 172 Spencer Sweeting 144 Spice 170,191 Spice Apple of Va 162 Spiced Oxeye ...... 94 Spice Sweeting 170 Spice Russet 170 Sponge ....... 170 Spotted Pippin 129 Sprague 192 Spring Grove Codlin .... 192 Spring Pippin 170 Springport Pippin 170 Springer's Seedling . . . • 192 Staalclubs 113 Stanard 170 Standard's Seedling 170 Steel's Sweet 192 Stehly 171 St. Lawrence 171 Sterling Beauty 122 Steele's Red AVinter 63 Steele's Red Winter of Michigan . . 105 Straat 171 Stillman's Early 171 Straudt 171 Stroat 171 Strawberry 62 Striped Ashmore 122 Striped Belle Fleur 191 Striped June 124 Striped Juneating 136 Striped Mohawk, 192 Striped Pearm,ain 171 504: INDKX (IF FKUITB. PAGE Striped Rhode Island Greening . . TS Striped Vandervere 113 Siurnier Pippin 171 Sudlow's Fall Pippin 140 Sugar Loaf Greening .... 192 Sugar Loaf Pippin .... 192 Sugar Sweet 172 Summer Eellefleur 172 Summer Bellflower 62 Summer Bellflower 172 Summer Cheese 186 Summer Golden Pippin .... 192 Summer Hagloe 143 Summer Hoise 77 Summer Pearmain 63 Summer Pippin 101, 147 Summer Pippin . . . . .172 Summ,er Queen 172 . Summer Bambo Synonym . . . 192 Swmm.er Rambour 192 Suinmer Russet ' 192 Summ.er Rose 109 Summer Sweet of Ohio .... 85 Summeroui 161 Slimmer Sweet Paradise . . . 172 Summer Bellflower 172 Summum Bonum 132 Superb Sweet 172 Superb 173 Surprise 193 Sutton Beauty 173 Sicaar 110 Sweet Baldwin 193 Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County . 173 Sweet Bellflower 173 Sweet Bough Ill Sweet Golden Pippin .... 62 Sweet Harvest Ill Sweet Fall Pippin 173 Sweet Harvey 173 Sweet June of Illinois .... 85 Sweet Nonsuch 174 Sweet Pearmain Ill Sweet Pippin 1T5 Sweet Pippin 173 Sweet Roinaniie 174 Sweet Red Streak 173 Sweet Russet 164, 170 Sweet Ramho 175 Sweet and Sour 192 Sweet Seek-no-further . . . .142 Sioeet Wine Sap 174 Sweet Swaar 62 Sweet Wine 78 Stceet Wine Sap 174 Sweet Vandevere 173 Swiss Apple 104 Switzer Apple 104 Sylvan Russet 109 Sylvester 175 Tabnan^s Sweeting . _ . . . . 112 Tollman's Sweeting 112 Tallow Apple 89 Tallow Pippin 89 Tart Bough ...... 193 Terry's Red Streak 102 TeiopsJcy 1J5 Tew/csbury Blush 176 Tewksbury Winter Blush .... 176 T/i6Ap]}le 68 Them's Red Streak 193 Tiffs Sweet 113 PAGE Tinmouth ... ... 176 Titus Pippin 193 Toecoa 176 Tolman's Sweeting 112 Tompkins 73 Tom Woodward Pippin .... 96 Townsend 176 Transparent Ppippin .... 133 Transparent de Moscovie .... 193 Transparent de Zurich .... 193 Travers 107 Trenton Early 176 TrumbxiU S%Keiinq 177 Turner's Green 142 Turkey Greening 193 Tulpahocken 75 Twenty Ounce 130 Twenty Ounce Apple 130 Twenty Ounce Pipj)in . . . .393 Twenty Ounce Pipjiin .... 130 Twitc'helPs Sweet 177 Uncle Sam's Best 78 Vandevere 118 Vandervere 94 Vandervere Pippin ... .82, 113 Vandyne 177 Vandyne 96 Vaughan''s Winter 177 Vermont 178 Yictorieuse ReineUe .... 193 Victuals and Drink . . . .193 Virginia Greening 177 A'ireinia Sweet 189 Vrai Drap d'Or 72 WaddeVs Ball 177 Wage7ier 114 Wahr Reinette 69 Waldower 82 Walpole 177 AV'aldener 75 Walworth 17S AValtz Apple 97 Walker's Yelloto 177 Warren Pennock 136 Warren Pippin Synonym . . .96 Washington Ill Washington Royal 178 Watermelon 90 Watkin's Early 61 Watson's A'andervere .... 113 Watson's Dumpling 186 Waxen 65 Waxeii . . 178 Weeks' Pippin 133 AVelcome 125 AVell Apple 73 Wells 73 Well ford's Yelloio 178 WeWs Sweeting 178 WelUngton Apple 186 Westfleld Seek-no further . . .114 Westchester Seek-no-further . . . 139 Wesier7i Spy I'i'S Weston 178 West's Spitzenberg 130 Wetherell's White Sweeting . . .180 Wheeler's Sweet 179 White Apple 65 W/iiie 1T9 White Astrarhan 193 M'hite Beant)/ 179 White BellUower ..... 96 INDEX OF FEUITS. 505 White Bellefleur . White Calville . White Detroit . White Doctor . White Doctor . White Golden Sweet White Hawthornden Wliite Jun eating White Margil . White Pippin White Pippin . White Rambo . White Seeli-no-fm-ther White Seek-no-fiirther White Spanish Reinette White Spice White Sweeting White Vandervere White Wine White Winter Calville White Winter . White Winter Pearmain Whitewater Siceei . Wkitney^s Russet William's Early . William's Early Red . William's Favorite . William's Favorite Red William's Red . William Penn . William Tell Wilis' Sweet Willow Willow Leap Willoin Twig . Willow Leaf Pippin . Wine .... Wine .... Wine Apple Wine of Cole Wine Sap . Wine Sap . Wine Sop . Wine Strawberry Windower . Wing Sweeting. Winn's Russet . Winslow . Winter Chandler Winter Cheese . Winter Cheese . Winter Genneting Winter Grixon . Winter Harvey Winter King Winter Pearmain Winter Pearmain . Winter Pippin of Vermont Winter Pippin of Geneva Winter Queen . Winter Queen . Winter Queening Winter Russet . Winter Seek-no-further Winter Sweet . Winter Wine Winihrop Greening Winthrop Pearmain Wolf's Den Wollaton Pippin Wolman's Harvest . Wonder PAGE 96 193 96 193 179 128 144 179 1S9 96 lis ISO 96 116 179 73 ISO S2 113 193 179 118 ISO ISO 119 119 119 119 119 ISl 164 191 US lis 118 96 186 116 116 TS 86 iir 117 166 82 182 ISl 181 185 142 194 103 185 182 87 84, 159 182 182 182 194 77 194 100 138 88 116 182 182 123 132 109 182 PAGE Woolman's Harvest 109 Woolman's Long. 96 Wood's Greening ..... 115 Wood's Huntingdon 133 Wood's Sweet 117 Woodpecker 63 Woodstock Pippin 184 Woodward's Pippin 96 Wormsley Pippin 194 Wright Apple 182 AVyker Pippin 187 Yacht 183 Yankee Apple 102 Yellow 183 Y"ellow Bellefleur 66 Yellow Bellflower 66 Yellow Grank 183 Yelloxo German Reinette . . . 187 Yellow Harvest 83 Yellow Horse 77 Yellow Ingestrie 194 Yellow Janette 103 Yellow Juneating 83 Yellow Jleadow 183 Yellow Newtown Pippin .... 69 Yellow JVewtown Fippin . . . 119 Yellow Pippin 96, 161 Yellow Pearmain 183 Yellow Vandervere 118 Yopp's Favorite 183 York, Imperial 183 York Russet 164, 185 Yorkshire Greening .... 194 Young's Long Keeper .... 186 Yost 183 Zane 194 Zane Greening 194 Zieber .194 BLACKBERRIES. Bush Blackberry 196 Crystal White 196 Dorchester 196 High Blackberry 196 Lawton 196 Neicman's Tliornlei .... 197 New Rochelle 19G Ruhus Villosus 195 Rubus Villosus 196 Seacor's Mammoth 196 CHERRIES. Adams' Crown 219 Allen's Sweet Montmorency . . . 231 Ainerican Amber 219 Am,erican Heart 204 Amber Gean 219 Amber Heart 222 Amber or Imperial 212 Amber a petit fruit 231 Ambree do Choisy 205 Ambree a gros fruit 205 Anne 219 Ausell's Fine Black 220 Apple Cherry 229 Arch Duke 204 Arden's Early White Heart . . .222 Arden's Heart 222 606 LNDEX OF FKUITS. Armstrong's Bigarreau Bauman^a May Belle Agatha . Belle Audigeoise Belle de Bavay . Belle da Glioisey Belle Magnijique . Belle et Magnifique . Belle de Orleans Belle of Orleans Belle de Petit Brie . Belle de Sceaux Bella Vezzouries Benham's Fine Early Duke Bigarreau .... Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont Bigarreau Belle d'Esperin Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Ilildesheim Bigarreau Couleur de Chair Bigarreau Common . Bigarreau Gaubalis . Bigao^reau Gros Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc Bigarreau Gros Couret Bigarreau Gros Montreux Bigarreau a Gros fruit Kouge Bigarreau Gros Noir . Bigarreau d'Holland . Bigarreau Lauermann Bigarreau de Lyon . Bigarreau de Mai Bigarreau Marbree de Ilildesheim Bigarreau Noir . Bigarreau Noir Tardif Bigarreau Noir Tardive Bigarreau de Rocmonfc Bigarreau Royal Bigarreau Tardif Bigarreau Tardif de Ilildesheim Bishop's Large . Black Bigarreau . Black Bigarreau of Savoy Black Circassian Black Eagle Black Hawk Black Heart Black Honey Black Mazzard Black Orleans . Black Russian . Black Spanish . Black Tartarian Bleeding Heart Bloodgood's Amber . Bloodgood's Honey . Bloodgood's New Honey , Boreatton .... Bouquet Amurelle Brandy Wine . Brant .... Bristol Cherry . Brcnneman's May Brown's Seedling . Buchanan's Early Duke . Bullock's Heart Burr's Seedling Butner''s Black Heart . Butner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche Butner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche Butner's Herr Kirsche Butner's October Butner's October Morello 206, PAGE 215 219 219 209 21T 205 20T 207 205 205 21T 219 219 215 212 209 221 212 209 209 215 212 209 214 214 230 222 215 215 214 219 212 22S 212 222 209 212 212 212 206 228 214 206 206 205 220 228 228 229 ,220 223 206 228 219 219 219 229 229 220 206 228 221 228 215 230 220 220 220 220 220 228 228 ng Butner''s Yellow Carmine Stripe Carnation Caroline . Cerasus Serrulata Cerise Ambree . Cerise a Bouquet Cerise a Courte Queen Cerise Doucette Cerise Guigne Cerise ludulle . Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre Cerise a Noyau Tendre Cerise de la Palembre Cerise de Portugal Cerise de St. Martin . Cerise Tardive . Cerise de Xamer Cerisier a fleurs doubles Cerisier Pleurant Champagne Chatenay . Chevereuse China Bigarreau . Chinese DouMe Floweri. Chinese Heart . Christiana Circassian , . Clarke's Bigarreau . Clarke's Superb Cleveland . Cleveland Bigarreau Cluster Coe's Late Carnation Coe's Transparent . Cosur de Pigeon Common English Common Red Common Sour Cherry Commune . Conestoga . Corona Coroun Corwin Coularde . Couronne . Cream Crown Cuniberland Cumberland Seedling Davenport Davenport's Early Davenport's Early Black De HoUande Delicate . D'Espagne . D'Esperin . De Prusse . DeSpa De 16 a-la-livre . Doctor Donna Mana . Double Heart . Double Flowering Kentish Downer Doicner^s Late Downer's Late Red . JDowning's lied Cheek Downtcm . Dredge's Early 'White Heart Duchess of Pallua Dutch Morello . INDEX OF FEUITS. 507 PAGE Du Nord 228 Du Nord Nouvelle 228 Dwarf DouhU Flowering 229 Eai-ly Black 220 Early Duke . 215 Early May 222 Early Richmond 211 Early Prolific . ; 222 Early Purple Griotte 208 Early Purple Giiigne . 208 Early White Heart 222 Elizabeth .... 22.S Elliott's Favorite 22.S Elkhorn .... 222 Elton 209 English Amber 22.S English Morello 226 Everflowering Cherry 231 Favorite .... 223 Fellow's Seedling 212 Flemish .... 229 Flesh Colored Bigai-reau . 209 Florence .... 210 Four to the Pound 281 Eraser's Black Heart 20fi Fraser's Black Tartarian . 206 Eraser's White Tartarian . 231 Fraser's White Transparent 231 G-ascoigne's Heart 228 Gean Amber 219 German May Duke . 208 Governor Wood 211 Graffion .... 212 Great Bigarreau . 211 Gridley .... 229 Griotte de Portugal . 204 Griotte de Villenues . 207 Groote Princesse 212 Gros Bigarreau Blanc 209 Gros Bigarreau Rouge 230 G-ros Couret 214 Gros Gobet 229 Grosse Bigarreau Ooleur-du-Ch air 209 Grottier Rouge Pale . 2or Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale 207 Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel 222 Guigne Gros Blanc . 209 Guigne Grosse Noir . 220 Guigne Noir Luizante 214 Guigne Noir Luizante . 223 Guigne Noir Tardive 222 Guigne Rouge Hative 228 Guinier a fruit Noir . 220 Harrison Heart 228 Herefordshire Black . 229 Herefordshire Heart . 228 Herefordshire White . 222 Ilildesheim, 212 Hildesheim Bigarreau 212 Hoadley .... 224 Holland Bigarreau . 215 HoUandische Grosse 212 Honey .... 229 Hovey .... 224 Hyde's Red Heart . 229 Hyde's Late Black . 229 Hyde's Seedling 229 Hyde's Jaurie de Prusse 224 Imperial .... 225 Imperial Morello 225 Italian Heart ■212 Jamie de Prusse 224 PAGE Jbo-osot 212 Kennicott 224 Kentish 211, 229 Kentish 280 Kentish Red 211, 230 Keokuk 224 Kirtland's Large Morello .... 225 Kirtland's Mam^moth .... 213 Kirtland's Mary 213 Knevett's Late Bigarreau • . . . 210 Knight's Early Black .... 213 Knight's Late Black .... 230 Lady of the Lake 225 Lady Southampton's Duke . . . 230 Lady Southampton's Golden Drop . . 2.30 Lady Southam,pton's Yellow . . . 230 Large Black Bigarreau .... 222 Large Double Flowering . . . 230 Large Heart-Shaped .... 214 Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau . 209, 214 Large Honey 229 Large May Duke 215 Large Morello 225 Large Morello 226 Large Prool 211 Large Red Bigarreau .... 230 Large White Bigarreau .... 228 Large Wild Black 229 Late Arch Duke 204 Late Bigarreau 225 Late Duke 204 Late Honey 229 Late Kentish 230 Late Morello 226 Lauermann's Kirsche .... 215 Leather Stocking 226 Lemercier of Eand B 217 Lindley 225 Lion's Heart 230 Logan 214 Louis Phillip 226 Lundie Gean 2oO Maocarty 229 Madison 226 Madison Bigarreau 226 Manning's Early Black . . . 230 dfaiming's Late Black .... 230 Manning's Late Black Heai-t . . . 230 Manning's Mottled 215 jVary 226 May Cherry 222 3Iay Duke . . . . ■. .215 Mazzard 228 Merisier a fruit Blanc .... 229 Merville de September .... 226 Millett's Late Heart Duke . . . 215 Monstrouse de Bevay .... 217 3fo7istrouse de Meeel .... 215 Monstrous May 221 Montmorency 229 Montmorency a gros fruit . . . 229 Montmorency a longue queue . . . 211 Morello 226 Morris' Duke 215 Morris' Early Duke 215 Mottled Bigarreau 215 Mnyer's Honey Heart .... 220 Muscat de Prague 211 Napoleon 215 Napoleon Bigarreau 215 New Large Black Bigarreau . . . 214 Ohio Beauty 215 508 INDEX OF FKUITS. PAGE Osceola . 216 Ostheim . . 230 Ortheimer Weichsel . . 230 Ox Heart ..... . 230 Ox Heart . 228 Pie Cherry 211, 230 Pierce\'i Late .... . 226 Pink. Heart .... . 230 PliMnstone Morello . . 227 Pontiac . 216 Portugal Duke .... . 204, 215 Poiohattan .... . 216 Precoce . 222 President . 227 Princess Dulce .... . 230 Prinzessin Kirsche . . 212 Proud foot . 227 Proudfoot's Seedling . . 227 Red Bigarreau . 230 Red Heart . 22S Ped Jacket .... . 217 Peine Horten,S6 . 217 Remington .... . 230 Remington Heart . 280 Remington White Heart . . 230 Richardson ..... . 227 RoherVs Red Heart . . 227 Rockport . 218 Rockport Bigarreau . . 218 Ronald's Black Heart . 206 Ronald's Heart . ^ . . . 206 Ronald's Large Black Heart . . 206 Ronald's Large Morello . 226 Royal Hative .... . 215 Rumsey^s Late Morello . . 230 Schone von Choisy . . 205 Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche . . 220 Serrulated-leaved Cherry . . 229 Shannon . 218 Small May . 222 Spanish Black Heart . . 220 Spanish or Yellow . 230 /Sparhaick's Honey . . 227 Sparahawk's Honey . . 227 Spotted Bigarreau . 215 Steret's May .... . 221 Superb Circassian . 206 Sussex . 211 Sweedish . 222 Sweedish Red Heart . . 22-2 Sweet Monimorency . 231 Tardif de Hildesheim . 212 Tardive de Mons . 226 Tartarian . 206 Tecumseh . 21S The Doctor .... . 209 Thompson's Duke . 215 Toliacco Leaved . 231 Townsend . 227 Tradescant Black Heart . . 222 Transparent .... . 281 Transparent Gean . 231 Transparent Gidgne . 281 Triomph of Cumberland . . 221 Turkey Bigarreau ... 2; 2, 215, 228 VaiVs August Duke . 218 A'ery Large Heart . 230 Virginia 3Iay Duke, . 281 Virginian May . 211 Virginian Wild Cherry . 231 Walsh's Seedling . . . . . 227 Ward's Bigarreau . . . . . 214 PAGE Warren''s Transparent .... 231 Watei^loo 228 Wax Cherry 207 Weeping or All Saints .... 231 Wellington 231 Wendell's Mottled 219 Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau . . . 219 Werder's Marly Plack .... 228 Werdersche Frue Schwarze Herz Kirsche 228 W^est's White Heart 212 AVhite Bigarreau 212 White Bigarreav, 228 White Ox Heart 128 White Tartarian 231 White Transparent 222 Wild English Cherry 228 Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai . . . 219 Wilkinson 231 Yellow or Golden 230 Yellow Honey 229 YeUow Spanish 212 Yung To 229 CURRAHTS. American Black 285 Attracior 285 Black English 285 Black Grape 284 Black Naples 284 Black Transparent 236 Ghainp)agn& 285 Cherry 234 Common Black 235 Common Red 235 Common White 235 Fertile Currant of Palnau . . . 236 I'ertille d' Angers 235 Goliath 285 Gondouin White 285 Gondouin Red 235 Houghton Castle 235 Jeflerson 236 KnighVs Early Red .... 286 KnighVs Large Red .... 236 KnighVs Sn.oeet Red .... 284 La Caucasse 236 La Haytive 236 Large Red Dutch 284 Lm. Versaillais 286 Large White 235 Long Bunched Red Dutch . . .234 May's Victoria 235 Missouri 236 Missouri Eatable 286 Missouri Fragrant 236 Missouri Large-fruited .... 286 Morgan's Red 234 Morgan's White 235 New Red Dutch 234 New AVhite Dutch 285 Ogden's Black Grape .... 234 J'alnau 236 I^rince Albert 234 Raby Castle 285 Red Dutch 284 Red Grape 236 Red Grape ....... 284 Red Provens 236 Reeve's AVhite 235 Rivers' AVhite Grape 236 Short Bunched Red 236 INDEX OF FRUITS. 509 PAGE Striped Frmted 236 Trmuparent 236 Victoria 235 White Clinton 235 White Crystal 235 White Dutch 285 White Grape 285 White Leghorn ...... 235 White Pearl 23T White Antwerp 237 GOOSEBERRIES. BuerdsilVs Duclwing Capper'' 8 Bunker's Hill Ohdmpagne Collier''s Jolly Angler Crompton Sheba Queen Early Sulphur Green Walnut . Houghton'' 8 Seedling Ironmonger Kee7i's Seedling Massey's Heart of Oak Melling''8 Crown Bob Pale Red . Parkinson''s Laurel Pitmaston Oreen Gage ' Bed Warrington Boaring Lion . Taylor's Bright Venus White Honey . Woodward's White Smith 240 240 240 241 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 241 241 239 241 241 GRAPES. Ada 25T Alexander 262 Alicant 268 Amber Bluscatine 269 American Muscadine .... 263 Amiens 269 Arkansas 255 August Traube 268 Black Burgundy 268 Black Cluster 268 Black Frontignac 268 Black Frontignan 268 Black Hamburgh 267 Black Lisbon 268 Black Morillon 268 Black Orle.ans 268 Black Portugal 268 Black Prince 268 Black Spanish 268 Black Valentia 268 Bland 257 Bland's Madeira 257 Bland's Pale Red 257 Bland's Virginia 2.57 Boston 268 Bourdales dos Hautes Pyrenees . . 268 Brlnckle 258 'Brown Hamburgh 267 Bull or Bullet 262 Bui-gunder 268 Camby's August 258 Cambridge Botanic Garden . . . 268 Canadian Chief 258 Cape Grape 262 Carter 258 "Catawba, 255 PAGE Catawba Tokay . . . . . 255 Cassady . 258 Charter Oak 263 Chasselas 269 Chasselas Blanc 269 Chasselas Dore 269 Chasselas de Fontainebleau . . . 269 Ohilicothe Seedling 263 Child's Seedling 258 Clara 258 Clarence 261 Clermont 263 Clifton's Constantina .... 262 Clinton 253 Columbia 259 Cojicord 269 D'Arbois 269 Decimanner 269 Delaware 256 De St. Jean 268 Bevereux 259 Diana 257 Dutch Hamburg 267 Early Black 268 Early Black July 268 Early White Teneriffe .... 269 Elsenborough 259 Elsinboro' 259 Elsingb'Urgh 259 Emily 259 Fox Grape 263 Frankendale 267 Fromentean 269 Fromentin Rouge 269 Frontniac of Alexandria .... 269 Garrigues 260 Gibraltar 267 Golden Chasselas 269 Graham 260 Gris Rouge 269 Grizzly F'rontignac 268 Grizzly Frontignan .... 268 Hull's Grape . ... . . .260 Hampton Court Vine .... 267 Hirtford Prolijic 260 Heath 256 Herbemont 260 Herbemont Madeira 260 Hudson 260 Hyde's Eliza 263 Imitative Hamburg .... 260 Isabella 2,57 Jacob's Traube 268 James' Seedling 263 Jerusalem Muscat 269 July Grape 268 Kleinbranner 269 Lebanon Seedling 255 Lee's 263 Lenoir 261 Logan 261 Longworth's Ohio 263 Louisa 261 Lunel 269 Madeira . . . . ■ . . . 263 Madeleine 268 Madeleine Noir 263 Malaga 269 Mainmoth 268 Mammoth Catawba .... 263 Marion 261 Marzimmcr 269 510 INDEX OF FRTJIT8. PAGE Minor''s Seedling 268 Missouri . . 261 Missouri Seedling . 261 Morellon Hatif . . 208 Moscado Bianco . 269 Moscatel Common . 269 Moschata Bianca . 269 Muscadine . . 262 Muscat of Alexandria . 269 Muscat d'Alexandria . 269 Muscat Blanc . 269 Muscat Blanc de Jura . 269 Muscat Gris . 268 Muscat Noil- . 268 Muscat Noir de Jura . 268 Muscat Noir Ordinaire . 268 Muscat Rouge . . 268 Muscateller . 269 Nepean's Constantia . 269 Northern Muscadine . 263 Northern Muscadine . 261 Norton's Seedling . 261 Norton^s Virginia . 261 Ohio . . 262 Passe longue Musque . 269 Passe Musque . . 269 JPiiuline . 2C2 Pennsylvania . . 263 Pineau . 268 Pocock's Damascus . 268 Pond''s Seedling . 263 Powell . 257 Purple Constantia . 268 Purple Frontignan . 268 Purple Hamburg . 26T Raahe, . 262 Kaab'se No. 1 . . 258 No. 2 . . 259 No. 3 . . 262 No. 4 . . 258 Raisin de Champagne . 269 Raisin de Frontignan . 269 Raisin Precoce . . 268 Ranfolak . . 269 Ranfoliga . . 269 Rebecca . 262 Red Constantia . . 268 Red Hamburgh . . 267 Red Muncy . 255 Red Traminer . . 269 Roanoke . . 262 Rothclauser . 269 Rothedel . . 269 Rothfranken . 269 Roth Reifler . 269 Rother Klevner . . 269 Rother Traminer . 269 Royal Muscadine . . 269 f^ali.sliurv Violet . 267 Srinn/lk-m. . 262 t^chuylkiU Muscadell . 262 Scuppernong . . 262 Segar Box . . 262 Shaker Grape . . 260 Sherman . . 268 ShuriUps Seedling . 263 Singleton .... . 255 Sir A. Pytohe's Black . 268 Sir William Rowley's Blac c . 268 Small Black Cluster . . 268 Smart's Elsingburg . . 259 Spring Mill Constant! d, . 262 PAGE St. Clauser 269 Stewart's Black Prince .... 268 Sumpter 261 Tajt 263 Tasker's Grape 262 To Kalon 263 Tokayer 269 Tottenham Park Muscat .... 269 Traminer 269 Troy Grape 263 True Burgundy 268 Union Village 260 Valentine's 267 Warren 260 Warren's Black Hamburgh . . . 267 Warrenton 260 White Catawia 263 White Chasselas 269 White Constantia 269 White Frontinac 269 White Frontignan 269 White Muscat 269 White Muscat of Alexandria . . . 269 White Muscat of Lunel . . . .269 Winne 262 Worthington 258 York Madeira 263 2cLne . '. • 263 KECTARINES. Anderson's 271 Anderson's Round 273 Aromatic 271 Barker 271 Black Murry 273 Boston 270 Broomfield 273 Brugnon Hatif 271 Brugnon Red at the Stone . . .271 Brugnon Musque 272 Brugnon Violette Musque . . . 272 Clairmont 271 Common Elruge 271 Cowdry 'White 272 Botvnton 270 Due Du Telliers 271 Due de Tello 271 Due de Tilly 271 Duke of Telliers 271 Du Tilley's 271 Du TiUiers 271 Early Brugnon 271 Early Black 271 Early Black Newington .... 271 Early Newington 271 Early Violet 271 Elruge 271 Emerton's New AVhite .... 272 Fairchild 273 FairchikVs Early 273 Fine Gold-Fleshed 273 Flanders 272 French Newington 273 FrenchYelloxo 271 Genoa or Genoese 273 Golden 273 Hampton Court ...... 271 IJardwieke 272 Hardwicke's Seedling .... 272 Hunt's Early Tawny ..... 272 INDEX OF FEUITS. 511 PAGE Hunt's Large Tawny .... 272 Runfs Tawny 272 Jaune Lisse 273 Large Early Violet 272 Large Scarlet 271 Large White 272 Late Greea 273 Late YeUow 273 Lewis 270 Lord Selsey's Elruge 271 Lucombe's Blacli 271 Lucombe's Seedling 271 3lurrey 273 Murry 273 JsTeaVsWliite 272 JSTewington 273 New Early Newington .... 271 New Scarlet 271 New White 272 Oatland's 271 Old Newington 273 Old Roman 272 Oldenburg 272 Orange 272 Orange 273 Perkin's Seedling 270 Peterborough 273 Petite Violet Hatire 271 Pitmaston's Orange . . . . ' . 272 Prince's Golden 273 Bed Roman 272 Roman 272 Rough Roman 273 Scarlet 273 Scarlet Newington 273 Sion Hill 273 Smith's Newington 273 Spring Grove 271 Stiinwicke 272 Sweet Yellow 273 Temple's 271 Vermash (of some) 278 Violet Grosse 272 Violet red at the Stone . . . .271 Violet Musk 271 Violette Hative 271 William's Orange 272 Williams' Seedling 272 PEACHES. Abricotee 308 Acton Scott 305 Admirable 305 Admirable Jaune 303 Admirable Tardive 305 Alberge 285 AlbergeJuane 285 Algiers Winter 806 Algiers Yellow 306 Almond 805 Allen 293 Anne 805 Apricot Peach ...... 302 Astor . 292 Atwater 298 Austin's Late Bed 292 Avant Blanche 308 Avant Rouge 80T Bachelder 293 Bagby's Large 293 Baldwin's Late 293 PAGE Baltimore Beauty 805 Baltimore Rose 289 Barnard 293 Barrington ...... 293 Baugh ....... 293 Beauty of Beaucaire .... 293 Beauty of Salisbury .... 305 Belle Beaute 2ST Belle de Beazicaire 293 Belle Ghevreuse 305 Belle de Paris 289 Belle de Vitry 805 Belle de Vit/^ ...... 805 Bellegarde ...... 293 Bellis 805 Belzar's Early Rareripe . . . 805 BennetVs Rareripe 305 Bergen's Telloto 285 Blanton Gling 293 Blood Cling 294 Blood Glingstone 294 Bordeaxix Cling 294 Boudin 288 Bourdine 288 Brentford Mignonne . . . .293 Brevoort 285 Brevoort's Morris 285 Brevoort's Seedling Melter . . . 285 Bnggs 293 Brown Nutmeg 307 Buckingham Mignonne .... 293 Bullard's Clingstone .... 305 BiMard's Seedling 305 Burgess Beauty 290 Cable's Early 806 Cable's Earlv Melocoton .... 806 Cable's Late 294 Cable's Late Melocoton .... 294 Cable's Medium Meloeoton . . . 805 Cambridge Belle 294 Canary 305 Carmine 294 Carpenter's White 294 Cdrey's Mammoth Cling . . . 306 Catharine Cling 306 Chancellor 806 Chancelliere 306 Charlotte 806 Chillian 305 Chinese Gling 294 Chinese Peach 294 Claret Clingstone 294 Clarke 294 Clinton 295 Cole's Early Red 295 Cole's White Maloooton .... 288 Colonel Ausley's 293 Columbia 286 Columbus June 295 Congress 306 Congress Cling 806 Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe . . 285 Cooledge's Favorite .... 285 Crawford's Early 285 Crawford's Early Melocoton . . . 285 CroAoford's Late 285 Crawford's Late Melocoton . . . 285 Crawford's Superb Melocoton . . . 285 Crawford's Superb Malacatune . . 285 Cutleaved 806 Doctor Cooper 29T Doonahoo Cling ..... 295 612 INDEX OF FETJITS. Dorsetshire Double Swalsh . Double Mountain Double Montague . Douglas Down Easter . Druid Hill Early Admirable Early Anne Early Barnard . Early Crawford Early Chelmsford, . Early G-alaude . Early Maiden . Early May Early Newington Early Newington . Early Newington Freestone Early Purple Early Purple Avant . Early Red Rareripe . Early Red Nutmeg . Early Hobinson Crusoe Early Royal George . Early Sweet Water . Early Tillotson Early Vineyard Early "White Nutmeg Early York, Early York of New Jersey Eastburn . Eastburn's Choice Edgar's Late Meltirig Edioard''s Late White Eliza Elmira Emperor of Russia Favorite . Favorite Red Fine Ileath Flat Peach of China . Flewellen Cling Fox's Seedling Freestone Heath French Bourdine French Magdalen French Mignoune French Rareripe French Royal G-eorge Fulkerson Fulkerson's Early Oalade George the Fourth . GesVs Superb . Gest's Large Freestone Gold Fleshed . Golden Ball . Golden Mignonue Golden Rareripe Gorgas . . . Green Catharine . Green Nutmeg . Green Rareripe Griffin's Mignoune . Grifli'h's Melocoton . Grimwood's Royal Geor^. Grimwood's New Royal George Grimwood's Royal Char' Griswold . Gros Melocoton Grosse Mignonne . Grosse Pei'rique Rouge 293 PAGE 2S9 SOT 295 295 290 306 295 305 305 293 2S5 295 293 299 28T SOT 2S6 286 2ST 28T 290 SOT 306 SOT SOT 286 2ST SOS 286 288 295 295 306 295 296 296 S06 296 296 2ST 294 296 296 288 288 299 28T 285, 292 293 296 296 296 286 306 306 285 306 285 285 296 29T 305 29T SOT 304 2ST 2ST 306 29T 300 EST PAGE Haine's Early Red ..... 288 Hale 29T Hale's Melocoton 29T Hall's Down Easter 306 Hardy Galande .... 285, 296 IIarker''s Seedling . . . . . 29T Hartshorn . . . . . . 29T Hastings 29T Hatch 29T Hative de Ferrieres .... 29T Heath Free 299 Heath Clingstone 2ST Heath Freestone 299 Henry Clay 29T Hill's Madeira 299 HiWs Chili 298 Hoffman'sTound 300 Hoffner 298 HolTner's Seedling 298 Hogg's Melocoton 290 Honest John 288 Honey Feach 293 Horton's Delicious 298 Hovei/s Cambridge Belle — Synonym . 294 Hubbard's Early 298 Hyslop's Clingstone 2ST Imperial i^Middleton'' s) .... 298 Imperial (PetiVs) 298 Incomparable 298 Indian Peach 286 Ispahan 306 Italian Peach 285 Italian 289 Jackson Cling 298 Jaques' Rareripe 2ST Jagues' Rareripe 2ST Jaquish 28T Java Peach 294 Johnson's Early Purple .... 2ST Jones'' Early 299 Jones'' Large Early .... 299 Jose Sweet 299 Judd's Melting 288 Kennedy's Carolina 288 Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone . . . 288 Kenrick's Heath . . . . . 299 Kew's Early Purple . . . . ' . 306 L' Admirable . 3li5 Lady Anne Stewart 2SS Lady Gallatin 290 Lady Parham 299 Lafiyette SOT Lafayette Clingstone .... SOT La Grange 299 La Koyale 283 Large American Nutmeg .... SOT Large Early York 288 Large French Mignonne .... 28T Large Melting 30T Large Newington 301 Large Red Rareripe .... 2S9, 290 Large Violet 293 Large White Clingstone . . . .292 Large Yellow Rareripe .... 292 Largest Lemon 288 Late Admirable 2S8 Late Admirable Cling . . . .298 Late Chancellor 806 Late Red Rareripe 290 Late Yellow Alberge .... 306 Lemon Clingstone 283 Lincoln ..,..-• 299 INDEX OF FKUITS. 513 LiTingstone's N. T. Rareripe Lockyer's Mignonne Long Yellow Pine Apple Lord Montague's Noblesse Luscious White Kareripe Madeira . IMadeira Freestone . Madelaine de Coursou Madeline of Courson Madeline Kouge Magistrate INIajestrate Malacatune iUalagatune Maiden Malta Malta de Normandie Mammoth . Maria Antoinette Mellishe'a Favorite Melting Merriain . Mignonne . Millet's Mignonne Molden's White Monstrous Clingstone Monstrous JPreestone Monstrous Pavie Monstrous Pompone Montague . Montauban Montgomery's Late Moore's Favorite Moore's June . Morrisania MoiTisiana Pound Morris Bed Rareripe Morris White Morris White Freestone Morris AV'hite Rareripe Morrison's Pound Motteux's . Mrs. Poinsett . iVlulatto Narbonne . NeiU's Early Purple New Cut Leaved Newington Newington Cling Newman . New Royal Charlotte New Royal George . New York Rareripe New York White Clingstone Nivette Nivette Veloute Noilesse . Noisette Nonpareil October Y^ellow . Oldmixon Clearstone Oldmixon Glingsione Oldm,ixon Freestone Old Newington Old Royal Charlotte . Orange Orange Clingstone Orchard Queen Owen .... Owen's Lemon . Owen's Lemon Rareripe Paragon . 286, PAGE 238 SOT 383 301 2SS 299 299 299 299 299 SOT SOT 290 290 299 239 239 295 292 301 3uT 300 2ST SOT 800 800 SOT 800 800 295 295 800 800 800 800 800 239 238 238 288 800 283 800 286 238 2ST 306 301 SOI 801 806 SOT 238 292 239 2S9 801 806 801 306 239 239 2S9 801 806 SOS 801 801 301 301 801 801 Pavie Admirable . . . Pavle Caum . . . . Pavie Monstreux Pavie de Pomponne . Pavie de Pomponne Gross Pavle Rouge de Pompone Peche Jaune . . . . Peche Malte . . . . Peche Royale . . . . Pecher d'Ispahan Peen-To Phfieiger Philadelphia Freestone Pine Apple Clingstone Poinsett Poole's Large Y'ellow Poole's Late Yellow Freestone Poole's Yelloio . . . . Pourpree Hative Pourpree de Normandie . Pourpree Tardive President . . . . President Ghurcli, . Prince John .... Prince's OliTnnm Prince's Eoocelsior . Prince's Paragon Pritice's Red Rareripe . Purple Alberge . . . . Purple Avant Red Alberge Red Avant Red Cheek ...'.'.'. Red Cheek Malocaton Red Heath Red Magdalen ..... 29£ Red Magdaline . . . . . Red Nutmeg Red Rareripe Red Rareripe ...,', Reeve's Favonte Reid's Weeping Reine's des Verger's . . . . Rodinan's Red Ronald's Mignonne Ronald's Seedling Galande Rosanna Rose Rosebanlc ...!,! Rouge Paysanne . . . . " Royal Royal George \ Royal Sovereign ....'. Royal Kensington ....'. Scott's stagnate Scott's Nectar \ Scott's Early Red . . . . . Scott's Nonpareil . . . . ' Selby's Cling \ Serrate Early York . . . . . Serrated Siebott [ I Site's Old Zack '.'.'.'.'. Shanghai \ Skinner's Superb . '. . '. . Slocum's Early Smith's Favorite ...'.'. Smith's Newington Smith's Neioington Smith's Early Newington . . . . Smock Smock Free ..'.'' PAGE . 298 , 300 , 800 , 300 . 800 , 800 , 235 289 , 283 , 806 29-1 SOT 238 288 301 303 303 803 28T 2ST 238 290 803 802 302 303 301 290 235 2ST 285 SOT 290 290 28T •; 299 SOT SOT 289 290 303 808 801 803 293 23T SOT 303 290 299 288 SOT 2ST 28T 302 802 SOT 301 293 236 806 808 803 303 803 808 803 286 SOT SOT 303 514 INDEX OF FSUITS. Smock Clingstone ..... 307 Smooth-leaved Royal George . . . 293 Snow 803 Spring Grove 808 St. George 803 Stftsan'fi Seedling 803 Stewart's Late Galande .... 806 Straviberry ...... 803 Sturtevani 290 Sulhainstead 808 Superb SOT Superb Royal 2S7 Swalze ....... 807 Sioalsh 307 Sweettoaier 807 Swiss Mignonne 287 Stephenson Cling ..... 303 Stump the World 804 S^isquehannah 304 Tat^bell 304 Teton de Venus 2S8 Tice 308 Tice's Red and Yellow . . . .308 Tippecanoe 304 Troth' fi Early lied 304 True Early York 2S6 True Red Magdalen . . . .299 Tufls Early 304 Tuff's Rareripe 304 Unique 306 Tandermark 308 Vanguard 801 Tan ZandVs Superb .... 291 Veloutee Tardive 289 Vineuse 287 Vineuse de Fromentin .... 287 Violette Hative 293 Violette Hative Grosse . . . .293 Walberton 304 Walberton Admirable .... 804 Walter's Early 291 Ward's Free 291 Ward's Freestone 291 Ward's Late Free 291 Washington 291 Washington Clingstone .... 804 Washington Rareripe .... 291 Washington Red Freestone . . . 291 Waxen Rareripe 291 Weeping 308 Weld's Freestone 291 White Avant 808 White Blossom 308 Wliite Blossomed Incomparable . . 308 117(/7<' Ornigstone 292 WliilelU-ath 287 Wliite Imperial 291 AVliite Malacaton 288 White Nutmeg SOS White Rareripe .... 288, 289 Williamson's New York .... 292 Willow Peach 308 Yale's Early 808 Yellow Admirable 308 Yellow Alberge 285 Yellow Barnard 293 Yellow Malagatune 290 Yellow Melocoton 290 Yellow Phie Apple 288 Yellow Rarerijie 285 Yellow Jiareripe 285 Yellow Red Rareripe . . . .292 Zoar Beauty ...... 808 FEABS. PAGE Abbe Edouard 357 Abbe Mongein 857 Abbot 857 Adams ....,,.. 857 Adele de St. Denis 857 Adelaide de Meves 857 Admiral 417 Ah 1 Won Dieu 420 Alexander 857 Alexandrine Douillard .... S5S Alexander Lambre .... 858 Alpha 359 Althorpe Orasanne 859 Amanda's Double 417 Amande Double 417 Amadotte 423 Amirette 417 Ambrette d'Hiver 417 Ambre Gris 417 Amhrosia 417 Amiral 417 Araire Joannet 381 Amoselle 417 Ananas de Courirai .... 353 Ananas 823, 890 Anaiias d'Ete 323 Andrews 358 Angleterre 417 Angleterre Noisette .... 417 Archduc d'Ete 3bl Aston Town 417 Auguste de Maraise .... 859 Autumn Bergam,ot .... 417 Autumn Colmar 417 Auguste Van Krans 349 Badham's SliO Bankerbine 359 Baronne de Mello 357 Barry 859 Bartlett 824 Beadnell 2.61 Beadnell's Seedling 807 Beauchamps 3(56 Beau Present 893 Beau Present d'Artois .... 365 Begy de Vetrans 405 Bein Armudi 807 Belle Angevine 346 Belle Apres Noel 359 Belle d'Aout 418 Belle deBruxelles 418 Belle of Brussels 41S Belle et Bonne 417 Belle Crainese 359 Belle Epine Dumas . . . .800 Belle Excellent 859 Belle de Flanders 337 Belle Fond ante 868 Belle Gabriel 417 Belle de Jersey 346 Belle Julie 360 Belle de Noel 359 Belle de Thouars 359 Belle Lucrative 325 Belle Verge 893 Bellissime d'Ete 421 Bellisshue Jargonelle .... 421 Bellissime Supreme 421 Belmont 417 Benoits 360 Benoist Nouveau 867 ESTDEX OF FKUITS. 515 Bergaloo . Bergamot d'Angleterre Bergamot d'Alencon Bergainot Boussiare Bergamot de Bagi Bergamot Crasanne . Bergamot d'Ete Bergamot d'Hiver Bergamot cV Holland Bergamot de Paques Bergamot Parthetiay Bergainot Banter . Bergamot Suisse Bergamot Sylvange . Bergamot de Touloii^se — synonym Bergamotte Bergamotte Buifo Bergamotte Cadette Bergamotte Crapaud Bergam,otte d''Esperin . Bergamotte de Fougere . Bergamotte Gaudry Bergamotte de Ilamhourg Bergamotte lleimhurg . Bergam,otte Leseble Bergamotte de Millepieds Bergamotte de la Pentecote Bergamotte SieuUe . Bergen Pear . Beri Vaet . Beurre Beurre Adam Bemre Ananas . Beurre d^ Albert Beurre d'Alencon Beurre Aurore . Beurre d'Amanlis Beurre d^Amalis Beurre d'Ambleuse . Beurre d'Ambois Beurre d'Angleterre Beurre d''Anjou Beurre d'' Aremherg Beurre d'Aremberg . Beurre Audusson Beurre d'Argenson . Beurre Auguste Benoits Beurre Audosfson . Beurre Auguste Benoit Beurre d'Austrasie . Beurre Bachelier . Beurre Berckm,an8 Beurre Beauchamps . Beurre Beaulieu , Beurre de Beaumont Beurre Blanc Beurre Blano de Jersey Beurre Bennest Beurre de BoUwiller Beurre de Brignais . Beurre, or Bonne Louise d Beurre Benoits Beurre Benoist Beurre Bosg Beurre Boucquia Beurre Bretonneau . Beurre Brettonneau Beurre Broivyi Beurre Bronsee Beurre Bym,ont Beurr-e Cadet Beurre Caloma . 'Araudore PAGE , 336 422 41T 41S 417 , 420 . 422 41T 417 417 , 417 417 424 425 417 403 366 366 866 366 417 366 syo 36S 36S 868 331 378 368 861 860 418 390 363 417 369 862 862 360 860 417 380 826 339 407 403 364 366 360 392 363 365 366 860 861 886 367 362 418 376 315 364 360 829 419 363 363 360 418 363 860 869 PAGE Beurre Capiaumont . . . . . 869 Beurre Chaptal 871 Beurre de Chameau 879 Beurre Oharron 860 Beurre Clairgeau 866 Beurre Colt 332 Beurre Colinar 418 Beurre Colmar d'Automne . . . 413 Beurre Colmar Gris dit Precel . . 403 Beurre Cornice de Toulon . . . 364 Beurre Crapaud 360 Beurre Curte 373 Beurre Curtet 376 Beurre Delphos 865 Beurre Diet 827 Beurre Doree 860 Beurre Duhaurne 862 Beurre Duhaum,e 365 Beurre Dwoal 418 Beurre Easter ...... 831 Beurre d'Elberg 362 Beurre Epine 861 Beurre Esperiyi 866 Beurre de Flanders 361 Beurre Defais 878 Beurre Fortunee 421 Beurre Fougiere 861 Beurre Gens 862 Beurre Gifford 325 Beurre Giffard 825 Beurre Gris d'Hiver 864 Beurre Gris 860 Beurre Gris d^Hiver Nouveau . . 364 Beurre Gris Superieure .... 864 Beurre Haggenton 396 Beurre Ilameaher 862 Beurre d'Hardenpont .... 839 Beurre Hardy 866 Beurre d'Hiver 372 Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles . . . 831 Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle .... 389 Beurre Incomparable .... 827 Beurre Judes 364 Beurre Kenrick 418 Beurre de Konig of Downing . . . 364 Beurre Knox 418 Beurre de Koninh 864 Beurre Kennes 865 Beurre Kossuth 361- Beurre de Lucon 364 Beurre Leon le Olera .... 365 Beurre Leon le Clero .... 861 Beurre Ixingelier 882 Beurre Magnifique 827 Beurre de Montgeron .... 864 Beurre de Malines 355 Beurre de Mesode 384 Beurre Millet 363 Beiirre Millet of Angers . . . 362 Beurre Moire 328 Beurre Jfoire 828 Beurre MolleVs Guernsey . . . 861 Beurre de Montigeron .... 864 Beurre Nantais 363 Beurre de Nantes 863 Beurre Neille 830 Beurre Noirchain 861 Beurre Naver 865 Beurre d'Or 860 Beurre Oudinot 400 Beurre des Orphelins .... 326 Beurre de Paques 831 516 INDEX OF FKUITS. PAGE Beurre de la Pentacote .... 331 Beurre Phillippe del Fosse . . . 364 Beurre Picquery 352 Beurre Plat 420 Beurre Preblo 361 Beurre Ranee 361 Beurre de Banz 361 Beurre de Rhine 349 Beurre de Bhine 361 Beurre du Roi 360 Beurre Biclielieu 365 Beurre Romain 366 Beurre Romain, 418 Beurre Robin 378 Beurre Rouge 360 Beurre Roupe 831 Beurre Royal 327 Beurre Seutin 418 Beurre Six 365 Beurre Sieulle 378 Beurre Soulange 365 Beurre Spence 337 Beurre Spence 365 Beurre Steilcman 866 Beurre St. Nicolas 331 Beurre Suisse 361 Be/urre Superfine 363 Bmirre Van Marum .... 363 Beurre Van Mens 852 Beurre Vert 360 Beurre de Weiteren .... 364 Beurre de Waterloo 379 Beurre Winter 362 Bezi Blanc 418 Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros . . . 331 Bezi de Chaumontelle .... 372 Bezl de C'hausserie . . . . - . 381 Bezi d'Echassey 381 Bezi d'Esperin 36 Bezi Ileri 418 Bezi de Montigny 366 Bezi de la, Motte . . . . . 367 Bezi de Naples 367 Bezi Royal 418 Bezi Sanspareil 367 Bezi de Spoelberch 412 Bezy d''E&peren 367 Bezy Gamier 367 Bezy Quessoy d''Ete 367 Bishop''s Thumb 418 Black Pear of Worcester . . . .333 Black Worcester 833 Bleelcer''s Meadoto 368 Bloodgood 333 Bon Chretien d'Espagne .... 418 Bon Chretien Turc 418 Bon Chretien d'Ete 424 Bon Chretien Flemish .... 418 Bon Chretien Fondante .... 333 Bon Chretien Spanish .... 418 Bon Gustave 369 Bon d'Ezee 368 Bonne d-^Fzee 36S Bonne des Ilaies 368 Bonne Charlotte 369 Bonne de Malinea 355 Bonne Rouge 884 Bordenave 343 Bosc Sire S37 Bosc's Flasohenbirne .... 829 Bosch 387 Bosche Nouvelle , . . . . 837 PAGE Boston . . , 404 Boston Epargne 889 Boiicquia 419 Boutelle 363 Bouvier Bourgermestre .... 369 Braddiclv's Field Marshal .... 39S Brande^s St. Germ^aiiv .... 369 Brandywine 328 Bretagne Cour 346 Brielmont 369 Bringewood 869 Broca's Bergamot 384 B.''oome Park 419 Brougham . . . . . . 419 Brown St. Germain 348 Buffum 833 Bujaleuf 425 Burgermeister 418 Burgomaster 418 Burlingame 419 Burlinghame 419 Burnett 419 Butter Pear 886, 391 Bymont 363 Cahot 419 Cadillac 419 Caen du France 369 Caillot Rosat 424 Caillot Rosat d'Ete . . . . .424 Calabasse Bosc 829, 845 Calebasse 419 Calebasse Del'cinge 419 Calebasse Double Extra .... 419 Calebasse d'Fte 370 Calebasse Grosse 419 Calebasse d' Holland .... 419 Calhoun 369 Cambridge Sugar Pear .... 3S9 Camerling 371 Camerlyn 370 Canandaigua 370 Canning 3iJl Capiawmont 869 Capsheaf 370 Captif de St. Helena 379 Capucin 419 Cassante de Mars 870 Catherine 370 Catherine Gardette 370 Catillae 419 CatinJca 370 Celestin 413 Cellite 403 Chambers' Large 346 Chambrette 425 Chancellor 371 Chapin 378 Chax>man 419 Chapman's 4U3 Chaptal 371 Charlotte de Brewer .... 372 Charles of Austria 419 Charles d'Autriche 419 Charles Van J/oogten .... 371 Charles Van Mons 871 Chaumontel 872 Chauuiontel d'Ete 421 Cliaumontel ties gros .... 831 Chelmsford 420 Choice d'un Amateur .... 371 Christmas S71 Church . . ..... 872 INDEX OF FEriTS. 517 Citron Citron of Bohemia Citron des Ciirmes Cliira Claire Clinton Clion . Cluster Pear Coffin's Virgalieu Collins Goltnar Cohnar d'Alost Colmar d'Aremberi Colmar des Champs Colmar Charnay Colmar Dore Colmar Ejnne . Colmar Gris Colmar Hardenpoint Colmar d'Hiver . Colmar Jaminette Colmar de Meesier Colmar Neill . Colmar Preule . Colmar de Sille . Colmar Souveraine Colmar Van Mons Colniac Bosc Columbia Columbian Virgalieu . Columbian Virgalouse Coinmodore Comprette Compte, de Flandre Compte de Lamy Compte de Michaux Comte Lelieur . Comtesse d'Alost Comtesse de Lunay Comtesse de Frenol Comatock . Comstock Wilding Conseilleur Ranwez . Conseilleur Ramuez Conseiller de la Cour Cooke Copea Cornells Coter , Countess of Lunay Crasanne . Craxcford . Cresane Croft Castle Cross . Cumberland . CusJdng . Cuvelier . Cyprus Pear Dallas D'Abondance D'Ambre Dana^s No. 16 . Dana's No. 19 . Dana's Seedling No. D' Amour . D'Aremberg Parfait D'Auch D'Austiasie Dean's Deacon Dillen . Dearborn . PAGE . 3T2 . 419 . 843 . 419 . 419 . 419 . 854 . 387 . 420 . 372 . 420 . 372 . 420 . 326 . 417 403, 420 . 372 . 403 . 403 339, 403 . 392 . 420 . 373 . 403 . 403 . 403 852, 403 . 330 . 873 . 373 . 873 . 420 . 420 . 374 . 873 . 423 . 873 872, 879 . 374 . 3S2 . 420 . 420 . 874 . 374 . 400 . 372 . 420 . 375 . 875 . 874 . 420 . 420 . 420 . 420 . 375 . 420 . 875 . 420 . 421 . 875 . 405 . 423 . 875 . 875 . 897 . 420 . 326 . 420 . 392 . 336 . 377 . 420 Deai'born's Seedling De Bavay .... De deimfoix Lane . De Keingheim . Delavouit de Clement Delice d'Hardinpont of Angeri Delices d'Ardenpont . Delices de Charles Delices Charles Van 3Ibns Delices d'Jlardenponi . Delices d^Hardenpont dm Belgium Delies d'Alost . Delices d'Alost . Delices de Mons De LoweOfin De Maune . De Melon . De Mott ... De Sorlus . De Vallee . De Vigne Pelone Deschamps Despoelberg Desiree Van Mons Des Nones . Des NoiMies Des Trois Tours Desiree Cornells Deux Soeurs Diamant Dickerm^an Diel .... Diel's Butterbirne Dikeman . Dillen Diller ■ Dillon Dingier Dix . Docteur Trousseau Docteur Bov/cier Docteur Capron Docteur Letiern Done's Dorathy Royal . Dorr . Double Phillipe . Doii) . Dowlin Downham Seedling Downton . Doyenne . Doyenne D'Affay Doyenne d'Alencon Doyenne d'Automne Doyenne Blanc . Doyenne Boxissouck Doyenne Boussouck Nouv Doyenne du Cornice Doyenne du Comice of An Doyenne Dillen Doyenne Doioning Doyenne d'Ete . Doyenne de Fais Doyenne Galleux Doyenne Gaubalt Doyenne Gray Doyenne Gris Doyenne Gris d'lIiver-Nowoeau Doyenne d'Hiver Doyenne d'Hiver D'Alencon elle Nord ( PAGE . 336 . 876 , 420 , 425 824 334 884 876 370 334 885 331 835 518 INDEX OF FEtriTS. PAGE PAGE Doyenne de Juliet 384 Eigue . . . . 382 Doyenne Musque , 866 Figue de Naples . 382 Doyenne Marbre 335 Eigue of Naples . 382 Doyenne WEiver 420 Figue Vert .... . 382 Doyenne du Printemps 331 Fig Pear of Naples . 882 Doyenne Robin 378 Fig d' Alencon . . 382 Doyenne Rose . 379 Fine Gold of Summer . 421 Doyenne Rouge 835 Fingals .... . . 422 Doyenne Koux . 335 Fin Or d'Ete ... . 421 Doyenne Santellete . 378 Fin Or d'Hiver . . 421 Doyenne Meulle 378 Flemish Beauty . 387 Doyenne White 886 Fleur de Guines . 350 Due d'Aremberg 826 Fleur de Neige . 884 Due de Bordeaux 360 Florimont Parent . . 384 Due de Brabant 879 Fondante .... . 410 Due d'Orleans . 400 Fondante d'Automne . 325 Duchess D'Alost 379 Fondante Agreeable . 883 Duchess of Berri 379 F^ondante du Bois . 830, 337 Duchess de Berri 846 Fondante du Cornice . 379 Duchess de Berry d'Ete of Biv 3rt 834 Fondante des Charneause. . 379 Duehesse (V Angouleme 879 Fondante de Malines . 383 Duchess de Berri d^Ute 379 Fondante de Malines (Esperin) . 383 Duchess de Mars . 879 Fondante de Mons . . 41)3 Duehesse d'Alost 372 Fondante Musquee . . 424 Duehesse of Orleans . 331 Fondante de Noel . 859 Duo d'Orleans . 379 Fondante de Panisee . . 403 Dumas 860 Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule . 876 Dumortier 421 Fondante Serunier de Midlot . 383 Dundas 8S0 Fondante des Pres . . 383 Dunmore . 380 Fondante Van Mons . 383 DuPatre . 331 Forelle .... . 383 Dupuy Charles 881 Forellen-birne . . 883 Duquesne d''Ete 421 Forme de Delices . . 421 Dusnas 410 Forme de Marie Louise . . 398 Du Tonneau 846 Fortunee .... . 421 Early Bergamot ', 421 Foster's St. Michael . 421 Early Beurre 41T Franc Real . 421 Early Butter ofCin. 881 Franc Real d'Ete . 410 Early Catherine 421 Franc Real d'Hiver . 421 Early Denzelona . 421 Frankford . 384 Early Queen 423 Franklin .... . 3S4 Early Roussellet 421 Franklin .... . 393 Early St. Germain 371 Frederic de Wertemburg . . 383 Early Sugar 3S1 Frederic of Werte^nburg . 383 Echasserie . 381 Erederika Bremer . . 384 Echassery . 881 French Jargonelle . . 421 Edicard's Elizabeth 381 Fulton .... . 838 Edward's Henrietta . 890 Gambler .... . 4(13 Eliza d'Heyst . 359 GanseVs Bergamot . . 384 Elizabeth Van Mons . 342 GanseVs Late Bergamot . . 385 Elizabeth Mannings 342 GanseVs Seckel . 385 EUanrioch . 422 Garde d'Ecosse . . 422 Emerald . 421 Gendeslieini . 421 Emile d'Beyst , 8S2 General Lamoriciere . . 895 Emile Bivort . 3S2 General de Lourmel . 385 En/ante Prodige 421 General Taylor . 385 English Autumn Bergamo 417 Gerardin .... . 3S5 English Bergamot 417 Germain Baker . . 846 English Beurre .' 417 Gideon Paridante . . 385 English Red Cheek . 421 Gil-o-gil .... . 422 Epargne 898 Gile-o-gile .... . 422 Epine Dumas 360 Glory of Combrone . . 385 Epine d'Ete 424 Gloxit Morceau . 339 Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose 424 Gloux Morceaux . 839 Epine Rose 424 Golden Beurre . . 860 Episcopal . 421 Golden Beurre of Bilboa . 338 Etourneau . 355 Gore's Heathcot . 389 Eyewood . 882 Goulu Morceau . . 339 Excellentissima . 379 Gracieuse .... . 41T Famenga . 421 Graslin .... . 886 Foaster 368 Grand Monarque . 419 Ferdinand de Meester 424 Grand Soleil . . SS6 INDEX OF FEUITS. 519 PAGE Graves 404 Q-ray Beiirro 360 Gray Butter Peor . . , 835 Gi'ay Deans . . ... 835 Gray Doyenne ...... 335 Great Citron of Bohc/ia . . . 419 Green Catherine .... 421 Green Chisel 422 Green Mountain Boy .... 386 Green Pear of Yair . . . 422 Green Sugar 422 Green Sylvange 42o Green Yair . . ... 422 Green's Germantown .... 371 Gri-ie Bonne 422 Groom's Princess Royal . . . 386 Groom's Princess Royal .... 406 Groote Mogul 419 Grosse Calebasse of LanpUer . . . 363 Grosse Cuisse Madame .... 393 Grosse Dorothee 327 Grosse Miirie 3S6 Gros Micet. d'Ete 410 Gros Romain 41S Gros Rousselet 424 Gros liousselet (PAout .... 386 Guernsey 351 Gurle's Beurre 884 Hacon's Incomparable .... 386 Haddington 387 Uagerman 386 Hampden's Bergamot .... 422 Hampton 386 Hampton 887 Hampton Virgalieu .... 3SS Hamus 3SS Hanners 8SS Hanover 3S8 Hardenpont d'Hiver .... 839 Hardenpont du Printempa . . . 861 Harvest 424 Harvest Pear 881 Harrison's Fall 422 Hivrard 389 Hawe's Winter 389 Hazel 422 Beatkcot 3S9 Hebron 404 Heidelberg 363 Henkel 890 Henrietta 390 Henri Quatre 890 Henri Bivort 390 Henry thi Fourth 890 Hericart 890 Herioart de Thury 890 Hessel 422 Holland Bergamot 417 Honey 891 Hooper's Bilboa 338 Hosen Sclienck 891 Hovey 391 Howell 840 Huguenot 422 Hull 891 Huntington 891 Imperatrice de France .... 337 Incomparable 420 Inconnue Van Mons .... 891 Iron Pear 383 Isambert 360 Isambert le Bon ..... 860 PAGE Island 392 Ives' Bergamot 384 Ives' Bergamot 392 Ives' Pear 892 Ives' Seedling 892 Ives' Virgalieu 892 Jackman's Melting ..... 394 Jackson 392 Jackson Seedling 892 Jaquin 890 Jagdbirne 881 Jalousie 422 Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee . . 840 Jaminette 392 Jargonelle 898 Jargonelle (of the English) . . . 393 Jean de Wiite 898 Jergil's 410 Jersey Gratioli 393 Jilogil 422 Joannette 381 John ........ 423 Johonnot 893 Jones 393 Josephine 392 Josephine de Malines .... 393 Julienne 393 Jules Bivort 398 July Pear 424 Kattern 421 King Edward's 894 Kingsessing 394 Kirtland 341 Kirtland's Beurre 341 Kirtland's Seedling 841 Knevett's New Swan's Egg . . . 423 Knight's Monarch 894 Knight's Seedling 394 Knight's R.I. Seedling . . . .894 Konge 425 La Bonne Malinoise 855 La Fortunee de Paris .... 421 La Fortunee de Parmentier . . . 421 Laherard 395 La Juive 395 Lamoriciere 395 Large Rousselet 424 Large Seckel 868 Las Ganas 395 Late Catherine 424 Laure de Glymes 395 Lawrence 340 Le Cure 354 Leech's Kingsessing 894 Lee's Seedling 395 Leon le Clero 422 Leon le Clerc de Laval .... 422 Leopold! 895 Lenawee 895 Lent St. Germain 346 Lewis 342 Liberate 895 Lieutenant Poitevin .... 396 Limon 396 Linden d'Automne 339 Little Muscat 422 Little Musk 422 Little Swan's Egg 423 Locke 396 Locke's New Beurre 896 Lodge 343 Longue de Monkowty .... S64 520 INDEX OF FEUITS. PAGE LoDgue de Nakourto 864 Long Green of Coxe 341 Lord Cheeney's 41T L'Orpbilines 826 louia Dupont 896 Louise Bosc 866 Lomse Bonne 422 Louise Bonne d'Avranches 845 Louise Bonne de Boulogne 418 Louise Bonne de Jersey . 845 Louise Bonne Real .... 42!i Louise of Orleans .... 852 Louise de Prusse .... 851 Lyctvrgii,s 896 Madeleine ... . . 843 Madam Duear .... 89T Madam Eliza 396 Madam Millet 363 Madotte 428 Magdalen 343 Maloonaitre d''LIaspin, . . . . 39 < Malcomaitre 39 < Marcellis 422 March Bergamotte .... 89« Marechal de la Cour 400 Blaria .... . . 898 Marianne Nouvelle .... 829 Marianne de 2slancy . . . 89T Marie Chretienne .... 398 Marie Parent . ... 39T Marie Lonise 39S Marie Louise Nova .... 8<8 Marie Louise Nova 428 Marie Louise the Second . . . . 873 Martha Ann 89T Martin Seo 39S Marotte Sucre Jaune 403 Maridis 422 Mather . , ... 398 Maynard 398 Mc Laughlin ... 89r Medaille 400 Melon de Kops 82 < Merriwether 411 Mei'riam, . 898 Messire Jean 423 Messire Jean Blanc .... 423 Messire Jean Doree .... 423 Messire Jean Gris .... 428 Miel de Waterloo .... 8V9 Miqnonne d''Hiver .... 898 Michauoi 423 Milanaise Cuvelier .... 355 Miller's Early 403 Millotde Nancy . . . .89 S, 899 Mitchell's Mussel .... 899 Moccas 899 Mollett's Guernsey Chauraontelle . 361 Mon Dieu 420 Monsieur Jean 423 Monsieur le Cure .... 854 Monsigneur Affre .... 399 Monstrous Calabash .... 419 Moor-Fowl Egg .... . 423 Mouth Water 341 Moyiimensing . 399 Bluoille Bouche . 84 1, 410 Mr. John . 423 Muscat rieure . 841 Muscat Rohert . 423 Muscat Petit . 422 Miii^cad/ine . . 8y» PAGE Muskingutn 400 Musk Kobin 423 Musk Summer Bon Chretien . . . 424 Napoleon 400 Naxmnkeag 423 Neill 830 Nellis d'Hiver 355 Ne Plus Meuris 330 Ne Llus Meuris 400 New Autumn 841 New Pear 844 New St. Germain 348 New Swan's Egg 424 New York lied Cheek .... 347 New Frederick of Wurtemburg . . 864 Noel 371 Nonpareil 400 Nouvelle 409 Nouveau Poeteau 344 No. 8 of Van Mens 896 No. 1602 of Van Mons . . . .893 No. 12SS of Van Mons . . . .419 No. 1482 of Van Mons .... 393 No. 1599 of Van Mons . . . .418 No. 1082 of Van Mons . . . .393 Oakley Park 400 Oakley Park Bergamot .... 400 Ognonet 366 Oliver's Pussei 423 Omer Pasha 400 Onondaga 401 Onondaga Seedhng 401 Ontario . 402 Orange Bergamot 402 Orange d'Hiver 425 Orange Pear 402 Orpheline d'Enghein 826 Orpheline Golinar 402 Osband's Favorite 402 Osband's Summer 402 Osborn 402 Oswego 402 Oswego Beurre 402 Oa 846 Oudinoi 402 Owen 423 Oxford Chaumontel 372 Paddock 403 Paddington 417 Pailleau 423 Paquency 847 Parsonage 403 I'ardus, No. 2 370 Paradice d'Aviuinne .... 845 Parkinson's Warden .... 833 Parmentier 8S0 Passans dv, Portugal .... 408 Passe Colmar 403 Passe Colmar Epiueaux .... 403 Passe Colmar Gris 403 Pater Noster 881 Pater Nosier . . . ... .403 Paul Thiclen 403 Payency 847 Payenchi de Perigord .... 847 Payenclii 847 Pendleton 403 Peach Pear 403 Pendleton's Early York Pear . . . 403 Penfield 347 Pengethley 403 Pennsylvania , 404 INDEX OF FKUITS. 521 PAGE Perdrue . . . ... . . 421 Petit Muscat 422 Petit Rousselet 424 Feti-e 404 Philadelphia Latch .... 404 Pliillippe lie Paques 331 PhilUppe Goes 404 Pickering Pear 346 Pine Pear 336 Pinneo 404 Piper • 346 Pitt's Marie Louise 423 PitVs Prolific 423 Pitt's Surpasse Marie .... 423 Pius IX. 404 Piatt's Seedling 404 Plombgastel 410 Plougastel 410 Plumbgartel 410 Plymoutli 834 Pocahontas 405 Poire, d'Aboiidance .... 405 Poire d'Albert 363 Poire d'Albert . • . . . .405 Poire d'Ambois ...... 360 Poire dAv rile 405 Poire Ananas 823, 890 Poire de liavay 376 Poire de Boulogne 413 Poire de Cadet 866 Poire Chenielle 403 Poire de Chypre 421 Poire Davy 33T Poii-e Glace 425 Poire llitelle 407 Poire Guillaume 324 Poire His 35T Poire de Louvain 375 Poire des Nonnes 376 Poire Neill 830 Poire Prince Albert 363 Poire de Payency 347 Poire Prevost 405 Poire de Perigorel 347 Poire Ramean 405 Poire a la Heine 423 Poire des Deux Somrs .... 405 Poire de Rose 424 Poire de Tongres 405 Poire Sans Peau 350 Poire de Printemps 40'J Poire St. Andre 850 Poire St. Menin 410 Poire de Tables des Princes . . . 893 Poire des Princes 421 Poire Truite 3S3 Poire a Gobert 422 Pope's Quaker 423 Pope's Scarlet Major .... 423 Pound 346 Pratt 405 Precel 403 Prevost 405 Present de Malines 403 Primitive 422 Princesse Coquuette 423 Princesse d'Orange 423 Princesse de Parme 893 Princess of Orange .... 423 Prindle 411 Prince Albert 406 Princess Boyal 406 PAGE Prince's St. Germain .... 348 Prince's Green Sugar .... 422 Prince's Sugar Top 424 Providence 834 Pulsiper 406 Queen Caroline 423 Queen of the Low Countries . . . 406 Queen of Pears 423 Queen's Pear 423 Qulttellette 423 lialley 4U6 Papalje 406 Rapalje Seedling ..... 406 Bavenswood 406 Raymond 424 Reading 407 Real Jargonelle 893 Red Cheeli 421 Red Cheelied Seckel . . . • ^47 Red Doyenne 835 Red Muscadel 421 Reed's Seedling 402 Regintin 403 Regnier 336 Reigner 336 Reine Caroline 423 Reine des Pays Bas 406 Reine des Poires ..... 423 Retour de Rome 407 Richards 407 Ricliard's Beurre 424 Ridal 421 Ridtlle's 407 Robertson 356 Robert's Keeping 417 Roi de Rome 400 Koi de Wurtemberg ..... 339 Rondolet ....... 40T Ropes 407 Rosabime 40S Ross 40S Rose Bergamotte 407 Rostiezer 346 Round Top 412 Rousselet 424 Rousselet 424 Roussellet Hatif 421 Rousselet d'Esperin .... 408 Bousselet de Meester .... 424 Bousselet de Rheims .... 424 Bousselet Vanderwechen . . . 408 Roussellet d'Uiver 398 Royale 409 Royal Tairling 417 Rushmore Bon Chretien .... 422 Sabine 392 Sabine d'Ete 421 Sagaret ... ... 409 Salisbury Seedling 408 Sanspeau 350 Satin Vest 424 Schenck's August Watermelon . • 891 Sohenck's Pear 391 Seckel 347 Seckel 347 Seedling Seckel 841 Seigneur d'Esperin 325 Signeur d'Hiver 831 Selleck 408 Sciutilet 378 Serrurier d'Automne .... 383 Sheppard, 408 522 INDEX OF FEUITS. Sheldon . . Short's St. Germain Shwileff . Shuitleff's Seedling , Sickle Sieullo Signoret . Skinless . Smilh's Bordenave Smith's Haddhigton Smith's Moyamensing Smokehouse Snow Flower Snow Pear . Soldat Labourer of Some Soldat Labourer d''Eti'perin Souveraine d'Ete Souveraine Souveraine de Printeinps Spice Butter Spice or Musk Pear . Spina .... St. Andre . St. Dufothee St. Galen . St. IJerblain d''IHver St. Germain de Martin St. Germain Blanc St. Germain d'Ete St. Ghislain St. Vincent de Paul St. Jean St. Jean Baptiste St. Jean Musquee Gros St. John's Pear . St. Lambert . . St. Marc St. Menin . St. Mesmin St. Michael St. Michael d'Hiver . St. Michael Archange St. Michael Dore St. Nicolas St. Sampson Staunton Stephen's Genesee Steven''s Oenesee Stone . Styre .... Styrian Suoree de Hoyerswerda Sugar Sugar of Hoyersworda Sugar Pear Sugar Top Sullivan . Summer Beauty . Summer Belle Summer Bergamot Summer Bon Chretien Summer Calebasse Summer Doyenne Summer Franc Real Summer Good Christian Summer Jlose . Su7nm,er St. Germain Summer Thorn Summer Virgalien Supreme Supr6m,6 de Quimper 8;34, 40: PAGE S4T 424 408 408 84T 3T8 409 350 343 3S7 899 391 384 336 326 349 3T9 403 409 868 424 418 350 4li9 409 410 424 422 424 4u9 410 381 410 423 381 393 352 411) 410 836 835, 364 410 385 331 393 3S4 351 851 410 420 410 424 424 422 424 881 424 424 421 425 422 424 3TU 834 410 424 4-'4 424 424 404 421 411 Surpasse Virgalieu Surpasse Vigilouse S'uzeite de Bevay Suzette de Bevay Esi^erin Swan's Egg Swan's Orange . Sweet Summer . Swiss Bergamot Sycle . Sylvange . Tarquin Taylor Pear . Tea . Terling Theodore Van Mons. Thompson's Thorny Rose Thorp) Tliuerlinch Tilton . ToUen's Seedling Triomph de Nord Triomph de llasselt Triomph de Jodoigne Trompe Valet Trout Pear . Trouve de Montigny Tyler . Tyson Union . Upper Crust . Urbanistfi . Uvedale's St. Germain Uvedale's Warden Uwchlan . Vallee Franche Vanasse Van Asshe . VanAssche Van Assene Van Buren Van Mons Zeon le Clera Van Mons, No. 154 Van Mons, No. 1,218 Vermilion d'Ete Verte Longui Verte Longui de la Mayenne Vezouziere . Vicar of Wakefield Vicar of Winkfield Vicompie de Spoelbercli Vicompte de Spoelberg Virgalieu . Virgaloo Virgouleuse Walker Warwick Bergamot Washington AVatertown Wayne Wendell . Westcott . Wharton's Early AVheeler's New St. Michael White Autumn Beurrt AVhite Beuvre White Dean Whitfield . Window Wilbur . Wilhelmine Wilkinson . INDEX OF FKUIT8. 523 PAGE WilUrmoz 415 Williain (Edward's) ... . 425 William's .824 William's Bon Chretien . . . .824 WiUiain's Early 415 Williamson 415 William the Fourth 315 Wilmington 416 Windsor 425 Winship 416 Winship's Seedling . . . ... 416 Winter Bell 346 Winter Bergamot 417 Winter Beurre 872 Winter Cross 8T5 Winter Isfelis 355 Winter Orange 425 Winter Seckel -. . . " . . . 416 Wooclstook 416 Wredow 415 Wursur 425 AVurzur d'Automne 425 Yat 425 Yellow Butter 336 York Bergamot 417 Yutte 425 Zepherine Gregoire .... 416 Zepherine Louis Gregoire . . . 416 Zoar Beauty 356 Zoar Flat 425 Zoar Seeding 356 PLUMS. Abricotee 453 Abricotee de Tours 453 Abricotee Sageret 439 Admiral 453 Agen Datte 449 Albany Beauty 439 Amber Primordian 446 American Wheat 453 American Yellow Gage .... 437 Angelina Burdete 439 Apricot 453 Apricot Plum of Tours . . . .453 Apple Plum, 439 Askew's Golden Egg .... 452 Askew's Purple Egg 450 Auiuinn Compote 489 Autumn Gage 433 Azure Hative 453 Battle Monument 453 Beach Plum 453 Beekman's Scarlet 436 Belgian Purple 489 Belle de Septembre .... 440 Bingham 440 Black Damask 437 Black Morocco 437 Black Perdrigon 453 BleeJcer's Gage 433 Bleeker's Soariet 436 Blue Gage 453 Blue Holland 454 Blue Iinperatrice 434 Blue Perdrigon 453 Blue Plum 440 Bolmai- 'iSS Bolmar's Washington .... 438 Bradford Guge 435 Br&voorV 8 Purple 453 PAGE Brevoort's Purple Bolmar . . . 453 Brevoort's Purple Washington . . 453 Bradshaw 434 Brioetta 440 Brignole 456 Brignole Violette 453 Brugnon's Gage 435 Bruyn Gage 435 BueVs Favorite 440 Burgundy Prune 440 Bury Seedling 484 Eurrette's 440 Byfield 453 Catalonian 446 Caladonian 454, 455 Ghapin's Early 440 Chapman's Prince of Wales . . . 449 Gherry 440 Gheston 453 Cheston Matchless 453 Cloth of gold d'Esperin . . . .442 Coe's Fine Late Red 450 Coe's Late Red 460 Goe's Golden Drop 434 Coe's Imperial ...... 484 Columbia 441 Columbian Gage 441 Col- Young's Seedling .... 452 Common Damson ..... 453 Common Quetsche 443 Cooper's 441 Cooper's Large American . . . 441 Cooper's Large Red 441 Cooper's Red 441 Copper 453 Corse's Admiral 453 Corse's Field Marshal .... 454 Corse's Nota Bene 447 CrofVs Early 453 Cruger's 441 Grtiger's Scarlet 441 Cruger's Scarlet Gage .... 441 Cruger's Seedling 441 D'Agea 449 D'Amerique Rouge 440 D'Avoine 446 Damask 443 Damas d'ltalie 445 Damas Violet 455 Dame Ambert 452 Dame Ambert Blanche .... 452 Dame Ambert Jaune .... 452 Damson 453 Dana^s Yellow Gage .... 441 DeDelice 441 DeMontfort 441 Denniston's Albany Beauty . . . 489 Denniston Bed 441 Denniston's Superb .... 434 Denyer's Victoria 452 Der Virginia 440 Diamond 454 Diapiee Rouge 4.50 Dictator 447 Dictator 454 Die Violette Koning Claudie . . . 487 Domine Dull 442 Downing's Early 442 Downion Iinperatrice .... 442 Drap d'Or 4.34 Drap d' Or d'Esperin .... 442 Duane's Purple 434 524 INDEX OF FETJITS. 3?AGB Duane's Purple French .... 434 Dunmore, 442 Dutch Quefzen 442 Dutch Prune 442 Early Black Morocco .... 437 Early CroisH 442 Early Damask 437 Early Damson 453 Early Forcing 455 Early Morocco 487 Early Orleans 435 Early Pur-ple 442 Early Hoy al of Niketa .... 442 Early Scarlet 440 Early Yelloxo Prune .... 442 Egg Plum 452 Hlfrey 443 Elfrey's Prune 443 Emerald Drop 443 English Wheat 443 English Pond's Seedling .... 434 Fair's Golden Drop 434 Fellenlierg 435 Field, Marshal 454 Florence 450 Flushing Gage 435 Fotheringhuni 454 Franklin 438 French Copper ...... 453 Frost Gage 443 Fulton 443 Galbraith 443 General Hand 443 German Gage 433 German Prune 442 German Prune 443 Ghiston's Early 454 Gifford''s Lafayette 454 Golden Cherry 440 Golden Gage 434 Goliath 454 Gonne's Green Gage 455 Green Gage 435 Gundaker Plum 443 Gundaker Prune 444 Guthrie's Late Green .... 444 Guthrie's Topaz 444 Guthrie'' s Tay Bank .... 444 Guthrie's Apricot 454 Guthrie's Apricot Plum .... 454 Grimwood's Early Orleans . . . 435 Groundacre 444 Grosse Luisante 452 GroEse Heine 435 Grosse Heine Claude .... 485 Grove House Purple 454 Gwalsh 454 Hampton Court 435 Harvest Gage 437 Ifai'twiss Yellow Prune .... 444 Henry Clay 444 Highlander 444 Holland 454 Holland Prune 454 Horse Plum, 454 Hoxoard''s Favorite 444 HoweVs Early 444 Howel's Lai'ge 455 How's Amber 445 Hudson Gage 445 Huling''s Super!) 445 lukworth Imperatrioe .... 445 Ida Green Gage . Imperatrice Imperatrice Blanche Imperatrice Violette Imperial Diadem Im.perial Gage Imperial de JNlilaa Imperial of Milan Imperial Oitoinan Imperial Rouge . Irving's Bolmar . Isabella Isleworth Green Gage Italian Damask . Italian Damask Italian Prune Ives' Seedling . Ivcs^ Washington Jaune de Catalogue Juune native . Jefferson Jenkinson Imperial Judson King of Plums . Kirke^s Knight's Large Green Drying Knight's No. C . Lady Plum La Delicieuse La Royale . Langdon''s Seedling Large Early Damson . Large Green Drying Large Black Imperial Large Long Blue Late Bohner Late Yellow Damson Latvrence's FavoHie Lawrence's Gage Leipzio I^eiviston Egg . Little Blue Gage Little Queen Claude Loml)ard . Long Scarlet LucomVs Nonesuch Madison . Maitre Claude . Mamelonne Mamelonne Segerat Manning's Long Blue Manning's Long Blue Prune Manniiig''s Prune Martin''s Seedling Matchless . McLaughlin Mediterranean Meigs Mimm's Mirable Mirabelle Double Wirabelle Tardive Mirabelle Grosse Mirabelle Jaune Jlirabelle Petite Mirabelle D'October Miriam Miser Plum Montgomery Monsieur . Monsieur Hatif Monsieur Ordinaire INDEX OF FKUITS. 52J PAGE Monsieur Tardif 456 Montgomery Prune 4-36 Monroe 447 Monroe Egg 447 Moroooo 437 Ifidberry . 447 Muscle 455 Myrobolan 440 Nectarine 455 New G-reen G-age 435 New G-olden Drop 4.34 New Early Orleans 435 New Orleans 435 New "Washington 483 New York Purple 453 Nota Bene 447 October Green Gage .... 447 Old Orleans 44S Orange 447 Orange Gage 447 Orleans 443 Parker's Mammoth 438 Parsonage 448 Peach Plum 443 Penobscot 448 Peoly^s Early Blue 455 Perdrigron Blanc 456 Perdrigon Rouge 455 Perdrigon Violet 453 Peter's Yellow Gage .... 448 Petite Reine Claude 455 Picket's July 446 Pidgeon's Ileart 455 Plum de rinde 448 I'lura of Louvain 449 Pond's Purple 448 Pond's Seedling 448 Preoooe de Bergthold .... 448 Prince of Wales . . . . • 449 Prince Enjlfihert 449 Prince's Yelloto Gage .... 437 Prince's Orange Gage .... 455 Prince's Imperial Gage .... 435 Prince's Orange Egg .... 449 Prune d'Agen 449 Prune d'Allemagen 443 Prune of Agen 449 Prune d'Altesse 456 Prune de Brignole 449 Prune d'Ast - . 449 Prune de Burgoyne . . . . . 440 Prune Peohe 448 Prune de St. Barnabe .... 446 Prune de St. Jean 4,55 Prune de Louvain 449 Prune Suisse 435, 456 Prunier de St. Martin .... 450 Prunus Cerasifera 440 Prunus Myrobolana 440 Purple Egg 450 Purple Favorite 437 Purple Gage 437 Purple Damson 453 Purple Magnum Bonum .... 450 Quac'cenboss 449 Queen Mother 455 Queen Victoria 452 Quetsche 443 Quetsche Grosse 443 Reagle's Ancient City .... 449 Reagle's Gage 449 Beagle's Union Purple .... 449 PAGB Red Apricot 453 Red Damask 443 Bed Diaper 450 Bed Egg 450 Bed Gage 483 Red Imperial 450 Bed Imperial 455 Red Magnum Bonum .... 450 Bed Perdrigon 455 Red Queen Mother ..... 455 Bed Saint Martin 450 Reina Nova 450 Reine Claude 435 Reine Claude Diaphane . . . 450 Reine Claude de Bavay .... 433 Reine Claude Blanche .... 455 Reine Claude Rouge of September . 450 Reine Claude d'Octobre .... 44T Beine Claude d' October . . . 450 Beine Claude Tardive .... 447 Reine Claude Violet 437 Bhincbeek Yellow Gage .... 455 Renssalaer Gage 4.35 Biver's Favorite 451 River's Early, No. 1 451 River's Early, No. 2 451 Robe de Sergrut 449 Roche Corbon 450 Biver's Prolific 451 Roe's Autumn Gage 433 Reizenstein's Yellow Pruiie . . . 450 Royale 451 Boyale de Tours 451 Royale Tours ...... 451 Royal native 451 Saint Catherine 451 Saint Cloud 454 Saint Martin 450 Saint Martin Rouge 450 Saint Martin's 438 Saint Martin's Quetsche .... 438 Scarlet Gage 446 Schenectady 451 Schenectady Catherine .... 451 Schuyler's Gage 435 Schuyler's Gage 451 Sea 443 Semiana of Boston .... 455 Shailer's White Damson .... 452 Sharp's Emp>6ror 452 Sheen 454 Siamese 455 Simiana 456 Small Green Gage 455 Smith's Orleans 433 Stabeler's Seedling 456 Steer's Emperor 454 St. John's 455 St. Maurin 449 Suisse 456 Superior G-reen Gage .... 435 Sweet Damson 454 Sweet Prune 443 Swiss Plum ....... 456 ThoTnas 452 Trouvee de Vouclae .... 452 True German Prune 443 Turkish Quetsche 443 Veritable Imperatrioe .... 434 Violet Diaper 453 Violet Perdrigon 453 Violet Queen Claude .... 487 526 INDEX OF FRUITS. PAGE Violette 434 Virgin ....... 456 Virginale 456 Virginian Cherry 440 Waterloo 484, 435 Wax Plum 452 Washington 438 Wentwortli 452 White Damascene 452 White Apricot 456 White, Damson 452 White Egg 452 White Empress 456 White Gage .... 455, 435, 43T White Holland 452 White Imperatrice . . . .456 White Imperial 452 White Magnum Bonum . . . . 452 White Mogul 452 White Perdrigon 456 White Primordian 446 "'White Prune Damson .... 452 Wilde-'s 456 Wilkinson 452 Wilmot's Early Orleans . . . .435 Wilmot's Green Gage .... 435 Wilmot's Late Green Gage . . . 435 Wilmot's Late Orleans .... 454 Woolston's Black Oage .... 452 Yellow Apricot 453 Yelloio Egg 452 Yellow Magnum Bonum .... 452 Yellow Perdrigon 434 Yellow Gage 455 QUINCES. Angers 460 Apple Quince 460 Apple-Shaped Quince . . . .460 Cydonia Lusitanica .... 461 Cydonia v. Malformia . . . .460 Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform . . . 462 New Upright 460 Oblong Quince 462 Orange Quince 460 Paris de Fontenay 460 Pear-Shaped Quince 462 Pear Quince 462 Portugal Quince 461 Pyriform Quince 462 Rea's Seedling 402 YanSlyke ™2 RASPBERRIES. Allen 46T American Black 46o American Bed 465 American White 470 Antwerp 466 Barnet 4T0 Belle de Fontenay 465 Black Raspberry 405 Brentford Cane 470 Burley 470 Catawissa 4"'' Colonel Wilder 466 Common Black Cup 465 Common lied 465 Cope 466 Cornwall's Prolific 470 PAGE Cornwall's Red 470 Cornwall's Seedling 470 Cox's Honey 470 Cretan Red 470 Cushing 466 Double Bearing 47o Double Bearing Yellow .... 469 Emily 467 English Red Cane 467 English Red, of some .... 465 False Red Antwerp 467 Fastolf 467 Framboisier a Gros Fruit .... 470 Franconia 467 French 468 Fulton 468 General Patterson 468 Rowland's Red Antwerp .... 470 Knevett's Antwerp " 470 KnevelVs Giant 468 Large Fruited Monthly .... 468 Large Red 470 Late Cane 470 Lord Exmouth's 470 Magnum Bonum 468 Monthly . 468 Merveille de Quartre Saisons . . 468 Jlrs. Wilder 469 New Red Antwerp 466 Northumberland Fillbasket . . . 469 Nottingham Scarlet .... 470 Ohio Raspberry 469 Ohio Eoer-bearing 469 Old Red Antwerp 470 Orange 469 Perpetual Bearing 470 Red Antxcerp 470 Red Double Bearing 470 River's Large Fruited Monthly . . 463 Siberian 470 Thimble Berry 465 Thunderer 469 True Red Antwerp 466 Vice President French .... 463 Victoria 470 Walker 469 White Antwerp 469 White Thimbleberry 470 WilmoVs Early Red . . . .470 Woodward's Red Globe .... 470 Woodward 469 Yellow Antwerp 469 STRAWBERRIES. Aberdeen Bee-Hive 488 Admiral Dundas 482 Ajax 482 Alice Maude 482 American Scarlet 479 Atkinson's Scarlet 489 Austrian Scarlet 484 Bain's Extra Early . . . .488 Bath Scarlet ...... 490 BicionPine 482 Bishop's New 482 Bishop's Orange 482 Black Imperial 482 Black Prince 482 Bostock 488 Boston Pine 478 Brewer's Emperor 482 nSTDEX OF FKUITS. 527 PAGE Brighton Pine 482 Brilliant 482 British Queen 4S3 BuisVs Prize 488 Barr^s Neio Pine 478 Burr's Old Seedling 4S3 Burros Seedling 483 Burr's Rival Hudson 487 Burr's Stamenate Seedling . . . 483 Caleb Copt 483 Caperon Royal 481 Gaptain Cook 483 Charlotte 483 Cl'velancl .483 Climax ....... 483 Climax Scarlet 483 Col'^s Late Scarlet 488 CoWs Prolific 488 Conical Hautbois 481 Columbus 489 Oornuaopia 483 Cob's Seedling 489 Crescent Seedling 483 Crimson Co?ie 483 Crimson Pine 489 Cushing 484 Beptford Pine 489 Double Bearing 481 Bownton . , 489 Buchesse de Trevisse .... 484 Bube of Kent 484 Duke o'f Kent's Scarlet . . . .484 Buncan''s Seedling 484 Bundee 484 Dutch Berry 483 Early Prolific Scarlet . . . .484 Early's Virginia 4S0 Eherleine''a Seedling .... 489 Elton 4S9 Elton Pine 489 English Red Wood 486 Fillbasket 484 Genesee 478 Germantown 484 Giant Alpine 489 Globe Hautbois 4S9 Goliath 489 Green Alpine 484 Green Pine 434 Green Strawberry 484 Green AVood 4S4 Greenwell's New Giant .... 490 Greenwell's French 490 Grove End Scarlet 489 Hooker 4TS Hooper's Seedling 485 Hovey's Seedling 478 Hovey's Seedling 485 Hudson 479 Hudson's Bay ...... 479 Hmtbois Seedling 484 Huntsman's 489 Iowa, Male 485 Jenny Lind 485 Jenny's Seedling 479 Keen's Seedling 485 Keeni''s Seedling 489 Knight's Seedling 489 Lafayette (of some) 481 La Grange 481 La Liegoise 489 Large Early Scarlet . . . . 480 Late Prolific Late Scarlet Liszie Randolph LongwortKs Prolific Magnifique Marshall's Seedling . McAvoy's Extra Red MoAvoy's Superior McAvoy's No. 1 McAvoy's No. 12 — Synonym Melon .... Methven Castle . Methven Scarlet \ Methven — Synonym . Monroe Scarlet Montevideo Pine Mottier*s Seedling . Moyainensing . Musk Hautbois . Myatt's British Queen Myatt's Deptford Pine Myatt's Eleanor Myatt's Eltza . Myatt's Globe . Myatt's Mam7noth . Jlyait's Pine . Myatt's Prince Albert . Myatt's Prolific Necked Pine . Newland's Mammoth Ohio Mammoth Old Hudson Old Pine, or Caroline Old Scarlet Pine Omar Pacha . Orange Hudson's Bay Orange Prolific Patagonia .... Peabody Seedling Pennsylvania . Pine Apple Primate .... Priinordian Prince of Orleam . Prince of Wales Princess' Alice Maud Profuse Scarlet Profusion .... Prolific Hautbois . Prolific Hudson, Prolific Swainstone Bed Alpine Red Wood Refulgent .... Richardson's Early Richardson's Late . Rival Hudson . Roseberry .... Ross Phoeniv . Rostock .... Ruby Salter's Versaillaise Scarlet Melting Scarlet Nonparil Schneike's Seedling . Scioto .... Scotch Pine Apple Scott's Seedling Sir C. Napier . Sir Harry Southborough . Southborough Seedling . 486, PAGE . 489 . 479 . 4S9 . 479 485 487 , 485 480 485 480 489 485 485 485 480 485 489 485 481 483 489 490 489 490 490 490 490 490 486 486 490 479 490 490 486 482 486 490 484 480 490 486 486 490 486 482 490 490 481 486 4S6 486 4S6 487 490 487 4sr 490 4sr 4S8 487 487 490 487 479 490 483 48T 487 4Sr 4S7 43» 528 INDEX OF FEUITS. Southampton Scarlet Stafford's Washington Alp Stoddard's Seedling . Srcainsione Seedling Tiiylor''s Seedling TroUope's Victoria True Chili Unique Prah-ie . U7iiqu6 Scarlet Victoria . Walker's Seedling Washington PAGE 485 486 485 4S8 490 488 490 486 488 488 480 485 PAGB Western Queen ...... 481 White Alpine 488 White Bush Alpine . . . .488 Wiley . .481 Willey 431 William Henry Harrison . . . 490 Wilmofs New Scarlet .... 490 Wilmofs Superb 490 V/iUon's Albany 481 Yellow Chili 490 Young's Seedling 484 All the Books on this Catalogue sent by Mail, to any part of the Union, free of postage, upon receipt of F nee. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PUBLISHED BY JL. o. iLv^ooR.E &c ao., (Late C. M. SaxionSf Co.,) lS[o, 140 FULTOISr STKBET^ lifEW YORK. SUITABLE FOR SCHOOL, TOWH, AGRICITLTITEAL, & PRIVATE LIBRAEIES. AMEEICAN FAKMER'S ENCYCLOPEBIA, - - - - - - $4 00 As A Book of Reference for the Farmer or Gardener, this Work is superior to any othier. It contains Reliable Information for the Cultivation of every variety of Field and Garden Crops, the use of all kinds of Manures^ descriptions and figures of American insects ;■ and is, indeed, an Agricultural Library in itself, con- taining twelve hundred page^, octavo, and is illustrated by numerous engravings of Grasses, Grains, Animals, Implements, Insects, &b., &c. By Gouverneur Emekson of Pennsylvania. AMERICAN WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS, - - - « - 1 50 An Illustrated Edition op Agricultural Botany ; An Enu- meration and Description of Weeds and Useful Plants which merit the notice or require the attention of American Agriculturists. By Wm. Dabungion, M. D. Re- vised, with Additions, by George Thurber, Prof, of Mat. Med. and Botany in the New York College of Pharmacy. Illustrated with nearly 300 Figures, drawn expressly for this work. ALLEN'S (R. L.) AMERICAN FARM BOOK, - - - - - 1 00 Or a Cojipend of American Agriculture ; being a Practical Treatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain, Roots, Fruits, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Rice, and every Staple Product of the United States ; with the best methods of Planting, Cultivating aud Preparation for Market. Illustrated with more than 100 engravings. ALLEN'S (R. L.) DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, - - 75 Being a History and Description of the Horse, Mule, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Farm Dogs, with Directions for their Management, Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Feeding, and Preparation for a Profitable Market ; also, their Diseases and Rero.edies, together with full Direction? for the Management of the Dairy, and the comparative Eoonomj'-and Advantages of Working Animals,— the Horse, Mule, Oxen, &o. ALLEN'S (L. F.) RURAL ARCHITECTURE, ..... l 25 Being a Complete Description of Farm Houses, Cottages and Out Buildings, comprising Wood Houses, Workshops, Tool Houses, Carriage and Wagon Houses, Stables, Smoke aud Ash Houses, Ice Houses, Apiaries or Bee Houses, Poultry Houses, Babbitry, Dovecote, Piggery, Barns and Sheds for Cattle, &c., &c. ; together with Lawns, Pleasure Grounds and Parks ; the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Garden ; also, the be.st method of conducting water into Cattle Yards and Houses. Beautifully illustrated. ALLEN (J. FISK) ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE, - - I 00 A -Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine, embracing its History, with Directions for its Treatment in the United States of America, in the Open Air and under Glass Structures, with and without Artificial Heat. Books published hy A. O. MooRi; & Cc?, AMERtCAlf ASCHrTECT, .----..... 6 00 COxMPRisiN.G Original Designs of Cheap Countrt and Village Residences, witli Details, Specifications, Plans and Directions, and an Estimate of the Cost of each Design. By John AV. RiTcn, Architect. First a,nd Second Series, 4to, bound in 1vol. AMERICAIf FLORIKT'S GITIDE, - - ^ - * - - - rs Comprising the American Kose CulturIst, and Every Lad'Y her own Flower Gardener. SAERY'S FKTJIT GAEDEW, --..--..- i 25 A Treatise, Intended to Explain and Illustrate The Physi-- ology of Fruit Trees, the Theory and Practice of all Operations connected with the Propagation, Transplanting, Pruning and Training of Orchard and Garden Trees, as Standards, Dwarfs, Pyramids, EspiUier, &c. The Laying out and A-rrangiug different kinds of Orchards and Gardens, the selection of suitable varieties for dilTerent purposes and localities, Gathering and Preserving Fruits, Treatment of Diseases, Destruction of Insects, Description and Uses of Implements, &c. Illustrated with upwards of 150 Figures. By P. Barry, of the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.. SEMENT'S (C. N.) EABBIT FAlTCIEE, - - 50 A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding and General- Management of Rabbits, with Remarks upon their Diseases and Remedies, to which are added Full Directions for the Construction of Hutches, Rabbitrics, &c., together with Recipes for CooKing and Dressing for the Table. Beautifully illustrated. BLAKE'S (REV. JOHN L.) FARMER AT HOME, - - - - 1 2S A Family Text Book for the Country ; being a Cyclopedia of Agricultural Implements and Productions, and of the more important topics in Domestic Economy, Science and Literature, adapted to Rural Life. By Rev. John L. Sl.\.kb, D. D. BOTJSSINGAULT'S (J. B.) RURAL ECONOMY, ----- 1 25 Or, Chemistry Applied to Agriculture ; presenting Distinctly and in a Simple Manner the Principles of Farm Management, the Preservation and Use of Manures, the Nutrition and Food of Animals, and the General Economy of Agriculture. The work is the fruit of a long life of study and e.^periment, and its perusal will aid tlte farmer greatly in obtaining a practical and sciontiBc knowledge of his- profession. BROWNE'S AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER, ------ 2& The Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Management and Pkculi* arities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with engravings, BROWNE'S AMERICAN POULTRY YARD, - - - - » - 1 Off Comprising the Origin, History and Description of the Different Breeds of Domestic Poultry, with Complete Directions for their Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Fattening and Preparation for Market ; including specific directions for Caponizing Fowls, and for the Treatment of the Principal Diseases to which they are subject, drawn from authentic sources and personal observation. Illustrated witb numerous engravings. BROWNE'S (D. JAY) FIELD BOOK OF MANURES, - - - - 1 2^ Or, American Muck Book ; Treating of the Nature, Properties, Sources, History and Operations of at! the Principal Fertilizers and Manures in Commott Use, with specific diroctious fo-r their Preservation and Application to the Soil and to Crops; drawn from authentic sources, actual experience and personal observation, as combined with the Leading Principles of Practical and Scientific Agriculture, SRIDGEMAN'S (THOS.) YOUNG GARDENER'S ASSISTANT, - - 1 60 In Three Parts ; Containing Catalogues of Garden and Flower Seed, with Practical Directions untler each head for the Cultivation of Cu nary Vege- tables, Flowers, Fruit Trees, the Grape Vine, &c, ; to which is added a Calendar to each part, showing the Work necessary to bo done in the various departments each month of the ye;\!r. One volume octavo. BRIDGEMAN'S KITCHEN GARDENER'S INSTRUCTOR, J^ Cloth, 50 »» " *' " Cloth, 60 Books published by A, O. Mooee So Co. BEIDGEMAN'S FLORIST'S GUIDE, ...... }i Qoth, 60 " •' '*..-... Cloth, 60 BEIDSEMAIf'S FSTJIT CULTIYATOE'S MAHTJAL, - - K Cloth, 50 " " ** " . - Cloth, 60 BEECK'S BOOK OF FLOWERS, 1 00 In which are Described all the Various Hardy Herbaceous Perennials, Annuals, Shrubs, Plants and Evergreen Trees, with Directions for their Cultivation. BTIIST'S (ROBERT) AMERICAN FLOWER GARDEN DIRECTORT, 1 25 Containing Practical Directions for the Culture of Plants, in the Flower Garden, Hothouse, Greenhouse, Rooms or Parlor Windows, for every month in the Year ; with a Description of the Plants most desirable in each, the naturo of the Soil and situation best adapted to their Growth, the Proper Season for Trans- planting, &c. ; with lastructions for erecting a Hothouse, Greenhonse, and Laying out a Flower Garden ; the whole adapted to either Largo or Small Gardens, with Instruc- tions for Preparing the Soil, Propagating, Planting, Pruning, Training and Fruiting the Grape Vine. BUIST'S (ROBERT) FAMILY KITCHEN GARDENER, ... 75 Containing Plain and Accurate Descriptions of all the Different Speeies and Varieties of Culinary Vegetables, with their Botanical, English, French and German names, alphabetically arranged, with the Best Mode of Cultivat- ing them in the Garden or under Glass ; also Descriptions and Character of the most Select Fruits, their Management, Propagation, &c. By Kobebt Buest, author of the "American Flower Garden Directory," &c. CHINESE SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR-MAKING, .... 25 Its History, Culture and Adaptation to the Soil, Climate, and Economy of the United States, with an Account of Various Processes of Manu- facturing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources, by Chj\eles F. Sta^'Sbuey, A. M., late Commissioner at the Exhibition of all Nations at Loudon. CHORLTON'S GRAPE-GROWER'S GUIDE, -...-» 60 Intended Especially for the American Climate. Being a Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in each department of Plot- house, Cold Grapery, Retarding House and Out-door Culture. With Plans for the con- struction of the Requisite Buildings, and giving the best methods for Heating the same. Every department being fully illustrated. By William Choelton. COBBETrS AMERICAN GARDENER, - 50 A Treatise on the Situation, Soil and Laying-out of Gardens, ;ind the Making and Managing of Hotbeds and Greenhouses, and on the Propagation und Cultivation of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits and Flowers. COTTAGE AND FARM BEE-KEEPER, --...-. 50 A Practical AVork, by a Country Curate. COLE'S AMERICAN FRUIT BOOK, 50 Containing Directions for Raising, Propagating and Manag- ing Fruit Trees, Shrubs and Plants ; with a Description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, including New and X''aluable Kinds. COLE'S AMERICAN" YETERINARIAN, 50 Containing Diseases of Domestic Animals, their Causes, Symf- toms and Remedies ; with Rules for Restoring and Preserving Health by good manage- ment ; also for Training and Breeding. SADD'S AMERICAN CATTLE DOCTOR, --...-. 1 00 Containing the Necessary Information for Preserving the Health and Curing the Dis:'asos of Oxen, Cows, Sheep and Swine, with a Great Variety of Original Recipes and Valuable Information in reference to Farm and Dairy Manago- iiiont, whereby every Man can bo his ov/n Cattle Doctor. The principles taught in this work are, that all Medication shall bo subservicnf to Nature — that all Medicines must be sanative in their operation, and administered with a view of aiding tho vital powers, instead of depressing, as heretofore, with .the lancet or by poison. By G, IL Dadd, M. D., Veterinary practitioner. Boohs 2wUish€il by A. O. Moore & Co. BADD'S MOBEEU HOESE DOCTOR, 1 00 An Ameeican Book for American Farmers ; Containing Practi- cal Observations on tlio Causes, Nature and Treatment of Disease and Lameness of Horses, embracing the Most Recent and Approved Methods, according to an enlightened system ofVeterinary Practice, for the Preservation and Eestoration of Health. With illustrations. DADD'S ANATOMY AKD PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HOESE, Plain, - 2 00 '< " '< " "ColoredPlat.es, 4 00 With Anatomical and Questional Illustrations ; Containing, also, a Series of Examinations on liquiue Anatomy and Philosophy, with Instructions in reference to Dissection and the mode of mailing Anatomical Preparations ; to which, is added a Glossary of Veterinary Technicalities, Toxicological Chart, and Dictionary of Veterinary Science. DANA'S MirOK MANUAL, FOR THE USE OF FARMERS, - - 1 00 A Treatise on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils and Chemistry of Manures ; including, also, the subject of Composts, Artificial Manures and Irrigation. A new edition, with a Chapter on Bones and Superphosphates. DANA'S PRIZE ESSAY ON MANURES, 26 Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, for their Pi-emium. By SAjmEi, H. Dana. DOMESTIC AND ORNAMENTAL POULTRY, Plain Plates, . . . l 00 " " " Colored Plates, . . 2 00 A Treatise on the History and Management of Ornamental and Domestic Poultry. By Rev. Edmund Saul Dixon, A. M. , with large additions by J. J. Kerr, M. D. Illustrated with sixty-Qvo Original Portraits, engraved expressly for this work. Fourth edition, revised. DOWNING'S (A. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 3 50 Revised, Enlarged and Newly Illustrated, by Henry Win- throp Sargent. This Great Work, which has accomplished so much in elevating the American Taste for Rural Improvements, is now rendered doubly interesting and valuable by the experience of all the Prominent Cultivators of Ornamental Trees in the United States, and by the descriptions of American Places, Private Residences, Central Park, New York, Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, and a full account of the Newer Decidu- ous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. The illustrations of this edition consist of seuei) superb steel plate engravings, hy SJin-UE, Hinshelwood, Duthtb and others ; besides (m« hundred en/jraviru/s on iixiod and stone, of the best American Residences and Parks, with Portraits of many New or Remarkable Trees and Shrubs. DOWNING'S (A. J.) RURAL ESSAYS, . 3 00 On Horticulture, Landscape Gardening, Eural Architecture, Trees, Agriculture, Fruit, with lij.^ Letters from England. Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, by Gbirce Wm. Cckhs. and a Letter to his Friends, by Fredehika Brbiter, and an elegant Steel J'ortrait of the Author. EASTWOOD (B.) ON TIIE CULTIVATION OF THE CKANBEREY, 50 With a Description of the Best Varieties. By B. Eastwood, " Septimus," of the Now York Tribune. lUuslrat.id. ELLIOTT'S WESTERN FRUIT BOOK, 1 35 A New Edition of this Work, Thoroughly Revised. Em- bracing all the New and Valuable Fruits, with the Latest Improvements in their Cultiva- tion, up to ,Taniiiiry,lS5'i. especially adapt^i] to the wants of Western Fruit Growers ; full of excellent illustrations. Py F. R. F.i.i.iott, Pomologist, late of Cleveland, Ohio, now of St. Louis. EVERY LADY HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, - - - - 50 Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only : containing simple and practical Directions for Cultivating Plants and Flowers : also. Hints for tho Management of Flowers in Rooms, with brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and Flowers. The whole in plain and simple language. By Louisa Jounsox. Hooks puhlislied hy A. O. Mooke & Co. 5 FASM DRAINAGE, 1 00 The Principles, Processes and Effects of Draining Land, with Stones, \Yooil, Drain-plows, Open Bitches, and especially with Tiles ; including Tables of K;iiufall, Evaporation, Filtration, Excavation, capacity of Pipes, cost and num- her to the acre. With more than 100 illustrations. By the Hon. Hemry F. Fre^'Ch, of New Hampshire. FESSENDEN'S (T. G.) AMESICAN EITCIIEN GARDENES, - - 50 Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and Garden Fruits. Cloth. FSSSEKDEN'S COMPLETE FARMER AND AMERICAN GARDENER, 1 25 EuRAL Economist and New American Gardener ; Containing a Compendious Epitome of the most Important Branches of Agriculture and Rural Economy ; with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables, includ- ing Landscape and Oj'namental Gardening. By TiioiiiS G. Fessexdex. 2 vols, in 1. FIELD'S PEAR CULTURE, 1 00 The Pear Garden ; or, a Treatise on the Propagation and Cultivation of the Pear Tree, with Instructions for its Management from the Seedhng to the Bearing Tree. By Thom.is W. Field. FISH CULTURE, 1 00 A Treatise on th^^ Aetificial Propagation of Fish, and the Construction of Ponds, with the Description and Habits of such kinds of Fish as are most suitable for Pisciculture. By Theodatus Gaeuck, M. D. , Vice-President of the Cleveland Academy of Nat. Science. FLINT ON GRASSES - - - - 1 25 A Practical Treatise on Grasses and Forage Plants ; Com- prising their Natural History, Comparative Nutritive Value, Methods of Cultivation, Cut- ting, Curing and the Management of Grass Lands. By Charles L; Fu-vr, A. M., Secre- tary of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture. GUENON ON MILCH COWS, - - - - 60 A Treatise on Milch Cows, whereby the Quality and Quantity of Milk which any Cow will give may be accurately determined by observing Natural Marks or External Indications alone ; the length of time she will continue to give Milk, &c., &c. By M. Francis Guenon, of Libourne, France. Translated by Nicholas P. Trist, Esq. ; with Introduction, Remarks and Observations on the Cow and the Dairy, by JoHX S. SiaN>n3R. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Neatly done up in paper covers, 37 cts. HERBERT'S HINTS TO HORSE-KEEPERS, 1 25 Complete Manual for Horsemen ; Embracing : How TO Breed a Horse. How to Physic a Horse. How TO Buy a Horse. (Allopathy and Homceopatht. How TO Break a Horse. How to Groom a Horse. How to Use a Horse. How to Drrt; a Horse. How to Feed a Horse. How to Ride a Horse. And Chapters on JIules and Ponies. By the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Forre-Ster) ; with additions, including Rarey's Method of Horse Tajdng, and Baucter's Syspem of Horsemanship ; also, giving directions for the Selection and Care of Carriages and Harness of every description, from the City " Turn Out" to the Farmer's " Gear," and a BiO;,'raphy of the eccentric Auth(jr. Jllmtrated throughout. HOOPER'S DOG AND GUN, 50 A Few Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be found somo Anecdotes and Incidents ; also Instructions for Dog Breaking, and interest- ing letters from Sportsmen. By A Bad Shot. HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE, 25 Containing its History, Mode of Culture, Manufacture of the Sugar, &c. ; with Reports of it? success in different parts of the United States. 6 Books published by A. O. Moore & Co. JOHNSTON'S (JAMES F, W.) AGRICULTTJRAI, CHEMISTRY, - 1 25 Lectures on the Application of Chemistry and Geology to Agriculture. Now Editiou, with an Appendix, contaiuiug the Author's Experiments in Practical Agriculture. JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, - - - 1 00 With a Complete Analytical and Alphabetical Index, and an American Preface. By Hon. Simon Brown, Editor of the " New England Farmer." JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) CATECHISM OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, - - - 25 By James F. W. Johnston, Honorary Member of the Eoyal ' Agricultural Society of England, and author of "Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology." With an Introduction by John Pitkin Norton, M. A., late Professor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. With Notes and Additions by the Author, pre- pared expressly for this edition, and an Appendix compiled by the Superintendent of Education in Nova Scotia. Adapted to the use of Schools. LANGSTROTH (REV. L. L.) ON THE HIVE AND HONEY BEE, - 1 25 A Practical Treatise on the Hive and Honey Bee, Third edition, enlarged and illiislraled vnth numerous engravings. This Work is, without a doubt, the best work on the Bee published in any language, whether we consider its scientific accuracy, the practical instructions it contains, or the beauty and completeness of its illustrations. LEUCHARS' HOW TO BUILD AND VENTILATE HOTHOUSES, - 1 25 A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating and Ventilation of Hothouses, including Conservatories, Greenhouses, Graperies and other kinds of Horticultural Structures ; with Practical Directions for their Management, in regard to Light, Heat and Air. Illustrated with numerous engravings. By P. B. Leuchars, Garden Architect. LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY, - 50 And its relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture. Edited by John Gardener, M. D., LINSLEY'S MORGAN HORSES, - - - - .... 1 00 A Premium Essay on the Origin, History, and Characteristics of this i-emarkable American Breed of Horses ; tracing the Pedigree from the original .lustin Morgan, through the most noted of his progeny, down to the present time. With numerous portraits. To which are added Hints for Breeding, Breaking and Gene- ral Use and Management of Horses, with practical Directions for Training them for Exhibition at Agricultural Fairs. By D. C. Ijnslev, Editor of the American Stock Journal. MOORE'S RURAL HAND BOOKS, 1 26 First Series, containing Treatises on — The Horse, The Pects of the Farm, The Hog, Dohiestic Fowis, and The Honey Bee, The Cow. Second Series, containing — .... 1 25 EVIKY lu^DY HER OWN FLOATER GARDE-NUR, ESSAY ON MANURES, el.fments of agriculture, jimertcan kltchen gardener, Bird Fancier, American Kose Culturist. Third Series, containing — 1 25 Miles on the Horse's Foot, Vine-Dresser's IUnual, TiiB Rabbit Fanqer, Bee-Keeper's Chart, Weeks on Bees, Chemistry IIade Easy. Fourth Series, containing — - ... 1 25 Piaisoz ON thk Vine, Hooper's Dog and Gun, LtEBiG's Famiuar Letteks, Siollful Housewife, Browne's MsMorRS of Tndun Corx. * Books irdhUsJied by A. O. Moore & Co, MINER'S BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL, o . = . - - 1 00 Being a Practical Treatise on_ the History and Domestic Economy of the Honuy Bee, embraciug a Full Illustration of the whole subject, with the Host Approved Methods of Managing this Insect, through every branch of its Culture ; the result of many years' experience. Illustrated with many engravings By T. B. iliNEE. MILES ON THE HORSE'S FOOT AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, 56 "With Cuts, Illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and contain- ing valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, in Health and in Disease. By Wii. Miles. MILBUEN ON THE COW AND DAISY HUSBANDRY, - - - 25 By M. M. Milburn, and revised by H. D. Richardson and Ambrose STE^^s^•^. With illustrations. MUNN'S (B.) PRACTICAL LAND DRAINER, .... - 60 Being a Treatise on Draining Land, in which the Most Ap- proved Systems of Drainage are Explained, and their Differences and Comparative Merits Di.soiissed ; with full Directions for the Cutting and Making of Drains, with Remarks Uiiuu the various materials of which they may bo constructed. With many illustrations. By B. Munn', Landscape Gardener. 3fASH'S (J. A.) PROGRESSIVE FARMER, ...... 60 A SciENTiFiCs; Treatise on Agricultural Chemistry, the Ge- olog}" of Agriculture, on Plants and Animals, Manures and Soils, applied to Practical Agriculture - with a Catechism of Scientific and Practical Agriculture. By J. A. Njsh. HEILL'S PRACTICAL FRUIT, FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN- ER'S COMPANION, 1 00 With a Calendar. By Patrick Neill, Secretary of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Adapted to the United States from the fourth edition, revised and improved by the Author. Edited by G. Emerson, M. D., Editor of " The American Farmer's Encyclopedia." With Notes and Additions by R. G. Pakdeb, author of " Manual of the Strawberry Culture." With illustrations. NORTON'S (JOHN P.) ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, 60 Or, the Connection between Science and the Art of Practical Farming. Prize Essay of the New York State Agricultural Society. By John P. NoE- TON, M. A., Professor of Scientilic Agriculture in Yale College. Adapted to the use of Schools. OLCOTT'S SORGHO AND IMPHEE, THE CHINESE AND AFRICAN SUGAR CANES, 1 00 A Complete Treatise upon their Origin and Varieties, Culture and Uses, their value as a Forage Crop, and Directions for making Sugar, Molasses, Alcohol, Sparkling and Still Wines, Beer, Cider, Vinegar, Paper, Starch and Dye Stuffs. Fully illustrated with Drawings of Approved Machinery ; with an Appendix by Leonard Wray, of Caffraria, and a Description of his Patented Process of Crystallizing the Juice of the Imphee ; with the I^atost American Experiments. By Henry S. Olcoit. PARDEE (R. G.) ON STRAWBERRY CULTURE, .-:... 60 A Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Strawberry ; with a Description of the Best Varieties. Also notices of the Raspberry, Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape ; with Directions for their Cultivation, and the Selection of the Best Varieties. " Every process here recommended has been proved, the plans of others tried, and the result is here given." With a Valuable Appendix, containing the observations and experience of some of the most successful cultivators of these fruits in our country. PEDDERS' (JAMES) FARMERS' LAND MEASURER, ... - 60 Or Pocket Companion ; Showing at one view the Contents of any Piece of Land, from Dimensions taken in Yards. With a Set of Useful Agricultural Tables. 8 Books pxiblished by A. O. Moore & Co. PERSOZ' CULTTJEE 0? THE VINE, 25 A New Process for the Culture of the Yine, by Persoz, Pro- fessor of the Faculty of Soioaoes of ritrnsbourg ; Directing Professor of the School of Phar- macy of the same city. Translated hy J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon U. S. N. PHELPS' BEE KEEPER'S CHAET, -..-.--. 25 Being a Brief Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and Management of the Honey Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years' practical experience, whereby tlio author has been enabled to divest the subject of much that has been considered mysterious and difBoult to overcome, and render it more sure, profltable and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E. W. Pttct.ps. QiriNBY'S MYSTEEIES OF BEE-KEEPING EXPLAINED, - - 1 00 Being a Complete Analysis of the Whole Subject, Consisting of the Natural History of Bees ; Directions for obtaining the Greatest Amount of Pure Surplus Honey with the least possible expense ; Remedies for Losses Given, and the Science of Lucii fully illustrated ; the result of more than twenty years' experience in extensive Apiaries. BvM.Quinby. RANDALL'S (H. S.) SHEEP HITSBANDRY, 1 25 With an Account of the Different Breeds, and general direc- tions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, Breeding and the Treatment of Diseases, with Portraits and other engravings. By Hexry S. Raxdall. REEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSER'S MANUAL, - - - 60 An Illustrated Treatise on Vineyards and Wine-Making, containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil, Preparation of Ground, Selection and Propagation of Vines, the Treatment of Young Vineyards, Trimming and Training the Vines, Manures and the Making of Wine. RICHARDSON ON HOGS, - - . 25 Their Origin, Varieties and Management, witli a View to Profit and Treatment under Disease ; also, plain Directions relative to the Most Approved Modes of Preserving their Flesh. By H. D. Richaedson, author of " The Hive and the Honey Bee," &c., &o. AVilh illustrations. RICHARDSON ON THE HIVE AND THE HONEY BEE, - - - 25 With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting the Hives from then- attacks. By H. D. Richardson. V\'ith illustrations. RICHARDSON ON DOMESTIC FOWLS, '- 25 Their Natur.u. History, Breeding, Rearing, and General JIanagement. By H. D. Richardson. With illustrations. RICHARDSON ON THE HORSE, -....--- 25 Their Origin and Varieties ; with Plain Directions as to the Breeding, Roaring and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of Disease. Haudsomoly illustratoil. By II. U. EicnARDSO.v. RICHARDSON ON THE PESTS OF THE FARM, ... - 25 With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With numerous illustrations on Wood. RICHARDSON ON DOGS ; THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES, - 50 Directions as to their General Management. With numerous Original Auccdotos. Also, Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H. D. Richardson. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings. This is not only a cheap, but one of the best works ever published on the Dog. SCHENCK'S GARDENER'S TEXT BOOK, 50 Containing Directions for the Formation and Management of th« Kitchen Garden, the Culture and Use of Vogotal)les, Fruits and Medicinal ne.'h:^. Boohs piMished hy A. O. Mooee & Co. 9 SHEPHEED'S OWN BOOK, 2 00 With an Account of the Different Breeds, Diseases and Man- agement ofSheep, and General Directions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, Breeding and the Treatment of Diseases ; with illustrative engravings hy Youatt & RAieDAix ; embracing Skinner's Notes. on the Breed and Management of Sheep in the United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool. STEWAST'S STABLE BOOK, 1 00 A Treatise on the Management of Horses, in Eelation to stabling. Grooming, Feeding, AVatering and Working, Construction of Stables, Ventila- tion, Appendages of Stables, Management of the Feet, and of Diseased and Defective Horses. By Johx Stewart, Veterinary Surgeon. With Notes and Additions, adapting it to American Food and Climate. By A. B. Allen', Editor of the American Agriculturist. STRAY LEAVES FSOM THE BOOK OF NATURE, .... 1 00 By M. Schele De Yere, of the University op Virginia. CONTE.VTS : I. O-YLY A PeBBLE. n. Nature lv Motion. III. The OoEA>f and rrs Lifb, IV. A Chat about Plants. V. YouNGEK Years of a Plant. VI. Later Years of a Plant. Vn. Pi...iNT Mummies. Vin. Unknown Tongues. IX. A Trip to the Moon. STEPHENS' (HENRY) BOOK OF THE FARM, 4 00 A Complete Guide to the Farmer, Steward, Plowman, Cattle- man, Shepherd, Field Worker and Dairy Maid. By Henry Stephens. With Four Hun- dred and Fifty illustrations ; to which are added Explanatory Notes, Remarks, &c., by J. S. Shnner. Really one of the best books a farmer can possess. SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE, 50 Or Complete Guide to Domestic CookerYj Taste, Comport, and Economy, embracing 059 Recipes pertaining to Household Duties, the Caro of Health, Gardening, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c. By JLrs. L. G. Aeell. SKINNER'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, 25 Adapted to the Use of American Farmers. Br F. G. Skinner> SMITH'S (C. H. J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING, PARKS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS, 1 25 With Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks and Gardens. By Cuarijjs H. J. S.mith, landscape Gardener and Garden Arclii tect. With Notes and Additions by Lewis F. Allen, author of'' Rural Aixhitecture." THAER'S (ALBERT D.) AGRICULTURE, 2 00 The Principles of Agriculture, by Albert D. Thaer ; Trans- lated by William Shaw and Cuthbert W. Joh.vson, liiq. , F. R. S. AVith a Memoir of the Author. 1 vol. 8vo. This work is regarded, by those who arc competent to judge, as ono'cf the most valuable works ihat has ever appeared on the subjuet of Agriculture. At the same time that it is eminently practical, it is philosophical, and, even to the general reader, ro- marlcably entertaining. THOMAS' (J. J.) FARM IMPLEMENTS, 1 00 And the Principles of their Construction and Use ; an Ele montary and familiar Treatise on iMech:iuics ami Natural i'hilosojihy, as ajiplied to tlio ordinary p;-acti;'( s of Agriculliire. With 200 illr.stratioiis. THOMPSON (R. D.) ON THE FOOD OF ANIMALS, - - . 75 Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals and the Fattening of Cattle ; with Remarks on the Food of Man. Based upon Experiments under- taken by order of tlie British Government, by Robert Dundas 'IIiompson, M. D., Lecturer on Practical Chemistry, University of Clasgnw. 10 Books 2JiMished by A. O. Moore & Co. THE EOSE CULTURIST, 60 Being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation, and Mauagemeut of the Rose in all seasons ; with a List of Choice and Approved Varie- ties, adapted to the Climate of the United States ; to which is added full directions for the Treatment of the Dahlia. Illustrated by engravings. TOPHAM'S CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, 25 For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topiiam. TURNER'S COTTON PLANTER'S MANUAL, --..-. 1 00 Being a Compilation of Facts from the Best Authorities on the Culture of Cotton, its Natural History, Chemical Analysis, Trade and Consumption, and embracing a History of Cotton and the Cotton Gin. By J. A. Turner. WARDER'S (J. A.) HEDGES AND EVERGREENS, .... 1 00 A Complete Manual for the Cultivation, Pruning and Man- agement of all Plants suitable for American Hedging, especially the Madura or Osage Orange, luilly illustrated with engravings of plants, implements and processes. To which is added a Treatise on Eoergreens, their different Varieties, their propagation, transplanting and Culture in the United States. WARING'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, 75 A Book for Toung Farmers, with Questions for the use of Schools. WEEKS (JOHN M.) ON BEES-A MANUAL, 50 Or, an Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profit- able manner to their Owner ; with Infallible Rules to Prevent their Destruction by the Moth. With an Appendix, by Wooster A. Flandki«. WHITE'S (W. N.) GARDENING FOR THE SOUTH, - - - - 1 25 Or, the Kitchen and Fruit Garden, with the Best Methods for their Cultivation ; together with Hints upon Landscape and Flower Gardening ; con- taining Modes of Culture and Descriptions of the Species and Varieties of the CuUnary Vegetables, Fruit Trees and Fruits, and a Select List of Ornamental Trees and Plants, Adapted to the States of the Union South of Pennsylvania, with Gardening Calendars for the same. By Wm. N. WmTE, of Athens, Georgia. YOUATT AND MARTIN ON CATTLE, ----- . - 1 25 Being a Treatise on their Breeds, Management, and Diseases, comprising a Full History of the Various Races ; their Origin, Breeding and Merits ; their capacity for Beef and Milk. By W. Yoitatt and W. C. Ij. Martin. The whole form- ing a Complete Guide for the Farmer, the Amateur and the Voterinarj' Surgeon, with 100 illustrations. Edited by Amurose Stevens. YOUATT ON THE HORSE, 1 25 YoUATT ON THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE HoRSE, witll their Remedies ; also, Practical Rules for Buyers, Breeders, Smiths, &c. Edited by W. C. Spooner, M.K.C.V.S. With an Account of the ^Breeds in the United States, by Henry S. Randall. YOUATT ON SHEEP, 75 TiiEiR Breed, Management and Diseases, with Illustrative En- gravings ; to which are added Remarks on the Breeds and Management of Sheep in the United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool in Silesia. By Wii. Youatt. YOUATT AND MARTIN ON THE HOG, 75 A Treatise on the Breeds, Management, and Medical Treat- meut of Swine, with Directions for Salting Pork and Curing Bacon and Hams. By Wm. Yocatt, V. S.,and W. C. L. Mabtin. Edited by Ambrose Ste\'ens. Illustrated witli engravings drawn from life. Books published by A. O. Mooee & Co. 11 Moore's Hand Books of Eural and Domestic Economy. ALL AERANGED AND ADAPTED TO THE USE OF AMERICAN FARMERS^ Pice 2i3 CcBits Each. BOGS, Their Origin, Varieties and Management, with a Tiew to Pro- fit and Treatment under Disease ; also, Plain Directions relative to the Most Approved Modes of Preserving their Flesh. By H. D. Richardson, With illustrations i:he hive and the honey bee, With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting the Hives from their attacks. By H. D, Richaedson. With illustrations. DOMESTIC FOWLS, Their Natural History, Breeding, Hearing and General Management. By H. D. Richaedso.v. With illustrations. THE HORSE, Their Origin and Yarieties ; with Plain Directions as to thr Breedmg, Rearing and General Management ; with instructions as to the Treatment of Disease Handsomely illustrated, By H. D. Richardson. THE ROSE, The American Rose CulturIst ; being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation and Management in all Seasons, &c. ; with full directions for the treatment of the Dahlia. THE PESTS OF THE FARM, With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With numerous illustrations on wood. AST ESSAY OU MANURES, Submitted to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society foe Promoting Agriculture, for their Premium. By Samuel H. Dana. THE AMERICAN BIRD FANCIER, Considered with Reference to the Breeding, Rearing, Feed- ing, Management and Peculiarities of Cage and House Birds. Illustrated with Engrav- ings. By D. .Jay Browne. CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, For the Use of Farmers. By J. Topham. ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, Translated prom the French, and Adapted to the use of American Farmers. By F. G. Skinner. THE HORSE'S FOOT, AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, With Cuts, illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and containing valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, both in Health and Disease. By Wm. Miles. THE SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE, Or, Complete Guide to Domestic Cookery, Taste, Comfort and Economy, embracing 659 Recipes pertaining to Household Duties, the Care of Health, Gardenmg, Birds, Education of Children, &c., &c. By Mrs. L. G. Abell. THE AMERICAN KITCHEN GARDENER, Containing Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables and Garden Fruits. By T. G. Fbssenden, 12 Boohs publi'jlied by A. 0. Moore & Co. CHUTESE SUGAS CAKE AND SUGAE-MAKIUG, Its History, Culture and Adaptation to the Soil, Climate and Economy of the United States, with an Account of Various Processes of Manufactur- ing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources by Charles F. Stansbury, A. M. , late Com- missiouur at the Exhibition of all Nations at London. PERSOZ' GTJLTUKE OF THE VnTE, A New Process for the Culture op the Vine, by Persoz, Pro- fessor of the Faculty of Sciences of Strasbourg ; Directing Professor of the School of Pharmacy of the same citj'. Translated by J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon, li. S. N. THE BEE-IffiSPEE'S CHAET, Being a Brief, Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and Management of the Hone}' Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years' practical experience, whereby the author has been enabled to divest the subject of much that has been considered mysterious and difficult to overcome, and render it more sure, profitable and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E. W. Pbelps. iLVEEY LADY HER OWE" GARDENER, Addressed to the Industrious and Economical only ; containing Simple and Practical Directions for Cultivating I'lants and Flowers ; also, Hints for the JIanagement of Flowers in Rooms, with Brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and Flowers. The whole in Plain and simple language. By Louisa Johxson. THE COW ; DAIRY HUSBANDRY AND CATTLE BREEDING, By M. M. Milburn, and Revised by H. D. Richardson and AMBROt^E Stevexs. With illustrations. WILSON ON THE CULTURE OE FLAX, Its Treatment, Agricultural and Technical ; delivered before the New Yorlv State Agricultural Society, at the Annual Fair at S;iratoga, in September last, by Joii.v Wilson, late President of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester England. WEEKS ON BEES ; A MANUAL, Or, an Easy Method of Managing Bees in the most profitable manner to their owner, with Infallible Rules to Prevent their Destruction by the Moth ; with an Appendix by Woostek A. Fw.nders. EEEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSERS' MANUAL, Containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil ; Prepara- tion of Ground ; Selection and Propagation of Vines ; The Treatment of a Young Vine- yard ; Trimming and Training the Vines ; Manures and the Making of Wine. Every department illustrated. HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE, Containing its History, Mode op Culture, Manufacture of the Sugar, &c. ; with I\,cports of its success in different parts of the United States. BEMENT'S (C. M.) RABBIT FANCIER, A Treatise on the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General Management of Rabbits, with Remarks upon their Diseases and Remedies ; to which are added Full Directions for the Construction of Hutches, Rabbitrics, &c. , together with Recipes for cooking and dressing I'or the table. RICHARDSON ON DOGS; THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES, Directions as to their General Management. With numerous Original Anecdotes ; also, Comiilcte Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H. D. Ricii.vRTWON'. Illustrated witli numerous wood engravings. Thi.s is not only a clu'aii, but oni' of thi; best works ever published on the Dog. LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY, And its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture. Edited by .John (iAJtuEXKH, M. P. THE DOG AND GUN, A Few Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be found some Anecdotes and Incidents ; also, Instructions for Dog- Breaking, and intereeling let- ters from Sportsmen. I?y A Bad Shot, msam mwm:. mimm: AT L4>- -^~ la Lil rx^' T^eaaBiaR^ >:»s»^s^' ■:» J 3^3mm^ '^<-3iMmm^Wik J3^ II B' ^ ^ « JJI^"^^feM)iiI QX 1 ^^M H ^^R m m^'^jo p ^ "' -*■■>» ■> '9d lft_l_^:i -a* m ^^^M te |L3l_^^™ ^W^^^M?^ J' J)) ^} K J:>> 5»_> m tl )f jigiafeA / 'P3 1^ >M^"^ ■ S'r,"'i^TC!sS'''S20^ 5^ — ^^^ ^Bte ^ — V&l^f^ rf"feSM LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 00D0'^E'^334b