UBRARY OF CONGRESS ODDDSTTHbHA >°-n^. vO« ^'\ '•.^' /\ ™'' ^^"^- '•• > 't' so*. . .' J^-^K V •^1 ^..^" •'. q*. ••T .^"^^ .>V>^^. V.^^ .* ^ ' • • ' . u <• - - • ;♦ *(•• 4 Ox. .' ~ O. ♦ . . ' .0 ^ • ^. -l^/^f;* ^K o. %^ •^ov* ^..♦* .* ^..^^ ^^ >^^ ^^_ • ,.0- .0 "^^ '»,, ^^ .^'\ ♦ .*^ -^^^ ,** .'J.;^:. ■** »°v. ^•'.T' .<■' » _•«.' s-' »*Sg^^ AN INTEODUCTORY SCHOOL HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES, ARRANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN; TO WHICH ARE ADDED, THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CltJESTIONS AND EXPIiANATIONS. BY JOHN J. ANDERSOE NEW YOI '.K: OLARK & MAYNARD, , PUBLISHERS, No. 5 BARCLAY STREET. isor. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, By JOHN J. AKDEESON, 1 In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1S6G, by JOHN J. ANDEESON, In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Sou fhern District of New York. SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, BY JOHN J. ANDERSON, LATE PEINCIPAL OF GEAMMAE SCHOOL No. 81, NEW YORK CITY. 1, Anderson's Introductory History of the United States, arranged on the Catechetical plan; fully illustrated with maps; to which are added tlie Declara- tion of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 16mo. 160 pages. The above tcovk is intended/or Primary Classes, and those teachers thai wish the whole History in a condensed shape. 3. Anderson's School History of the United States, on the Catechetica! plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 16mo. 320 pages. 3. Anderson's School History, Part I., being the history of the United States to the close of the Eevolution. 16mo. ISS pages. TTiia hook is particularhj intended for Junior Classes in large graded Schonh. 4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United States ; to which are added the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States wiib questions and explanations. Beautifully illustrated with 40 maps, and over 150 portraits, vignettes, &c. 12mo. 352 pages. The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and High Schools. Publislied by CLARK & MAYNARD, No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. tnt PREFACE. This little work has been prepared at tlie suggestion of a number of teachers. Altbougb the School History, one of the series already put forth by the author, is deemed to be well calculated for class-room instruction, it was thought that a history dealing in less detail would be more acceptable as a first book. This, therefore, is not designed to take the place of the School His- tory, but to be, as its title indicates, an introductory thereto. Tlie system of maps and map questions, combin- ing the geography with the chronology of the nar- rative, has been fully preserved, together with the plan of review questions. These, the distinctive features of the author's previous histories, having been extensively tried and approved, need not here be commended to notice. After seventeen years' experience as Principal of 6 PREFACE. one of the large Grammar Schools in the city of New York, and, during that time, being constantly engaged in teaching history, the author feels that he can offer this little work to instructors in the con- fident belief that wherever it is used with thor- oughness, and in conformity with its plan, it will pi*oduce satisfactory results. TO ILLUSTRATE 1?T SECTION, OISCOVERIES EXPLORATIONS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. Discoveries and Explorations. EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOYERY OF AMERICA, EST 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1607. Map Questions. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, page S.) In what direction is Guana- hani, or Cat Island, from Cuba? Labrador from Cuba? Florida from Porto Rico? Carolina from St. Domingo? Yucatan from Cuba? Tampa Bay from Cuba? The Mississippi from Tampa Bay? Newfoundland from Nova Scotia? Describe the St. Lawrence River. Where is New Brunswick ? Port Royal entrance.? St. John's River? Albemarle Sound? Pamlico Sound ? What island between the two sounds ? Where are the West Indies ? Where is the Kennebec River ? Cape Cod ? Wlien, and ly whom, was America discovered ? America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. What prompted Golmnbus to make a wyage westward f Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that by sail- ing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the usual route by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. By whom was he assisted in Ms undertaking ? After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa and the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isa- bella, Queen of Spain. What land did he first discover? The first land discovered by him was one of the Bahama 1* 10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. Islands, called by the natives Guanahani (g%oah-nah-hah'-ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador. It is now known as Cat Island. What voyages and discoveries did Columbus afterward make ? He made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which his discoveries were confined to the islands be- tween North and South America. In his next, made in 1498, he discovered the mainland at the mouth of the river Orinoco. And in his last, he examined the coast of Darien ; but he never knew that he had discovered a new continent. By wliom, and in what region, was the continent visited in 1499 ? In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci {a-md-re' -go ves-2^oot'-she), a Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of South America; and, in 1501, he made a second voyage to the same regions. WTiy was the name of America given to the New World f Vespucci prepared accounts of the two voyages made by him, in which he claimed to be the first European that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of this claim, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it w^as called America. WJiat discoveries and explorations were made ly tlie Cabots ? In 1497, John Cabot (kab^-bot), and his son Sebastian, while Bailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, dis- covered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to dis- cover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast from Labrador to Chesa- peake Bay was explored. What visionary enterprise was undertaken by Ponce de Leon ? Ponce de Leon {pon'-thd da la-on'), an aged Spaniard, sailed DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 from Porto Rico (re'-co) in search of a wonderful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its waters. What can you state of a discovery made ly Mm ? After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, an un- known land. From the abundance of flowers with which its forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida {jpaW- scoo-ah Jlo-re-dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. Wiat further can you state in relation to Be Leon ? Several years after, he went again to Florida, this time to make a settlement ; but in an attack made by the natives he was mortally wounded, and his followers were killed or driven back to their ships. Wliat expedition in tlie mean time Jiad teen made to Carolina ? Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De Ay lion {da ail' -yon) ; the first, in 1520, having for its object the seizure of natives to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo ; the second, to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful. What can you state of the discovery and conquest of Mexico f In 1517, Cordova {kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, and ex- plored the northern coast of Yucatan. Afterward, Cortez, who had been sent by the governor of Cuba, succeeded in con- quering the Mexicans; and their country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. What expedition was undertaken hy Narvaez ? Narvaez {nar-vah' -eth)^ believing Florida to be a land of great wealth, sailed from Cuba in 1528 to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved disastrous ; for of the three hundred 12 DISOOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. men who penetrated the wild reo;ions, only four, after years of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. What statement did the four men make, and with ichat result ? The four men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto {da so'-to). Give an account of the commencement of Be Soto's expedition. With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of six hun- dred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, whence he pro- ceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior. Give a further account. After wandering for nearly three years, during which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the great river which he had discovered. What became of Be Soto's foUoicers f After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his followers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico, until they reached a Spanish settlement. What did Verrazzani accomplish ? In 1524, Verrazzani [va-rat-tsah'-ne)^ a Florentine navigator sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland [new' -fund-land). To the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New France, a name which was afterward restricted to the territory of Canada. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 Wruit did Cartier accomplish? In 1534, and the following year, James Cartier [car-te-a') md,de two voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the name of the king of France. Afterward the territory now in- cluded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and adjacent islands, was called Acadia. What attempts at settlement were made ly the Huguenots f The Huguenots, or French Protestants, actuated by a desire to establish in America a place of refuge for their people, made two settlements, one at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, in 1562 ; and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida, in 1564. What can you state of the settlement at Port Royal entrance ? A fort was built by the settlers of 1562, and twenty-six men were left to keep possession of the country, while the others, with John Ribault (re-bo'), their commander, returned to France for reinforcements. The promised aid not arriving, the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. What can you state of the settlement on the St. John's River ? The Huguenots, on the St. John's, were surprised by a Spanish force under Melendez {tnd-len'-deth), and massacred. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? In a little more than two years after, De Gourges {du-goorg), of France, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's, and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. What can you state of Gilbert's expedition in 1583 ? In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. He landed at New- foundland, but made no attempt at settlement. While return- ing to England, his ship foundered, and he was drowned. 14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 'What expedition did RaleigJi send in 1584 ? Sir Walter Baleigli {raw'-le)^ not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the com- mand of Amidas and Barlow. What was the result f The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took possession of the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after traffick- ing with the natives, returned to England. How did their account affect the queen ? So glowing an account did they give of the country, that Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. What was afterward done ly Raleigh to plant a colony in America ? Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony on Roanoke Island; one, under Ralph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. What account can you give of the first ? The colonists, under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped at the island on his way from the West Indies. What account can you give of the second attempt f White did not remain long at Roanoke. He went to En- gland for supplies ; but when he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. What division, of America was made by King Jaines in 1606 ? In 1606, James L, of England, divided that portion of America between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude into two divisions. The northern, called North DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 Virginia, lie granted to the Plymouth Company; and the southern, called South Virginia, to the London Company. What attempt did the Plymouth Co. make to form a settlement? In 1607 the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, "who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but a series of disasters discouraged them, and they returned to England. What success did the London Company have ? The London Company were successful. They sent more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roan- oke, but a storm carried the vessels further north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named the James River, they se- lected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries. (See pp. 9, 10.)— 2. Of Vespucci and his voyages. (10.) — 3. Of the Cabots and their voyages. — 4. Of De Leon and his voyages. (10, 11.) — 6. Of De Ayllon and his voy- ages. (11.)— 7. Of Narvaez's expedition. (11, 12.)— 8. Of De Soto's expedition. (12.) — 9. Of Verrazzani's explorations. — 10. Of Cartier's discoveries and explorations. (13.)— 11. Of the Huguenot settlement at Port Eoyal en- trance. — 12. Of the one in Florida. — 13. Which is the oldest settlement in the United States ? Ans. St. Augustine, Florida, settled by the Span- iards in 1565. — 14. Give an account of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow. (14.)— 15. Of the first attempt to settle Roanoke Island.— 15. Ot the second attempt. — 16. Of the attempt to plant a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec. (14, 15.) — 17. Of the success of the London Company. (15.) — 18. Did Columbus ^ver know he had discovered America? (10.) — 19. What land did he believe he had discovered? (9.) — 20. Why was not this country called Columbus, or Columbia? (10.) — 21. When was Labra- dor discovered? — 22. By whom? — 23. The Mississippi River ? (12.)— 24. By whom?— 25. The St. Lawrence ? (13.)— 26. By whom?— 27. Florida? (11.)— 28. By whom?— 29. Mexico?— 30. By whom? 16 COLONIAL HISTORY. SECTION II Colonial History. EXTENDING FEOM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THF COAOIENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. Map Questions. How is Jamestown situated? "What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay? What two rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay ? In wliat direction from James- town are the Bermuda Islands? (See map, p. SO.) When and where was Vivginia first settled ? The first settlement in Virginia was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of the London Company. COLONIAL HISTORY. If How was the colony at first governed ? The colony was governed under a charter granted by James L, the supreme government being vested in a council resident in England, and the local government in a colonial council of seven persons appointed by the king. How did the colony succeed f At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of pro- visions, the hostility of the natives, the want of industrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal to its existence. Among those who died was Bartholomew Gosnold, the discoverer of Cape Cod. Of what misconduct was President Wingfield guilty? Wingfield, the president of the council, having embezzled the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settlement, was expelled from the council. By whom was Wingfield succeeded in the presidency ? He was succeeded in office by Ratcliff"e, who, in consequence of inefiiciency, was in turn succeeded by Captain John Smith, the most enterprising and sagacious man in the colony. What can you state of the efforts of Smith f To the eff'orts of the new president the salvation of the in- fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned with sup- plies of corn. What lefell him in one of his expeditions ? On one occasion he was surprised by a large body of In- dians, and, after a desperate struggle, was captured, and con- ducted to Powhatan {^'jjoiu-hat-tan' )^ the principal chief The warriors met in council, and determined that Smith should be put to death. 18 COLONIAL HISTOKY. State Tiow Tie was saved. He was bound, and his head placed upon a large stone ; but just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, the beloved daughter of Powhatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, and begged that his life might be saved. Her generous and heroic conduct touched her father's heart, and the sentence was re- voked. What change in the affairs of Jamestown took place in 1609 ? The London Company, not having realized their expecta- tions of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought and obtained a second charter in 1G09 ; and conferred upon Lord Dela- ware, a nobleman distinguished for his virtues, the appoint- ment of governor for life. W7io were sent to America hefore Delaware ? Three commissioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, who had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony till the arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants. What befell the fleet f While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commissioners) was wrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one foundered ; theothers reached the James River in safety. What did Smith do upon the arrival of the seven vessels ? Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede him. Smith maintained his position as president, until, having been severely injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he re- turned to Eno-land for surreal aid. What miseries followed his departure? No sooner had he departed than the colonists gave them COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 selves up to idleness and vice. Famine ensued, and in less than six months the colony was reduced to sixty persons. This period, extending over the first half of 1610, was long remembered as the " starving time." Upon what course did the colonists finally determine f In consequence of their destitution and gloomy prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among the English fishermen at Newfoundland ; but as they drew near the mouth of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants and supplies, and persuaded tbem to return. What can you state of the new administration ? The new administration was a wise one, and under it the colony prospered ; but in consequence of ill-health, Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. Wliat can you state of the third Virginia charter? In 1612, the London Company obtained a third charter, which allowed that body to hold meetings for the transactioD of business, thus giving it a democratic form of government. What can you state in relation to Pocahontas ? Pocahontas was married at Jamestown, in 1613, to John Ptolfe (rolf), an Englishman. Three years after, she accom- panied her husband to England, where she died, leaving a son, from whom are descended some well-known families in Vir- ginia. HoiD was slavery introduced into the colonies f The commencement of negro slavery in the English colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia. In 1620, a Dutch trading vessel entered the James River with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. What other important event occurred ahout the same time? 20 COLONIAL HISTORY. In the same year, about a hundred women of good reputa- tion arrived from England, and were married to the planters, each man giving for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the price of her passage to America. What account can you give of the Indian troubles in Virginia ? The Indians, having conspired to exterminate the colonists, attacked them at mid-day, on the 1st of April, 1622 ; and, in an hour, massacred about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. In 1644 they made a second attack, killing about three hundred. Their hostility continued until 1646, when a treaty w^as made. What can you state of the celebrated "Navigation Act V The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 1651, se- cured to English shipping the monopoly of the carrying trade with England. Though it was not at first enforced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, with new pro- visions, it was vigorously executed, notwithstanding the remon- strances of the people. What act of the king augmented the people's dissatisfaction ? By a grant made by Charles II., of England, in 1673, "All the dominion of land and water called Virginia," was coded to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington for the term of thirty-one years. Did the people have any other causes-of complaint f The people were restricted in the elective franchise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church of England, and the taxes levied wore unequal and oppressive. To what did the oppressive measures lead f A spirit of rebellion in consequence broke out among the " common people," who wanted but an excuse for appearing in COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 arms ; and it was soon found in an invasion made by the Sus- quehannah Indians. Give a further account of the commencement of the rebellion. The measures for defence, adopted by Berkeley, the gov- ernor of Virginia, being inefficient, the people demanded per- mission to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 16*76, known as Bacon's Rebellion, What further can you state of the rebellion? Five hundred men under arras, with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the Indians, whom they defeated. The people recovered for a time the rights which they formerly enjoyed ; but in the midst of their successes Bacon suddenly died. Wliat afterward occurred ? Berkeley then caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged ; and fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his administration until he was recalled by the king. What can you state of the subsequent history of the colony f Upon the recall of Berkeley, in 16 77, Virginia became a proprietary government, with Lord Culpepper as governor. Culpepper ruled till 1684, when, in consequence of his mis- management, the king revoked the grant which had been made to him and Arhngton, in 1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then became a royal province again, and so remained till the Revolution. 22 COLONIAL HISTORY. MASSACHUSETTS. FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1G43. MASSACHUSETTS BAY T. V> )/;///, /Jar. I'dxt'^mou.th. J Map Questions. How is Cape Cod situated? Plymouth? Salem? Boston? Dover? Describe the Merri mac River. What States are on the south of Massachusetts ? Where is Portsmouth ? What can you state of Capt. Smith's second xoyage to America ? Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in the region of Cape Cod. COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 "What did Smith accomplish f He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the name of New England. What grant of land was made ly King James in 1620 ? The original Plymouth Company having been superseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, King James granted to the latter, in 1620, all the territory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. By whom was tJie first permanent New England settlement made? It was not under the direction of the Council of Plymouth, nor with the aid of the king, that the first permanent settlement was made in New England, but by a small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who had fled from their own country to find an asylum from religious persecution. They were known in England as Puritans. To what place did the Pilgrims first go after leaving England ? They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Leyden [It' -den) , where, under the pastoral care of John Robinson, they lived for eleven years. Give a further history of their movements. From various causes they became dissatisfied with their residence in Holland, and obtained a grant of land from the London Company. A goodly number then went to South- ampton, England, where they were joined by other Pilgrims from London. What step did they next take ? They had procured two vessels, the Speedwell and the May flower ; but the former proving unseaworthy, the Mayflower sailed alone from Plymouth, with one hundred and one per- 24 COLONIAL HISTORY. sons, the most prominent of whom were Carver, Brewster, Standish, Bradford, and Winslow. * WJiat further can you state of the Pilgrims ? After a boisterous passage they reached Cape Cod Bay, where, in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously elected Carver governor for one year. At what place did they land ? On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, and there made their settlement — the first in New England. What is said of their sufferings at Plymouth ? The winter was severe, and in less than five months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from the efi'ects of exposure and privations, Carver and his wife being among the number. William Bradford was the second governor. What treaty was formed icith the Indians? In 1621 a treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit {inas-sas'-so-it), chief of the Wampanoags (wom-pa-no'-ags), which was sacredly kept for more than thirty years. Canoni- cus, chief of the Narragansetts, kept the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of Bradford eventually com- pelled him to sue for peace. What colony in Massachusetts was planted next after Plymouth f A company of persons interested -in the fisheries of New England, having purchased a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge of Endicott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus laying the foundation of the Massachu- setts Bay Colony. The colony grew rapidly by the addition of new settlements, especially by the one at Boston, com- menced in 1630. COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 ISTEW HAMPSHIEE. PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 'What can you state of the first settling of New Hamjpshire ? The first settlements in New Hampshire "were made at Little Harbor and Dover in 1623, under Gorges a grant which Ferdinand [gor'-jes) and John Mason had ob- tained from the Council of Plymouth. What can you state of the claims of Wlieelwright and Mason. Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians a por- tion of the same territory. In the same year Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of the country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. What land controversy afterward took place? After tlie death of Mason a vexatious controversy took place, in consequence of the land claims which his heirs made ; and it was not terminated until they relinquished all the un- occupied portions of the province, Wliat was the political connection beticeen N. Hampshire and Mass ? The district of New Hampshire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but in 1741 it became a separate province, and so continued till the Revolution. 26 COLONIAL HISTORY. COJ^^TECTICUT, Scale ^^'"'"J^ill- (/v }lni,l •vrcijrinr oe LON& ISLAND SOUND Map Questions. "What ¥ody of water on the south of Connecticut? What rivers flow into Loni, Island Sound? How is "Windsor situated ? New Haven ? Siiybrook? Hartford? Wliat can you state of tlie settling of Connecticut f Three colonies "were planted within the limits of Connecti- cut. The first at Windsor, in 1633, by Captain Holmes and a company from Plymouth ; the second at Saybrook, in 1635 ; and the third at New Haven, in 1638. What further history can you give of the first colony? The Dutch, to assert their claim to territory, had built a fort on the Connecticut, "which menaced Holmes and his com- COLONIAL HISTORY. 27 pany as tliey passed up the river ; but the threat was un heeded. Can you give any further history of the colony f The colony on the Connecticut, called the Connecticut Colony, received important additions from Massachusetts in 1635 ; and, in the following year, other additions by a second emigration from the same place, conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker. What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians f The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed many acts of hostility, war was declared against them in 1637. What account can you give of the expedition against the Fequods? Captain John Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their number, and completely broke them up as a tribe. How icere the three colonies of Connecticut united f The colony of Saybrook maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its annexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only two colonies remained, which were united in 1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of England. What attempt loas made to deprive Connecticut of her charter ? Andros, who had been appointed royal governor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Connecticut Assembly, m session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the charter ; but, during the discussion that arose, it was carried oflf and hid in the hollow of a tree. 28 COLONIAL HISTORY. EHODE ISLAND. Map Questions. What State between Massachusetts and Connecticut? (See map, p. 22.) In what direction from Plymouth is Providence? In what direction is Newport from Provi- dence ? How is Providence situated ? On what island is Newport ? Ans. Rhode Island. By whom was Rhode Island settled ? Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who had been banished from Massachusetts because of his denunciation of the religious intolerance practiced there, as well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. When and where did Williams settle ? The settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands purchased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- memorate " God's merciful providence to him in his distress ?" What caused the colony to grow rapidly f The great freedom in religious matters enjoyed at Provi- dence, and the democratic government of the colony, caused immigrants to flock thither in large numbers. What second settlement was made in Rhode Island f In 1637, William Coddington, who had been subjected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the island of Rhode Island, and settled there. When were the two settlements xinitedf Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Williams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby the two settlements of Rhode Island were united in 1644, under one government, as the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 MASSACHUSETTS. FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, TO "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." Map Questions. In what direction from Swanzey is Plymouth ? (See map, p. 22.) Annapolis from Boston ? (See map, p. 50.) How is Annapolis situated ? On what is Louisburg ? What colonial union was made in 1643 ? Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a union in 1643, for mutual protection against the Dutch, French, and Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. Why did not Rhode Island join the confederacy? Rhode Island was refused admittance into the union, because she would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and lose her separate existence. What trouble commenced in 1656 ? In 1056 a serious trouble commenced, growing out of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from England. They had been represented as a people of peculiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and others were whipped or cast into prison. How were the troubles brought to an end f The great severity of the measures against them caused a general feeling of condemnation ; and, after five years of trouble, they were allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. How did King Philip's war commence f In 1675 an Indian war broke out by an attack made by King Philip, a son and successor of Massasoit, upon the town of Swanzev. 30 COLONIAL HISTORY. What had prompted Philip to make war f A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among his people, made known the fact that Philip was con- cerned in a plot for the extermination of the colonists. This man was afterward found murdered. The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be con- sidered as the immediate cause of the war. What can you state of the further conduct of the Indians ? Although a treaty of peace had been made with the ^arra- gansetts, they proved unfaithful, and became the allies of Philip, carrying death and destruction throughout the country for miles around. WMt can you state of the closing scenes of the war? A strong force was sent against the Indians, and, in an im- mense swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet they continued their depreda- tions till the death of Philip, which occurred in 1676, he being shot by one of his own tribe. What intelligence from England caused rejoicings in Boston ? The news of the English revolution, in which James IL had been driven from the throne, and William of Orange declared kmg, caused great rejoicings among the people of Boston. How did the people treat the royal officers of the colony? They seized Governor Andros and his officers,' who had made themselves obnoxious by their unjust and oppressive measures, and sent them to England. What war grew out of the dethronement of King James? James having fled to France, the monarch of that country espoused his cause. This, principally, led to a contest between the two powers, known as King William's War, in which the respective colonists became involved. COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 What icere the principal events of the war in America ? An expedition, fitted out by Massacliusetts, and commanded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Royal, and secured a large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. What was the length of the tear f The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick {riz'- wick), in 1697, a period of about eight years. What had the king done in reference to the government of Mass. f During the war, King William, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter which James II. had taken away, in consequence of the opposition showed by the colony to the "Navigation Act," granted a new charter, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one royal government. Of what unwise measure was the new government guilty f One of the first acts under the new government was the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain pei'sons who were accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, pre- vailed among the people of Salem and the neighboring towns. What farther account can you give of the delusion ? Twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tor- tured or frightened into a confession, and many suff'ered im- prisonment. The delusion lasted more than six months. Eow was the next war after King William's brought about ? Upon the death of James II., which occurred in France, the French monarch acknowledged his son as king of England. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the crown had been settled upon Anne (a?^), the second daughter of James. What was the consequence ? 82 COLONIAL HISTOKY. A war followed between England on the one side, and France and Spain on tlie other, known, in America, as Queen Anne's War ; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Suc- cession. What was tJie most important event of the war ? The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massa- chusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years before, was the most important event of the war. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. What was the length of the war f The war continued about eleven years, hostilities having commenced in 1702, and being terminated by the treaty of Utrecht (u'-trekt) in 1713. How long did peace last ? A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was broken by King George's War, commenced in 1744. What was the origin of the tear f The war had its origin in disputes relating to the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Europe as The Wai of the Austrian Succession, What was the most important event of the war ? Its most important event was the capture of Louisburg by a force, mostly of New England troops, under William Pep- perill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Commodore Warren. How long did the war contimie f The contest was terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (akes la sha-2Jer), in 1748, by which all acquisitions of terri- tor}', made during the war, were mutually restored. COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 'NEW YOEK. Map Questions. iJ^iaTonVlr^'T '^f ^^r^'''-^ S^'^t^? What large city at the mouth oi hawfmver ^ov. is Albany situated ? Schenectady? Describe the Mo- When, and ly loliom, was the Hudson River discovered? The Hudson River was discovered in 1G09 by Heniy Hud- son, an English navigator, then sailing in the service af '• The Dutch East India Company." What exploration did Hudson make f His object was to find a north-west passage to the Pacific Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to the 2* 34 COLONIAL HISTORY. head of ship navigation, and continued his explorations in a small boat some miles further. What measures were taken ly the Butch to settle the country ? In 1614, the Dutch built a fort on Manhattan, or New York Island ; and, in the following year, erected another at Albany, which was called Fort Orange. What settlements were afterward made ? The actual colonization of the country did not take place until 1623. In that year two settlements were made; one at Fort Orange, the site of Albany; and the other on Manhattan Island, to which the name of New Amsterdam was given. What extent of territory was claimed by the Dutch ? The territory claimed by the Dutch included the whole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore of Delaware Bay; this they called New Netherlands— a name generally applied only to that part actually in their possession. Who were the successixie Dutch governors ? The first Dutch governor was Peter Minuits ; the second, Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William Kieft {keeft) ; and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant. What did the English do to get possession of New Netherlands? In 1664, Charles II., king of England, disregarding the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the whole region from the Connecticut Kiver to Dela- ware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take possession. What can you say of the surrender of the place? When Nicolls appeared before New Amsterdam, the people, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant held out until the town was actually in the possession of Nicolls. COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 What changes then took jylace ? Nicolls was the first English governor. New Amsterdam was called New York ; and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. Was JSfew Netherlands ever again in possession of the Dutch? In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a period of only fifteen months, returned them to the English. Sir Ed- mund Andros, the tyrant, was then appointed governor. What can you say of the "Negro Plot?" In 1741, several incendiary fires occurred in the city of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the city, mur- der the inhabitants, and set up a government of their own. WJiat followed? An intense excitement followed, and before it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as having been engaged in the alleged plot, were executed, and others were transported to foreign parts. NEW JERSEYS Map Questions. How is New Jersey situated ? (See map, p. 8S.) "What river is on the west of the 8 ate ? What water on the east ? Where is the city of Elizabeth ? (See map, p. 66.) What can you state of the settlement of New Jersey? The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the province of New Netherlands, formed a trading settlement at Bergen, and also built a fort on the Delaware ; but the settlement of Eliza- 36 COLONIAL HISTORY. bethtown, now Elizabeth, in 1664, is considered as the begin- ning of colonization in New Jersey. Who became the proprietors of New Jersey in 1664? In 1664, before the settlement of Elizabeth town, the Duke of York, to whom the king of England had granted New Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Bow did New Jersey thrive under Berkeley and Cartaret? The liberal offers at first made to emigrants induced many, to settle. After the Dutch had, for the second time, relin- quished possession of New Netherlands, Andros was appointed governor, and he repeatedly interfered with the rights of Berkeley and Carteret. What disposition was afterward made of New Jersey f Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an English Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory became, by pur- chase, the property of William Penn and other Quakers. What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of N. Jersey? In 1102, the proprietors surrendered their powers of govern- ment to the crown, when New Jersey became a royal province united to New York. In 1738, the connection was severed, and from that time to the Revolution, New Jersey was a sepa- rate province. maeyla:n^d. Map Questions. What large bay divides Maryland? (See map, p. 16.) What State on the east of Maryland ? On the west ? On the north ? Where was St. Mary's situated ? Of what colony was Maryland once a part f By the second charter granted to the London Company, the COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 limits of Virginia embraced all the territory which afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. What can you say of a license granted ly the king? In 1631, William Clay borne obtained a license from Charles I. to traffic with the Indians ; and under this authority a trad- ing post was established on an island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of the Susquehanna. What grant was afterward made of Maryland ? The territory of Maryland was afterward granted to Cecil {se'-sil) Calvert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was Lord Baltimore. The grant thus made was the most liberal one that had been allowed ; for by it equality in religious rights and civil freedom was guaranteed to all emigrants. When and ichere was the first settlement made? The first settlement was made in 1634, at St. Mary's, by about two hundred emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics; and Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, was the first gov- ernor. What can you say of Clayhorne's rebellion ? Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the authority of the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, and compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. Who, after Cecil Calvert, was the proprietar of Maryland? After the death of Cecil Calvert, his son, Charles, became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained possession until deprived of it by King Wilham, in 1691. Lionel Copley was then appointed royal governor. What can you state of the further history of Maryland? In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a pro- prietary government from that time till the Revolution. 38 COLONIAL HISTORY. PEN^JSrSYLYANIA. Map Questions. "What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? How Is Philadelphia situ- ated? How is Delaware situated? In which part of Delaware is Wilmington situ- ated ? (See map, p. 16) What can you state of a grant made to Penn ? Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and re- ligious liberty would be enjoyed, and where the people might dwell together in the bonds of peace, William Penn obtained from Charles 11. a grant of all the territory within the present limits of Pennsylvania. What additional grant did Penn receive ? COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 From the Duke of York, Peim also obtained a grant of Delaware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware." When and hy wliom was Pennsylvania settled ? The permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates from the founding of Philadelphia in 1682, by Penn ; though small settlements of Swedes had been previously made both in Pennsylvania and Delaware. What important meeting did Penn h/ive with the Indians ? Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadelphia, and paid them for their lands. What can you state of the prosperity of Perm's colony f The wisdom of his course toward the Indians, as well as of his government generally, was soon apparent, for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful growth than any other in America. WhatfurtJier can you relate of the history of Pennsylvania? Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. They administered the government, most of the time by deputies, until the Revolu- tion, when their claims were purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. DELAWAEE What can you say of the settlement of Delaware f Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana Creek, near Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. What was tJie extent of the territory of the Swedes f 40 COLONIAL HISTORY. The settlers purchased of the Indians all the territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the iJclaware, calling it New Sweden. What befell the Swedish colony? Governor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, regarding the Swedish settlements as intrusions upon the territory of the Dutch colony, in 1655 proceeded against them, and subjected the Swedes to the authority of Holland. What further can you state of the history of Delawore ? The Dutch retained possession until 1664. From that time till 1682, Delaware was a part of the province of New York. What further still can you state of the history of Delaioare? By the grant to Penn, in 1682, Delaware was united to Pennsylvania, and, although the settlers in " The Territories" became dissatisfied with Penn's government, and were granted an assembly of their own, Pennsylvania and Delaware con- tinued under one governor until the Revolution. ISrOETH ANTD SOUTH CAK0LI:NA. WMt can you state of the settlement of North Carolina ? About the year 1650 emigrants from Virginia made a settle- ment upon the Chowan River, calling it " The Albemarle County Colony. What extensive grant was afterward made by Charles II. ? Charles 11. afterward granted the whole region from Vir- ginia to the middle of Florida, and known as Carolina, to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. What second settlement teas made in Carolina? In 1665 a company of planters from Barbadoes made a COLONIAL HISTORY. 41 TUG- ^-i^-^ r-^-v.Aa?,, Map Questions. "What State is on the south of Virginia ? On the south of North Carolina? On the south of South Carolina ? Describe the Chowan Eiver. How is Edenton situ- ated? Wilmington? Charleston? Savannah? settlement near Wilmington, calliDg it " The Clarendon County Colony." What third settlement loas made in Carolina ? In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret Comity Colony," was planted on the western bank of the Ashley River ; this, in consequence of not being well located for commercial fa- cilities, was removed, ten years after, to the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the foundation of Charles- ton was laid. What took place in 1729 ? In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, and 42 COLOJS'IAL HISTORY. separated into North and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution they were royal provinces. GEOEGIA, What grant of Georgia was made to a corporation ? To a corporation, consisting of James Oglethorpe [o-gl-thorp) and twenty other trustees, George II., of England, granted, for twenty-one years, all the country between the Savannah and the Altamaha. What was the object of the corporation ? The object of Oglethorpe and his associates was to provide an asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant being " in trust for the poor." When and where was the first settlement made? The first settlement was made in 1733, the year after the grant, at Savannah. What can you say of the growth of the colony ? The colony made rapid increase in numbers, but owing to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to the im- politic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow much in wealth. What troubles were had icith a neigliboring colony ? Georgia being claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, hos- tilities took place between the English settlers and their Spanish neighbors, which, owing to the bravery and skill o. Oglethorpe, terminated to the advantage of the English. When and lioio did Georgia become a royal province? The trustees governed till 1752, when, wearied with their troublesome charge, they surrendered their charter to the crown, and Georgia became a royal province. REVIEW QUESTIONS. ' 43 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of tlie settlement of Virginia. (See page 16.) — 2. What can you state of the government of the colony? (17.) — 3. Why did not the colony prosper at first ? — 4. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? — 5. When did Gosnold make the discovery ? Ans. In 1602.— 6. What can you state of Wingfield?— 7. Of Ratcliflfe?— 8. Of Smith's character? — 9. Of his capture, and escape from death 'i (17, 18.) — 10. In relation to the second Virginia charter? — 11. What circumstances induced Smith to remain in office ? — 12. What further account can you give of Smith ? (18, 33, 34.) — 13. Give an account of the "starving time." (18, 19.) — 14. What can you state of Lord Delaware? (18, 19.)— 15. Of Sir Thomas Gates ? (18, 19.)— 16. How many charters were granted to the London Company ? (14, 15, 18, 19.) — 17. State all you can in relation to Pocahontas. (18, 19.) — 18. In relation to the commencement of negro slavery in America. (19.) — 19. In relation to Indian troubles in Virginia. (20.) — 20. In rela- tion to the "Navigation Act." (20, 31.) — 21. In relation to Culpep- per's connection with Virginia. (20, 21.) — 22. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion. (20, 21.) — 23. What grant was made to the Council of Plymouth? (23.) — 24. By whom was New England settled ? — 25. Give an account of the movements of the Pilgrims be- fore they reached America. (23, 24.) — 26. What solemn act took place just before they landed? (24.) — 27. State all you can of Car- ver.— 28. Of Bradford.— 28. Of Massasoit.— 29. Of Canonicus.— 30. Of the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. — 31. Of the settlement of New Hampshire. (25.) — 32. What conflicting claims to New Hampshire lands occurred ? — 33. How many and what colo- nies were planted in Connecticut ? (26.) — 34. State all you can of the Connecticut colony. (26, 27.) — 35. Give an account of the Pe- quod War. (27.) — 36. State what you can of the Saybrook colony. (26, 27.)— 37. Of the New Haven colony. (26, 27.)— 38. Of Andros. (27, 30, 35, 36.)— 39. Of Roger WiUiams. (28.)— 40. Of W^iUiam Coddington. — 41. Of the union of the two Rhode Island settlements. (28.)— 42. Of the union formed in 1643. (29.)— 43. Of the persecu- tion of the Quakers.— 44. Of King PhHip's War. (29, 30.) — 45. Give an account of King William's War. (30, 31.) — 46. Of the " Salem 4:4. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Witcncraft." (31)— 47. Of Queen Anne's War. (31, 32.)— 49. State what you can of Henry Hudson. (33, 34.) — 50. Of the settlement on Manhattan Island. (34, 35.)— 51. Of the settlement at Albany. (34, 35.)— 53. Of Peter Stuyvesant. (34.)— 53. Of Colonel Nicolls. (34, 35.) — 54. Give the whole account of the " Negro Plot." (35.) — 55. Of the settlement of New Jersey. (35, 3G.)— 56. Of the Duke of York's connection with New Jersey. (3G.) — 57. Of William Penn's. — 58. Of Clayborne's with Maryland. (37.) — 59. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland.— 60. What grant of land was made to Penn? (38.) — 61. What was Penn's object in accepting the grant? — 63. What can you say of the settlement of Pennsylvania ? (39.) — 63. IIow did Penn make the title to his lands perfect ? — 64. When and by whom was Delaware first settled? — 65. How were the Swedes of Delaware subjected to the rule of the Dutch? (40.) — 66. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware. (40.) — 67. What three colonies were established in North and South Carolina ? (40, 41.) — 68. What can you state of the Albemarle County colony? —69. Of the Clarendon County colony ? (41.)— 70. Of the Carteret County colony ? — 71. What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of North and South Carolina? (41, 42)— 73. How did the Georgia colony originate ? (43.)— 73. State all you can of Oglethorpe. (43.) — 74. What settlement was made in 1733? — 75. When was Georgia settled ? — 76. Why did not the colony grow in wealth as well as numbers ? (43.) — 77. What claim to Georgia territory was made ? — 78. What can you state of the hostilities that occurred ? — 79. What change took place in 1752 ? — 80. How is Savannah situ- ated? (See map, p. 41.) — 81. Into what body of water does the Savannah River flow ? — 82. What town is situated at the mouth of the Chowan River ? — 83. Into what body of water does the Chowan flow ? — 83. On what river is Wilmington situated ? Aiis. Cape Fear River. — 84. Into what body of water does Cape Fear River flow ? — 85. Which of the colonies was settled in 1607? (16.)— 86. Which in 1614? (34.)— 87. In 1620? (24.)— 88. In 1623? (25.)— 89. In 1633? (26.)— 90. In 1634? (37.)— 91. In 1636? (28.)- 92. In 1638? (39.)— 93. In 1650 ? (40.)— 94. In 1664 ? (36.)— 95. In 1670 ? (41.) —96. In 1682 ? (39.)— 97. In 1733 ? (42.)— 98. When was Georgia settled ? (42.)— 99. South Carolina ? (41.)— 100. North Carolina ? (40.) FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 45 46 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. SECTION III. The French and Indian War. Map Questions. (See map, p. 45.) "Where is the St. Lawrence Eiver? The Ohio? Describe the Alleghany River, The Monongahela. How was Fort Duquesne situated ? Fort Necessity f Fort Os- wego? Fort William Henry? Fort Edward? Fort Frontenac? Fort Niagara? Fort Ticonderoga ? Kittaning ? Where is Williamsburg ? Lake George ? Crown Point ? Louisburg? (See map, page 50.) Quebec? Plains of Abraham ? Isle of Orleans ? Nova Scotia? What territory in North America did the English claim ? The English, basing their title upon the discoveries made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from Newfound- land to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. What claim did the French set up ? The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tributaries ; and, the better to secure this claim, they erected forts at various places through the region. To what did the conflicting claims lead ? In consequence of these conflicting claims a war broke out between England and her colonies on the one side, and France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known as " The French and Indian War." EVENTS OF 1753. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company? At the time of the breaking out of the war, there was in existence an organisation, known as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king of England a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, lor the purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians, and of settling the country. What message was sent to the French f ' The French, having seized three British traders, and also FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 4:7 built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Governor Din- widdie, of the Virginia Colony, sent a letter to the French commander, remonstrating against these aggressive acts. What further account can you give of the message ? George Washington, the bearer of the letter, set out on his mission on the last day of October, 1753; and after an ab- sence of eleven weeks, during which he encountered severe hardships, amid snow, icy floods, and hostile Indians, he re- turned to "Williamsburg, having accomplished his object. EVENTS OF 1754. What reply did Washington bring to Bimciddie's letter ? The reply of St. Pierre {pe-dre'), the French commander, was unsatisfactory. In his letter he stated that he was acting under orders, and that he could not leave the territory. What measures were then taken against the French ? At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a fort; and a body of troops, commanded by Washington, was sent to protect the works. Did the Ohio Company complete the fort? Before Washington had time to reach the place, a party of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took possession. The works were then completed, and called Fort Duquesne {doo-kane'). What course did Washington then pursue ? Learning the disaster, and that a strong force was march- 'ng to intercept him, Washington fell back, and took a position r t a place called the Great Meadows. Give an account of the contest that took place soon after. With the determination of forestallino; the hostile desio;n of an advanced detachment of the French, he came upon them 48 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 1*754, killed or captured all but one. W?iat battle afterward took place f In little more than a month after, a force of fifteen hundred French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers {yil-le-dre')^ made an attack upon a small fort which Washington had con structed, and named Fort Necessity. What account can you give of the battle f Washington made a brave defense of ten hours, but, on the morning of the 4th of July, was compelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. EVENTS OF 1755. What expeditions icere planned for 1755 ? Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Niagara, and Fort Duquesne. Give an account of the first. The expedition against Nova Scotia was commanded by Col. Monckton [monk' -tun). Two forts were captured in June, and a beautiful and fertile country was reduced to a solitude. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. Gen. Braddock, who had been sent to America as com- mander-in-chief, headed the expedition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions of Washington, who was acting as aid-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, and was defeated with great loss, he, himself, being mortally wounded. What can you say of the expedition against Niagara f The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition against Niagara ; and, after troops had been delayed at Oswego for months, the design was abandoned. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 49 How was the expedition against Crown Point undertaken ? Gen. Johnson, commanding the expedition against Crown Point, proceeded as far as the head of Lake George, where, Sept. 8, he w^as attacked by Baron Dieskau {de-es-ko') ; the timely arrival of Gen. Lyman from Fort Edward gave the victory to the English, and the French commander was incur- ably wounded, and made a prisoner. What was afterward done ly Johnson ? Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, retired to Al- bany. As a reward for his services the British government gave him a baronetcy and £5,000. .^^'p'' EVENTS OF 1756. What did the French accomplish in 1756 ? The Marquis de Montcalm [?nont-ka7n'), Dieskau's successor in August, 1756, made an attack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, numbering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of the victor. Did the English accomplish any thing in 1756 ? X • 1 1 -r^ . . 08-WKG0. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation; but Col. Armstrong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittaning, their chief town, and destroyed it by fire. EVENTS OF 1757. What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? With nine thousand men Montcalm laid siege to Fort Wil- liam Henry. For six days its commandei\ Col. Monroe, kept 3 60 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. up a vigorous defence, but, at last, surrendered, capitulating that the garrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward. Was the stipulation observed ? Just as the English had left, August 9, 1*757, the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. EVENTS OF 1758. Map Questions. How is Annapolis situated? Halifax? Louisburg? Quebec? Portsmouth? Boston ? Into what water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The Kennebec ? Who, up to 1758, icere the successive English commanders? Upon the death of Braddock, which occurred four day! FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 51 after his defeat in 1755, the general command devolved upon Governor Shirley. Shirley was soon succeeded by Loid Loudon, and he, in turn, by Gen. Abercrombie. What expeditions were ])l(inned for 1758 ? Three expeditions were planned for 1758 ; one, under Gen. Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. What account can you give of the expedition against Louishurg ? On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after a des- perate resistance of more than forty days, during which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly distinguished them- selves by their bravery. Oive an account of the expedition under Ahercromlie. In the expedition against Ticonderoga, a conflict took place between advanced bodies of the contending parties, in which Lord Howe, an English officer greatly beloved, was slain. What further account can you give f Two days after, July 8th, an unsuccessful assault upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded. now was the failure against Ticonderoga relieved? An expedition, under Col. Bradstreet, who commanded a detachment of Abercrombie's army, was afterward undertaken with decided success. Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, was captured ; and, with the fort, a vast amount of military stores and a number of vessels fell into the hands of the victors. Give an account of the expedition under Gen. Forbes. Though Major Grant, commanding the van of Forbes's army, sustained a defeat, the French set fire to Fort Duquesne upon the approach of the English, and retreated down the Ohio. 62 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. EVENTS OF 1759. What plan of operations was adopted for 1759 ? The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduc- tion of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in- chief, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and Gen. Prideaux [pre-do') was to go against Niagara. What can you state of the expedition against Niagara f Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but during the siege of the place was killed. Sir William Johnson, having succeeded to the command, defeated a relief force of French and Indians', and compelled the besieged to surrender. What account can you give of Amhersfs expedition ? Amherst having reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga, the French abandoned both it and Crown Point without striking a blow. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. On the 31st of July he made a daring though unsuccessful attempt upon the French intrenchments before Quebec. Give a further account of Wolfe's operations. Not discouraged by the disaster, the English effected a land- ing at night about two miles above the city, and climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on the following morning, September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. What followed? Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked them. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted in the defeat of the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 53 French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory. Montcalm, mortally wounded, on being told of his condition, replied : " So much the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." EVENTS OF 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. Did the French undertake to recover Quebec ? Quebec having fallen into the hands of the English, De Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made an attempt to recover the place on the 28th of April, 1760. Give an account of the contest. The contest took place about three miles above the city. The English, after losing a thousand men, fell back ; and the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, compelled the French to retreat. What measures completed the conquest of Canada f Amherst, having invested Montreal, the governor signed a capitulation, by which not only that city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. When was the war brought to a close ? On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American possessions east of the Mississippi. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What claim did the discoveries of the Cabots give to the Eng- lish ? (46.) — 2. How is Newfoundland situated ? (See map, p. 8.) — 3. Where is Florida? — 4. What territory did the French claim? (46.) — 5. Why did the French lay claim to that territory ? Ans. Because they occupied it. 6. What precaution was taken by the French to secure their claim ? (46.) — 7. What was the origin of the French and Indian War ?— 8. State aU you can of the Ohio Co. (46, 47.) 54 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 9. When and where was Washington born 1 Ans. On tHe 22d of Febru- ary, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.— 10. On what mission was he sent in 1753 ? (47.)— H- How old was Washington at that time ?— 12. Where was Fort Duquesne situated? (Map, p. 45.)— 13. Why was it called Fort Duquesne? Ans. In honor of the Marquis Du Quesne, the com- mander-in-chief of the French forces in America.— 14. How did the French get possession of the fort ?— 15. What was the first battle of ;he French and Indian War? A?is. Battle of'the Great Meadows.— Whsre did it take place ? (Map, p. 45.)— 17. Give an account of it. (47, 48.)— 18. By whom was Washington attacked at Fort Necessity ? (48.)— 19. Where was the fort situated ? (Map, p. 45.)— 20. Give an account of the battle. (48.) — 21. Of the success of the English in Nova Scotia, in 1755. — 22. Where did Braddock's defeat occur ? (Map, p. 45.)— 23. Give an account of his defeat. (48.)— 24. What further can you state of Braddock? (50, 51.) —25. At what place did Dieskau attack Gen. Johnson ? (49.)— 26. What fort was afterward built on the battle-ground?— 27. Who built the fort?— 28. What was the result of Dieskau's attack ?— 29. Johnson, upon retiring to Albany, stopped at Fort Edward : in what direction did he go ? (Map, p. 45.) — 30. Give an account of Montcalm's success at Oswego. (49.) — 31. Of Armstrong's, at Kittaning.— 32. Of Montcalm's, at Fort Wilham Henry. (49, 50.) — 33. What massacre took place near the fort ? (50.) — 34. How is Louisburg situated? (Map, p. 50.)— 35. Give an account of Amherst's suc- cess there in 1758. (51.)— 3&. What can you state of the fate of Lord Howe ? —37. Of the result of Abercrombie's expedition ?— 38. How was Fort Frontenac situated ? (Map, p. 45.)— 39. What city now occupies the site of the old fort? (Map, p. 25.) — 40. What success did Bradstreet have at Fort Frontenac ? (51.)— 41. Give the history of Fort Duquesne. (47, 48, 51.) —42. What part did Prideaux take in the war ? (52.)— 43. Give an account of Johnson's success at Niagara. — 44. Was the fort situated in New York or Canada? (Map, p. 45.)— 45. What two forts fell into the hands of Am- herst? — 46. Which of those two forts was more north than the other? (Map, p. 45.)— 47. In sailing up the St. Lawrence, what island near Quebec do you come to ? (Map, p. 50.)— 48. How did Wolfe commence operations against Quebec? (52.) — 49. When was the battle of the Plains of Abra- ham fought?— 50. Are the Plains above or below Quebec? (Map, p. 50.)— 51. Give an account of the battle. (52, 53.)— 52. When did Quebec surren- der to the English ? Ans. September 18th.— 53. What efforts did the French make to recover Quebec? (53.)— 54. What final success did the English achieve in Canada? — 55. By what treaty was the war brought to a close? — 56. Who, at the beginning of the war, was in the chief command of the French? Am. Du Quesne. — 57. Who succeeded Du Quesne? Aiis. Dieskau. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 55 SECTION IV. THE AMEEICAN KEYOLUTIOlSr. How did the French and Indian war affect Great Britain f The expenses of the French and Indian war greatly increased the national debt of Great Britain, which the ministry proposed to reduce by taxing the colonies. What reply did the colonists make to this proposition ? It was maintained by the colonists that they could only be justly taxed by a legislature in which they were represented; and as they were not allowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them. How was the proposition attempted to he carried out f Notwithstanding the remonstrance of the colonists, the Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in 1765. By its pro- visions all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, &c., were to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased from the agent of the British government. How was the news of the passage of this act received in America f The news of the passage of this act produced intense indig- nation. The first burst of opposition appeared in the legisla- ture of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished himself by his bold eloquence. Afterward, a more formidable oppo- sition was shown, when, upon the recommendation of the Assembly of Massachusetts, a Colonial Congress was held in New York What was accomplished ly the Congress at New York ? Nine colonies were represented in the Congress. Timothy 56 THE AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was elected president ; and a Declaration of rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial to Parliament were adopted. Was the Stamp Act allowed to go into operation ? AVhen the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go into eflfect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution ; and, beside, all the stamped paper had been destroyed or concealed. By what other measures was the repeal of the Act Irought about ? As business, with a slight interruption, continued to be con- ducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious Act remained a law, a change in the British ministry occurring, the Act was repealed in 1766. What was soon afterward done 'by the Bntish Parliament ? Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed a bill, in 1*767, for levying duties on glass, paper, painters's colors, and tea. How did this Act of Parliament affect the colonists f The news of this and other obnoxious Acts of Parliament produced a revival of the* feelings which had been caused by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation associations were formed. What military measure was adopted in behalf of Parliament f The opposition of the people of Boston being particularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage from Halifax to overawe them. What was the effect of the movement f The presence of the troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the populace, killing three men and wounding others. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 What concession teas 7nade hy Parliament ? The opposition to the revenue measures induced Parliament to revoke all the duties laid in 1*767, except that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the people were contending against the princi2yle of " taxation without representation," and not against the amount of taxes imposed, the concession was not satisfactory. WJiat was dojie with the tea brought to America f The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back; that for Charleston was stored in cellars, where it perished. At Boston a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships on a moonlight night in December, iVTS, broke open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. What retaliatory measures did Parliament adopt against Boston f In retaliation for this destruction of the tea, the Boston Port Bill, designed to destroy the commerce of that city, was passed by Parliament. What convention was held ly the colonies ? A general congress, " The First Continental Congress," with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as president, met at Philadel- phia, in September, 1774. What action was taken hy the Congress f After due deliberation, a declaration of rights was made ; the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the king and the people of Great Britain and Canada. EVENTS OF 1775. What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans ? Gage, who had become the governor of Massachusetts, se- cretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn, to destroy the military stores at Concord. 58 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Were the movements of the British as secret as intended ? The alarm was given, and when the British reached Lex- ington, on the morning of the 19th of April, 17*75, about seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. The king's troops fired upon them, killing and wounding several. What took place at Concord f At Concord some of the stores were destroyed ; but the militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took place, in which several were killed on both sides. Give an account of the retreat. On their way back to Boston, the British were reinforced at Lexington, but during their entire retreat the Americans pur- sued, keeping up a constant and destructive fire upon thcni. The loss of the British during the day was over two hundred ; that of the patriots was about ninety. What was the effect of the battle ? When the news of the day's contest spread, the militia from all parts of New England hastened to join those of Massa- chusetts in forming a camp near Boston. What success did the Ameiicans hare on Lake Cliamplain? It being deemed important to possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, and a large supply of stores se- cured for the patriots. What proclamation was issued by the British commander? Upon the arrival of reinforcements from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir Henry Clinton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms rebels and traitors, but offering pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. John Hancock and Samuel Adams were ex- cepted from this offer. What defensii^e measures were taken by the Americans? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 It becoming evident that tlie British meditated offensive operations, Col. Pre>cott was sent on the evening of the IGth of June, 1775, with a detachment of one tlionsand men to fortify Bunker Hili ; but, on attaining the heights, he con- cluded to fortify ]3reed's Hill instead, this being nearer to Boston. Map Questions. In what direction is Concord from Boston? (See map, p. 22.) Lexington from Boston? How is Boston situated ? Where is Charlestown ? How could you go from Boston to Breed's Hill? From Bpston to Bunker Hill ? From Boston to Dorchester Heights ? From Boston to Cambridge ? How is Fort Chambly situated? (See map, p. 60.) St. John's? Montreal ? Quebec ? (See map, p. 50.) Ticonderoga? (See map, p. 45.) Crown Point ? BOSTON AND TTCUSriTT* What then was done ? When the British, on the following morning, discovered the redoubt w^hich the Americans had constructed during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. This failing, three thousand men, under Howe, were sent to dislodge the patriot-:^. Give an account of the tattle. Twice did the British approach within a few rods of the re- doubt, but they were each time repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arriving, the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being exhausted, were forced to retreat. What losses were sustained by each 'party in the lattle ? 60 TmE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. The British lost in kiiled and wounded more than a thou sand men ; the Americans, less than half that number, though among their slain was the distinguished patriot, Joseph Warren. What, in the mean time, was donz by Cojigressf The Second Continental Congress having convened at Phila- delphia, a vote was passed to raise an army of twenty thou- sand men, and, on the 15tu oi* J.une, George Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief. What difficulties did the Virginians have with their governor f Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a decided course against the patriots ; but owing to the activity of Patrick Henry and others, compensation was made for some powder which he had seized, and a force of tories and negroes was badly defeated. In revenge, Dunmore reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. What plan of action against Canada teas adopted? To prevent the use of Canada by the 13ritish as a place of rendezvous and supply, an invasion, by two forces, was deter- mined upon. Accordingly, Gen. Schuyler, commanding one, was sent by the way of Lake Champlain ; while the other, under Gen. Arnold, took the route by the Kennebec River. What icas accomplished bg the force that loent by Lake Champlain f Schuyler proceeded but a short dis- tance when sickness compelling him to return, the next in command. Gen. Mont- gomery, gained possession of Fort Chambly [sham'-hle)^ St. John's, and Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. Give a further account of the operations. Arnold, having performed a tedious mart h through the LaPrtiirie St Jol^1^s^l^ C A.N Aim A -KRousesPt _ PART OF THE SOKK.L PaVEK. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that of Mont- gomery's, and Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Give an account of the hattle that followed. Finally, at dawn, on the last day of 17*75, and during a vio- lent snow storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. Montgomery was among the first who fell, and Arnold was severely wounded. How was the design against Canada terminated ? Arnold, though wounded, took command of the troops that had effected a retreat; but, by the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had abandoned one place after another and entirely evacuated Canada. EVENTS OF 1776. What icas the first aim of Washington after his a]ypoint7nent ? Washington, who had arrived at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of the army, determined to drive the British from Boston. What means did he adopt to accomplish his object ? In one night he erected a line of fortifications on Dorches- ter Heights, which completely commanded the Jty and its harbor. What agreement was made between the two parties f Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the command, be-ing unable to dislodge the Americans, agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon condition that, while doing so, his army should not be molested from the batteries on the Heights. What can you state of the departure of the British f 62 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Accordingly, on the l7th of March, 111 6, the British troops, accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked on board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax, What can you state of an exjyedition against New York ? Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clinton, which had been previously sent from Boston, was destined to attack New York, Washington sent Gen. Charles Lee to protect that city. What was then done hy Clinton f Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton sailed to the South, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker's fleet from England, when the united forces proceeded against Charleston. ■ncisiTro:F HARLESTON Map Questions. In what direction is Charles- ton from Savannah? (See map, p. 41.) Between wliat two rivers is Charleston situ- ated? (62.) How is Sullivan's Mand situated ? What fort is on Sullivan's Island? What other forts are in Charleston Harbor? What strait con- nects New York Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? (See map, p. 64.) What island on the west of the Narrows ? On the east ? Ans. Long Island. How is Brooklyn situated? White Plains ? (See map, p. 26.) North Castle? Fort Washincrtou ? Fort Lee ? Were the people of Charleston prepared ? The people of Charleston had made preparations against an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto wood on Sullivan's Island, which commanded the channel leading to the town. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 This was garrisoned by five hundred men, under Col. Moultrie (mole'-tre.) Give an account of the "battle there. On the morning of the 28th of June, the fleet approached Sullivan's Island ; but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was defeated in an attempt to reach the place, the ships, much shattered, drew off", and afterward sailed to the North. What was Congress doing in the mean time f In the mean time, Congress was preparing to declare a sepa- ration of the political relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies. A resolution to that eff'ect, having been offered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of June, was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. What took place two days later f Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of five members, presented a document which he had prepared; and, on the 4th of July, this document, the Declaration of Independence, was unanimously adopted by Congress. Where was a large force of the enemy now concentrating? In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe took possession ot Staten Island, at the entrance of New York Bay, Here he was joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large body of Hessians. How many men did tlie British and American armies then count? Howe soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men ; while Washington's eff'ective force, in New York and vicinity, did not exceed seventeen thousand men. What movements did the British make against the Americans ? Howe's troops were landed on the western end of Long Island, and, in three divisions, by three diff'erent roads, 64 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. NEW YORK BAY. advanced toward the American camp at Brooklyn, tlien in command of Gen. Putnam. Give an account of the battle that followed. While two of the divisions, August 27, were engaging tlij Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The British lost less than four hundred. What can you state of Washingtorcs masterly retreat to New York ? On the 29th, while a heavy fog was hanging over Brooklyn, Wash- ington succeeded in getting his troops to ISTew York, thus accom- plishing one of the most signal achievements of the war. What course did Washington then adopt f Influenced by his officers, he retreated to the northern part of New York island, and then to White Plains. Here a par- tial engagement, to the disadvantage of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when they withdrew to North Castle. What course did Washington soon after pursue ? Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, and another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, Washington crossed the Hudson, and entered New Jersey. What account can you give of the attack on Fort Washington f On the 16th of November, the British attacked the fort, and although they were successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. WTiat did the British next do ? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 65 To the number of six thousaud, with Lord Cornwallis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had abandoned on their ap- proach. What can you state of WasJiington's retreat ? Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware. Con- gress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon adjourned to Balti- more. How did the Americans 'break their train of disasters f A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many disasters, prevailed among the patriots. This was dispelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. Give an account of it. On the night of the 25th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware, and, on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hessians stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their com- mander, was mortally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. The Americans lost only four men. What did Washington then resolve upon ? Washington recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners, but, finding his army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on the offensive. EVENTS OF 1777. What was Washington' s force at Trenton in the beginning of 1777 ? After being joined by troops under Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader, Washington's whole force at Trenton, on the L^t of Januar}^, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. What took place there on the following day? 66 THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. Map Questions. Toward tlie evening of the How is Trenton situated ? In what n j /-\ it i t m direction is it from Princeton? From ^d, ComwalllS reached Trcnton, Monmouth ? Middletown ? Morris- town ? Springfield 1 CENTEAL PAKT OF NEW JERSEY. and made several unsuccesful attempts to cross the stream which runs through the town. He then concluded to defer hos- tilities till morning. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. To retreat across the Dela- ware, then obstructed by float- ing ice, or to remain and risk a ^H" battle with a superior force, ap- peared to Washington dangerous. In that situation what scheme was adopted ? A bold expedient was adopted. Leaving his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route toward Princeton, intending to surprise the enemy at that place. Hoio did he succeed ? At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces encountered, near Princeton, a division of the British troops already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American militia gave way ; but ^Yashington coming up with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. What losses were sustained ly each party f The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not ex- ceed thirty, but Gen. Mercer was among their mortally wounded. What efforts icere made to secure the aid of France? Early in 1*776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France to solicit aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthni Lee. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 With wliat success icere the efforts attended ? Though France hesitated to extend the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette and other citizens of that country acted generously. At his own expense Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. Lie joined the army as a volunteer without pay, but w-as soon after ap- pointed a major-general. What can you state of Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut? Towards the close of April, Gen. Tryon, late royal governor of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the militia, losing nearly three hundred men. How did the Americans offset Tryon's wantonness? Two small expeditions on the part of the Americans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the Map Questions. head of one, destroyed the Brit- . ^"'^ T,^"' T"- "^T ?! ^'^.J''''' ' J flow? Brandy wine Creek? Where is ish stores and shipping at Sagg Chad's Ford? Philadelphia? Paoh Harbor; and Col. Barton, at M^in? Fort the head of the other, captured Gen. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Lsland. What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey f Washington's army had been encamped at Morristown during the first month of 1777; but in the spring he removed to Middlebrook. Howe having failed to draw AVashington from this latter place, withdrew his troops to Staten Island. What course did Howe then pursue ? Gerniantown ? Fort ? Fort Mercer ? Eed Bank ? PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. 68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS'. The British were then embarked on board the fleet of Lord Howe, and, sailing np Chesapeake Bay, were landed at a point on the Elk River, their destination being against Philadelphia. In what way did WasJiington endeavor to protect PldladelpMa ? As soon as Washington heard of the approach of the British, he took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandy\YiDe Creek, where, on the 11th of September, a battle was fought. Give an account of the battle. The enemy advanced- in two divisions, and while one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their right, forcing them to give way. What losses were sustained ly each party ? The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among the wounded was Lafayette. Did the British succeed in getting possession of Philadelphia? Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadelphia. On the 20th of September, Gen. W^ayne was defeated at Paoli by a detachment of the enemy; and on the 26th, Howe entered the city ; but the main body of his army encamped for the winter at Germantown, four miles distant. What took place, not many days after, at Oermantoirn ? Learning that a strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, Washington attacked the force remaining at Germantown, October 4 ; but after one of the bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots were repulsed, with a loss of a thousand men. Give an account of the operations against Forts Mifflin and Mercer. On the 2 2d of October the two forts on the Delaware were attacked ; Mercer, by two thousand Hessians, under Count Donop ; and Mifflin, by a naval force. But, in both cases, the THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 69 British were repulsed with heavy loss ; Donop was mortally wounded. What second attempt to reduce tlie forts was made ? On the 10th of November a second attempt to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defence of five days, during which the British kept up a destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, the garrison evacuated the fortj and crossed to Red Bank. A force appearing before Fort Mercer soon after, it, too, was abandoned. What can you state of Washington's army during the winter ? During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, where they suff*ered greatly for want of food and clothing, and many of the officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. BURGOYNE'S INVASION. What army of invasion loas gathered in 1777 at the Worth f During the early part of the summer of 1777, an army of ten thousand men, British and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. What was the object of the invading army ? The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this large force, was to eff'ect a junction of his own army with that of another from New York, and thus cut off" Washington's com- munication with the Eastern States. What place did Burgoyne first proceed against? After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne pro- ceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned by three thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. How did Burgoyne succeed f St. Clair had determined upon a resolute defence, but, to his 70 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". Map Questions. How is Crown Point sitnated ? Ti- conileroira? Minint Defiance ? Hub- bardton? FortEihvard? Saratoga? Albany ? Bennington ? Into what river does the Mohawk empty? "Where is Plattsburg ? dismay, discovering that the enemy had erected batteries on Mount Defiance, commanding the fort, he made a hasty retreat. What disaster befell the Ameri- cans on the retreat ? On the morning of the '7th ot July, the rear division of the re- treating army was overtaken at Hubbardton, and routed with considerable loss. The ammu- nition and stores, which had been sent by water, were also overtaken, and were destroyed. What further retreat and advance were made ? Gen. Schuyler {ski'-ler)^ who was then in command of the American forces at the north, gradually fell back to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne's march from the head of Lake Champlain to Fort Ed- ward was also slow, because Schu}^er had destroyed the bridges and felled the trees across the roads. Wlmt eocpedition Md Burgoyne previously sent westward ? Burgoyne, before leaving Can- ada, had sent an expedition, un- der St. Leger, to capture Fort Schuyler. Finding the fort resolutely defended, St. Leger determined upon a siege. On SARATOGA AND VICINITY. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 the 6th of August, Gen. Herkimer, while advancing to the I'e- lief of the place, fell into an ambuscade and was defeated, he being mortally wounded. IIow was the siege IrougM to a close ? The Indian allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold was ap- proaching with a large army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently abandoned. What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at P^oi^t Edward 1 Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and finding him- self in want of supplies, sent five hundred men, under Col. Baum, to seize the stores which the Americans had collected at Bennington. What was the result of Baicm's expedition f Baum was met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, under Gen. Stark, and defeated ; and on the same day, August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the aid of Baum, was also defeated. Sow did the reverses of the British affect them ? The reverses experienced by the British at Fort Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. What advance movements were made hy the two armies f Gen. Gates, who had been appointed to succeed Schuyler in the command, advanced to Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. What took place on the following day f On the 19th of September was fought the battle of Bemis Heights, sometimes called the first battle of Stillwater, in which Arnold displayed great bravery ; and, though the British occu- pied the battle field at the close of the conflict, their pi'ogress toward Albany was eff'ectually checked. What disposition was then made of the two armies f 72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. The two armies remained in sight of each other for more than two weeks ; Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clinton from New York. "^Tiat did Burgoyne afterward determine upon f Despairing of aid, the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his w^ay through the American lines. This brought on, October Yth, the battle of Saratoga, or the second of Stillwater. Give an account of the battle. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the loss of the British was severe, they were compelled to give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though fighting without any assigned command, and was severely wounded. What can you state of Burgoyne' s final movements? Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding himself so sur- rounded by the Americans that all chance of retreat was cut off*, and being without provisions, on the 17th of October he surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five thou- sand men, prisoners of war. Wliat had Clinton teen doing in the mean time ? Clinton, in the mean time, had captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the country. What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne" s surrender? The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kingston, returned to New York. EVENTS OF 1778. What effect did news of Burgoyne' s surrender have in England ? In England the news of Burgoyne's surrender produced THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 great alarm, and commisssioners were sent to America to ne- gotiate a restoration of peace. How did Congress receive the commissioners f Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United States. What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender ham in France f In consequence of the success of the Americans at Saratoga, France acknowledged the independence of the United States ; a treaty of alliance was concluded between the two countries ; and a squadron, commanded by D'Estaing {des-taing'), was at once sent to America. WJiat instructions were sent to the British commanders ? The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the Delaware, and of their main army at Philadelphia, or> dered both forces to proceed to New York. What occurred during the retreat of the army ? On the 18th of June, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in the command, evacuated Philadelphia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to New York. Washington gave pursuit; and at Monmouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was fought. What can you state of the battle f In the early part of the conflict, Washington came up just as Lee's division was in full retreat : he rebuked Lee, and di- rected him to assist in further operations. How did the tattle result f Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engage- ment was indecisive, the advantage was with the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed be- fore dawn. 4 74 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. What losses were sustained l)y the two armies f The loss of the British in the battle and by desertions during the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- cessive heat and fatigue of the day. WJiat offensive course did Lee aftericard take toward Washington f Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he bad received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Wash- ington, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. After a tedious investigation he was sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide vpon f A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, ■where, under Gen. Pigot, they had established a military depot. What diverted D' Estaing from Tils object ? Tempted by the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed out to meet Lord Howe ; but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to New- port, and soon after departed for Boston to repair his ships. What can you state of Sullivan's movements ? Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the northern part of the island ; and, being followed by Pigot, an engagement took place, August 29, resulting in a loss of over two hurdred to each side, and in the repulse of the British. What movement did Sullivan then mak^f Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by Clinton. WhM acts of the enemy were particularly atrocious? An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, committed great THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. lO destruction at Xew Bedford and other places ; but no act? of the enemy were more atrocious than those of which they were guiltv at Wyoming and Cherry Yalley. Gire an account oftTie "Massacre of Wyoming." Early in July a large force of tones and Indians, under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. WTiat account can you giieofthe enemy's doings at Cherry Yalley 1 In November a party of the satoe mixed character fell upon the settlement of Cherry Yalley, in New York, and killed or carried into captivity many of the settlers. 'What expedition was serd against Georgia f Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a small force, under Gen. Eobert Howe, WMt did Clinton accornplisli f A battle took place on the 29th December, in which the Americans were defeated with much loss ; and, in consequence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British. EVENTS OF 1779. What loss did the Americans smtain after that of St/r tro* Am/Ad Ud to tak/i tM af.f.xi in treoMm ? fibmek'* Potet? Fort CHotoaf FortMootgooierf? Fort In- il^eiicef Tanjumnf In 1778, after the Britkh had evsLcnzred Philadelphia, Arnold was pnt in command of that citj. Here he lived at an expense bevond his in- come, and, to meet the demands of his creditors, appropriated public funds to his own use. WhatfrMmeedf Charges were preferred against him, and, in conformity with the de- cision of the court, he was repri- manded by Washington. He felt the disgrace, and determined to wreak his vengeance. ih, uhat v.ay di/], Ia proc^Ad. 1 Having secured the command of West Point, he offered to betray it into the hands of Clinton, Major Andre, aid-de- camp to Clinton, met Arnold at a point six miles below West Point ; and the treasonable bargain was completed. -H<)^!? tr^- )-■ ^ J T 7#////''/ i'.lSe\vayo*o5X <^.^ )r . X'^''-™'r"^ VFrau-ie/tlTv ^_>^- ^ \ Wl \\ ■ ■• vX^^ )> A^Vkssar \rW Jdedi SCALE or MILES 'f t"-: J7mnJfr ,.,, ^sCiiT.iiwLTraverse '"'■>r iowaj't^ity Miclno-ati , •SontliBeTid 1 ^/'^'■''■*>'-i>S|p,ln^^^"" ...Sfi-S.. rortWaj/iielip", Jruunic^'- , ^ MuscaliilcfSuckJsTand Biirlmo-to, COLUMBn:>\0 \ m.^ldiiASS^!^^**'^'^^ Washington's administration. 91 SKCTION V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRA- TION, IN 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF MADISON'S, IN 1817. When did the government und&r the Constitution commence f Washington, who had been unanimously elected the first President of the United States, appeared before Congress at New York, then the capital, and, on the SOtli of April, 1789, "was inaugurated. John Adanis was the first Vice-President. Of whom did Washington's caUnet consist f Congress having decided in favor of three executive depart- ments, Washington selected for his cabinet Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of the treasury, and Henry Knox, of war. What changes fuUoiced the establishment of the new government? Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed the finances of the government in a good condition, commerce revived, and the country prospered. What war broke out during Washington's administration ? In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. Two expeditions, the first under Gen. Harmar, and the other under Gen. St. Clair, were de- feated by them, when finally Gen. Wayne was sent. Give an account of Wayne's success. Wayne was successful. In August, 1794, he defeated the Indians at the Maumee, then laid waste their country, ari'l finally compelled them to sue for peace. What was tJie result of the second Fresidential election ? Washington, whose first term of office expired on the 4th of March, 1793, was unanimously re-elected : Adams was also re-chosen to the vice-presidency. 92 aDams's administration. How were troubles icith France produced? AVhen France, during ber great revolution, declared war against England, a large part of tlie people here were in favor of helping their old ally of the Revolution. What imprudence icas committed by the French minister f M. Genet {zhe-nd'), the French minister in the United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his country, began to nt out privateers in American ports to cruise against British vessels. Washington at length demanded his recall, and an- other minister was sent in his place. What account can you give of the WJiisky Insurrection ? The law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors, met with considerable opposition, especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insurrection. Upon the ap- proach of a force sent by Washington, the insurgents yielded. What can you state of " Jay's Treaty f" It was not long after the making of the treaty of 1783, be- fore the American and British governments began to accuse each other of violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to England, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. What states were admitted during this administration ? (See p. 132.) Who succeeded Washington as president? Washington having declined a nomination for a third term, John Adams was elected to succeed him, and the new presi- dent was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1797. What were the principal events of John Adams's administration ? During the administration of John Adams, difficulties with France of a warlike character took place ; the death of Wash- ington, at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799, occurred ; and the seat of government which had been at 93 Philadelphia ten years, was removed in the summer of 1800 to its present location. Who lecame the third president of the United States ? Thomas Jefferson, the successor of John Adams to the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1801 ; and, like Washington, served two terms. What state and territorial additions were made in 1802 and 1803 1 Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802 ; and Louisiana was purchased of France, in 1803, for fifteen millions of dol- lars. By the purchase thus made, the free navigation of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured. What can you say of an expedition to the Mediterranean in 1803 ? In 1803, Commodore Preble [preh'-el) was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon the commerce of the United States. What misfortune hefell a vessel belonging to Preble's squadron ? The frigate Philadelphia, one of Preble's vessels, while reconnoitering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was captured. Her crew were made slaves. Give the subsequent history of the Philadelphia ? On the night of the 15th of February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur, in a small vessel and with about eighty companions, entered the harbor. He boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. What expedition by land proved successful f Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an ex- pedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. He marched from Egypt across the. desert, and captured Derne ; but, in the midst of his successes, a 94 Madison's administration. treaty of peace was concluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American Consul-General. What duel took place in 1804=? In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander HaiDilton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which resulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political quarrel between the two men. WJiat grand scheme was Burr afterward engaged in ? In 1806, Burr undertook to found an empire west of the Alleghanies. He was tried on a charge of treason, but ac- quitted. What injury was brought upon the commerce of the United States? England and France, being at war, great numbers of Ameri- can vessels were seized by the cruizers of the belligerent powers, under " decrees" and " orders" issued by them ; but the crowning grievance was the so-called " right of search." What icas the " nght of search ?" This was a claim set up by Great Britain, under which American vessels were boarded, and all sailors of English birth found were impressed as subjects of the king. In what notable case did the British enforce their claim ? In June, 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was fired into by the British frigate Leopard. The American vessel being unpre- pared for action, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of her crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were then transferred to the Leopard, but three of them, it was afterward proved, were native Americans. When and by ichom was Jefferson succeeded in office f James Madison, the successor of Jefferson in the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809. He too, like "Washington and Jefferson, served two terms, or eight years. What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Amencans ? SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 95 In May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired inio the American frigate President, but found her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. What trouUes took place icith tJie western Indians? About the year 1804, the Indians on the western frontiers, influenced by the appeals of Tecumseh, one of their ablest waniors, began to form a hostile confederacy. At length they became troublesome, and Gen. Harrison was sent against them. Give an account of the 'battle that occurred. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tippecanoe, and encamped for the night. Early on the following morning, Xovember Tth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were repulsed. This battle ruined their hostile plans. SECOXD ^AR WITH EXGLA]S"D. EVENTS OF 1812. Eoic did the " War (?/1812" hai:e its origin? The government of the United States having in vain en- deavored to induce the British to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American commerce, and also to cease their im- pressment of our seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19th of June, 1812. What were the first hostile acts ? The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull was the first hostile movement on the part of the Americans ; and the capture Ox Fort Mackinaw on the 1 7th of July, five days after, the first on the part of the British. m SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. Map Questions. Give an ttccoujit of the How is Detroit situated? Sandwich? French- "battUs of Brownstown. town ? Fort Maiden ? Brownstown ? Where was Fort Steplienson ? Fort Meigs ? A detachment whicl I Hull bad sent to con- DETROIT J[SD TicjLBrirx" ^ voy a supply train for his army, was met near Brownstown, on the 5th of August, and utterly defeated. A second detachment, under Col. Miller, en- countered the enemy on the 9th, and routed them. Hoic did Hull act after he had invaded Canada ? After waiting nearly a month at Sandwich, Hull fell back to the American side, and took post at Detroit, to which place he was soon after followed by Gen. Brock, com- manding thirteen hundred British and Indians. What disgraceful part did Hull then perform? The Americans were confident of victory in the battle which seemed about to take place, yet Hull ordered a white flag to be shown, in token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but the whole territory of Michigan fell into the hands of the enemy. What second invasion of Canada took place in the same year? In October of 1812 an American army, under Gen. Van Rensselaer {van ren'-se-ler), was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a detachment of this army crossed the Niagara, and carried a battery on the heights of Queenstown. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 97 What further struggle Map Questions. OOk place on the heights? How is Queenstown situated? Lewiston? The enemy, reinforced ^^^'•'^("^^^ Toronto)? Chippewa? Lundy'sLane? " ' Where was Fort Erie ? Fort George ? by Brock, attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed, and Brock was killed. On the afternoon of the same day, the 13th, they made a second attempt with fresh troops, and this time with success. Compare the land and naval battles of 1812. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 1812 were as de- cided as their reverses on the land. There were five important naval battles, in every one of which the Americans were victorious. Name the vessels captured and their captors. On the 13th of August, the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, captured the Alert; on the 19th, the frigate Constitution, Cap- tain Hull, captured the Guerriere [gdre-e-dre}^ after an action of about forty minutes ; and in October, the sloop Wasp, Cap- tain Jones, captured the Frolic. Name the other victories. On the 25th of October, the frigate United States, Commo- dore Decatur, after an action of nearly two hours, compelled the Macedonia to surrender ; and, on the 29th of December, 98 SECO^'D WAR WITH ENGLAND. the Constitution, Commodore Bainbridge, gained lier second victory in the capture of the Java (jah'-vak). W?iat can you say of the acTiievements of the privateers? Beside these successes, privateers scoured the ocean ; and, during the year, more than three hundred merchant vessels were also taken. EVENTS OF 1813. What preparations were made for the campaign of l^lo? Three armies were organized for the campaign of 1S13; that of the "West, commanded by Gen. Harrison; of the Centre, by Gen. Dearborn ; and of the Xorth, by Gen. Hampton. Give an account of the first battle of the year. Gen. Winchester, commanding a detachment of the western army, was attacked at Winchester, on the 2 2d of January, b; fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. What further account of the battle can you give? Winchester was made a prisoner, and, though in the hands of the enemy, agreed upon a capitulation : the Americans then surrendered'. Proctor failed to protect his captives, and manv of the wounded xlmericans were mtirdered by his In- dian allies. What measure of defense did Harrison adopt ? Harrison, upon hearing of Winchester's defeat, built Fort Meigs (megz) ; and, on the 1st of May, Proctor, with two thousand British and Indians, advanced against the place and commenced a siege. What force came to the aid of Harrison ? Four days after, Gen. Clay arrived with twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked the besiegers; but a large body of his troops, while pursuing the enemy, was cap- tured. Proctor returned to Fort Maiden {inaul'-den) May 9th. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 99 What place did Proctor afterward proceed against? Ill about three months after, Proctor, with twelve hundred regulars and Indians, marched against Fort Stephenson, then garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under Major Croghan. Gi}:e an account of the, operations at the fort. A cannonade was directed against -the fort until a breach was effected, when the enemy, August 2d, attempted to carry the place by assault. ' What wets the result ? They were met by a volley of musketry and a discharge from a six-pound gun, with such terrible effect, that, panic- struck, they fled in confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or wounded. What warlike preparations were made on Lake Erie in 1813? During the summer, an American and an English squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie, the former commanded by Com- modore Perry, and the latter by Commodore Barclay. Gire an account of the battle between them. They met on the 10th of September, near the western ex- tremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy having surrendered. How did Perry send information of his victory? In dispatching information of his victory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." How did the good news effect Harrison? Harrison, on hearing of the victory, crossed Lake Erie, and overtook Proctor and Tecumseh, October 5th, at a place on the Thames {iemz). Give an account of the battle that followed. The Americans charged, breaking the lines of the British, and soon compelling them to surrender ; but the contest with 100 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. STATE OF ALABAMA 10 30 50 80 Map Questions. the Indians was more Where was Fort Minis? How is New Orleans obstinate. At lengtll Bituated? Fort Morgan ? Pensacola? i /. n ^ ^^ iecumsen lell, and his warriors fled. What icere the Indian troubles at the south f In August, the Creeks, a tribe of southern Indians, sur- prised Fort Mims, and, without any provoca- tion, massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. What 'punishment icas inflicted vpon the Greeks ? Generals Jackson and Coffee, having marched into Alabama, routed them in several battles ; and finally, in March, 1814, defeated them with great slaughter at the Horse- Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. Their subjugation was com- plete. What, in the mean time, was transpiring at the north ? Toward the latter part of April, Gen. Dearborn, the com- mander-in-chief of the -army, left Sackett's Harbor, crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York. Oive an account of the battle. On the 2'7th the troops landed, led by Gen. Pike, and were carrying every thing before them, when the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment's panic they moved on, and were soon in possession of the town. . SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 101 What change afterward took place in, the army commanders f Dearborn made a second expedition, capturing Fort George, when he resigned his command, and was succeeded by Gen. Wilkinson. W7iat led to an attack on Sacketfs Harbor f The absence of Dearborn from Sackett's Harbor tempted Gen. Prevost to cross the lake to attack the place ; but he was met. May 29th, by a small body of regulars and some militia, under Gen. Brown, and repulsed. What occurred with a 'portion of Wilkinson's army J In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed a de- tachment near Williamsburg to cover the descent of the fleet. On the 11th of November an encounter took place with the enemy, but the Americans were the greater sufferers. What can you say of the conflicts on the ocean during 1813? Though the American seamen during 1813 were not uni- formly successful, their gallantry still continued to be the theme of admiration. Qive an account of the first naval conflict of the year. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered the British brig Peacock, and in fifteen minutes compelled her to strike her colors. The captured vessel sunk almost immediately after. How was Lawrence reioardedfor his gallantry f On his return to the United States, Lawrence was promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Bos- ton harbor. Why did Lawrence soon after leave the harbor f In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off the harbor to meet the Chesa- peake, and though the .American vessel had imperfect equip- ments, and an ill-assorted crew, the challenge was accepted. 102 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. Give an account of the action. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mortally wounded in the early part of the action, but his last injunction as he was borne below was, "Don't give up the ship." What afterward occurred. ? The Chesapeake, after having all her superior officers either killed or wounded, was boarded by the enemy, and her flag hauled down. Wimt other impoi'tant navcd actions took place during the year ? On the 14th of August, the American brig Argus was cap- tured in the English Channel by the brig Pelican. Fortune next favored the Americans: on the 5th of September the British brig Boxer surrendered to the brig Enterprise. C 1>W>^ /P?(i|Cl\tnii!]Tv LtiPrtm-ie "^ '' EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. WJiat event closed Wilkinson's military career f ■ Wilkinson advanced from French Mills, where he had been quartered during the winter, and at La Colle was repulsed on the 30th of March, 1814. In consequence of this defeat he was superseded in the command by Gen. Izard. What success did the Americans gain early in July f On the 3d of July an advance force of Gen. Brown's command crossed the Niag- ara, and took Fort Erie without a struggie. Give an account of the lattle of Ghippeica. The xVmerican army pushed forward, and, on the 5th, met the enemy, under Gen. Riall. The British were defeated with a loss of five huu- '^red men, and compelled to retreat across the Chippewa. St Jol\iis*^i\V^ C A^N Am A =-Eouseirx''!'sJ.js7,/ PART OF THE SOr.EL UIVKK. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 103 Oide an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. On the 2oth, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obstinate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, bravely contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown. In the mean time the British were reinforced by Gen. Drum- mond, who took the command. What heroic deed, during the battle, was jyerformed ? It soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy held on a height, and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." What then occurred f He did try, and was successful. Three times the British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing about eight hundred men. What movement teas then made by the Americans? Brown and Scott being both severely wounded, Gen. Ripley conducted the army to Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command. What was the next movement of the British f On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to Fort Erie ; and on the loth, in attempting to carry the place by assault, he was repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. What occurred about a month later ? On the l7th of September, Brown being then in command of the fort, the Americans made a sortie, destroying the works of the besiegers, and killing or capturing seVen hundred ol their number. How was the siege brought to a close ? Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approaching, 104 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. Who, after Izard, held the command at Lake Ghamplainf Izard, when he started for the relief of Fort Erie, left Gen. Macomb {ina-koom') in command at Plattsburg with only a few hundred men. What forces threatened the army and fleet at PlattsJmrg? In September, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Macomb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie {doiun'-e)^ sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore MacDonough (jnac-don'-o). What account can you give of the two iattles that followed? The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain took place on the 11th of September. While the British, from their bat- teries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet engaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. Give a further account of the battles. In two hours and a quarter MacDonouo;h gained a complete victory ; the fire from the land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost made a hasty retreat, having lost in kill-ed, wounded, and desertions, about twenty -five hundred men. WJiat operations in the mean time had hegun at the south? In the mean time. Gen. Ross had sailed into Chesapeake Bay and up the Patuxent, with the design of marching against the national capital. What can you state of his progress? He reached Washington on the 24th of August, having met with but slight resistance at Bladensburg. After burning the capitol, president's house, and other buildings, he made a hasty retreat to the shipping. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 105 WTiere, at tJie same time, was an- other part of the British tusyf A division of the enemy's fleet, at the same time,' ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, the inhabitants of which town, to save it from bombardment, sur- rendered their merchandise and shipping. What further can you state of Ross's expedition f Ross next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, fourteen miles from the city, while a fleet sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry. What success did they meet mth On his march Ross was killed * ^^p Questions. How is Washington situated ? Alex- in a skirmish that took place ; andria? Baltimore? Bladensburg? and the progress of the troops ^^'^ McHenry? North Point? Into ■^ * ■■■ what water does the Patapsco Eiver was then disputed, for more flow? ThcPatuxent? than an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strieker. On the following day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, to await the movements of the fleet. What movements did the fleet make ? The bombardment of Fort McHenry commenced on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the following morning, but without making any impression. Gen. Brooke, Ross's successor, seeing no prospect of success, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 5* 106 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. What cause of complaint was given ly certain Spanish officials? During the summer an expedition against Fort Bowyer [ho'-yer)^ now Fort Morgan, was fitted out at Pensacok, Florida, by the British, Florida, at the time, being a Spanish possession. What counter measures were consequently adopted ? AUhough the expedition proved unsuc- ce5sful,Gen. Jackson marched against Pen- sacola, and compelled the British to leave. MOBILE AND VICINITY. What daugcTS threatened the Americans in another quarter f Toward the middle of December, a British squadron entered Lake Borgne (born), carrying twelve thousand .troops, com- manded by Sir Edward Pakenham, the object of the expedition being to capture New Orleans. What were the first events of the expedition ? On the 14th a flotilla of American gunboats was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson made a spirited though ineffectual attack upon* an encampment of the enemy's van- guard ; but, on the 28th, and again on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuccessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson had thrown up four miles from the city. Oive an account of the tattle of Ne/uo Orleans. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a general advance against the American intrenchments ; but volley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible eff'ect, that they were compelled to flee. lakenham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded. What can you state of the naval events of 1814 ? SF.CONU WAR WITH ENGLAND. 107 Altliougli during 1811 the Americans were generally vic- torious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, after a successful cruise, was attacked in the harbor of Valpa- raiso, March 28, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. When did hostilities between England and the United States cease ? In February, 1815, the joyful tidicgs reached the United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814. In 'What respect icas the treaty incomplete f The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon American commerce and the impressment of American sea- men — were left untouched by the treaty. What rendered the omission of no consequence F This w^as not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of the American navy, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. Upon what expedition was Decatur soon after sent f The war with England being ended, Decatur was sent against the Algerines, who had resumed their old practice of seizing American vessels and enslaving the crews thereof. What success did Decatur meet with ? In June, 1815, he captured two frigates; and, in the same year, he made satisfactory treaties with Algiers, Tunis [too'-nis), and Tripoli. 108 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAPw WITH ENGLAND. • The asUriak indicates the successful party. "VTHEEE FOUGHT. OOMMANDBR8. 1812. Aug. 13, Aug. 19, j Oct. 18, Oct 25, Dec. 29, 1S13. Feb. 24, June 1, Aug. 14, Sept. 5, Sept. 10, 1814. March 28, April 29, June 28, Sept. 1, Sept 11, Dec. 14, 1815. Jan. 15, Feb. 20, March 23, Off Newfoundland < Off Massachusetts -j Off North Carolina.... | Near Canary Islands .. -I Off San Salvador -j Off Demarara < Massachusetts Bay -| British Channel | Off coast of Maine -j Lake Erie -J Harbor of Valparaiso. . < Off coast of Florida... -j Near British Channel.. -j Near Africa. ■< Lake Chaniplain -j Lake Borgne < Off New Jersey -I Off Island of Madeira. . -< Off Brazil -j Am. Frig. Essex Br. Sloop Alert Am. Frig. Constitution. Br. Frig. Guerriere Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Brig Frolic Am. Frig. United States Br. Frig. Macedonian . . . Am. Frig. Constitution . Br. Frig. Java Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Peacock Am. Frig. Chesapeake.. Br. Frig. Shannon Am. Brig Arsrus Br. Sloop Pelican Am. Brig Enterprise Br. Brig Boxer Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns. . Br. 6 vessels, 63 guns . . . Am. Frig. Essex Br. Brig Phoebe Br. Sloop Cherub Am. Sloop Peacock Br. Brig Epervier Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Reindeer Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Avon Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns. . Am. 5 gunboats Br. 40 barges Am. Frig. President Br. (Squadron) Am. Frig. Constitution . Br. Ship Cyane Br. Ship Levant Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Penguin Porter.* Laugharne. "Hull.* Dacres. Jones.* Whinyates. Decatur.* Carden. Bainbridge.* Lambert Lawrence.* Peake. Lawrence. Broke.* Allen. Maples.* Burrows.* Blyth. Perry.* Barclay. Porter. Hillyar.* Tucker. Warrington. ^ Wales. Blakely.* Manners. Blakely.* Arbuthnot McDonough. Downie. Jones. Lockyer.* Decatur. Hayes.* Stewart.* Falcon. Douglass. Biddle.* Dickenson. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 109 PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. • Tke asterisk indicates the successful party. DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Am'ricn British. 1812. Aug. 5, Aug. 9,-j Oct. 13, 1813. Jan. 22, April 27, May 5, May 29, Aug. 2, Oct. 5, Nov. 11, 1814 March 30, July 5, July 25, Aug. 15, Aui. 24, Sept. 11, Sept. 12, Sept. 13, Sept. 15, SepL 17, Dec. 23, 1815. Jan. 8, Brownstown Maguaga, or 2d of Brownstown Queenstown Van Horn .... j- Miller* Van Rensselaer Tecum seh* Tecumseh Brock* 200 600 1,200 600 900 2,500 Frenchtown York Winchester . . . Pike* Proctor* Sheaflfe Proctor Prevost Proctor Proctor Morrison 800 1,700 1,200 1,0U0 150 2,500 1.200 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,300 2,000 2,000 Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor... Fort Stephenson.... Thames . . Clay* Brown* Croghan* Harrison* Boyd Chrysler's Field .... LaColleMill Chippewa. Wilkinson.... Brown* Brown* Gaines* Winder Macomb* Strieker Armistead* . . . Lawrence* . . . Brown* Jackson Hancock* .... Riall Drummond... Drummond... Ross* Prevost Brooke* Cochrane Nicholls Drummond... Keane 4,000 1,900 8,500 2,500 8,500 3,000 2,000 1,000 120 2,500 2,000 2,000 2,100 5,000 5,000 5,000 14,000 5,000 16 ships. Mixed. 3,500 2,500 Lundy's Lane Fort Erie (assault). Bladensburg North Point Fort McHenry Fort Bowyer Fort Erie (sortie) . . 9 miles from N. 0... New Orleans Jackson* Pakenham.... 6,000 12,000 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. When was Washington inaugurated president ? (91.) — 2. Where did the ceremony take place ? — 3. Who was vice-president under Washington f —4. What took place in 1790? — 5. Give an account of the three expe- ditions against the Indians. — 6. Give an account of the troubles with France. (92.)— 7. Of the Whisky Insurrection.— 8. Of "Jay's Treaty."— 9. When was John Adams inaugurated president ? — 10. When did the death of Washington occur? — 11. When did the city of Washington be- come the national capital ? (92, 93.)— 12. How long had Philadelphia beea tlie capital? — 13. When was Jefferson inaugurated president? (93.) — 14. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? — 15. How was Louisiana ao- quired by the United States ? — 16. Of what advantage was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory? — 17. Upon what expedition was Preble sent? 110 REVIKW QUESTIONS. I — 18. Give an account of the loss and destniction of the frigate Philadel- phia.— 19. Of Eaton's success. (93, 94.)— 20. What sad affair took place in 1804? (94.) — 21. What further can you state of Burr? — 22. What of "orders" and "decrees" of England and France? — 23. What of the " right of search ?" — 24. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake. — 25. When was Madison inaugurated president ? — 26. Give an account of the affair between the Little Belt and President. (95.) — 27. What can you state of an Indian confederacy ? — 28. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. — 29. Who was president when the " War of 1812" com- menced? Ans. James Madison. — 30. What were the causes of that war? (95.)— 31. When was war declared ?— 32. What hostile act did Gen. Hull eommit ? — 33. What took place five days after ? — 34. What took place near Brownstown ? (96.)— 35. What disaster befell Hull's army ?— 36. When did Hull surrender ? Ans. August 16, 1812. — 37. What sentence was passed upon Hull ? Ans. A court martial pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and sentenced him to be shot ; but he was pardoned by President Madison. —38. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. (96, 97.)— 39. Of the action between the Essex and the Aleit. (97.) — 40. Wasp and Frolic. (97, 108.) — 41. United States and Macedonian. — 42. Constitution and Java. "(97, 98, 108.)— 43. Give an account of the battle of Winchester. (98.)— 44. Of the siege of Fort Meigs. — 45. Of Clay's operations. — 46. Of Proctor's operations at Fort Stephenson. (99.)— 47. Of the battle of Lake Erie. — 48. Of the battle of the Thames. (99, 100.)— 49. Massacre at Fort Mims. (100.) 50. Give a further account of the Creek War. — 51. Give an account of the battle of York.— 52. What did Dearborn accomplish? (101.)— 53. Give an account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor. — 54. What battle took place on the 11th of November, 1813? Ans. Chrysler's Field. — 55. Give an ac- count of it. (101.) — 56. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock. (101, 108.)— 57. Chesapeake and Shannon. (101, 102.)— 58. Argus and Peli- can. (102, lOS.)— 59. Boxer and Enterprise.— 60. Battle of La CoUe. (102.) —61. Capture of Fort Erie.— 62. Battle of Chippewa. (102, 109.) — 63. What battle soon followed ? (103)— 64. Give a full account of it.— 65. Of Drummond's operations. — 66. Of the sortie from Fort Erie. — 67, How did operations at Fort Erie cease? (103, 104.)— 68. At what place was Macomb left in command? (104,)— 69. What movement did Prevost make? — 70. What, Commodore Downie? — 71. Give a full account of the two battles that followed. — 72. What movement did Ross make? — 73. What destruc- tion did Ross effect? — 74. What took place at Alexandria? (105.) — 75. What movement did Ross then make? — 76. What was Ross's fate ? — 77. Give an account of the battle that followed. — 78. How did the fleet suc- ceed ? — 79. What followed ? — 80. Give an account of the attempt again«U REVIEW QUESTIONS. Ill Fort Bowyer. (106.)— SI. "What was done by Gen. Jackson? — 82. What expedition proceeded against New Orleans ? — 83. What took place before the 8th of January, 1815? — 84. Give an account of what took place then. — 85. What can you say of the cruise and capture of the Essex? (107.) — 86, When and where was a treaty of peace signed ? — 87. What were the defects of the treaty i — 88. Why were the, defects unimportant? — 89. What did Decatur accomplish in the Mediterranean? — 90. Name the land battles of 1812. (109.) — 91. Of 1813. — 92. Of 1814. — 93. Of 1815. 94. In which battles of the war were the Americans successful ? — 95. In which were the British successful ? — ^fi. Which of the battles took place in Canada? — 97. Which iu the United States? — 98. Name the naval battles of 1812, giving the dates, names of commanders, with vessels, &c. (108.)— 99. Same of 1813.— 100. Same of 1814.— 101. Same of 1815.— 102. What ofiicer was killed at the baftle of York ? (100.)— 103. At the battle of New Orleans? (106.)— 104. At the battle of Queenstown? GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1607. (p. 148.) — 2. The events from 1607 to 1638.— 3. From 1638 to 1689.— 4. From 1889 to 1732.— 5. From 1732 to 1754.— 6. From 1754 to 1763.-7. From 1763 to 1775. (148, 149.)— 8. Of 1775. (129.) — 9. Of 1776. —10. Of 1777. —11. Of 1778.-12. Of 1779.— 13. Of 1780.-14. Of 1781.-15. Of 1782. (149, 150.) 16. From 1783 to 1801. (150.)— 17. From 1801 to 1812.— 18. Of 1812.-19. Of 1813.-20. Of 1814.— 21. From 1815 to 1829. (151.)— 22. From 1829 to 1846.-23. Of 1846.— 24. Of 1847. — 25. From 1848 to 1860.-26. From 1860 to 1861.-^7. Of 1861.-28. What account can you give of George Washington ? (54, 47, 48, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92.)— 29. Of Lafayette ? (67, 68, 82, 83, 113.)— 30. Of Arnold ? (58, 60, 61, 71, 72, 80, 82, 83.)— 31. Of Gates? (71, 72; 89, 79, 81.)— 32. Of Greene ? (81, 82, 89.) —33. Of Sullivan ? (74, 77, 89.)— 34. Of Wayne? (68, 76, 89, 91.)-35. What important events occurred in the city of New York? (34, 35, 55, 64, 85, 91.)— 36. Philadelphia? (39, 57, 60, 65, 63, 73, 92, 93.)— 37. Boston? (24, 30, 56,57, 61.)— 38. Charleston? (41, 57, 62, 63, 77.)— 39. Savannah ? (4-2, 75, 76.) — 40. Name the presidents in tlie order of their succession. (153.)— 41. Name the presidents that served eight years. — 42. Name those that served four years. — 43. Name those that served a less time. — 44. Name the States, commencing with Vermont, in the order of admission. — 45 Name the thirteen original States in the order of their settlement. 112 Monroe's administration. SECTION VI. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, IN 1817, TO THE CLOSE OF PIERCE'S, IN 1857. When, and Tyy icliom, was Madison succeeded in office ? James Monroe, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and, like three of his predecessors, he served two terms, or eight years. What troubles broke out during Monroe's first year in office? Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depredations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Alabama, At first Gen. Gaines, and, afterward, Gen. Jackson, were sent against them. What did Jackson accomplish ? Being convinced that the Indians had been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jackson marched into that province, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain, and, among other acts, hung two men, both of whom were subjects of Great Britain. How and when did Florida become United States territory ? In 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States ; but it was not till July, 1821, that Spain surrendered possession of tiie territory. WJiat new States were made while Monroe was president ? Five States were admitted to the Union during Monroe's administration; Mississippi, in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Ala- bama, in 1819 ; Maine, in 1820 ; and Missouri, in 1821. State the circumstances attending the admission of Missouri? The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates in Congress and throughout the country, on the question whether slavery should exist in the new State. At length 113 Congress passed the bill known as the " Missouri Compromise of 1820," and the agitation thereupon subsided. What can you state of the visit of a distinguished person f In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit to this country ; and his tour through the States was everywhere sig- nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. What can you state of Monroe's successor in office ? Jdhn Quincy Adams, Monroe's successor in the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. His administra- tion of four years was one of wisdom and peace. By whom was John Quincy Adams succeeded in office f He was succeeded by Andrew Jackson, on the 4th of March, 1829 ; and the new president at once commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he carried out for eight years. What course did Jackson pursue toward the National Bank? The bill for rechartering the United States Bank was passed by Congress, but vetoed by the president. The institution, accordingly, ceased to be a national one. What serious trouble hroke out in 1832 ? The tariff act, passed by Congress in 1832, gave dissatis- faction to the cotton-growing States, especially to South Caro- lina, where the people in convention proclaimed that upon any attempts being made to collect the duties the State would se- cede from the Union. What further accounts can you give of the troubles? Jackson acted with promptitude and firmness ; and a " Com- promise Act," passed by Congress, averted the threatened dangler. What Indian troubles commenced three years after ? / Toward tho close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to lands west of the Mississippi. This was done in accordance with a treaty 114 Jackson's administration. PART OF FLORIDA. which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which ethers did not consider binding. How teas the leading man among the Seminoles dealt \cith ? Osceola {os-e-o'-la)^ their most noted chief, was placed in irons by Gen. Thompson, the government agent, but by promising to recommend obedience to his tribe, he soon obtained his liberty. Did Osceola do as he had promised ? On the 28tli of December, Osceola, resolved upon ven- geance, approached a house in which Thompson and some friends were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed five of the party, including Thompson. What other disaster occurred on the same day ? On the same day. Major Dade, while marching with more than a hundred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was attacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was mas- sacred. What further account can you give of the war ? A number of battles were fought during the following year ; but in none could the Americans claim a decided victory. What afterward occurred to Osceola ? In October, 183 7, Osceola appeared in the American camp with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie, where, about three months after, he died. What important battle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? In December, 1837, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the WAR WITH MEXICO. 115 United States, defeated the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, in the most desperate battle of the war. What closing account of the war can you give f Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities, they never again rallied in large force. Peace was finally secured with them in 1842. Who succeeded Jackson as president of the United States ? Martin Van Buren, the next president of the United States, was in oflSce one term, from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of March, 1841. Name, in order, the three presidents who succeeded Van Buren ? He was succeeded by William Henry Harrison ; but Har- rison died after being only a month in office ; whereupon John Tyler, the vice-president, became president ; and he was suc- ceeded, March 4, 1845, by James K. Polk. WAE WITH MEXICO. Map Questions. Where is Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 116,) City of Mexico ? Matamoras ? Mon- terey (2) ? Sacramento ? Bracito ? Saltillo ? Santa Fe ? Vera Cruz ? New Mex ico? California? Fort Brown ? (See map, p. 117.) Point Isabel? Palo Alto? Eesaca de la Palma ? Buena Vista ? Cerro Gordo ? (See map, p. 120 ) Jalapa ? Perote? Puebla? Ayotla? San Augustin? Contreras? San Antonio? Churu- busco ? Chapultepec ? Mow did Congress pr^are the way for the annexation of Texas? Three days before the expiration of Tyler's term of ofiice, a bill for the admission of Texas to the Union was passed by Congress; and, on the 4th of July, 1845, Texas became one of the United States. Wliat can you state of the previous history of Texas ? Texas had been a province of Mexico, but, in consequence 116 WAR WITH MEXICO tUTEXICO, CALIFORNIA, M'i<:x AS Sec. WAR WITH MEXICO. 117 01 the arbitrary policy of the Mexican rulers, the Texans le- volted, and, in 1836, set up a government of their own. Wliat were tlie consequences of the annexation of Texas ? The annexation of Texas to the United States led to a war with Mexico ; for Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her own territory, and considered the act of annexation a sufficient cause of war. EVENTS OF 1846. What force was sent for the 'protection of Texas? For the protection of the new State, Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, to the Rio Grande {re-o' grahn'-dd), oppo- site Matamoras (inat-a- md'-ras), where he erect- ed a fortress, which was afterward named Fort Brown. Give an account of the first conflict of the icar. Capt. Thornton, with a party of sixty-three dragoons, having been sent up the Rio Grande to reconnoiter, was at- tacked, April 26, 1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to surrender. What movements next took place ? The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio Grande, Taylor hastened to put the depot which he had established at Point Isabel {iz-d-heV) in a better state of defense ; and then set ont on his return to Fort Brown. T^TX OIL'S CAMPAI GN Scale XO 30 50 118 WAR WITH MEXICO. What occurred during Taylor's return march to Fort Brovmf His progress was disputed at Palo Alto [pah'-lo-ahl-to') and Resaca de la Palma [rd-sah'-kah da lah pahl'-mah) by Gen. Arista (ah-rees'-tah) ; but, in both battles, the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. WTiat account can you give of the first tattle ? In the battle of Palo Alto, fought on the 8th of May, the Mexicans numbered six thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded five hundred, that of the latter was scarcely fifty ; but among their mortally wounded was the brave Major Ring- gold. What account can you give of the second battle ? The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the follow- ing day, May 9th. For a while the Mexican guns held the Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons he charged with great fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La Vega {lah-vd' -gall). What can you state of Taylor's subsequent movements ? On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey {mon-td-rd')^ a city strong in its natural defences, and then garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia [am-poo' -de-ah). How did Taylor succeed against Monterey f After a series of assaults, in which Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and Taylor agreed to a brief armistice. What can you state of Oen. Kearny's success f In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, Gen. Kearny {kar'-ne) gained possession of the whole of New Mex- ico without opposition. With only one hundred men, the WAR WITH ATEXTCO. 119 main body of his army being left at Santa Fe (san-tah fa)^ be then crossed to the Pacific. What did the, army that Kearny left at Santa Fe afterward do f Colonel Doniphan, commanding a force of but nine hundred men, started fi'om Santa Fe, met and defeated the enemy at Bracito {hrah-the'-to), December 25th, 1846, and again at Sacramento {sah-crah-mane'-to), February 28th, 1847, and reached Saltillo, having accomplished a march of more than a thousand miles. WJiat account can you give of Fremont's enterprise f Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fremont was sent to make western explorations. After suffering great hard- ships, he made his way into California, then a department of Mexico, but, in March, 1846, was opposed by Gen. Castro. Wliat further account can you give of the operations in California f The Mexicans were defeated in several skirmishes, and, Commodore Stockton arriving, the whole of California was soon in possession of the Americans. EVENTS OF 1847. WTiat can you state of a new plan of operations? A plan of invasion was arranged for Gen. Scott, which not only deprived Taylor of a large number of his best troops, but gave to Scott the chief command, he being the senior officer. How did Taylor close Ms campaign in Mexico ? Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle o\ Buena Vista {bwa-nah vees-tah), fought on the 23d of February, 184Y. His force of less than five thousand men was at- tacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa Anna.; but, after a "contest which lasted from morning till night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 120 WAR WITH MEXICO. I S lo 20 ao fto ^■. , , I ' >\\ VsVi OSanJuaVaAJBio How did Scott commence his Mexican campaign ? On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of twelve thou sand men near Vera Cruz, and, on the 22d, he opened so destruc- tive a fire upon the city and the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (san 'whahn da ool-yo'-aK)^ that, on the 27th, both places were compelled to surrender. What was Scott's next movement ? On the 8th of April, Scott commenced his march against the en- emy's capital, the city of Mexico, but at Cerro Gordo [thdr'-ro gor'-do), a mountain pass, he found Santa Anna, prepared to resist his advance. Give an account of what followed. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made upon the works of the enemy, and, before noon, the whole were in possession of the Americans. Besides losing their artillery, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number killed or wounded. Give an account of the further march of the Americans. On the next day the Americans entered Jalapa [hah-lah'- pah) , further on they took, without opposition, the strong castle of Perote {pd-ro'-ta), and, on the 15th of May, they oc- cupied the city of Puebla {poo-d'-hlah). What did Scott tJien do f WAR WITH MEXICO. 121 Scott halted at Puebla nearly three months for reinforce- ments, and then resumed his march, reaching Ayotla {cih-yot' lah), a town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. What change did Scott tlien determine upon ? Finding that the direct route thence was strongly fortified, he turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin (san aw- ffus-feen'), about ten miles from the capital. Wliat difficulties were then in Scott's way f The approaches to the city of Mexico from San Augustm were guarded by batteries at Contreras {con-tra' -ras) and San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-hoos' - co) and Chapultepec {chah-ioool-ta-pek'). What successes attended the advance of the Americans ? At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, carried the bat- teries. They were also successful at San Antonio. Mow did the Americans folloio up their successes? On the same day Churubusco was attacked ; the defense was obp.tinate, and the conflict bloody, bat, at length, the Mex- icans were driven from the fort and compelled to flee. What effort was then made to bring the Mexicans to terms ? An armistice of several days succeeded, during which Scott endeavored to bring about a peace, but, failing in this, he or- dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Rey (jno-le-no' dale- ra), an outer defense of Chapultepec. Sow did Worth carry out the order given to liim? The attack was made on the 8th of September, and, although the Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a loss of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven from their position. What yet remained to he done f Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a 6 122 WAR WITH MEXICO. lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital could be reached. Give an ciccount of the taking of CJiapultepec. Batteries were erected to bear upon it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches through the stone wall de- fenses, and, on the 13th of September, the place was carried by assault. What were the immediate consequences of the victory ? During the night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a triumphant march into it. What last effort far success did Santa Anna make? After Santa Anna's flight he proceeded to lay siege to Pue- bla : learning, however, that a body of recruits were on their march to reinforce Scott, he attacked them at Huamantla (whah-mant' -lah\ but, as usual, met with defeat. How was the war hr ought to a close f On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, by which all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished to the United States. What did the United States agree to do in return? On the part of the United States, it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amounting to $3,000,000, should be assumed. What excitement with regard to California soon broke out f During this month, February, gold began to be found in California. The news at once spread with wonderful rapidity, and soon thousands of emigrants from all parts of the world rushed thither. Who next, after Polk, was president of tlie United States ? Fillmore's administration. 123 Polk was succeeded in the presidency by Gen. Taylor, dis- tinguished in the war with Mexico. The inauguration took place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. What dispute, of national importance, soon occurred f In a short time California applied for admission into the Union ; but as the constitution which she had adopted ex- cluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute commenced in Congress and throughout the United States, which continued several months. What loss did the nation sustain at this time ? Before the dispute was settled, Gen. Taylor died, after an administration of only one year, four months, and four days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon became president. Sow was the question in relation to the admission settled ? Other questions, growing out of the subject of slavery, hav- ing been introduced into Congress, five acts were passed by that body, in conformity with the spirit of a compromise ofi*ered by Henry Clay. One of these provided for the admis- sion of California as a free Stat*^. WJien did the slavery question in another shape appear ? During the administration of Franklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy between the slaveholding and non-slaveholding sections of the Union was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the United States. What action of Congress gave shape to the controversy ? Congress, in 1854, passed the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill." As, by this act, the "Compromise of 1820" was repealed — a com- promise which prohibited slavery in the territory of the 124 REVIEW QUESTIONS. United States north of the southern boundary of Missouri, Missouri excepted — emigrants from both sections began to pour into Kansas, and with such zeal was the strife for su- premacy carried on, that frequent collisions took place. PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. (The Americans were successful in every battle.) DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. FORCES ENGAGED. American. Mexican. Aiuer. 2.300 2.-^00 0,600 500 Mexn. 6,000 5,000 10,01 '0 1,200 17.000 4,000 6,000 12,000 7,000 25,000 14,000 25,000 1,000 1846. Mays, May 9, Sept. 24, Dec. 25, 1847. Feb. 23, Feb. 28, March 27, April 18, Aug. 20, 1 Sept. 8, Sept. 13, Oct. 9, Taylor Taylor .... Taylor .... Doniphan.. Arista Resacade la Palma.. Monterey Arista Anipudia Ponce de Leon. Bracito Buena Vista Taylor .... Doniphan.. Scott Scott Scott Scott Worth Scott Lane Santa Anna Trias 4,700 itoo 12,000 8,500 4.000 aooo 3.500 7,200 500 Vera Cruz Morales Santa Anna Valencia Santa Anna Alvarez. Bravo Cerro Gordo Contrer.os Molinodel Key Chapultepec Huatnantla . Santa Anna KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. "When was Monroe inaugurated president? (page 112.)— 2. When did he go out of office ?— 3. Give an account of the troubles with the Semi- noles. (112, 113, 114, 115.) — 4. Give some account of Florida. (11, 13, 53, 84, 112.)— 5. Of the "Missouri Compromise of 1820." (112, 113.)— 6. When did Mississippi become a State? (112.)— 7. Illinois ?— 8. Alabama?— 9. Maine 1—10. Missouri?— 11. Give an acco-unt of Lafayette's visit. (113.)— 12. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated president ?— 13. What can you state of his administration ?— 14. When was Jackson inaugurated president?— 15. When did Jackson go out of office?— 16. What can you state of the National Bank? (81, 113.)— 17. What troubles broke out in 1832? Ans. The Nullification troubles.— 18. Give an account of them. —19. What account can you give of Osceola? (114.)— 20. Of Dade's mas- REVIEW QUESTIONS. 125 sacre ?— 21. Of the battle of Okeechobee ? (114, 115.)— 22. When was Van Buren inaugurated president ? (115.) — 23. Harrison 1 — 24. Tyler 1 — 25. Polk ? — 26. Give an account of the admission of Texas to the Union. (115.) — 27. Of Texas, previous to the admission. (115, 117.)~28. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? (117.) — 29. Wliat did President Polk order Gen. Taylor to do ?— 30. What fort did Taylor construct ?— 31. What mis- fortune befell Thornton ?— 32. Where did Taylor establish a depot ?— 33. What movement did he make as regards the depot ? — 34. When did the battle of Palo Alto occur? (118.) — 35. Give an account of it. — 36. How came the battle of Eesaca de la Palma to be fought ? — 37. When was it fought ? — 38. Give an account of it. — 39. When did Taylor cross to Mata- moras ? — 40. What city did he next go against ? — 41. How was Monterey prepared for defence ? — 42. How did Taylor succeed against Monterey ? — 43. What march did Kearny make ? — 44. What success did he meet with ? —45. What did Kearny afterward do? (118, 119.)— 46. What march did Doniphan make ? (119.) — 47. What successes did he have ? — 48. What can you say of Fremont's operations ? — 49. What success did he and Stockton have ? — 50. How was Taylor deprived of men and the chief command ? — 51. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. — 52. Of the taking of Vera Cruz. (120. )--53. What fort protected Vera Cruz?— 54. When did Scott get possession of the fort ? — 55, How came the battle of Cerro Gordo to be fought? — 56. When was it fought? — 57. Give an account of it. — 58. When did Scott take Jalapa?— 59. Puebla?— 60. Why did he stop at Puebla? (121.) — 61. What was his next movement ? — 62. Why did he not then keep on direct to the city of Mexico ? — 63. What did he do instead ? —64. Give an account of the operations of the 20th of August. — 65. Of the battle of Molino del Eey. — 66. Of the taking of Chapultepec castle. — (121, 122.)— 67. When did Scott take the city of Mexico? (122.)— 68. What bad become of Santa Anna ? — 69. Where did he meet his final defeat ?— 70. Wlien was peace made? — 71. What territory did the United States secure ? — 72. What can you state of the gold excitement ? — 73. When was Taylor inaugurated president? (123.)— 74. What dispute, in relation to California, occurred ? — 75. Who succeeded Taylor in the presidency ?— 76. How came Fillmore to succeed him ? — 77. In what connection is Henry Clay spoken of?— 78. When was Pierce inaugurated president? — 79. In what shape was the slavery question again introduced ?— 80. What can you state ot the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill?" (123, 124.)— 81. Name the principal battles of 1846. (124.)— 82. Of 1847.-83. In which did Taylor command ?— 84. In which did Scott command ? — 85. In which did Santa Anna command ? — 86. In which did Arista command. 126 THE GREAT REBELLION. THE GEEAT EEBELLION. By whom, and when, was Pierce succeeded in the presidency? James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Pierce's successor as president of the United States, was inaugurated at Washing- ton on the 4th of March, 1857. What subject of national importance was still discussed f The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic oi discussion during the four years of his administration ; and, even in the last, the Kansas strife seemed no nearer a conclu- sion. What can you state of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed him; and, after an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted in the success of Abraham Lincoln. What soon foUowed ? When it became known that the candidate of the Repub- lican party — the party opposed to the further extension of slavery — would be the next president, public meetings were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that State from the Union; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an or- dinance of secession was passed by a State convention. WJiat took place shortly after f Four days after, Major Anderson, commanding at Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place of greater se- curity. THE GEEAT REBELLION. 127 What was the consequence of this movement ? This removal being regarded in South Carolina as a hostile act, the authorities there at once seized the custom-house at Charleston, as well as other property belonging to the general government, and began to make preparations to drive Ander- son from his new position. EVENTS OF 1861. Map Questions. Where is Fort Sumter? (See map, p. 62.) Charleston? Montgomery? (Map, p. 100.) Baltimore? (Map, p. 105.) Harper's Ferry? Norfolk? Washington? Bowling Green, Ya. ? Fortress Monroe? (Map, p. 130.) Big Bethel? Hampton Koads? Boonevllle? (Map, p, 128.) Carthage? Wilson's Creek? Lexington, Mo.? St. Louis? Springfield? BullEun? (Map, p. 144.) Hatteras Inlet? (Map, p. 78.) Port Eoyal Entrance ? (Map, p. 8.) What plan did the insurgents frustrate f A steamer, sent from New York with supplies and reinforce- ments for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston ; but, being fired upon by batteries which the rebels, or, as they called them- selves, Confederates, had erected, she was compelled to put back. Row rapidly did the secession spirit spread ? During the month of January, 1861, five of the slave states, viz. : — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, following the lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordi- nances, and, on the 1st of February, Texas did the same. What united action did these states then taTce ? Delegates from the insurgent states met at Montgomery in the beginning of February, and organized a government, under the name of the "Confederate States of America." On the 18th, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated President of the so-called Con- federacy. 128 THE GKEAT REBELLION. THE GKEAT REBELLION. 129 When did Lincoln 'become President of the United States ? In this condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, assumed the office of President of the United States. What assurance did Lincoln at once give ? In his inaugural address, he announced that he had "no purpose to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists;" further stating that, in his opinion, he had "no right to do so." What followed tJien? The announcement had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Thej soon organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard (Jbo -re-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. Give an account of Beauregard's success. On the morning of the 12th of April the first shot was fired upon the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to capitulate. What effect did this produce? The news of this event produced an almost uncontrollable excitement throughout the country; and the President's proc- lamation, issued on the 15th, calling for troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. What tooTc place in Maryland ? A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the National capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two of the soldiers were killed and a number wounded. What events tooh place in Virginia? The Confederates seized Harper's Ferry ; and ISTorfolk, with its Navy Yard, having been abandoned by the Union officers, an 6* 130 THE GEEAT REBELLION. immense quantity of ordinance, shot, and shell fell into the hands of the insurgents. What measures did tlie President adopt in consequence? On the 27th of April, the President declared all ports in the slave states south of Maryland closed by blockade ; but the army of the United States did not make a forward movement before the 24th of May. What tooh place then? On that day, Gen. Scott, commanding the army, sent troops into Virginia. A Confederate camp was surprised and routed, June 8d, by Gen. McClellan, who had advanced from Ohio; but, seven days later, a Union force from Fortress Monroe was repulsed at Big Bethel. What, meanwhile, teas going on in Mis- souri ? The secessionists in Missouri had not been idle. Their first object was to take the state out of the Union. E'oio were they met ? Though Gen. Lyon frustrated their plans by his successes at Booneville, Carthage, and other places, yet, in his last encounter, which took place at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of August, he was defeated by a superior force and killed. What afterward tooTc place in Missouri ? Gen. Mulligan, commanding at Lexington, was attacked by the enemy under Gen. Price, and, after a struggle of four days, was compelled to surrender, September 20th. What further operations tooh place? Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western Department, thereupon marched from St. Louis against Price. The pursuit, MAP OF NORFOLK AND VICINITY. THE GREAT KEBELLION. 131 however, was only continued as far as Springfield, when Fre- mont, in compliance with orders, turned his command over to Gen. Hunter. What important movement was made in July ? About the middle of July, a large army, commanded by Gen. McDowell, marched to attack the main army of the Confed- erates. A reconnoissance, made on the ISth, showed the enemy to be posted at Bull Eun. Describe what followed. The National forces advanced; and, on the 21st, occurred the first great battle of the rebellion. It lasted ten hours, when the insurgents, being largely reinforced, prevailed, and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled toward Washington. What forces were engaged and losses sustained F In this contest, not less than forty thousand men were actually engaged. The Union loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, reached nearly three thousand, while that of the enemy did not much exceed half that number. What prejjarations were made to prosecute the war? McClellan was appointed to succeed McDowell; and Con- gress, in extra session, voted to raise five hundred thousand troops to serve three years or during the war. What teas accomjylished by the navy ? There were two important navy expeditions during the year. In the first, under Com. Stringham, the two forts at Hatteras Inlet were taken on the 29th of August; and in the second, under Com. Dupont, the two at Port Eoyal harbor, were taken November 7th. WJiat unauthorized act zcas done ty a naval commander t" Capt. "Wilkes, in command of the frigate San Jacinto, inter- cepted an English steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate Commissioners to Europe. -j^32 THE GREAT BEBELLION. What was done with the Commissioners? As the seizure thus made was contrary to the doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral vessel, and the British government re- sented the act, the two prisoners were given up. mat unfriendly acts from alroad had previously occurred? This affair tended to make still less amicable the relations of the United States with England; for the rebellion had hardly been inaugurated, before Queen Victoria, May 13th, acknowl- edged the South as a belligerent power; and France, soon after, did the same. What can you state of the Confederate privateers ? The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, one of the most snccessful of them being the steamer Sumter, Capt Semmes, which ran the blockade of New Orleans on the 1st of July. What can you state of the Sumter's doings f The Sumter captured a number of vessels, and then, after beinc. supplied with coal in the British port of Nassau, crossed the Atlantic, and entered the British harbor of Gibraltar. What hecame of her then ? Here she was found by a United States gunboat, and watched. Finally, she was sold, and her crew went to England, where a faster steamer, the Alabama, was being constructed for the Confederates. What further can you say of Semmes f Semmes, in the Alabama, soon resumed his career of de- struction upon the seas, luring vessels, by hoisting the British flag, and then consigning his prizes to the flames. When was Kansas admitted into the Union ? In 1861. THE GREAT REBELLION". 133 EVENTS OF 1862. Map Questions. "Where is Cairo? (See map, p. 12S.) Columbus? Bowling Green? Fort Henry? Fort Donelson ? PeaEidge? New Madrid? Island No. 10? Memphis? Pitts- burg Landing? New Orleans? luka? Corinth? Munfordsville ? Cumberland Gap? (Map. p. 139.) Mill Spring? Eoanoke Island? Newbern? Beaufort? Kichmond? Winchester? Torktown? "Williamsburg? James Kiver? Cedar Mountain ? Antietam ? Fredericksburg ? Into what water does the Potomac flow ? The James ? "Where is Fair Oaks ? (Map, p. 136.) Chantilly ? (Map, p. 144.) Fort Pulaski? Ans. Near Savannah. South Mountain? Ans. In Mary- land, near Harper's Ferry. Perryville ? Ans. In Kentucky, south of Frankfort. What was the state of thiiigs at the West at the 'beginning of 1862? From a point on the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in possession of the Confederates, and great preparations were being made by both parties for its mastery. What other advantage did the Confederates possess ? The Confederates had also built a line of forts from the Missis- sippi to Cumberland Gap, the principal ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. Which places first fell into the hands of tlie Unionists? On the 19th of January, 1862, Gen. Thomas achieved a victory near Mill Spring, the enemy escaping across the Cumberland ; and, on the 6tli of February, Admiral Foote, commanding a fleet of gunboats, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after abandoned. What important victory next occurred ? On the 16th of February, Gen. Grant, with the co-operation of the fleet, efi*ected the important capture of Fort Donelson with sixteen tliousand prisoners. The enemy thereupon evacu- ated Columbus and Nashville. 134 THE GREAT EEBELLIOET. What meanwhile had taken place eastward? A land and naval expedition, under Gen, Burnside and Cora. Goldsborongh had meanwhile, February 8th, captured Roanoke Island. Newbern, Fort Pulaski, andBeaufort were also captured. What two events occurred on the same day in March? On the 8th of March, Gen. Curtis, after three days' hard fighting, defeated the Confederate Gen. Van Dorn at Pea PJdge ; and, on the same day, the ram Virginia destroyed the U. S. frigates Cumberland and Congress in Hampton Roads. What can you state of the previous history of the ram f This vessel, the Virginia, was formerly the Merrimac, which had been sunk at ".N'orfolk by the Union commander there at the beginning of the war. Give an account of the further doings of the Virginia. On the following day, Marcli 9th, the Virginia again entered Hampton Roads, but this time she was met by the floating bat- tery Monitor, which had arrived the previous night from ISTew York. What was the result of the encounter ? The contest between the two vessels lasted several hours, when the Virginia, in a disabled condition, returned to Norfolk. Do you Icnow of anything else that toolc place in March? Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance toward Rich- mond, and on the 23d, Gen. Shields, commanding a detachment of Gen. Banks's division, gained a victory at Winchester. What occurred in another direction? The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, were victo- rious on the 14th of the same month, taking New Madrid. Again they were victorious on the 7th of April, co-operating with Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, with six thousand prisoners. What else was accomplished on the Mississippi ? THE GREAT REBELLION. 135 The gunboats descended the Mississippi, defeating the ene- my's fleet near Fort Pillow on the 4tli of June. On the Cth, Com. Davis, Foote's successor, gained a victory over the ene- my's fleet at Memphis, the town in consequence falling into his hands. What occurred in the western part of Tennesfiee ? At Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee, Grant's array was attacked on the 6th of April by Beauregard's, and driven toward the river. Here, aided by gunboats, it succeeded in making a stand. What afterward occurred ? The arrival of reinforcements under Buell, enabled Grant to assume the offensive on the following day, and the enemy were driven back. What forces and losses were sustained ? The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred thousand men ; and the losses were severe, being not less than twenty thousand. What^ later in the mouthy tooTc place further south? In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success of great importance. This was the capture of New Orleans on the 25th April. Hoio was the capture effected? The Union fleet, commanded by Admiral Farragut and Com. Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bombarding and then running past two forts. The city was reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed it under martial law. What successes did the Unionists hate in Mississippi ? At luka, September 19th, Gen. Rosecrans (I'oz -Icrants) dis- persed the Confederates under Price, and on the 4:th of October he gained another victory at Corinth. What important operation toolc p)lace in Virginia ? 136 THE GREAT REBELLION. In March, McClellan, with eighty-five thousand men, com- menced a movement toward Eichmond. Compelling the enemy to retreat from Yorktown, after a month's siege, he gained a victory at Williamsburg, May 5th; and then pushed on to within seven miles of the Confederate capital. What was the result of an expedition from Fortress Mon- roe? On the 10th of May, Gen. Wool, proceeding from Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk. This place the Confeder- ates had abandoned. They also, on the 11th, destroyed their iron-clad vessel Virginia. What resistance did McClellan meet loith ? At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked on the 31st of May, the battle being resumed the following day. It was a bloody though indecisive con- test. Who commanded the Confederates at the time ? Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, commanded in this battle ; but, in consequence of a severe wound which he received. Gen. Lee became his successor. What teas McClellanh next movement ? Believing that the force at his disposal was not sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his base of operations to the James river. Did the Confederates attach him again? "While the transfer was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive battles took place, lasting through seven days. What army changes tooTc 'place ? THE GKEAT REBELLION. 137 Late in June, the President ordered the forces of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell to be consolidated, and the command given to Gen. Pope. Wliat movement did Lee maTce f Lee soon began to menace Washington ; but, at Cedar Mountain^ August 9th, his advance under Stonewall Jackson, was unsuccessful in a conflict with Banks's division. Did Lee continue to move northioard ? The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from the 23d of August to the beginning of the following month the struggle between the two great armies was desperate. Can you give any account of the struggle f In that part of the struggle known as the Second Battle of Bull Run, Pope was defeated. In its closing part, at Chantiilj, though losing Stevens and Kearny, two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. What further progress did Lee malce? Lee, instead of marching to attack .the fortifications of Wash- ington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from the James. What occurrences followed f At South Mountain, September 14:th, the N'ational forces were victorious ; but this success was more than counterbalanced a few hours later by the loss of Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large garrison. How was Lee'^s advance at last effectually checTced ? On the iTth, the great battle of Antietam {cm-te -tarn) was fought. Lee w^as defeated, his loss in the battle and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five thousand men, and then he returned to Virginia. Give the final history of McClellan'' s command. After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of Octobor 138 THE GEEAT REBELLION. McClellan crossed the Potomac, but in November was super- seded in the command by Burnside. What movement was then made ? Led by their new commander, the army reached and crossed the Rappahannock, the design being to march against Eichmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Did Burnside effect anything f Fredericksburg was taken, December 12th, but, after a disas- trous attempt to carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. What other events tooh place during the year? The Confederates meanwhile were active in Tennessee and Kentucl^y. In two battles, one at Richmond, August 30th, and the other at Munfordsville, about a fortnight later, they wert successful ; but at Perryville, October 8th, they met with defeat and fled. When was West Virginia admitted into the Union ? In 1862. EVENTS OF 1863. Map Questions. Where \i Galveston? (See map, p. 12S.) Murfreesboro ? Arkansas Post? Yicksburg ? Port Gibson ? Port Hudson ? Gettysburg ? (Map, p. 139.) Chick- amauga? Chattanoc^a? Knoxville? Into what river does the Kappahannock flow ? Where is Ohancellorsville ? (Map, p. 144.) What was the first im2')ortant event of 1863 ? On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, by which the slaves in the rebellious states not occupied by the National troops, were declared for- ever free. What other event toolc place at that time ? On the same day the Confederates took the city of Galveston, THE GREAT REBELLION. 139 A/ € X / C 14:0 THE GEE AT REBELLION. capturing, destroying, or dispersing the land and naval force there. What event was in progress at the same time? The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at Murfreesboro between the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg. At length, on the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for the National cause. Where, further west, was the Union cause also successful ? Nine days after, the Confederates lost Arkansas Post. It w^-« taken by a land and naval force. What changes in army commanders tooTc place ? Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of tl command of the Army of the Potomac, was succeeded I Hooker. When did HooTcer commence operations ? toward the latter part of April, Hooker crossed the Rappa hannock, and, encountering Lee on the 2d and 3d of May a- Chancellorsville, sustained a loss of about eleven thousand men He then recrossed the river* What movement was afterward made? On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly & hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hookei followed the invaders into Maryland, where his command waj transferred to Gen. Meade. What can you state of the tattle that tooh place ? At Gettysburg, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took place. Lee was finally de- feated, and, with his army reduced one-third, he made a rapid retreat. To what end icere the operations at the West conducted? It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the commander of the National forces at the south-west, to open the Mississippi, his first point of attack being Vicksburg. THE GREAT EEBELLION. 141 Was he successful ? Near Port Gibson, Kay 1st, he gained a decided victory. Others followed, and finally, on the 4th of July, the Confederate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Yicksburg. Did the capture of Viclcshurg open the Mississippi ? The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the fate of Vicks- burg, likewise surrendered ; and thus was the Mississippi opened. What further can you state in relation to the surrender? The surrender of this last place held by the enemy on the river was made to Banks, Butler's successor. The colored troops in Banks's army were commended for their bravery in the assaults which had been made on the place. What can you state of Rosecrans^s operations ? After his victory at Murfreesboro, Rosecrans had no impor- tant contest with the enemy until he was attacked by Bragg, near Chickamauga Creek, September 19th and 20th; and, but for the stand made by Thomas, would have been totally de- feated. What then tooh place ? He then fell back to Chattanooga. The timely arrival of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took the command, ena- bled the Union army to gain a decided victory, November 24th and 25th ; and Bragg was driven back into Georgia. What events tooTc place elsewhere f At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas, guerilla bands, co-operating with the regular insurgent forces, continued to plunder and destroy. What was done to increase the National forces ? By virtue of authority vested in him, the President ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to recruit the army. How was the order received f Au opposition to the measure was at once excited, which 142 THE GREAT KEBELLIOK. culminated in a riot in the city of New York, commenciDg July 13th, and lasting four days. What further account can you give of the riot ? Before the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particularly against the colored population. What can you state of the navy during the year f The navy of the United States was employed in various service during the year, and was very active. The blockade of the Con- federate ports became so effective as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe. V EVENTS OF 1864. '• Map Questions. Where is Shreveport ? (See maj), p. 12S.) Fort Pillow ? Mobile Bay ? Fort Morgan? Fort Gaines? Nashville? Franklin? ^ns. Near Nashville. Into -what river does the Eed Eiver flow ? The Eapidan ? (Map, p. 144.) "Where was the battle of the Wilderness fought? Where is Spottsylvania Court House ? Atlan- ta? (Map, p. 12S.) Monocacy? (Map, p. 139.) Fisher's Hill? Petersburg? Savannah? Wilmington? Columbia? Whaticere the first imjyortant military events of 1864? Gen. Sherman, in February, 1864, made a successful expedi- tion into Mississippi ; but this success was more than counter- balanced by a defeat which the Union forces sustained at Olustee, in Florida, on the 20th of the same month. Where did the Union trooi)s again suffer disaster? An expedition against Shreveport, conducted by Banks with the co-operation of Porter's fleet, failed to accomplish its object. Give a further account in relation to the expedition. The losses were severe; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in the waters of the Red River, were only saved from cap- ture or destruction by the greatest exertion. THE GREAT EEBELLION. 143 WJiat indirect misfortune may he charged to the expedition ? The absence of troops to aid Banks emboldened the enemy to make a raid into Tennessee and Kentucky. Fort Pillow was carried by assault; and three hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were massacred. Wliat im,portant military promotion was made ? The services which Gen, Grant had rendered the country, added to his peculiar fitness to command large armies, induced the President to name him for the position of Lieutenant-Gen- eral, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Hole inas the icisdom of this act soon manifested ? Vast preparations were at once begun for two campaigns: one against Eichmond by the Army of the Potomac, and the other against Atlanta, conducted by Sherman. Give an account of Shermanh movements. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May. His progress was disputed by Johnston, but in vain. He won battles, out-flanked his opponent, and by the middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. What change in commanders then tooh place ? Johnston's "retreating policy " being condemned by the Con- federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. Hood. What then followed ? Several resolute attacks were then made upon the Union lines, but in every case the enemy was repulsed, and finally Hood was compelled to evacuate Atlanta. By whom was the other large Union army commanded? Though Meade commanded the Army of the Potomac, Grant was in the field, and planned its movements, as well as the movements of the other armies. When did Meade move, ajid what soon followed f IM THE GREAT REBELLION. ^-J\^t/IPPA ° FKOERICKSBi SK>rsrLij;achnsetts English New Hampshire Connecticut liittle Harbor English Windsor . English English North Carolina English South Carolina English Philadelphia Eno-lish Vermont English French Natchez French Illinois Kaskaskia Mobile French French .... Florida Spaniards Spaniards English Texas S. A. l)e Bexar Iowa . Wisconsin French California San Diego St Paul Spaniards Americans Americans Americans English (hegon West Virginia . .... Nevada 1 ■' Americans i THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE A Declaration hy the JRejyresentatives of the United States of America^ in Congress assembled, July ith, 1776. When, in the course of huinan events, it becomes neces- sary for one people to dissolve tlie political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and eq\al station to which the laws of nature and of nature's Go . entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of manki id requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are snffer- able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms> .•.,> which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it ^ DEOiiAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such IS now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- mer systems of government. The history of the present kino of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur' pations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and k«cessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- tion till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so sus- pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodatiou of large districts o' people, unless those people would relin- quish the right of lepresentation in the legislature ; a rio-ht inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. * He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- pliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rio-hts of the people. ^ He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their n. ..^ration hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- priations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- ing liis assent to 1? - fc - establishing judiciary powers. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarras of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation • For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- tants of these states: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a, neigh- boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- solute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them selves invested with power to legislate for us in all casei whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of oui^ frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- tions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- kind^ e,nemies in war, in peace, friends. AVe, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the ^ood people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare,^hat these United Colonies are, and of right oucrht to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolve^d from all allegi- ' ance to the British crown, and that all political connectioi. DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- grossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay. Samuel Adams, Jolm Adams, Eobert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Kew TorJc. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. tvama. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Cljmer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaioare. Csesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Car rollton. Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, jruj^ Thomas Lynch, jun,, Arthur Middleton. Georgia. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1. Under what kind of goTernment were the American colonies before the Kcvolution? A}>s. The American colonies, prior to the Eevolution, were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- ment were there ? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government t the Provincial or Koyal government, the Proprietary government, and the Charter government. 3. What was the Provincial govei'nment? A//S. The Pro^'incial government was that which was under the con- trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled according to in- structions from his royal master. 4. Which of the colonies were under Provincial government? An.s. The colonies under Provincial govern- ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- ernment? Ans. The Proprietary government Avas that which was under the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and priv^- leges conferred by the king. 6. Which of the colonies were under Pro- prietary government? Ans. The colonies under Proprietary govern- ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was tl^e Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that \vh.:re\n certain p'olitical rights were secured to the people by royal charter, 8. Which of the colonies were under Charter government? Ans. The colonies under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- uecticut, 9. When did the colonies throw ofi" their colonial form of govern- ment? Ans. In ITU), upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states unite under one government? A//s. The Articles of Confederation, unit- ing the thirteen states under one genei'al government, were adopted by Congress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the pai't of tlie sever- al states to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till 17S1. 11. How long did the Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed from the ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con- stitution went into effect, on the 4:th of March, 178&. CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. d PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- ate and House of Representatives. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the peopU' of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the the state legislature. Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 13. What is the object of the preamble? Ans. The object of the preamble is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble? 15. By whom was the Constitu- tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many and what departments of government are established under the Consti- tution ? Ans. The Constitution establishes three great departments of government: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is the legislative department ? Ans. The legislative department is the pow- er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? A?is. The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What is the judicial department? Ans. The judicial department is the power that interprets the laws. ARTICLE L THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. I.— 21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 22. In whom is the legislative power vested? 23. Of how many and what branches does Congress consist? Sec. IL — Ut Clause. — 24. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 25, How often are they chosen? 26. What qualifications are requisite t'nr electors of representatives? 27. What is an elector ? Ans, An elec- tor is one who has the right to vote in chcosins; an officer. 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 2c? Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been Beven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3c? Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- portioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for everv thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one repre- sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Viro-inia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4cth Clause. AYhen vacancies happen in the representation 2d Clause. — 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- ative? 29. How long must he hiive been a citizen of the United States? 30. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation? 81. Now name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Zd Ckiuse. 32. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 83. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of the several states to be determined ? 34. What provision is made in re- gard to Indians? 35. What is meant bj " all other persons ?" Ans. By " all other persons" are meant slaves. '36. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be made ? 38. How many inhabitants at least are required for one repre- sentative ? 39. If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? 40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- ulation of the several states? 41. Wliich state at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smalle'st num- ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives consist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Ans. 238. 'dh Clause. — 45. Hovr are vacancies in the representation of a state to b« lilled ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATL^^. H from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5th Clause.'Th.Q House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. l5^ Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2c? Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. bill Clause. — 46. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 48. What sole power has the House? 49. What is meant by impeach- ment? Ans. An impeachment is an accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his olficial duties. Sec. ill. — 1st Clause. — 50. Of whom is the Senate composed? 51. \ij whom are the senators chosen? 52. For how long a period are they cho- sen? 53. How does the mode of electing a senator difter from that of a representative? Ans. A senator of the" United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. 54, How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 55. How man}'- votes is each sen- ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the small ones? 2cLClause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 58. In what order Vv^erc their seats of office vacated? 59. What proportion of the Senate is elected every 2d year? 60. How often ia one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so appointed hold his office? 63. How is the vacancy then filled? 64. Now state how ▼fcfuiacios in the Senate are filled. 12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 2d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrenco of two-thirds of the members present. 1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nev- ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- ment and punishment, according to law. Zd Guii/se. — 65. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 66. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? 67. What is required of him in regard to residence? 68. Now name the three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a representative? (See page 11.) 4^A Clause. — 70. "Who is president of the Senate? 71. When only is he entitled to vote? 5th Clause. — 72. What officers are chosen by the Senate ? 73. What is meant by a "president pro tempore V" Ans. A " president pro tempore " is one chosen only for the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tem- pore?" Uh Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What sole power has the House? (See page 10.) 77. Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? 78. When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate ? 7y. Who presides when tlie presi- dent of the United States is tried? 80. What proportion of the Senate ia necessary to a conviction? 7th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- tend in cases of impeachment? S2. To what is the convicted party fur- ther liable? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 SECTION IV. 1st Clause. The times, places and manner of holding elec- tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislaUire thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION V. Is^ Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- tered on the journal. Sec. IV. — 1st Clause. — 83. What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 84. What power has Congress over such regulations? 2d Clause. — 85. How often does Congress assemble ? 86. On what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place? 87. May a different day be appointed ? 88. How? Sec. V. — 1st Clause. — 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge? 90. What proportion constitutes a quorum? 91. What is meant by a quorum? Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi- ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad- journing? 93. What else may they do, as i-egards absentees? 2d Clause. 94. What power has each house, over the rules of its proceedings? 95. What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? Zd Clduse. 96. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 97. How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part of its journal may either house withhold from publication ? M- CO:;STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Ath Clause. Neither house, during tlie session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. \st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- fice under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VII. \st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 99. When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? 4«^ Clause. — 100. For what'length of tim«» may either house adjourn without the consent of the other? 101. How :s each house restricted as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? Sbc. Yl.—lst Clause.— 102. Are Members of Congress compensated foi their services? 103. How is the compensation determined? 104. Are members of Congress paid by their states, respectively, or by the general government? Ans. The senators and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their services by the individual states^, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. lOo. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 106. What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitu- tion allows to Congressmen ? 107. In what does treason consist? (See page 30.) lOS. What is felony? Ans. A felony is understood to mean a crime punishable with death. 100. What is meant by a breach of the peace? Ans. "A breach of the peace is a violation of the public order. 110, For what are members of Congress not to be questioned? 2d Clause. 111. To what offices cannot members of Con«rress be elected? 112. Sup- pose that a person holds an office under the Ijnited States, what then ? 1 CONSTITUTICN OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2d Cla %se. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- inated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a.law\ Sec. VII. — 1st Clavse. — 113. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising revenue originate ? 114. What power has the Senate over such bills ? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? Ans. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president? Ans. The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- utive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the' other house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house? 122. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 123. If two-thirds approve of the bill, what then ? 124. Now state how a bill may become a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes? 126. What record cf names is imperative? 127. State how a bill may become a law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed" it, 128. Id what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed b-^th houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. del Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or beinff disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the benate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION VIII. The Congress shall have power \st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im- posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; M Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 3^ Clavse.-m. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions. !S-lf ? I'J'^lir''^^ *?u concurrence of both houses before they can take effect? 130. What IS the object of the provision? ^/... If it were not tb? fnnfrTr^''"^rf,'"'»^'*-?^''^^'''^'^^""^g them orders or resolu- tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131 When the president ve- toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132 In what no'vefo'^owe'S '^''''''^'"'"^''^ '''^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ houses, has the president Skc. Viri.-l5i{ Clavse.-lU. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties imposts and excises? 134. What are tfxes ? ^t?/ Taxes are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals/for pubic purposes 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans ihlvl TJ'\r^'''f'. of taxes; direct and indirect. 136. What are difect taxes* d^vid,rJr l"f WW ^""'^ ^y^ "^/'^^^'^ ^" t*^^ P^^^o" «r property of in- InH nn fi "^ ' .^?-^ ^""^ '"'^"'^^^ *''^'' ' ^"'- ^"direct taxes arc those la d on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138 What are duties? ^;.^ Duties are taxes on the importation or expo rta: tion of goods. 13'J What are imposts? Ans. Imposts are tax^es on goods imported. 140. What are excises ? Ans. Excised are taxes on goods produced or manutactured in the country. 2d CUmse.—Ul. What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? 3d Clause.— U2. What in mf l^oItSlzS r"""" ■ '"' ^'--^'-^^^- What i. regard to . CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 and UTiiform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout United States; bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; ^th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; Qth Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- coveries ; 'dth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- preme court; 10^/?, Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations; 144. "What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. Naturalization means the act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. "What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- cies V Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just debts. '6th Clavse. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining money? 149. What, in regard to the value of money? 150. What, in regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures ? &th Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? ^ih Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? ^th Clause. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- ence and arts ? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. The author of a book is entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- eight years. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be "re- newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it? Am. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159. What is the right called? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven years. Mh Clause. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals 1 lO^A Clause. — 162. What, in regard to pii-acies, felonies, etc.1 1 S CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. [Uh Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12 th Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; I4th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- lation of the land and naval forces ; 15 th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; ^ 16th Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 11th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- 163. "WTiat is piracy? ^?is. Piracy is robbery on the high seas 164 What is meant by the term '' high seas 1" A7is. The "high seas" are all the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watef mark. 11th Clause.— 1Q5. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war? 166. What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" lef. What are letters of marque and reprisal ?" Atis. " Letters of marque and reprisal" are commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- 1 tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- ■ j mitted. 168. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning ■ captures? 12th Clause.— lijd. What power has Congress in regard to armies ? 170. In what way is such power restricted ? ISth Clause.— 171 What power has Congress in regard to a navv ? Uth Clause.— 172. What power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? 15t7i, Clause^— 172,. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? lUh Clause.— 174:. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and d''s- ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia ? 176. What reservations are secured to the respective states ? 17th Clause. —177. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government* and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? 178. What is the district occupied by the seat of government called ? Ans. The dis- trict occupied by the seat of the national government, is named T/ie Dw- irict oj Colutrd)ia. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 ceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- ings ; — and 18th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or ofiScer thereof. SECTION IX. \st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 179. How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. The District of Columbia was originally a tract ten miles square. 180. From what states had it been derived '? Ans. It had been derived by cession, from the states of Maryland and Virginia. 181. Is the District of Colum- bia at- present ten miles square? Ans. The portion which had been de- rived from Virginia, having been ceded back to that state in 1846, the District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Poto- mac. 182. What consent is requisite before the United Statos can acquire property in a state, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? \Mh Clause — 1S3. "VVhat general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws ? Sec. IX. — \st< Clause. — 184. What restriction was imposed upon Con- gress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons ? 185. Who were meant by " such persons ?" Ans. By " such persons" were meant slaves. 186. What was the great object of the clause ? Ans. The great o-bject of the clause was to enable Congress to put an end to thf» importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. 187. la what way was Congress left to restrain the miportation, without actually forbidding it? 188. When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans. On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went into eflect, prohibit- ing the importation of slaves. 'Ad Claxcse.—lSd. What is said of the writ of habeas corpuis? 20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Sd Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law stall be passed. 4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- in before directed to be taken. 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any state. 6th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac 190. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is a written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. 191. What is the object of the writ i Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. Ke- peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? Zd Clause. — 194. Whatissaid of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? 195. What is a bill of attainder 1 Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- lature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law! Ans. A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time of its commission, is an ex post facto law. Ath Clavse. — 197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax? 198. What is meant by a capitation? Ans. A capitation is a direct tax upon individuals. 199. How is the census to be taken ? (See page 10.) bth Clavse. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported from any state 1 Uh Clause. — 201. What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue ? 202. What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another? ^tk Clause. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national treasury? 204. What publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? ^th Clause. — 205. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 20G. What is said of office-holders accepting presents etc. ? 207. Under what circum- Blances may an office-holder accept a present i CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION X. l5^ Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 20? Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and nil- posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all snch laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. ^d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of wai 208. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. Sec. X. — \st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 210. Wnat, aa re- gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- ing of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. Wh'it is meant by bills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meaniiinT of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the peo- ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215 ^Vhat prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a b-U of attainder? 21G. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. Whst, in regard to a law impairing an obligation? 218. What, in regard io a title of nobility ? 219. Recite the clause just considered. 2d Clai e. — 220. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards impor s or duties ? 221- In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or du iesi 222. What are inspection laws ? Ans. By inspection laws are meant aws requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by officers c lied inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. Th-j ob- ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of arlicles produced. 224. What disposition must be ma.le of the net prod- uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are the inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or exports, sub- ject to? Zd G!ause. — 22G. What prohibition are individ-ial states under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or vs'ith a foreign power, or enojao-e in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE 11. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. 1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 227. What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a ton Ij nage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. What ■ prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 229. What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 230. What, as to an agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? 231. 'What, as to engaging in war? 232, Under what circumstances then may a state engage in war ? ARTICLE II. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Sbc. l.—lstCkuse. 233. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat! —234. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 235 What is the president's term of office ? 236. How often mav a president be re-elected? Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was the first presi- dent of the United States ? (See table, page 132.) 238. For how manv terms did Washington serve? 239. Whv was not Washinirton elected for a third term ? Am. At the close of liis second term of office, Wash- ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240. What has been the effect of his declination? Ans. Washington's example, in declinino- to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent by which subse"^ quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See table, page lo2.') 242. AVhich has the longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative''' 'M3 AVhat term has 3ach? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office ' 245. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? (See table, page lo2.) 246. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ani. The president and vice-president are not chosen bv the people di- rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause.~24:7 . In what manner does each staie n])point electors ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall "be appointed an elector. [The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sijjn and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like maii- ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice- president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 248. What number of electors is each state entitled to ? 249. Who are prohibited from being electors? THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 250. What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Consti- tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? 252. In what way do they vote? 253. What is prescribed re- specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How is it required that their ballots shall be made out' 24 CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. person voted for as vice-president, and they shall inako distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the great- est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a pres- ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice- 255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 256. What Erovision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their ands? 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed? 258. To what place are they then transmitted? 259. What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 263. From how many and what candidates must the House of Represen- tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. How many votes is each state entitled to? 267. How many is each enti- tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269, In such case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- tives, till what time may the ri^ht be exercised? 271. Now describe the manner in which the House of liepresentatives choose a president i 272. In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. .25 president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. 2c? Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the ^vhole number of electors ap- pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two liio'hcst numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of tv/o-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. ^d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- president of the United States. Zd Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 4:th Clause. ISTo person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- ident ? 274:. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice president chosen? 275. When choosing a vice-pres- ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 27(i. How many are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- fice of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 2>d CUiuse. — 278. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? 280. In the event of Congi'ess determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed ? 281. When are the electors chosen? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential torm. 282. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- islature thereof. 283. What place is usually appointed for their meeting ? Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in tlie last Decem- ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards his place of biith, cannot be eligible to the office of president? \ 26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. aot have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inabiUty to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- volve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability bo removed, or a presi- dent shall be elected. 6^A Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- riod any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. ^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 286. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? 287. How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- in the United States? 288. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- ident. 289. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications. 5th Clause. — 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the vice-president? 291. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292. What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president? 293. In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer, shall, by law of Congress, act as president ? Ans. In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the president of the Senate, pro tempore^ shall act as president. 294. What IS to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ans. In case there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- ing as president, continue to act? Uh Clmtse. — 296. What does the Con- stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- ment? 298. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 299. What is the salary of the president? Ans. The salary of the presi- dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 300. What is the salary of the vice-president? Ans. The vice-president's salary is $8,000 a year. "JtJi Clause. — 301. What does the president do, just before entering ou tha execution of his 0^00% CONSTITUTION OF THE UI^IITED STATES. 27 execute the ofBce of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION II. 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili tia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 302. Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 303. In what relation does the president stand toward the army and navy? 304. When only can he command the mili- tia? 305. Whose opinions ma}^ he require in writing ? 306. Upon what subjects may he require the opinions ? 307. Is he bound to be guided by such opinions ? Ans. It is not required of the president that he be guid- ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive departments have been established by Congress ? Ans. By various acts of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely: (1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Depart aient, and (6) Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose weie they estab- lished ? Ans. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 310. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- ner with the heads of the departments. 312. Of whom does the presi- dent's cabinet consist? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United States. S13. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons f 314. What ii- a, reprieve? Ans. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With Avhat exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and par;lons? 2d Clause.— Zl^. What power has the president relative ia treaties? 317. In whom is ^he appointing power vested? 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, ' judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the IJnited States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. Sd Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 818. What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What offi- ces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of inferior officers ? Sd Clause. — 321. What vacancies can the president fill ? 322. When does such appointment expire ? Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- gress? 324. What recommendations is he required to make? 325. In what way are the recommendations made? Aiis. The president's rec- ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 82G. Was the reading of written messages always the practice? Ans. The first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addresses. 327. Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Aii'^'. Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of tho president. 328. When may the president convene both nouses? 329. May he convene only one house ? 330. When ? 331. 'vr'hen may the president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 333. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws ? 334. What is his duty respecting the grantmg of somraissions ? COXBl'ITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 SECTION IV. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The judicial pov/er shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- dors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of Sec. IV, — 335. For what crimes may government officers be removed from office? 336. How may the removal be effected ? ARTICLE IIL THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Sec. I.— 337. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 338. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 339. How long do the judges hold their offices? 340. "What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 341. How can the judges be removed from office? (Seepage 12.) 342. How is the supreme court of the United States organized? Ans. The supreme court of the United States is com- posed of one chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quorum. 343. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. The salary of the chief-justice is ^6,500 a year. 344. What is the salary of each associate justice? Ans. The salary of each associate justice is $6,000 a year. Sec. ll. — 1st Clause. — 345. Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United States courts have jurisdiction. 346. Kama the second, coo- wrning ambassadors, etc. 30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to co.atroversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; be- tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there- of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. [n all the otlier cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. M Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. \st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 84S. The fourth, concerning controversies Avith the United States. 849. The fifth, con- cerning controversies between states. ?.50. The sixth, concerning con- troversies between a state and citizens. 851. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 8o2. The eighth, concerning controver- sies between citizens cLaiming lands. 353. What is the last of the nine subjects? 2d Clause. — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction? 355. What is meant by original jurisdiction? ^«s. The orio-inal jurisdiction of a court is that'in which a suit originates or com- mences. 3oG. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. The ap- pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. Zd Cktuse.—o57. Before whom must tlie •' trial of all crimes" be held? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law? 359. Bv whom are impeachments tried? (Seepage 12.) 3(30. Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held ? 361. Where, when not committed within a state ? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consii- *»red. Sec. III.— 1s!5 Clause.— SQS. Of how many things does treason tgaiusi the United States consist? 304 What are the two things? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3 I convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2d Clause. The Congress shall have powder to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall w^ork corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. AETICLE IV. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states 2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 365. What is necessary to a conviction of treason? 2d Clause. — 366. What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason ? S67. What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? Ans. Congress has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hanging. 868. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 369. What is meant by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a sta.^ning, corrup- tion, or rendering impure. 370. What is meant by corruption of blood? Ans. By " corruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit innds from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. ARTICLE IV. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Sec. I.— 371. Of what does Article IV. treat? 372. How are the public acts, etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? 373. How are they to be proved ? Sec. II. — \st Clause. — 374. What privileges and immunities are the cit;, izens of each state entitled to ? 2d Clause. — 375. What is said of persona charged with crime, fleeing into another state ? 32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Sd Clause. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharo-- ed _ from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up mi fiaim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. 1st Clcmse. New states may be admitted by the Conoresa into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or el-ect- ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Cono-ress. 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- lar state. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protec each of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can- not be convened), against domestic violence. hnri '^^^-'f'wf ?• ^^'^* '' ^""'^ Of persons escaping from service or la- bor( Si7 What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ans "g^tive slaves aiid persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship M T?- •"^Ti"'; ^ji"'-^t-378. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union? 3<0. What is said of the formation of new states v 3so How many states belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution' '^olP%-,n ^^-^ '^^\ ^I«7»i'"iy belong to the Union now? 2d Clause ~: i , -^ 1^^^^'^!" '^V\^ Congress respecting the territorv or other proD- erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims 145 not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? Skc. IV.— 3S4. Wluit guarantee f^ ^es the Constitution make to the sev- eral slates in respect to their form of government? 3S5. In what two events are the United States bound to protect individual states ' CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 ARTICLE y. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- tution, or, on ihe application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all in- tents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner aff"ect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sec- tion of the first article ; and that no state, without its con- sent, shall be deprived of its equal sufi"rage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. Isf Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under tie authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; ARTICLE V. MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. S8G. Of what does Article V. treat? 387. In what two ways maj amendments to the Constitution be proposed 1 388. What two ways are provided for ratifying amendments? 389. What three restrictions upon the power of making amendments were originally imposed by the Consti- tution? 390. Whyliave two of the restrictions lost their" force? 391. What do "the first and fourth clauses" referred to, declare? 392. What permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists Ml full force ? ARTICLE YL ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Ist Clause. — 393. What debts and engagements does the ConstitutioQ recognize ? 2d Clause. — 394. What is declared to b* the supreme law of the land ? 84 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. and the judges in every state shall be bound therely, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contiary notwithstanding. 3c? Clause. The senators and representatives before men- tioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. 395. By what are the judges in every state bound ? Zd Clause.- S96. "Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution J 397. In what way shall they be bound? 398. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests 1 ARTICLE YII. 399. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in or- der to its establishment ? 400. Where did the Convention meet which framed the Constitution? Ans. The convention which framed the Con- stitution met in Philadelphia, 401. In what year was it framed ? 40'2. Who was the president of the convention ? 403. How many delegates signed the Constitution ? 404. Which of the thirteen states was not rep- resented in the convention ? 405. How many states ratified the Constitu- tion before it Avent into effect? Ans. Eleven states ratified the Constitu tion before it went into operation. 406. Which of the thirteen states did not ratify the Constitution until afterward? Ans. North Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been rati- tied by the other eleven states and had gone into operation ^ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 AMENDMENTS, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STiTES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Congress sliall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE IL A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE lY. Tlie right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, AMENDMENTS. 407. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded? Ans, All the amendments to the Constitution with the exception ol" the 12th, may be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and states cer- tain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. xst Article. — 408. What declaration does the first amcr dment make, respect- hig religion? 40^£>. What, respecting the freedom of speech! 410. What, respecting the freedom of the press? 411. What, respecting the right of petition? 2d Article.— 412. What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to keep and bear arms 1 Zd Article. — 413. What is said of quartering soldiers? Ath Article. — 414. What is said of searches and seizures? 86 CONSlfTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing tlie place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE Y. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall Lave been com- mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE YII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 415, "What is said of the issuing of warrants? 5th Article. — 416. What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? 417. What is said of a second trial for the same offence? 418. What is the meaning of the clause that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? .''ns. It means that no person shall be a second time tried tonne same offence, of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 410. AVhen shall not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 420. W'hat 2;uar- antee of protection tr> i.ife, liberty, and property is given? 421. When only can privnte property be taken for public use? Gih Article. — 122. What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? 423. What right, as to the witnesses against him? 424. What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? 425. What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 7th Arti- cle. — 426. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? C025-ST1TUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury sbaJ' be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord iug to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 427. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made? Sta Article. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? Uh Aviicle. — 429. What is said of rights retained by the people ? \Oth Article. — 430. What is said of the powers reserved to the states ? 11th Ar- ticle. — 431. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? 38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE XIII* Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitnde, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. * For the twelfth amendment, see page 23. 13th Article. — Section I. — 432. What is said of slavery and invol- untary servitude ? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with refer- ence to this subject ? Wei m .0^ oo--* '^C ' ^^..9^' • ' '*b^ . . -v •• "•• .<** ^'"-^ -*Trr.' ^0- v*:^ TTi** aO' ^^9^ -n^o^ •'. .•iq. o V •, L'* •> V 'IV' o^ ^ .*i:^* -^^ .<' .v-^ioi-. V.*^* .tk^-. V «^ ..-^b; •n*. « H '^bV^ •T ♦i^;^^. >. ^^0^ WtRT • • * ' ,11'eOOKBINONG Gfant\i()€. Pa Msfch Avfil 1989 *^o< • • • ^\ *^ •^oV*