©escdptive of airbanfte **i=lla0fta'0 (3oibcn Ueart'' Sbe falrbanlitf Commercial Clul) fori THOSE SECKINQ INFORIAATIOf* REQARDtNQ CONDITIONS IN INTERIOR ACASKA fAI»«ANK«. ACAtKA Ar«lt< 19 If I FAIRBANKS, $EPTBM Photo bv Johnson. Fairbanks Deecriptive of iTairbanhe **Hla0t^a'0 6ol^cn ibeart** PUBLISHED BY ^be ifairbanl^e Commercial Club (I FOR THOSE SEEKING INFORMATON REGARDING CONDITIONS IN INTERIOR ALASKA FAIRBANKS, ALASKA APRIL, 1916 FAIRBANKS COMMERCIAL CLUB A. J. NORDALE, President. J. A. CLARK, Vice President. WALLACE CATHCART, Secretary. Executive Board J. NORDALE. A. CLARK. C. KELLY. A. M'INTOSH. R. PEOPLES. J. RICKERT. M. SiVllTH. TRANSFERaeD FROM SEP 2 1916 c % I NS N Fairbanks, ''Alaska's Golden Heart'' The story of the Banner Cold Camp ol Alaska, soon to become the metropolis of an Inland Lrnpire. SCK the aiinouncenifjit was made that congrei-'.s had decided to build a gov- ernment railroad from tide- water to the interior, and tlius make possible a fuller development of Alaska, the attention of thousands throughout the United States has been 1 cused on the territory. Informati n in regard to its resour:es and climate is being sought and the profound igno- rance respecting the country that here- tofore has existed bids fair t) become a thing" of the past. In consequence of which a larger settlement of the ter- ritory is to be expected, for no cause has retarded migration to Alaska so much as has ignorance of the true con ditions pertaining here. Unfounded fears of the climate have in most cafes been suffic.ent to excuse more careful inquiry into the possibili- ties of the territory on the part of those looking for new fields of endeavor, and yet many thousands of these same ad- venturers have unhesitatingly gone to hunt for fortune under a foreign flag in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, where the climate is quite as rigorous as is that of Interi- or Alaska and the opportunities not nearly so good. The conception of Alaska entertained by most of them is srmewhat hazier than that they have of the South Sea islands,, and in many cases is limited by the belief that there are salmon fisheries and sealeries off the coast and a very few foolhardy miners hobnobbing with Es- kimos in the Interior. In view of the fact that in 1915 the RESIDENCE OF CLAUDE KELLY Five INTERIOR T. A. M'GOWAN'S RESIDENCE people of Alaska purchased from the merchants of the United States more than $28,000,000 worth of goods and sent to the United States $16,000,000 in gold and silver end nearly $39,000,000 in merchandise this colossal benighted ness seems incredible. The fact that a governmental policy, which would have eradicated it many years ago, has not until recently been instituted furnishes a striking commentary on the different methods to induce settlement adopted by the Canadian and United States gov- ernments. The endeavor of this booklet is to correct some of the wrong impressions that exist in regard to conditions in the Interior of Alaska, and at the same time present information in detail con- cerning Fairbanks, the Golden Heart of Alaska. Located as a trading station in 1901, Fairbanks became a mining camp a year later when Felix Pedro discovered gold on a neighboring creek. The value of its gold production in 1905, ten times greater than that of a year before, reached $6,000,000. The output for the past thirteen years having totaled $66,- 040,000, or nearly one-fourth of the entire mineral production of Alaska since the purchase of the territory from Rus- sia in 1867, its right to rank as one of the world's greatest gold producers has been undisputed. That this dis- tinction will be continuing has been made certain by the promise of reduced cost of operation, for when the railroad is completed thousands of acres of au- riferous gravels and scores of known ore-bearing ledges, of a grade too low to be economically worked under ex- isting conditions, in addition to the richer properties now being worked, will be made to give up their gold content. The railroad will bring about a con- dition to a certain extent paradoxical, for while Fairbanks will be made a greater mining camp it will at the same time be removed from the category of "camps" in the usually accepted sense Six of the word and assume its rank as a "town" of stability and assured per- manence. In fact there is every rea- son to suppose that Fairbanks will be as distinctively the metropolis of the Greater Alaska of the future as it has been for more than a decade the banner camp ot the bottled-up terri- tory. Because of its central location the town has become the distributing point for a great portion of the interior coun- try. By catering to the smallest needs of the miners as they have become defined the local merchants have large- ly increased the scope of their busi- ness, so that now it is the common practice of men located hundreds of miles distant to send here for their outfits. Railroad connection with the coast will, of course, add largely co the town's facilities for handling this tributary trade and will undoubtedly result in Fairbanks becoming the Chi- cago of Alaska. Placer Gold Production. Although the first discovery of gold in Inland Alaska was made on the Tanana river by prospectors and traders shortly after the purchase, many years elapsed before the mineral lesources of this district attracted any particular at- tention. The discoveries in the Klon- dike region on the Canadian side in 1896 stimulated the search for gold in adjacent districts, but the men who un- dertook the work of prospecting the valleys of streams tributary to the Tanana had only small supplies of food and were obliged to travel rapidly. Con- sequently they were able only to do supeificial prospecting. The establishment of the trading sta- tion at Fairbanks in 1901 materially lessened the ditficulties of the argo- nauts, and when Pedro made his dis- covery in July, 1902, the valleys of Fairbanks, Cleary and Pedro creeks were staked by the few prospectors in the district and became the first produc- tive areas. During the winter a stam- FRANK YOUNG'S LOG CABIN Seven INTERIOR MAYOR R. R. MYERS' RESIDENCE rede from Dawson ensued, but, bp- cause it had not yet been developed that the richest gravels were deeply buried beneath a thick barren over- burden, in contrast with the phenome- nally rich and comparatively accessi- ble placers of the Klondike region, it was an incident without appreciable results in the commercial advancement of the district. During the summer of 1903 develop- ment was slow, the output for the year reaching $40,000. Pedro creek producei 5.20,000 of this amount and Cleary $14,500. Wolf. Chatham. Twin and Goldstream were the only other creeks worked. More extended work soon demon- strated that the comparatively .shallow grave's where the first discoveries had been made were of small extent, and the problem of mining the deeper frozen gravels wa.^ promptly coped with and solved. Powerful hoisting plants were installed and transportation facilities from the river to the mines were im- proved. Pack trails gave place lo wagon roads and later a narrow gaug^ railroad was built to serve most tf the producing creeks. In 1904 the output reached ?600 000. of which amount $250,000 was tak' n from Fairbanks creek and $150,000 from Cleary. Ester creek was mined for the first time this year and pro- duced $1,000. The arrival of necessary machinery in 1S05 gave the first real stimulus 10 operat 011s and Ihe output that year reached $6,000 000, Cleary producing $4 312,000 and T-airbanks creek $1,400,- 000. Ester and Pedro each had $60.00l- to their credit and Goldstream $50,000. A year later Cleary produced the enormous sum cf $5,383,000. Ester $1.- 200.000 and Fairbanks $1,500,000. Do:«o creek joined the ranks of the producei-s that year with an output of $500,000. The to'al production reached $9,050,300. In 1907 the Chatanika flats. Vau't creek and Little Eldorado were for the first time workeo extensively. Of the Eight total production of $8,010,000, deary creek's share was $3 000 000. This would have been largely increased had it not been that a disagreement as to wage.s led to a miners' strike. A long continued drouth retarded the work in 1908 bat the total output ex- ceeded that of the year before by more than a million dollars, being $9,203,000. This was Ester's banner year, the yield totaling two million and equallins: Cleary's. Engineer creek was worked for the first time extensively and pro- duced $250,000. Dome creek's output was $1,750,000. Goldstream's best year was in 1909. when it produced $1,488,000, being sur passed only by Ester with $1,659,000. Cleary for the first time fell from firet place, its production being $1 441,- 000. Little Eldorado and Ready Bul- lion came to the front with outputs of $500,000 and $237,000, respectively. The t tal yield was $9,650,000. In 1910 the first considerable falling off in the placej' output occurred, the total production being $6,100,000, and. until 1915, a steady decline has to be noted. In 1911 the production was $4,500,000; in 1912 $4,150,000; in 1913 $3,300,000 and in 1914 $2,500,000. Last year's output exceeded that cf the pre- vious year by $500,000, being $3,000,000. The figures given are those for the production of the creeks in the im- mediate Fairbanks district and do not include the output of other contigu- ous minins,- fields in the Tanana Val- ley. They are laken from the reports made by the United States Geological Survey, which are well known to be conservative in the extreme. From the same authority, in its report of pro- gress and investigations made in 1914, the following opinion in regard to the causes cf the decline in output is quoted: "The very marked decline in the gold-mining industry of the Fairbanks district is chargeable to the economic conditions and not to the exhaustion of the gold deposits. While it is true that the exploitation of bonanza placers in this field will soon be a thing of the past unless discoveries not now anticipated are made, yet large bodies of auriferous gravels remain, but only a small part of them can be profitably exploited under present operating costs. "With the rapid exhaustion of the easily accessib'e timber wood is increasing in cost. The operator who now works RESIDENCE OF R. N. HOYT Nine A CORNER OF FRAN on placers of lesser gold tenor than those handled by his predecessor of a few years ago is forced to pay two to three times as much for fuel. Opera- tors also report that during the last two years the cost of supplies has in- creased somewhat at Fairbanks. There- fore the average cost of everything nec- essary to gold mining except labor is greater now than in the past. Under these oonditions there is not much in- centive to embarh on new mining ven- tures. There 1.3 need, therefore, of cheaper fuel and cheaper transporta- tion, and these needs will be met by the proposed government railroad to Fairbanks. This railroad will lower the cost of freight, will make com- munication possible throughout the year, and will furnish cheaper fuel by bring- ing in the coal from the Nenana field. Under such conditions large placer mining operations will surely be under- taken and Fairbanks will maintain its position as an important placer camp." Lode Mining. Prospecting for quartz has been in progress for the past nine years, and during that time more than 2000 claims have been recorded. Probably not K R. CLARK'S YARD more than thirty of these are being ex- tensively prospected, as most of the lo- cators are awaiting the expected re- duction in operating expenses. Prac- tically all of the veins that are being developed are free milling gold lodes, as deposits of this or other metals requiring metallurgical treatment for extraction cannot be mined under ex- isting circumstances. During the past year, however, large deposits of anti- mony have been found and a quite con- siderable shipment was made to the United States vv^hich returned substan- tial profits. Tungsten ledges are also being worked this winter, from which much is hoped by the operators. A number of the quartz properties have been developed to the producing stage nnd maintain their own mills. More than a niilion dollars has been pro- duced from the quartz mines to date. The veins are being opened up by local men and capital and some have been made to pay from the start. Most of the prospects occur near the head of Fairbanks cr-^ek. on many of the head- water branches of Cleary, at the head of Dome creek, on Twin and Skoogey creeks, and in the vicinity of Ester Dome, in the extreme western part of Ten the district. \\'ith the lessening of the cost of transportation and fuel that will result from the building of the railroad it is expected a tremendous impetus will be given to the lode min- ing industry, and that the district will become as famous for its hard rock mines as it has been in the past for its placers. Agriculture. Mining is not the sole resource on which Fairbanks depends, for the Tan- ana Valley, in which it is centrally lo- cated, contains more than two million acres of agricultural lands. The lower part of this valley, from the Delta to the Yukon, is one of the most fertile tracts in Alaska and of its agricultural importance there is no qtiestion. While the district may not be expected to raise products that will be valuable for export, under present conditions, success enough has been attained by local farmers to demonstrate that they can grow grains aiid vegetables suffi- cient to the needs of the entire terri- tory. The success attending the work at the government experiment farm, lo- cated a few miles from town, indicates that oats, rye and barley can be suc- cessfully ripened, as well as certain varieties of wheat. Practically all kinds of vegetables are grown as prolifically as in the most favored of the states. While cattle raising has not been carried on to any great extent there is no doubt of its feasibility. Already the local dairy in- dustry has attained a healthy growth. Homesteads are still available within a few miles of the town. Town of Fairbanks. Preconceived notions of what consti- tute the prominent features of Alaskan towns must be discarded by those visiting Fairbanks for the first time. There is not a jrlacier worthy the name THE DUNHAM RESIDENCE Eleven within a hundred miles, but scenic beau- ties of equal atlracti n and much greater economic value are Avrapped in the verdure clad rolling hills that par- tially encircle the town. Not a totem pole could be unearthed by the most enthusiastic archaeologist, but enough telephone, electric light and telegraph poles are in evidence to make amends, in the opinion of the more matter-of- fact, for this defection. Eskimos are never seen except on the screen at the picture shows and fewer Indians visit here than Is the case in almost any of the Western towns in the States. In fact, first sight and more extended acquaintance compel the impression that Fairbanks is a busy industrial center, in the making of which none but mo- dern business methods have been em- ployed. A very large percentage of the resi- dents own their own homes, among these being many large frame build- ings handsomely constructed and ele- gantly furnished, practically all of them being electric lighted and many of them steam heated. Much local pride is ex- pressed in the beautiful gardens that are the constant wonder of visitors, and the streets, vhith are being bettered every year, are a credit to the town. For the past several years Arbor Day has been observed and hundreds of birch and poplar trees now add greatly to the appearance of the town. Located on the south bank of the Chena river, twelve miles above the confluence of the latter with the Tan- ana river, Fairbanks occupies a most desirab'.e site. Skirting a horseshoe bend of the river, at this point about 300 feet in width, the main street, or First avenue, is solidly built up with business houses and residences for a distance of more than a mile. Well constructed docks occupy the central portion of the waterfront, affording during the reason of navigation a scene of much business activity. On the north side of the river, reached by a bridge. Garden Isld^nd and Grae'^l are located, the former being the site of many large warehouses and the ter- minal yards of the Tanana Valley rail- road. Back of these villages a seri. s of timbered bills present a charming picture. To the south flats extend beyond the Tanana river f r miles, af- fording a beautiful view of the Cathedral mountains and Alaskan range. The town limits, bounded on the North and East by the Chena river, extend to the South as far as Twelfth avenue, more than thirty streets, well built up, being included in the municipality. The town has been incorporated for a dozen years and is governed by a common council of seven members, aa- nually elected in the month of April. While no recent government census t&- ports are available its population is given in Polk's directory for 1915 at 3500. Its finances are derived from the federal licenses imposed on busi- ness hooises, all of which accrue to the municipality; from local taxation of real and personal property and from the income from the municipal court. These have proved sufficient to main- HARBOR AT FAIRBANKS. Twelve JUST KIDS AT A PARTY tain, in a thoroughly eflScient manner the public schools, fire and police de- partments and to keep in a state ot good repair its very excellent street system, and the town is now clear of indebtedness. Public Utilities. Few towns of the size of Fairbanks are so well lighted, electric light fur- nished by a very efficient plant main- tained by the Northern Commercial company being used on the streets and in practically all of the busineps houses and residences. Many of the industries of the town are furnished with power from this plant and a sys- tem of pumps supplying a standing pressure adequate to all the uses of the fire department is maintained. Steam heat is also furnished by the company for many of the places of business, while others have installed plants of their own. Naturally the general use of electric light and steam hear in The busmess district tends to very con- siderably reduce the fire risk, and the losses, since the big fire of May 22, 1906, when the town was in its em- Thirteen bryonic stage, have been remarkably small. Good water is easily available, aa^ many wells, averaging about 30 feet in depth, have been sunk. The North- ern Commercial company serves raodt of the business places and residence?* from a large well from which a nevexr ending supply is pumped to practically- all parts of the town, while olhcrs are supplied by dealers who make daUy deliveries. The municipal fire department fss extremely capable and thoroughly welS equipped with modern appliances. For the past ten years it has demonstrated' that only extraoidinary circumstances could result in a repetition of the big- fire of 1906, as in many cases fire?^ originating in the center of the larger blocks have been confined to the prem- ises in which they had their inception. Water is forced through the mains by a high pressure system, a full head of steam being maintained on the pumps at all times, and the plant has a ca- pacity of fifteen 2% inch streams at one time. Fire hydrants are so dis- tributed as to make possible the con- centration of at least a dozen streams on any part of the business district. In addition to hose cart and sled drawn by capable teams the department is equipped with a modern chemical en- gine, which has proved particularly effi- cient in coping with fires in their in- cipiency. In addition to the municipal fire de- partment the Northern Commercial company maintains a volunteer fire bri- gade, which has on many occasions demonstrated that it is thoroughly cap- able. So much additional hose and equipment is carried by this auxiliary that no danger exists of shortage in this particular. The Fairbanks Telephone company operates a very ccmplete telephone service in town and its long distance lines extend to all of the principal creeks where mining operations art' conducted and to the new diggings in the Tolovana di.'^trict. The offices of the company are open day and night, the telephone lines being used as a fire alarm system which has proved very efficient. Telegraphic connection is had with the outside world over the government lines to Valdez and thence over the United States cable to Seattle. Every town of importance is in touch with Fairbanks, either by means of the land wires or the wireless system, a large radio having been in operation hero for more than six years. The sei'vice at The present time is in the hands of the United States Signal corps, small de- tachments of which are located along the routes taken by the land wires, and it is extremely efficient. Churches. To those contemplating a change of residence the matter of church and school advantages is one to be care- fully investigated. Especially is this so in the case of the man of family. Fairbanks is well endowed in both particulars. Five of the principal religious de- nominations are represented, each with its own place of worship, and ihe church is at all times a prominent factor in the town's activities. Bible study, and similar classes usually aux- iliary to church work, are held by the several denominations. St. Matthew's, the Episcopal church, occupies a pretty structure on First SOME PANSY BEDS Fourteen avenue, facing the river. Rev. H. H Lumpkin is the pastor in charge. Sun- day services: Holy Communion, 7:30 a. m. ; morning service 11; evening ser- vice 8. Sunday school 12:15 p. m. The Church of the Immaculate Con- ception, Roman Catholic, situated on Garden Island, is housed in a beauti- ful edifice facing the center . of town. Re\ . Francis Monroe, S. J., is in charge. Sunday services: Holy Mass, 8 and 10 a. m. ; Sunday school 2:30: Benediction 7:30 p. m. Missions in con- nection with the church are conducted at Chena, and on Cleary, Fairbanks and Coldstream creeks. The Presbyterian church, of which Rev. G. G. Bruce is the pastor, is housed in an imposing building at Cush- man and Seventh avenue. Sunday ser- vices are at 11 a. m. and 8:30 p. m., with Sunday school at 2:30 p. m. St. James Methodist Episcopal church Is located on Third avenue, between Turner and Cushman streets, and is in charge of Rev. J. J. Patton. Sunday ser- vices: Morning 11; evening 8; Sunday school 12:15 p. m. The First Church of Christ Scientist occupies a building at Seventh and Bar- nette streets. Sunday services are held at 2 p. m., with Sunday school at 1 p. m. Services are alsoi held on Wed- nesday evenings at 8:15. In connection with the Roman Caitho- lic church a very completely equipped and commodious hospital is maintained. Thoroughly modern in every respect it has been of great service to the community. The building is a large one, pleasantly situated facing the town and river, on Garden Island, and its dooirs have ever been open for the alle- viation of suffering. Neither creed. color, nor condition of life presents any bar to admittance to this truly worthy institution. Public Schools. Fairbanks has good reason to be proud of its schools, as they bring edu- cational facilities within reach of the youth of the town far beyond those Fifteen A NOOK IN THE WOODS usually to be found in localities so far removed from the more pbpulous districts. The following data in regard to the schools has been contributed by Mrs. Mary H. Zimmerman, clerk of the school board: The Fairbanks schools are main- tained by annual appropriations of from $17,000 to |20,000, granted by the city council. Their administration is centered in a board of three members, a director, a clerk and a treasurer, ad- vised by Mr. F. X. Karrer, the super- intendent, a normal, university and commercial school graduate having man- ual school experience. The building is a two-story structure well located on a desirable site and equipped with fire escapes, electric lighted and steam heated, which was erected at a cost of about $40 000. This accommodates both the grade and high school, enrolling about 200 pupils regu- lar in attendance throughout a school year of nine months, and is comfortable even in the coldest weather. The laboratory includes not only splendid physics equipment but also geological specimens and maps togeth- er with zoology specimens; atso a mani- kin, skeleton, suspension globe, baro- graph, compound microscope, reflecto- Bcope and microscopic slides. These latter cover anatomical, physiological, and botanical subjects, while the re- flectoscope is equipped for projecting lantern slides, opaque and microscopic subjects. Much of the equipment is used in both grade and high school work. A piano and Victrola are used through out the school. The library is being augmented as fast as circumstances permit and contains about 300 titles for reference. Text books and many supplies are furnished free. Sanitary drinking fountains, soap and towels prevent possible contagion. An electric clock, with room gongs, facilitates a partial departmental system. The course of study of the full grade school, under five teachers, is as com- plete as any school on the Pacific coast. Specialists teach vocal music and the Palmer system of penmanship A misfit teacher emphasizes grade arith- anetic and spelling. A grade teacher must be at least a normal school grad- uate. The institutions represented a'-e Washington, Colorado, Iowa and Cali- fornia state normal schools, together with the University of Washington. The full four-year course of the high school, when supplemented by recom mendation, meets all entrance require- ments of Pacific coast universities. The curriculum is rendered as flexible as possible with a rather limited faculty of four and offers both required and optional subjects, the latter being given from yea.- to year to meet the request of the largest possible number of pupils and parents. All high scliool teachers are college or university grad- uates and, if possible, specialist? throughout their departments. The in- stitutions represented are the Universi- ties of Washington and California and Whitman and Wellesley colleges. Extra efforts are made to secure matured, experienced teachers possess- ing strong moral character, each of whom receives a salaiy of $175 per month. The playground, provided with swinges and boards, is enjoyed the greater por- tion of the year. The school population shows a per- manent and steady family growth in the heart of Alaska. Newspapers. Perhaps it may be said that no town in the world isi better served than Fair- banks with newspapers, when the cost of their production is taken into ac- count. The news of the world is re- ceived by residents here within a few hours of its origination, well edited pa- pers with good telegraphic service be- ing published on every day of the week. The Fairbanks Times Publishing com- pany, Inc., issues the Daily Times (morning) six days of the week and the Weekly Times on Mondays. The Tanana Publishing Company prints the daily evening paper, the News-Miner. The Alaska Citizen, a weekly publi cation appearing Mondays, is Issued by J. H. Caskey. The Free Press, weekly, is pub- lished by George H. Henry. The Alaskan Churchman is Issued quarterly in the interests of the Epis- copal church's work in Alaska. The Ursa Major, an attractive jour- nal of school happenings, is pubUshed annually by the students of the high school. Fraternal Organizations. Members of fraternal organizations coming to Fairbanks are more than likely to be greeted by brothers, for the secret and benevolent societies are well represented here. Five of the or- ganizations, Tanana Lodge No. 162 F. Sixteen & A. M., the Fralemal Order of Eagles, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Loyal Order of Moose and the Harmonie Gesang-Verein, own their own homes, these being in each case com- modious buildings well adapted for the purpose. The Fraternal Order of Eagles, Fair- banks Aerie No. 1037, meets Saturdays in its own haJl. Since the founding of the order a large membership has been maintained, and at present it totals nearly 500. The Harmonie Gesang-Verein meet'^ Sundays in Harmonie Hall and takes a prominent part in the social doings of the town. The Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, Fairbanks lodge No. 3, meets on Thursdays in Odd Fellows Hall. The Rebekahs are represented by Golden Lodge No 4, which meets twice a month in Odd Fellows' Hall. The Loyal Order of Moose, Fairbanks lodge No. 1392, meets once a week ^n Moose hall. This lodge, one of the youngest in town, already has a mem- bership of 700. Tanana lodge No. 162. F. & A. M. holds regular communications in Ma- sonic Temple on the second Wednes- days in the month. The Royal Arch Masons, Fairbanks Chapter No 1, hold regular convoca- ticns in the Temple on the second Mondays in the month. The Arctic Council No. 1 of Royal and Select Masters meets at Masonic Temple on the third Friday of the month. Stated conclaves of the Alaska Com.- mandery No. 1, Knights Templar, are helj on the third Tuesdays of the month in Masonic Temple. Sc fish Rite Masons have organized a club under the name of the "Farthest North Scottish Rite Club," but have no stated times for meeting. The members of the A. A. O. N. M. S. have an organization known as the "Shrine Club." its a:tivities beinq purely social. The Order of the Eastern Star, rep- Seventeen resented by Midnight Sun Chapter No. 6, meets at Masonic Temple on tho second Fridays of the month. The Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden North, Lodge No. 1, a so- ciety eligible only to those bom in Alaska or the Yukon territory, meets twice a month. The Pioneers of Alaska, Fairbanks Igloo No. 4, eligible to those who were in Alaska or the Yukon territoiry prior to muary, 1901, meets twice a month in Eagle Hall. The membership, con- stantly growing, totals more than 800 lioneer Women of Alaska, Igloo No. 3, organized February 19, 1916. Eligible to all women coming to Alaska previous to January 1, 1901. A membership of more than one hundred was secured tofore the charter closed in April. This organizHtion meets on the first Saturday of each -nonth. Amusements. Business it by no means allowed to interfere to too great an extent with pleasure in the Golden Heart city, for entertainment is provided throughout the year in such variety that none escape its appeal. The Auditorium, Eagle Hall, the Roller Rink and the Orpheum are commodious halls at which quite pretentious theatri- cals can be presented and frequently during the winter season amateur per- formances are staged. For the past sev- eral years good stock companies from the Outside have played enjagements of several weeKs in the summer season. At the three first named halls many dances are held during the winter, the floors^ of hardwood, being of the very best. Seldom a week passes but one or more dances are held and all are well pat- ronized. Occasionally, also, concerts are given, the local talent being very capable. At the Orpheum two picture shows. are given every night of the week, most of the best releases in the States being available. The hall is constructed for the purpose and is thoroughly mod- em in every particular. Ice and roller skating are indulged in to a considerable extent, and curling, skiing, basketball and dog-team driving round out the list of winter sports. A large tract of the townsite, com- prising nearly sixty acres, has been set apart by the municipality for a park, in which is laid out a half-mile track, a fine baseball ground and a children's play- ground. Here athletic sports are held, as well as occasional horse race meetings, the proceeds from which are applied to the further betterment of the park. The children's playground is under the sup- ervision of the Woman's Civic club and has been most efficiently conducted since its opening last year. Several good baseball teams are annually or- ganized and weekly games attract many of the devotees of the national game to the park. Card and social clubs are numerous serving well their purpose of affording entertainment and gaiety during the winter months. The Tanana club, own- ing elegantly furnished quarters, with billiard rooms in connection, compares favorably with such organizations to be found in much larger towns in the States. Civic Organizations. The Fairbanks Commercial club, or ganized five years ago, is engaged in the work of promoting the interests of the town and the Tanana Valley, through publicity and the advocacy of such bet- terments as from time to time appear to be necessary and within reach. Its membership includes most of the busi- ness men and niany of the mining ope- rators on the adjoining creeks. No op- portunities for helping the community are overlooked and many advantages now enjoyed iire attributable to the club's enthusiastic and well-directed work. The Woman's Civic club was organ- ized a year ago and has been active in the performance of such civic duties ONE OF TANANA CLUB ROOMS. Eighteen as naturally come within the scope of such a body. The success of the children's playground movement, the passage of a satisfactory curfew ordi- nance and the capable administration of the public library are all to be cred- ited to the praiseworthy efforts of the oreaiiization. Judicial Headquarters. There are only four judicial divisions in Alaska, Fairbanks being the head- quarters of the Fourth. At present the courthouse, a large frame structure built in 1906, occupies half of the block bounded by Cushman, Second and Third avenues and Turner street; but the remainder of the block has been purchased by the government and a bill is pending in congress for the ap- propriation of $250,000 for the erection of a new federal building to house the courts and post oflQce. Officers of the division are a judge, marshal, district attorney and clerk of court, each with a corps of assistants. Terms of court are held almost con- tinucusly except during the short peri- ods when the judge is called to other I)arts of the division so remote from headquarters as to necessitate local terms. A very considerable expenditure of government funds occurs in Fairbanks as a consequence of the location ot court headquarters here, witnesses and jurors being called from great distances for attendance during the trial of the various cases on civil and criminal dockets. The annual disbursements from the marshal's oflfice for this purpose have averaged for the past three years $60,581.92, while the total disbursements for the year 1P14, the latest figures available, were 5240,290.67. These in- clude fees of witnesses and juiors, sal- aries of marshal, district attorney and assistants, fees of commissioners, bail- iffs, etc.. support of prisoners and mis- cellaneous expenses. Fairbanks Is also the headquarters of the Fairbanks Land District, the clerk of the court acting as registrar. Nineteen the marshal as receiver and a corps of assistants being employed. The land office was established in 1907 and af- fords to the intending settler every help and accommodation requisite in the taking up of homesteads. A commissioner for the precinct has his offices in the courthouse, his duties embracing those of probate judge, coro- ner, justice of the peace and recorder. From two to three assistants are em- ployed in this office. The municipal court is administered by the town magistrate, who also fills the office of town clerk. The police depart- ment consists only of a chief and one patrolman, but this has been proved to be entirely adequate to the need% of the town for the past several years, orderliness beiny one of its chief char- acteristics. On the subject of the administration of justice in Alaska, Judge W. W. Morrow, of the United States Circuit court for the Ninth Judicial district, which righted the wrongs perpetrated by the nctoricus "Spoilers" gang in Nome, in 1900, had an enlightening article in the January issue of the California Law Review. After telling the story of the misuse of the judicial power during the regime of Judge Noyes and the remedies applied by the court of appeals, Judge Morrow con- cludes his article as follows: "The supremacy of the law was es- tablished. The usual result followed, business and mining enterprise were restored to their proper channels and the community proceeded to take such advantage of the wonderful resources of the locality as to make it one oC the greatest mining camps in the world. Lawlessness has practically dis- appeared in Alaska and her territorial waters, and the restraints of civilized life have taken its place. "For the vast territory of Alaska as a whole, and for that part of it in- volved in this discussion in particular, we say the law is supreme, and is be- ing administered by its judiciary with as much wisdom and efficiency as in any other part of the United States. Congress has given its attention to the nee.ls of the territory; and through pro- visim of laws for the development of its resources, it is being made the home of an industrious, law-abidin ; and prosperous people." Mail Facilities. Fairbanks, being the center of popu- lation of Interior Alaska, is the hub Iron which practically all of the in- land post offices are supplied with mail during the winter season. The local post office is housed in a com- modious building, adequate to all pur- poses, until such time as the proposed federal building is erected. The receipts of the office f:r the fiscal year shovr an increase over the preceding year. Following are the services made from the Fairbanks office during the winter season, as authorized at this time: Fairbanks to Creek points, including Ester Siding, Happy, Engineer, Olnes, Berry, Fox, Meehan, Dome, Chatanika, Eld rado', Cleary and Chena; Daily. To Down River points, including Tolovana, Hot Springs, Tofty, Ram- part, Eureka, Tanana, Ruby. Nulato, St. Michael and Nome; Twice a week. Connections are made at Tanana for Kcyukuk river points, Hughes, Bettlep and Wiseman twice a month. To Livengcod, new Tolovana mining district; twice a month. To Circle, Miller House. Deadwood. Ft. Yukon, Eagle, Franklin, Chicken, Forty Mile, Y. T, Dawson, Y. T.: four times a month. To Cordova, and way points: Three times a week. Tanana Valley Railway. For the purpose of affording better transportation facilities the Tanana Val- ley railway was built in 190-5, twenty- five miles of construction being com- pleted at that time which brought Fair- banks in touch with Chena, to the southwest, and Gilmore and Pedro creeks to the north. In the summer of 1907 the road was extended over the hills from Gilmore to Chatanika. so that at the present time the road extends a distance of forty-five miles, serving most of the creeks of the district. The terminals are located on Garden island and trains are sched- uled to make daily round trips over the road winter and summer. Chena River Bridge. A source of much annoyance and large annual cost to the town has been the bridge spanning the Chena river and connecting the town proper witii Garden island. This is a wocden struc- ture that nearly every year is taken ON TAlN.ANA VALLEY RAILROAD. Twenty I»- jsr« » Xifc^ LAYING FOUNDATION STONE OF ALASKA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. II for Creation of Which was Passed at Last Session of Congrats — Site Locst^d About Five Miles From Fairbanks, out by the run of ice at the time of the spring breakup and frequentlv during the period of high water in the summer. It may be roughly esti- mated that the bridge has necessitated to the town an annual expenditure of $5,000. This wooden structure is now to be replaced by one of steel, at present in oours.? of manufacture, which it is expected will be in place before the end of the summer. Tlie work of construction is to be done under the superintendence of the Alaska Road commission, the government bearing the expense. Roads and Trails. The building of roads and trails out- side of the town limits is, for the grenter part, in the hands of the Alaska R^ad commission, appointed by the government for the purpose of constructing military and post rcarls in the territory. The money for t.h<'- purpose is derived from an annual ap- propriation by cn^iess ■"nd 65 = er cent of the Alaska fund, the latter being revenue froTn business and trade 1 venty-one licenses outside incorporated towns and certain taxation imposed on fish- ery products. The work done by this means has afforded good winter trails to most of the mining camps in the territory' and summer roads in the more populous district, such as the region contiguous to Fairbanks The most important work undertaken by the Road commission was the building of the read connecting Fair- banks with Valdez, on the coast, the former winter gateway to the I'lterior. Chitina, the inl;ind terminus of the Copper River & North Western rail- road, over which winter traffic ia now routed, is reached by a spur road from the "Valdez hi2:hway, the distance between this point and Fair- banks being 310 miles. It is an excel- lent winter road and, under favorable conditions, can be used by automobiles in the summer. Over this road a con- siderable amount of freight is hauled in the winter, but, because of the heavy cost of transportation by this route, it is naturally only such as is not pvailab'e during the season of naviga- tion. The Wells Fargo Express company has maintained an oflBce in Fairbanks for several years, the company acting as carrier, summer and winter, of pack- ages of value and smaller bulk than are usually intrusted to the freight carrying companies. Many of these small parcels also arrive in the sum- mer by parcels post, but at the pres- ent time none are carried by this means in the wintertime from the States, although parcels can be sent out from here by mails. The discrimination is made because all of the incoming stages bring in the full limit of mail allowed by the government contract, while those going out seldom nearly reach the limit. Business Houses. Fairbanks has two banks of excel- lent standing, one of them being a United States depository under govern- ment supervision with resources of over $750,000. Each pursues a liberal policy in the matter of loans and has been of much help toward the development of the country. There are nine hotels in the town, four of which may be rated as first class. These are steam heated and electric lighted and are furnished with the conveniences found in the better class of hotels in the States. The charges at all of them are reasonable when the excellence of the service and accommodatlona is considered. Seven restaurants vie v;ith each other in sup- plying the wants of the inner man. everything in the line of delicacies, home-grown and imported, being ob- tainable at prices commensurate with the cost of production. Following is a list of the places of business in Fairbanks, from which ii jnay be seen that few wants need go Tinsupplied locally: Architects 1; Assayers 3. Bakers 4; Banks 2; Barbers 9: Bath liouses 5; Billiard parlors 6: Black- «iraiths 5: Boat builders 2; Booksellers and stationery '3; Breweries 1; Brokers. 4. Candy makers 1; Contractors, car- penters and builders 13; chiropodists 1; Chiropractors 2, Cigars a.nd tobacco dealers 8; Civil engineers 3; Clothiers, retail 4; Coffee Houses 3. Dairies 2; Dentists 3; Drugstores 2; Dry goods 4. Express delivery 4. Furnished rooms 7. ueneral merchandise 4; Greenhouses 4; Grocers 13. Hardware 6; Hotels 9. Ice Dealers 2. Jewelers 3. Laundries, steam, 2; Lawyers 20; Libraries, circulating, 1; Libraries and reading rooms 2; Lumber manufactur- ers 2. Machinists 4; meat dealers 3; mes- senger companies 1; millinery 2; music dealers 2. News dealers 2; Newspapers, daily 2; Newspapers, weekly 4; Notaries public 18; Nurses 3. Opticians 2. Paint stores 2; Photographers 2; Physicians 7; Printers, book and job 3. Railroad companies 1. Real Estate 4; Restaurants 7. Saloons 12; Second hand goods 3; Shoemakers 2; Shoes, retail 5; Soda Fountains 2. Tailors 3; Telephone company 1; Tin, copper and sheet iron workers 3. Undertakers 1. Wood sawyers 5. GOLD was produced in Alaska in 1915 to the value of sixteen million dollars. That of the gold state, California, with a population thirty-seven times as great, exceeded this in 1914 by only about five millions. The annual report of the Director of the Mint for 1915 says of the gold yield of the state of Cali- fornia: "With the exception of one year, 1S83. the mined output of the state for 1914 was higher than it has been since 1864, fifty years ago." Twenty-two FAIRBANKS PUBLI C SCHOOL BUILDING Twenty-three The Government Railroad Connecting Interior Alaska With the Coast— What it Means to Fairbanks. VEN those prospectors who first found gold in the placers of Interior Alaska had to estimate the value of their discovery on the basis of transpor- tation charges. The cost of landing necessary sup- plies, and time consumed, were factors which determined in those days a.s they have done since whether "pay" had been found. The condition has continued to the present time, affect- ing the mining industry more acute- ly as the bonanza returns decreased and other costs, such as that for fuel, have increased. "Better Transportation Facilities" has been the keynote of every agitation to secure improved conditions in the ter- ritory, and it is a slogan which all who are acquainted with conditions will in- dorse. To those who live in the popu- lous districts in the United States its significance may not strike home, for an environment of competing railroads and excellent highways is likely to engender lack of interest in the ques- tion of transportation, or, at best, its consideration merely from the theoreti- cal standpoint. Alaskans, however, schooled through experience, base all their calculations on its existence as a condition — one from which relief is ab- solutely necessary if the territory i.s to achieve the development which its wealth in natural resources would ap- pear to warrant. The placer mining claims in the Fairbanks district lying idle at this time awaiting the coming of better transportation facilities and the result- ant cheapening of supplies, will ulti- mately produce millions of dollars. Many of them, even if worked under existing conditions, would probably show a balance on the right side of the ledger; but mining is an uncertain venture and the owners prefer to let the ground lie idle rather than take a chance of loss at the end of the sea- son. Many of these claims, if lo- cated in any of the western states, would be considered bonanzas. By the ordinary route freight reaches Fairbanks at the present time after an ocean voyage of 2700 miles and an upstream steamboat trip of 1200 miles, being usually from a month to six w^eeks in transit. When it is remem- bered that the vast bulk of the supplies and machinery used has to be import- ed it is not surprising that the cost of transportation is prohibitive to any but high grade mining. But the long sought relief from this condition is now in sight, the United States government having appropriated $35,000,000 for the construction of a railroad from Seward, on Resurrection Bay, to Fairbanks. This official recognition of Alaska's wealth in resources should be well con- sidered by those contemplating settle- ment in the territory. Its significance lies in the fact that, upon the report of a commission appointed by the presi- dent to investigate conditions, congress overcame inherent objections to the policy of governmental ownership of railroads and appropriated this vast sum in the firm belief that a good in- vestment was being made. After having in detail discussed the development of the country that would be sure to follow the construction of railroads the commission concluded its report by stating that it was "unani- Twenty-four mously of opinion that this develop- ment should be undertaken at once and prosecuted with vigor; that it can not be accomplished without pro- viding the railroads herein recommend- ed under some system which will in- sure low transportation charges and the consequent rapid settlement of this new land and the utilization of its great resources." In May, 1914, the Alaska Engineering commission was appointed to investi- gate and report upon the various rail- road routes, and about a year ago it was announi':ed that Seward had been selected as the coast terminus, and that the Alaska Northern Railroad, 72 miles in length, had been purchased and would be a part of the system. During last summer the work of mak- ing permanent surveys from the coast to the Tanana Valley was in progress and actual construction of the railroad from Anchorage, on Knik Arm, Cook Inlet, to the Matanuska coal fields was commenced. F'^airbanks has been defi- nitely decided upon as one of the ter- minal points for the railroad in the Interior and it is hoped that actual con- srruction work between here and Ne- nana, where the railroad will reach the Tanana river, will be commenced this year. In any case, it is definitely ex- pected that the entire road will be com- pleted in all its details early in 1918. The benefits accruing from the com- ing of the railroad to the Fairbanks district can hardly be overestimated. Cheaper freight rates, quicker service, more frequent piails and" improved fa- cilities for doing business with the supply houses are by no means all of the betterments involved. At present the local merchant has to order and store his supply for the greater part of the year at one time, for the overland freight rates are prohibitive. This means that he must pay high insurance and interest charges on an eight months' stock. He is unable to take advantage of market fluctuations, buying alway.s at about the same time of the year, and he cannot replace his "sh rts" until the reopening of navigation. These, with manj other difficulties, be- set the merchant, and naturally the consumer has to bear his share in them. But reduction in cost and time of transportation measures no more than half of the benefit that will be de- rived from the action of the govern- ment, for the building of the railroad will, practkaliy automatically, insure the opening to development of the coal fields so long withheld from public use. This is a matter of immense im- portance to the Fairbanks district, for it means that coal from the vast Ne- nana coal fields will be available at a third or less of the present cost of fuel. It was the withdrawal of these coal lands, necessitating the importation of Canadian coal at high cost, in con- junction with the government's policy of taxaticn rather than subsid'zation. that in the past has made private rail- road operation, on such small scale as it has been attempted in the territory, a doubtful venture. Careful computations of expected freight and passenger traffic have in- fluenced government officials to the belief, unhesitatingly expressed in their reports, that the government railroad will practically pay its way from the date of its con.pletion; and they are unanimously of the opinion that the increased business foUowiag the devel- opment of the territory served by it will make of ilie railroad a paying venture in the near future. Certain it is that it will prove to be the key nec- essary to open to the public use many natural storehouL.es of treasure in th-e Interior that have hitherto been inac- cessible. REINDEER were imported into Alaska from 1900 to 1902 to the extent of 1280 head. At the end of 1914 the herds numbered 57,872. and in 1914 over $94,000 was received from the sale of meat. It is estimated that there is sufficient grazing land in Alaska to care for 10.000 000 of these animals. "wenty-five Placer Mining The Leading Industry— By Senator C. P. Gaustad. HE Fairbanks district has already produced more than sixty-six millions in gold, but, in the opinion of eminent geologists, at least as much more will be mined when hydraulick- ing, dredging and other mechanical methods are rendered more feasible by better transportation and cheaper power. While discoveries of enormously rich ground are much less frequent than a few years a.go they do occur, and there still remain opportuni- ties for the prospector of limited meanr, to acquire fortune through a season''? work. Owing to the decline of our gold production many people contend that the placers of this region are exhaust- ed. A little Investigation into the real reason for this decline easily estab- lishes the fallacy of such coritention, and shows further that our workable placer deposits are practically inex- haustible, and the falling off in our gold output to be attributed to the ex cessive costs of operation which have prevailed since, and which are a di- rect inheritance from our "bonanza" days, when eflSciency and operating costs were negligible quantities, as the richness of the gravels made up for any deficiency of methods or man- agement. The miner simply couldn't lose. These "bonanzas" have been practically exhausted, but the costs are just as excessive as ever, and it is only reason of great improvement in methods and equipment that the pro- duction has not ceased altogether. Bear- ing in mind that, under the most favor- able prevailing conditions, it costs from $1.50 to $4 per cu. yd. to mine our gravel deposits, while the same char- acter of gravels are being profitably worked in other portions of the United States for a few cents per cubic yard, it is surprising that the production has been maintained at the present figure. The placer field of the region com- monly known as the Fairbanks district comprises an extensive area of aurife- rous gravel beds which offer an excep- tionally attractive field for placer ope- rations upon a large scale. The numer- ous creeks, gulches and river bars throughout this district have barely been scratched by the prospector, and every few months some of these patient, per- sistent pioneers are rewarded by dis- coveries yielding them comfortable for- tunes. The opportunities offered the placer prospector here are not to be equalled anywhere else in the world. The occurrence of gold is exceptionally common, in fact, almost every pan of gravel taken from any creek, gulch or river bar is sure to yield at least "colors." True, it usually requires much work and time to locate the channels where the precious metal is concentrat- ed to such an extent as to render the deposit workable, and the prospector needs to be endowed with plenty of courage and persistence and patience to achieve success. It is not diflQcult, how- ever, for a man who demonstrates hi? honesty and efficiency, to secure fi- nancial assistance for the development of promising prospects. To be enabled to pursue his investi- tigations in the most approved manner the prospector should be equipped with a small steam thawer, which, with all necessaiy appurtenances for sinking prospect holes, will cost in Fairbanks about $250. Provisions and clothing with cost from $25 and upward per Twenty-six MINING WITH INEXPENSIVE PLANT. man per month, according to individual tastes. This Includes only actual nec- essities consisting of good, substantial, wholesome foodstuffs. The country abounds in game and the rifle and gun can usually be depended upon to fur- nish meats. Gold having been discovered in pay- ing quantities, the next step in the work of the discoverer is the selec- tion of the method of mining best suited to the character of the deposit and the particular locality where it is situated. Where the depth to bedrock is less than twenty feet mining should be done by some open-cut method, either scraping with large steam scrapers, if the creek is flat, or by ground-sluicing or shovel- ing into sluices, if the grade and water is sufficient to carry off the over-bur- den. The cost of installing a modern scrap- ing plant in this district is approxi- mately $15,000. Such a plant, with efficient management, should handle ground from fifteen to eighteen feet Twenty-seven. deep at a cost of thirty cents per square foot of bedrock cleaned. Of course, the expense is largely dependent upon the cost of fuel where the mine is locat- ed, its accessibility to markets, and the freight rates from such supply points, but the above figure is near the aver- age cost of open-cut operations within thirty miles of Fairbanks. A detailed description of the im- proved methods of handling these shal- low diggings with steam scrapers, which has been evolved and perfected by the Tanana and Iditarod operator, would prove very interesting and instructive at this juncture, but the space allotted will permit of only a mere outline. When the block of ground to be worked has been selected, the moss and brush is first removed, preferably in the fall preceding the year of opera- tions. The following spring, as soon as weather conditions permit, the re- moval of the alluvial deposits commonly termed muck throughout Alaska and the Canadian Yukon, which overlay the giavel bed?, is commenced cither by scraping or, where the water supply is sufficient, by "piping." As soon as the pay strata of the gravel bed is reached, the same is scraped into the sluices with Bagley or slip scrapers. When bedrock is reached it is some- times necessary to clean same by hand on account of hard, creviced formation. The size of the "cut" — as the block of ground is called — varies from 30,000 to 100, OOn squar > leet. As soon as the sluicing stage is readied in one such "cut" the preparation of another is commenced, so that operations are con- tinued uninterruptedly during the sum- mer months. As yet, the dredging method of work- ing gravel deposits has not been adopt- ed in this district, there being only one old fashioned, rebuilt machine cperated on Fairbanks creek. Being unsuited to the general conditions and character of the ground, slow progress is being- made. On Mammoth creek in the Cir- cle district where conditions similar to car pr V il la a su nme.- a uiod^'n d edge was installed which proyed highly efficient and economical. The field fcr dredging operations in the vicinity of Fail banks is practically un- limited, and, but f r the exorbitant cost of fupl for power, freight rates and instal ation, our output Irom this source w uld more than treble the total yield from other operations. The general character of most of the placer fields of this district being ex- ceedingly flat, the hydraulic method is seldom practical, and has been em- ployed only in rare instances and in a small way. The deeper gravel deposits, ranging in depth from twenty to two hundred and fiity feet to bedrock, are worked by drift mining. This method also has been developed by the Alaska miner to a degree of efficiency never before attained in any part of the world. Equip- ment has been devised and invented to overcome the difficulties of extraordi- Qary conditions, the high cost of labor DUMP TAKEN OUT IN WINTER. Twenty-eight SLUICING FROM SHAFT AND DUMP. and supplies, until many frozen gravel beds of this northern country are beiii-v profitably worked at the present time which were only a few years ago pro- nounced vahieless. It is largely tO' the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the Alaskan miner that the present credit- able output can be attributed. As strange as it may seem to those not familiar with mining methods, the frozen condition of the ground has proven a benefit instead of a detriment to drift mining operations, as the miner is enabled toi remove large blocks of ground without the semblance of timbers in the drifts, timbering only being required in the shafts and tunnels containing tracks. Of course, the strata of th^ gravel bed which contains the "pay' lying close to bedrock together with a foot, more or less, of the latter, must be thawed by steam, and where wood costs from ten to twenty dollars per cord — each cord having an average effi- ciency of only 175 sq. ft. of bedrock — the frost is responsible for a consider- able addition to the co3t of operations, but in frozen ground the cperator can. employ large crews with a minimum expense for "dead w:rk" of opening up. and preparing ground for drifting. The method usually adopted in drift- ing ground is fs follows: After pros- pect holes have been sunk and the pay streak located and determined, a one- compartment working shaft 7x7 in the clear. located as near the center of the paystreak as possible, is sunk about ten feet into the bedrock. The bot- tom of the shaft is enlarged in orde'^ to afford more room for dumping into the bucket, and a station is cut into the side wall for a sump hole and the installation of a pump for removing seepage water. Then two main tun- nels are started lengthwise of the "pay- streak," and .=iometimes one or two additional tunnels are run crosswise in order to afford m^re working faces. The two main tunnels are usually car- ried for a distance of two hundred feet from the shaft an>d then intersected Twenty-nine with crosscuts to the edge of the pay- streaks. T