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 CELTIC 
 
 ORIGIN 
 
 
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LIST OF GAELIC BOOKS 
 
 A nd Works on the Highlands 
 
 PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY 
 
 MACLACHLAN & STEWART, 
 
 BOOKSELLERS TO THE DNIVERSITT, 
 
 gJibvayg af %w^xtu. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA. 
 
 Boston's Fourfold State, 12rao, cloth, 
 
 Crook in the Lot, 18mo, clotli, 
 
 Brooks' Apples of Gold, 18mo, cloth, 
 
 Bonar's (Rev. Dr H.) Christ is all, 18mo, sewed, 
 
 Buchannan (Dugald) of Rannoch's Life and Con 
 
 version, witli his Hymns, 18mo, clotli, .. 
 
 ... Hymns, separately, 18mo, sewed, 
 
 Bunyan's Come and Welcome, 18mo, cloth 
 
 ... World to Gome, or Visions from Hell, cloth 
 ... Grace Abounding, ISmo, cloth, 
 ... Pilgrim's Progress, {three parts) cloth, 
 ... Water of Life, ISmo, cZo^A, ... . 
 
 64 South Bridge, Edinburgh 
 
 rtation 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1 6 
 6 
 3 
 
 6 
 1 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 6 
 
 1 
 
Gaelic Books Sold by Maclachlan and Stewart. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Bunyau's Sighs from Hell, 18mo, fZo<7i, 2 
 
 Heavenly Footman, l8mo, cloth, ... 1 
 
 Holy War, 18mo, c'^o/A, 2 G 
 
 Burder's Village Sermons, 18mo, cloth, 1 6 
 
 Campbell (Donald) on the Language, Poetry, and 
 Music of the Highland Clans, royal 8vo, cloth, 
 
 ivith Music, English and Gaelic, 7 G 
 
 Church, The, of the Millennium Worshipping in 
 
 G\en T\\t, l2mo, sewed, 6 
 
 Catechism, Shorter, Id. Gaelic and English, 2 
 
 Mother's, Id. Gaelic and English, 2 
 
 Shorter, with Proofs, 1^ 
 
 Brown's Shorter, for Young Children, 1 
 
 Confession of Faith, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2 6 
 
 Dairyman's, The, Daughter, 12mo, sewed, 4 
 
 Doctrine and Manner of the Church of Rome, ... 3 
 
 Doddridge's Rise and Progress, 12mo, cloth, ... 3 
 
 Dyer's Christ's Famous Titles, 18mo, cloth, ... 2 6 
 
 Earle's Sacramental Exercises, 18mo, clolh, ... 1 6 
 
 Edwards' (Rev. Jonathan) Sermon, seived, ... 2 
 English Poems, with Gaelic Translations, arranged 
 
 on opposite pages, 12mo, seived, part 1, ... 1 6 
 ... Part 2, Is 6d, or 2 parts in one, cZo//i, ... 3 6 
 Etiquette, or Book of Good Manners, in Gaelic, ... 6 
 Farquharson's (A.) Address to Highlanders respect- 
 ing their Native Gaelic, 8vo, sewed, 6 
 
 Farquharson's Hymns, 12mo, sewed, 6 
 
 Flavel's Token for Mourners, 18mo, cloth, ... 1 
 
 Forbes' (Rev. J.^ Gaelic and English Grammar, 12mo, 3 6 
 
 Baptism and the Lord's Supper, 4 
 
 ... An Lochran : Dialogues regarding the 
 
 Church 6 
 
 ... Long Gheal : The White Ship ; a Spiritual 
 
 Poem, '. 4 
 
 Gaelic Tracts, 58 different kinds, sorted, for ... 2 6 
 
 Do. hound in 2 vols., cloth, G2id\ ... 2 
 Gaelic Dictionary, by the Highland Society, 2 vols., 
 
 4to, half calf, £12, 12s. for 70 
 
 Grant's (Rev. Peter^ Hymns, 18mo, cloth, 1 6 
 
 Guthrie's Christian's Great Interest, cloth, 2 
 
 Harp of Caledonia, Gaelic Songs, 32mo, sewed, 3 
 
 64 South Bridge, Edinburgh. 
 
/ 
 
THE 
 
 CELTIC ORIGIN 
 
 OF A GRKAT TART (IP THK 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES, 
 
 AND OF MANY 
 
 CLASSICAL PEOPEE NAMES, 
 
 PROVED BY A 
 
 Comparison of Greek and Latin loith the Gaelic Language 
 
 OR THK 
 
 CELTIC OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 THOMAS STEATTON, M.D.Edin. 
 
 Deputy Inspector-General, Morjal Navy. 
 
 Second Edition. 
 
 EDINBUEGH : 
 
 MACLACHLAN & STEAVAET, SOUTPI BKIDGE; 
 
 SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., LONDON; 
 AND JOHN SMITH, 40 TEEVILLE STREET, PLYMOUTH. 
 
 187 0. 
 

 ^^' 
 
 PLY.MOUIH : 
 JOHN SMITH, PRINTER, TREVILLE STREET. 
 
THE KlfiHT HONOKABLE HUGH C. E. CHILDERS, M.P„ 
 
 FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIKALTT, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS KESPECTFULLV INSCIUBED BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Celtic Oeigin op Latin ; 7, 89 
 
 Celtic Origin of Geeek 33, 91 
 
 Hebrew and Gaelic a 49 
 
 Celtic Origin op Classical Proper Names 51 
 
 Appendix 97 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In issuing a sccoiul edition of my three small publications relating 
 to the Gaelic language, it occurs to me that some may wish to know 
 what local opportunities the writer has had of being practically 
 acquainted with that language. 
 
 As every ten or twenty years, the number of those who speak 
 Gaelic is somewhat less, it is as well to make some reference to 
 dates. 
 
 Although it is said that egotism should be avoided, let me mention 
 that, born in the town of Perth (1816), I remained there for about 
 eight years. 
 
 I then lived for about five years, fifteen miles north-west from 
 Perth, at Dunkeld, which is on the Gaelic border, and has been 
 called the mouth of the Highlands. Being the mouth of the High- 
 lands, it has been said of it, that it ought to speak Gaelic. I was in 
 the way of hearing a good deal of Gaelic spoken there, but did not 
 pay any attention to it. 
 
 The next fom* years, from 1829 to 1833, I spent in Northumber- 
 land. In 1831, a strong feeling of nationality which I have always 
 had on all subjects, took the particular bent of a wish to learn 
 Gaelic. I procured Stewart's Gaelic Grommar, Macleod and Dewar's 
 Gaelic Dictionary, and some other works, and without any help, in 
 the course of two or three months, taught myself the language. 
 
 From 1833 to 1837 in Scotland, attending medical classes at 
 college, I had no time for any except professional studies. 
 
 In July, 1840 the Geltio Origin of Latin was published ; in Sep- 
 tember, 1840 the Celtic Origin of Greek; and in 1845 the Celtic 
 Origin of Classical Proper Names, 
 
 I have been about twenty-six years on full-pay in the Navy, of 
 which about ten years in different parts of Canada, and about ten 
 years in Prince-Edward Island near Nova Scotia, and have not had 
 any opportunities of hearing much Gaelic spoken. 
 
 There are in Gaelic, some words which have been introduced from 
 the English (some of these from a French or Latin source) ; these 
 are not referred to in tlie following pages. 
 
 At the same time it is right to say that there are five or six words 
 such as mallachd, hiast, c^'c, which may have been taken by the Gaelic 
 instead of from it. 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 As it is likely that a third edition will appear, I shall bo glad to 
 receive, addressed to myself, any corrections or suggestions that may 
 occur to my readers. 
 
 Any published criticisms, good-natured or otherwise, will be care- 
 fully attended to. 
 
 As to the area over which Gaelic is or has been spoken, and the 
 degree of its use therein, some information may be found in the 
 three following publications: — 
 
 The Statistical Account of Scotland in twenty-one volumes, octavo, 
 published between 1791 and 1799, was cbawn up from the communi- 
 cations of the Ministers of the different parishes. To the patriotic 
 exertions of Sir John Sinclair the country was indebted for tliis 
 valuable work. 
 
 The New Statistical Account of Scotland, in fifteen volumes, octavo, 
 published in 1847. This is on a better plan than the former, as each 
 county is in a separate volume, and may be purchased separately. 
 Each parish is described by itself, 
 
 For a gi-eat many years, Messrs. Oliver and Boyd have published 
 the Edinburgh Almanac, a yearly volume containing copious infor- 
 mation on all national subjects, and an abstract of the parliamentary 
 acts of the previous year. It is of about nine hundred pages. It 
 notes the churches where the service is either wholly or partially in 
 Gaelic. The year 1845 was the one when it began to denote this : it 
 is to be hoped that it will ever continue to do so. 
 
 In 1871, the usual decennial census of Scotland will be taken. In 
 the Highlands and Hebrides it would be very desirable to ascertain : 
 — 1. The number of persons able to speak Gaelic. — 2. The number 
 able to read Gaelic. —3. The number able to speak Gaelic and not 
 able to speak English.' When the census of 1861 was taken, this 
 matter was not attended to. If, at each decennial census these par- 
 ticulars were ascertained and published, they would in after-times be 
 looked upon as a valuable historical record. (The same steps should 
 be taken in Wales, and in the Irish- speaking parts of Ireland.) 
 
 In March, 1870, I wrote to Mr. Bruce, the Home-Secretary, sug- 
 gesting that when the Scotch census in 1871 was taken, these Gaelic 
 statistics should be secured: I had an answer acknowledging the 
 receipt of my letter. 
 
 The Highland Society of Scotland, the Highland Society of Lon- 
 don, the Grampian Club of London, and other bodies might use 
 their influence to get this information obtained about tlie ancient 
 language of Albyn. 
 
 4 Valletort Terrace, 
 
 Stoke, 
 
 Devonport, 
 
 June, 1870. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN.* 
 
 TiiK darkness of early history may in some cases be lessened by Uio 
 light of etymological reseai-ch. " The similitude and derivation 
 of languages allord the most indubitable proof of the traduction of 
 nations, and the genealogy of mankind. They often add physical 
 certainty to historical evidence, and often supply the only evidence 
 of ancient migrations and of the revolutions of ages, ■which left no 
 written monuments behind them," + and the assertions of those 
 writers who disbelieve the Bible account of the creation of man, 
 have been in part answered by a comparison of the different lan- 
 guages of the earth, in the learned work of Dr. Prichard. + In the 
 following Essay on the affinity of the Celtic and Latin, I confine 
 my examination of the Celtic to one of its branches, namely — the 
 Gaelic, or that now spoken in the Highlands and Western Isles of 
 Scotland ; the words introduced are in modern use with about sbc 
 exceptions, and may be found in the Gaelic Dictionary by Macleod 
 and Dewar.— (Edinb. 1833.) 
 
 It used formerly to be said that the Latin was merely a dialect of 
 the Greek, but it is evident that a small part only of the language 
 can be referred to a Hellenic source. 
 
 When we reflect that the Celts, the first inhabitants of Europe, 
 partly retired before the races which followed them and partly inter- 
 mingled with those races, we may, a priori, suppose that some part of 
 the Celtic language was adopted by the foreign tribes which settled 
 in the ancient possessions of the Celts ; as in more modern times 
 the Normans in South Britain adopted a great part of the language 
 of the Saxons, who preceded them in the conquest of that part of 
 the island ; and as it seems probable that foreigners an-iving ui a 
 country would adopt some of the names given to the hills and rivers 
 by the original inhabitants, we may contrast this probability with 
 the fact, that in the South of Scotland, tlie names of many of the 
 hills, livers and natural divisions of the country are Gaelic, having 
 been retained by the Saxons who succeeded the Gael in those parts. 
 
 In the following pages, it will be found, that the above two theories 
 regarding common words and proper names are matched witli their 
 corresponding facts ; it will be seen that the Latin words signifying 
 such objects as sea, earth, air, &c., and domestic animals, &c., have 
 
 * Published in 1840 with this title, "Illustrations of the Affinity of the 
 Latin Langiiage to the Gaelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland. — 
 Toronto, Upper Canada. Hugh Scobie. Printed by Hugh Scobie, at 
 the office of the Britiih Colotiist Newspaper, 1840." 
 
 t Physical History of Man.— London, 1837. 
 
s CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIX. 
 
 tlic same sound as their Gaelic equivalents ; and llial tlie names of 
 many ol' the mountains and rivers of Italy have almost unobjection- 
 able derivations provided for them tvom the Gaelic, while the Latin 
 language or the Greek may he searched in vain for this xiurpose. 
 
 In this Essay my objects are: — First, To enquire if there be any 
 affinity betwixt the Gaelic and Latin. Secondly, To examine the 
 amount of the aflinity and to consider which language is the more 
 ancient, and the source of the other. Thirdly, To apply the same 
 to history. 
 
 The first question mentioned above is negatived by Vans Jven- 
 ncdy;* with regard to the second, I lean to llie opiuion that the 
 Latin is three-fourths derived from the Celtic; with respect to the 
 third head of inquiry, it may be supposed that the early inhabitants 
 of Eome were Celts. 
 
 Many of the Latin words hereafter mentioned have been derived 
 from the Greek, but agaiu these Greek words are deriveable from 
 the Celtic, so that the question of the Celtic origin ot these words 
 remains the same. 
 
 The reader unacquainted with Gaelic is requested to notice that 
 bh and mh are sounded like the English v ; ph like/; c and ij arc 
 always hard like Ic; th is like ch in loch as the Scotch pronounce it; 
 d and t when followed by li are generally silent. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial t, as 
 ardeo from tier. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial f, as 
 ars from feart. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimes drops initial s, as 
 avefrom saobh. 
 
 I shall now contrast the two vocabularies : — 
 Aberro, -wander : Gaelic, larraidh, wander. 
 Abactus (abigo), abactio, actio, actor, actus: Euchd, af<al. 
 Abalieno : Eile, another; iar^ afte r ; uidhe, a ivay. 
 
 Abedo: Itli, eal. 
 
 Abripio : Eeub, tear. 
 
 Abdicatio : Deachd. 
 
 Abeo, depart : Uidhe, a waij. 
 
 Abrumpo : Eeub, tear. 
 
 Absimilis : Amhuil, like. 
 
 Abstiueo : Teanu, taibe. 
 
 Ac : Agus, and. 
 
 Accipio : Do, to ; gabh, take. 
 
 Accendo : Cana, ivhite. 
 
 Acclamo : Do, to ;. glaodh, call. 
 
 Acclino : Claon, incline. 
 
 Accommodo: Do, to; co, together; modh, manner. 
 
 Accredo : Do, to ; creid, believe. 
 
 Accresco : Cre, earth. 
 
 Accubo, accumbo : Cub, bend. 
 
 Aecumolo : Do, <o; co, together ; msLol, a round object. 
 
 Accuro : Curam, care. 
 
 Accnso : Cuis, a cause. 
 
 Acer, acerbus, acesco, acetum, acidus, acrimonia, acritudo: Geur,- 
 sharp. 
 * On the Languages of Asia and Europe, 4to.— London, 1828. 
 
CELTIC OKli.ilN or LATIN. 9 
 
 Acta, a shore : Ach, o bank. 
 
 Ad : Do, to. 
 
 Adclico : DeachJ, dictate. 
 
 Addivius : Dia, Gud, 
 
 Addo : Do, to. 
 
 Admirer: Do, /o ; meviV,Jin<jcr. 
 
 Admisceo : IMeasg, viLv. 
 
 Admodum : Modli, manner. 
 
 Aduiolior : Maol, a round ohjcvt. 
 
 Admoneo : ^Iciu, »(/«'/. 
 
 Adolco, adolcsco, adolesccns : 01, drink. 
 
 Adore, adoratio : Do, to ; radb, speech. 
 
 Adrepo : Cruli, bend. 
 
 Advena : Aduan f obsolete), a stranger. 
 
 Advolo : Aile, air. 
 
 Acgcr, aegrotus : Ci6\\x, painful, ajjliclice ; achiar, sharp, bitter. 
 
 Aer, aelherus : Athar, air. 
 
 Acvuni, aetas, aeteruitas : Aoi, auidh, an age. 
 
 Affero : Do, to ; beir, carry. 
 
 Att'ectus, afiicio, afl'ectio : Euclid. 
 
 Agens, agendas, agilio, agito, ago : EucliJ, an crplvil. 
 
 Ager, afield: Acha, afield. 
 
 Aggrego : Do, to ; greigli, a herd. 
 
 Aguomen .• Do, to ; aium, a name. 
 
 Agnus, a lamb : Uau, a Iamb. 
 
 — ago, a termination of some female nouns, as virago : — ag, a com- 
 
 mou termination of female nouns in Gaelic, as nionag, a little 
 
 daughter, from niglieauag, from nighean, a daughter. 
 Agria, an ulcer : Geur, sharp. 
 Agrarius, ager .• Ar, plough. 
 Albus, white : Alaiuachd, whiteness. 
 Alius : Eile, another. 
 Alendus : 01, drink. 
 
 Almus, alo : 0\, drink; alz,Ah., nursing •. a\, a generation. 
 Altarius, altare, altus, altum, altitudo, alte : Ailt, high, 
 Altivolans .• Ailt, high ; aile, wind. 
 A — privative prefix : iu Gaelic the same. 
 — am, a termination of adverbs signifying manner, as clam, from 
 
 celo : Cleidli : modh, manner. 
 Am-, amb-, around: Vim, around. 
 Amarus, bitter : Amli, bitter : muir, the sea. 
 Ambitio. ambeo : Uim, around : uidlie, ivay. 
 Ambulo, from ambeo - Uim : uidhe. 
 Ameus, amentia : A priv ; mein, mind. 
 Amnis : Amliuin, a river; hence many rivers iu Britain receive the 
 
 name of Avon. 
 Amniculus : Amhuin, j-iwr ; ca.o\, small. 
 Amnigenus : Amhuiu; gin, beget. 
 Aucon, agulus, augustia : Eang, a corner. 
 Annumero : Do, to ; aireamh, a number. 
 Anima, animo, animal, animus : Anam, the soul. 
 Animulus : Anam ; caol. Utile. 
 An — a prefix signifying with difficulty : Ana, a common prefix, with 
 
 difficulty. 
 Anhelo : Ana, with difficulty ; aile, air. 
 Annus, annalis, annona : Eang (obsolete), a year. 
 AppeUo, / drive : Do, to; buaill, strike. 
 Appello, /«(?;.■ henl, mouth. 
 
10 LATIN AND GAELIC; 
 
 Appoi'ki : J)(i, /o; hoiv, carri/. 
 
 Apprimus ; l'riomh,,/(/-6/. 
 
 Aril, liccciuse on lieights : Arcl, Itigh. 
 
 —anus, a teiminatiou of nouns, as esseJaiius : -ar, from Fear, a man. 
 
 Aratio, arator: KY,plouyh. 
 
 Area, arceo, arcanus ; Aire, a small chal. 
 
 Arcula : Aire ; caol, small. 
 
 ArduiTS : Arcl, hig/i. 
 
 Areo : arileo, ardor, areno : Tior, ch-i/. 
 
 Argentum ; Aii-giod, silver. 
 
 Arenula : Tior ; caol, small. 
 
 Aries, a ram : Keithe, a ram. 
 
 Arma : Airm, anns. 
 
 Armifer : Airm ; beir, carry 
 
 Arrectus, arrigor : Do, to ; ruig, reach. 
 
 Arripio : Do, io ; reub, tear. 
 
 Ars (originally power), the genitive art- is is a more ancient form : * 
 Feart, efficacy. 
 
 Arvalis, arvum ; Ar, plough. 
 
 Ascribo : Do, to ; sgriobh, write. 
 
 As — a prefix from ad, signifying to, as aspire : Do, tu. 
 
 As — a prefix from ex, signifying out of, as aspello : As, out of. 
 
 Aspello : As, out of; buaill, slribe. 
 
 Assilio ; Do, to ; ailt, high. 
 
 Assideo, assessor, assiduitas : Do ; suidli, sit. 
 
 Aspicio, aspectus : BeacM, vision. 
 
 Aruspex : Athar, sl-y ; beachd, viewing. 
 
 If any of the derivations given seem doubtful to the reader, he 
 is requested to remember the observation of Lord Mon- 
 boddo : — " We ought not to reject derivations of words 
 from roots in ether languages, though the words do not 
 agree in their consonants any more than in their vowels." t 
 
 Aspiro, aspiratus : Spreod, incite from a lost Gaelic root. 
 
 Assimilo, assimulo : Do, to; amhuil, like. 
 
 Astituo, asto : Steidhich, establish. 
 
 Attenuo: Tana, thin. 
 
 Attribuo : Treubh, a tribe. 
 
 Avius : A, priv. ; uidhe, a ivay. 
 
 Ac — , at — , prefixes from ad: Do, io. 
 
 Ave : Saobh, icell. 
 
 Avello : Peall, skin. 
 
 Avoco : A, priv. ; focal, a ivord ; from a lost Gaelic root. 
 
 Avolo : A ; aile, air, wind. 
 
 Aura : Athar, air. 
 
 Aurum : Or, gold. 
 
 Axilla: Achlais, the axilla, 
 
 — as, a termination of abstract nouns, 1 — as, a common termination 
 as caritas (Cairdeas) > of abstract nouns. 
 
 Aliusmodi : Eile, another ; modh, manner. 
 
 Allabens : Allabain, loajidering. 
 
 An, if : An, if. 
 
 Aununtio . to tell news : Ad-nuntio : do, to ; nuadh, new. 
 
 Antenna, the cross-piece to which the sail is fastened, or made tense : 
 Teann, tense. 
 
 Astfrom at : Ach, but. 
 
 * Jaekel's (Jermanisclie Ursprung cler Lateinischen sprache und des 
 
 Eoemischen volkes. Breslaii, 1832. 
 
 + Origin and Progress of Language, Yol. 1, p, 488. Edinb, 1773. 
 
T.ATTX AXn OAELTC. II 
 
 — at, ns sanilftt, sanitas, a termination of ^ -acini, a common tonnina- 
 
 abstract nouns derived from adjectives, ' ti(ni of abstrart nouns. 
 — alio, a termination of nouns, as notiitio \ -adh, a common termina- 
 
 from notatus past part, of noto, * tion, as 
 
 Oibreachadh '\ a noun. 
 Ag oibreaehadh j-pres. part, 
 lar oibreaehadh ) past part. 
 — arius, a termination of adjec- \ -or, from mhor, gjrat, a common 
 
 tives, as boarius, t termination of adjectives. 
 
 Audio, hear : Eisd, hear. 
 Balatus, bale : Ben\,vioiilh. 
 Bacca : Boc, aiv/ round ohject. 
 Baccifer : Boc ; beir, carnj. 
 Bacoula : Boc ; caol, small. 
 Bacnlum : Bacholl, a staff. 
 Bacillum : Bachol ; caol. 
 Balista, balistaiium : Buaill, Ihrow. 
 Bnltens : Bait, a belt. 
 Bambalio : Baoth, /otf ; beul, »no»//i. 
 Baro : Bnothair, a fool. 
 Eai-barus : Borbarra, wild. 
 Bardus, bardaicus : Bard, a poet. 
 Bat : Baoth, low. 
 
 Beatus, a beo : Bith, e.ri.ilhig: hith, existence. * 
 
 Beatulus : Bith ; caol. 
 Bellator, bellax, helium : Buaill, slril<:e. 
 Beo: With, everlastitiff. 
 Bestia : Biast, a beast ; it is doubtful whether this Latin word is 
 
 derived from the Gaelic or i>ersa vice. 
 Bestiola: Biast; caol. 
 Blande, blandus : Blanda, courteous. 
 Boans, boarius, boo, bos : Bo, o.r, cow. 
 Braeca, braccata : Briogais, breeches. 
 Bolus, a throw ; Buaill, throw. 
 Bolns, a mass ; Ball, a round object. 
 Buccula: Boo, a round object ; caol, small. 
 Bis — many of the compounds of bis are in part of Gaelic origin, as 
 
 hidens, biduum, bimaris, biremis, etc. : Deud, di, muir, ramh, etc. 
 Birbulus, bubula : Bo, cow. 
 
 Bucerus, horned like an ox : Bo, cow ; corn, horn. 
 Bulla, bullo, bullio : Ball, a round object. 
 Bucolica, bucolicus : Bo, cow ; gille, lad. 
 Batillum : Bata, staff; caol. 
 
 Bis, from the Greek : Da, two. 
 
 Bicornis : Da ; com, horn. 
 
 Biclinium : Da ; elaon, incline. 
 
 ]3icorpor : Da ; corp, a body. 
 
 Bicnbitalis : Da; c\x\i,bend. 
 
 Biennis: Da; eang (obsolete), n y'"'^)-. 
 
 Bifer : Da : beir, carry. 
 
 Biirons, frons a ferendo : Da; beir. 
 
 Bimater : Da : mathair, mother. 
 
 Bimestris: Da; mios, n ?noi(/7(. 
 
 Bivius : Da ; uidhe, a watj. 
 
 Brachium, an arm: Braeh (obsolete), an arm, 
 
 Bucetum, pasture, a place where cattle are fed ; Bo, a coir ; aite, a 
 
 place. 
 Bucnlns, a young ox : Bo, cow ; caol, lltlh. 
 
]?1 CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIX. 
 
 Eustnm, the place where dead bodies were Lamed. Perhaps once 
 
 busetiim. Bus, death: iiite, place. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes s, as 
 Cffido, to prune, from sgath, cut off. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word the Latin sometimss changes b to c, 
 as pereello, per-cello,/TO)?i buaill; corusco/rombrath; cremo 
 , from brath. 
 
 In the corrupt modern method Latin c is pronounced soft before 
 the small vowels e and /; in Gaelic as with the ancient 
 Romans, it is always hard. 
 Caballus : Capul, a horse. 
 Cado,/o«: Cadam (obsolete), /«/;. 
 Carruca, a little carl : Car (obsolete), a cart : beag, little. 
 Calamus, a reed: Caol, slender. 
 Calculus : Cailc, a stone. 
 
 Calx, calcarius, calculator, calculus : Cailc, chalk. 
 Calendffi, from calo (obsolete), call: Caill (obsolete), call; glaodh, 
 
 a shout. 
 Calendfe, from the Greek: Glaodh, shout. 
 Calleo, callidus : Caill, wisdom. 
 Calo, a servant : Gille, a lal. 
 Camelus : Cam-al, a crooked horse.* 
 Campus, eampester : Caimp, a camp. 
 Camurus : Cam, crooked. 
 Candefacio : Caua, ivhite: achd, an action. 
 Candela, eando, candor, candidatus, caueo : Caua, v'hite. 
 Cannabis : Cainb, canvas. 
 Canis : Cu ; conn ; caol, little. 
 Canor, cantator, canto, cantus : Caiunt, speech, 
 Canus : Cana, ivhite. 
 
 Caper, caperatus, capero : Gabhar, a goat. 
 Capesso, capio : Gabh, take. 
 Capra, caprea : Gabhar, a goat, 
 Capreolus : Gabhar ; caol. 
 Capricornus : Gabhar, corn, horn, 
 Captatio, captio, captivus, capto, captura, captus; Gabh, take: 
 
 gabhta, taken. 
 Career : Carcair, a prison. 
 Caritas : Cax. a friend; csdrieas, friendship. 
 CiLVO, cSLvnis, flesh : Carn ( obsolete) ;./7es7;. 
 Carpentum : carbad, a chariot. 
 
 Carpo, carpor, carptus, carpus: Crubndb, bending (as of the fingers). 
 Carptim : Crubadh ; modh, maimer. 
 Caput, a head : Cab, a head. 
 Carram, carrus : Car, a chariot. 
 Carus : Car, dear. 
 Caseus, caseale : Caise, cheese. 
 Cateia, a dart : Gath, a dart. 
 Cateia: Ga.th, a. javelin. 
 Catellus : Cu ; caol, little. 
 Calerva : Ceathairne, a multitude, band, ttc. ; this is the word catcran 
 
 or freebooter; hence the name of Loch Katrine, (Sir W. Scott.) 
 Causa, causer : Cuis, a cause, 
 Causula : Cuis ; caol. 
 Causidicus : Cuis ; deachd, dictate. 
 Cathedra, through the Greek : Cathair, a seat. 
 Celans, celator, celo : Cleidh, conceal. 
 
 * From the Diction. Scoto-Celtic. 4to. Ediub, 1828, 
 
LATIN AN[) OALLIC. 13 
 
 Couseo, tiiJuJt/e: Ccann, the heaJ. 
 
 Centum, centtirio : Ceiul, a hundred. 
 
 Centuuiviri : Ceucl; iiv, men. 
 
 Ccleber : Cliu, imiisc : beir, bear. 
 
 Celsus, hiijh : Ailt, hiyh. 
 
 Cephalicus, from the Greek keiihalc, kcpli-, kcp-, : Cub, licad. 
 
 Cera, ceratus, cereus : Ceir, ivax. 
 
 Cerastes, ceratitis : Coru, a horn. 
 
 Cerasus, a Cerasunte iirbe : Corn, a hum. 
 
 C'erdo : Cedxdi, a small trader; in Scottisli, caird. 
 
 Cerevisia, beer, from Ceres : Ce, canh : ar, plough. 
 
 Charitas, charus : Car, a friend. 
 
 Chirograpliium : Coir (obsolete), the hand : •^ra.hh, write. 
 
 Chorea, a dance : Car, a turn. 
 
 Certus, cerlo, certamen, eerno, ceruuo, ccrnuus : Ceart, rii/lit. 
 
 Chorda: Cord, a co;v/. 
 
 Chorus : Cor, music, 
 
 — chra; -era; some names of towns cud iu these: Cathair, pro' 
 
 uounced Ca-liur, a city. 
 Cieo, to drive hack : Gath, a dart. 
 Cingulum, cingo, cinctura : Ceangal, a (jirdlc. 
 Ciuis, ashes : Cana, ivhilc. 
 
 Cio, to stir, e.vcite : Gath, a javelin ; cath, a battle. 
 Circa : Cuairt, a circle. 
 Circiim — many of the words with which circum is couipouuded arc 
 
 derived from the Gaelic, 
 Cu'cus, circa, circum : Cuau-t, a circle. 
 CuTUS, rough hair : Garbh, rough. 
 Cithara, citharii^o : Ceathar, a harp ; cruit, a harp. 
 Cista, cisterna : Cist, a chest. 
 Cistula, a single diminutive : Cist ; caol. 
 Cistellula, a double diminutive : Cist ; caol ; caol. 
 Cistifer, cistophorus : Cist: beir, can-y. 
 Clades : Claoidh, misfortune. 
 Clam, a celo : Cleidh, conceal; inodh, manner. 
 Clamator, clamito, clamor : Glaodh, call. 
 Clathrus, clathro : Cleath. 
 Claudo, claudor, claudico, clavis, claudianus, clausus, clausum, 
 
 clausula : Cleidh, conceal. 
 Clepo : Cluip, steal. 
 
 Cliens, clienta: Cliamhuin, a client, pronounced cluiu. 
 Clinamen, clriiicus, clino : Claon, incline. 
 Cludo, cludor : Cleidh, conceal. 
 Clueo : Cliu,/a»u'. 
 Co — , col — , com — , con — , cor—: in Gaelic co — , and comh — , are 
 
 in common use as prefixes, signifying together. 
 Cognomen : Co ; ainm, na7ne. 
 Cogo, cogito, cogitaus : Comh; achd. 
 Collaudo : Co : luaidb, mention, praise. 
 Colluco, cut down a grove ; from lucus which is a uou luceudo, from 
 
 luceo : Leus, light. 
 Coeo : Co ; uidhe, a ivay. 
 CoUare, collum : Caol, narrow. 
 Colluceo : Co ; leus, light. 
 CoUatio, collatus : Co ; lamh, hand. 
 Columba : Columan, a dove. 
 Colum : Caol, narrow. 
 Culumcn, cokmiis, columnarii, columella : CUol, iiavrow. 
 
11 CELTIC OlllaiN 01' LATIN. 
 
 Comedo, coinesus : Co ; ith, eat. 
 
 Comes, comitatus, comitia, comitor : Co ; uidhe, a way. 
 
 CoDiis, comitas : Caomli, iidld. 
 
 Comminuo : Co ; mean, small. 
 
 Cammeo, i.e. coii-meo, i.e. eo; Uidhe. 
 
 Commercium: Co; mavgadh, dealing. 
 
 Commiles : Co ; mileadh, a soldier. 
 
 Commisceo : Co ; raeasg, mi.v. 
 
 Conisso, hud : Ceann, head. 
 
 Conquinisco, conopeum | Cemn, head. 
 
 Comusus, eonuitor, from comiisso : ) ' 
 
 Copia, ivealth : Cob, abundance. This has the same spelling, but is 
 a dilTei-ent word from : — 
 
 Copia, help : Cobhair, help. 
 
 Corbita, a ship : Cairb, a ship, 
 
 Corium, a skin : Croic, a skin. 
 
 Corusco, cremo : Erath, ^ce (Celtic b changed to e). 
 
 Cremaster, a hook : Crom, crooked. 
 
 Crudus: Cruaidh, /(«»•(? (Macarthur iu Notes on Ossian). 
 
 CucuUus : CochuU, a hood. 
 
 — ctum, a termination contracted from -cetum, as filictum for filice- 
 tum, solictum for solicetum : -etum : Aite, a place, 
 
 Cum, with: Comh,2vilh. 
 
 Cum, ivhen : Ce am, tvhat time. 
 
 Cyaneus, blue, S,-c. , Cuan, the sea. 
 
 Commodus, commoclo : Co ; modh, manner. 
 
 Commorior, deponent: Co; mort, active, hill. 
 
 Communis, communitas, communico, communicatio : Co; maoiu, 
 ivealth. 
 
 Compello : Co ; buaill, drive. 
 
 Compesco, from con and presco , Comh, together', bo, cow. 
 
 Compile, compilatio : Co ; peall. 
 
 Concelebro : Co ; cliu, praise ; beir, carry. 
 
 Concaco: Co; cac. 
 
 Concalleo : Ciall, ivisdom. 
 
 Concenturio : Co ; cend, a hundred. 
 
 Concentus, concentio: Co; cainnt, speee7«. 
 
 Conceptio, conoaptus (pronounced concaptus) : Co ; gabhta, taken. 
 
 Con — .under their simple forms, the following compounds will be 
 found derived entirely from Gaelic roots — concerpo, concertO; 
 concino, concipio, conclamo, concludo, conclusio, concordio. 
 concorporo, concresco, concumbo, concm'o, condico, condoleo, 
 confero, congener, congrogatio, conquestus, conscribo, consen 
 csco, conscriptio, concessor, consideo, consido, consilio, con 
 sisto, conspectus, conspicuus, conspiratio, conspiro, constans 
 constituo, consto. contego, contendo, contentio, contestor, con 
 tinentia, contineo, continuus, contribuo, contumulo, convolesco, 
 convolo, corripio, corrotundo, corrumpo, corruptus, conglisco 
 confectio, conficio, confictus, confingo. 
 
 Cornu : Corn, a horn. 
 
 Cor, cordatus : Cridhe, a heart, pronounced crJ. 
 
 Corona : Coron, a crown. 
 
 Corporeus, coi-pns : Corp, a body. 
 
 Cortex : Cairt, hark. 
 
 Crassus : Craois, sensuality. 
 
 Creator, creo, cresco : Cre, earth. 
 
 Creditor, credo, credulus : Creid, believe. 
 
 Crypta: Crwh^dh, bending. 
 
TATTN AND GAELIC. \:, 
 
 Cubans, cubiculum, cubo, cubile: Cub, lend. 
 
 Cuneo, cuneus : Goinuc, a walgc. 
 
 Cuniculus: Goinue; caol. 
 
 Cura, curiosus : Curam, care. 
 
 Curtus, curto : Goirid, short. 
 
 Currus: Car, a chariot. 
 
 Curriculum: Car; caol. 
 
 Curvus, curvo : Car, a turn. 
 
 Cyatlius : Cuach, a cup or quakh. 
 
 Cynicus : Cu, conn, a dog. 
 
 Cynodontes, througb the Greek : Cu, conn; deuJ, a tooth. 
 
 Cothurnus : Cuaran, a buskin. 
 
 Culex; Cnlag, a small _/Ii/. 
 
 — cnlum, a termination of diminutives, as curriculum : Caol, small. 
 
 — culum, a termination of adverbs sicnifying\ 
 
 12 3 1 12 
 
 manner, as clanculum; clam, Jrom celo; Cleidh, conceal; 
 
 2 3 Vmodh, manner; caol, 
 
 celo /WW Cleidh ; - am /;w;( niodh ; —ViW. little; rao<!ih, manner. 
 
 /WW caol; — um./wmmodh. J 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes g to e, 
 as caper /WW gabhai-. 
 
 — danus, a termination of nouns, as oppidanus: Duine, a man. 
 
 De, of : Be, of. 
 
 De — negative prefix, as dearmatus : Dith, di, want r,f. 
 
 De— intensive prefix, as debello : Dith, utterly. 
 
 Dator, dato : Do, do. 
 
 Decern, decimo, decuma, denarius: Deich, ten. 
 
 Decemviri: Deich; fir, men. 
 
 Dedico: Dia, God; do, /o. 
 
 Dedoleo, give over grieving : Dith, want; duilich, difficult. 
 
 Dedoleo, gneve much : Dian and teth, intens. ; duilich, difficult. 
 
 Defectio, a revolt : Fag, leave. 
 
 Dilaudo, praise highly : Dinn, warm: luaidh,pra/s(;. 
 
 Dexter, dexteritas : Deas, right. 
 
 Denique,/w)?! de, novo, and que : De of; nuadh, new ; agus, and, 
 
 Denuo : De ; nuadh. 
 
 Dens : Deud, a tooth. 
 
 Desum : Di; want ; is mi, / am. 
 
 Deus, dicatus, dico : Dia, God. 
 
 Dearmatus and the following compounds are derived entirely from 
 Gaelic roots : — 
 debello, decanto, decerus, decerpo, decipio, declamo, declino, 
 decollo, decortico, decretum, decumbo, defero, degenero, dego, 
 delator, demens, demergo, deminus, demiror, demolior, 
 demorior, denomino, depasco, depello, depilatus, deporto, de- 
 prave, depulso, derepo, deripio, dei-umpo, describo, desideo, 
 desidia, desido, desilio, despicio, destillo, destituo, desultorius, 
 detego, detineo, devius, devolo, diminuo, direpo, dirigo, diripio, 
 uirumpo, defectus, deficio, deceptio, decresco, deerro, devote, 
 devotio, denoto, denude, devido, diverto, divorto. 
 
 Dies, « dag : Di, a day. 
 
 Dies, dium, diurnus : Dia, a dag. 
 
 Digitus, so called because ten on the two hands : Deug, ten. 
 
 Diu, in the dag-time : Di, a dag. 
 
 Diverto, divorto : Da, two ; beir, carrg. 
 
 Divide, to divide : Da, two ; uidhe, a wag. 
 
IC LATIN AND GAELTC. 
 
 Divi, the lesser deities, Di-vi : Dens. The affix -vi is the same as the 
 prefix ve-, and is from Eeag, lillle. 
 
 Divinatio, divinus : Dia. 
 
 Dieo, dieax, dietat.a : Deachd, cliclale. 
 
 Dictator, dictio, dictum : Deachd. 
 
 Do, dono : Do, to. 
 
 Doceo, doc-eo : Teagaisg, teach. 
 
 Doleo, dolor : Duilich, clifficuU. 
 
 Dubius : Da, two ; uidlie, a icay. 
 
 Duo : Da, tioo. 
 
 Dis, — many of the compounds of dis are of Gaelic origin. 
 
 Duni: knX'axa, the lime. 
 
 Durabilis, duro : DoirbLi, hanl. 
 
 Duumvir: Da; fir, men. 
 
 Dynasta: 'ila,naXs,te, a thane. 
 
 E — from ex, a prefix signifying out, as edens : As, out of. 
 
 Ex : As, out of. 
 
 Edo : Ith, eat. 
 
 Eheu: Och, alas. 
 
 Eblandior and the following compounds are of Gaelic origin : — 
 ebullo, ebuUio, edico, edictum, editor, edo, eft'ero, emergo, emereor, 
 emiror, emolior, eraorior, engonatiis, enumero, eremigo, erepo, 
 erigo, eripio, erro, evado, evoco, evolo, exacerbo, evanesco, ex- 
 actor, exanimo, exardeo, exaro, excandesco, excanto, excepto, ex- 
 eruo, excerpo, excipio, exclamo, exclude, excors, excresco, ex- 
 cubo, excuso, exedo, exeo, exerro, exhalo, exilio, exitium, exor- 
 abilis, exoro, expecto, expello, expilo, expiro, exporto, expulso, 
 exporrigo, expolio, extendo, extenno, extilo, extorris, extumeo, 
 exugo, exulto, exuro, egregius, elueeo, explieo, explodo, expedio, 
 explano, expleo, eflfector, eflficax, efflcio, efiigies, efflngo, exigo, 
 egurgito. 
 
 Equus: Each, a horse.* 
 
 Eo : Uidhe, a way. 
 
 Eugenia, through the Greek : Agh, joy ; gin, beget. 
 
 Erythraeus : Ruaidh, red. 
 
 — ellula, a termination double diminutives, as cistellula : Cist, chest; 
 caol, stnalt; caol. 
 
 — etum, a termination of nouns, signifying a place, as anisetum, as- 
 pretium, arundinetum, bucetum, buxetum, bustum, cupresse- 
 tum, carectum/or caricetum, castanetum, chalcetum, cornetum, 
 coryletum, duinetiim, esculetum, ficetum, frutetum, filictum for 
 filicetum, fimetum, fruticetum, glabretum, ilicetuju, juncetum, 
 lumectum, lauretum, myrtetum, masculetum, nucetum, oliv- 
 etum, oletum, palraetum, pinetnni, populetum, porculetuni, 
 quereetum, rosetum, rubetum, sepulcretum, sabuletum, sentis- 
 etum, saxetum, spinetum, salictum/or salicetum, vepretum, vii-- 
 etum, virgetum, veretrum, vinetum, virgultum for virguletum. 
 — et from Aite, a place. 
 
 Ea, she : I, she. 
 
 — en, a termination of some nouns, as numen : Isaomh, holy ; aon, one. 
 
 Equiria : Each, a Itorse. 
 
 Ejulo, to cry : Eigh, a shout. 
 
 Elinguis; lingua, once tingua : Teangadh, tonpite. 
 
 — etrum, a termination, as fulgetrum, a great lightning; — et from 
 Aite, a place ; -—rum from ridh, a mmber, a collective termina- 
 tion, as in eachridh, cavah-y. 
 
 Ejulo, shout ; Eigh, a shout. 
 
 ■'■ From the Diotionarium Scoto-Celtienm, 4to, Eilinb. 1S28. 
 
I.ATIX AND liAKLlC. 17 
 
 Eguvgito, gurgcs : C'uairt, « whirl. 
 
 Eminens, hiijli : RlonnJli, « liill. 
 
 — ellus, a tcruniiatioii of cliiuiuutives, ns libulliis : — ul, fioni cliaul, 
 
 lUlle. 
 
 Ill nJopUng a Celiiit word, the Latin sometimes pi-efixes /, as 
 facio from aclul : changes // to /, as fratei* from brathair, 
 fero from beir. 
 Fa})a; Faob, a hcan. 
 Fero, ferox, fertilis : ISeir, carry. 
 — fer a termination of adjectives, signifying to carry, as anuifer: 
 
 Beir, carry. 
 Ferns, ferox , Fearg, anger. 
 Fi, he thou : Bith, be. 
 Flaoens, flaceidus : Tloo, hfwo'mg clown, 
 Fodio : Fod, lur.l'. 
 For, fatiir: V\.tidii\, upeech . 
 Fortis, fortitudo : Feart, virtue. 
 Frater: Brathair, a brother. 
 Frons //•ojre ferendo : Beir, can-y. 
 Fundus, fundo : Fod, turf. 
 Fretus, fretum, ow arm of the ica : Fiith-mhuir, an arm of the sea: 
 
 a firth or frith. 
 Fero, carry : I3eir, carry. 
 Ferveo, to be hot : Brath,. fire. 
 
 Flaccus, hanging down : Plocaeh, hewing su-oln cheeks. 
 Flagello, to tltrash : I'loc, to strike. 
 Flo, to blow : Aile, air. 
 
 Celtic c is changed to Latin/, as filius /ro»i caol; Mam from 
 caol; fragosus/rom craig; tanis from caoin : also Celtic c 
 is changed to Latin ;;. 
 Faber : a workman : Obair, icork. 
 Furo, to be angry : Fearg, anger. 
 Furniis, an oven : Brath,./(re. 
 Folium, a leaf: Bileach, a leaf. 
 Fallo, diceicc : Feall, deceit. 
 Fluctus, fluo, flumen : Fluich, u-ct. 
 Fuga, fugo, fugio : Fogair, expel. 
 
 Frux, frugaliter, frumentum, frutico, fnior : Beir, hear. 
 Frustum : Bris, break. 
 Frivolus : Frith, small. 
 Farina : Bruth, bruise. 
 
 Fala, a tower to throw darts from : Buaill, throw. 
 Falarica, falare, from fala: Buaill, throw. 
 Foetus, a birth : Bith, e.vistence. 
 Fragor, a ?iojse ; fra-gor : Gaoir, jioise, 
 Fui, / have been : Bha, ivas. 
 Fulmen, a stroke of lightning: Buaill, strike. 
 Fundo, to pour out : allied to Ouadh, a ware. 
 Fando, to found: Fod, turf . 
 ruturus,/M<M)-e: Bith, Z»e; iar. a//er. 
 Futilis,/z(//7e: Bith, be ; -ol, caol, little. 
 Fur, a thief: Beir, carry. One who carries off. 
 Facinus, facilio, facto fro7n facio, to do : Aclid, a deed. 
 Facio, to do : Aclid, a deed : Euchd, a feat, an achievemmi ; from tbi?, 
 
 several adjectives are formed. Enehd, nn exploit; hsnoe each- 
 dire, an historian. 
 Fingo, fictio, figura/row facio : Afhd. 
 Fundus, ?an/7: Fod, turf. 
 
18 CELTIC or.IGIN OF LATIN, 
 
 Funero, io bury, from fundus: Fod, iuif. 
 
 Fragro, to be sour ; Geur, sharp, 
 
 Fragor, noise : Gaoir, noise. 
 
 Frio, crumble : Bruth, bruise. 
 
 Frieo, rub : Brwth, bruise. 
 
 Frigeo, io be cold : Keodb, ieogh,freese. 
 
 Frigo, to fry : Brath,.^re. 
 
 Facuiidus, eloquent : Focal, a ivord. 
 
 Frustra : Bris, break. 
 
 Frustro, to disappoint : Bris, break. 
 
 G — , in Gaelic is always pronounced hard before the small vowels 
 e and i, which is a proof that it was so pronounced by the 
 Eomans. 
 
 Gens, gentilis: Cinneadh, a family, clan. 
 
 Galbanus, galbanum : Geal and ban, whiie. 
 
 Gannio ; Cu, genitive conn, a dog. 
 
 Geno, genero, generalis, generosus, gigno, genitura, germen, germino, 
 genuinus : Gin, beget. 
 
 Glacies: Gea\, wldlt, 
 
 Gladius : Claidheamh, a sword; the French glaive and Scotch 
 " clay "-more. 
 
 Gloria : Gloir, glory. 
 
 Grabatus : Crubadh, bending. 
 
 Grando, granum ; Grasa, grain. 
 
 Graphium, grammatica, through the Greek : Grabh, write ; grablial, 
 engrave. 
 
 Gratus, gratia : Gradh, affection. 
 
 Grex, gregarius : Greigh, a herd. 
 
 Gula : Caol, narrow. 
 
 Gyrus, through the Greek : Cuairt, a circuit. 
 
 Gallicus, Gallia, Galatia : Gaelig, Gael, perhaps from coille, a wood. 
 The Celtic languages of Scotland are two in number :—l. The 
 Gaelic now spolven in the Highlands. 2. The Galwegian or the 
 extinct language of Strathclyde and Galloway, which more 
 resembles the Welsh than the Gaelic. Every Highlander 
 regi-ets that there is not a Professorship of Gaelic in one of the 
 Universities of Scotland. 
 
 Garbh, rough ; beann, a hill ; monadh, a 
 mountain. 
 
 12 3 4 3 6 
 Grampii montes, 
 
 Gra, from garbh, 
 
 ni, euphonia; gi'atia before p, 
 
 3 
 pii, from beann, a hill, 
 
 raon, from monadh, 
 
 t, euphonise gratia after n, 
 c 
 
 es, a plural termination not derived from 
 the Gaelic. 
 
 Gratice : Gradh, love, affection . 
 
 Glaueus: Gins, grey. 
 
 Gelu, ice: allied to Geal, ichite. 
 
 Gemino, io couple together : Comh, together. 
 
 Gd^mo, iojahher: Co, together; P^nih, speech. 
 
 Grampii montes, 
 mountains of 
 Scotland, the 
 Grampians. 
 
CELTIC UKIGIX UF L\TIN. l!l 
 
 Giailus, a ticp : the meaning is not (luitc the buiuc : Lii'ail, ntoi-c quirkli/. 
 
 Gi-iivis, hui-i!, JilVcult : Garbli, rough. 
 
 <iibl)a, gibbus : Gibean, hunch in the lack. 
 
 Gurguo ; Ciiairt, a whirl. 
 
 Graudis from gravis: Gaibh, roiigli. 
 
 ( iallus, a eoclc : Coileach, a cock. 
 
 Galbaiius, hriglit, irhile: Geal, u-liilc ; ban, wlu(c. 
 
 t iouiphus, a hook: Cam, croolcctl. 
 
 Gnata, a daughter : Gin, hegcl. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometime^ omits initial g, 
 as horreo from garbh ; liabeo from gabli ; and sometimes 
 omits initial c, as hamus /ro»(. cam: horreo ./Vvihi crith. 
 
 Hora: Uair, time, an hour; no Gaelic word begins with h. 
 
 llumilis: Unihail, humble. 
 
 Heri: \a.\\ after; di, dag. 
 
 Honor, honestus : Onair, honor. 
 
 Hydrophoria : Doir (obsolete), water; heir, carrg. 
 
 Hjdrus, hydra, hydria : Doir. 
 
 Hirudo, « leech, from haereo, I slick: Air, on. 
 
 Huraidus, uvidus: Abh, water. 
 
 Hydrargyrum: Doir, it-u^e;-; aii-giod, ;i!7tur. That is, liquid silier. 
 
 Hordenm : Eorna, barleg. 
 
 HoiTeo, shiver: Crith, strike. 
 
 Habeo, / have : Gabh, take. 
 
 H&mns, a hook: Ca.m, crooked. 
 
 Hasrio, to stick: allied to Air, on. 
 
 Ha3res, hesito, from hferio. 
 
 Halcj'onium, "the indurated foam of the sea." — Pliny: Ailc, air; 
 cuan, sea. 
 
 Halo, to breathe : Aile, air. 
 
 Herus, a master : Ai'd, high. 
 
 Horreo, to be rough : Garbh, rough . 
 
 Habena, a rein ; what is held in the hand, from habeo : Gabh, take. 
 
 Habitus, habitatio, habilis from habeo : Gabh, lake. 
 
 Heros, heroicus : Ard, high. 
 
 I ( ab eo) : Uidhe, a wag. 
 
 In — prefix, as incipio : Ann, in. 
 
 Ig,— il — , im^, in — , ir, negative prelix; Ana, a common negative 
 prefix. 
 
 — im, a termination of adverbs signifying manner, as carptim : Modi), 
 a manner. 
 
 Inter: Eadar, between. 
 
 Immergo and the following compounds will be found under their 
 simple forms derived from Gaelic words : — imminuo, immisceo, 
 immortalis, immoderatus, immodestus, impactus, impasco, im- 
 pello, importo, impulsor, inagitatus, inarmis, inardeo, inaro, 
 inartificiaiis, inauro, incandesco, incaiiesco, incanto, incelebris, 
 incendiarius, incentivus, incero,incingo, incino, incipio, inclamo, 
 inclino, includo, incolumis, iucommodo, incontinens, incon- 
 stans, incorporeus, incuiTuptus, increbo, incredibilis, incubo, 
 ineumbo, incuria, incuiTO, indico, induro, ineo, inequito, inermis, 
 ineiTO, infero, infodio, ingenero, ingigno, inglorius, ingratus, 
 inhonestus, initium, innovo, innumerus, insatiabilis, inscribo, 
 insedatus, insenesco, insideo, insimulo, insinuo, insisto, inspicio, 
 inspire, instigo, instillo, instituo, insulsus, iusulto, insuper, 
 insincerus, intercipio, intercino, intercludo, interdico, interfodio, 
 iuterfor, interlateo, interluco, intermedins, interlunium, inter- 
 misceo, intermorior, iiiternidifico, interims, iuturpello, iiiterrex. 
 
20 LATIN AND GAELIC. 
 
 iuibellis, iuteriumpo, interscribo, intestatus, iuvaJo, iuvius, 
 
 invoco, inurgeo, inuro, irrepo, irrumpo. 
 Jiigeuium: Eanchain, 6;vh« ; ann, in; ceann, Itcad. 
 Juclytus: Ann, in; cliu, fame. 
 I.ijuomiuia : Ana, 7iof ; amm,7iame. 
 lllunis : Ana, ?iol; lua.n, moon. 
 lllueeo : Ana; \eus, light. 
 Insula, an island, perhaps anciently a small island: lunis, idand ; 
 
 caol, small. Tnsb, Scottish. 
 Interim : Eadar, between ; am, time. 
 Intectns, covered : Ann; tigh, roo/. 
 Intectns, bare : Ana, not ; tigh, roof. 
 Iter (ab eo), itio, itus : Uidhe, a way. 
 Inedia : Ann, in ; di, dith, loant. 
 Interamna ; Eadar, between ; amhuin, a river. 
 — ilia, — a termination of diminutives, as mammilla : Caol. 
 — iculus, a termination of double diminutives, as fasciculus from 
 
 fascis : — ag from Beag, little ; ul or ol from caol, small. 
 Infra: Ana, not; bar, top. 
 Ico, to smite ; Gatli, a dart. 
 — ibus, termination of dative plural, as regibus : the same in Gaelic : 
 
 — ibh, as righibh. fFrom Prichard's Eastern Origin of the 
 
 Celtic Nations, p. 183.) 
 — ix, a tei-mination of female nouns, as potrix, potric, poti-ig : — ag 
 
 a termination of Gaelic female nouns, as nionag, a little daughter, 
 
 from uigheau, and beag, little. 
 Indico, to put on : Euifacb, clothing. 
 
 — im, a termination'^of adverbs relating to time, as olim : Am, time. 
 Lacus : Loch, a lalce. 
 
 Lacuna, a hollow place : Loch, a laltc ; an, mean, little. 
 Lamina : Lann, a sicord. 
 Late, latitude, latus : Leud, breadth. 
 Lateo, latesco : Luidh, lie. 
 Laus, laudo : Luaidh, mention, praise. 
 Lima, limo: Liomh, a^f^e. 
 Litera : Litir, a letter. 
 Lucifer: Ijens, tight ; heir, carrg. 
 
 Leo, gen. leon-is, which is the more ancient form : Leomhan, a lion. 
 Lingua, anciently dingua, ligurio, lingo : Teanga, a tongue. 
 Luceo, lucidus, lucubratio, lucus, lux : Leus, light. 
 Lucus, a grove, a non lucendo, luceo : Leus. 
 — lentus, a termination of adjectives, as luculentus, opolentus : Lan, 
 
 full. 
 Latro, a highwayman, a mbber; latro : Luidh, lie down. 
 Larix, the larch : Learag, the larch. 
 Lorica: Luireach, a coat of mail, 
 hvetns, joyful : Aiteas, joy. 
 liancea, a lance : Lann, a sword. 
 liamina, a plate : Lann, a sword. 
 Lambo, to lick with the tongue • Liob, Up. 
 Lambero, to cut, from lamina: Lann, a sword. 
 Lanius, a butcher, from lanio : Lann. 
 liapis, a stone ; ia-pis : Lia, a stone. 
 Legio, a legion : Luchd, people. 
 Lembus, a bark, a fishing-boat : Long, a ship. 
 Lembunculus, a little bark; a double diminutive: Long, a ship: 
 
 — an from mean, small ; caol, little. 
 Tiar, thejireaidc, one's home, ^-c. : Lar, I he, floor. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 21 
 
 Lana, wool, moss, cotlon : Lion, liiit,Jla.v. 
 
 Lapso, slip : Lub, bend, incline. 
 
 Mamma : Mam, a round hill. 
 
 Mammilla : IMara ; caol, small. 
 
 Slaledictum : Mallachd, a curse ; this word has lioen borrowed by tlio 
 
 (Jaelic from the Latin. 
 Mare, margo, marilimus, niarinus : Mmv, llw sec, from mu, around, 
 
 and tir, laud. 
 Mater, maternii^, matrona- Matliair, a mother. 
 Me (mej: Mi, (/). 
 Medius, medulla : Meadhon, middle. 
 Mel : Mil, hmmj. 
 Mellifer : ;\lil, honey ; beir, hear. 
 IMellilioo : Mil ; achd. 
 Mens : Mein, the mind. 
 Mensis, menstruus : Mies, a month. 
 Meo (ab eo) : Uidhe, a loay. 
 ]\Ierces, mercor, mercenarius : Margadh, trading. 
 Mergo, mergus, mersor/ii-o7)i mare : Muir, the sea. 
 Meridies: Meadhon, 7)u'rf(?/e ; di, dat/. 
 Meus, mi, mihi : Mi, /. 
 Miles : Mileadh, a soldier. 
 Mille : Mile, a thousand. 
 
 Minus, minor, minutus, minuo, minimus : Mean, small. 
 Misceo, miscellanea: Bleasg, ?»a-; perhaps from uim, n)'0!«i(?; uisge, 
 
 umter. 
 Mirus, mirabilis : Menr, finger. 
 Mitis, mitigatio, mitesco : Maoth, soft. 
 Modus, modulus, modestus, moderor : Modh, manner. 
 Mola : Meil, grind. 
 
 Moles, molestia, molior : Maol, a round object. 
 Moneo, (mens), monitor: Mein, Mjnrf. 
 Mous, montanus : Monadh, a hill. 
 Mos, moralis : Modh, manner. 
 Mordeo, bile : Mir, a bite. 
 Mors, mortalis : Mort, kill. 
 MuUus : Mullach, a mullet. 
 I\Iutio : Maoth, soft. 
 Major, majestas : Mor, great. 
 Muria, salt water : Muir, the sea. 
 Murus, a ivall : Mur, a u-all. 
 Mundus, neat, delicate : Mnaoi, a ivoman. 
 Munus, a gift : Maoin, ivealth. 
 Mutilus, without horns : Maol, without horns. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial s, 
 as nis//'oTO sneaclid; no from suamh ; neo from sniomh. 
 Nae, really : Ana, very. 
 Ne, not : Neo, not. 
 'Ne, whither: An, if. 
 Neu : Neo, not. 
 Ni: An, if 
 
 Natrix : Nathair, a serpent. 
 Nebula, nebulo : Neul, a cloud. 
 Nidus : Nead, a nest. 
 Nitidus : Nighte, washed. 
 Nix : Sneachd, snow. 
 Nolo, i.e. non volo : Neo, not ; aill, rvill. 
 Nomen : Aium, a name. 
 
3-3 CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 
 
 Nomenelatura : Ainm; caill (obsolete), c(dl: glaodh, eaW. 
 
 Nox, nocturnus : Nochd, night. 
 
 Non : Neo, not. 
 
 Noous, novera : Naoi, nine. 
 
 Numeius : Aireamh, a number. 
 
 Nuncupo : Ainm ; gabh, take. 
 
 Nux: Cno, a nut. 
 
 Note, notavius, notio, uota : Noeliil, sliew. 
 
 Nuraen, a deity : Naomh, holi/ ; aon, one. 
 
 Nudns, naked: Noclid, naked. Nochd from neo, not, and oudach, 
 
 clothed. 
 Nucleus, diminutive from nux : Nux /cojji Cno, ?j!(/ ; caol, little (in 
 
 compos, -ol.) 
 Nudiusquartus, /o!«' (iays «^o ; nu-dius-quartus: kn, the; (Hi, day ; 
 
 cealhar, .four. 
 Nundinum, the market; so called because it was held every nine 
 
 days : Naoi, nine ; di, a day. 
 Nuntio, to carry news : Nuadh, neiv. 
 Neo, spin : Sniomh. spin. 
 No, swim : Snamh, swim. 
 Nudus : Nochd, 7ialced. 
 
 Nucetum, a place where nuts ure found : Cno, a nut : aite, a place. 
 Niger, black : Nochd, 7iiqht. 
 Nimbus, a cloud: Neamh, the skies. 
 Ningo, to snow : Sneaehd, snow. 
 Nemus, a grove : Naomh, holy. As religious cei'emonies were there 
 
 performed. From Prichard. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial b, 
 as 0V0//-0?)? buadh; oleo/cow boladh. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial/, 
 as orgia//-o);i fearg. 
 Octo : Ochd, eight. 
 Ora : Oir, a margin. 
 Oleum : Uilleadh, oil. 
 Olor: Eala. 
 
 Opus, operis : Obair, work 
 
 Ob — , many of its compounds are from the Gaelic. 
 Oratio, oro, orator, oraculum, os, oris : Radh, speech. 
 Oratiuncula: Eadh; mea.r\, little : caol, liitk. 
 Oriens : Ear, the cast. 
 Ovum : Ubh, an egg. 
 
 Os — , prefix as in ostendo : Os ceann, aboi^e, over head; ceann, head. 
 Ovo, ovatio : Buadh, victory. 
 Orgia: Fea,xg, c.vcitement. 
 Ostendo /ro?/} teneo: Os ; tea.nn, tense. 
 — or, a termination of nouns, as orator: — ar, a common termination 
 
 of nouns, from fear, a man. *" 
 Oceanus : Aigeann, the deep ; cuan, the sea. 
 Olim, formerly ; ol-ira : Ei\e, another ; a,m, time. 
 
 Ob — , a prefix signifying 1. around; 2. against. The second is in- 
 eluded in the first. Ob — ,from uim, around, m being changed to 6. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes p, as 
 pater //-o^re athair, plenus//-o??i Ian, privo/row reub, pro /)■<)?» 
 roi, per //'om ro, piscis/;-o?n iasg, post.ft-ojre ais. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, tlie Latin sometimes changes initial c 
 top, as c also is to Greek p : see pullus, pauluni, pollen, 
 palumbus, pasan, pontus, pugna, par, peto, pius, poena. 
 * From Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, 2a edit. Edinb. 1812. 
 
LATIN AND GAELIC. -43 
 
 Pugua: CoQ, jiijhl. 
 
 Par, a couple : Caraid, a couple. 
 
 Peto : Ccad, leave, permission. 
 
 Pius, kind : Caomh, affeclioiiate. 
 
 Poena : Caoin, lament, wail. 
 
 Pontus, the sea : Cuan, the sea. 
 
 Piiean, a hymn : Cainnt, .ycedi. Hence cano, siwj. 
 
 Pulex : Cuileag, a Jlea. 
 
 Pullus, the young of every lhin<j : Caol, Utile. 
 
 Paulum, a Utile : Caol, little. 
 
 Tnulwlum, a very little ; a double diminulive : Caol; -id from caol: 
 modli, manner. 
 
 Pollen, S7nall dust : Caol, small. 
 
 Pulvis, powder : Caol, small. Or from lueil, grind. 
 
 Palla : Peall, a skin. 
 
 Pabulum /cow pasco, pari : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Pars : Pairt, a part, 
 
 Particula : Pairt ; caol, little. 
 
 Pai'cus, parento, pario, parturio, partus : Beir, carry. 
 
 Per — , pel — , a prefix, through, thoroughly : Troi, through. 
 
 Per — , a prefix, thomtghly : Eo, very. 
 
 Peracer and the following compounds will be found under their 
 simple forms derived from the Gaelic : — perago, peragro, pernr- 
 duus, peraro, percarus, percelebro, perficio, percipio, percolo, 
 perduro,perdoles,pererro, perfrigeo,perluceo, permisceo, pernox, 
 pernumero, peroratio, perpello, pai-ticipio, persalsus, perrumpo, 
 perrepo, persedeo, perscribo, persido, persisto, perspicuus, persto, 
 persulto, pertego, pertendo, pertenuis, pertinacia, pervius, per- 
 Yolgo, pervolo, peruro, pervulgo, and many other words beginning 
 with per. 
 
 Pasco /rom bos, pastor : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Pello : 'QVia^^, strike, drive. 
 
 Pellis, pellio: Peall, shin. 
 
 Pilum, pilanus, pila, pilatus : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Pila, a ball : Ball, a round object, 
 
 Pila, pileus, pilosus : Peall, skin. 
 
 Piscis: lasg, ajish. 
 
 Plaga : Plaigh, a plague. 
 
 Plenus, plenitude : l^&xi, full. 
 
 Poena, poeualis, poenitentia: Vi&n, pain. 
 
 Politicus, through the Greek : Baile, a town. 
 
 Porto : Beir, carry. 
 
 Portus : Port, a harbour. 
 
 Pra3 : Eoi, before. 
 
 Prse — , prefix : Eoi, a common prefix. 
 
 Pra3— , intensive prefix, as prrecarus: Eo, very. 
 
 Peregre, quasi per agros : 'Vxo\, through; ax, plough, 
 
 Pridie : Eoi, before; di, day. 
 
 Primus: Priomh, /»•«/. 
 
 Primigenius: Priomh,^is<; gin, beget. 
 
 Pro, before : Eoi, before. 
 
 Pravus: F<o, very; h&oth, bad. 
 
 Prrecino and the following are from the Gaelic : — pra3cipio, prtecludo, 
 prseconceptus, prtedivino, pr^dico, prseeo, praefatio, prasferor, 
 prsegignor, prseluceo, j)r£emoneo, praeripio, xjraescribo, praesideo, 
 prsesilio, prjesto, prsesulto, prcetendo, prsetenuis, pr?erideo, pro- 
 clamo, proclino, procreo, procubo, pi-ocui'o, prodeo, prodigo, 
 prodo, profero, proficio, progeuevo, progenero, promiscuus, pro- 
 
24 CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 
 
 mulgo, propello, propediem, propemodum, propulso, proripio, 
 proscribo, prosilio, prospectus, prosto, protego, proverbium, pro- 
 video, provivo, provulgo, propono. 
 
 Pi'oli ! Eo, very. 
 
 Puer: Bar (obsolete), a son. 
 
 Prope (ex pro vel prte, Seal.) : Eoi, hefore. 
 
 Proeul: '&.Q,very\ cul, behind. 
 
 Pudeo : Baoth, vile. 
 
 Puella : Bar, son ; caol, lillle. 
 
 Pulse, pulto : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Punio: Vinn, punishment. 
 
 Prora : l!oi, before. 
 
 Periodus, periodicus : Eoi, before ; uidhe, a way. 
 
 Privo, privatus, privatio : Eeub, tear, deprive. 
 
 Pes, from the Greek; in many instances the Greek, in adopting a 
 Celtic word, changes c to p : Cos, foot. 
 
 Pareo, I obey : perhaps from Bar (obsolete), son. This has the same 
 spelling, but is a different word from :— 
 
 Pareo, / appear : Eoi, before; beir, carnj. 
 
 Polio, to polish, from the Greek polls : Baile, a town. 
 
 Palatio, a foundation made in loel ground by driving in piles : perhaps 
 from Buaill, strike. 
 
 Perendie, over otie day: Bar, over; aon, one; di, a day. 
 
 Publicum : half of this is from the Celtic; pub-licum : Luchd, people. 
 
 Pudeo, to be ashamed : Baoth, icicked, .^c. 
 
 Ta,uci, few: Beag, small. Small in number. 
 
 Pallo, a covering, a garment : Feile, a plaid. 
 
 Pallium, pallea, &c.,from pallo : Feile. 
 
 Pingo,/;-OTO fingo,//-ow facio : Achd, a deed. 
 
 Puerperium : Bar, a son ; beir, to bear. 
 
 Pulmen/roTO pulso : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Promontorium : Eoi, before; monadh, a hill. 
 
 Proprius : Eo, very ; briadha, pretty. 
 
 Post, after : Ais, behind. 
 
 Pono, to lay down, to place : Bun, a foundation. 
 
 Pera, a bag to carry victuals : Beir, carry. 
 
 Pusio, a boy : Paisd, a child. 
 
 Pusillus, from pusio. 
 
 Purus, pure, fit for sacrifice : Brath, fire. 
 
 Puteus a well or pit : Pit, a hollow. It occurs in names of places, as 
 Pitlochrie. 
 
 Pyra,_a ivood-heap for afire : Brath, ^;-c. 
 
 Pjralis, pyrites, pyrausta, and several other words beginning with 
 pyr— , are through the Greek, from Brath, ^re. 
 
 Pyrgus, a tower : Burg, a tower. 
 
 Pyren,_ihe kernel or stone of fruit, such as cherries : Cridhe, heart, pron. 
 en, as if the heart of the fruit. 
 
 Pygmeeus, small: Beag, small. 
 
 Purgo, purifico /rom purus: Erath, fire. 
 
 Pyrtanffium, where Vesta's fire was kept: Brath,^re. 
 
 --potens a termination of adjectives, as sagittipotens ; Buadh, victory. 
 
 Potis, able : Buadh, victory. j ./ 
 
 Potior, potens, potentia: Buadh, victory. 
 
 Praetor //-om pras-itor : Eoi, before ; uidhe, a way. 
 
 Planitia, a plain : Leana, a plain. 
 
 Preetimeo, to fear before-hand: Bo, before; tioma, afraid. This has the 
 
 same spelling, but is a different word from :— 
 Prselimeo, to fear greatly : Ro, very; tioma, afraid. 
 
CELTIC OIIIGIN OF LATIN. 2a 
 
 Paludatus, clulhcd : Feilaeadh, a covering. 
 
 Palumbus, a pigeon : Cohimnii, a pigeon. 
 
 Pango, io plant : Bun, a foundation. 
 
 Va.as\m, here and there (like footsteps) ; from pes : Cos,/()o/. 
 
 Passus, pace/TO»t pes: Cos, afoot. 
 
 Peculium, pecmiia/rom pecus: Bo, a cow. 
 
 Pelluceo /or i)erluceo; ■^av from ro, very : Leus, light. 
 
 Perdo, tn ivaste, from the Greek perdo : Brath,/(>e. 
 
 Perpetuus, perpetual : Ro, vcrg ; bith, being. 
 
 Pessimus, t!te worst, the lowest, from pes : Cos,/oo^ 
 
 Pessundo, Io cast underfoot, from pes : Cos, foot. 
 
 Pestis, a pesl, death : Bas, death. 
 
 Peto/rom pes : Cos, afoot. 
 
 Qua : C'e, ivho. 
 
 Quadro, quator : Ceatliar, /o«r. 
 
 Ciufestio : Ceist, a question. 
 
 Qui, quiane : C'e, ivho. 
 
 Quid, quidni : Ciod, lohai, 
 
 Quies, gen. ciuiet-is, quiesco : Cuid, 7-e$t. 
 
 Quinque : Cuig,,/?ye. 
 
 Quomodo : C'p.,ivho; xaodh, manner. 
 
 Qu — , Celtic c is sometimes changed to Latin qu. 
 
 Qu — , Celtic b is sometimes changed to Latin qu, as it is also to 
 Latin c ; as 
 
 Quatio, baiter: Bat, a staff; bat, beat. 
 
 Queo, to be able, to may or can : Bith, be. 
 
 Quum, when: Ce am, u'hat lime. 
 
 Qneror, io lament : Ciouran (ohsolete), melancholy music. Fromcion, 
 desire ; oran, a song. 
 
 Qna.udo,whe7i: C'nin, to hen; ce, ivhal ; nme, time. 
 
 Quantillum, how Utile: Ciod, what ; -ol from caol, liltle. 
 
 Quicum, ivith whom : C'e, who ; comh, loith. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial d, 
 
 as ros from drus. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial c, 
 as repo /row crub. 
 
 Ramus : Ramh, an oar. 
 
 Rapio, rapidus, rabidus, rapto, rapax : Reub, tear. 
 
 Rectum : Reachd. right. 
 
 Rex, rego, rectio, regnum : High, a king. 
 
 Re — , prefix, again : A ris, again. 
 
 Rebellio and the following will be found under their simple forms, 
 referred to Gaelic roots : — reboo, rebello, recandeo, recauo, re- 
 canto, recello, receptaculum, reeepto, receptio, recingo, recipio, 
 reclanio, recliuo, recludo, recogito, recreatio, recorder, recreo, 
 recrementum, recresco, recubo, recumbo, recupero, recuro, re- 
 curvoo, redardesco, reddo, radio, redigo, redoro, redundo, redar- 
 esco, refectio, refero, reficio, refodis, refrigeo, refrigero, rehalo, 
 rejicio, relatio, reluceo, remisceo, remolior, renarro, renovo, re- 
 pello, reporto, repreesento, repuerasco, I'epulso, repurgo, requi- 
 esco, rescribo, reseco, resideo, resido, resilio, resisto, respecto, 
 respiro, restillo, restito, restituo, resto, resulto, retego, retendo, 
 retento, retineo, retorresco, retroactus, retroeo, retrorsum, reval- 
 esco, revenio, revideo, reviso, revisito, revoco, revolo, revolvo, 
 revulsio, revolutus. 
 
 Repo ; Crubadh, creeping. 
 
 Rigeo, rigidus : Jieogh, freese. 
 
 Rhetor, through the Greek : Radh, speech. 
 
26 LATIN AND GAELIC. 
 
 Eota, I'otundus : Eotli, a tohecl. 
 
 Eeperio (ex re et pario, Fest.) : A lis, again ; Leir, bear. 
 
 Eupes : Eeub, tear. 
 
 Eetro/rom re : A ris, again. 
 
 Eivus: 'R\xi\h,ruii,floiv. 
 
 Eivulus : Euith ; caol, in compos, chaol and pronounced ul. 
 
 Kumpo : Eeub, tear. 
 
 Eucto : Braclid, belch. 
 
 Eosmarinus : Eos, a rose; muir, ilie sea. 
 
 Eosa, a rose : Eos, a rose. 
 
 — rium, a collective affix, as rosarium, saginaiium. 
 
 — ridb, a collective affix, as eacliridh, cavalry, from each, a horse. 
 
 Eosarium, abed of roses: Eos, arose; — ridh, a collective termina- 
 tion of some nouns, as in eachridli, cavalry, //-o??! each, a horse. 
 
 Eostrum, a beaJi, Sfc. : Eos, a promontory. 
 
 Eos, deiv : Drus, e.vudailon. 
 
 Euo, to fall, to rush : T^nith, flow. 
 
 Eutilus, red : Euaidh, i-ed. 
 
 Ecus, arraigned, perhaps because brought before the Icing for trial, from 
 rex : Eigh, king. 
 
 Eegulus, a petty king : Eigh, king; -ol from caol, little. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, tlae Latin sometimes inserts I after 
 
 initial s, as stiUo from sil. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes s, as 
 similis from amhuil, strenuus from treun, scando fro7n 
 ceann, sciudo /ront geinn, spolium /ro?» peall, sportula/rom 
 heir, sndo from ad. 
 
 Saccus : Sac, a sack. 
 
 Sagitta : Saighead, an arrow. 
 
 Ssevus : Saobh, fierce. 
 
 Sal : Sal, sail. 
 
 Salio, salax, salebra, salto, saltus : Ailt, high. 
 
 Sat, satis, satio, satietas : Sath, satiety. 
 
 Satisfacio : Sath ; achd. 
 
 Satisdo: Sath; do, ^o. 
 
 Scarifico : Sgor, a rock ; achd, an act. 
 
 Scribo : Sgriobh, write, from sgriob, a line. 
 
 Sed,f7-om sedio : * Suidh, sit. 
 
 Se, himself, themselves : Esan, himself. 
 
 Se — , prefix, apart : Esau, himself. 
 
 Secludo : Esan; cleidh, co7!ceaZ. 
 
 Segrego : Esan ; greigh, a herd. 
 
 Senatus, senex : Sean, old. 
 
 Sedatvis, sedeo, sedes, sedo, sessor, sido : Suidh, sit. 
 
 Septem : Seachd, seven. 
 
 Septemviri: Seachd: fiv,men. 
 
 Serra : Searr, a saw. 
 
 Sex : Se, six. 
 
 Siccus : Seac, dry. 
 
 Similis: Amhuil, Zi/c-e (Yxom Stewart) . 
 
 Sine : Is e neo, is it not. 
 
 Sincerus,/i-om sine and cera : Ceir, %oax. 
 
 Sisto, situs, statio, statini, status, sto : Steidhich, establish ; stad, slop. 
 
 Solus, solo : Leus, light. 
 
 Solstitium : Leus ; stad. 
 
 Spolio: Peall, s/ein. 
 
 *rrom Barclay's Sequel to the Diverbiojis of Furley —Jjonion, 1826. 
 page 81. 
 
LATIN AND GAELIC. 87 
 
 Stillo : Sil, a drop. 
 
 Strenuus: Trcun, io?(/. 
 
 Spii-o, and the Gaelic spreod, iiiriic, are from a lost < iaelio root. 
 
 Specialis, species, specie, spectaculuni, spectator, spocto, spectrum, 
 
 speculor; Beaclul, y?s/y«. 
 Snecus: tingh, juice. 
 
 Sub — , ninny of the compounds of sub ai"e of Gaelic origin. 
 Sum : is mi, / am. 
 
 Super, supra, superbia : Os barr, above. 
 8uperaccomodo, and the following compounds, are entirely of (laulic 
 
 origin : — superaddo, supervolo, superincendo, supcrinduo, super- 
 
 scriptus, supersedeo, superstitio. 
 Secale : Seagal, rye. 
 Seeurus : Socair, case. 
 Solatium : Solais, comfort, 
 
 Sur — , as sun-ectus, i.e. suprarectus : Os barr, above. 
 Scateo : Sgaith, vomit. 
 Stagnum : Staug, a pool. 
 SilFa, through the Greek : Coille, a wood. 
 Sus — , a prefix, down, under ; as suspecto, to look down : Sios, down ; 
 
 beachd, vision. 
 Sus — , a pefix, up ; as suspecto, to look up : Suas, up ; beachd, vision. 
 Suscipio, lake up : Suas, up ; gabh, take. 
 Sw&imeo, hold up : Suas, jijj ; teueo from ieSinn, tense. 
 Series, an order, row : Sreath, a series. 
 Suus, his : Se, he. 
 Salictum, a place where willows grou; for salicetum : Seileach, a 
 
 willow ; aite, a place. 
 Socorn, careless : So, easily; cridihe, liearl. Easy-minded. 
 Siren, a mermaid: Siiire, a maid, nymph , a sea nymph; sith-mhuir, a 
 
 fairy of the sea. 
 Sero, sow, planl : Sreath, a row. 
 Sero, arrange : Sreath, a row. 
 Somnus, sleep : Suaiu, sleep. 
 Soter, a preserver : Saor, save. 
 Scutum, a shield: Sgiath, a shield, a target. 
 Scindo, cleave ■ Geinn, a ivedge. 
 Servo, preserve : Saor, free, save. 
 Servio, to obey : Saothair, labour. 
 Serta, a rope : Sreath, a row. 
 Sndo, to be moist : Ad (obsolete), water. 
 — spes, a termination of some nouns, as aruspex, extispes : Beachd, 
 
 vision. 
 Sanus, ivell : Sena, lucky, happy. 
 Semper, always : Sior, always. 
 Saevus, stem, fierce : Saobh, mad, wrong. 
 Sagino, to make fat : Sac, a sack. 
 Sagina, sagena/com sagino. 
 Specie, I see : Beachd, vision. 
 
 Species, specto, specimen, specto and other ^YOv^[s froin specio. 
 Spatium, a space, (§-c., from pes, /oo<: Cos, foot. 
 Spolium, spoil, a skin : Peall, skin, 
 Sportula, a basket : Beir, carry. 
 
 Stabilis, sto, statua, statuo, statura : Steidhlch, establish. 
 Struo, to put in array, Sj'C. : Sreath, a row. 
 Saltus. a leap : Ailt, liigh. 
 Saltus, a wood : Coille, a U'ood, 
 Saliva, any water that drops : Sil, di-op. 
 
28 LATIN AND GAELIC. 
 
 Scaber, rough, rugged : Sgor, a rock. 
 
 Sator, a sower, planter : Suidh, sit, place. 
 
 Scando, mount, climb : Ceann, head ; s being prefixed. 
 
 ^c'mAo, rend : Sgnin, rend. Allied to ge'um, ivedge ; s being jii-efixed. 
 
 Scateo, burst out : Sgaith, vomit. 
 
 Securus, safe : Socair, safe. 
 
 Sedeo, sit : Suidh, sit. 
 
 Solus, alnne : As, without ; eile, another. 
 
 In adojiting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial c 
 to t; as torqueo /roOT car, tremo /rowi erith, terebra /row car, 
 turbo from car. Also the Latin changes initial g to t; &.& 
 truncus //om gearr, torvus //oni garbh. 
 
 Taurus : Tarbh, a bull. 
 
 Tenuis, tenuo : Tana, thin. 
 
 Tectum, tego, toga : Teach, tigh, a house. 
 
 Tenax, tendo, teneo, tenor, tentatio, tentorium, tenus : Teann, tense. 
 
 Ter : Tri, three. 
 
 Terra : Tii-, earth ; allied to the Gaelic tier, dry. 
 
 Tero : Teirig, ivaste. 
 
 Testor : Teist, a witness. 
 
 Tinieo, timidus : Tioma, afraid. 
 
 Tonitrus : Torrunn, thunder. 
 
 Torreo, torridus : Tier, dry. 
 
 Trans : Tar, across. 
 
 Tres : Treas, third ; tri, three. 
 
 Tresviri, triumviri : Tvi, three; &i',men. 
 
 Triangulus : Tri ; eang, a corner. 
 
 Triclinium : Tri ; claon, incline. 
 
 Tridens : Tri ; deud, tooth. 
 
 Trimestris : Tri; mios, wion/7i. 
 
 Transcribe, and the following compounds, are from the Gaelic: — 
 transdo, transeo, transfero, transfodio, transilio, transmarinus, 
 transmeo, transpectus, transporto, transigo. 
 
 Trimodia: Tri; modh. 
 
 Tribus, tribunus, tributio : Treubh, a tribe. 
 
 Triremis : Tri, three ; ramh, an oar. 
 
 Tritns, tritura, teror : Teirig, consume. 
 
 Tristis : Tuirseach, melancholy. 
 
 Tumor, tumidus, tuber, tumultus : Tom, swell. 
 
 Tu, tuus : Du, thou. 
 
 Turn : An t'am, the time. 
 
 Turrus : Tur, a tower. 
 
 Triviura, trivialis : Tri, three ; uidhe, umy. 
 
 Tacitus, taceo : Tost, tosdach, silence. 
 
 Tyrannus, through the Greek : Tighhearn, a lord. 
 
 Tergum, the top of a hill: Torr, a hill. 
 
 Terminus, the boundary of land. A running stream was the easiest 
 and most natural boundary of land. Doir, water. 
 
 Taenia, a ribbon : Tana, thin, slender. 
 
 Tellus, the earth : Talamh, the earth. 
 
 Tempus, time : An t'am, the time ; am, lime. 
 
 Tener, tender, young, Sj'c: Tana, slim, slender. 
 
 Tenuis, slender: Tana, slender. 
 
 Terebra, an auger : Car, a turn. 
 
 Torreo, roast : Tior, dry. 
 
 Torrens, a torrent : Doir, ivater ; ruith,^c>/r. 
 
 Torvus, giim : Garbh, rough. 
 
 Trado, to hand over : Tar, across ; do, to. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OK LATIN. 20 
 
 Trano, to stoim acroKs : Tar, across ; Snamb, swim. 
 
 Tremo, tremble : Ciitli, shaUc. 
 
 Trepido, to quake: Criili, Khakc 
 
 Tripos, a /n/jorf: Tv\, three; cos, a foot. 
 
 TueorrVo see: this lias the snme spellinj;', but i^ a ililToi'oiit \voi<l 
 
 Tiieor, to dejcnd, which is from Tigh, a house From tigli comes tego, 
 
 to cot'cr. 
 Tuiho, a whirling : Car, « turn. 
 Tergeo, to scour, to wipe : Doir, water. 
 Terminus, a bound between one man's land and another's. The easiest 
 
 and mosi natural boundary of land is a running stream : Doir, 
 
 water. 
 Terreo, to be afraid : Crith, shake. 
 Teslio, a witness: Teist, testify. 
 Teter, dark ; te-ter : Dorch, dart:. 
 Toga, a gown, a covering, from tego : Tigh, a house. 
 Torno, turn : Car, a turn. 
 Tomicus, culling : Teum, bile. 
 'J'onnis, tomentum : Teum, bile. 
 Torqueo, to twisl : Car, a turn. 
 
 Turba, a row< ; turbidus, turbo, to disorder; from turbo : Ca.r, a turn. 
 Turgeo, to swell: Torr, a hill. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial /, 
 as urgeo./(om fearg. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial I, 
 as uro//-07« tier; nnm from doir. 
 Ulna : Uilean, the elbow. 
 Ululo : lolach, a shout. 
 — ula, a termination of diminutives : Caol, in composit. pronounced 
 
 ul. Utile. 
 Umbilicus : lomlag, the navel. 
 — uncula, a termination of double diminutives : — an, mhean, mean, 
 
 small; — ol, chaol, caol, little. 
 Uuanimus : Aon, one; anam, sou/. 
 Unctus : Ungadh, anointing. 
 TInda, undulatus : Onadh, a wave. 
 Unguis, uncus : long, a nail. 
 Ungula: long; caol. 
 Undeceni : Aon; de; deicb. 
 — um, a termination of adverbs, signifying manner, as clanculum : 
 
 Modh, manner. 
 Ulmus : Ailm, the elm. 
 Urgeo : Fearg, anger. 
 Uro : Tier, dry. 
 Uter : Eadar, betwixt. 
 Unus, unitas : Aon, one. 
 Uti : Sud, that. 
 Unigena: Aon; gin, 6e^e/. 
 Unicornis: Aon; corn, a /iocw. 
 Vhvd, beyond; ul-tra: Tar, beyond. 
 — mil, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as sextum, tertium, 
 
 cum (when), x^aulum, octavum, decennium, quatriduum, quin- 
 
 turn : Am, time. 
 Uror, to be burned : Tier, dry ; kiln-dry. 
 Urina : Doir, ivater. 
 Urna, a water-pitcher : Doir, water. 
 Utrarius, one ivho carries water : Doir, ivater. 
 
30 CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 
 
 Uveo, to be wet : Abh (obsolete), water. 
 
 — ullus, a termination of diminutives, as homuUus: — ul, — ol from 
 
 caol, small. 
 — uca, a termination of diminutives, ascarruca: — SLgfromheRsi, little. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial v, 
 as volvo from aill. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial 
 to V, as vinco from ceann ; verto from car ; vinculum from 
 ceangal; verao from car; xoi-Rgo from car, 
 Vadum, vado : Uidhe, a way. 
 Vanus : Faoin, vain. 
 Valens, valetudo, valeo : Falain, strong. 
 Vates, vaticinor : Faidh, a prophet. 
 Velamen, velatus, vellus, velo, velum, villus, villosus : Feiladh, a 
 
 covering, 
 Vellifico : Feileadh ; achd. 
 
 Vellivolans : Feileadh ; aile. ' . 
 
 Verbum : Briathar, a ivord. 
 Vesper : Feasgar, evening. 
 
 Ve— , a prefix, signifying little, as vesanuB : * Beag, email. 
 Via, viaticum ; Uidhe, a way. 
 Vigiuti: 'EichesLA., twenty. 
 Villa : Baile, a town : a farm-house and outhouses are in Scotland 
 
 called a town. 
 Vinum : Fion, wine. 
 Vir: Fear, a ??ia?z. — Stewart. 
 Vita : Beatha, life. 
 Virtus : Feart, virtue. 
 Vitium : Baoth, vile 
 Votum, voveo : Bold, a vow. 
 
 Voeabulum, vocalis, voco, vox : Focal, a word; from a lost Gaelic root. 
 Vocifero : Focal ; beir, carry. 
 Video : Beachd, vision. 
 Vulgus : Bolg, the bulk. 
 Volvo: Aill, a turn. 
 Ve — , a prefix, signifying great, as vegrandis : Mo, greater, from Mor, 
 
 great, 
 Ve— , a prefix, signifying little, as vecors, vesanus : Beag, little. 
 — vi, an afiix, signifying little; the same as the prefix ve — , as in 
 
 divi : Beag, little. 
 Vacans, void : Coca (obsolete), empty. 
 Vacca, a cow : Bo, a cow. 
 Yaier, eimning : ¥0, under; heiv, carry. 
 Vagor, to wander : Fogi-adh, ivandering. 
 Valens, strong : Fallain, strong. 
 Vsgio, to cry as a child or little one : Beag, liltlc. 
 Vallum, a wall : Balla, a wall. 
 Vapulo, to he beaten ; va-pulo : Buaill, strike. 
 Varius, of divers colours, S;c. : Mor, abundant, copious. 
 Vasto, icaste : Fas, waste. 
 Vitulus, a calf: Bo, a cow ; caol, little. 
 
 Vitellus, a diminutive from vitula -. Bo, cow ; — ol, caol, little. 
 Vestigium: Cos, a font. 
 
 Vestibulum, entry to a house, afoot-path : Cos, foot ; buaill, strikt, 
 Veru, a spit, a dart : BeiJ", carry. 
 
 * From "Williams in Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xiii., part 1, 
 . • page 64; 1836. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 31 
 
 Virgultum, "a group of youug sprigs growing togetlier." Perheps a 
 place where young sprigs arc found ; for virguletum : Aite, a place. 
 
 Vis, vi, energy : Bco, alive. 
 
 Video, .tee : Beachd, obnerrc. 
 
 Vivo, tu live : Bco, alive, 
 
 Volo, to fly : Aile, air. 
 
 Volo, to be willing : Aill, icill. 
 
 Volvo, to roll or wind : Fill, Jold, wrap. This has the same spelling, 
 but is a diflerent word from : — 
 
 Volvo, to throw out : Buaill, throw. 
 
 Votum, a vow : Boid, a vow. 
 
 Vorago, a whirlpool : Car, a. turn. 
 
 Vulnus, a wound: Buaill, strike. 
 
 VecoYS, foolifh; — \e from heag, little: Cridhe, /iear<. 
 
 Vesanus, mad; Ve — ,from beag, little : sona, sound, happy. 
 
 Vescor, to eat ; ve-scor : Biadh, food. 
 
 Vasto, to watte : Fas, destroy. 
 
 Veho, to carry : Fo, under. 
 
 Ver, the spring : Fenr, grass. 
 
 Viridis, green : Feur, grass. 
 
 Venus: Bean, woman. 
 
 Vere, truly : Fior, true. 
 
 Vemula, a little boiid-slavc : Fear, man; -em, from mean, little; -ul, 
 from caol, small. 
 
 Verto, to turn : Car, a turn. 
 
 Villus, wool, hair: Feiladh, n coverinq. 
 
 Vinculum, a band : Ceangal, a fastening. 
 
 Virgo, a virgin ; perhaps at first spelt virago : Fear, a man ; -ago 
 from -ag, a termination of female nouns, from nionag. 
 
 Virguncula, a young maid. A triple diminutive. Virgo is a diminu- 
 tive from fear, -mi /roH! -an, or mean, small: -ula,, from -ol, or 
 caol, little. 
 
 — vir, a termination of some nouns, as duumvir: Fir, men. 
 
 Vigil : Faicill, walchfulness ; faic, see. 
 
 The following weee not insekted in theie proper places : — 
 
 An tram : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 
 
 Ater, a-ter : Dorch, dark. 
 
 — aris, a termination of nouns, as familiaris : — ai', fear, a man. 
 
 — am, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as jam, quondam ; 
 
 Am, time. 
 — anus, a termination of nouns, as Romanus : Duine, dhuinc, a mmii 
 Carmen at first was canmeu : Cainnt, speech. 
 Domus : Tamh, an abode. 
 Durus : Doirbh, hard. 
 — em, a termination of adverbs relating to mauuer, as item : Modh, 
 
 ■man}ier. 
 Germen at first was geumen : Gin, beget. 
 Jam, now : Is e am, this is the time. 
 — um, a termination of adverbs relating to time, as paulum, iterum, 
 
 decennium, octavum, sestum, quintura • Am, time, 
 Seculum : Saoghal, an age or generation. 
 Sedulus ; Saod, care, attention. 
 
33 CELTIC ORIGIN 01-' LATIN. 
 
 From the evidence now given it appears probaLle that the origin 
 of the Latin language and of the Eomaii people was chiefly Celtic, 
 the proof of their German origin in the work of Jaekfl being much 
 less in amount than what is given in tlie preceding pages ; almost 
 the only other source to which they can be attributed, namely, the 
 Greek, fails in providing parentage for one half of the Latin tongue, 
 and the Greek roots from which some have derived the other half, 
 may, for the most part, be shewn to be from the Celtic. 
 
 The proofs of their Celtic origin would likely be made more 
 numerous by introducing examples from the Irish, Welsh, and other 
 branches of Celtic, the instances given being taken from only one of 
 the dialects of that ancient lans 
 
 I have made similar researches regarding the Greek, and have 
 found in it likewise considerable resemblance to the Celtic. 
 
 On finishing this short P^ssay, it becomes me to acknowledge the 
 aid of which I have made use; in the Highland Society's Dictlon- 
 arhim Scolo-Cellinim, compiled by Mr. Mackintosh, Dr. Mackay, and 
 others, I found a good many examples of comparative philology. 
 Stewart's Gaelic Grammar gives eight or nine etymological references, 
 and Archdeacon Williams has published in the Trans Boy. Soc. Ed., 
 two learned and original papers, which I have several times quoted. 
 
 Besides the application of philological inquiries to speak for the 
 origin, descent, and alliances of nations, when there is no other 
 evidence in existence, and to prove that the whole human I'ace is 
 descended from Adam, grammatice estars, necessariapueris, jucunda 
 senibus, dulcis secretorum comes, et qu;E vel sola omni studiorum 
 genere plus habet operis, quam ostentationis. Ne quis tanquam 
 parva fastidiat grammatices elementa quia interiora velut sacri hujus 
 adeuntibus apparebit raulta rerum subtilitas, que non modo acuere 
 ingenia puerilia, sed exercerc altissimam quoque erudiiionem ac 
 scientiam possit. — QuintUian. 
 
 Note, June, 1870. — Wheji the above appeared in 1840 it contained 
 about a hundred and fifty nacjes of places. These are given in 
 Part Third. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK.* 
 
 In this comparison of tlic Greek vitli tliu Celtic, only one lirnnch of 
 tlie Celtic is muJe use of, and, no doubt. aiKlitioniil proofs of affinity 
 iiiijjlit be fonnil in tlie Irish, ^Velsb, and other Celtic tonf^ues. 'I'he 
 Gaelic words introduced are all in modern use with about six or 
 ui^ht exceptions, and may be found in JNliicleoil and Dewar's Guclic 
 Dictionni-y (Glasgow, IfiS'l ; and 2d Edition, Edinb. 18:33) and in 
 Macalpine's Gaelic Dkliunari/. 
 
 When conDpiling this comparative vocabulary in 1833, I derived 
 some assistance from the Highland Society's Dictionaiium Scoto- 
 Ccllicum (2 vols. 4to., Edinb. 1828), and one or two suggestions I 
 found in two papers by Mr. Williams in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edivb., 
 vol. 13. 
 
 It is sufficiently evident that thei'e are raany words (nearly one 
 half the words in the Greek language) in Celtij and Greek having 
 the same sound and meaning, and as for ilie question whicli lant;uage 
 borrowed these from the other, we may be almost certain that the 
 Celtic did not borrow them from the Greek, and that the Greek 
 adopted them from the Celtic. 
 
 Where these pages are printed, it is not vei-y convenient to use 
 Greek characters. The accents ought to be used to distinguish 
 between epsilon and eta, and between omikron and omega ; the 
 reader will please excuse the omission of the accents. 
 
 ALPHA. 
 Alpha, ailm [the elm) is the name of the first letter of the Gaelic 
 alphabet. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes ag— : 
 see agello, aglaos, agleeis, aigolios. This is analogous to its 
 prefixing og — and och — . 
 y . In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes « imi » : — 
 A^,--^'^^-^^''^^^ Initial a ; see ari, ame, aidos : 
 / C Initial 6 ; see achen, airo : 
 
 . ^^ \ Initial c : see ania : 
 /rvi-t-^-^^ J Initial/ ; see aexo, ailio : 
 1 Initial s ; see akis, aei : 
 Q_^ Initial / ; see amas, akalos, aka. 
 Aexo : Fas, grow. 
 Ania: Caoin, wail. 
 
 Autron, a cave : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 
 Ano, upwards : A nios, up. 
 
 * Published in 1840 with the title : Proofs of the Celtic Origin of a Great 
 Part of the Greek Language, founded nn a Comparison of the Greek 
 with the Gaelic Language, or the CelHc of Hcotland. Kingston, 
 Upper Canada. Printed hy John Greighton, at the Office of the 
 " Chronicle and Gazette" Nexvipaper. 1840. 
 
34 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Achen: Boch6, poor. 
 Arix, a ram : Reithe, a ram, 
 Amao : Tiom, timid. 
 A, in composition, privative : A, out of. 
 A, ivho : A, ivho. 
 
 An, authi, authis, agai7i: Atb, again, the next, 
 Abebaios, abiDs: k, privative; he.o, alive. 
 Abolos : A, privative ; buaill, strike. 
 Agenes : Gin, beget. 
 
 Agersis, agora, ageiro, aguris : Greigh, a herd. 
 Agkulos : Bang, a corner. 
 Agkura : Acair, a?j anchor. 
 Agrios, agros : Ar, plough. 
 Aguia, ago, guia : Eachd, a deed; uidhe, a ivay. 
 Ago : Eachd, an act. 
 Agcbi, near : Aig, at. 
 Akis, akidos : Saigbead, an arrow. 
 Ado, ase, atos, hadeo : Sath. satiety. 
 Aei, always : Sith, continually. 
 Agon, a contest ; Eachd, a feat. 
 Adakrntos : Deur, a tear. 
 Addi : Uidhe, a way. 
 Adoros : k, privative; Do, ^o. 
 Aiero, aireo, aire, ares : Beir, carry. 
 Aer, aither, aura : Athar, air. 
 Atheos : A, privative ; Dia, God. 
 Ai, which : A, who. 
 Ai, gaia- Ce, earth. 
 
 Aide o from a. privative and eido ; aidos, aideotnai, aidoion; A, priva- 
 tive : beachd, vision. 
 Aitbo, aithos, auo : allied to Caith, consume, luasle. 
 Akalos, aka, ake : Tachd, silence. 
 Akaluptos : Cleidh, conceal. 
 Akerios : Cridhe, heart. 
 Akeruktos, kertix, keras : Corn, a horn. 
 Akletos : Glaodh, call. 
 Aclines : Claon, invUne. 
 Alasteo, letho, alethes, lethe : Luidh, lie. 
 Haliokaustos, helios, kaio : Leus, light ; caith, comxme, waste. 
 Alios, alle : Eile, another. 
 Allegoria, agoreuo : Greigh, a herd. 
 Allogenes : Eile, ano^/ier; gin, 6e^e<. 
 Allots: 'E\\&, another ; B.\ie, place. 
 Alpeis : Alp, high. 
 Hals, the sea : Sal, salt. 
 Ame, amos : Mi, /. 
 Ametor : Mathair, mother. 
 Amos, ivhen : Am, time. 
 Anamis : Ana, very; measg. mix, 
 Anegkletos : A, privative : as, out of; glaodh, call. 
 Anemos: A, privative; ana,m, soul. 
 Anesodus : Ana; as; uidhe. 
 Anodos: Ana; uidhe. 
 Anesios : Snidh, sit. 
 Anephelos : Neul, a cloud, 
 Apais : Paisd, a child. 
 Aproairetos: Roi, before; beir, carru. 
 Aran, artao : Ard, high. 
 
CELTIC OKIOIN OF GREEK. 30 
 
 Anti, against, ujjposile : An, not, as au-lan, incomplete, not full. Ann, in 
 
 composition, 7wt. An and ana are also used as inteniiive prefixi-B ; 
 
 thus, ana-|;,'radh, doatiiig love. 
 Ana, up : A nios, up. 
 Ana, against : An, not ; ann, not. 
 Ari, intensive prefix : Ro, very. 
 Argui-08 : Airgiod, silver. 
 Aretos : Radh, speech. 
 Aroo : Ar, plough. 
 Harpax : Renb, tear. 
 Aselenos : Luan, moon. 
 Astegos : Tigli, house. 
 Aphouos : Fonn, a tune. 
 Acharis: Gradh, <^ec/io?i. 
 Acheo : Eigh, a shout. 
 Aori : Uair, an hour. 
 Acheires : Coir (obsoletej, the hand. 
 Alale, tlie shout before the battle: lolach, a ghout. 
 Auo, burn : Caitli, consume, ivaste. 
 Auo, shout : Eigh, a shout. 
 Aithos, black, froin aitho, bum ; that is, burnt black : allied to Caith, 
 
 consume, ivastc. 
 Achthos, achos : Aiceid, a stitch. 
 Aps, backwards : Ais, backwards. 
 Ao, to breathe : allied to Eigh, a shout. 
 Agello : Glaodh, call, proclaim. 
 Aglaos, aigleeis : Leus, light. 
 Aigolios : lolach, a shout. 
 
 Hades: A, privative; Hi. dag. In darkness ; no daylight. 
 Ailio: Fill,/oW. 
 Amphi : Uim, around. 
 Aiolos, swift : Aile, wind. This has the same spelling, but is a 
 
 dififerent word from : — 
 Aiolos, various : Eile, another. 
 Aistho, hear : Eisd, hear. 
 
 BETA. 
 
 Beta. Beith is the name of the second letter of the Gaelic alphabet. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes b : see 
 boule, boulomai, bao, bedu, bauzo, bri. 
 Boule : Aill, desire, pleasure, will. 
 Boulomai : B'aill leam, I wish. 
 Bao, to go ; baino, basio : Uidhe, a way. 
 BeAu, ivater : Ad (obsolete), u-aler, 
 Bauzo : Eas, a ivaler-fall. 
 Bri, an intensive prefix : Ro, very. 
 Bolos, bolbos : Ball, « ball. 
 Ballo, hejiec belos, belteros, beltioo, blapto, bolis, bolos, bullo : Buaill, 
 
 ihroic, 
 Bapto, bathos : Bath, drown, quench. 
 Barbaros : Borbarra, barbarous. 
 Baris : Bar, top. 
 Bios : Beo, ahve. 
 Breoho : Brach, u-et. 
 Bosis, bosko, boo, botanikos, boubalos, bous, boter, botor, bow : Bo, 
 
 an ox. 
 Boukolikoa : Bo, an ox ; gille, a lad. 
 Brifto : Brigb, mince. 
 
3t$ CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Bounos : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Baion, little.: Mean, tittle. 
 
 Babaloii, belos, a //i/es/iw^iL- Beul, ?no!/7ft. 
 
 Bon, intensive particle : Mo, greater. 
 
 Bmkos, perliiips from Briogais, breeches. 
 
 Balanos : Ball, a round object; — an, mhean, small. 
 
 Bambalo, Bambiilizo, blache : Beul, mouth. 
 
 Earos, baiuno, barus : Beir, carry. 
 
 Behaios, stable, firm : Hith, euer, always ; heo, alive. 
 
 BaUos, rapid : Buaill, /ftz-ow. This has the same spelling, but is a 
 
 different word from : — 
 Balios, spotted: Ballaeh, spoiled. 
 Batos : iiad, a thicket. 
 
 GAMMA. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes c to g ; 
 sometimes prefixes g. 
 Gaia, gaios : Ce, pronounced ke, the earth. 
 Gampsos : Cub, bend. 
 Garuo : Radh, speech. 
 
 Geinomai, genesis, genitor, gennao, genos, ginomai : Gin, beget. 
 Glaukos : Glas, grey, blue. 
 Glausso : Leus, light. 
 Grapho : Grabh, ivrite. 
 Gua : Uidhe, a way. 
 Guros : Cuairt, a circle. 
 Guroo : Car, a turn. 
 Genu, goiiia : Eang, a corner. 
 Gune : Gin, beget. 
 Gelao, gelaso, shine : Leus, light. 
 Grupos, bent : Crub, bend, crouch. 
 
 DELTA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c to d. This is analogous to Celtic c being changed to 
 Greek t : see daio, da deris, dakuo. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 g to d. Tnis is analogous to Celtic c being changed to 
 Greek d. See deloo, doulos. 
 Deka: Deich, ten. 
 Dekagonia: Deich, <en; gin, beget. 
 Dekaokto : Deich ; ochd, eight. 
 Deeo : Di, dith, want. 
 Dodeka : Da, tieo ; deich, te7i. 
 Du, duas, duo, dis, dicha, dixos : Da, two. 
 Dia, between : Da, two. 
 Dis : Dia, God. 
 
 Derko, drakon, derko : Dearc, see. 
 Dexia : Deas, right. 
 
 Deka. Jlany of the compounds of deka are derived from the Celtic. 
 Diogenes: Dia; gin. 
 Dipous: \)a.,two; Cos., a joot. (Celtic initial c is sometimes changed 
 
 to Greek p. ) 
 Dirka, diikaia: Doir (obsolete), iva^cr. 
 Dichotomeo: Da, two ; teum, bile. 
 Doru, doura, dorusso, drus, drualos, drumos ; Doir, the oak; daracli, 
 
 the oak. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 87 
 
 lDal'iVLO,fighl: Cog, fight. 
 
 Devis, a bailie : Ciarr, hurl, torture. 
 
 Daio, burn, deiao, deis: Caitli, consume, waste. 
 
 Da, the earth : Ce, the earth. 
 
 Deloo, proclaim : Glaodh, call. 
 
 Doulos : Gille, a servant. 
 
 Deinos : Dian, hasty, vehement. 
 
 Deiras, the top of a hill: Ton-, a hill. 
 
 Deomai, deo, ivaiit : Di, toant. 
 
 Daio, dlL'ide : Da, two. This has the same speEing, but is a different 
 
 ■word from : — 
 Daio, destroy : Dith, destruction. 
 
 Daktulos, so called because ten on the two hands : Deug, ten. 
 Doruphoreo : Doir ; beir, carry. 
 Dourikleitos : Doir; cluiteach,/aHiO!(s. 
 Drutomos : Doir; teum, c!(<. 
 Drepo : Crub, sit, crouch. 
 Dynastes : Tanaiste, a thane or lord. 
 Due, calamity : Di, want. 
 Doron : Thoir, give. 
 Diminutives. — Some end in — aiou and — ion : these are from — an, 
 
 or mhean, small. 
 Some end in — ullion, — ullis, and — ulos : these are from — ol, 
 
 chaol, sviall. 
 Some end in — ax and — aigx : these are from — ag, bheag, 
 
 small. 
 Some end in — arion : these are from crion, chrion, little. 
 Some end in — karion, as gunaikarion: these are from crion, 
 
 little. 
 
 EPSILOX. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits : — 
 
 Initial h ; as eido /roTre beachd : 
 
 Initial g ; as erao from gradh : 
 
 Initial/; as eikosi, eikoti/rom fichead : 
 
 Initial p ; as eileo from piU. 
 
 Initial s ; as edos/rom suidh. 
 E, him : E, he. 
 
 Easi, they are : Is iad, they are. 
 Eggenes, eggone, eggonos : Ann, in ; gin, heget. 
 En, in : Ann, in. 
 En, one: Aon, one. 
 Ek, ex : As, out of. 
 Eri, an intensive particle : Ro, very. 
 Em — , prefix //oHi. en — : Ann, in. 
 Egkaleo : Glaodh, call. 
 Egkai-sia : Car, a turn. 
 Egkope : Caob, a section. 
 
 Egtheireo, egcheiridion : Coir (obsolete), the hand. 
 Edo, edesma : Ith, eat. 
 Eggus: .\ig, at. 
 
 Eikosi, eiltati : Fichead, twenty. 
 Ear: 'Eaxrz.ch, spring . 
 Eimi, / am : Bi, am ; mi, /. 
 Emos, mine : Mi, /. 
 Erse, dew : Drus, exudation. 
 Euo, burn : perha 
 Eido, see : Beachd 
 
38 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Eiko, resemble : Aogas, likeness. 
 
 Eikos : Aogas, likeness. 
 
 Eileo, iii7-n : Pill, turn. 
 
 Eileo, assemble : Uile, all. 
 
 Eimi : Is mi, / am. 
 
 Enalios : Ann, in ; sal, salt, 
 
 Ennea : Naoi, nine. 
 
 Einanuches : Naoi, n«ne; nochd, night . 
 
 Eiren, ereo : Eadh, speech. 
 
 Hekatogclieir : Ceud, a hundred ; coir (obsolete), /w«(i. 
 
 Hekatombe : Ceud ; bo, an o.v. 
 
 Hekatompolis : Ceud; ha.i\e, a town. 
 
 Hekatompodos : Ceud; cos, afoot. 
 
 Hekatompulos : Ceud ; caol, narrow. 
 
 (Celtic c being changed to Greek p.) 
 
 Eliklesia : As, out of; glaodh, call. Many words compounded with 
 ek — are from the Celtic. 
 
 Ekstasis, existemi, istemi, istao : Steidhicli, establish. 
 
 Hepta : Seachd, seven. 
 
 Ektike from echo : Aig, at ; ta ag mi, / have. 
 
 Ekteino : As ; teann, tense. 
 
 Ekphero : As ; beir, carry. 
 
 Ekphoneo : Fonn, a time. 
 
 Hekaton, a hundred, he-kat-on : Ceud, a hundred. 
 
 Emballo, embapto, emblema, empaizo, empedos, empodion, empo- 
 dostates, empotlien, empoliteno, emphoreo, enagkonizo, enalios, 
 enallatto, enallomai, enarthmos, endeka, endexia, endon, endios, 
 endoiasmos, endruon, eneiles, entheos, enecho, enteino, exago- 
 rage, exago, exaireo, exairo, exallomai, exallos, exarguroo, 
 exegeiro, exedo, exeikazo, exeileo, exeres, exegeiro, exegoria, 
 exeroes, exerouo, exonomaiuo, exoduos, exulomenos, exorgismai, 
 exotikos, and other compounds of ex— , em — , and en — , wiU be 
 found under their simple forms derived from the Celtic. 
 
 Enos, a year : Eang (obsolete), a year. 
 
 Endeia : Ann, in ; di, want. 
 
 Enduo : Eudach, covering. 
 
 Eneroi, enerthe : Ann, in ; tir, the earth. 
 
 Enthousiastes, entheos : Ann ; dia. 
 
 Enti, they are : Is iad, they are. 
 
 Enudros : Ann, in ; Doir, ivaler. 
 
 Exeo, exodos : As, out ; uidhe, a way. 
 
 Epi — . Many of the words compounded with epi are of Celtic origin. 
 
 Erebos, era : Tir, earth. 
 
 Ereeino, ereo : Eadh, speech. 
 
 Eretmos : Eamh, an oar. 
 
 Ereugo : Euchd. 
 
 Hermes, eireo : Eadh, speech. 
 
 Hermogenes : Eadh ; gin. 
 
 Herpo, herpes : Crub, crouch, bend. 
 
 Erotao, inquire : lar, after ; radh, speak. 
 
 Estho : Ith, eat. 
 
 'En, happily : kg\i, felicity. 
 
 Eu — , a prefix, ivell : Agh, joy. Many of the Words with which eu^ 
 is compounded are from the Celtic. 
 
 Euairetos : Beir, carry. 
 
 Eugenes, eudia, euchos, eukardios, euklees, eumenes, euodia, eupais, 
 eupatricles, eupolio, eupurgos, euroia, euphoros, eucheirj and 
 other compounds are from the Celtic. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 89 
 
 Echo, / have : Ta agani, that is, ta ag mi, 7 have. 
 
 Egeomai, ago : Eachd, afeal. 
 
 Eeroeis, eer, aer : Athar, air. 
 
 Echos, echo: ¥Agh, a ihout. 
 
 Herauos, « king : ArJ, eminent. 
 
 Hekalos, tranquil, perliaps allied to Cala, a harbour, 
 
 Erras, errhoos, a ram : Keithe, a ram. 
 
 ZETA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 h to zeta : see zoe, zallo. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c to zeta : see zaboo, zouniio, zeugle, zone. 
 Za, in composition, very : Sath, satiety. 
 Zamenes : Sath ; mcin, mind. 
 
 Zeus or Jupiter, from giving Y\.te,from zoe : Beo, alive. 
 Zan or Jm\o, from Zeus and bean, in composition — &n, female. 
 Zoe, zodion, zodiakos, zotikos : Beo, alive ; heatha, life. 
 Zoographos : Beo ; grabh, write. 
 Zoogonos : Beo ; gin, hegel. 
 Zallo, throw : Buaill, throiv. 
 
 Zephuros, or life-bearing: Beo, alive; heir, carry. 
 Zeo, to be fervent, or to "be alive," /'"o™ zoe : Beo, alive. 
 Zelos, zeal, from zeo, from zoe : Beo, alive. 
 Zelotes, zeloo : Beo. 
 Zomos, broth, zo-mos : Sugh, jwice. 
 Zabos, curved: Car, a turn. 
 Zonnuo, ^irrf: Ceangal, 6Jni. 
 Zeugle, a yoke : Ceaugal, hind. 
 Zone, a girdle : Cean-gal, ceangal, hind. 
 
 ETA, 
 Heros : Ard, mighty. 
 Esan, they were : Is iad, tliey are. 
 Es, thou art : Is tu, thou art. 
 Echos, a sound : Echo ; eigh, a cry. 
 Helios, he-lios, the sun : Leus, light. 
 
 THETA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial « 
 in words beginning with theta : see thego. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes d to 
 th : see theoreo. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes theta : 
 see thelo. 
 Theros, summer : Tior, dry. 
 Thele, a small swelling : Tula, a hillock. 
 Thoreo : Dearc, see. 
 
 Thuo, to sacrifice, to offer to God : Dia, God. 
 Thuo, to he hot : Teth, hot. 
 Thomos : Tom, a moimd. 
 Thin, then, a heap : Dun, a hill. 
 Thin, the shore. The shore is usually a hill as seen from the water : 
 
 Dun, a hill. 
 Then, certainly : Dian, hasty. 
 
 Thego : Stuig, incite ; s omitted and t changed to th. 
 Thelo, will, loish : Aill, ivill. 
 
40 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 IOTA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial b : 
 see iallo, idee, 
 la, a voi"e : Eigh a shout. 
 lakchus, iacho : Eigh, a shout. 
 Iguua. genu : Eang, a corner. 
 Idou: Sud, that. 
 le, go : Uidhe, a wat/. 
 Ithm-os, ithi, orous : Uidhe ; vnith, flow. 
 lollo, send : Buaill, throw. 
 Iluo : Aol, lime. 
 Ileos, eileo: Pill, turn. 
 Tstemi: Suidh, s!7; steiAhlch, establish. 
 Italos, a bull: Eudail, ca<</e. 
 lo^alas ! Och, alas! 
 In, in : Ann. in. 
 Idroo : Doir, ivater. 
 Iladon, ile : Uile, all. 
 Iallo, send: Buaill, ihroiv. This has the same spelling, but is a 
 
 difF rent word from : — 
 Iallo, desire : Aill, desire, will. 
 Ideo, eido, see: Beachd vision. 
 Ibuo, boao, bellow : Bo, cow. 
 leros, iiirmounting : Ard, high. 
 leros, sacred ; perhaps so named because the holy places were on 
 
 heights : Ard, high. 
 Ilao, / agree : Aill, will, pleasure. 
 Iluo : Aol, lime. 
 Illo: Fin, fold, wrap. 
 lops, name of a fish: lasg, a fish. 
 
 — ion, a termination of diminutives : — an, mhean, small. 
 — illos, a termination of adjectives: — ail is a common termination 
 
 of Gaelic adjectives, from amhuil, like. 
 — ikos, a termination of adjectives : — ach is a common termination 
 
 of Gaelic adjectives, from aig, implying possession, as ta ag mi, 
 
 I have. 
 — inos, a termination of adjectives: — ain, a termination of Gaelic 
 
 adjectives, as fallain, healthy. 
 Illos, the eye : Suil, the eye. 
 Joge, the shore : Ach, a bank. 
 
 KAPPA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 b to k: see kora, kuros, kara. 
 Kaballes : Capull, a mare. 
 Kathedra : Cathair, a seat. 
 Kathairo : Cairt, purge. 
 Kaio, kaminos : Caith, consume, ivaste. 
 Kaleo, klazo : Glaodh, call. 
 
 Kalupto, kleidoo, Idax, koUao, kalux, kleio : Cleidh, conceal. 
 Kampto, kuampto : Cam, crooked. 
 Karron : Car, a chariot. 
 
 Karsios, kerannumi, kurtos, kirrao, krater : Car, a turn, 
 Kardia, kear : Cridhe, heart. 
 Karpos, krupto : Crub, crouch, bend. 
 
CELTIC OKIGIN OF GREEK. 11 
 
 Kata, down : Ce, pronounced kp, earth ; do, to. Tlie primary moaning 
 of the proposition kata is down : many of tlie compounds of 
 kata will be found under their simple forms derived from tlie 
 Celtic. 
 
 Kafechismos, katecheo, echos: Eigli, ashout. 
 
 Keras, kerux : Corn, a horn. 
 
 Keros : Ceir, ua.v. 
 
 Kithara : Ceathar, the harp. 
 
 Kara, head : Biut, top. 
 
 Kuros : Bar, lop: 
 
 Korn, 'kore, a fjirl: Bar {obsole(e), a son. 
 
 Kai : Agus, and. 
 
 Kiste: Cist, n chest. 
 
 Kio, io, eo : Uidhe, a uay. 
 
 Kuampto, kampto, kupto : Cub, lend. 
 
 Kuodon, odous : Deud, a tooth. 
 
 Koliao : Ailt, high. 
 
 Kopto : Caob, a section. 
 
 Kruos : Eeodh,/reerfl, 
 
 Kacbles : Clach, a stone. 
 
 Kalamos : Caol, small, slender. 
 
 Kalon, wood : Coille, a wood. 
 
 Kapto, eat quickly : Cab, mouth. 
 
 Kapto, io breathe : Cab, mouth. 
 
 Keiro : Gearr, cut. 
 
 Kenos, empty : Cian, ivant. 
 
 Kephale, kube : Cab, head. 
 
 Kleio, celebrate : Cliu, fame. 
 
 Kleio, shut : Cleidh, conceal. 
 
 Kluo, kluso, hear : Cluas, the ear. 
 
 Klepto, steal : Cluip, deceive. 
 
 Kline : Claon, incline, 
 
 Koilos, concave; perhaps allied to Cala, a harbour. 
 
 Komeo : Comadh, eating together. 
 
 Krazo : Gaoir, noise ; radh, speech. 
 
 Kreas: Carn (obstilele), ^es/t; Cre, a body. 
 
 Kuanos : Cuan, the sea. 
 
 Kalio : Pill, turn. 
 
 Koluo : Col, restraint. 
 
 Kerdos : Ceard, a small trader. 
 
 Kos, hoiv : Cia, ivhat. 
 
 Kuon : Cu, conn, a dog. 
 
 LAMBDA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes I, as 
 lileo from aill ; laleo from iolach. 
 Lea, laas, lithos, lianeos, las : Lia, liath, a stone. 
 Lambano, lemma ; perhaps from Lamb, the hand. 
 Lethe, letho, Latinos, lanthano, leno, Lethaios : Luidh, lie. 
 Laigx : Lia, a stone ; — ag, beag, small. 
 Leon : Leomhan, a lion. 
 Lian: 'La,n,full. 
 Laleo. lala : Iolach, a shout. 
 Lileo. lillomai. lipto, lao : Aill, ivill, desire. 
 Limne : Linne, a marsh. 
 Lakkos : Loch, a lake. 
 Laos: IJo.chA, people. 
 
43 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GKEEK. 
 
 Lachaino, to dig, from lakkos : Loch, a lake. 
 
 Leiaino, leios, leicho ; Liomh, smooth. 
 
 Lembus : Long, a ship. 
 
 Leusso : Leus, light. 
 
 Leibo, libas : Liob, lip, 
 
 Laas, leos ; perhaps allied to Luchd, people, 
 
 MU. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 
 b to m: see mikkos, moleo. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes m : see 
 
 monos, mio, mudao, mure, musso. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, perhaps the Greek sometimes changes 
 
 initial c to m. (The Latin changes Celtic initial c to p.) 
 
 See mache, niachomai. 
 Mikkos, mikros : Beag, small. 
 Meli : Mil, honey. 
 Meiro : Mir, a Ml. 
 
 Malakos, malasso, malos : Malta, soft. 
 Mallos : Feile, a covering. 
 Malon, an apple : Maol, roiind, blunl. 
 Meion, minnos : Mean, small. 
 Menos, mnao, menuo : Mein, mijid. 
 Meter : Mathair, mother. 
 Mignuo, raignumi, mixis, misgo : Measg, mix. 
 Moira, a portion ; moros, a portion : Mir, a hit, 
 Moira, death; moros, death : Mort, kill. 
 Monos, one, alone : Aon, one. 
 Mio, mnio, eat : Ith, eat. 
 Mache, machomai: Cog, ^<//(Y. 
 Me, me : Mi, I. 
 Mukao : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Mitulos, mutilos, luithout horns : Maol, loithoui horns. 
 Meirax, a Utile girl; meir-ax : Bar (obsolete), son; — ag, beag, Utile, 
 Metropolis: Mathair, wio</ier; haile, town. 
 Mule : Meil, grind. 
 
 Many of the compounds of meta are of Celtic origin. 
 Muro, iojloiv: Jiniih, flow. 
 Moleo, to fight : Buaill, strike. 
 Mudao: Ad (obsolete), iwa/er. 
 Mnsso, cleanse : Uisge, tt)a/«r. 
 Methusis : Misg, drunkenness. 
 Melos : Ball, a member. 
 Murios: Mor, great. 
 
 NU. 
 
 Neos, neao : Nuadh, new. 
 
 Nephele : Neul, a cloud. 
 
 Ne, privative prefix : Neo, not. 
 
 Nesos : Innis, an island. 
 
 Nux : Nochd, night. 
 
 Naos, a temple : Naomh, holi/. 
 
 Neossus : Neud, a 7iest. 
 
 Neo, to go : Uidhe, a way. 
 
 Neo, to return, to go anew : Nuadh, new ; uidhe, a way, 
 
 Neo, to swim : Snamh, sivim. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 13 
 
 Niphoeis : Sneacliil, snow. 
 
 Nosos, disease, from ne and soos. Soos//-o;« Saobh, well. Some nouns 
 end in — er and — or : — ox from fear, fliear, a man. 
 
 ■/.I. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, perliaps the Greek sometimes changes 
 
 initial c to x : see xulon, xaino, xuu. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, perhaps the Greek sometimes changes 
 initial </ to x : see suros. 
 Xulon : Coille, a wood. 
 Xaino : Cainnt, speech. 
 Xun, with : Comh, with. 
 Xuros : Geur, sharp. 
 Xeros : Searg, dri/. 
 
 OMIKRON. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits : — 
 
 Initial d, as orao from dearc ; 
 
 Initial/, as o'mos from fion, orge /ro?« fearg; 
 
 Initial o, as olielos /rom huaill ; 
 
 Initial s, as ode/;om sud. 
 
 Initial i, as oikos from tigh. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes o, as 
 
 okelloy;07)i glaodh. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes eg — 
 
 and och— : see ogkeros, ochlos. This is analogous to its 
 
 prefixing ag — . 
 Orao : Dearc, see. 
 Oinos : Fion, wine. 
 Oikos : Tigh, a house. 
 Ois : Oisg, a sheep. 
 Obelos, hallo : Buaill, (hroiv. 
 Okto: Ochd, eight. 
 Ode : Sud, that. 
 Odons : Deud, a tooth. 
 Okello, kello, kaleo : Glaodh, shout. 
 Ololuzo : lolacli, a cry. 
 Omalos : Amhuil, like. 
 Onoma: Ainm, a 7iame. 
 Orge : Fearg, anger. 
 Oros, a hill : Ord, a hill. 
 Oros, Orion, a border : Oir, a border. 
 Ogkeros : Garlih, rough, large. 
 Ochlos, ochleo : Luchd, people. 
 Opse, late, after : Ais, backwards. 
 Oruo : Ruith,^oit'. 
 Ouranos, Heaven : Ard, high. 
 Oulos, oulo, holos : UUe, all. 
 Odos : Uidhe, a way. 
 Oi, alas : ! och, alas. 
 Oi, who : A, who. 
 
 Oideo, oidema, oidesis : At, a swelling : uchd, brow of a hill. 
 Oion, alone : Aon, one. 
 Ois : Oisg, a sheep. 
 Oionos : Eun, a bird. 
 Omphalos : lomlag. 
 Orego : Euig, reach. 
 
44 CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Oruoo: 'Rniih, flow. 
 
 Ophrus : Abhra, eye-lid, 
 
 Opuio, opio, opioso: Pos, marry. 
 
 Ochthe, ochthos, a hank : Uclid, the side of a hill. 
 
 PI. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c to ^ : see pa, pule, pons, puxos, prin, peras, paian, peina, 
 pinninos, planao, pothi, pentheo, pente, pontos, poneo, 
 pugme. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes p : see 
 pater, platus, pleon, pioion, paros, pro, prin. 
 
 Celtic b is sometimes changed to Greek p; and Celtic p to 
 Greek 6. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 g to p: see prio, porroo, pelos. 
 Pa, ivhere ; pou : C'e, ivho. 
 Pule, polos: Caol, narrow, small. 
 Pous, pedao, pedon, peitho : Cos, a fool. 
 Pentheo, poneo: Caoin, deplore. 
 Puxos : Ciste, a chest. 
 Prin : Crann, a beam. 
 Peras: Crioch, the end. 
 Pente : Cnig, five. 
 Paian, a hymn : Cainnt, speech. 
 Peina, hunger : Cion, ivanl. 
 Pothi, who : C'e, ivho. 
 Pinninos, pontos : Cuan, the sea. 
 Planao : Claon, go astray. 
 Prio, ciit : Gearr, ctit. 
 Poroo : Garbh, rough. 
 Pelos, darlc : Glas, gray. 
 
 Paros, peri, porro, pro, para, prin, proi, protos, pros : Eoi, before. 
 Pater: Athsiix, father. 
 Platus : Leud, breath. 
 Pleon, more : lian, full. 
 Pioion : Long, a ship. 
 Pagos : Bach, a hill, 
 Palla : Ball, a hall. 
 Pallo, plesso; pileo : Buaill, s^nAe. 
 Par, paroos, pertho, puroo : Brath, fire. 
 Patasso, pateo : Bata, a staff. 
 Pao, to pasture : Bo, a cow. 
 Pleion : Bliadhna, a year. 
 Pais : Paisd, a child. 
 
 Pluno, icash ; perhaps allied to Plum, sink. 
 Pelagos, the sea, pe-lag-os : Loch, an arm of the sea. 
 Purges : Burg, a toivn. 
 Per, expletive particle : Bar, top. 
 Peri. In some words the prefix peri— is from Bar, lop, as 
 
 Periallos : Bar; eile, another. 
 
 Peribioo : Bar ; beo, alive. 
 Pro, an intensive prefix, as in prodelos : Eo, very. 
 Peri, an intensive prefix, as in perideido : Ro, very. 
 Polls, politikos : Baile, a town. 
 Proago, proales, proballo, programma, and many other compounds of 
 
 pro are from the Celtic. 
 Pianos : Blanda, courteous. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN OF OREEK. -10 
 
 Para. The primai'y meaning is )«•«)• : Jim, hrfurc. Many of tlie com- 
 pounds of para are entirely from llie Celtic. 
 
 Tera, a sack, pliero : Beir, cairi/. 
 
 Pleko: FilU,afolJ. 
 
 Petes, potizo : Poit, drink. 
 
 Proix : Prac, small lithe. 
 
 Pugmaios : Beag, small. 
 
 Puthia : Faidh, <( prophet. 
 
 Parokeanitis, the sea-shore; par-okean-ilis. Par from roi, before; 
 okean from aigean, the sea ; itis from aile, ci place. 
 
 Pion, ivcalthy. Ouce flocks were wealth ; Bo, a cow. 
 
 Ptochos : ]^ochd, poor. 
 
 Pugme, a battle : Cog, fight. 
 
 Pelomai, I am : Beil mi, I am. 
 
 Pelo, / am : Beil, I am. This has the same spelling, hut is a difleront 
 word from : — 
 
 Pelo, move : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Vcriccho, I am superior: Bar, top; ag. This lias the same spelling, 
 but is a difierent word from : — 
 
 Periecho, I oppose : Eoi, before ; aig. 
 
 Ploein, to sail: Long, a ship. 
 
 Patronj'mies. Some female patronymics end in — ine or — one. Tliese 
 are from — an, or bheau, woman. 
 
 EHO. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c : 
 see rhachia, rhei^o. 
 Rhachia, rhox : Craig, a rock. 
 Eha, entirely : Eo, veri/. 
 Eheo: Euith,./?oif. 
 Eheo, rhetor, rema : Eadh, speech. 
 Ehigos : Eeogli,//-ee^'e. 
 Ehepo: Crub, bend, crouch. 
 Rhesso : Bris, break. 
 Rhin, rhion : Sron, a nose. 
 
 Ehiothos, the noise of waters : TMith,flow ; eas, a waterfall. 
 — ros, a termination of adjectives : — ra is a common termination of 
 
 Gaelic adjectives, from — or, mhor, mor, great. 
 
 SIGMA. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes inserts t after 
 
 ■ initial s .• see stalazo, stergo. 
 Ill adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes s : see 
 stege, stenos, scambos, strenes, sphallo, soros, skizo, skello, 
 skuzo, streplio. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes se : see 
 selene, selas. 
 Stergo : Seii-e, love. 
 Stalazo : SO, drop. 
 
 Stenos, steno, stenion : Teann, tense. 
 Stege : Tigh, a house. 
 Strenes : Treun, bold. 
 Sphallo : Feall, deceive. 
 Skizo ; Geiun, a ivedge ; sgain, rend. 
 Skello, 7iiake thin : Caol, thin. 
 Selene : Luan, moon. 
 Selas : Leus, light ; soillse, light ; solus, light. 
 
46 CELTIC OEIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Sakkos, a sack : Sac, a sack. 
 
 Sakos, a shield : Sgath, a shade. 
 
 Salos, als, saleno : Sal, sal/. 
 
 Stao, istemi, stadion, spadion, stasis, stereos : Stad, slop ; steidhich, 
 
 establish. 
 Skepo, cover : Sgiath, shield. 
 Soo, incite from seuo : Suas, up. This has the same spelliii" hut 
 
 is a different word from : — 
 Soo, preserve, from soos : Saohh, well. 
 Skamhos : Cam, crooked. 
 Skia, skotos : Sgath, a shade. 
 Skiros : Sgor, a rock. 
 Skuzo, skuhalon, kuon : Cu, conn, a dog. 
 Soos, soter, soo, sostron, sozo : Saohh, well. 
 Spairo : Spreod, incite. 
 Soo, seuo, incite, move : Suas, up. 
 Soros, a heap : Ard, high. 
 Strepho (e changed to t, and s prefixed) : Car, a turn. 
 
 TAU. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 ctot: see ti, tessares, teiro, ti-eo, truo, tupto. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 g io t : see trachus, tragos. 
 Ti, ivhat : C'e, who. 
 Tessares : Ceathar,/o!<r. 
 Teiro, toreo, tornoo : Car,'a turn. 
 Treo, shake : Crith, shake. 
 Truo, vex ; trueho, truchuo : Cradh, vex. 
 Tupto, tupos, tupuo, tumpanon : Caob, hite, strike. 
 Tereo, behold : Dearc, see. 
 Tetao, deprive : Dith, ivant. 
 Trachus : Garbh, rough. 
 Tragos, if from trachus : Garhh, rough. 
 Teino, tenon, tanuo, tenesmos, tonos : Teann, tense. 
 Tauros : Tarbh, a bull. 
 
 Tegos, teichos, tekton,'teuchos, teucho : Tigh, teach, a house. 
 Teiro : Teirig, ivasle. 
 Temno : Teum, a bit. 
 Terso, turos : Tior, dry. 
 Treis, tris : Tri, three. 
 Tursis : Tur, a tower. 
 Tainia, tanaos, tunos : Tana.' thin, small. 
 Trugeo, io dry : Tior, dri/. 
 Tu, thou : Du, thou. 
 Tumbos : Tom, a hillock. 
 Turannos : Tighearn, a lord. 
 — tos, a termination of adjectives : — ta is a common termination of 
 
 Gaelic adjectives. 
 Temos, then : An t'am, the time. 
 
 UPSILON. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c : 
 see ule, huhos, hymnos. 
 Ule, a wood : Coille, a ivood. 
 Hubos : Cub, bend. 
 
 Huadeo, Huas, huakizo, huo, hudos, hugros : Abh (obsolete), iraler ; 
 Ad (obsolete), water. 
 
 I 
 
CELTIC OltlClN Ob' GltEliK. 17 
 
 Uios, a son : Ogha, a graiulcluld. 
 
 Vie, material of any kind: Aol, liini:, mud, Vf. 
 
 Hudor, hudrops : Doii-, water. 
 
 Huper : Os barr, over. 
 
 Hupsos, hupsoo, hupsose : Suas, up. 
 
 Husteron, after : Ais, backwards. 
 
 Humnos : Cainnt, spcec/i ; can, sing, say. 
 
 PHI. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes ph : 
 see plirazo, pharoo, phUeo, phlego, phoitao, phradao. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c to pit Cas it changes g to p) : see phlia, phren, phuo, phrix. 
 Phrazo, phradao : Eadh, speech. 
 Pharoo : Ar, plough. 
 Plilia, a threshold: Caol, narrow. 
 Phren, phroneo : Crionna, prudent, sagacious. 
 Phi-Lx, motion of the sea : Crith, shake, move ; uisge, water. 
 Phuo : Ce, the earth. 
 Phulopis, a battle : Buaill, strike. 
 Phrater : Brathair, a brother. 
 Phone : Fonn, a tune. 
 Phero, phoreo, phortos : Beir, carry, 
 Pholeos : FoU, a den. 
 Phatis, an oracle : Faidh, a prophet. 
 Phlego, phleso, Fhlos., Jlame : Leus, light. 
 
 Phoitas, to frequent, to go often to a place : perhaps from Aite, a place. 
 PhJlos, phileo ; Aill, desire, pleasure ; muileach, beloved. 
 Phuo, / am : Bith, am. 
 Phuo, beget; phuso, phusis : Fas, grow. 
 Phor, a thief; one who carries ofi": Beir, carry. 
 Phulla, phuUon : Bileach, a leaf. 
 
 Phellos : Feile, a covering. ' 
 
 Pheugo, pheuge : Fogair, expel. 
 Phulasso, to take care of: Feileach, hospitable. 
 
 CHI. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c and g to ch. 
 Cholos, laine : Cleidh, make lame, ^-c. 
 Chabos, curved : Cub, bend. 
 Charis, chaii-o : Car, a friend ; gradh, love. 
 Cheilos : Cial, a brim. 
 Cheir: Coir (obsolete), a hand, 
 Chen-hos : Garbh, rough. 
 Cheo, chazo, take : Gabh, take. 
 Chloeunes: C\\\a.m, a lawn. 
 Choos, eartli : Ce, the earth. 
 Chortos : Gort, standing corn. 
 Chronos : Cron (obsolete), /mc. 
 Chalix : Cailc, lime. 
 
 ChovBO, I take: Coir (obsolete), tite hand. 
 Chorde : Cord, a cord. 
 Charasso : Sgor, cut. 
 Chamai : Ce, the earth. 
 Chandauo, chazo : Gabh, lake. 
 Chutos, in the ground : Ce, earth. 
 
48 CELTIC ORIGIN 0¥ GREEK. 
 
 Cholas, an inlesline : Caol, narrow, small. 
 Cheras, a heap of stones : Caim, a heap of stones. 
 
 rsT. 
 
 Psucho, dry : Seac, dry, wither. 
 
 OMEGA. 
 
 Olene : Uilean, the elbow, 
 
 Osi : Is iad, they are. 
 
 Omos : Amh, crude. 
 
 Oon : Ubh, an egg. 
 
 Ora, time ; oraios : Uair, an hour. 
 
 Ora, care: Curam, care, 
 
 Oraizo, to adorn : Curam, care. 
 
 Oraizo, to mature : TJair, aii hour, lime. 
 
 Ocliros : Odhar, pale, sallow. 
 
 Odi: Slid, that. 
 
 Ogen, okeauos : Aigean, the deep. 
 
APPENDIX TO PART SECOND, 
 
 HEBREW AND GAELIC. 
 
 Ager, gather : Greigli, a heni. 
 
 Ageme, earth : Ce, earth. 
 
 Aher, c^fler : lar, after. 
 
 Am, mother : Am. 
 
 Ane, presence : Ann, in. 
 
 Ar, flow : Euith, run. 
 
 At, thou : Tu, thou. 
 
 Aur, light : Atliar, air. 
 
 Orus, the Egyptian Apollo : AUiar. 
 
 Ar, curse : Ar, slaughter. 
 
 Aur, grass : Feur, grass. 
 
 Are, pZ^^c•^■ : Beir, carry. 
 
 Aro, i/ie ca7'/7i : Ai-, plougli ; til', llie earth. 
 
 Ba, come : Uidhe, a ivay. 
 
 Beg, « portion : Beag, ^(7/^6'. 
 
 Bel, hasten : Buaill, throw. 
 
 Bol : Beul, the Qod Belus. 
 
 Bor, clear off: Beir, carrtj. 
 
 Bor, ftzH'n : Bratli,y!re. 
 
 Ber, a son : Bar (obsolete), a son. 
 
 Ger, &e?i< downwards : Car, a zm/'«. 
 
 Gomel, a camel : Camh-al, a crooked horse. 
 
 Ger, cut : Gearr, cut. 
 
 Ger, sojourn : Cor (obsolete), a visit. 
 
 Gered, scrape : Grabb, engrave. 
 
 Du, languish : Do, unfortunate. 
 
 Die, Mack and »27c : Du, black and j«A. 
 
 Di, o/: De, of. 
 
 Delech, trouble : Duilicb, difficult. 
 
 Dequ, covering : Teach, a house. 
 
 Dereek, slraightway : Direach, straiglU. 
 
 E, which : A, ivho. 
 
 Eia, he : E, he. 
 
 Elel, mad : Alluidh, ivild. 
 
 El, exult : Ailt, high. 
 
 "El, shine: Aile, mV; lens, light. 
 
 Er, a hill : Ord, a hill. 
 
 leir, proud : Ard, 7jz^7i ; ardan, pride. 
 
 Ze, </iw : So, this. 
 
 Zequen, old : Sean, old. 
 
 Chere_, heat : Tior, dry, 
 
 Clierej, shoi-ten : Goirid, short. 
 
 Chares, plough : Ar, plough. 
 
 Thech, cover: Teach, /iowse. 
 
 Thire, a tower : Tuir, a tower. 
 
 Thur, a hill : Terr, a hill. 
 
 Therech, waste : Teirig, wasle. 
 
 lal, will : Aill, will. 
 
 lUe, s/jOMi : lolach, shout. 
 
50 HEBKEW AND GAELIC. 
 
 lin, ivine : Fion, wine. 
 
 Ise, is : Is, is, are. 
 
 Iso, save : Saobh, ivell. 
 
 Ked, dart : Gatli, a javelin 
 
 Kue, biim : Caith, consume, ivasie. 
 
 Kela, restrain: Col (obsolete), rcslrain. 
 
 Kepe, bend : Cub, be7id. 
 
 Ker, ro!mcZ : Cuaii-t, a circuit. 
 
 Kers, bow: Car, a turn. 
 
 Keret, cut off: Goirid, short; gear, cut. 
 
 Lath, col's)- : Luidh, lie. 
 
 Kere, cz(< : Gear, ctit. 
 
 Leben, tvMte : Lia (grey) ; ban, ly/wYc. 
 
 Lei, turn : Aill, ^iwvi. 
 
 Meshek, mix : Measg, mix. 
 
 Mera, sivell : Mor, great. 
 
 Na, a particle importing failure : Neo, not. 
 
 Nezel, drop : Sil, drop. 
 
 Nir, plough : Ar, plough. 
 
 Shek, corer : Sgath, a sTiatZe. 
 
 Shemel, linage : Amhuil, Za-e. 
 
 Shen, spread out : Sin, extend. 
 
 Sheten, stop up : Stat, stop. 
 
 01, afeoiie ; Ailt, high. 
 
 Ognr, cut: Gear, cut; genr, sharp. 
 
 Or, rise : Ear, i/ie easi. 
 
 Orej, agitate: Feavg, anger. 
 
 Par, a«?o?-« : Briadlia, pretty. 
 
 Pra, ri(« ; Euith, 7-un. 
 
 Pered, divide : Pairt, a part. 
 
 Pre, 6ea»- ; Beir, bear. 
 
 Jeri,Jloiv : Euith, ^oty. 
 
 Qua, vomit ; Sgath, vomit. 
 
 Qubo, oppress : Cub, bend. 
 
 Quthen, small : Tana, small. 
 
 Quel, soM?i(^ ; Glaodh, shout. 
 
 Quen, lament : Caoin, lament. 
 
 Qune, hollow : Cian, empty. 
 
 Qujer, shorten : Goirid, short. 
 
 Qujer, cut : Gear, cut. 
 
 Qujeb, cut : Caob, a section. 
 
 Qura, meei: Cor (obsolete), a visit. 
 
 Qurie, a city : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Qurech, ice : B.eogh, freeze. 
 
 Qurn, a horn : Com, a horn. 
 
 Eeb, strive : Eeub, tear. 
 
 B,ego, still: Eeogh,/7-ee^-e. 
 
 'Rne, moisten: B^nith, run. 
 
 Eepe, submit : Crubadh, bending. 
 
 Arej, the earth : Ar, plough ; tir, earth. 
 
 Eejej, run : Euith, run. 
 
 Eeje, pleased with : Gradh, affection. 
 
 Seq, a sack : Sac, a sack. 
 
 Sequi, *•m^• : Sugh, juice. 
 
 Ses, six : Se, six. 
 
 Set, place : Steidhicli, establish. 
 
 Teme, ivonder : Tioma, afraid. 
 
 Turin, oxen : Tarbh, a bull. 
 
CELTIC ORIGIN 
 
 OF 
 
 CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.* 
 
 In two former small publications I csliibitod comiiarativc vocabula' 
 ries of the Latin and Gaelic, and of the Greek and Gaelic languages 
 respectively, and endeavonred to sliew tliat a large proportion of the 
 words in the two classical tongiies might be traced to a Celtic origin: 
 with this distinction, however, that wliile the Greek woi-ds appeared 
 to be derived in a great measure directly from the Celtic, the Latin 
 words seemed to have been derived from the same soui-ce, partly in a 
 direct line, and partly through the medium of the Greek; and in the 
 contributions alluded to in reference to this inquiry, I attended 
 chiefly to the words commonly employed by the writers of these 
 languages. 
 
 The present attempt, also, has for its object to trace the etymology 
 of some of the names of places and persons mentioned by these 
 writers, and to shew that these likewise may be explained on the 
 same principle ; and while some have contended for the Sanskrit 
 origin of the Greek, and for the Sanskrit, Greek, Teutonic, and 
 Slavonian origin of the Latin, there is not wanting ample, if not 
 conclusive evidence, of the partly Celtic origin of these languages, 
 as well as of the nations which employed them. 
 
 Of some names only part of the etymology is given ; and of some 
 others, the various derivations from the Greek and Latin, or from 
 the names of persons, which have been adopted by preceding writers, 
 have been left out from want of space. Several doubtful etymologies 
 are followed by a point of interrogation, and a few, which are 
 perhaps too far-fetched, might perhaps have better been omitted ; — 
 as the nature of the inquiry insensibly leads the etymologist from 
 the near to the remote until he is induced to believe some derivations 
 to be likely, which, at an earlier stage of his investigation, be might 
 have rejected as improbable. Besides other works, I have consulted 
 Park's edition of Lempriere's Classical Dictionai-y (1838), and have 
 added to his list about six hundred names. 
 
 With regard to the names of several places in Britain and Gaul, an 
 attempt has been made to give a definite meaning to those of them 
 which have all along been understood to be Celtic, but whose precise 
 signifieation has not hitherto been determined. 
 
 * This appeared in 1845 with, the title : The Derivation of many Classical 
 Proper Names from the Graelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland : being 
 Part Third of an Inquiry into the Partly-Celtic Origin of the Greeks and 
 Komans. Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black ; and Longman and Co., 
 London, 1845. Printed at the University Press, Thistle Street, Edinburgh, 
 by Stevenson and Company. 
 
52 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Of the names of places in Italy, a few were formerly derived from 
 the Latin, and from names of persons; hut of most of them no 
 etymology whatever has been given. These derivations are here 
 exchanged for Celtic ones, and some of the deficiencies are now 
 supplied from that ancient language. To shew more distinctly the 
 extent to which the Latin language is indebted to the Celtic, there 
 might have been given a sepai-ate list of places in Italy ; a similar 
 list of places in Greece would have served to illustrate the same 
 principle with regard to its language. 
 
 The illustrations from the Celtic are taken from only one of its 
 branches, namely, the Gaelic ; and all the words, with the exception 
 of five or six that are obsolete, are in common use at the present day 
 in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, and may be found 
 in the Gaelic Dictionary of Macleod and Dewar CEdinb. 1833), or 
 in the Pronouncing Gaelic Dictionary of Maealpine (Edinb. 1833). 
 It is extremely probable that the proofs of the partly Celtic origin of 
 the Greeks and Romans might be greatly increased by references to 
 the Irish, Welsh, Armoric, Manx, Cornish, and other dialects of the 
 Celtic ; since what one of these dialects has lost may be preserved 
 by another, and words found in some of them may he referable to 
 roots now extant only in the others. As the Celtic, like any other 
 language, is liable to be altered by time, and to have roots and words 
 which have been lost replaced by modern corruptions, it will readily 
 occur to the reader, that if a certain similarity exists between the 
 Greek and Latin, as spoken about two thousand years ago, and the 
 Gaelic of to-day, that similarity was probably greater originally than 
 it is now. 
 
 The objects of this Essay are— Eii'st. To inquire into the propor- 
 tion of Celtic names of places mentioned by Greek and itoman 
 writers. Second. To apply the same to history. 
 
 The reader unacquainted with Gaelic is requested to notice that 
 in its pronunciation bit, and mh are sounded like the English v ; ph. 
 like/; before the small vowels e and f, c snad ci are always hard like 
 k ; ch is like ch in loch, as the Scotch pronounce it ; d and t, when 
 followed by h, are generally silent. 
 
 Abella, a town of Campania : Baile, a town. 
 
 Abellinum, atown of the Hirpini and another of Lucania : ditto 
 Abila, a town of Syria : ditto 
 
 Abylon, a town of Egypt : ditto 
 
 Abdera, a town of Spain and another of Thrace : Tur, a toiver. 
 Abderia, a town of Spain : Torr, a hill. 
 
 [The words torr, dun, and hurg signify a hill; and dim and hm-g 
 
 came to be applied generally to towns, as these at first were 
 
 for security built on heights ; torr was also so applied, 
 
 though less frequently.] 
 
 Ahobrica, a town of Lusitania ^and another of Spain: Burg, a lull, 
 
 a town. 
 Ahoraca, a town of Sarmatia : ditto 
 
 Abrotonum, a town of Africa : ditto 
 
 Arus, a town of the Sapsei : ditto 
 
 Abylon, a city of Egj^pt: Baile, a ioivn. 
 
 Aca— , Ace — , Ach — , Aci — , Aeg — , Aug — . Some names of 
 towns begin with these : Acha, a plain, a place. ( Acha enters 
 into the composition of numerous names of places in Scot- 
 land, as Auchiulech, Auchterarder, &c.) 
 
CLASSICAT, PROPER NA.MES. r,•^ 
 
 Acacesium, a town of Arcadia : Achn, a plain, a place. 
 
 Accuii, a town of Apulia : ditto 
 
 Ace, now Acre : ditto 
 
 Ace, a place of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Acesta, a town of Sicily : ditto 
 
 Acliffiium, a place of Troas : ditto 
 
 Aceila, a town of Sicily : ditto 
 
 Acila, a town of Arabia : ditto 
 
 Acarnan, a stony mountain of Attica: Carn, a cciirn or heap of stimes. 
 
 Acara, a town in Paunonia and another in Italy : Catbair (pronounced 
 
 Ca-hur,) a city. 
 Acerina, a colony in Italy : ditto 
 
 Acerrte, a town in Gaul and another in Campania : ditto 
 Achara, a towi near Sardis : ditto 
 
 Acharnsc, a town of Attica : ditto 
 
 Acersecomes, a name of Apollo, signifying the unshorn : Gearr, cnl. 
 Acheron, a bitter stream : Geur, bUicr ; amhuinn, a river. 
 Acheron, a river on the Rijihean mountains, another of Elis, and 
 
 another of Italy : Gzxhh, rough ; amhuinn (pronounced Aveu), 
 
 a river. 
 Acilla, a town in Africa : Aeha, a place. 
 Acontius, a mountain of Boetia: Ceann, a head. 
 Acontobulus, a place of Cappadoeia : BaUe, a town. 
 Acradina, the citadel of Syracuse : Garbh, rough ; dun, a hill. 
 Acrae, a town of Sicily : Catbair (pronounced Ca-hur), u city. 
 
 Acrsephia, a town of Boeotia : ditto 
 
 Acriffi, a town of Laconia ; ditto 
 
 Acrisione, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Acrotboon, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Acritas, a promontory of Messenia : Garbh, rough, high. 
 Acropolis, the citadel of Athens : Garbh, rough; baile, a town. 
 
 — acum, — acus. About fifty names of places end in these (as 
 noticed by Prichard, Physic. Hist. Mank., iii. 113), which 
 are the same as Aca — , Ace, &c. Acha, a plain, a place. 
 Ades, or Hades, from a and eido, which is from the Gaelic Beachd, 
 
 vision. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial h. 
 
 Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul ; Ad-gau-destrius : Ceann (the c 
 
 pronounced like h), a head or chief. 
 Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia. The last syllable — rix is a common 
 
 termination of the names of Celtic kings and chiefs, and is the 
 
 Gaelic righ, from which is derived the Latin rex. 
 Adrana, a river in Germany : Doir (obsolete), ivaler. 
 
 Adranus, a river in Sicily : ditto 
 
 Adrasta, one of the Oceanides : ditto 
 
 Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon : ditto 
 
 Adria, Adrianum, or Adriaticum, the Adriatic Sea ; ditto 
 Adria, a town at first on the Adriatic, though by the gaining of the 
 • land it is now about twenty miles distant; deriving its name 
 
 from the sea, which is from Gaelic Doir, water. 
 Adrumetum, a town on the Mediterranean : Doir, water: aite, a place. 
 jEas, a river of Epirus : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 ^gajon, son of Terra and Pontus, jE-gseon ; aia, gaia : Ce, earth , 
 
04 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 yEga, a town of the peninsula of Pallene : Acha, o place, a plain. 
 
 jl'jgeas, a town in Greece : ditto 
 
 Ai^ta, a town of Macedonia: ditto 
 
 Euboea : ditto 
 
 Achaia : ditto 
 
 j^'Jolis ; ditto 
 
 jligaese, a town of Oilicia : ditto 
 
 ^ligaens, a plain in Phocis : ditto 
 
 /Egas, a place of Eubcea : ditto 
 
 Italy: ditto 
 
 .Egeliou, a town of 'i'hessalj' : ditto 
 
 ^Esis ; Ath-esis ; jEsarus ; Api-usa ; rivers of Italy : Uisge, water. 
 
 ^ga3on, a pirate : Aigeann, the sea; cuan, the sea. 
 
 yEgeuniMare: ditto 
 
 iEgfeus, a surname of Neptune : ditto 
 
 a river of Corcyra : ditto 
 
 ^gan, the ^Egean Sea : ditto 
 ^gesta, a town of Sicily : Acha. 
 
 iEgida, a town in Greece : ditto 
 
 ^gila, a place in Laconia : ditto 
 
 iEginium, a town in Thessaly : ditto 
 
 iEgira, a town of Achaia : Cathair, a city. 
 
 iEgiroessa, a town of yEtolia : ditto 
 
 jEgon, a promontory of Lemnos : Ceann, a head. 
 
 ^gy, a town near Sparta : Acha. 
 
 jEgypsus, a town near the Danube : ditto 
 
 iEmonia, the hilly country afterwards called Thessaly : Monadh 
 
 (pron. mona), a hill. 
 /Enus, a river of Germany : Abhuinn, a river. 
 iEolus, the king of the winds : Aile, ivind. 
 bolides, a name of Ulysses : ditto 
 
 jEolida, a city of Tenedos : ditto 
 
 near Thermopylfe : ditto 
 
 jEolisB, the jEolian Islands : ditto 
 
 iEolia, a country of Asia Minor : ditto 
 
 M?, — , some names of rivers begin thus : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
 
 .(Esapus, a river of Mysia : Uisge. 
 
 .(Esar, a river of Greece : Uisge ; Mor (in composition, — or), great. 
 
 ^sis, a river of Italy, which gave its name to a town : Uisge. 
 
 .(Eson, a river of Thessaly, ditto 
 
 jEthusa, a daughter of Neptune ; ^th-usa : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 Agar, a town of Africa : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Agarum, a town of Arabia : ditto 
 
 Agassse, a city of Thessaly : Acha. 
 
 Agasus a harbour of Apulia: Acha ; uisge. 
 
 Agatha, a town of Gaul : Acha. 
 
 Agathopolis, a town of Gaul : Baile, a. town. 
 
 Agendicum, a town of Gaul ; Agend-icum : Acha. 
 
 Acragas, a hill, river, and town of Sicily : Creag, a hill, a rock. • 
 
 Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges: Garbh, rough; abhuinn, 
 
 a river. 
 Agorrea, a name of Minerva : Greigh, a flock. 
 
 Agoreus, a name of Mercury, from presiding over 
 
 markets : ditto 
 
 Agoranomi, market-inspectors : ditto 
 
 Agra, a place near Athens : Cathair, a city. 
 
 a town of Snsa : ditto 
 
 miriiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiTni 
 
CLAijSlCAL ritOl'EU NAMES. 00 
 
 Agra, a town of Arabia : Catbair, a c'lUj. 
 
 Arcadia : ilitto 
 
 Agi'e, a dog's name : tieur, aharii. 
 
 Agrianes, a river of Uliraee, and a people on its banks : Garbh, rumjh ; 
 
 abbuinn, a river. 
 Agriuinm, a city of Acamania: Catliair. 
 Agrionius, a name of Bacclius, froui bis fondness for savage beasts : 
 
 Gin-bb, tvilil. 
 Agyrium, a town of Sicily : Catbair. 
 Alba Louga, a to\Yn on Mens Albanus : Alp, a lu'njlil or eminence, a 
 
 mountain. 
 Alba, a town of tbe Marsi : ditto 
 
 Alba, a city of Liguiia : ditto 
 
 Albani and Albensis, inbabitants of tbe towns 
 
 named Alba : ditto 
 
 Albamis, a bill of Italy : ditto 
 
 Albania, a country of Asia : ditto 
 
 Albici, a people of Ciaul : ditto 
 
 Albiette, a people of Latium : ditto 
 
 Albigaunum, a town of Liguria : ditto 
 
 Albania, tbe kingdom of Scotland. In modern Gaelic, Albaiun is 
 
 the name of Scotland, from alp, a hciglil. 
 Albion, the island of Britain: Alp, a height. 
 Alburnus, a high bill of Lucania-. Alp, a height; bar, an eminence, 
 
 the top. 
 Albius, a bill of Illyricuai : Alp. 
 AlbintemeUum, a town of Liguria: Alp. 
 
 Albanopolis, a town of tbe Allsani in Asia : Alp ; baUe, a town. 
 Albimis was a name common to many Komans, like the present com- 
 mon Scottisli-Highland name of Alpine and Macalpine. 
 Alpinus, a family nane among tbe Eomans, lilce the Scotch names 
 
 Alpine and Macalpine. 
 Alpinus, relating to tbe Alps : Alp, 
 Alcyone, or Halcyone, ( Namo^ m an^^^^^^^ 
 Alcyoneus, Al-cyoneus, ( the sea : ) 
 
 Alcyonia Palus, a pool in Corinth : Cuan, sea. 
 
 Alcyonium Mare, part of the Gulf of Corinth; Al-cyon-ium : Cuan, sea. 
 Alex, a river of the Erutii : AUt, a river, a hum. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Algidum, a town of Latium, Alg-id-um : Aite, a place. 
 
 Al — , Ale — , Ali — . Some names of towns begin with these, 
 perhaps from Baile, a town ; initial 6 being omitted. 
 Almo, a river near Eome : AUt, a river. 
 Alpes, the Alps : Alp, high. 
 Alpes Graiae : Alp, a height; garbh, rough. 
 Alpes Penninse : Alp ; beinn, a hill. 
 Aluta, a river of Dacia : AUt, a river. 
 Amagenbrica, a place on the Arar : Burg, « town. 
 Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, Al-yssus : Uisge, water, 
 Amana, a branch of Mount Taurus : Mona, a hill. 
 Amardi, a people on the coast of the Caspian : Muir, sea. 
 Ambenus, a hill of Sarmatia : Beinn, a hill, a mountain. 
 
 Ambiorix, a Gaulish king, Ambio-rix : Pdgh, a king. 
 Amblada, a town of Psidia : Baile, a town. 
 Ambracia, a town of Threspotia : IBurg, a hill, a town. 
 Ambracus, a fort in Greece : ditto 
 
 Amenanus, a river of SicUy ; Abhuinn or amhuinn, a river. 
 
06 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Aminius, a river of Arcadia : Abhuinn, or amliuinn, a river. 
 Amisia, a river of Germany : ditto 
 Amnias, a river of Bithynia : ditto 
 Aranisus, a river of Crete : ditto 
 Ampelus, a town of Crete, Am-pel-us : Baile, a lown. 
 Ligura : ditto 
 
 Cyrene : ditto 
 
 Amphipolis, a town of Thrace : Baile. 
 
 Amphipyros, a name of Diana, from having a torch in both hands 
 
 Amphi-pyros: uim, around; hvath, fire, 
 
 12 1 2 
 
 Amphitrite, a daughter of Oceanus, Amphi-trite : Uim, around; tir, land. 
 Amphitrite, a name for the sea : Uim, around ; tir, land. 
 
 one of the Nereides : ditto 
 
 Amydon, a town of Macedonia : Dun, a hill and town. 
 
 An — . Some names of rivers begin with An — : Amhuian, a river. 
 
 Anagyrontum, a town of Attica : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Anagyrus, a place in Attica : ditto 
 
 Anassus, a river of Italy: Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Anapus, a river of Epirus : ditto 
 
 a river of Sicily : ditto 
 
 Anas, a river of Spain : ditto 
 Anaurus, a river of Thessely : ditto 
 a river of Troas : ditto 
 
 Anatole, a hill near the Ganges, Ana-tole : Tula, a hill. 
 
 Anchora, a fort in Galatia : Garbh, sleep, high. 
 
 Ancon, a town on an angular promontory : Eaug, a corner. 
 
 Ancura, a town of Galatia : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Ancyrse, a town of Sicily : ditio 
 
 a town of Phrygia : ditto 
 
 Andania, a town in Arcadia, An-dania : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Andomadunum, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Andomatis, a river of India : Abhuinn, a river. 
 Andriclus, a river of Troas : ditto 
 
 Andriclus, a hill of Cilicia, An-dri-clus : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Andromeda, her history connects her with the sea : Doir, icaler. 
 
 (Doir is not in modern use ; our Scottish historian, Buchanan, 
 in his history, refers to dur, as signifying water ; and from 
 his birthplace, we may be almost certain that he was able 
 to speak Gaelic.) 
 
 Anemurium, a promontory of Cilicia : Muir, sea. 
 
 Anelontis, a river near Colophon : Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 12 I 
 
 Anemo, a river near Eome, worshipped as a god, An-nemo : Abhuinn, 
 
 2 
 
 a river ; naomh, holy. 
 Angelus, a son of Neptune : Abhuinn. 
 Angites, a river of Thrace i ditto 
 Ahgrus, a river of Illyricum : Abhuinn ■ garbh, rough. 
 Anicium, a town of Gaiil, An-icium : Acha. 
 Anigrus, a river of Thessaly ! Abhuinn. 
 Anio, a river of Italy : ditto 
 
 Annedonachum, a place in Gaul: Acha, a place, a plain. 
 Anteeopolis, a town of Egypt: Baile, a todn. 
 Antemnte, a city at the Confluence of the Anio and Tiber : Abhuinn', 
 
 fTrnTnTTni|iiii|""i"*T'^'1 
 
CLASSICAL PlIOPER NAMES. OT 
 
 Anlhedon, a town of Bojotia; Autlie-ilon : Dun, « /"//, a town. 
 
 Palestiue : dilto 
 
 I'eloponiiesus : ilittu 
 
 Anticragus, a liill of Lycia : Craig, a rock. 
 
 Anticyni, a city of I'hocis : Catliaii-, a loa-n. 
 
 Antilibanus, a hill in Syria : lieann, a hill. 
 
 Autinoopolis, a town in Egypt : Baile, a lotvn. 
 
 Antiquaria, a town in Spain ; Anti-quar-ia : Catlinir. 
 
 Antipodes, Anti-podes, pons, from cos, afoul (Celtic c being cliaiigcil 
 
 to Greek ^j). 
 Antipolis, a town of Gaul : Baile. 
 Autitaurus, a hill of Armenia : Torr, a hill. 
 Antoninopolia, a town of Mesopotamia : Baile. 
 Antunuacum, a place in Belgic Gaul : Acha, a place. 
 Anxius, a river of Armenia : Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Anzabas, a river near the Tigris : ditto 
 
 Aon, who tirst collected the inhabitants of Breotin into cities, and 
 
 reigned over them : Aon, one. 
 Aornos, a high rock in India: Ard, high. 
 
 Bactriana : ditto 
 
 Apeauros, a hill of Peloponnesus : Bar, an eminence. 
 
 Apenninus, mountains in Italy : Beann, a hill, a top. 
 
 Apidanus, a river of Thessaly :' Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Apiola, a town of Italy : Baile, a (own. 
 
 Apiusa, a river of Italy : Tlisge, water. 
 
 Apollo, so called from his bow, and about thirteen words compounded 
 
 of this ; Buaill, strike, Ml. 
 Arabriga,* a town of Spain : Burg. 
 
 12 I 2 
 
 Aracyuthus, a hill of .(Etolia, Ara-cyn-thus : Ard, higli ; ceaun, ft head. 
 
 • BoBotia : ditto 
 
 Arantinus, a hill near Phlius : Ard, high. 
 
 Araras, a river of Scythia : Euith, flow. 
 
 Arauris, a river of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Araxus, or Araxes, + a river of Thessaly : B.uit'h, flow ; uisge, ivaler. 
 
 Armenia: ditto 
 
 Persia: ditto 
 
 ' flowing into the Rhone ditto 
 
 Araxus, a promontory of Elis : Ard, itigh ; uisge, water. 
 Arbcla, a city of Assyria: Baile, a town. 
 
 a town of Sicily : ditto 
 
 Arcobrica, four towns so named, in Celtiberia, Lusitania, etc. : Burg, 
 
 a town. 
 Ardaxanus, a river of Illyricum : Ard, high; amhuiun, a river. 
 Ardonea, a town of Apulia : Dun, a hill and town. 
 Arethusa, daughter of Oceanus, Areth-usa : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
 Argelitum, a hill near Piome, Argel-itum: Ard, high; coille, wood; 
 
 aite, place. 
 Argantomagus, a town in Gaul: Magh,J a plain, a place. 
 Argentinus, a god of commerce : Airgiod, silver. 
 Argentarius, a mountain of Etruria : Ard, high ; eeann, head, hill. 
 * From Professor Alexander Murray, European Languages, vol. i. p. 157. 
 + See a paper on the various rivers named Araxus, in Hist, de I'Aoad. 
 des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 177i, vol. 36, page 79. 
 
 t Of Magh and Acha, the primary and separate meaning is a plain ; 
 but the secondary, and when in composition, is a place ; these two words 
 being components in many names of places, towns, &c. Dun signifies a 
 hill, but is secondarily used in numerous names of towns. 
 
58 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Argennum, a promontory of lona, /Ard, high ; Cuan, sea. The etymo- 
 
 Ar-gen-num : J logy of Argennum is somewhat 
 
 Argennum, a promontory of Sicily: J like that of Ardnamurchan, the 
 
 \ promontoi7 of high seas. 
 Argentoratum, a town of Gaul, Argentor-atum : Aite, a place. 
 Argiletum, a place in Rome : ditto 
 
 Argonautte, who travelled by sea, Ar-gon-autfe : Air, on ; cuan, (he sea. 
 Argyra, a town of Troas, Ar-gyra : Cathau-, a town. 
 
 Sicily : ditto 
 
 Argyre, a town of India : ditto 
 
 Ariminus, a river of the Apennines : Ard, high ; ahhuinn, a river, 
 
 Aris, a river of Messenia : Kuith,^oM; ; uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 Arius, a river of Aria : ditto 
 
 Armorica, the coast of Gaul : Air, on ; muir, tlte sea. 
 
 Artabrum, a promontory of Spain : Bar, a height, the top. 
 
 Artabri and Artabritoe : ditto 
 
 Artacaena, a city of Asia : Ard, higlt ; acha, a place. 
 
 Artace, a town near Cyzicus : ditto 
 
 of Phrygia : ditto 
 
 a fort in Bithynia : ditto 
 
 Artagera and Artagicerta, a town of Armenia: Ard, higJi ; cathair, 
 
 a town. 
 Artemisium, a promontory of EubcEa : Ard, high ; tom, a height ; 
 
 uisge, water. 
 Artobriga, a place on the Danube : Burg, a town. 
 Artona, a town of the Latins : Ard, high; dun, a hill, town. 
 Ai-visus, a promontory of Chios : Ard, Idgh ; uisge, ivater. 
 Asciburgium, a city on the Ehine : Bui-g. 
 Ascii, the shadow-less : Sgiath, a shade. 
 Ascra, a town of Boeotia : Cathair, a city. 
 Asia Paulus, a marsh in Lydia, Asia : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 Asinarius, a river in Sicily, \ Abhuinn, a river ; 
 Asines, ' Mor (in compos. Or), great 
 
 — as, ) terminations of the names of rivers, as Anassus ; 
 
 — assus, ) Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
 Astura, a river of Latium : Doii-, tvater. 
 Asterusius, a mountain of Crete : Torr, a 'nill. 
 Atabyrium, a town on a hill in Asia : Bar, a height. 
 Atenomarus, a Gaulish chief: Mor, great; maor, one in authority. 
 Athamania, a country on the declivity of Mount Pindus : Mona, a hill. 
 Athesis, a river of Gaul : Uisge, t water. 
 Athymbra, a city of Caria : Burg, a totvn. 
 Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci : Dun, a hill, town. 
 Aufona, the Avon in Gloucestershire : Abhuinn, a river. 
 Augeae, a town of Laconia : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Locris : ditto 
 
 Auginus, a mountain of Liguria, Au-gin-us : Ceann, a head, a hill. 
 
 (The Latin g, and Gaelic c, both hard.) 
 Augustobrica, a town of Spain : Burg, a toivn. 
 Augustonemetum, a place in Gaul, -nem-etum : Naomh, /to/y ; aite, 
 
 a place. 
 Augustodunum, two towns in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Augustoritum, a town of Aquitania ; Aite, a place. 
 Auras, a river flowing into the Ister : 'Rmih, flow. 
 Aurasius. a hill of Numidia : Ard, high. 
 Aurora, the goddess of the east : Ear, the east. 
 
 t See Williams in Trans. Koy. Soc. Edinb. 1837, vol. xiii. p. 494. 
 
 riTTTfrmTnTnTrrrfTTTttTftmnii 
 
CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. r,9 
 
 Attser and Auseris, f . . ^ K„.,,,.;a . I Uisf-e, water ; ruith, .//«»•. 
 
 Auser, -j A nver ot Ltimia. [abhuinn, a W,w. 
 
 Auster, tlio wind followed by rain : Uisge, uis-ge, iralev. 
 
 Antura, a river of Ciaul : ])oir, water. 
 
 Avanticuin, a river of the Ilelvetii, Avaiit-icura : Acha, a place. 
 
 Aventia, Avens, names of rivers : Abhuiun, a river. 
 
 Avnricum, a town of < ianl ; Bnrg, a ioirit. 
 
 Avella, a town of Campania : liailc, a loivn. 
 
 Aventinus, one of the hills of Home : lieinn, a Itill. 
 
 Axabrica, a town of Lusitania : Hurg, a town. 
 
 Axelodunum, a town in South Hritain : Dun. 
 
 Axius, a river of j\Iacedonia : Uisge, nis-ge, water. 
 
 Axona, a river of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Azorus, cue of the Argonauts ; Uisge, water; fear (in compos, -ar,) 
 ■man. 
 
 Azotus, a sea-port of Phoenicia: Uisge, uis-ge, tvaier ; aite, a place. 
 
 Augila, a town of Jlarmarica, Aug-ila : Acha, aplaiji, a place. 
 
 Aulidus, a river of Apulia, now the Ofanto: Abhuinn.a river. 
 
 Aufidena, a town on Samnium, on a river: Abhuinn,» a river; dun, 
 a hill, a. town. 
 
 Aufeia Aqua, aftenvards called Jlarcia, was the best water in Rome, 
 and was first conveyed into the city in the time of Ancus Mar- 
 tins ; Aufeia: Abb? (obsolete), water. 
 
 Aliso, a fort in Germany (Tacitus) : Ailt, high. 
 
 Albis, a river of Germany ; Alb-is : Alp, high ; uisge, water. 
 
 Allifffi, name of a high place (Livy xxii. IS) : Alt, high. 
 
 Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber, from rising in the hills : Alp, 
 a height. 
 
 Amanns, a mountain in Syria : Monadh, a hill. 
 
 Astabri, a tribe in Spain ; Asta-bri: Burg. 
 
 Anion, a mountain of Calabria : Ailt, high. 
 
 Babylon, a son of Belus, Ba-byl-on : Beul, the god Belus. 
 
 Babylon, a city of Assyria and of Egypt, Ba-bylon : Baile ? a town. 
 
 Babyrsa, a fort near Artaxata: Bar, a height ; burg, a fortress. 
 
 Bacchus : Bach, drunkenness. 
 
 Baccbi, a mountain of Thrace : Boc, swell. 
 
 Badaeum, a place in Noricum, Bad-acum :,"Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Badorigum, now Breslau : ditto 
 
 Bagacum, a place in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Badaca, a town of Media : Acha. 
 
 Bagistana, a town of Media : Dun ? a hill, a town, 
 
 Bal-. Some names of towns begin with Bal- : Baile, a town. 
 
 Balanagroe, a town of Cyrene : Baile, a town. 
 
 Balanea, a town of Syria : ditto 
 
 Balbus, a mountain of Africa : Ball, a round object. 
 
 Balista, a mountain of Liguria : ditto 
 
 Balius, a horse of Achilles : Caball, ca-ball, a horse. 
 
 Baleares, so named from ballein, to throw ; Buaill, strike, throw. 
 
 Barathrum, the infernal regions (Val. Flac. 2) : Brath,^>e. 
 
 Baraei, a people in Iberia, who burned their dead : Bmih, Jire. 
 
 Bar-, Ber-, Bra-, Bri-, Brj'-, Bur-. Some names of towns begin with 
 
 these : Burg, a town. 
 Barbythace, a city of Persia: Burg, a town. 
 
 * Abhuinn (pronounced Aven) is compounded of Abh (obsolete), water, 
 and Inne, a channel, and from it tie various rivers called Avon derive 
 their name. 
 
60 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Earce, a city of Africa : Burg, a lown. 
 
 a town of Bactiiana : ditto 
 
 a town of MeJia: ditto 
 
 Bargylias, a town of Caria : ditto 
 
 Barium, a town of Apulia : ditto 
 
 Barnuus, a town of Macedonia : ditto 
 
 Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponnesus : Bar, a height. 
 
 Baris, a hill of Armenia : ditto 
 
 Mons Barca, a cape in Africa : ditto 
 
 Baris, a tower of Jerusalem : Burg, a tower. 
 
 Batavodurum, a town in Batavia : Doir, water. 
 
 Bedesis, a river of Italy : Uisge, water. 
 
 Baul", Bel-, Bil-, Bol-, Bui-. Some names of towns so begin : Baile, 
 
 a town. 
 Bauli, a town of Latium : Baile, a town. 
 
 Belemina, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 
 Bauli, the villa of Hortensius : ditto 
 
 Bebryx. a king in Spain, Beb-ryx : Eigh, a Icing. 
 Bedriacum, a town of Italy : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls : 13eul, the god Belus. 
 Belerium, Land's End, Bel-er-ium : Ball, a round object ; tir, land. 
 Bellona, the goddess of war : Buaill, strike. 
 Belon, a city of Spain : Baile, a town. 
 Belus, a name of a god : Beul, the god Belus or Bel. Hence Beltane, 
 
 the fire of Bel, on the first of May. 
 Bendis, a Thracian name for Diana : Bean-Dia, a goddess. 
 
 12 I 
 
 Berecynthus, a mountain in Phrygia, Bere-cyn-thus : Bar, a height ; 
 
 2 
 
 ceann, a head. 
 Berece, a town of Sicily : Burg, a town. 
 
 Berea, now Aleppo : ditto 
 
 Berytus, a town of Phcenicia : ditto 
 
 Beroea, a town of Syria : ditto 
 
 Macedenia : ditto 
 
 Berenice, a town of Africa : ditto 
 
 Bernus, or Bora Mons, a hill of Macedonia : Bar, a height. 
 
 Bibacum, a place in Germany : K.ch&,aplace. 
 
 Biblus, a city of Phcenicia, Bi-blus : Baile, a town. 
 
 Bibracte, a town of Gaul : Burg, a town. 
 
 Bibras, a town of the Eemi ; ditto 
 
 Bigerra, a town in Spain : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Bicorniger, a name of Bacchus: Corn, a horn. 
 
 Bifrons, a name of Jupiter : Frons from Ferens, from Beir, carry. 
 
 Bimater, a name of Bacchus : Mathair, a mother. 
 
 Bituntum, a town of Spain: Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Bodobrica, a town of Germany : Burg, a town. 
 
 Blaviacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Bituricum, a town in Gaul: ditto 
 
 Blandenona, a place near Placentia : Baile, a toivn. 
 
 Blenina, a town of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Bodincomagus, a place on the Po : Magh, a jjlain, a place. 
 
 Boioduruni, a place near the Danube : Doir, tvaier. 
 
 Boeotia, so named from bous, an ox : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Bola, a town in Italy : Baile, a town. 
 
 Bolina, a town in Achaia : ditto 
 
 Bolissus, a town near Chios : ditto 
 
 Bolbitinum, one of the mouths of the Nile : Beul, a mouth. 
 
 MiuTiiimMH M W T" 
 
CLASSICAL I'ROPEll NAMES. bl 
 
 Kolbitiuum, a lowu on the Nile : Baile, a town. 
 
 Boreuiu, a promontory of Ireland: Bar, a height. 
 
 Rora, a mountain of Macedonia: ditto 
 
 Borbetoraagus, a town of Germany: Burg, a town. 
 
 Borcovium, now Berwick : ditto 
 
 Borea, a town taken by Ponipey : ditto 
 
 Bomos, a place of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Borsippa, or Borsita, a town of Babylonia : ditto 
 
 Bradanus, a river of Italy : Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Braboniacum, now Overborough : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Bremetauracum, now Brompton : ditto 
 
 Brovouacium, now Kirkley Thure : ditto 
 
 Brica — ,* Briga — , Bria — , Brigia — , Bri — . Some uames of towns 
 
 begin, and some end in these : Burg, a town. 
 BovilUu, a town of Latium, Bo-villm: Baile, a town. 
 
 Campania: ditto 
 
 Brasiie, a town of Laconia : Burgh, a town. 
 
 Bratuspantium, a town of Gaul: ditto 
 
 Brauron, a town of Attica : ditto 
 
 Brigo, a town of Italy ; ditto 
 
 Brigse, a town of the Alps : ditto 
 
 Brenthc, a town of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Brescia, a town of Italy : ditto 
 
 Brias, a town of Pisidia : ditto 
 
 Brixellum. a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Brixia, a town of Italy : ditto 
 
 Brigetium, a town of Paunouia : ditto 
 
 Brigania. a town of Ligui-ia: ditto 
 
 Brundusium, a town of Calabria: ditto 
 
 Brindes, a town of Italy : ditto 
 
 Brigantes, a tribe iu Ireland : Burg '! 
 
 Brigautes, a people iu Britain : ditto 
 
 Bricinnia, a fort of Phocis : Burg, a town, a fort. 
 
 Brigantium, now Bregenz : ditto 
 
 Brenni, a people of the Alps : Bar, a height. 
 
 Briareus, a giant : ditto 
 
 ]]rincatii, tribes dwelling on the Apennines : ditto 
 
 Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos : Bar, a height ; uisge, uis-ge, imitcr. 
 
 Brilessus, a mountain of Attica ; Bar, a heiglit. 
 
 Brigiosum, a place of the Pictones : Burg. 
 
 Brivodorum, a place of the Aureliani : Doir, water. 
 
 Britomarus, a Gaulish chief: Mor, great; maor, one in autlionty. 
 
 Britannia, Britanni, Britannicus, ic. : Breatunn, Britain. 
 
 Britannodunum, now Dumbarton :t Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Brutobrica and Brutobria, a town of Spain: Burg, a town. 
 
 Bryanium, a place iu Greece : Burg, a town. 
 
 Brysea, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 
 Buceutaurus, half of whose body was that of the ox : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Budorum, a promontory of Salamis : Doir, water ; torr, a hill. 
 
 Bulus, a town of Phocis: Baile, a town. 
 
 Bullis, a town of lUyricum : ditto 
 
 Bucolica, pastoral poems : Buachaille. a sheplierd. 
 
 '" On — brica, — briga, — bria, and — brivia, — see Pctit-Radel in Memoira 
 de I'Acad. dcs Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 1822, vol vi., page 324 ; and 
 Buchanan, Hist, of Scotland, edition of 1690, page 63. 
 
 + Sec Buchanan, Hist. Scotland (edit. 1690), p. 10 ; he has collected from 
 Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny, and the Itinerary of ^Vntonimis, a few Celtic names 
 of places; p. 63 to 65. 
 
62 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 
 
 Bursia, a town of Babylonia : Burg, a town. 
 
 Burnium, a town of Caira: Burg, a town. 
 
 Buprasium, a town of Elis : ditto 
 
 Bura, a town of Acliaia : ditto 
 
 Burdigala, now Bourdeux : ditto 
 
 Bursa, a town of Bythinia : ditto 
 
 Butuntum, a town of A.pulia, Bu-tuntuni : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Bylazora, a city of Peeonia : BaUe, a town. 
 
 Byrsa, the citadel of Carthage: Bar, a height; burg, a fortress. 
 
 Cabala, a place in SicDy, Ca-bala : Baile? a town. 
 Cabalaca, a town in Albania : ditto 
 
 Caballinum, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Caballio, a town of the Cavares : ditto 
 
 Cabalinus, a fountain whose history was connected with the horse 'i 
 
 Pegasus : Caball, a horse. 1 
 
 Ca — or Cab — . This sound is a component in some names, as ' 
 
 in the following: — Cabala, Cabaliea, Caballinum, Caballis, Ce- . 
 benna, Chabinus, Cibyra, Ciminus, Gabala, Gehenna, d^^ Xi-„«i. 
 Caca, a certain goddess : Cac. 
 Cadra, a hill of Asia : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Caenis, a promontoi7 of Italy: Ceann (the c hard), a head, a headland. 
 Caslius, a hill at Eome, called Querquetulanus, from its oaks : Collie, 
 
 a wood. 
 Cassarobrica, a town in Lusitania : Burg, a town. 
 Csesarodunum, now Tours : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Csesaromagus, now Beauvois : Magh, a plain, a place. 
 
 Brentwood : ditto 
 
 Caicinus, a river of Italy, Caic-inus : Abhuinn, a river. 
 Calagurris, now C'alahorra: Cathair (the t silent), a city. 
 Caledonia, now Scotland : Caled, hard (Camden) ; calltiun, tlie hazuU 
 tree (Buchanan) ; Gael dun, Gaids of the mountains (Macpherson) : 
 Gael duthaich (pronounced duech), the country of the Gael 
 (Macpherson) : coille duech, the country of ivoods. Such are 
 various derivations of the name Caledonia. In modern Gaelic, 
 the word Gaelteachd is the name of the Highlands, and from it 
 Caledonia is derived, receiving merely a more softened termi- 
 ]iation. 
 
 [Tlie Romans seem to have given the country a name somewhat 
 like that given it by its inhabitants : and from this it is an 
 historical inference, that the present inhabitants of the High- 
 lands are of the same race as those who successfully resisted 
 the Romans. The proper way is not to derive the name from 
 two or more (jaelie words, but first to observe if there is in 
 Gaelic a word like it, which Gaelteachd is, and then, if pos- 
 
 I 2 3 I 
 
 sible, to derive this from Gaelic roots : Gael-teach-d ; gael, the 
 
 2 3 
 
 (Jael or Gauls; duthaich (pronounced duech), country; d, an 
 unnecessary letter added by time.] 
 Callaici or Callseci, a people of Spain: Gael, Gauls. 
 Callidromus, the top of Mount QCta in Thessaly: Coille, a wood; 
 
 druim, the ridge of a hill. 
 Callipeuee, a name given by the natives to a pass in Greece: Caol, 
 
 narrow. 
 Callipolis, a town of Thrace : Gael; baile, a town. 
 
 SieUy : ditto 
 
 Calabria : ditto 
 
 :Si¥¥^iwnTT¥rr iTfTtTTTTTTTll U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' " < I 
 
CLASRTCAL PROPEE NAlNfES. fi3 
 
 Calpe, a mountain noai- a strait : Caol, narrow. 
 
 Calj'ilon, a town of j^'Uolia : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Camalodunum, now Maldon : Y)\in, a iiill, a town. 
 
 Cambodunum, a town oi' Bavaria: ditto 
 
 Camaracum, now Cainbvay : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Camarina, a lake of Sicily, Ca-uiar-ina: Muir, sea. 
 
 Cambiinii, a mountain of Macedonia : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Camulodunum, two towns in South Britain : J3un, a hill, a town. 
 123 I 
 
 Canastrum, a promontory of I'fJlene, Can-as-trum : Ceann, heail ; 
 2 3 
 
 uisge, uis-ge, water ; torr, a hill. 
 
 Cana, a promontoi-y /I'^tolia: Ceann (c liardj, a lieail, a hcudlaml. 
 
 Canache, a dog's name : Cu, conn, a dog. 
 
 C'anaviiB, islands so named from aboumling in dogs : Cu, conn, a iloii. 
 
 Canathus, a fountain in wliicli Juno washed yearly : Cana, white. 
 
 Cane, a mountain of Asia : Ceann, a head. 
 
 Canethum, a mountain of Bffiotia : ditto 
 
 Canicularis : Cu, conn, a dog. 
 
 Cantse, inhabitants of Eoss-shire, Scotland : Ceann, a head, headland. 
 
 Cantium, now Kent: ditto 
 
 Cannaj, a river : Caomh, smooth ; abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Caphareum, a mountain of Euboea, Ca-phar-eum : Bar, a height. 
 
 Capitolinus, a hill at Eome, from which was talien Capitolium and 
 122 I 
 
 the surname Capitolinus, Capi-tolinus : Tula, a hill; Cab (obso- 
 lete), a head. 
 
 Car—, Cer-, Char—, Cher—, Chor— , Chry— , Cir— , Cor—, 
 Cui- — , Cyr — , Cra — . Cri — , Cre — , Cro— , Cru — . Some names 
 of towns begin with these. Cathair, (pronounced Ca-hur), a city. 
 
 Capraria, names of islands, from abounding in goats: Gabhar, a goat. 
 
 Capricornus: Gabhar, a g^oa^ ; corn, a /(o?-w. 
 2 2 
 
 Caprima, a town of Caria, Ca-pri-ma: Burg, a town. 
 
 Capripedes, who had goats' feet: Gabhar, a goat ; cos, afoot. (Pons, 
 from cos. Celtic c being changed to Greek p, as in many other 
 words. 
 
 Cai-asum, a town of Thrace: Cathair (pronounced Ca-hur), a city. 
 
 Carbia, a town of Corsica : ditto 
 
 Cai'caso, a town of Gaul: ditto 
 
 Carche, a town of Asia : ditto 
 
 Carte, places near Susa : ditto 
 
 Caralis, a town of Sardinia : ditto 
 
 Carcinitis, a town of Scythia : ditto 
 
 Cardamj'le, a town of Ai-gos: ditto 
 
 Cardia, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Carias, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Cariata?, a town of Bactriana : ditto 
 
 Carilla, a town of the Piceni : ditto 
 
 Carmona, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Caristum, a town of Liguiia : ditto 
 
 C'arine, a town of Asia : ditto 
 
 Carisiacum, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Carissanum, a place in Italy : ditto 
 
 Carmana, a town of Carmania : ditto 
 
 Carnus, a town of lUyricum : ditto 
 
 Carnea, a tovm of Palestine : ditto 
 
 Carabis, a town of Spain: ditto 
 
64 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Caraeotinum, a town of Gaul : Cathaii- (prononncetl Oahnv), a city. 
 
 Carnasius, a town of Messenia : ditto 
 
 Carnion, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 
 Carnutes, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Carnuntum, a town of Paunonia : ditto 
 
 Carrha, a town of Arabia: ditto 
 
 Carruca, a town of Spain : ditto 
 
 Carpasia, a town of Cyprus ditto 
 
 Carra?, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 
 
 Carseoli, a town of the ^qui : ditto 
 
 Carteia, a town of Spain : ditto 
 
 Cartena, a town of Mauritania : ditto 
 
 Carthsea, a town in Cea: ditto 
 
 Carmel, a mountain of Galilee: Garbli, rough. 
 
 Carmentis, a craggy hill : Craig, a rock; monadh, a hill. 
 
 Carneus, a name of Apollo : Grian, the sun. 
 
 Carnicse Alpes : Cairn, a heap of stones or cairn ; alp, high. 
 
 Carpates, mountains of Dacia : Garbh, rough. 
 
 Carthago, of the Romans : Carthage ; eathair, a cUij. 
 
 Carthada, of the Carthaginians : ditto 
 
 Carchedon, of the Greeks : ditto 
 
 Carthea, a town of Cos : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Carya, a town of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Laconia : ditto 
 
 Carynia, a town of Achaia : ditto 
 
 Carura, a town of Asia: ditto 
 
 Caryanda, a town of Caria : ditto 
 
 Carystus, a town of Eubcea : ditto 
 
 Caryum, a place in Laconia : ditto 
 
 Cams, a river of Gaul : Car, a turn ; uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 Cassinomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 
 
 Castellodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Castabala, a town of Cilicia, Casta-bala : Baile, a town. 
 
 Cappadocia : ditto 
 
 Castanea, a town of Thessaly, Cas-tanea : Dun. 
 
 Catina, a town of Sicily : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Arcadia: ditto 
 
 Catorimagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 
 
 Catobrica, a town in Spain : Burgh, a town. 
 
 Catti, a warlike nation of Germany : Gath, a dart ; eath, hatile. 
 
 Caturigidorum, a place on the Alps: Doir, luater. 
 
 Catusiacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Caunus, a hill in Spain ; Ceann, a head. 
 
 Cebenna now the Cevennes : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Cebrenus, a river giving the] Bran, a mountain stream. It is also 
 name of Cebrenia to a coun- > the individual name of several 
 try of Troas, Ce-bren-us : J rivers, as of one near Dnnkeld. 
 
 Celetrum, a town in a peninsula : Caol, narrow ; tir, land. 
 
 Cemaneus, a mountain of Gaul : Monadh, a hill. 
 
 Centeum, a promontory of Euboaa : Ceann, a head. 
 
 12 1 2 
 
 Cenehrea? a port of Corinth, Cen-ehrea3 : Cuan, the sea: Cathair, a 
 
 town (i. e. a sea port). 
 Celtee, Celtiberi, Celtica, Celtici, Celticum, Celtillns, Celtorii : Gael, 
 
 and Coillteach, which may be from Coille. a wood. 
 Censores, officers who numbered the people : Cennn, a head 
 Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia : Burg, a town. 
 Oentnmviri ; Ceud, a hundred : fir, men. 
 
 f^^ffl^nTmrmrTTTTnTTTTTTTTTrr 
 
CLASSrCAT, PROPER NAI^fES. Cr. 
 
 Contnria, ft division of tlio Konians into a hnndrpil : Ceuil, a Intndred 
 
 Ceraca, a town of i\lacoclonia • Cntlmir (Ca-liur), a ritij. 
 
 Cerax, a town of lUyria: tlitto 
 
 Ceramium, a place of Kouic : ditto 
 
 Ceramns, a town of Caria : ditto 
 
 Cerasus, a town of Pontus : ditto 
 
 Cerauraia, a town of Acliaia : ditto 
 
 Cerberion, a town of the Cim. Bosphorus : ditto 
 
 Cerbelliaca, a place in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Cercina, a town in Africa ; ditto 
 
 Cercasorum, a town in Egypt: ditto 
 
 Cercininni, a town in Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis : ditto 
 
 Cevilla, a town of the Brntii : ditto 
 
 Cerinthus, a town of the Eubcea: ditto 
 
 Ceres, the goddess of fai-ming : Ce, earth ; ar, plough. 
 
 Ceraton, an altar made of horns : Corn, a horn. 
 
 Ceraunia, and Cerannii, and Aeroceraunia, \ 
 
 mountains of Epirus : (_ Garbh, rough; beann 
 
 Ceraunius, a name of Mount Taurus : " (in compos, -annj, a hill. 
 
 Ceraunii, mottntains of Asia : J 
 
 12 1 2 
 
 Cercina, a hill of Thrace, Cer-ein-a: Garbh, rough ; ceann, a head. 
 — certa, a termination of some names of towns, as Tigranocerta: 
 Cathair, a city. 
 
 Cerymica, a town of Cyprus : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Certima, a town of Celtiberia: ditto 
 
 Certonium, a town of the Lesser Asia: ditto 
 
 Cei-ynea, a town of Achaia : ditto 
 
 Chaeronia, a town of Bceotia : ditto 
 
 Ceryx, a son of Mercury : Corn, a horn. 
 
 Ceus, a son of Terra and Ccelus: Ce, the earth. 
 
 Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia, Cha-bin-us : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Chaberis, a town of India, Cha-ber-is: Burg, a town. 
 
 Chabria, a town of Egypt, Cha-bria : ditto 
 
 Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus : Ceann, a headland. 
 
 Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus : ditto 
 
 Charadra, a town on a liigh and rugged rock : Garbh, rough ; tovr, a hill. 
 
 Charadros, a river of Phocis : Garbh, rougli; <\o\Y,ivater. 
 
 Charadrus, a place of Argos : Cathair, a tou-n. 
 
 Charah, a town of Palestine : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Charox, a town of Armenia : ditto 
 
 Charisia, a town of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Charras, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 
 
 Charis, a goddess : Gradh, affection, ^-c. 
 
 Charites and Gratise, the Graces : ditto 
 
 Charon, a hideous, wrinkled old man : Garbh, rough, savage ; aon, one. 
 
 Cherson, a town in the Chersonesus Taurica (Cathairj. If the 
 town gave its name to the peninsula, then we may suppose that 
 Chersonesus, from being the name of a particular peninsula, 
 became applied to others, as Ch. Cimbrica, Ch. Aurea, and one 
 in Egypt : nesos, from Jnnis, an island. 
 
 Cliorsa, a town of Asia : Cathair. 
 
 Chonodamarus, a king of the Alemanni, Chon-odo-mar-us : Ceann, 
 2 
 head; mor, great. 
 Choerete, a place in Etibcea : Cathair. 
 
60 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Clu'ysondium, a town of Macedonia: Cathair. 
 Cibjra, a lown of Plirygia : Burg, a town. 
 
 Pampbylia : ditto 
 
 Ciminus, a mountain of Etruria, Ci-minus : Monadh, a hill. 
 CiBgetorix, a prince of Gaul and of Britain: Cinne, a race; rigli. 
 
 a Idng. 
 Cinxia, a name of Juno, alluding to girdles: Ceangal, hind. 
 Circaeii, a town of Latium: Cathair. 
 
 Circestria, a town of South Britain : ditto 
 Circesium, a town of Mesopotamia: ditto 
 Cirrteatum, a place near Arpiuum : ditto 
 Cirta, a city of Numidia: ditto 
 
 Cistenfe, a town of jEtolia: Dun, a hill, a toivn. 
 
 l.ycia: ditto 
 
 Claudiopolis, a town of Capadocia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Clio, one of the Muses: Cliu,/aTOe. 
 
 Clota and Glota, the Clyde: Cluidh, the Clyde. 
 
 Clusius, a river of Gaul : Caol, narrow ; uisge, loaier. 
 
 Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia: Cnoc, a hill. 
 
 Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Coele, a pass in Greece: Caol, narrow. 
 
 C'a;la, a place in the Bay of Euba3a : Caolais, straits. 
 
 Ccela, a name for the Euboean Gulf: Caolais, .Uraits; caol, narrow. 
 
 Coelosyria, a valley in Syria: Caol, narrow. 
 
 Coeus, a son of Terra and Coelus : Ce, the earth. 
 
 Cogidunus, a kj^g in Britain : Cog,u-ar; duine, «»i«?i (a warrior.") 
 
 Coeus, a rivei^essenia : Caomh, gentle ; uisge, loater. 
 
 Columba, the symbol of Venus ; Columan, a dove. 
 
 Combrea, a town near Pallene, Com-brea: Burg, a town. 
 
 Comitia : Comh, together ; uidhe, a way. 
 
 Concordia: Covah, together-. cnAhe, a heart. 
 
 Condatomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh, a plain, a place. 
 
 Condate, a town in Gaul, Cond-ate : Aite, a place. 
 
 Conetodunus, a Gaulish leader : Ce&nn, head; duine, maw. 
 
 Coniaci, a people dwelling at the head of the Iberus: Ceann, head. 
 
 Conimbrica, a town near the sea-coast, Con-im-brica : Cuan, the sea ; 
 
 burg, a town. 
 Constans, Constantinus, and several compounds: Comh, together; 
 
 fetad, stop. 
 Constantinopolis : Comh; stad; baile, a toicn. 
 Coraconasus, a town where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus, 
 1234 I 
 
 Cor-ac-on-as-us : Cathair, a town ; 
 
 Beag (in compos, -ag), lMle;\^^^^_ beingadouble diminutive. 
 
 Mean (in compos -an), small;) 
 4 
 
 Eas, a fall of water. 
 Cora, a town of Latium : Cathair. 
 Coracesium, a sea-port of Pamphylia : Cathair; beag, -ag, ?////«; uisge 
 
 uis-ge, water. 
 Coras, a mountain of i&tolia : Cairn, a heap of .'itones : or garbh, rough, 
 
 high, ivild. 
 Corbiene, a town of Media : Cathair, a city. 
 Corbilo, a town of Brittany : ditto 
 
 Corduba, now' Cordova : ditto 
 
 Cordyla, a town of Pontus : ditto 
 
 ^Tr^mmmrnmrrrf^mTTTTnTt^^ 
 
CLASSICAL niOPEK NAMES. til 
 
 Corliiiiuiii, a town of the Pt'ligui : Cathair, a viUj. 
 
 Coressus, a hill neai- Ephesus ; Cairn, a mound of atones ; ur Giubli, 
 
 rough ; or Crcag, a rock, a craiif. 
 Corinthus, a city of Greece : Cathair, a town. 
 Corissus, a town of Ionia : ditto 
 
 Corioli, a town of tlie Volsci : ditto 
 
 Comiasa, a town of Panipliylia : ditto 
 
 Cornacum, a place in Vindelicia : ditto 
 c:orrhagiuiii, a town of Macedonia: ditto 
 Cornus, a town of Sardinia : ditto 
 
 Corniculuni, a town of Jjatium ; ditto 
 
 Coroue, a town of Mcssenia : ditto 
 
 Coronus, a town of iledia : ditto 
 
 Cortoriacum, a place in Caul : ditto 
 
 Corsia, a town of l{a3otia : ditio 
 
 Corontu, a town of Acarnania : ditto 
 
 Corsote, a town of Mesopotamia : ditto 
 Cortona, a town of Etruria : Catbair, a c'Uij. 
 
 Corstopitum, now Morpeth: ditto 
 
 Clorybassa, a town of Jlysia : ditto 
 
 Coryla and Corylcum, towns of I'aphlagonia : ditto 
 Corycus, a town of Cilicia : ditto 
 
 Coryphasium, a town of Messeuia : ditto 
 
 Coryna, a town of Ionia: ditto 
 
 Corrodunum, a town of Ehastia: Dun, a hill, a loint, 
 
 Sarmatia: ditto 
 
 Corragos, a fort in Macedonia : Craig, a rock. 
 
 Corsica,-i-the ancients compared Italy to a boot, Sicily to a triangle, 
 
 and Corsica to a heart: Cridhe (pron. Cri), a heart. 
 Cornubia, Cornwall; Corn, a horn (from its projecting). 
 Coronus, a son of Apollo : Corn, a horn. 
 Corns, a river of Arabia : Car, a turn : uisge, water. 
 C017CUS, a promontory of Ionia: Garbh, rough, wild (applied to hills). 
 Corybantes, who dwelt in mount Ida : ditto 
 
 Corycides, j names connected with 1 y., 
 
 Corycium Antrum, ( mount Parnassus : ) ^ ^ 
 
 — era, — ceria. Some names of towns end iu these : Cathair, 
 (pronounced Cahur), a citg. 
 Craueum, a town of Greece ; Cathair, a town, 
 Cranii, a town of Cephalleuia : ditto 
 
 Cremmyon, a town near Corinth : ditto 
 Cremua, a fort in Pisidia : ditto 
 
 Cottus, who had 100 hands: Ceud, a hundred. 
 Cragus, mountains iu Lyeia : Creag, a rock, a vraig. 
 Crathis, a river of Arcadia : Car, a turn ; uisge, water {a winding river) . 
 
 Lucania : ditto 
 
 Craugife, two islands on the coast of Argolis : Creag, a rock, a craig. 
 
 Creonium, a town of Illyria: Cathair, a citg. 
 
 Cremona, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Creston, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Crimisa, a town in the Brutian territory : ditto 
 
 Critala, a town of Cappadooia : ditto 
 
 Crithote, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Creusa, a port in Bo3otia : Cathair ; uisge, water. 
 
 Crissa, a port in Phocis : ditto 
 
 Crimisus, a river in Sicily: Crom, crooked; uisge, uis-ge, water {a 
 
 winding river ). 
 Crocylium, a town of ^Etolia : Cathair, a town. 
 
68 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Croto, a towu of Italy : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Ci'otoua, a towu of Italy : ditto 
 
 Crunos, a town of Peloponuesus : Cathair, a Lown. 
 
 Crustumerium, a town of the Sabines : ditto 
 
 Crustumium, a town of Italy : ditto 
 
 Crustuminum, a town of Etruria : ditto 
 
 Cronius Mons, a hill of Elis : Garbh, rough. 
 
 Crophi, a hill of Egypt : ditto 
 
 Cromi, a town of Arcadia : Cathair. 
 
 Cromyon, a small place in Corinthta: Cathair-, inean, small. 
 
 Crustunus, a river of Umbria : Car, a turn ; uisge, uis-ge, ivatcr. 
 
 Crypta, a passage through Mount Pausilypus : Crub, hend. 
 
 Cuneus, a part of Lusitania so called from being like a wedge : Geinu, 
 
 a luedgc 
 Curio, now Corbridge : Cathaii'. 
 
 Cures, a town of the Sabines : ditto 
 Curium, a town of Cyprus : ditto 
 
 Cylbiani, mountains in Phrygia : Coille, a wood ; beanu, a hill. 
 Cydonia, a city in Crete : Dun, a Mil, a lown. 
 Cynocephalse, Cynocephali, Cynophontis, are partly derived from Cu, 
 
 Conn, a dog. 
 Cynthus, a mountain of Delos : Ceann, a head, a hill. 
 Cynthius, a name of Apollo : ditto 
 
 Cyretia, a town in Greece : Cathair, a lown. 
 Cyrene, a town in Libya : ditto 
 
 Cyrne, a town in Eubrea : ditto 
 
 Cyrrum, a place in Asia : ditto 
 
 Cyrrhus, a town of Syria : ditto • 
 
 a town of Macedonia : ditto 
 
 Cynus, a naval station at Opus . Cuan, the sea. 
 
 CjTopolis: Baile, a town. 
 
 Cytineum, a city of Greece : Dun, a hill, a town. « 
 
 Dadastana, a town of Galatia: Dun, a hill, a lown. 
 
 Daira, one of the Oceanides : Doir, water. 
 
 Dana, a town of Cappadocia: Dua. 
 
 Dandari, a people who dwelt near Mount Caucasus : Daoine, men ; 
 
 torr, a hill. 
 Daradus, a river of Africa : Doia-, water. 
 Dardanis, a promontory of Troas: Doir, water; dun, a hill. 
 Dardanus, a towu of Troas : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Dauuium, a town of Italy: ditto 
 
 Decapolis, a district containing ten cities : Deich, Icn ; bailc, a toivn. 
 Decuris, Decumates : Deich, ten. 
 Demetria; Dia, Grorf; m&i\\wc, mother. 
 Deobriga, a town of the Vectons : Dia; burg, a town. 
 Deobricula,atownof the Vectons: Dia; burg; caol (iucompoa. -ol), 
 
 smalL 
 Deobriga, a town in Spain : Burg. 
 Dessobrica, a town of the Vectons : Burg. 
 Dermona, a river of Gaul : Doir, luater; mouadh, a hill. 
 , Dercynus, a son of Neptune: Doir, water; cuan, the sea. 
 Dertona, a town of Liguria: Dun. 
 Deudorix, one of the Cherusci : Eigh, a Icing. 
 Dialis, a priest of Jupiter: Dia, God. 
 Dianium, a promontory of Spain, so called from a temple of Diana, 
 
 or from Dun, a hill. 
 Diauium, a town of Spaiu : Dun. 
 
 ..■■mllilllll l mill l ll l l l l l ll l U 
 
CLASSICAL rilOPER NAMES. 6!) 
 
 f)iasia, a I'estival ill lioiiour ol" Jove: Dia. 2 2 
 
 Dictidienses, ibvellers ou Mount Athos, Dicti-dieii-ses : Dun, a hill. 
 
 2 
 Dictynnaeum Promontorium, a promontory of Crete, Dic-tynn-aiuni 
 ■t 5 <J 2 4 5 <5 
 
 Pro-mon-tor-ium : Uun, <! /(('//; roi, hcjorc; moiiadh, « /liV/; torr, 
 
 a height. 
 Diespiter,a name of Jupiter as tlie father of day: Di, a day; utliair 
 
 father. 
 Dii : Dia, God. 
 nindyraus, a mountain of I'hrygia: Hun, a hill; torr, a height. 
 
 a town of Phrygia : Dun, town. 
 
 Dinia, a town of Gaul: Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Dione, a sea-goddess: I>\, a divinity; clman, cuan, </ie «t'(/. 
 
 Dionysopolis, a town of India and of Afoesia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Diopolis, a towi of Armenia : Dia; baile. 
 
 Diospolis, a town of Egypt: ditto 
 
 Dioscurias, a town of Colcliis : Cathair, a town. 
 
 Dipolis, from having two cities : Da, two ; baile. 
 
 Diree, a fountain of Bwotia: Doir, water. 
 
 Dirceuna, a fountain of Spain : ditto 
 
 Dii-phya, a mountain of Bojotia : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Discordia: Da, two; eridhe, a /leor/. 
 
 Divona, a river : Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 Divi, the lesser deities, Di-vi:* Dia, Oorf; hea.g, little. 
 
 Divodurum, now i\Ietz: Doir, ivater. 
 
 Dodona, a town of Epirus : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Doiiuca, a hill of Thrace: Dun, a hill; beag (in compos, -ag), Ittite. 
 
 Dorias, a river of India: Doir, water. 
 
 Dorius, a hill of Asia-Minor : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Doris, a goddess of the sea: Dou', ivater. 
 
 Doriscus, a place in Thrace near the sea : ditto 
 
 Draudacum, a fort near the city of Oeeneus: Torr, a hill. 
 
 Dravus, now the Drave : Doir, loatcr. 
 
 Drinus, a river falling into the Danube : ditto 
 
 Drilo, or Drinius, a river of lUyi-icum : ditto 
 
 Druentius, a river of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Dries, a hill of Arcadia: Torr, a hill. 
 
 Dromus Achillis, a promontory : Druim, the ridge of a hill. 
 
 Druidfe, the Druids: Druidh, a Druid, also a magician, a xorcerer, 
 
 from Doir or Darach, the oak, as in groves of oak they performed 
 
 their religious ceremonies. 
 Dryades : Darach ; doir, the oak. 
 Drynemetum, a place in Galatia where there was a temple, is derived 
 
 by Prichard (Phys. Hist. Mank. iii. 127), from Doir, the oak, and 
 
 Nemet, a temple. I am inclined to derive it from Doir; naomh, 
 
 holy ; and aite, a place. 
 Dui'uomagus, a place in Britain: Magh, a plain, a place. 
 Druna, now the Drome : Doir, ivaler, 
 
 Drymea, a town of Phocis on the banks of a river : ditto 
 Drymo, a sea-nymph : ditto 
 
 Durius, now the Douro : ditto 
 
 Dyras, a river of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Duria Major and Minor, branches of the Po : ditto 
 
 * This affix, -vi, seems to be of the same import as the prefix vc-, signi- 
 fying little: as ve 'uivesanwi. The prefix was discoverfd by Archdeacon 
 Williams ; see the Trans. Key. See. Edinb., 1830, vol. xiii. p. Ci, 
 
70 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Dunax, a hill of Thrace : Dun, a hill. 
 
 Durobrivae, now Rochester: Boh; ivater; hurg, a town. 
 
 Durolipsus, a place in Britain : Doir, water. 
 
 Durocortora, now Rhiems : ditto 
 
 Durocorium, now Cirencester : ditto 
 
 Dura, a town of IMesopotamia : ditto 
 
 Duvonia, a town of the Samnites : ditto 
 
 Duronum, a place of the Nervii : ditto 
 
 Durocoregum, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Durolitum, now Leyton-. ditto 
 
 Durnovaria, now Dorchester : ditto 
 
 Durocornovium, a place in Britain : ditto 
 
 Durocobrivium, Stony Stratford : ditto 
 
 Durovernum, now Canterbury: ditto 
 
 Durolevum,* now Milton : ditto 
 
 Dunum— and — dunum. Some names of places commence with, 
 and some end in dunum. In Gaelic, dun is a hill, and is applied 
 to numerous names of towns. The first towns for security were 
 built on lieights, and were called dun ; and the word was afterwards 
 extended to towns generally, even though they might not happen 
 to be situated on eminences. On the word Dunum, see Buchanan, 
 Hist. Scotland, 1690, -p. 6S; Falconet, in Memoirs de I'Acad. dcs 
 Inscriptions, S^-c, 1753, vol. xx. p. 13 ; and Fenel, in the same vol. 
 p. 39; and Prichard, Phys. Hist. Manic, iii, 126. 
 
 Duncaledon, Dunkeld : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Deidunum, Dundee: ditto 
 
 Dunum, a town in South Britain : ditto 
 
 Dunum, now Down : ditto 
 
 Dunelmum, now Durham : ditto 
 
 Dryades, nymphs of the woods: Doir, the oak. 
 
 Dryopis, a country so called from its oaks : ditto 
 
 Dumnorix, a chief of the /Edui: Righ, a king. 
 
 Dura, a fort in Asia : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Durocasses, now Dreux : Doir, water. 
 
 Dyraspes, a river of Scythia : Doir, water. 
 
 Dyrrachium, a city on the Adriatic : ditto 
 
 Dysorus, a mountain containing gold mines : Or, gold. 
 
 Dyris, the name given to Mount Atlas by the neighbouring inhabitants : 
 Torr, a hill. 
 
 E — . In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes E, as 
 
 Edon, from Dun. 
 Eburo — , Ebro — , Ebor — . Some names of places begin with these. 
 
 Aber, the mouth of a river, and applied to towns. 
 Ebrodunum, a town on the Alps: Aber; dun. 
 Ebora, a town of Lusitania: Burg, a ioivn, a fort. 
 Ebora, a fort in Spain : ditto 
 
 Ebora, now JIuros, near the mouth of the Tambre : Aber, the mouth. 
 
 of a river. 
 Ebrolacum, a town in (iaul : Aber; acha, a plain, a place. 
 Ebodurum, a place near the Danube: Doir, ivater. 
 
 Ectodurum, • ditto 
 
 Edinodunum. now Edinburgh : Eudann, the face; dun, a hill (a town 
 
 on the face of a hill.) 
 
 * This group of names of places, commencing with Dur-, arc supposed to 
 have been situated on rivers or near water. Some of these names I found 
 ready collected in Prichard's Phys. Hist. Mank. iii. 118. 
 
CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 71 
 
 EJon, a mountain of Tliraco : Dun, a hill. 
 
 I'Jdonides, Edones : ditto 
 
 Edylius, a mountain : Tulacli, a hill. 
 
 Elea, or Velia, a city of Lucania. In adoi)ting a Celtic word, the 
 
 Greek and Latin sometimes omit initial li, as Elea (or Velia), 
 
 from Baile, a town. 
 EliBUS, a town of Thrace: Baile, a town 
 Elaea, the port of Pergumus : ditto 
 
 Elatea, a city of Phocis : ditto 
 
 Elis, a city of Peloponnesus : Baile, « town. 
 Elissus, now the Melisso : Aillt, a rirer. 
 EmporisD, a town of Spain : Burg, a town. 
 Ephyra, a name of Corinth : ditto 
 
 a town of Epirns : ditto 
 
 Elis : ditto 
 
 Epetium, now Viscio: Aite, « jilacc. 
 Epidaurus, a sea-port of Argolis: Doir, water. 
 Eporedorix, a chief of the ^Edui : Righ, a Icing. 
 Erginnus, a ship-master: Air, o)i ; cwan, the sea, 
 — essus, a termination of some names of rivers, as Nessus : Uisge, 
 
 nis-ge, water. 
 Eteonus, a town of Baotia: llun, a hill, a town. 
 — etum,* a termination of some names of places, as Eretum : Aite, 
 
 a place. 
 Euboaa, an island famed for its pastures (and cattle) : As;h ; ho, cow. 
 Eulaeus, a river of Persia : Aillt, a river. 
 Eupolium, a town of Iiocris: Baile, a town. 
 Enrotas, a river of Laconia: V\.mih,flow; uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 Thessaly: ditto 
 
 Evenus, a river of .Tstolia : Abhuinn, a river (pronounced Aven.) 
 
 F. In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes prefixes/. Cel- 
 tic h is sometimes changed to Latin /. 
 
 Eabii, Fahia, Fabaria, from Faha: Faob, a bean. 
 
 Fabricius : Obair, work. 
 
 Fal — , Fel — , Ful — , Fla — . Some names of towns so begin : 
 
 BaUe, a town. 
 Fer — , For — , Fre — , Fir — . Some names of towns so commence : 
 Burg, a town (b changed top; p to ph; ph to/.) 
 
 Faleria, now Falleroni : BaUe, a town. 
 
 Falerii, a city of Etruria: ditto 
 
 Felsina, a city of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Feltria, now Feltre : ditto 
 
 Flano, now Fiarone : ditto 
 
 Flavinium, now Fiano : ditto 
 
 12 I 2 
 
 Fullinum, a small town of Umbria, Full-in-um : Baile, a town; mean 
 
 (in compos. — an "I, small. 
 Ferentinum, a town of Etruria : Burg, a town. 
 
 Latium; ditto 
 
 Ferentuni, a town of Apulia : ditto 
 
 Firmuni, a town of Picenum : diito 
 
 Formia;, a town of Latium : ditto 
 
 Foruli, a town of the Sabines : ditto 
 
 * This termination occurs in about forty Latin words, most of which signify 
 a place where plants are found, asPinetum, Pahnetum, Kosetum, Myrtetum, 
 &c. About three are for other objects, as Saxetum, &c. I am not aware that 
 any meaning has been found before for this Latin termination —etum. 
 
73 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 FregelltR, a town of Latium : Bnrg, a toini. 
 
 Frucino, a town of Campania : ditto 
 
 Frusinum, a town of Latium : ditto 
 
 Fregenaj a town on the sea-coast of Etruria: Burg, a tovn: cuan, 
 
 the sea. 
 Feronia, a nymph, from Fero : Beir, carry. 
 Flaviobrica, a town in Spain: Burgh, a toim. 
 Fortuna : Beir ? hear, produce. 
 Fretum, a strait: Frith, a narrow sea orfvrlli or frith, as the Firth of 
 
 Forth, Frith of Clyde, &c. 
 
 Gah.ala. Several towns are so named : Baile, a town. 
 Gahanodunum, a town in Norieum : Dun. 
 Gahromagus, a place in Norieum : Magh, a jtlain, a place. 
 Galatia, a distrtct of Asia Minor, settled by a colony of Gauls, B.C. 
 
 270. In the time of St. Jerome, A.D. 336, that is, six hundred 
 
 years after, they continued to speak the Celtic language : Gael. 
 Galesus, a river which flowed through shady groves: Coille, a wood : 
 
 uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 Gallia, Gallicus, Gallus, etc. : Gael. 
 
 Gar — , Ger — , Gor — , Gra — , Geir — , Gir — . Some names of towns 
 
 commence with these. C'athah- (pronounced Cahur), a city. 
 Garasticum, a town of Africa : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Garama, a town of Africa : ditto 
 
 Garsethyra, a town of Cappadocia : ditto 
 
 Gargettus, a town of Attica : ditto 
 
 Gaurium, a town of Andros : ditto 
 
 Geirha, a town of Egypt : ditto 
 
 Gannascus, a German chief: Ceaun, a head. 
 Garatas, a river of Arcadia : Garbh, rough ; uisge, water. 
 Gai-ienus, the river Yare : Garbh ; abliuinn, a river. 
 Garganum, a mountain of Apulia: Garbh; ceann, a headland. 
 Gargarus, a summit of Mount Ida : Garbh. 
 Gargyttius, a dog's name : Garbh, rmigh. 
 Garumna, now the Garonne : Garbh, rough; a\)\m\\m, a river (Mac- 
 
 jiherson). 
 Gaulus, a small island : Caol, small. 
 Gaurus, now Monte Barbaro : Garbh, rough. 
 Gehenna, now the Cevennes: Beann, a hill. 
 Geminiacum, a place in Gaul : Acha, a place. 
 Gerisa, a town of Africa : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Gerara, a town of Arabia : ditto 
 
 Gerasa, a town of Asia : ditto 
 
 Gergis, a town of Asia : ditto 
 
 Geronthra;, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 Gergithum, a town of ^tolia : ditto 
 
 Gergovia, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Gerastus, a town of Boeotia: ditto 
 
 Geruns, a town of lUyria : ditto 
 
 Gerra, a town of Arabia : ditto 
 
 Syria : ditto 
 
 Gersestus, a port in Eubffia : Cathair ; uisge, water. 
 Geresticus, a harbour in Ionia: ditto 
 
 Gerunos, a fort in Macedonia: Garbh, roagli, dificnlt. 
 Gerrhus, a river of Scythia : Garbh ; uisge, uis-ge, iraler. 
 Geranus, a village near Pylos : Cathair. 
 Gesodunum, a town of Rhsetia : Dun. 
 Geranium, a town of Italv: Cathair. 
 
CLASSICAL PKOPETI NAi\[ES. 7:1 
 
 irgis, a town of Africa : Cfttliair. 
 Inucue, ix spa deity: \ 
 
 a i'i\ci' of Aelinia : I ( ilas, grri/ ; du-glilas is ilark-ijrri/, uml 
 
 I'ontus: L was the iiameol'a rivur in Si'oihind 
 
 I,ycia : f which gave its iiaiiie to tlie ianiilii 
 
 Olaucus Sinus, a gulf of L) cia : I of Douglas. 
 
 Cilissas, a river of Jioeotia : 
 
 (ilota, a river of Scotland : Cluidh, the Clyde. 
 
 Gordiaei, mountains in Armenia: Garbb, rough, irlld; ai\\,a inoiinlahi. 
 
 Gordium, a city of Galatia : Cathair, a city. 
 
 Gorge, a city of Asia: ditto 
 
 Gortyna, a city of Crete : ditto 
 
 ^^ Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Gradiaci, a city of Noricuiu : ditto 
 
 Gorgon: Garbb, jo«;7/i; e uan '' ' * 9 . 
 
 — gra. Some names of towns so end, as Agra : Cathair, a town. 
 Gorneas, a fort in Armenia: Cathair. 
 GrsenB, monsters: Garbh, rovgh, irild. 
 AlpesGraiffi: Alp; garbh. 
 
 Granicus, a river of Mysia: Garbh; abhuinn, </ river. 
 Gration, a giant : Crarbli ; aon, one. 
 Graviscas,,.* sea-port of Etruria: Cathair; nisge, iratrr. 
 Grati.'e, tliree goddesses: Gradh, love, affection. 
 Gratianopolis : G radii; Baile, a /o/ck. 
 
 Garbh, rouqh ; beann, a hill ; monadh, a movntain : 
 12 3 4 5 G 
 
 Gra-m-pii Mon-t-es ; 
 Gra, from Garbh ; 
 
 Grampii Blontes, 
 mountains of 
 Scotland, now 
 the Grampians. 
 
 m, eu])honicv gratia, before p ; 
 3 
 ])u,from Beann; 
 
 mo a, from Monadh ; 
 
 5 
 
 t, euphonic gratia, after n; 
 
 es, a plural termination not derived from the 
 Gaelic. 
 
 Grumentum, a town of Lueania : Cathair, a town. 
 Gryneum, a town of ./Eolis: ditto 
 
 (lyrton, a town of Greece ; ditto 
 
 GryiiEeus, a name of Apollo : Grian, tlie sun. 
 
 Haemonia, the mountainous country afterwards called Tliessaly: 
 
 Monadh, a hill. 
 Hadrianopolis, a town of Thrace : Baile, a toivn. 
 Hadrumetum, a town in Africa : Doir, water; aite, a place. 
 Halesus, a river of Asia Minor, Hal-esus : Uisge, ivater. 
 Halys, a river of Asia Minor : Aillt, a mountain'^ stream. 
 Hebromagus, a town in Gaul : iMagh, a plain, a jdacr. 
 Hecatombosus, Hecatomboia: Ceud, a hundred: 1)0, a coir. 
 Hecatompolis : Ceud; haHe, a town. 
 Hecatonnesi : Ceud ; innis, an island. 
 Helicon, a river of Macedonia: Aillt, a river. 
 
 Sicily : ditto 
 
 Helisson, a river of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Helorus, a river of Sicily : ditto 
 
 Hera?um, a fort near Bysantim : Ard, high. 
 
74 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Hersei Montes, in Sicily: Ard, Idgh. 
 
 Herdonia, a town of Apulia: Dun, a hill, a toivn. 
 
 Hermes, or Mercury, from eiro, speak : Radh, speech, 
 
 Hermonaeum, a place in Gaul : Aclia. 
 
 Hermopolis: Baile, a to-wn. 
 
 Hesperia, Hesperides, Hesperis, Hesperus^ all from Hesper or Vesper, 
 
 the setting sun : Feasgar, evening. 
 Hesperitis, a country of Africa: Feasgar; aite, a place. 
 Hesperium Cornu, a promontory on the west coast of Africa : Feasgar ; 
 
 corn, a horn. 
 Hesperius Sinus, a bay on the west coast of Africa: Feasgar; sin, 
 
 extend. 
 Hispalis, a town of Spain, His-palis: Baile? a town. 
 Homole, a mountain of Thessaly : Maol. 
 Homonada, a fort in the hills of Cilicia : Monadli, a hill. 
 Hortona, a town of Italy: Dun, u hill, a toim. 
 Hyampolis, a town of Phoois: Baile, a town. 
 Hyccaron, a town of Sicily : Cathair, a city. 
 Hydra, a water-monster : Doir, icater, 
 Hydroates, a river of India : ditto 
 Hj'drophoria, a festival : Doir; heir, can-^. 
 Hydrus, a port of Calabria : Doir, water. 
 
 Hyrcanum Mare, part of the Caspian Sea, Hyr-canuni : Cuan, the sea. 
 Hyspa, a river of Sicily : Uisge, water. 
 Hyssus, a river of Cappadocia : Uisge, water. 
 
 2 3 2 
 
 Herminius Mens, a mountain of Spain, H-er-min-ius : Ard, Irigh ; 
 monadh, a mountain 
 
 lacchus, a name of Bacchus, from iachein : Eigh, a shout. 
 
 — iacum. Some names of towns end in — iauum : Acha, a plain, 
 
 a place. Many places, villages, parishes and farms in Scotland 
 
 have their names beginning with ach — , and audi — . 
 laxartes, a large river of Asia: Uisge, water ; nior (in compos, -or), 
 
 great. 
 Iberus, a river of Spain, whence Iberi, and Iberia : Aber and inbliir, 
 
 the mouth of a river. 
 Idalia, a heigh in Cyprus, I-dalia : Tula, a hill. 
 Idunum, a town of Rhoetia: Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Illiberis, a town of Gaul: Burg, a town. 
 Imbarus, part of Mount Taurus : Bar, a height. 
 Interamna, four towns so named from being situated between rivers : 
 
 Eadar, between ; abhuinn, a river. 
 Interres : Eadar, betwixt ; righ, a Icing. 
 Iris, from eiro : Radh, speech. 
 Irus, a mountain of Italy : Ard, a height. 
 Is — . Some names of rivers begin with, and some end in Is : Uisge, 
 
 uis-ge, water. 
 Is, a river of Italy: Uisge, water (Williams). 
 
 Is, a river of Babylonia : ditto 
 
 Isapis, a river of Umbria : ditto 
 
 Isargus, now the Iser: ditto 
 
 Isca, the river Ex in Devonshire : ditto 
 
 Isca, or Oska, tlie Usk in Monmouthshire : ditro '' 
 
 Isaurus, a river of Umbria : Uisge, uis-ge; -mov, great. 
 Isar, a river of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Isar, now the Oise : ditto 
 
CLASSICAL TEOPEll NAMES. 75 
 
 — issus, a lornunation of some names of rivers, as llissus : Uisge. 
 
 Ister, now the Danube: Uisj^e. 
 
 Isjuenus, a river of Boeotia : dillo 
 
 Istria, a jioninsula: Uisge, water ; tir, html. 
 
 Itabyrius, a niountiiiu of Galilee: Bar, a height. 
 
 Ualin, so called from abounding in cattle* : Eudail, cattle. 
 
 Ithome, a hill of IMessenia: Tom, a hill. 
 
 Juliodunum, a town of Gaul: Dun, a ionn. 
 Juliobrica, a town of Cantabria : Burg, a toirn. 
 Juliomagus, a town of Gaul : Magh, a place. 
 Juliopolis, a town of Galatia: Baile, a toun. 
 
 Labdalon. a lull near Syracuse, Lab-dal-ou : Tula, a hill. 
 
 Lacmon, part of Mount Tiudus : ^louadli, a hill. 
 
 Lacobriga, two towns of Spain: Burg, a toun. 
 
 Lamalmon, a hill of -l^thiopia : jMonadh, a hill. 
 
 Tjiincobrica, a town in Lusitauia : Burg, a tuwn. 
 
 Ijalopolis, a town in Egypt: Baile, a town. 
 
 Lntium, Ijatiori, Latinius, Latialis, Latinus, from Lalco : Luidli, lie. 
 
 Latuinnon, name of a hill ; Torr, a hill. 
 
 Laurcta, a port of Italy : Aite, a place. 
 
 Laureacum, a town of Noricum : Acha, u plain, a place. 
 
 Leontini, a town of Sicily: Dun. 
 
 Lepinus, a hill of Italy: Beann, o liill. 
 
 Alpes LepontiuiB : Alp, high ; beann, a hill. 
 
 Libanus, a mountain in Syria, Li-banus : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Licidomagus, a town in Gaul : Magh. 
 
 Liburnus, mountains in Apulia, Li-bur-nus : Bar, a hcitjhl. 
 
 Ligures : Luchd, people; muir, the sea. 
 
 Ligusticum Mare, now the Gulf of Genoa : Loch, a lake or loch. 
 
 Limuorea, a sea-deity : Linne, a lake, linn, gulf. 
 
 Limniace, the daughter of the Ganges : ditto 
 
 Limmea, a name of Diana: ditto 
 
 Liquentia, a river of Gaul, Liq-uent-ia : Abhuinu, a river. 
 
 Lithobolia: Lin, a .itone ; himill, throw. 
 
 Londinum, now London: Linne, a pool, lake, gulf; dun, a lull, a town. 
 
 232 3 
 
 Longuntica, a maritime city of Spain, Lon-gunt-ica : Cuan, sea; acha, 
 
 a place. 
 Lucaria or Luceria,+ from lucus : Leus, light. 
 Luceria, a city of Apulia, Lu-ceria : Cathair, a city. 
 Lucina, a goddess so named from lu.v: Leus, light. 
 Lugdunum, four towns so named: Dun, « hill, a town. 
 Lugidunum, a town in Germany : ditto 
 
 Luna : Luan the moon. 
 Lupodunum, a town iu Germany : Dun. 
 Lutetia, a town of Gaul : Aite, a place. 
 
 Lychnidus, a town on the shore of the Lychnitis Palus : Loch, a lake. 
 Lycone, a mountain of Argolis: Ceann, a headland. 
 Lycopolis, a town of Egypt : Baile, a town. 
 
 * Aulus Gellius. xi. 1. 
 t This form of Lucaria is a proof that the Latin c is hard before the 
 vowels e and i ; of which there are many etymological proofs in GaeUc 
 words, where c is always hard. From the latter are derived Latin words 
 befrining -^dth Ce — , which in the corriipt modem pronounoiation, are 
 sounded as if e were soft, as Cenjeum, a promontory, from the Gaelic 
 Ceann (pronounced Ken), a headland. 
 
78 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Lycorea, a town on Parnassus : Cathair, a town. 
 Le— , this souulI is a component in some names, as Lepintcs, Lihanus, 
 Libicrnus, Lycone, Lycorea : lias it any meaning in the Celtic? 
 
 Msenalus, a momitain of Arcadia: Monadh, « hill. 
 
 ,, , , ^ X 1 fMaol, a promoidory ; in 
 
 Malea, a promontory of Lesbos ■- I Scottish, Midi, as Mull 
 
 the Peloponnesus :\^^ ^,^,^^.;^_ 
 
 M alea, a city of Phthiotis : Baile, a town. 
 
 Malia, a city of Tliessaly : ditto 
 
 — magus. Some names of places end in — magus: Magh, a plain, 
 
 a place. 
 Mai — , Mel — , Mil — , Myl — . Some names of towns so begin, from 
 
 Baile, a town. 
 Mallos, a town of Cilicia: Baile. 
 Mantinea, a city at the foot of Mount Artemisius : Monadh, a hill; 
 
 Dun. 
 Mars, the Pioman god of war, perhaps from Ares : Ar, battle. 
 Mar — , Mur — , some names of towns so begin : Burg, a toivn. 
 Mar — , Mui- — , Mer — , Mor — , Mir — , Myre — . Some names of towns 
 
 so begin : Burg, a town. 
 Marcianopolis : Baile, a town. 
 Marcodm-um, a place in Gaul : Doir, icater. 
 Marcomagus, a place in Gaul : Magh, a plain. 
 Mare Mortuum, a lake in Judea : Muir, sea ; mort, hill, dead. 
 Mareotis, a lake in Egj'pt : Muir, sea. 
 Alpes Maritime : Alp, high ; muir, sea. 
 Mariaba, two cities in Arabia, Mar-iaba- Burg? a town. 
 Marisus, a river of Dacia : Mor, great ; uisge, tvaler. 
 Maridunum, now Carmarthen: Muir; dun. 
 Margidunum, a town in Britain : Dun. 
 
 jNIarmarica, a country on the shore of the Mediterranean : Muir, Ihe sea. 
 Marmaridag: Muir. 
 
 Maronea, a town on the Thracian sea-coast : Muir, the sea. 
 Man'ucini, a people of Italy, on the coast : ditto 
 
 Marruvium, a town of the Marsi, on the coast : ditto 
 Marpessus, a mountain in Paros, Mar-pessus : Bar, a height, 
 Marus, a river of Germany : Mor ; uisge. 
 Matinum, a city of Messapia : Dun. 
 Mattiacum, a place in Germany : Acha, a place. 
 Matralia, Matronalia : Mathair, a mother. 
 Mauritania, a country on the shore of the Mediterranean : Muir, 
 
 the sea. 
 j\Iauri, Maurii, a people of Africa : Muir, the sea. 
 Mederiacum, a jjlace in Gaul : Acha, a place. 
 Mediterraneum Mare: Meadhon, middle; tir, land; muir, sea. 
 Megalopolis, a city of Arcadia : BaUe, a town. 
 Megara, a town of Greece, Me-gara: Cathair, a town. 
 Melcena;, a village of Attica: Baile; mean (in compos. — an), small. 
 Meldas, now Meaux: Baile, a town. 
 
 Meliboea, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 a city of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Melitere, a city in Asia : ditto 
 
 Merobrica, a town of Lusitania : Burg, a town. 
 
 Mesembria, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Meros, a mountain of India: Mor, great. 
 
 Minariacum, a place in Gaul: Acha. 
 
 Minuodunum, a town of the Helvetii : Monadh ; dun. 
 
CLASSICAL PKurKU NAMES. 77 
 
 Jlirobriga, two towns in Spain : Burg, a town ; niuiv, the sea. 
 
 Moenalus, a hill of Arcadia: Monadh, /iiVi; caol, «maW; or coille, it'ooi. 
 
 JloDi'is, a lake of Egypt: Mnir, tlie sea. 
 
 Moguntiacum, now Meiitz : Aclia. 
 
 Mons Sacer, ]\[ontiuins : iMnmulli, <( ;,///. 
 
 Morgantuim : a town of Sk-ily : lUn-;,', u tuu-n. 
 
 Jlorimoviisa, " a name givon by the Cinilni to the Nurllicrn Ocean, 
 
 and which means the IJcad Sea :" JMuir, sea : mort, dead. 
 ^[orini, a people on the coast of Gaul : j\luir, tlic sea. 
 Moritasgus, a Gaulish king: Blaor, one in anthority. 
 I\Iors: Mort, AW/. 
 
 Murgantia, a town of Sunniium : lUug, '( Imcii. 
 Mursa, a town of Pannonia : ditto 
 
 Mutina, a towu of Gaul : Dun. 
 Myenus, a mountain of /Etolia: Monadh. 
 Mylaj, a town of Sicily: Bails, a loirii. 
 IMyonesus, an island near Thessaly : Innis, an island. 
 I\Iyra, a city on the Ijycian coast: Bluir, sea. 
 
 Myrina, three sea-ooast towns so named : ditto 
 Myrtuntum, alakc of Acarnauia: ditto 
 
 t .5 t > 
 
 Myrtoum Mare, pai'tof the ..Egeau Sea : Myr-toum Mare; muir; luuir. 
 
 Nasos or Nesos, an insular town in Acarnania : Inuis, an island. 
 
 Natiso, a river of Gaul, Nat-iso: Uisge, tvaler. 
 
 Nauplia, a town of Argolis, Nau-plia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Nftuportus, a town of Pannonia: Nua, new; port, a harbour. 
 
 Nea Insula: Nua ; innis, an island. 
 
 Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, Ne-brodes: Bar, a height. 
 
 Nemus, a grove : Naomh, hoi// (Prichard.) 
 
 I 2 ,3 I 2 
 
 Nemetacum, a town in Gaiil, Nem-et-acha : Naomh, hol>/; aite, a place; 
 
 acha, a plain, a place. 
 Nemetobrigia, a town in Lusitania: Bni'g, a town. 
 Nemoralia, from nemus : Naomh, holi/. 
 Neopolis: Nua; baile, a town. 
 
 Neptunus, the god of the sea, Nep-tuuus : Toun ? « wave. 
 Neritum, a town of Calabria : Aite, a place. 
 Nertobriga, two towns in Spain: Burg, a town. 
 Nicopolis, several cities of this name: Baile, a town. 
 Noeoraagus, three towns in G aul : Nua ; magh. 
 Noviomagus, a town in Britain : ditto 
 
 Novioburgum : Nua, new ; burg, a town. 
 Noviodunum, a towu in Gaul : Nua; dun, a hill, aud applied to towns 
 
 as Dunediu the Gaelic name of Edinburgh. 
 Noctiluca, a name of Diana : Nochd, jiight ; leus, light. 
 Novidunum, a town in Gaul : Nua; dun. 
 Noviodunum, a towu in Britain: ditto 
 Novaria, a town in Gaul : Nua, new; bui'g, a town. 
 Nox : Nochd, night. 
 
 Nuceria, several towns of this name: Nua; cathair, a town. 
 Numa, a king of Rome : Naomh, holy. 
 Nundiua, a goddess: Naoi, itine; di, a day, 
 Nymph8e, female deities: Naomh, holy. 
 Nympheeum, fromNymphEe: Naomh, 
 Nymphaeus, ditto 
 
 Nymphidlus, ditto 
 
78 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 
 
 Oases, a river of Crete : Uisge, uis-ge, water. 
 
 Oarus, a river of Sarraatia: 'R.m^h, jloiv. 
 
 Oceanus, Oceanides : Aigionn, the deep. 
 
 Octavia, Octavius, Octavianus : Oclicl, eiglit. 
 
 Octodurus, a town in Gaul : Torr, a hill. 
 
 ffibalia, a name of Tarentum: Baile, a town. 
 
 ffinus, a river of Laconia: Abliuinn, a river. 
 
 (Eta, a mountain of Thessaly : At, a prominence. 
 
 CEnussas, two islands in the Aegean sea: Innis, an island. 
 
 CEnussiE, two islands oif the coast of Messenia : Innis, an island. 
 
 Ogyes, son of Terra: Oglia,a grandchild; ce, the earth. 
 
 Olina, a river of Gaul : Aillt, a river. 
 
 Oltis, a river of Gaul : Aillt, a river. 
 
 Olmius, a river of Boeotia : Aillt, a river. 
 
 On — , some names of rivers begin with, and others end in — on : 
 
 Abhuiun, a river. 
 Onchestus, a son of Neptune : Abhuinn, a river. 
 
 a river of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Onochonus, a river of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Ops, from Opus, operis: Obair, worl;. 
 
 Oraculum: li&dh, speech. 
 
 Ormedon, a lofty mountain''in Cos, Or-me-don : Ard, high ; dun, a hill. 
 
 Orbelus, a hill of Thrace : " Ord, a hill. 
 
 Orchalis, a hill of Boeotia: ditto 
 
 Ordovices, a people of Britain : ditto 
 
 Oreades, nymphs of the mountains : ditto 
 
 Orgetorix, a Helvetian chief: Eigh, a Icing. 
 
 Orgia: Fe&rg, passion. 
 
 Oriens : Ear, the east. 
 
 Orion, a giant : Ard, higli ; aon, one. 
 
 Orontes, a hill of Media : Ord, « hill ; ard, high. 
 
 Ormedon, a mountain in Cos: ditto 
 
 Ormedon, a giant : ^ ditto 
 
 Orospeda ilons, a mountain intjpain : ditto 
 
 Orontes, a river of Syria: Ruith, flow. 
 
 Osa, a river of Italy. Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
 
 Oscius, a river of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Osismii, a people of Gaul, on the coast : ditto 
 
 Oxus, a river of Bactriana: ditto 
 
 Oxydracffi, a peojolc of India, living at the confluence of two rivers ; 
 
 Uisge, and doir, water. 
 Oxydrynchus, a city of Egypt, situated near a canal : Uisge, and 
 
 Doir, water. 
 
 P. Celtic h is sometimes changed to Latin ;;. 
 
 Padus, a liver of Italy, I'adus : Uisge, water. 
 
 Padusa, a river of Italy, Pad-usa: Uisge, water. 
 
 Pal—, Pel—, Phal— , Phil—, Phyl— , Pla— , Pol, Pyl— , some names 
 
 of town begin with these : Baile, a town. 
 Palacium, a town of Thrace: Baile; beag (in comp. -ag), small. 
 Palse, a town of Corsica : Baile. 
 Palese, a town of Cyprus : ditto 
 
 Cephalleuia: ditto 
 
 Palajste, a harbour of Epirus : Baile; uisge, icater. 
 
 Palantium a town of Arcadia; Baile, a town. 
 
 Palatium, a village on the Palatine hill where Eome was afterwards 
 
 bixilt: Baile, a town. 
 I'alatia. a town in Spain: Baile, a town. 
 
 
CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 79 
 
 Pallas, a godiless, so named from pallein ; Buaill, strike. 
 
 Palliiiiium, from Pallas : ditto 
 
 Palladius, from Pallas: ditto 
 
 Pallanteum, a town of Italy : linile, a town. 
 
 Pallanteum, a town of Arcadia; ditto 
 
 Palumbinum, a town of Samuium ; ditto 
 
 Palma, a town of iMajorca : ditto 
 
 Pallene, a town of Attica: ditto 
 
 Palmyra, a town of Asia: ditto 
 
 Panachaiacus, a hill of Arcadia, so called from pan, or from Boann, 
 
 a hill. 
 Pan, the god of shepherds, &c. : Bo, a cow. 
 Pangreus, mountains in Thrace: Beann, a hill. 
 Panium, a mountain of Syi-ia: ditto 
 
 Pauopolis, a city in Egypt: Baile. 
 Par, — Per — , Pliar — , I'hor — , I'hri — , Pra — , Pri — , Pro — , Pru — , 
 
 Pyr — , Peri—, Pharg — . Some names of towns begin with these : 
 
 Burg, a town. 
 Pavadisiis, a town of Syria: Burg, a town. 
 Parretaca, a town of Persia : ditto 
 
 Partetonium, a fort in Egypt: Burg; dun, a 7u7/. 
 Parisii, now Paris: Burg, a town. 
 
 Parium, a town of Asia : ditto 
 
 Parma, a town of Itnly: ditto 
 
 Paroreia, a town of Thrace: ditto 
 
 Peloponnesus: ditto 
 
 Parrhasia. a town of Arcadia : ditto 
 
 Parnassus, a mountain in Greece : Bar, a height. 
 
 Parnes, a mountain in Attica : ditto 
 
 Parthenius, a mountain in Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Parthenium, a town of Mysia. 
 
 Pedemontium, at the foot of the Alps; Pes, pous, from Cos, afoot; 
 
 monadh, a hill. 
 Pelion, a mountain of Thessaly, perhaps with a rounded summit : 
 
 Ball, a round object. 
 Pelinna, a town of Macedonia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Pelium, ditto 
 
 Pella, ditto 
 
 Pellane, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 
 Pellinasum, a town of Greece: ditto 
 
 Pellene, a town of Achaia : ditto 
 
 Peltse, a town of Phrygia : ditto 
 
 Pelusium, a town of Egypt: Baile; uisge, ivater. 
 Pendalium, a promontory of Cyprus : Beann, a hill. 
 Pentapolis: Baile, a town. 
 Penniuae Alpes : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Penninus, a diety of the Alps : ditto 
 Pentelicus a mountain of Attaca : ditto 
 Percote, a town of the Hellespont: Burg, a toiun, 
 Perga, a town of Pamphylia : ditto 
 
 Pergama, the citadel of Troy, and thence applied to Troy itself; 
 " Pergama omnia loca editiora olim appellabantur; Burg, a fortress, 
 Pergamus, a town of Mysia : Burg, a town. 
 Perinthus, a town of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Peripolium, a town of Locris : ditto 
 
 Peritonium, a town of Egypt : ditto 
 
 Pererene, a place of Phrygia : ditto 
 
 Perranthes, a hill of Epirus : Bar, a height. 
 
80 CELTIC OHK.tIX OF 
 
 Perseijolis. acity of Persia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Perusia, au Etrurian city on a lake : Burg ; uisge, water. 
 
 Petra, the name of several fortresses: Torr? a hill, a mound. 
 
 Phalaesia, a town of Arcadia : Baile, a town. 
 
 Phalanna, a town of Perrhoebia : ditto 
 
 Phalaerine, a town of the Sabines: ditto 
 
 Phalanthus, a town of Arcadia: ditto 
 
 Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Phalerum, a port of Athens : ditto 
 
 Pharangium, a fort of Persia: Barg, a fort. 
 
 Phara, a town of Africa : Burg, a town. 
 
 Phai-es, a town of Peloponaesus: ditto 
 
 Pharae, a town of Bceotia : ditto 
 
 a town of Achaia : ditto 
 
 a town of Crete : ditto 
 
 Pharis, a town of I^aconia: ditto 
 
 Pharnucia, a town of Pontus: ditto 
 
 Pharsalus, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 Pharyge, a town of Locris : ditto 
 
 Pherffi, a town of Attica: Burg. 
 
 a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Pherinum, a town of Thessaly; ditto 
 
 Phila, a town of Macedonia: Baile, a town. 
 Philaee, three towns so named : ditto 
 
 Philoe, a town of Egypt; ditto 
 
 Phileros, a town of Macedonia ; ditto 
 
 Philene, a town of Attica : ditto 
 
 Philleius, a town of Macedonia : ditto 
 
 Phillos, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Philomelum, a town of Phrygia : ditto 
 
 Philonus, a town of Egypt : ditto 
 
 :Phlius, a town of Greece : ditto 
 
 Phylace, a town of Macedonia : ditto 
 
 : Epirus; ditto 
 
 Thessaly: ditto 
 
 Phyle, a place in Attica : ditto 
 
 Phrycium, a town in Grreece : Burg. 
 Phrisa, a town in Elis : Burg. 
 Pilumnus, the god of bakers: Ball, a round object. 
 Pierus, a hill of Thessaly : Bar, a height. 
 Pieris, a mountain of Macedonia: Bar, a height. 
 Pierus, a mountain of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Pindasus, a hill of Troas : Beann, a hill. 
 Pindus, a hill of Thessaly: ditto 
 Pindenissus, a town on a mountain ; Beann; dun 
 Placentia, a city of Gaul : Baile, a toirn. 
 Plataeae, a city of Bceotia : ditto 
 
 Platine, a city of Palestine : ditto 
 Pleuron, a city of zEtolia : ditto 
 
 Plemmyrium, a promontory of Sicily : Muir, sea: 
 Plotinopolis, a city of Thrace : Baile. 
 Polichua, a town of Troas : Baile, a town. 
 
 a town of Crete : ditto 
 
 Polisma, a town of Troas ; ditto 
 
 Polemonium, a town of Pontus : ditto 
 Polias, a name of Minerva : ditto 
 
 Pollentia, a town of Liguria : ditto 
 Politorinm, a town of Italy : ditto 
 
CLASSll.AI. PROPEK NAMES. «1 
 
 PoUupex, a town of Genoa : Baile. 
 
 Polusca, a town of Ijatium: ditto 
 
 Pompelo, a town of Spain : ditto 
 
 — polis. Some names of towns end in — polis: Bailc, a <OM;n. 
 
 Portumnus, a sea-deity : Port, a harbour. 
 
 Poi-tumnalia; ditto 
 
 I'raetium, a town in Asia : Burg, a luivn. 
 
 Prseueste, a town in Latium : ditto 
 
 Prtetor, from prrc and itor : Eoi, 6c/o)-e; uidbe, a ivcnj. 
 
 Prastiitium, a town of Picenum: Burg, a town. 
 
 Privernum, a town of Latium : ditto 
 
 Proerna, a town of Phtliiotis : ditto 
 
 Proschiuni, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Procyon : 'Ro'i, bcfure ; cu; conn, « (/017. 
 
 Propoutis, now tlie sea of JMarmora: Eoi, before; euan, tea. 
 
 Prnsa, a town of Bitliynia : Burg. 
 
 Pnltobria, a town of Thrace: ditto 
 
 Pygman, a supposed nation of dwarfs : Beag, small. 
 
 Pylene, a town of .Etolia: Baile, a town. 
 
 Pylleon, a town of Thessalv : Baile, a town. 
 
 Pylre, a town of Asia: ditto 
 
 Pylos, four towns so named : ditto 
 
 Pylos, a town of Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Pyrreum, a hill of Media : Bar, a height. 
 
 Pyra, part of Mount (Eta : ditto 
 
 PjTenffii, the Pyrenees: ditto 
 
 Pyrrhus, so named from his hair being the colour of fire : Brath,./iVf. 
 
 Pyrgi, a town of Elis : Burg, a town, a fort. 
 
 Pyrgus, a town of Triphylia : ditto 
 
 Pyrgi, a town of Etruria ; ditto 
 
 Pyrgis, a fort in Elis : ditto 
 
 Pyrrha, a town in Eubasa: ditto 
 
 a town in Lesbos : ditto 
 
 Pyrrhicus, a town of Laconia : ditto 
 
 Pyrassus, a town of Thessaly : ditto 
 
 Pyreum, a fire-temple : Brath,./;)-?. 
 
 Pyacmon: ditto 
 
 Pyrodes, son of Alix, who discovered how to strike fire from flints : 
 
 Brath,.^^. 
 Pyrene, a promontory : Bar, a height. 
 
 Pyrene, " a town of the Celts " (Herod, i. 248) : Burg, a town. 
 Pyramides : Bar, a height. 
 Ped — . There are some names of places beginning with tills sound, 
 
 which is perhaps allied to the word Pit — , which occurs in some 
 
 names of places in Scotland, as Pitlochrie, Pitsligo, &c. 
 Pedum, a town of Latium : ) Pit, a hollow (and occuring in many 
 Petilia, a town of Italy : f names of places.) 
 
 Pitane, a town of Asia-Minor : ditto 
 
 Potidsea, a town of Macedonia : ditto 
 
 Potnias, a town of Bosotia : ditto 
 
 Puteoli, a town of Campania : ditto 
 
 Puticulae, a place at Eome : ditto 
 
 Pityus, a town of Colchis : ditto 
 
 Pylce, a general name among the Greeks for any narrow pass: Bealacb, 
 
 a pass; caol, narrow. 
 Pyrensei Montes: Bar, a height ; monadh, a hill. 
 Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, who gave out the oracles : Faidh, 
 
 a prophet. 
 
82 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Qu. Celtic c is sometimes changed to Latin qu. 
 Quadratus : Ceathar, four. 
 Quadrifrons: Ceathar,/oM)-; heir, carry. 
 Querquetulanus, a name of Mount Coelius, from its oaks, 
 
 querque-tal-anus : Tula, a hill. 
 Quinctius: Cuig,^i'e. 
 
 Quindecemviri : Cnig, five; deag,ie)i; fir, m«7i. 
 Quintolianus, Quinctius, Quinteilus : Cuig,^ye. 
 Quirinalis, Quirinalia, Quirinus, from Cures : Cathair, a town. 
 Quirites from Cures : Cathair, a toivn, 
 
 Eegiodunum, a town of Gaul ; righ, a king ; dun, a hill, a town, 
 
 Eha, a river of Europe: Kuith,j^oi(!. 
 
 Ehatomagus, a town in Gaul: Magh, a plain, aplace. 
 
 Ehios, the local name of the strait between Naupactus and Patrae : 
 Unith, flow. 
 
 Rhodunia, the top of Mount (Eta: Dun, a hill. 
 
 Rhobodunum, a town in Germany : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 Rigodunum, a town in Britain : ditto 
 
 — ris, some names of Gaulish chiefs end in — rix : Righ, a king. 
 
 Eutuba, a river of Latium : Ruith,^oit'. 
 
 Rhesus, name of a river : B.mih,flow; uisge, water. 
 
 Rhodanus, a river of Europe: Umthjfloiv. 
 
 Ehenus, a river of Germany : Bran is the name of many rivers in the 
 Highlands of Scotland, of one near Dunkeld. A.lso Bran (obso- 
 lete), a mountain torrent. 
 
 Eutilus, Rutilius, Rutuli : Ruadh, red. 
 
 Sacrovir, a Gaulish chief, Sacro-vir : Fear, a man. 
 Sala, a river of Germany, yielding salt : Sal, salt. 
 
 Salamis, a daughter of the river Asopus : ditto 
 
 Salamis, an island : (so named from the above) ditto 
 
 , a city : ditto ditto 
 
 Salana: Sal,'salt. 
 
 Salernum, a city of Campania, near the sea: Sal, salt. 
 
 Salo, a river in Spain : Sal, salt. 
 
 Saloniacum, a place in Gaul : Sal, salt; acha, a plain, a place. 
 
 Samarobriva, a town in Gaul : Burg, a toivn. 
 
 Savo, Scultenna, names of rivers, Scult-enna: Amhuin, a river, 
 
 ( Williams.) 
 Sgordus, mountains in Illyriaj Sgorr, o rock. 
 
 Sciressa, a hill in Ai-cadia: ditto 
 
 Sciradium, a promontory in Attica : ditto 
 
 Sciron, a robber in Attica, who threw his victims over rocks: ditto 
 Scombrus, a mountain in Thrace : Bar, a height. 
 Scultenna, a river in Gaul: Abhuinn, a river. 
 Scyros, an island celebrated for its marble : Sgorr, a rock. 
 Scyrum, name of a city, S-cyr-um : Cathair. 
 Segodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 
 , a town in Britain : ditto 
 
 , a town in Germany : ditto 
 
 Sedunum, a town in the Alps: ditto 
 
 Sebendunum, a town in Spain: ditto 
 
 Segobriga, a city of Spain : Burg, a town. 
 Selemnus, a river of Achaia: Sal? salt ; abhuinn, a river. 
 Selleis, a river of Elis : Sal ; uisge, water. 
 Selymbria, a town of Thrace : Burg, a town. 
 
CLASSICAL PKOrEll NAMES. 83 
 
 Senatus : Seau, old. 
 
 Serabriea, a town in Spain : Hurg, <i /own. 
 
 Scquana, a river of Gaul; Suinili, Inmquil : abhuiuii, n river, {Mac- 
 
 plierson.) * 
 Sermanicomagus, a town in Gaul : JLigli, a plain, a place. 
 Servioduuum, a town in South Britain : Dun, « hill, a luwn. 
 Sextua, Sestilus : So, s/.r; seatliamh, . ■.•/.!•;/(.• 
 Singindunum, a town in Sarmatia : Dun, « hill, a loicii. 
 Sipjlum, a city of Lydia, Si-pyl-um : Baile, a town. 
 Sipylus, a mountain of Lydia, Si-pyl-us : Ball, a round object. 
 Sirenes, sea-nymphs : Suire, « sea-nymph ; suire, from sith and muir, 
 
 a fairy of the sea. 
 SireuusTO, the islands of the Sirens: Suire ; innis, an island. 
 Sciritis, a steep pass in Greece: Sgorr, a rock. 
 Scoti: Scuit, a u-andcriny nation. Hence perhaps the name of the 
 
 Scots. As a Scotchman, 1 may be permitted to say that the 
 
 epithet wandering, or to be met witli everywhere, applies as much 
 
 now, as it ever did. 
 Sol, Solis, So-lis: Leus, lighl. 
 Solreis, a promontory of Africa : Sal, salt. 
 Sorbioduuum, now Salisbury; Dun. 
 Spoletium, a town of Umbria : Aite ? a place. 
 Stagira, a town of Macedonia : Cathair, a town. 
 Strymon, a river of Thiace : Sruth, y?o(r ; abhuiuu, a river. 
 Suindunum, a town of Gaul : Dun. 
 Suismontium, a hill in Liguria : Monadh, a hill. 
 Suuium, a promontory of Attica: Sin, extend. 
 Suovetaurilia: Tarhh, a hull. 
 Sui'rentum, a town of Campania : Suire, a siren. 
 Sycurium, a town of Greece : Cathair, a town. 
 Syrinx, a nj'mph of Arcadia : Suire, a sea-nymph. 
 
 Tabor, a mountain of Galilee: Tagh, choice; bar, a height. 
 Taburnus, a mountain in Samnium : ditto 
 
 Tahraca, a town in Numidia : Burg, a town. 
 Talahrica, now Talavera : ditto 
 
 Tader, a river of Spain : Doir, icaier. 
 Ttenarus, a promontory of Laconia: Duu, a hill. 
 Tanetum a town on the Bo, Tan-etum : Aite, a place. 
 Tanagra, a city of Bceotia : Cathair, a city. 
 Tanus, a river of Argos : Abhuinn, a river. 
 Tanis, a city of Egypt : Dun ? a hill, a town. 
 Tapyrii, mountains of Asia ; Bar, a height. 
 Tarpeia Kupes, a rock at Piome : Torr, a hill. 
 Tarpeius and Tarpeia, from the above : ditto 
 rarichea, a strong city of Palestine : ditto 
 Tarodunnm, a town in Germany : Duu. 
 Tarnse, a fountain in Lydia : Doir (obsolete), water, 
 
 Taras, a sou of Neptune : ditto 
 
 Tarasco, a town on the Ehoue ; ditto 
 
 Tarnse, a river of Aquitania: ditto 
 
 Tarsius, a river of Troas : ditto 
 
 Tarus, a river of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Tearus, a river of Thrace : ditto 
 
 Tarraco, a town on the Spanish coast : ditto 
 
 Tarsus, a town on the river Cydnus : ditto 
 
 * Maophcrson, in his Notes on Ossian, gives a few derivations of name* 
 of places. 
 
84 CELTIC ORIGIN OF 
 
 Tartessus,atownatthemoutbof theBcetis: Doir, (obsolete), ivater, 
 
 Tarresium, a city on the river Silis ; ditto 
 
 Taunus, a mountain in Germany: Dun, a hill. 
 
 Tauroscythse : Terr, a hill; scuit, a ivandering nation. 
 
 Taurus, a mountain of Asia: Torr, a hill. 
 
 Tauris, the peninsula called in the time of Herodotus (IV. 99.) 
 
 Chersonesus Montosa, then Ch. Taurica, now the Crimea : Torr, 
 
 a hill. 
 Tauri, Taurica, from the ahove : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Taurini, a people near the Alps : ditto 
 
 Tauromenium, a town Sicily, near liiUs : ditto 
 
 Taurus, a mountain in Sicily : ditto 
 
 Taurisci : a tribe on the Alps : ditto 
 
 Taui-asii, a people on the mountains in Samnium : Torr, a hill. 
 Taletura, the summit of mount Taygetus : Tula, a hill; aite, a place. 
 Teanum Apulicum, a city of Apulia : Dun, a hill, a toxon. 
 Teanum Sidicinum, a city of Campania : ditto 
 
 Telethus, a mountain in Boeotia: Tula, a hill. 
 Tendeba, a fort in Stratonice : Dun, a hill. 
 Tempsis, the ancient name of Mount Timolus : Tom, a hill. 
 Tentyra, a town on the Nile : Dun, a hill, a town; doir, water. 
 Terias, a river of Sicily: Doir, ivater. 
 Tergeste, a sea-coast town of Italy : Doir, wafer. 
 Terina, ditto ditto 
 
 Terra, one of the most ancient deities : Tir, the earth, allied to tier, dr^y. 
 Terioli, a fotified town in Italy : Torr,* a hill. 
 
 (As a running stream is the 
 easiest and most natural 
 bonndry of land, and also 
 the most common one, ter- 
 minus was derived from 
 Doir, traier. 
 Teumessus, a kill : Tom, a hill. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabines, Te-tri-ca : Torr, a hill. 
 Tetrapolis : Ceathair, /o!«- (Celtic c being often changed to Greek t ) ; 
 
 baile, a town. 
 Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia: Tom, a hill. 
 Thaumaci, a town of Thessaly, on a height ? Tom : Acha, a place. 
 Themiscyra, a city of Pontus : Cathair, a city. 
 Theo — . Many names begin with Theo — ; Dia, God. 
 Theocritus : Dia, God ; ceart, right. 
 Theodonus, Theodotus : Dia, God ; do, to, 
 Theopolis ; Dia : Baile, a town. 
 Thei-mse : Doir, tvater. 
 
 Thermaicus Sinus, a bay of Greece: Doir, water; sin, extend. 
 Thermodon, a river of Pontus : Doir. 
 
 a river of Boeotia : Doir. 
 
 Thimarus, a fort of Greece : Tom, a hill; mor, great. 
 
 Thorax, a mountain in Ionia : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Thoruax, a mountain in Laconia: ditto 
 
 Thorsus, a river of Sardinia: Doir, ivater. 
 
 Thronium, a town near the river Boagrius : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Thurium, a place in Greece near a fountain : ditto 
 
 * Some names of places beginning with this sound, may be from Torr, a 
 hill, the first towns being generally in elevated situations, in the same way 
 as Dun, which primarily means a hill, is found a component in numerous 
 names of towns ; the same is the case with regard to Biu-g, 
 
CLASSICAL PROPER NA:\rKS. 85 
 
 Thyaniua, a promontory of Epirns.ncftv ft river: ])un,<(/ii7/; uisgo, icn/«r. 
 
 Tiliiiln, a town of Sunlinia: Ti-bula; baile, a ioirn. 
 
 'I'ilox, a L'lipo of t'orsicft : Tula, a hill. 
 
 Tilpliussus, a mountain of Bicotia: Tula, « hill. 
 
 TipliPrnuni, a town of Unibria: ^ „ , /n i,- i i • 
 
 _i a town of Umbria: l""':^' " (""•« (Celtic 6 being 
 
 -, a town of Samniiim : 
 
 changed to p, and p lo ph.) 
 
 Tifui-nus, a mountain of Samnium: Rar, a height. 
 
 Tigranocerta, a city of Armenia: Catliair, « toini. 
 
 Tiou, a town of Paplilagonia: Dun, a hill, a loun. 
 
 Tingis a town of Africa, Tin-gis : ditto 
 
 Titan, a name that has been applied to the sun : Teiiic,./(;r. 
 
 Tithorca, a part of Mount Parnassus, Ti-thor-ea: Torr, a hill. 
 
 a city on IMouut Parnassus: ditto 
 
 Tmarus and Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus: Tom, a hill; mor, great. 
 
 Toniaiann, a mountain in Peloponnesus : ditto 
 
 Torus, a liill of Sicily : 'J'orr, a hill. 
 
 Torone, a promontory of Greece: Torr, a hill. 
 
 Tonea, a festival observed on the sea-shore : Toun, a wave. 
 
 Toletum, a town of Spain, Tol-et-um : Aite, a place. 
 
 Trajanopolis, a city of Thrace: Baile, a town. 
 
 Treba, a town near the Anio : Doir, tvaler. 
 
 Trerus, a river in Latium : ditto 
 
 Trebia, a river in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Triops, a son of Neptune : ditto 
 
 Tricca, a city of Thessaly, near the Peneus : ditto 
 
 Tricala, a hill-fort in Sicily : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Trimontiuni, a town in Thrace: Tri, three; monadh, a hill. 
 
 Tridentinre Alpes: Tri, three; deud, a tooth ; alp, high. 
 
 Triopium, a promontory of Greece : Torr, a hill. 
 
 Triopium, a town named from the above : ditto 
 
 Tripolis, a city of Syria: Tri, three; baile, a town. 
 
 Triton, a river of Bffiotia: Doir, ivater. 
 
 a name of the Nile : ditto , 
 
 a son of Neptune : ditto 
 
 a river of Africa : ditto 
 
 Tritonis, a lake in Africa: ditto 
 
 Troas, a district on the coast of Asia Minor: ditto 
 Trochois, a lake in Delos : ditto 
 
 Trivia: Tri, three; uidhe, a way. 
 Trivicum, a place among the Apulian mountains, 
 131 3 
 
 Tri-v-ic-um: Torr, a7»7Z; a.c\m, a place. 
 Triumviri: Tri, three ; fir, men. 
 Tunes, a city of Africa : Dun, a hill, a town. 
 Tyana, a city of Cappadoeia : ditto 
 
 Turobrica, a town in Bceotia: Doir; burg, a town. 
 Tuntobrica, a town : Bmy„ a town. 
 Tunetum, a place : Aite, a place. 
 Turia, a river of Spain : ])oir, water. 
 
 Turrus, a river of Ttaly : ditto 
 
 Tyra, a river of Sarmatia: ditto 
 
 Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia : ditto 
 Tyrrhenum Mare, a part of the Mediterranean : Doir, water. 
 Tyi-o, a river-n5'mph : ditto 
 
 Troja, a city "built on an eminence:" Torr, a hill. 
 
 Ufens, a river of Latium: Abh (obsolete), water. 
 
86 CELTIC OEIGIN OF 
 
 Ulubrse, a town of Latium : Burg, a town, 
 Undecemviri : Aon, o?je; deioli, iew; &v,men. 
 Uranus, the most ancient of the gods : Ard? high, 
 Urania, one of the Muses : ditto 
 
 ■= , a name of Venus : ditto 
 
 ^us, a termination of some names of rivers : Uisge, uis-ge, ivater. 
 
 Usciburgium, a town : Uisge ; burg, a toivn. 
 
 Uxii, a people living on the river Oroatis : Uisge? water, 
 
 V. Celtic h is sometimes changed to Latin F. 
 
 Val — , Vel — , Vol — , Vul — . Some names of towns begin with these : 
 
 Baile, a toicn. 
 Vatieanus, a hill at Eome, so named from vales, as once it was the 
 
 seat of Etruscan divination, Vati-canus : Faidh, a prophet ; ceann, 
 
 a head, a hill. Prophets' Hill. 
 Valentia, a name of Eome : Baile, a town. 
 
 a city in Gaul : ditto 
 
 a city in Spain : ditto 
 
 Velica, a town of the Cantabri : ditto 
 
 Velia, or Elia, a town of Campania : ditto 
 
 Velitree, a town of Latium : ditto 
 
 Velobrica, a town of the Nemetes : ditto 
 
 Velleiaticum, a place in Italy : ditto 
 
 Vellaunodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun. 
 
 Vejovis, or Vejupiter, a deity supposed to be the same as Jupiter the 
 
 infant, Ve-jovis : Beag, Utile. 
 Var — , Ver — . Some names of towns begin with these : Burg, a tou-n. 
 Vaiia, a town of Spain : Burg, a town. 
 
 Verbigenus, a town of the Celts : ditto 
 Vergium, a fort in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Verbinum, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Vergium, a town in Spain : ditto 
 
 Vercellse, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Verona, a towa in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Verreginuin, a town of the Volsci : ditto 
 Verrugo, a town of the Volsci : ditto 
 
 Verulamium, near St. Albans : ditto 
 
 Verovicum, Warwick : ditto 
 
 Verlucio, Westbury : ditto 
 
 Vertobrica, a town in Gaul : ditto 
 
 Versaliffi, Versailles : ditto 
 
 VerteriB, a town in Britain : ditto 
 
 Veresis, name of a river, Ver-esis . Uisge, water, 
 Vernemetis, the name of a temple in Gaul; 
 
 123 
 
 Fortunatus * says, it means •' a great temple " ; Ver-nem-et-is : 
 I 2 3 
 
 'M.or, great; naomh, /ioZj/; a.it&, a place. 
 Vernonemetum, a place in Britain ; Mor; naomh; aite. 
 Ver — , Vir — . The names of some natives of Gaul begin with these : 
 
 Fear, a man. 
 Vercingetorix, a Gaulish chief: Fear, a man; ceann, a head; righ, 
 
 a king. 
 Vergasillaunus, a general of VercingatorLx : Fear. 
 Vergobretus, a chief of the ^Edui: Fear, man; gu, to; breith, judge 
 
 (Macpherson). 
 
 '* See Prichard's Physic. Hist of Mankind, iii. 127, 
 
CLASSICAL rROPEll NAMES. 8' 
 
 Veritas : Fior, true. 
 
 ^'eragri, an Alpine tribe : Bar, a hcujhl. 
 
 Vestini, a mountaineer race of Italy: Dun, u liill. 
 
 Vicetia, a town ol' Gaul : Aite, a place. 
 
 Vigornia, Worcester: Cathair, a loicn. 
 
 Viudonissa, a town of the Helvetii: Dun, a liiU, n toint. 
 
 Vindunum, a town of Gaul : ditto 
 
 Yindoniagus, a town of Gaul : Magli, » phiin, a field. 
 
 — vi," an affix, meaning little, as in Divi : JBeag, lUUc. 
 Viadrus, a river of Germany : iJoir, walo: 
 Viadus, a river of Germany; Ad (obsolete) water. 
 Virdunum : Dun. 
 
 Vertumnus, the god of spring : Feur, gra>is. 
 Vii-iathus, a Lusitaniau : Fear, a man. 
 
 Viridomai'us, an Aiduan chief: Fear, a man; maor, one in authority. 
 Virtus : Feart, virtue. 
 Volturnua, name of a wind : Aile, air. 
 Volaterra;, a city of Etruria : Baile, a town. 
 
 Voltumnee Fanum, a place in Etruria : ditto 
 Volana, a town of the Samnites : ditto 
 
 Volanum, a place in Armenia: ditto 
 
 Voluba, Falmouth : ditto 
 
 Volubilis, a town in Africa : ditto 
 
 Volturnum, a town in Campania : ditto 
 
 Vulsiuium, a town in Etruria : ditto 
 
 Vulcanus: Buaill? strike. 
 Volffi, a town of the JSqui : Baile, a town. 
 
 In these etymological researches, I have derived aid from the fol- 
 lowing sources: — Buchanan, horn in the county of StLrling, and most 
 likely able to speak Gaelic, gives, in his History of Scotland, several 
 groups of names beginning with Dunum-, Burg-, Sec In the Dic- 
 tionarium Scoto-Celticum, published by the Highland Society of 
 Scotland (2 vols. 4to. Edin. 1828), there are various references to 
 proper names, and I have quoted Petit-Eadel, Falconet, Fenel, Mac- 
 pherson. Professor Murray, Dr. Prichard, and Archdeacon AVilliams. 
 
 For the sake of the young inquirer, I may mention that he will find 
 interesting matter on Celtic or on general philology in Monboddo's 
 Origin of Language ; Stewart's Gaelic Grammar ; Vans Kennedy on 
 the Languages of Asia and Europe ; Brodie on Articulate Sounds ; 
 Barclay's Sequel to the Diversions of Purley; and Maclean on the 
 Celtic Language. 
 
 The circumstance of my having now been some years absent from 
 Scotland in a colony (Canada), where in most parts, there is little 
 access to books, will explain my not referring to any publications on 
 Celtic subjects which may have lately appeared. Celtic literature 
 labours under this disadvantage, that of the few books which refer to 
 it, it generally happens that only a few copies are printed, so that 
 some works are seldom to be met with, and others are known only 
 by name. I may thus have been discovering derivations which have 
 already occurred to others; but I believe I have acknowledged all 
 the aid I have borrowed. 
 
 * Corresponding to the prefix ve— , as in vesanus. See Williams, in 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1836 ; vol. xiii. p. 64. 
 
88 CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 
 
 With regard to the application of these philological researches 
 to the purposes of history ; the -way to explain the Celtic part of 
 the Greek language, is by saying that the Pelasgi were Celts 
 (Herodotus i. 57), and that the Grecian race originally was in some 
 measure composed of them. 
 
 The Pelasgi in Italy, along with other tribes, contributed to the 
 formation of the Roman people; and thus the Latin tongue received 
 some Celtic words and names in a direct manner, while others were 
 introduced indirectly, through the medium of the Greek, from Latin 
 writers at a later day borrowing from the Greek, words, some of which 
 were from a Pelasgian or Celtic source. 
 
 Note. — June, 1870. The above has about forty more names o^ 
 places than it had when it appeared in 1845. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 
 
 OMIITEU IN TAllT riHST. 
 
 Affinis, related to: Buin, beloritj. 
 Abollg^rt robe: Feile, a^overing. 
 
 Acer;?rus, a heap ; a-cer-2lis, perhaps allied to Cairn, cair-u, a heap. 
 i^imulus, a rival : Amhuil, like. 
 
 Acerbus, hitler : Acliiar, sliarp ; searbli, biller, disagreeable. 
 Mque, as well : Agus, and. 
 
 — atus, a termination of adjective, as sagulatus: — ta, a termination 
 of Gaelic adjectives, as sgiobalfa.. 
 
 Barbaras : Borb, wild. 
 
 Bonus, rich. As pecuuia from pecus. At one time a person's wealth 
 
 was represented by the number of cattle he liad : Bo, a cow. 
 Balbus, stammering, Bolbutio: Beul, mouth; baoth, low, 
 Cano, sing : Can, sing, say. 
 Ccecus, blind: Caoch, blind. 
 Crista, a comb : Cir, the crest of a cod: 
 Cingo, encircle : Cuing, a yoke, bond. 
 Uurus, hard : Dur, hard. 
 Emacio, make lean: Beag, small. 
 'Erro, wander: Each, g'o. 
 Floreo, flo-reo : Blath, a flower. 
 Fulgeo, shine : Boillsg, gleam, flash. 
 Fero, hear; Far, give me, bring. 
 Fallo, deceive : Meall, deceive. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes omits initial s, 
 as ita, so, from sud, that. 
 Integer, from intego, to cover in : Ann, in ; tigh, house. 
 Integellus, a diminutive from integer. 
 Ingruo, invade with great force : Greigh, a herd. 
 Iracundus, irac-undus : Fearg, anger. 
 Interpreter: 'Ea.da.r, between ; radh, s/)eec7z. 
 Infesto, spoil, damage : Fas, u-aste, 
 — itia, a termination of nouns, as justitia : — adh, a termination of 
 
 Gaelic nouns. 
 Itero, to do'a second time: Ath, again. 
 Iterum, a second time : Ath, again ; am, time. 
 Inyenio, find: Fion, examine, investigate. 
 
90 APPENDIX TO CELTIC OEIGIN OF LATIN. 
 
 Invenustus : Bean, a tvoman. 
 
 — ior, a termination of the comparative degree of adjectives, as 
 
 mitis, meelc ; mitior, more meek : Fhearr, fearr, better, 
 Labo, labor: Lapaich, become feeble. 
 
 Malum, an apple, from melon ; Ball, a round object. 
 
 Mugio, to bellow : Bo, a cow. 
 
 Meo, go, from ce : Uidlie, a way. 
 
 Motus, moveo, move : Mochd, move. 
 
 Muto, change : Muth, change. 
 
 Metuo, fear : Meat, faint-hearted. 
 
 Mica, a crumb : Beag, little. 
 
 Maceo, grow lean : Beag, small. 
 
 Maritus, a husband : Fear, a man. 
 
 Mas, maris, a male : Fear, a man. 
 
 Oleo, to smell: Bol, smell. This has the same spelling but is a 
 
 different word from : — 
 Oleo, to grow : Al, nourish. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Latin sometimes changes initial 
 tiop; see porcus, per. 
 Porcus: Tor, a hog, a boar. 
 Per, through : Tre, through. 
 Prodo, betray : Brath, betray. 
 Pulvis, pul-vis, powder : Bleith, gri7id. 
 Puteus, a ivell, a pit : Pit, a holloio, 
 Palacra, a lump of gold as it is found. Pliny says it is a Spanish 
 
 word. Ball, a round object ; or, gold. 
 Palaestra, lorestling, 8,'c. : Euaill, strike. 
 Pelicanus, a bird of the sea ; Peli-can-us : Cuan, sea. 
 Quidam, some : Cuid, some. 
 
 Qualitas, quality: Cail, disposition, temper, quality. 
 Eigeo, freeze : Bag, stiff, benumbed. 
 Eucto : Eaoic, roar. 
 
 Sol, solis, so-lis, the sun : Soillse, light ; solus, light ; leus, light. 
 Storea, anything spread on the ground ; strages, Irp-, y, _„„„j 
 
 stramen, sterno, stratum, stratus. > ^"■> '"^ Q^ouna. 
 
 Sub — sus — under : Sios, dmvn. Is sus from sub, or sub from sus ? 
 Sinuo, to bend : Sin, extend. 
 Semper, always: Sior, always. Perhaps sior is the contraction of 
 
 some word now lost. 
 Sagum, a frock : Sac, a sack. 
 
 Sterno, to spread on the ground, ivom stereo : Tir, the ground, 
 Tollo, tuli, carry : Guilain, carry. 
 Turpis, deformed, huge : Garbh, rough. 
 Trabo, tracto, draw : Srac, tear, rob, spoil; tarruing, draw. 
 
 — uesce, a termination of some verbs, as languesco : Fhas, fas, grow. 
 
 Velo, clothe ; Feile, a covering. Although it has the same spelling, 
 
 perhaps this is a different word from — 
 Velo, conceal : Folaich, hide, conceal. 
 Verto, turn : Fiar, bend, twist. 
 Vulpes, a fox, vul-pes : Faol, a wolf. 
 Vesper, evening : Fiar, the ivest. 
 
 Zona., a girdle Zonarius, Zonula: Ceangal, cean-gal, cnczVcZe. 
 Zephyrus, life-hearing: Beatha, life; beu-, carry. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GEEEK. 
 
 OMITTED IN TART SECOND. 
 
 ALPHA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes : — 
 prefixes a ; see ari, ame, athreo : 
 omits initial I; as ado, celebrate from luaidh, praise : 
 omits initial vi ; as aloar, grind from meil, grind. 
 
 Aristos, best from Ares : Ar, battle. 
 
 kves, the Greek god of war : Ar, battle. 
 
 Ariston, a repast ; artos, bread : Aran, bread. 
 
 Arrhen, a male : Fear, a man. 
 
 Asia, marshy, icet : Uisge, water. 
 
 Apheles, perhaps two words, simple : A privative ; feall, deceive. 
 
 Apheles, sjna7Z: C&o\, small. { c to p; p to ph.) 
 
 Apliia, apliias, a kind of plant : Fas, grotu, 
 
 Aulos, a pipe : Caol, small. 
 
 Aulos, a dart : Buaill, throw. 
 
 Aulon, a valley : Caol, narrow. 
 
 Anion, a meadoiv : Cluain, a lawn. 
 
 Autos, himself : Sud, demonstrative pronoun, that. 
 
 Amos, ivhen : Am, time. 
 
 h.Tploos, simple: A, privative: &ll, fold. 
 
 Arithmos, a number : Aireamh, number. 
 
 Aithreo, see : Dearc : see. { dto t; t to th : a prefixed. ) 
 
 Aimullo, deceive: Meall, deceive. 
 
 Aiousa, hearing : Eisd, hear. 
 
 Aipeine, heights : Beann, a hill. 
 
 Aisso, rush : perhaps allied to Uisge, ivater. 
 
 Aigialos, the sliore : Ach, a mound or bank; sal, the sea, 
 
 Aleo, grind; MeJl, grind. 
 
 Aleo, avoid ; Eile, another. 
 
 Alexo, drive away, ^-c. : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Aleotes, a collection : Uile, all. 
 
 Aeido, celebrate : Luaidh, praise. 
 
 Ainos, praise, assent : Can, sing, say. 
 
 Achlus, darkness, Ach-lus: Ach — , ak — , privative ; leus, light, 
 
 Alon, a threshing-floor Buaill, strike, beat. 
 
 k\di,os, blind : A, privative ; lens, light. 
 
 Aloa^, aloiao, bndse : Meil, grind. 
 
 riiitipniiimi 
 
92 APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 BETA. 
 Bluzo, throiv water : Buaill, throw : uisge, ivaier. 
 Elastano, germinate, bla-stano : Bileach, a leaf. 
 Be, a shout : Eigh, a shout. 
 Blosko, grow, blo-sko : Bileach, a leaf. 
 Brazo, brasso, to be hot : Brath, fire. 
 Brithus, great : Mor, great. 
 
 GAMMA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes g, ge, 
 or go ; and sometimes prefixes both go and g : see gelao, gelaso, 
 gerus, grasses, gruzo, gogguzo. 
 Geruo, sound : Radh, speech. 
 
 Grasses, clamour : ditto 
 
 Gruzo, si^eaTc softly : ditto 
 
 Gogguzo, mc^ce a noise like running ivaier : Uisge, water. 
 Gualon, a hallow : Cladh, a trench. 
 Ga.0, produce, bring forth, grow : Ce, the earth. 
 Genos, a nation : CieS!eadh, a nation. 
 Geyia,?,, profit: Greigh, a herd. At one time, wealth was represented 
 
 by flocks and herds. 
 Geras, prey : Greigh, a herd. At one period of society, plundering was 
 
 chiefly the driving off of cattle. 
 Gortos, quick : Grad, move quickly. 
 Gorgeuo, to horrify : Garbh, rough, savage. 
 Glazo, to call : Glaodh, call. 
 Gregoreo, to loatcli. At first applied to watching flocks; Greigb, a 
 
 herd. ^ 
 
 Gune, a ivoman : Coinne (obsolete), a ivsCman. 
 Ge]ihuv3,, abridge: Ce, earth; heir, carry. Or from heir, carry, and 
 
 ge, prefixed. 
 
 DELTA. 
 Diemos, fear : Tiom, afraid. 
 DiTgloos, double : Da. two; Gl\t,afold. 
 Dipsos, thirst : Di, tuant ; uisge, water. 
 Deido, fear: Biuid, timid. 
 
 EPSILON. 
 Eteros, fflno/Zifi)' : Su.d,that; — ar, fhear, fear, ??ia?i. 
 Eschatos, the last, es-ehatos : Ais, backwards. 
 Ethelo, wish : Aill, will, desire. 
 Eikei, there : Aig, at. 
 Elaion, oil : Ola, oil. 
 Eris, strife : Ar, battle. 
 Ereido, make firm, er-eido : Tir, the ground. 
 Eima, a garment : Uim, around. 
 
 ETA. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial b, 
 as eon from beaun, hekastos /rom beag. 
 Eon, the shore, a bank: Beann, a hill. 
 Hekistos, smallest : Beag, small. 
 Hen, if: An, if. 
 Emos, ivhen : Am, time ; the counter-word is temos, then ; an t' am, 
 
 the time. 
 
 THETA. 
 Thalassa, the sea, th-al-assa: th is preflsed; — al from Sal, salt; — assa 
 
Ai'i'iiNOix lo u'ii.m Kiiii.KN ui- <-..i;i.i;k. '.'•; 
 
 IOTA. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, tlio Grcclv souutinits miiiu iiiitiul .«, 
 
 us illosy'/ow suil. 
 Ill adopting a Celtic word, tlie t-ircclc sdiiiclinics prefixes (', us 
 idriio, from tir. 
 lUos, the eye : Suil, (he eye. 
 Idruo, /() place, make Jinn: 'I'ir, Uir graunil. 
 Jon, alotic: Aon, one. 
 lege, noise : Eigh, a shout. 
 
 — ides, a termination of some nouns and signifying the suns of, us 
 Oenieides, the sons of Oeneus ; — ides, from paides. imis : Taisd, 
 (I child. 
 
 KAPPA. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes prefixes /.-, as 
 ktizo, build from tigh, a hausr ; kuo from uamh, « vaiw ; ktaomi 
 1 jiossc.ss from ta ag mi ; kalos, J<iir from ailne, Invdy; kio, flo 
 from uidhe, a way. And sometimes does this in a double 
 manner, as kokus, kokuso, /" icccji, to dniji, from uisgo, water. 
 Korusso, invira.'ic : Garbh, thick, not t/lntdrr. 
 Karcharos, rough, kar-char-os ; Garbli, rough ; garbli, rough. 
 
 (The word repeated.) 
 Ivloios, a collar: Caol, narrow, small. 
 Kolazo, restrain: Cul, back, behind. 
 Kolono, diminish: Ca,ol, small. 
 
 Koclilos, a shell, kochlias, kochliasion ; Cuach, a cup. 
 Krios, a ram : Eeithe, a ram. 
 Ktaomai, I possess: Ta aig mi, I possess; agam, / ji^isscos; aig mi, 
 
 I possess. 
 Kudos, praise, kudiazo, kudiao: from or allied to ode, ueido, '." Mug, 
 
 to praise: Luaidh, /»n«'se ; i omitted by the Greek. 
 IvvlYLos, feeble: CM, weak. 
 Koti, what : Ciod, what. 
 Kolos, noise : Glaodh, call. 
 
 LAMBDA. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial c, 
 as laia/>-om cli; leimon /com cluaiu ; leis .from cliath ; lissomai 
 from cli. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial g, 
 as la, an intensive prefix, /coHt gle au intensive prefix. 
 Lochos, a cohort : Luchd, people. 
 Logia, an assembly: Luchd, peop/e. 
 Lego, speak : lolaeh, io-lach, a cry. 
 Lao, see, laoso : Leiis, light. 
 Leimon, a meadow : Cluain, a lawn. 
 Leitos, public : Luchd, people. 
 
 Leis, leidos, booty, also a number of cattle: Cliath, a body, a multitude. 
 At an early period of society, booty or plunder consisted in 
 driving off cattle. 
 Litos, simple, low : Cli, humble, slow. 
 La, an intensive prefix-. Gle, an intensive prefix. 
 Laia, lejl : Cli, left. 
 
 Leuos, a hollow jjlace in a meadow : Liune, a marsli. 
 Lapto, to drink, to lap : Liob, lip. 
 Leimaino, to smoothe: Liomh, smooth. 
 Leibo, to pour : Liob, lip. 
 Lagetes, a leader of the people : Luchd, people. 
 Lissomai, beseech : Cli, humble. 
 
d-L APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GEEEK. 
 
 MU. 
 In adopting a Celtic word the Greek sometimes cliauges / to m : 
 as mestos /;-o))i fas; miiihos from faidh. 
 Mestos, full, replenished : Eas, grow, increase. 
 Muthos, a smjhig, a prediction : Faidh, a prophet. 
 Melon, the mamma ; Maol, a rounded summit. 
 Memo, io gather in a heep : Mor, great. 
 Malon, an apple: Ball, a round object. 
 Mormuro, to murmur, also io inundate : Muii', the sea. 
 Mon, if: An, if, 
 Marnamai, to fight : Ar, battle. 
 Me, not : Mi, not. 
 Medeis, no one : Mi, not; aon, one. 
 
 ^^ OMIKRON. 
 Opora, autumn, the'firsl of trees, o-pora: Beir, to hear. 
 Oaros, conversation : Eadh, speech. 
 OYigos, few; perhaps o is privative : Ijuchd, people. 
 Oneidos, praise, on-eid-os : Luaidh, praise. Like ode, aeido ; I being 
 
 omitted, 
 Opiso, backwards, op-iso : Ais, backwards. 
 Orusso, dig : Tir, the ground. 
 
 OchvoB, pallid: Riochd, a person of a wan appearance. 
 Oruo, to howl: Eadh, speech. 
 Olios, the hollov) of the arm : Uilean, the elbow. 
 Oigo, oiso, open, oix-o : Fosgail, fosg-ail, open ; f prefixed. 
 On, not: Cha,, not (pronounced ha). 
 Oudas, the ground : Fod, turf, a sod. 
 Oaros, an overseer: Dearc, see. 
 Olhos, wealth, olhios, ivealthg: Vile, all, many ; ho, a cow. At one time 
 
 wealth consisted in the number of one's cattle: like pecunia 
 
 from pecus. 
 
 PI. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c to p ; perhaps in the middle of a word it does the same, as 
 hippos /com each. 
 Para, above, near, across. Perhaps there are three words here having 
 
 the same spelling, but a different meaning and derivation: — 
 Para, above : Bar, top. 
 Para, near : Eoi, before. 
 Para, across : Tar, across, 
 Pera, above, beyond. Perhaps there are two words here having the 
 
 same spelling, but a different meaning and derivation : 
 Pera, above : Bar, top. 
 Pera, beyond : Tar, across. 
 Peri. Perhaps there are five words having this spelling, but a different 
 
 meaning and derivation : 
 Peri, around : Cuairt, a circle. 
 Peri, before : Eoi, before. 
 Peri, intensive prefix very : Eo, very. 
 Peri, meaning to excel as in pereimi, io excel : Bar, top. 
 Peri, through: Troimh, through. 
 Pro. Perhaps these are two words here, having the same spelling 
 
 but a different meaning and derivation : 
 Pro, before- Eoi, before. 
 Pro, intensive prefix : Eo, very. 
 
APPENDIX TO CELTIC OPJGIX OP (lUEEK. ilO 
 
 Polios, white: Geal, white. 
 
 Polos, the ijouiij/ of any animal : Caol, small. 
 
 Polos, afual, a youiiii horse: Caol, small; or capull, cii-iiull, a mare. 
 
 TturOj/rii/htcn: Crith, choke. Celtic c changed to t, iiuJ p pretixed. 
 
 Passo, sprinkle : Uisge, water. 
 
 Vali, formerli/ : perhaps from Cul, behind. 
 
 Pale, pnlin, backwards: Cul, behind. 
 
 V&le, the finest flour: pollen: Caol, small, fme. 
 
 Pale, strife, palaistra ; Buaill, strike. 
 
 Pelikan, a bird of the sea, peli-kan ; Cuan, the sea. 
 
 Pelus, pelukus, an a.ve : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Pelor, a monster : Ball, a member of society, (J-c: — or, mhor, mor, great. 
 
 PylOB, a general name among the Greeks for any narrow 2>ass: Bealach,o 
 
 pass ; caol, narrow. 
 Penia, poverty, want : Caoin, lament. 
 Pio, piso, drink, allied to Misg, drunken7iess. 
 Polus, many, all : Uile, all. 
 Portheo, lay waste. The easiest way of doing so was by fire : Erath, 
 
 fire, 
 Poros, a ferry : Frith, a Jirth ; or, heir, carry. 
 Porthmos, a^riA : ¥vi\h,afirth. Frith-muir, or frith-mara, unarm 
 
 of the sea. 
 Prophetes, a prophet : Faidh, a prophet. 
 Phatizo, / say : Faidh, a prophet. 
 
 Pheme,/am«, from phemi, say, from phao ; Faidh, a prophet, 
 Phelos, an impostor: Feall, deceive. 
 Pelei, it is near: Le, with, along with. (Greek sometimes prefixes p, 
 
 01- pc, ov pi to Celtic words). 
 Peisos, a moist spot : Uisge, water. 
 Preten, a lamb : Eeithe, a ram. 
 Prepo, I excel : Bar, top. 
 
 RHO. 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes omits initial 4 ; 
 as rhno frovi saor; vheo from srac ; rhin from sron. Some- 
 times omits initial 6; as rliesso//'om bris. 
 Rhuo,/ree: Sa.01; free. 
 Eheo draiv : Srac, rob, tear, 
 Ehos, head, top : Eos, a promontory. 
 
 SIGMA. 
 Seio, move, shake; seuo, agitate: HaXh, thrust, push. 
 Sitos,/oofZ : Ilh, eat. 
 
 Smarageo, to resound, to roar (like the sea?) : Muir, mara, the sea. 
 Stoa, a porch, a house : Tigh, a house. 
 Stulos, a column. Perhaps from Caol, slender (c changed to t, and s 
 
 prefixed). 
 Sphen, a wedge: Geinue, a wedge ( g changed to p ; p to ph; and s 
 
 prefixed). 
 Stereos, solid: Tii', the ground. 
 
 Sigao, to be silent : Sith, quietness ( perha^is sith ought to sigh. ) 
 Storeo, spread on the ground : Tir, the ground. 
 Saleuo, move like the sea : Sal, the sea. 
 
 TAU. 
 
 Tarbos,/ear, tremble: Crith, shake. 
 Tereo, to bore : Car, a turn. 
 
!ir, APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 
 
 Terma, a foundry: Doiv, ivater. 
 Terpo, to please, ter-po : Gradb, luve. 
 
 UPSILON. 
 
 Hiipo, liupho, )(?u/er; hupho, as in huplioras; Ini-pho : Fo, unrl 
 Hugies, 1/00(1, lucky: Aqh,joi/,fellci(>/. 
 
 PHI. 
 Phlao, beat : Buaill, strike. 
 
 Phlego, phlexo, burn, illuminate, ph-lexo: Lens, lii/ht. 
 Plireo, emit : Beir, carry, 
 Plirike, /««;■ : Crith, shake. 
 Phtlioggos, a tongue : Teanga, a tongue. 
 
 PSI. 
 Psallo, strike gently: Buaill, strike (b to p ; p to ^)s). 
 Psias, psiados, a drop of water, ps-iad-os : Ad, (obsolete) water. 
 Psilos, small : Gaol, small (c top; p to ps). 
 Psix, a crumb : Beag, small (6 to p ; p to ps). 
 Psocho, break small : Beag, small. 
 
 Psuche, life, the soul : Beo, alive; beatha, life {b to p ; p to ps ). 
 Psellos, stammering : Beul, the mouth ( b to p ; p to ps). 
 
 OMEGA. 
 Ode, an ode : Luaidh, praise ( I profixo 4)- ^r^-'-zJ-^^S^J • 
 Odune, desire much : Dian, eager, vehement. 
 Obea, eggs : Ubh, an egg. 
 O&zo, hear: FAsA,hear. 
 
 Araios, araion, thin, narrow : Crion, small. 
 
 Arneomai, deny, ar-neo-mai: Neo, 7iot. 
 
 Blema, a coverlet : Feile, a covering. 
 
 Bregma, the top of the head : Bar, top. 
 
 Brabeus, a Judge, bra-beus : Breitb, j«(?!/??!^n/. 
 
 Enos, a year: Eang, a year. 
 
 Eri, intensive prefix. There are two words here, having the same 
 
 spelling, bat a different meaning and derivation : — 
 Eri, very: lio, very. 
 Eri, high : Ard, high. 
 
 Erinus, or Fury, an avenging deity: Ac, battle, slaughter. 
 Eris, tlie goddess of strife: Ar, battle. 
 Eune, a sleeping-place : Suain, sleep. 
 Ethos, an accustomed place : Aite, a place. 
 
 In adopting a Celtic word, the Greek sometimes changes initial 
 c and g to th (as it clianges c and g to t) • see thranos, threo, 
 threnos, 
 Thranos, a bench : Crann, a beam, 
 Threo, to wail : Gaoir, noise, pain. 
 Threnos, wailing: Coronach, the lamefUfor the dead. 
 Skaios, left : Sgiath, a shield (carried on the left arm or in the left 
 
 hand.) 
 Opazo, tofolhnv, op-azo: Ais, behind. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ESSAYS AND PAPERS BY THOMAS STRATTON, 
 
 M.l>. of the Univcmly (if Edinbuiyli, I .lit,/Hsl, 18;!7.- 
 
 Licnl'mtc of the Royal Colleijc of Sui-jjcom of Kdinhunjh, 1 « Ainll, 1837 ; 
 
 Slaff-Surgeon, Royal Navy, 13 May, 1859 ; 
 
 Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets, T> June, 1867. 
 
 in'DJLISIfED IN THK F.DINllURGII JIEDICAI, AND SURGICAI. JOUBNAL,. 
 
 1. f'ase of Anthracosis, or Black Infiltration of the whole Lungs. 
 
 Number for April, 1838. 
 
 2. On the Lake Fever of Canada. Apnl, 1841. 
 8. On the Winter-Hydrophobia of Canada. April, 1842. 
 
 4. An Account of Twenty-two Cases of Gun-shot Wounds received 
 
 in Canada in 1838. " October, 1842. 
 
 5. On the Comparative Frequency of the Morning and Evening 
 
 Pulse. January, 1843. 
 
 0. On the Existence of Entozoa in the Shut Cavities of Living 
 
 Animals; with a Case. ./"((iy, 1843. 
 
 7. On the Employment of Belladonna in Trismus and Hydro- 
 
 phobia. July, 1843. 
 
 8. On Glossitis and Delirium Tremens. October, 1843, 
 0. Case of Asthmatic Ague. October, 1843. 
 
 10. Proposal of a New Scale for the Graduating of Thermometers. 
 
 January, 1844. 
 
 11. On the Plate of Mortality in the Medical Department of the 
 
 British Navy for Twenty-five years. January, 1844. 
 
 12. On Quotidian Intermittent Fever. April, 1844. 
 
 13. Additional Notes on a Proposed New Thermometric Scale. 
 
 July, 1844. 
 
 14. On Tertian Intermittent Fever. April, ISV). 
 
 15. Notice of an Ex>idemic of Scarlet Fever and Scarlet Sore Throat 
 
 which prevailed in 1843-41. April, 1845. 
 
 16. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1845. 
 
 Part I. On Malarial Continued Fever. July, 1845. 
 
 17. Case of Gun-shot Wound, and Excision of the Head of the 
 
 Humerus. January, 1846. 
 
 18. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1816. 
 
 Part TI. Analysis of Repeated Attacks in the same Individual. 
 
 July, 1846. 
 
98 APPENDIX. 
 
 19. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1843 and 1844.- 
 
 January, 1847. 
 
 20. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1845. July, 1847. 
 
 21. On the Comparative Deodorizing Powers of the Disinfecting 
 
 Fluids of Sir William Burnett, and of Mr. Ledoyen. 
 
 January, 1844. 
 33. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1846 and 1847. 
 
 January, 1848. 
 
 23. Piemarks on the Sickness and Mortality among the Emigrants 
 
 to Canada in 1847, and Suggestions for an improved Method 
 of Regulating Future Emigration. July, 1848. 
 
 24. Eemarks on Antiseption, Deodorization and Disinfection, and 
 
 on Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid, the Solution of 
 the Chloride of Ziue. October, 1848. 
 
 25. Cases of Piocovery from Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and 
 
 the Proposal of an Antidote for this Poison. October, 1848. 
 
 36. Additional Notes on the Sickness and Mortality among the 
 Emigrants to Canada in 1847. January, 1849. 
 
 27. Contribution to an Account of the Diseases of the North 
 
 American Indians, Jjml, 1849. 
 
 28. On tlie Comparative Therapeutic Powers of Quinine and 
 
 Bebeerine. October, 1849. 
 
 39. Medical Eemarks on Emigrant Ships to North America. 
 
 January, 1850. 
 
 80. History of the Epidemic Cholera in Chatham and Eochester 
 in 1849. Ajml, 1851. 
 
 31. Notice of the Chatham and Eochester Leper Hospital, 
 
 July, 1851. 
 
 32. On the British Naval Medical Department, and that of the 
 
 United States. January, 1852, 
 
 33. On the Employment of a Loog Flexible Stethescope for Self- 
 
 auscultation. January, 1852. 
 
 34. Additional Eemarks on Naval Medical Mortality for Ten Years. 
 
 January, 1858. 
 
 35. Meteorological Observations in Prince-Edward Island, in 1851. 
 
 April, 1853. 
 
 36. Statistics of Shipwreck-Mortality in the British Navy for Fifty- 
 
 seven Years. July, 1853. 
 
 87. On Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and on a lately-published 
 
 Case thereof; with Notes of Eight Cases. July, 1854. 
 
 38. On the Bate of Mortality, in the Medical Department of the 
 
 British Navy, for the Nine years ending in 1860. March, 186 1 . 
 Likewise other Communications in the Numbers for January, 1849 ; 
 
 July, 1843 ; Ajjril, 1850 ; and April, 1853. 
 
APPENDIX— BrBLTOGRA.PHY. nO 
 
 Eeid's Bibliotlieca Scoto-Celtica, or an Account of all tho Books 
 which have been printed in the Gaelic Language, Glasgow, 1832. 
 72 and 178 pages. J2/- 
 
 Tt is much to be desired that we had an edition brought down to 
 the pi-esent tiuie. 
 
 The Poems of Ossian, in the Original Gaelic, with a Latin translation 
 by Robert IMrtcfarhui, A.M., an Essay by Sir John Sincloir, Bart., and 
 Notes by John Macarthur, L.L.U. Published by the Highland 
 Society of London. London, 1807. 3 vols. 8vo. 42/- 
 
 Some of Ossian's Lesser Poems, rendered into verse, with an 
 Essay, &c. by Archibald Macdonald. Liverpool and London, 1800. 
 28i pages. 
 
 Dartliubi, a Poem of Ossian, rendered into Blank Verse by — Burke. 
 
 Diirthula, a Poem of Ossian, translated into Greek by the Hon. and 
 Kev. William Herbert, Dean of Manchester. 
 
 Macgregor's Genuine Poems of Ossian, 1841. 
 
 Concise Historical Proofs respecting the Gael of Alban, and the 
 Highlanders of Scotland, by Colonel James A. Robertson. Second 
 Edition, 1850. 542 pages. 6/- This is a most interesting work. 
 
 The Gaelic Topography of Scotland, by Col. James A. Robertson, 
 1859. 544 pages. 7/6. The author deserves well of all Highlanders. 
 
 Words and Places by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, A.M. 2 vols., London, 
 lf-i[)4. This admirable work was first seen by me in January, 1869. 
 The writer takes comprehensive views. It is one of the most im- 
 portant xmblications relating to Celtic Literature. 
 
 The Gaelic Language, its Classical Affinities and Distinctive Cha- 
 racter; a Lecture by John Stuart Blaokie, F.R.S.E,, Prof, of Greek 
 in the University of Edinburgh. Edinb., Edmonstou and Douglas, 
 1864. 32 pages. I have taken four or five derivations from this 
 instructive pamphlet. 
 
 In the Dublin University Magazine for October and Decembei-, 
 1869, and January, 1870, ai-e articles on Celtic subjects. 
 
 Macalpine's Gaelic-English Dictionary. 5/- 
 
 Macalpine's English-Gaelic Dictionary. 5/- 
 
 Bannister's Glossary of Cornish Names of Places. Printed by 
 — Netherton, Truro. To be in ten parts. Part fourth was published 
 in June, 1870, 
 
 Macalpiiie's Gaelic Grammar. 1/6. Forbes' Gaelic Grammar. 3/6. 
 
 Obermueller's German-Celtic Historical and Geographical Dic- 
 tionary, or Deutsch-Keltisohes Woerterbuch, Ludwig Deuicke, 
 Leipzig: Williams and Norgate, London and Edinburgh. 1867. 
 
 Stuart Glennie's Arthurian Localities in Scotland. 1870. 
 
 Edmunds' Names of Places in England and Wales. 1869. 7/6. 
 
 Joyce's Irish Names of Places. 1870. 7/6. 
 
 Patronimica Cornu-Britannica, or the Etymology of Cornish 
 Surnames by Charnock. 176 pages. 1870. 7/6. 
 
 On the Stady of Celtic Literature, by Matthew Arnold, 1867. 8/6. 
 
 The last eight works I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing. 
 Messrs. Maclachlan and Stewart, South Bridge, Edinburgh, issue a 
 list of Gaelic Books, Grammars, Dictionaries, and works relating to 
 Gaelic Literature, and to this list I beg to refer the young student of 
 the ancient language of Scotland. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 Is a branch of the Highland Society of London. In 1844, it held 
 its meetings at the town of Cornwall, on the left bank of the St. 
 Lawrence, eighty two miles above Jlontreal. The number of its 
 honorary members was limited to twelve ; on account of the Celtic 
 Origin of Greek and Latin, the Society in 1844 made me an honorary 
 member. An account of the Society by Archibald John Macdonnell, 
 of Greenfield, Canada, was published in 1844, by Armour & Eamsay, 
 Montreal. 
 
 THE GRAMPIAN CLUB (OF LONDON) 
 Was founded in the autumn of 1868, for printing some manuscripts 
 and original works relating to Scottish literature, history, and anti- 
 quities. In 1869, the work issued was Dr. Eogers' Scotland Scocial 
 and Domestic. One vol. 8vo., 380 pages. 
 
 For 1870, the Jacobite Lairds of Gash, 504 pages, appeared in June, 
 edited by Mr. Kington Oliphant; and in November, 1870, the Char- 
 tulary of Cambitslcenneih Abbey, will likely appear. The Piev. Charles 
 Rogers, L.L.D., is the honorary secretary. The honorary treasurer, 
 is Alfred Gliddon, Esq., City Bank, 159 Tottenham -Court Road, 
 London. In June, 1870, the Club has above a hundred members; as 
 one of them, I take this opportunity of helping to make known the 
 national objects it has in view. The expenses are limited to postages 
 and stationery. Of course the more members a Printing Club has, 
 the more it is able to publish. There is no limit to the number of 
 members. One guinea is the yearly payment, due in January, 
 
 June, 1870. 
 
 John Smith, Machine Printer, 40 & 41 Treville Street, Plymovth. 
 
Gaelic /Boohs Sold by Maclachlan and Stewart. 
 
 History of Animals Named in the Bible, 
 
 History of Prince Charles, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 
 Uitto ditto cheap edition., sewed, 
 
 History of Joseph, sewed, 
 
 Innes' Instruction to Young Enquirers, 18mo, ... 
 Jacobite Songs, with Portrait of Prince Charles, 
 
 James' Anxious Enquirer, 12mo, 
 
 M'Alpine's Gaelic and English Pronouncing Dic- 
 tionary, with Gramma,r, 12mo, cloth, 
 ... Ditto ditto half bound calf, 10 
 
 ... Gaelic and English, separately, cloth, 
 . . . English and Gaelic, separately, cloth, 
 
 ... Gaelic Grammar, 12mo, cloth, 
 
 M'Callum's History of the Church of Christ, 8vo, 
 
 ... The Catholic or Universal Church, 
 
 Poems and Songs, 12mo, sewed, 
 
 M'Cheyne's (Rev.. R. M.) Another Lily Gathered, 
 
 sewed, 
 MaccoU's Mountain Minstrel, Clarsach Nam Beann, 
 iSmo, cloth. Is 6d. The same, English, ... 
 
 M'Diarmid's Sermons, 8vo, 
 
 M'Farlane's Manual of Devotion, 12mo, bound, 
 
 Life of Joseph, 18mo, cZo//;, 
 
 M'Intyre's (Duncan Ban) Poems and Songs, 18mo, 
 M'Intyre (Rev. D.) on the Antiquity of the Gaelic 
 Language ; showing its affinity to Hebrew, 
 Greek, and Latin, with Supplementary Essay, 
 Mackay's (Rob DonnJ Songs and Poems, 8vo, ... 
 Mackenzie's (A.) History of Scotland, Eachdraidh 
 
 na H-Alba, 12mo, cloth, 3 6 
 
 Macleod's (Rev. Dr) Caraid nan Gaidheal, or the 
 
 Highlander's Friend, 8vo, cloth, 16 6 
 
 . . . Sermon on the Life of the late ; by Rev. John 
 
 Darroch, 8vo, se?£;eJ, 1 
 
 M'Leod and Dewar's Gaelic Dictionary, 8vo, cloth, 10 6 
 M'Lauchlan's (Rev. Dr) Celtic Gleanings, or 
 Notices of the History and Literature of the 
 Scottish Gael (in English), fcap, 8vo, cloth, 2 6 
 M'Naughton (Peter) on the Authenticity of the 
 
 Poems of Ossian (in English), 8vo, 6 
 
 M'Gregor's (Rev. Dr) Hymns, 18mo, c/o^A, ... 8 
 
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 Gaelic Books Hold li// Miiclttddiin and t'^hirai-t. 
 
 iMacilonald's (Rev. l)r) Gaelic roeins, ISmo, clolli, 
 
 llyiiiiis, 18mo, t^eiccd, 
 
 Mackenzie's Beauties of Gaelic i'oetiy, rl. Hvo. ... 
 
 Gaelic Melodist, 3"2mo, 
 
 ]\I'Eaclierii's Life and Hymns, 12ino, sewed, 
 
 Mackay's Higidaiid Pipe Music, 35s. for 25 
 
 M'Lean's (Rev. D.) Hymns and Poems, ... 
 Macplierson's " Duanaire," a New Colleclioii of 
 
 Songs, &c., never before published, l8mo, cl. 2 
 Mountain Songster, the Choicest Collection of 
 Original and Selected Gaelic Songs now 
 known, 18mo, sewed, Cd ; j)er dozen 
 
 Muir's (Dr.) Sabbath Lessons, by Forbes, sewed, 
 
 Munro's Gaelic Grammar, ISmo, hound, 
 
 Gaelic Primer and Vocabulary, 12mo, ... 
 Selection of Gaelic Songs and Glees, with 
 
 Music, ISmo, boimd, 
 
 Old, The, Old Story, Gaelic and English, sewed, 
 Ossian's Poems, new edition, revised by Rev. Dr 
 
 M'Lauchlan, 18mo, cloth, 
 
 Pattison's Gaelic Bards, English Translation, 
 Peden's Two Sermons and Letters, 18mo, sewed. 
 Prayers and Admonitions, (series of t^ix, large type,) 
 
 in packets of 2 dozen, sor/erf, 
 
 Psalm Book, Smith's or Ross's, large type, 18mo, bd. 
 Do. Gaelic and English, Is. 6d. and 
 
 Ross's Shorter Catechism, Id ; per dozen, 
 
 Ross's (William) Gaelic Songs, 18mo, cloth, 
 
 Ryle's (Rev. J. C.) Peace \%e Still 
 
 Sinner's (The) Friend, 12mo, sewed, 
 
 Sixteen Short Sermons, 12mo, sewed, 
 
 Sinclair's Statement of the Breadalbane ("ase, ... 
 Spurgeon's Sermon, " Things that accompany Sal- 
 vation," 8vo 
 
 Sum of Saving Knowledge, 12mo, seiced 
 
 Thomson's (Dr) Sacramental Catechism, 1 8mo, sewed, 
 
 Watts' Divine Songs, with Cuts, 
 
 Whitfield's Sermons, ISmo, sewed, 
 
 Willison's Sacramental Catechism, 12mo, seyied, 
 BIBLES, TESTAMENTS. AND PSALM BOOKS, 
 VARIOUS PRICES, BINDINGS, AND SIZK.s. 
 
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