i^'^^; 
 
 
 
 MiWX' 
 
CELEBRATED SPEECHES 
 
 OF 
 
 CHATHAM, BURKE, AND ERSKINE. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 THE ARGUMENT OF MR. MACKINTOSH, 
 
 IN THE CASE OF PELTIER. 
 
 SELECTED BY A 
 
 MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA BAR. 
 
 tulit eloquium insolitum facundia praeceps; 
 
 Utiliumqu'e sagax'rei'um et divina futuri 
 Sortilegis non discrepuit sententia Delphis. 
 
 KEY & BIDDLE— 23 MINOR STREET. 
 1834. 
 

 /35^ 
 
 f Sf- 
 
 Entered according to the act of congress, in the year 1834, by Key & 
 BiBDu;, in the clerk's office of the district court, for the eastern district 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 //•/f 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In selecting the Speeches contained in the following 
 pages, the compiler has been influenced by two con- 
 siderations, the one having reference solely to their 
 literary merit, the other to the dignity and importance 
 of the topics of which they treat. 
 
 In a country where almost every citizen has occa- 
 sion^ at some period, to express his sentiments in a 
 public assembly, the diffusion of correct models for 
 popular and deliberative oratory is eminently desirable. 
 Native force, unassisted by judgment and taste, like a 
 projectile ill-directed, not only falls short of its aim, 
 but becomes a useless and dangerous missile. No man 
 is born an orator — no man is even fashioned into a 
 judicious and impressive speaker without a certain 
 amount of study and training. The efforts of an un- 
 schooled and fervid imagination, spurning and over- 
 leaping the boundaries of good sense and propriety, 
 may arouse the passions and obtain the applause of 
 the unreflecting ; but it is to " the words of truth and 
 soberness," sustained and elevated by a cultivated 
 mind and chastened fancy, that men give the name 
 and the praise of eloquence. It should ever be recol- 
 lected that oratory is peculiarly an art, perfected only, 
 according to the ancients, by the knowledge and prac- 
 tice of almost every other, and the mere physics of 
 which, — "the eloquence of the body," as Quintilian 
 phrases it, — were with them a subject of intense appli- 
 cation. If the improved state of popular education 
 renders that branch of study less important to a mod- 
 ern speaker, it, at the same time, enhances the neces- 
 sity of increased attention to that which is purely in- 
 tellectual. While the "fierce democracy" of Athens 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 were sterner critics in accent and gesture, the Ameri- 
 can people more rigidly insist that their understandings 
 shall be convinced, their taste consulted, and their 
 minds enlightened. 
 
 There is doubtless some reason in the strictures 
 which have been advanced upon the character of our 
 legislative debates. They are, for the most part, pro- 
 lix and tedious on the one hand, or tumid and extrava- 
 gant on the other — in either case, they are superficial 
 and discursive. These defects may in part be at- 
 tributed to the republican principles and forms which 
 predominate in our Constitution and laws. We have 
 no professional legislators, and, with the exception of 
 a single class, few practised speakers ; 
 
 -Veniet de plebe togata 
 
 Qui juris nodos, et legutn eenigmata solvat." 
 
 Habits of condensed thought and expression are not 
 acquired in a day, nor are the pursuits of active life al- 
 ways consistent with that intellectual training which best 
 makes men apt speakers by first making them close 
 thinkers. So far as this and similar evils are incident 
 to our poHtical system, we submit to them as more 
 than counterbalanced by the practical equality and 
 freedom of our institutions. But a vicious style and 
 defective method can be inherent in no form of gov- 
 ernment, since they result less from a deficiency of 
 power than from a depressed Hterary standard. It is 
 to elevate this standard, to bring the American reader 
 into familiar and accurate acquaintance with the best 
 examples of EngHsh eloquence, to show him with 
 what skill and eflfect his language has been wielded for 
 the various purposes of attack and defence, of argu- 
 ment and invective, of satire and eulogium, and there- 
 by to raise, refine, and purify the national taste, already 
 highly improved, that the present collection has been 
 undertaken and will be prosecuted. 
 
 This and a succeeding volume, (to be compiled prin- 
 cipally from the works of Fox, Pitt, and Sheridan,) will 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 contain, though not precisely in a chronological series, 
 as many of the more distinguished efforts of the lead- 
 ers of the British Parhament, from the commencement 
 of the American war to the treaty of Amiens, as their 
 limits will admit. The collection will also include 
 some of the popular and forensic addresses of the 
 same period, and will be followed by a selection from 
 the speeches of Mr. Canning, Lord Brougham, and 
 others, by which the work will be completed to the 
 present time. In regard to the period first alluded to, 
 we know of none in English history more capable of 
 affording instruction to an American citizen, whether 
 we consider the magnitude of the topics discussed or 
 the energy of intellect and extent of erudition applied 
 to their consideration. The assertion of those free 
 principles, the denial of which dismembered one an- 
 cient government and dissolved another, was nowhere 
 louder than in the British Parliament ; and the defence 
 of personal rights, political, civil, and religious, was no- 
 where manlier, though elsewhere perhaps more suc- 
 cessful, than in the British courts. It is not our busi- 
 ness here to arraign motives ; perhaps in the acrimo- 
 nious contests of that day, the difference was, often, 
 less about principles than about their application. Cer- 
 tain it is that we may reap benefit from a collision, in 
 which institutions were assailed, on the one side, by 
 genius prompted by lofty purpose and upheld by high 
 ambition, and defended on the other by all the resources 
 which power could enlist from learning, zeal, and 
 patriotism. The basis of civil government, the rights 
 of the subject, and the prerogative of the ruler, hung 
 upon men's tongues, not as matters of fanciful and idle 
 theory, but in direct reference to the fate of the em- 
 pire and the preservation of its laws and Constitution. 
 Of a scarcely less important character, though of 
 more restricted interest, were the various questions 
 which arose during this period in relation to the affairs 
 of India and Ireland, and the principles which charac- 
 terized the financial system of Mr. Pitt. Growing out 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 of the first of these, we must be permitted to mention 
 the Impeachment of Hastings as unrivalled in the pe- 
 culiar solemnity of its theme, the dignity with which 
 its forms were conducted, and the labor, talent, and 
 eloquence which distinguished its prosecution. The 
 arguments of the more prominent managers of that 
 Impeachment,-"conspicu8e divina Philippica famae,"- 
 cannot but occupy a large space in a collection like 
 the present, and, while the language lasts, will exhibit, 
 in the highest degree, the compatibility of grace with 
 strength, the union of the loftiest flights of the imagi- 
 nation with the noblest efforts of the reason. 
 
 Such are the principal sources whence the contents 
 of these volumes have been drawn. The nature of the 
 undertaking precludes novelty ; but, while it offers little 
 that is new, it contains, at the same time, nothing that 
 is low, mean, or unworthy. It exhibits the works of 
 genius on a conspicuous theatre, aiming at noble ends 
 and laboring for immortality. If it cannot teach us 
 better to appreciate the rights which we enjoy, there 
 are few of us but may learn from it in what manner 
 they may best be defended against the inroads of 
 power or the intrusions of ambition. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LORD CHATHAM. 
 
 Speech of William Pitt the elder, (afterwards Lord Chatham,) in the 
 House of Commons, January 16, 1766, on the right to tax America, Page 9 
 
 Lord Chatham's Speech, in the House of Lords, January 9, 1770, in 
 reply to Lord Mansfield, on an amendment to the address to the throne, 17 
 
 Lord Chatham's Speech, in the House of Lords, January 20, 1775, on 
 a motion for an Address to his Majesty, to give immediate orders for 
 removing his Troops from Boston, 26 
 
 Lord Chatham's Speech, in the House of Lords, at the opening of Par- 
 liament, November 18, 1777, 34 
 
 Lord Chatham's Speech, in the House of Lords, December 11, 1777, 
 against a Motion for an Adjournment, 44 
 
 BURKE. 
 Mr. Burke's Speech, on American Taxation, April 19, 1774, - - - - 50 
 
 Mr. Burke's Speech, to the Electors of Bristol, 96 
 
 Mr. Burke's Speech, on the Nabob of Arcot's Debts, 130 
 
 Mr. Burke's Speech, on the Bill for the relief of Protestant Dissenters, 184 
 Extract from the Speech of Mr. Burke, upon Mr. Fox's East India Bill, 194 
 Extract from the Speech of Mr. Burke, on opening the Impeachment of 
 Warren Hastings, Esq., February 15 and 16, 1788, 237 
 
 ERSKINE. 
 Mr. Erskine's Speech, in Defence of the Liberty of the Press, delivered 
 
 on the Trial of Thomas Paine for a Libel, 327 
 
 Speech of the Hon. T. Erskine, on the Prosecution of the Publisher of 
 
 the Age of Reason, 354 
 
 Mr. Erskine's Speech, in Markham vs. Fawcett, before the Deputy 
 Sheriff of Middlesex and a special Jury, upon an Inquisition of Damages, 365 
 
 Mr. Erskine's Speech, for the Defendant in the Case of Howard vs. 
 Bingham, ---- 378 
 
 Mr. Erskine's Speech, in Defence of Thomas Hardy, indicted for high 
 Treason in compassing the Death of the King, 387 
 
 M'INTOSH. 
 Speech of Mr. M'Intosh, (since Sir James M'Intosh,) in the Court of 
 King's Bench, February 21, 1803, on the Trial of M. Peltier for a 
 Libel on the First Consul of the French Republic. 496 
 
SPEECH OF WILLIAM PITT, 
 
 THE ELDER, 
 
 (AFTERWARDS LORD CHATHAM,) 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, JANUARY 16, 1776, ON THE RIGHT 
 TO TAX AMERICA. 
 
 Mr. Speaker, 
 
 I CAME to town but-to day. I was a stranger to the tenor 
 of his majesty's speech, and the proposed address, till I heard 
 them read in this house. Unconnected and unconsulted, I have 
 not the means of information. I am fearful of offending through 
 mistake, and therefore beg to be indulged with a second read- 
 ing of the proposed address. I commend the king's speech, 
 and approve of the address in answer ; as it decides nothing, 
 every gentleman being left at perfect liberty to take such a 
 part concerning America, as he might afterwards see fit. One 
 word only I cannot approve of — an early, is a word that does 
 not belong to the notice the ministry have given to parliament 
 of the troubles in America. In a matter of such importance, 
 the communication ought to have been immediate. I speak 
 not with respect to parties. I stand up in this place single and 
 independent. As to the late ministry, every capital measure 
 they have taken, has been entirely wrong ! 
 
 As to the present gentlemen, to those at least whom I have 
 in my eye, I have no objection. I have never been made a 
 sacrifice by any of them. Their characters are fair; and I 
 am always glad when men of fair character engage in his 
 majesty's service. Some of them did me the honor to ask my 
 opinion before they would engage. These will now do me 
 the justice to own, I advised them to do it ; but, notwithstand- 
 ing, to be expHcit, I cannot give them my confidence. Pardon 
 me, gentlemen, confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged 
 bosom. Youth is the season of creduHty. By comparing 
 
 B 
 
10 MR. PITT'S SPEECH ON 
 
 events with each other, reasoning from effects to causes, 
 methinks I plainly discover the traces of an overruHng influ- 
 ence. 
 
 There is a clause in the act of settlement to oblige every minis- 
 ter to sign his name to the advice which he gives to his sovereign. 
 Would it were observed ! — I have had the honor to serve the 
 crown, and if I could have submitted to influence, I might 
 have still continued to serve : but I would not be responsible 
 for others. I have no local attachments. It is indifferent to me 
 whether a man was rocked in his cradle on this side or that 
 side of the Tweed. I sought for merit wherever it was to be 
 found. It is my boast, that I was the first minister who looked 
 for it, and I found it in the mountains of the North. I called it 
 forth, and drew it into your service, a hardy and intrepid race 
 of men ! men, who, when left by your jealousy, became a prey 
 to the artifices of your enemies, and had gone nigh to have 
 overturned the state in the war before the last. These men, 
 in the last war, were brought to combat on your side ; they 
 served with fidelity, as they fought with valor, and conquered 
 for you in every part of the world. Detested be the national 
 reflections against them ! They are unjust, groundless, illiberal, 
 unmanly. When I ceased to serve his majesty as a minister, 
 it was not the country of the man by which I was moved — but 
 the man of that country wanted wisdom, and held principles 
 incompatible vj'iXh freedom. 
 
 It is a long time, Mr. Speaker, ^ince I have attended in par- 
 liament. When the resolution was taken in this house to tax 
 America, I was ill in bed. If I could have endured to have 
 been carried in my bed, so great was the agitation of my mind 
 for the consequences, I would have solicited some kind hand 
 to have laid me down on this floor, to have borne my testimony 
 against it ! It is now an act that has passed. I would speak 
 with decency of every act of this house : but I must beg the 
 indulgence of the house to speak of it with freedom. 
 
 I hope a day may be soon appointed to consider the state of 
 the nation with respect to America. I hope gentlemen will 
 come to this debate with all the temper and impartiality that 
 his majesty recommends and the importance of the subject 
 requires. A subject of greater importance than ever engaged 
 the attention of this house ! that subject only excepted, when, 
 near a century ago, it was the question, whether you your- 
 selves were to be bond or free. In the mean time, as I can- 
 not depend upon my health for any future day, such is the 
 nature of my infirmities, I will beg to say a few words at 
 
AMERICAN TAXATION. 1 1 
 
 present, leaving the justice, the equity, the policy, the expedi- 
 ency of the act, to another time. I will only speak to one 
 point, a point which seems not to have been generally under- 
 stood. I mean to the right. Some gentlemen seem to have 
 considered it as a point of honor. If gentlemen consider it in 
 that light, they leave all measures of right and wrong, to follow 
 a delusion that may lead to destruction. It is my opinion, that 
 this kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies. At 
 the same time, I assert the authority of this kingdom over the 
 colonies, to be sovereign and supreme, in every circumstance 
 of government and legislation whatsoever. They are the sub- 
 jects of this kingdom, equally entitled with yourselves to all 
 the natural rights of mankind and the peculiar privileges of 
 Englishmen ; equally bound by its laws, and equall)^ partici- 
 pating of the constitution of this free country. The Americans 
 are the sons, not the bastards of England. Taxation is no 
 part of the governing or legislative power. The taxes are a 
 voluntary gift and grant of the commons alone. In legislation 
 the three estates of the realm are alike concerned, but the con- 
 currence of the peers and the crown to tax, is only necessary 
 to close with the form of a law. The gift and grant is of the 
 commons alone. In ancient days, the crown, the barons, and 
 the clergy, possessed the lands. In those days, the barons and 
 the clergy gave and granted to the crown. They gave and 
 granted what was their own. At present, since the discovery 
 of America, and other circumstances permitting, the commons 
 are become the proprietors of the land. The church, God 
 bless it, has but a pittance. The property of the lords, com- 
 pared with that of the commons, is as a drop of water in the 
 ocean ; and this house represents those commons, the proprie- 
 tors of the lands ; and those proprietors virtually represent the 
 rest of the inhabitants. When, therefore, in this house we give 
 and grant, we give and grant what is our own. But in an 
 American tax, what do we do ? We your majesty's commons 
 for Great Britain give and grant to your majesty, what ? Our 
 own property ? No. We give and grant to your majesty, the 
 property of your majesty's commons of America. It is an 
 absurdity in terms. 
 
 The distinction between legislation and taxation is essentially 
 necessary to liberty. The crown, the peers, are equally legis- 
 lative powers with the commons. If taxation be a part of 
 simple legislation, the crown, the peers have rights in taxation 
 as well as yourselves; rights which they will claim, which 
 they will exercise, whenever the principle can be supported by 
 power. 
 
 There is an idea in some, that the colonies are virtually re- 
 
12 MR. PITT'S SPEECH ON 
 
 presented in the house. I would fain know by whom an Ame- 
 rican is represented here ? Is he represented by any knight of 
 the shire, in any county in this kingdom ? Would to God that 
 respectable representation was augmented to a greater number! 
 Or will you tell him that he is represented by any representative 
 of a borough — a borough which, perhaps, its own representa- 
 tives never saw. This is what is called the rotten part of the 
 constitution. It cannot continue a century. If it does not drop, 
 it must be amputated. The idea of a virtual representation of 
 America in this house is the most contemptible idea that ever 
 entered into the head of a man. It does not deserve a serious 
 refutation. 
 
 The commons of America, represented in their several as- 
 semblies, have ever been in possession of the exercise of this, 
 their constitutional right, of giving and granting their own 
 money. They would have been slaves if they had not enjoyed 
 it. At the same time, this kingdom, as the supreme governing 
 and legislative power, has always bound the colonies by her 
 laws, by her regulations, and restrictions in trade, in navigation, 
 in manufactures, in every thing, except that of taking their mo- 
 ney out of their pockets without their consent. 
 
 Here I would draw the line, 
 
 Quam ultra citraque neque consistere rectum. 
 
 Gentlemen, Sir, have been charged with giving birth to 
 sedition in America. They have spoken their sentiments with 
 freedom against this unhappy act, and that freedom has become 
 their crime. Sorry I am to hear the liberty of speech in this 
 house imputed as a crime. But the imputation shall not dis- 
 courage me. It is a liberty I mean to exercise. No gentleman 
 ought to be afraid to exercise it. It is a hberty by which the 
 gentleman who calumniates it might have profited. He ought 
 to have desisted from his project. The gentleman tells us, 
 America is obstinate ; America is almost in open rebellion. I 
 rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions of people, 
 so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to 
 be slaves, would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the 
 rest. I come not here armed at all points, with law cases and 
 acts of parliament, with the statute book doubled down in dog's 
 ears, to defend the cause of liberty : if I had, I myself would 
 have cited the two cases of Chester and Durham. I would 
 have cited them, to have shown that, even under former arbi- 
 trary reigns, parliaments were ashamed of taxing a people with- 
 out their consent; and allowed them representatives. Why 
 
AMERICAN TAXATION. • 13 
 
 did the gentleman confine himself to Chester and Durham ? He 
 might have taken a higher example in Wales ; Wales, that never 
 was taxed by parhament till it was incorporated. I would not 
 debate a particular point of law with the gentleman. I know 
 his abilities. I have been obliged to his diligent researches. 
 But, for the defence of liberty, upon a general principle, upon 
 a constitutional principle, it is a ground on which I stand firm ; 
 on which I dare meet any man. The gentleman tells us of 
 many who are taxed, and are not represented; — the India 
 company, merchants, stockholders, manufacturers. Surely 
 many of these are represented in other capacities, as owners 
 of land, or as freemen of boroughs. It is a misfortune that 
 more are not equally represented. But they are all inhabitants, 
 and as such are they not virtually represented ? Many have it 
 in their option to be actually represented. They have con- 
 nexions with those that elect, and they have influence over 
 them. The gentleman mentioned the stockholders. I hope he 
 does not reckon the debts of the nation as a part of the national 
 estate. Since the accession of king Wilham, many ministers, 
 some of great, others of more moderate abilities, have taken 
 the lead of government. 
 
 He then went through the list of them, bringing it down till 
 he came to himself, giving a short sketch of the characters of 
 each of them. None of these, he said, thought or ever dreamed 
 of robbing the colonies of their constitutional rights. That 
 was reserved to mark the era of the late administration : not 
 that there were wanting some, when I had the honor to serve 
 his majesty, to propose to me to burn my fingers with an Ame- 
 rican stamp act. With the enemy at their back, with our 
 bayonets at their breasts, in the day of their distress, perhaps 
 the Americans would have submitted to the imposition ; but it 
 would have been taking an ungenerous, an unjust advantage. 
 The gentleman boasts of his bounties to America ! Are not 
 these bounties intended finally for the benefit of this kingdom 1 
 If they are not, he has misapphed the national treasures. I am 
 no courtier of America. I stand up for this kingdom. I 
 maintain that the parhament has a right to bind, to restrain 
 America. 
 
 Our legislative power over the colonies is sovereign and su- 
 preme. When it ceases to be sovereign and supreme, I would 
 advise every gentleman to sell his lands, if he can, and embark 
 for that country. When two countries are connected together 
 like England and her colonies without being incorporated, the 
 one must necessarily govern. The greater must rule the less ; 
 but so rule it, as not to contradict the fundamental principles 
 that are common to both. 
 
 2 
 
14 MR. PITT'S SPEECH ON 
 
 If the gentleman does not understand the difference between 
 external and internal taxes, I cannot help it ; but there is a plain 
 distinction between taxes levied for the purposes of raising a 
 revenue, and duties imposed for the regulation of trade, for the 
 accommodation of the subject ; although, in the consequences, 
 some revenue might incidentally arise from the latter. 
 
 The gentleman asks, when were the colonies emancipated 1 
 But I desire to know, when were they made slaves ? But I dwell 
 not upon words. When I had the honor of serving his majesty, 
 I availed myself of the means of information, which I derived 
 from my office. I speak therefore from knowledge. My ma- 
 terials were good. I was at pains to collect, to digest, to con- 
 sider them ; and I will be bold to affirm, that the profits to Great 
 Britain from the trade of the colonies, through all its branches, 
 is two milhons a year. This is the fund that carried you 
 triumphantly through the last war. The estates that were rent- 
 ed at two thousand pounds a year, three-score years ago, are 
 at three thousand at present. Those estates sold then from 
 fifteen to eighteen years' purchase ; the same may now be sold 
 for thirty. 
 
 You owe this to America. This is the price America pays 
 you for her protection. And shall a miserable financier come 
 with a boast, that he can bring a pepper-corn into the exche- 
 quer, to the loss of millions to the nation ! I dare not say, how 
 much higher these profits may be augmented. Omitting the im- 
 mense increase of people, by natural population, in the northern 
 colonies, and the emigration from every part of Europe, I am 
 convinced the commercial system of America may be altered 
 to advantage. You have prohibited where you ought to have 
 encouraged : you have encouraged where you ought to have 
 prohibited. Improper restraints have been laid on the continent, 
 in favor of the islands. You have but two nations to trade 
 with in America. Would you had twenty ! Let acts of par- 
 liament in consequence of treaties remain ; but let not an English 
 minister become a custom-house officer for Spain, or for any 
 foreign power. Much is wrong. Much may be amended for 
 the general good of the whole. 
 
 Does the gentleman complain he has been misrepresented in 
 the public prints ? It is a common misfortune. In the Spanish 
 affair of the last war, I was abused in all the newspapers, for 
 having advised his majesty to violate the laws of nations with 
 regard to Spain. The abuse was industriously circulated even 
 in handbills. If administration did not propagate the abuse, 
 administration never contradicted it. I will not say what ad- 
 vice I did give the king. My advice is in writing, signed by 
 myself, in the possession of the crown. But I will say what 
 
AMERICAN TAXATION. 15 
 
 advice I did not give to the king. I did not advise him to vio- 
 late any of the laws of nations. 
 
 As to the report of the gentleman's preventing in some way 
 the trade for buUion with the Spaniards, it was spoken of so 
 confidently that I own I am one of those who did believe it to 
 be true. 
 
 The gentleman must not wonder he was not contradicted, 
 when, as the minister, he asserted the right of parliament to 
 tax America. I know not how it is, but there is a modesty in 
 this house which does not choose to contradict a minister. Even 
 your chair, sir, looks too often towards St. James's. I wish 
 gentlemen would get the better of this modesty. If they do 
 not, perhaps the collective body may begin to abate of its re- 
 spect for the representative. Lord Bacon has told me, that a 
 great question would not fail of being agitated at one time or 
 another. I was willing to agitate that at the proper season, the 
 German war : — my German war, they called it. Every sessions 
 I called out. Has anybody any objection to the German war ? 
 Nobody would object to it, one gentleman only excepted, since 
 removed to the upper house by succession to an ancient barony 
 (meaning lord Le Despencer, formerly Sir Francis Dashwood.) 
 He told me, " He did not like a German war." I honored the 
 man for it, and was sorry when he was turned out of his post. 
 A great deal has been said without doors of the power, of the 
 strength, of America. It is a topic that ought to be cautiously 
 meddled with. In a good cause, on a sound bottom, the force 
 of this country can crush America to atoms. I know the valor 
 of your troops. I know the skill of your ofiicers. There is 
 not a company of foot that has served in America out of which 
 you may not pick a man of sufficient knowledge and experience 
 to make a governor of a • colony there. But on this ground, 
 on the stamp act, which so many here will think a crying in- 
 justice, I am one who will lift up my hands against it. 
 
 In such a cause, your success would be hazardous. America, 
 if she fell, would fall like the strong man ; she would embrace 
 the pillars of the state, and pull down the constitution along 
 with her. Is this your boasted peace — not to sheathe the sword 
 in its scabbard, but to sheathe it in the bowels of your country- 
 men ? Will you quarrel with yourselves, now the whole house 
 of Bourbon is united against you, while France disturbs your 
 fisheries in Newfoundland, embarrasses your slave trade to 
 Africa, and withholds from your subjects in Canada their 
 property stipulated by treaty ; while the ransom for the Manillas 
 is denied by Spain, and its gallant conqueror basely traduced 
 into a mean plunderer ! a gentleman (colonel Draper) whose 
 noble and generous spirit would do honor to the proudest gran- 
 
16 MR. PITT'S SPEECH ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 
 
 dee of the country ? The Americans have not acted in all things 
 with prudence and temper ; they have been w^ronged ; they 
 have been driven to madness, by injustice. Will you punish 
 them for the madness you have occasioned ? Rather let pru- 
 dence and temper come first from this side. I will undertake 
 for America that she will follow the example. There are two 
 lines in a ballad of Prior's, of a man's behavior to his wife, so 
 applicable to you and your colonies, that I cannot help repeat- 
 ing them : 
 
 " Be to her faults a little blind 
 Be to her virtues very kind." 
 
 Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the house what is 
 my opinion. It is, that the stamp act be repealed absolutely, 
 totally, and immediately. That the reason for the repeal be 
 assigned, because it was founded on an erroneous principle. At 
 the same time^ let the sovereign authority of this country over 
 the colonies be asserted in as strong terms as can be devised, 
 and be made to extend to every point of legislation whatsoever ; 
 that we may bind their trade, confine their manufactures, and 
 exercise every power whatsoever, except that of taking their 
 money out of their pockets without their consent. 
 
LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, JANUARY 9, 1770, IN REPLY TO LORD MANS- 
 HELD, ON THE FOLLOWING AMENDMENT TO THE ADDRESS TO THE 
 THRONE. 
 
 " That we will, with all convenient speed, take into our most serious considera- 
 tion the causes of the discontents which prevail in so many parts of your majes- 
 ty's dominions, and pajticularly the late proceedings of the house of commons 
 touching the incapacity of John Wilkes, Esq. expelled by that house, to be re- 
 elected a member to serve in this present parliament ; thereby refusing, by a reso- 
 lution of one branch of the legislature only, to the subject his common right, and 
 depriving the electors of Middlesex of their free choice of a representative." 
 
 My Lords, 
 
 There is one plain maxim, to which I have invariably ad- 
 hered through hfe : that in every question, in which my hberty, 
 or my property were concerned, I should consult and be de- 
 termined by the dictates of common sense. I confess, my 
 lords, that I am apt to distrust the refinement of learning, be- 
 cause I have seen the ablest and the most learned men equally 
 liable to deceive themselves, and to mislead others. The con- 
 dition of human nature would be lamentable indeed, if nothing 
 less than the greatest learning and talents, which fall to the 
 share of so small a number of men, were sufficient to direct 
 our judgment and our conduct. But Providence has taken 
 better care of our happiness, and given us, in the simplicity of 
 common sense, a rule for our direction, by which we shall 
 never be misled. I confess, my lords, I had no other guide in 
 drawing up the amendment, which I submitted to your con- 
 sideration ; and, before I heard the opinion of the noble lord 
 who spoke last, I did not conceive that it was even within the 
 limits of possibility for the greatest human genius, the most 
 subtle understanding, or the acutest wit, so strangely to mis- 
 represent my meaning, and to give it an interpretation so en- 
 tirely foreign from what I intended to express, and from that 
 sense which the very terms of the amendment plainly and dis- 
 tinctly carry with them. If there be the smallest foundation 
 for the censure thrown upon me by that noble lord ; if, either 
 expressly, or by the most distant implication, I have said or 
 insinuated any part of what the noble lord has charged me 
 with, discard my opinions for ever, discard the motion with 
 contempt. 
 
 My lords, I must beg the indulgence of the house. Neither 
 will my health permit me, nor do I pretend to be qualified to 
 
 C 2* 
 
IS LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 follow that learned lord minutely through the whole of his ar- 
 gument. No man is better acquainted with his abiUties and 
 learning, nor has a greater respect for them, than I have. I 
 have had the pleasure of sitting with him in the other house, 
 and always hstened to him with attention. I have not now 
 lost a word of what he said, nor did I ever. Upon the present 
 question I meet him without fear. The evidence which truth 
 carries with it, .is superior to all argument; it neither wants 
 the support, nor dreads the opposition of the greatest abihties. 
 If there be a single word in the amendment to justify the inter- 
 pretation which the noble lord has been pleased to give it, I am 
 ready to renounce the whole. Let it be read, my lords ; let it 
 speak for itself In what instance does it interfere with the 
 privileges of the house of commons ? In what respect does it 
 question their jurisdiction, or suppose an authority in this house 
 to arraign the justice of their sentence? I am sure that every 
 lord who hears me will bear me witness, that I said not one 
 word touching the merits of the Middlesex election. So far 
 from conveying any opinion upon that matter, in the amend- 
 ment, I did not even in discourse deliver my own sentiments 
 upon it. I did not say that the house of commons had done 
 either right or wrong ; but, when his majesty was pleased to 
 recommend it to us to cultivate unanimity amongst ourselves, 
 I thought it the duty of this house, as the great hereditary coun- 
 cil of the crown, to state to his majesty the distracted condi- 
 tion of his dominions, together with, the events which had de- 
 stroyed imanimity among his subjects. But, my lords, I stated 
 events merely as facts, without the smallest addition ehher of 
 censure or of opinion. They are facts, my lords, which I am 
 not only convinced are true, but which I know are indisputably 
 true. For example, my lords : will any man deny that discon- 
 tents prevail in many parts of his majesty's dominions ? or that 
 those discontents arise from the proceedings of the house of 
 commons touching the declared incapacity of Mr. Wilkes? 
 'T is impossible. No man can deny a truth so notorious. Or 
 will any man deny that those proceedings refused, by a resolu- 
 tion of one branch of the legislature only, to the subject his 
 common right? Is it not indisputably true, my lords, that Mr. 
 Wilkes had a common right, and that he lost it no other way 
 but by a resolution of the house of commons? My lords, I 
 have been tender of misrepresenting the house of commons. 
 I have consulted their journals, and have taken the very words 
 of their own resolution. Do they not tell us in so many words, 
 that Mr. Wilkes, having been expelled, was thereby rendered 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THROJNE. 19 
 
 incapable of serving in that parliament ? and is it not their reso- 
 lution alone, which refuses to the subject his common right? 
 The amendment says further, that the electors of Middlesex 
 are deprived of their free choice of a representative. Is this 
 a false fact, my lords ? Or have I given an unfair representa- 
 tion of it ? Will any man presume to affirm that colonel Lut- 
 trell is the free choice of the electors of Middlesex ? We all 
 know^ the contrary. We all know that Mr. Wilkes (whom I 
 mention without either praise or censure) was the favorite of 
 the county, and chosen by a very great and acknowledged 
 majority, to represent them in parliament. If the noble lord 
 dislikes the manner in which these facts are stated, I shall think 
 myself happy in being advised by him how to alter it. I am 
 very little anxious about terms, provided the substance be pre- 
 served ; and these are facts, my lords, which I am sure will 
 always retain their weight and importance, in whatever form 
 of language they are described. 
 
 Now, my lords, since I have been forced to enter into the 
 explanation of an amendment, in which nothing less than the 
 genius of penetration could have discovered an obscurity, and 
 having, as I hope, redeemed myself in the opinion of the house, 
 having redeemed my motion from the severe representation 
 given of it by the noble lord, I must a little longer entreat your 
 lordships' indulgence. The constitution of this country has 
 been openly invaded in fact; and I have heard, with horror 
 and astonishment that very invasion, defended upon principle. 
 What is this mysterious power, undefined by law, unknown to 
 the subject, which we must not approach without awe, nor 
 speak of without reverence, which no man may question, and 
 to which all men must submit ? My lords, I thought the slavish 
 doctrine of passive obedience had long since been exploded ; 
 and, when our kings were obliged to confess that their title 
 to the crown, and the rule of their government, had no other 
 foundation than the known laws of the land, I never expected 
 to hear a divine right, or a divine infallibility, attributed to any 
 other branch of the legislature. My lords, I beg to be under- 
 stood. No man respects the house of commons more than I 
 do, or would contend more strenuously than I would, to pre- 
 serve to them their just and legal authority. Within the bounds 
 prescribed by the constitution, that authority is necessary to the 
 well-being of the people : beyond that line every exertion of 
 power is arbitrary, is illegal ; it threatens tyranny to the people, 
 and destruction to the state. Power without right is the most 
 odious and detestable object that can be offered to the human 
 imagination. It is not only pernicious to those who are sub- 
 
20 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 ject to it, but tends to its own destruction. It is what my noble 
 friend has truly described it; Res detestahilis et caduca. My 
 lords, I acknowledge the just power, and reverence the consti- 
 tution of the house of commons. It is for their own sakes thsft 
 I would prevent their assuming a power which the constitution 
 has denied them, lest, by grasping at an authority they have 
 no right to, they should forfeit that which they legally possess. 
 My lords, I affirm that they have betrayed their constituents, 
 and violated the constitution. Under pretence of declaring the 
 law, they have made a law, and united in the same persons the 
 office of legislator and of judge. 
 
 I shall endeavor to adhere strictly to the noble lord's doc- 
 trine, which it is, indeed, impossible to mistake, so far as my 
 memory will permit me to preserve his expressions. He seems 
 fond of the word jurisdiction ; and I confess, with the force and 
 effect which he has given it, it is a word of copious meaning 
 and wonderful extent. If his lordship's doctrine be well found- 
 ed, we must renounce all those political maxims by which our 
 understandings have hitherto been directed, and even the first 
 elements of learning taught us in our schools when we were 
 schoolboys. My lords, we knew that jurisdiction was nothing 
 more than Jus dicere ; we knew that Legem facere and Legem 
 dicere were powers clearly distinguished from each other in 
 the nature of things, and wisely separated by the wisdom of 
 the English constitution : but now, it seems, we must adopt a 
 new system of thinking. .The house of commons, we are told, 
 have a supreme jurisdiction ; and there is no appeal from their 
 sentence ; and that wherever they are competent judges, their 
 decision must be received and submitted to, as, ipso facto, the 
 law of the land. My lords, I am a plain man, and have been 
 brought up in a religious reverence for the original simplicity 
 of the laws of England. By what sophistry they have been 
 perverted, by what artifices they have been involved in ob- 
 scurity, is not for me to explain ; the principles, however, of 
 the English laws, are still sufficiently clear : they are founded 
 in reason, and are the masterpiece of the human understanding ; 
 but it is in the text that I would look for a direction to my 
 judgment, not in the commentaries of modern professors. The 
 noble lord assures us, that he knows not in what code the law 
 of parliament is to be found ; that the house of commons, when 
 they act as judges, have no law to direct them but their own 
 wisdom; that their decision is law; and if they determine 
 wrong, the subject has no appeal but to Heaven. What then, 
 my lords, are all the generous efforts of our ancestors, are all 
 those glorious contentions, by which they meant to secure to 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 21 
 
 themselves, and to transmit to their posterity, a known law, a 
 certain rule of living, reduced to this conclusion, that instead 
 of the arbitrary power of a king, we must submit to the arbi- 
 trary power of a house of commons ? If this be true, what 
 benefit do we derive from the exchange ? Tyranny, my lords, 
 is detestable in every shape ; but in none so formidable as when 
 it is assumed and exercised by a number of tyrants. But, my 
 lords, this is not the fact ; this is not the constitution. We have 
 a law of parliament. We have a code in which every honest 
 man m.ay find it. We have Magna Charta, we have the Statute 
 Book, and the Bill of Rights. 
 
 If a case should arise unknown to these great authorities, 
 we have still that plain EngKsh reason left, which is the found- 
 ation of all our English jurisprudence. That reason tells us, 
 that every judicial court, and every political society, must be 
 vested with those powers and privileges which are necessary 
 for performing the office to which they are appointed. It tells 
 us also, that no court of justice can have a power inconsistent 
 with, or paramount to, the known laws of the land ; that the 
 people, when they choose their representatives, never mean to 
 convey to them a power of invading the rights, or trampling 
 upon the liberties of those whom they represent. What security 
 would they have for their rights, if once they admitted, that 
 a court of judicature might determine every question that came 
 before it, not by any known, positive law, but by the vague, 
 indeterminate, arbitrary rule, of what the noble lord is pleased 
 to call the icisdom of the court? With respect to the decision of 
 the courts of justice, I am far from denying them their due 
 weight and authority ; yet, placing them in the most respect- 
 able view, I still consider them, not as law, but as an evidence 
 of the law ; and before they can arrive even at that degree of 
 authority, it must appear, that they are founded in, and con- 
 firmed by, reason ; that they are supported by precedents taken 
 from good and moderate times; that they do not contradict 
 any positive law ; that they are submitted to without reluctance, 
 by the people; that they are unquestioned by the legislature 
 (which is equivalent to a tacit confirmation) and what, in my 
 judgment, is by far the most important, that they do not violate 
 the spirit of the constitution. My lords, this is not a vague 
 or loose expression. We all know what the constitution is. 
 We all know, that the first principle of it is, that the subject 
 shall not be governed by the arhitnum of any one man, or body 
 of men (less than the whole legislature), but by certain laws, 
 to which he has virtually given his consent, which are open to 
 him to examine, and not beyond his ability to understand. — 
 Now, my lords, I affirm, and am ready to maintain, that the 
 
22 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 late decision of the house of commons upon the Middlesex 
 election, is destitute of every one of those properties and con- 
 ditions which I hold to be essential to the legality of such a 
 decision. It is not founded in reason ; for it carries with it a 
 contradiction, that the representative should perform the office 
 of the constituent body. It is not supported by a single prece- 
 dent ; for the cause of Sir R. Walpole is but a half precedent, 
 and even that half is imperfect. Incapacity was indeed declar- 
 ed ; but his crimes are stated as the ground of the resolution, 
 and his opponent was declared to be not duly elected, even 
 after his incapacity was estabhshed. It contradicts Magna 
 Charta and the Bill of Rights, by which it is provided, that no 
 subject shall be deprived of his freehold, unless by the judg- 
 ment of his peers, or the law of the land ; and that elections of 
 members to serve in parliament shall be free ; and so far is this 
 decision from being submitted to by the people, that they have 
 taken the strongest measures, and adopted the most positive 
 language to express their discontent. Whether it will be ques- 
 tioned by the legislature, will depend upon your lordships' reso- 
 lution ; but that it violates the spirit of the constitution, will, I 
 think, be disputed by no man who has heard this day's debate, 
 and who wishes well to the freedom of his country : yet, if we 
 are to believe the noble lord, this great grievance, this mani- 
 fest violation of the first principles of the constitution, will not 
 admit of a remedy ; is not even capable of redress, unless we 
 appeal at once to heaven. My lords, I have better hopes of 
 the constitution, and a firmer confidence in the wisdom and 
 constitutional authority of this house. It is your ancestors, my 
 lords, it is to the English barons, that we are indebted for the 
 laws and constitution we possess. Their virtues were rude 
 and uncultivated, but they were great and sincere. Their 
 understandings were as little polished as their manners, but 
 they had hearts to distinguish right from wrong; they had 
 heads to distinguish truth from falsehood ; they understood the 
 rights of humanity, and they had spirit to maintain them. 
 
 My lords, I think that history has not done justice to their 
 conduct, when they obtained from their sovereign, that great 
 acknowledgment of national rights contained in Magna Charta : 
 they did not confine it to themselves alone, but delivered it as a 
 common blessing to the whole people. They did not say, these 
 are the rights of the great barons, or these are the rights of the 
 great prelates : — No, my lords ; they said, in the simple Latin 
 of the times, nullus liber homo, and provided as carefully for 
 the meanest subject as for the greatest. These are uncouth 
 words, and sound but poorly in the ears of scholars ; neither 
 are they addressed to the criticism of scholars, but to the hearts 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 23 
 
 of free men. These three words, nullus liber homo, have a 
 meaning which interests us all; they deserve to be remembered 
 — they deserve to be inculcated in our minds — they are worth 
 all the classics. Let us not, then, degenerate from the glo- 
 rious example of our ancestors. Those iron barons (for so I 
 may call them when compared with the silken barons of modern 
 days) were the guardians of the people ; yet their virtues, my 
 lords, were never engaged in a question of such importance as 
 the present. A breach has been made in the constitution — the 
 battlements are dismantled — the citadel is open to the first inva- 
 der — the walls totter — the constitution is not tenable. What 
 remains then, but for us to stand foremost in the breach, to 
 repair it, or perish in it ? 
 
 Great pains have been taken to alarm us with the consequences 
 of a difference between the two houses of parliament — that 
 the house of commons will resent our presuming to take notice 
 of their proceedings ; that they will resent our daring to advise 
 the crown, and never forgive us for attempting to save the 
 state. My lords, I am sensible of the importance and difficulty 
 of this great crisis : at a moment, such as this, we are called 
 upon to do our duty, without dreading the resentment of any 
 man. But if apprehensions of this kind are to affect us, let us 
 consider which we ought to respect most, the representative, 
 or the collective body of the people. My lords, five hundred 
 gentlemen are not ten millions ; and if we must have a conten- 
 tion, let us take care to have the English nation on our side. 
 If this question be given up, the freeholders of England are 
 reduced to a condition baser than the peasantry of Poland. If 
 they desert their own cause, they deserve to be slaves ! My 
 lords, this is not merely the cold opinion of my understanding, 
 but the glowing expression of what I feel. It is my heart that 
 speaks. I know I speak warmly, my lords ; but this warmth 
 shall neither betray my argument nor my temper. The king- 
 dom is in a flame. As mediators between the king and people, 
 it is our duty to represent to him the true condition and temper 
 of his subjects. It is a duty which no particular respects 
 should hinder us from performing ; and whenever his majesty 
 shall demand our advice, it will then be our duty to inquire 
 more minutely into the causes of the present discontents. 
 Whenever that inquiry shall come on, I pledge myself to the 
 house to prove, that since the first institution of the house of 
 commons, not a single precedent can be produced to justify 
 their late proceedings. My noble and. learned friend (the lord 
 chancellor) has pledged himself to the house, that he will sup- 
 port that assertion. 
 
 My lords, the character and circumstances of Mr. Wilkes 
 
24 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 have been very improperly introduced into this question, not 
 only here, but in that court of judicature v^^here his cause vt^as 
 tried. I mean the house of commons. With one party he 
 was a patriot of the first magnitude ; with the other the vilest 
 incendiary. For my own part, I consider him merely and in- 
 differently as an English subject, possessed of certain rights 
 which the laws have given him, and which the laws alone can 
 take from him. I am neither moved by his private vices, nor 
 by his pubhc merits. In his person, though he were the worst 
 of men, I contend for the safety and security of the best ; and, 
 God forbid, my lords, that there should be a power in this coun- 
 try of measuring the civil rights of the subject by his moral 
 character, or by any other rule but the fixed laws of the land : 
 I beheve, my lords, / shall not be suspected of any personal 
 partiaUty to this unhappy man. I am not very conversant in 
 pamphlets or newspapers ; but, from w'hat I have heard, and 
 from the httle I have read, I may venture to affirm, that I have 
 had my share in the compliments which have come from that 
 quarter ; and, as for motives of ambition (for I must take to 
 myself a part of the noble duke's insinuation) I believe, my 
 lords, there have been times in which I have had the honor of 
 standing in such favor in the closet, that there must have been 
 something extravagantly unreasonable in my wishes if they 
 might not all have been gratified. After neglecting those op- 
 portunities, I am now suspected of coming forward in the de- 
 chne of life, in the anxious pursuit of wealth and power, which 
 it is impossible for me to enjoy. Be it so. There is one am- 
 bition at least which I ever will acknowledge, which I will not 
 renounce but with my life. It is the ambition of dehvering to 
 my posterity those rights of freedom which I have received 
 from my ancestors. I am not now pleading the cause of an 
 individual, but of every freeholder in England. In what man- 
 ner this house may constitutionally interpose in their defence, 
 and what kind of redress this case will require and admit of, is 
 not at present the subject of our consideration. The amend- 
 ment, if agreed to, will naturally lead us to such an inquiry. 
 That inquiry may, perhaps, point out the necessity, of an act 
 of the legislature, or it may lead us, perhaps, to desire a con- 
 ference with the other house ; which one noble lord affirms is 
 the only parliamentary way of proceeding ; and which another 
 noble lord assures us the house of commons would either not 
 come to, or would break off with indignation. Leaving their 
 lordships to reconcile that matter between themselves, I shall 
 only say, that before we have inquired, we cannot be provided 
 with materials : consequently we are not at present prepared 
 for a conference. 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 25 
 
 It is not impossible, my lords, that the inquiry I speak of may 
 lead us to advise his majesty to dissolve the present parlia- 
 ment ; nor have I any doubt of our right to give that advice, 
 if we should think it necessary. His majesty will then deter- 
 mine whether he will yield to the united petitions of the people 
 of England, or maintain the house of commons in the exercise 
 of a legislative power, which heretofore aboHshed the house of 
 lords, 'and overturned the monarchy. I willingly acquit the 
 present house of commons of having actually formed so detest- 
 able a design; but they cannot themselves foresee to what ex- 
 cesses they may be carried hereafter ; and for my own part, I 
 should be sorry to trust to their future moderation. Unlimited 
 power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it ; and 
 this I know, my lords, that, where law ends, tyranny begins ! 
 
 D 
 
LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, JANUARY 20, 1775, ON A MOTION FOR AN 
 ADDRESS TO HIS MAJESTY, TO GIVE IMMEDIATE ORDERS FOR RE- 
 MOVING HIS TROOPS FROM BOSTON. 
 
 My Lords, 
 
 After more than six weeks' possession of the papers now 
 before you, on a subject so momentous, at a time when the fate 
 of this nation hangs on every hour ; the ministry have at length 
 condescended to submit to the consideration of this house in- 
 telhgence from America, with which your lordships and the 
 pubHc have been long and fully acquainted. 
 
 The measures of last year, my lords, which have produced 
 the present alarming state of America, were founded upon 
 misrepresentation; they were violent, precipitate, and vindictive. 
 The nation was told, that it was only a faction in Boston, which 
 opposed all lawful government; that an unwarrantable injury 
 had been done to private property, for which the justice of par- 
 liament was called upon, to order reparation; — that the least 
 appearance of firmness would awe the Americans into sub- 
 mission, and upon only passing the Rubicon we should be, sine 
 clade victor. 
 
 That the people might choose their representatives under the 
 impression of those misrepresentations, the parliament was 
 precipitately dissolved. Thus the nation was to be rendered 
 instrumental in executing the vengeance of administration on 
 that injured, unhappy, traduced people. 
 
 But now, my lords, we find, that instead of suppressing the 
 opposition of the faction at Boston, these measures have spread 
 it over the whole continent. They have united that whole 
 people, by the most indissoluble of all bands — intolerable wrongs. 
 The just retribution, is an indiscrimate, unmerciful proscription 
 of the innocent with the guilty, unheard and untried. The 
 bloodless victory, is an impotent general with his dishonored 
 army, trusting solely to the pickaxe and the spade, for security 
 against the just indignation of an injured and insulted people. 
 
 My lords, I am happy that a relaxation of my infirmities 
 permits me to seize this earliest opportunity of offering my 
 poor advice to save this unhappy country, at this moment 
 tottering to its ruin. But, as I have not the honor of access 
 to his majesty, I will endeavor to transmit to him, through the 
 constitutional channel of this house, my ideas on American 
 business, to rescue him from the misadvice of his present 
 
SPEECH ON REMOVING THE TROOPS FROM BOSTON. 27 
 
 ministers. I congratulate your lordships that the business is 
 at last entered upon, by the noble lord's laying the papers 
 before you. As I suppose your lordships are too well apprized 
 of their contents, I hope I am not premature in submitting to 
 you my present motion. 
 
 I wish, my lords, not to lose a day in this urgent, pressing 
 crisis. An hour now lost in allaying ferments in America, may 
 produce years of calamity. For my own part, I will not desert, 
 for a moment, the conduct of this weighty business from the 
 first to the last. Unless nailed to my bed by the extremity of 
 sickness, I will give it unremitted attention. I will knock at 
 the door of this sleeping and confounded ministry, and will 
 rouse them to a sense of their important danger. 
 
 When I state the importance of the colonies to this country, 
 and the magnitude of danger hanging over this country, from 
 the present plan of misadministration practised against them, 
 I desire not to be understood to argue for a reciprocity of 
 indulgence between England and America. I contend not for 
 indulgence, but justice, to America ; and I shall ever contend, 
 that the Americans justly owe obedience to us in a Hmited 
 degree — they owe obedience to our ordinances of trade and 
 navigation; but let the line be skilfully drawn between the 
 objects of those ordinances, and their private internal property. 
 Let the sacredness of their property remain inviolate. Let it 
 be taxable only by their own consent, given in their provincial 
 assemblies ; else it will cease to be property. As to the meta- 
 physical refinements, attempting to show that the Americans 
 are equally free from obedience and commercial restraints, as 
 from taxation for revenue, as being unrepresented here, I 
 pronounce them futile, frivolous, and groundless. 
 
 When I urge this measure of recalling the troops from Boston, 
 I urge it on this pressing principle, that it is necessarily prepa- 
 ratory to the restoration of your peace, and the establishment 
 of your prosperity. It will then appear that you are disposed 
 to treat amicably and equitably ; and to consider, revise, and 
 repeal, if it should be found necessary, as I affirm it will, those 
 violent acts and declarations w^hich have disseminated confusion 
 throughout your empire. 
 
 Resistance to your acts was necessary as it was just ; and 
 your vain declarations of the omnipotence of parliament, and 
 your imperious doctrines of the necessity of submission, will 
 be found equally impotent to convince or to enslave your fellow- 
 subjects in America, who feel that tyranny, whether ambitioned 
 by an individual part of the legislature, or the bodies who 
 compose it, is equally intolerable to British subjects. 
 
 The means of enforcing this thraldom are found to be as 
 
28 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 ridiculous and weak in practice, as they are unjust in principle. 
 Indeed I cannot but feel the most anxious sensibility for the 
 situation of general Gage, and the troops under his command; 
 thinking him, as I do, a man of humanity and understanding ; 
 and entertaining, as I ever will, the highest respect, the warmest 
 love for the British troops. Their situation is truly unworthy ; 
 penned up — pining in inglorious inactivity. They are an army 
 of impotence. You may call them an army of safety and of 
 guard ; but they are in truth an army of impotence and con- 
 tempt ; and, to make the folly equal to the disgrace, they are 
 an army of irritation and vexation. 
 
 But I find a report creeping abroad, that ministers censure 
 general Gage's inactivity. Let them censure him — it becomes 
 them — it becomes their justice and their honor. I mean not to 
 censure his inactivity. It is a prudent and necessary inaction : 
 but it is a miserable condition, where disgrace is prudence, and 
 where it is necessary to be contemptible. This tameness, how- 
 ever contemptible, cannot be censured; for the first drop of 
 blood shed in civil and unnatural war might be immedicabile 
 vulnus, 
 
 I therefore urge and conjure your lordships, immediately to 
 adopt this conciliating measure. I will pledge myself for its 
 immediately producing conciliatory effects, by its being thus 
 well-timed: but if you delay till your vain hope shall be 
 accomplished, of triumphantly dictating reconciliation, you 
 delay for ever. But, admitting that this hope, which in truth 
 is desperate, should be accomplished, what do you gain by the 
 imposition of your victorious amity? — you will be untrusted 
 and unthanked. Adopt, then, the grace, while you have the 
 opportunity of reconcilement; or at least prepare the way. 
 Allay the ferment prevailing in America, by removing the 
 obnoxious hostile cause — obnoxious and unserviceable; for 
 their merit can be only inaction : " Non dimicare et vincere" — 
 their victory can never be by exertions. Their force would be 
 most disproportionately exerted against a brave, generous, and 
 united people, with arms in their hands, and courage in their 
 hearts : — three millions of people, the genuine descendants of 
 a valiant and pious ancestry, driven to those deserts by the 
 narrow maxims of a superstitious tyranny. — And is the spirit 
 of persecution never to be appeased ? Are the brave sons of 
 those brave forefathers to inherit their sufferings, as they have 
 mherited their virtues ? Are they to sustain the infliction of the 
 most oppressive and unexampled severity, beyond the accounts 
 of history, or description of poetry: " Rhadamanihus habet 
 durissima regna, castigatque auditque." So says the wisest 
 poet, and perhaps the wisest statesman and politician. — But our 
 
REMOVING THE TROOPS FROM BOSTON. 29 
 
 ministers say, the Americans must not he heard. They have 
 been condemned unheard. — The indiscriminate hand of ven- 
 geance has lumped together innocent and guilty ; v^^ith all the 
 formalities of hostility, has blocked up the town, and reduced to 
 beggary and famine thirty thousand inhabitants. 
 
 But his majesty is advised, that the union in America cannot 
 last. Ministers have more eyes than I, and should have more 
 ears ; but with all the information I have been able to procure, 
 I can pronounce it — a union, solid, permanent, and effectual. 
 Ministers may satisfy themselves, and delude the public, with 
 the report of what they call commercial bodies in America. 
 They are not commercial ; they are your packers and factors ; 
 they live upon nothing — for I call commission nothing. I mean 
 the ministerial authority for this American intelligence; the 
 runners for government, who are paid for their intelligence. 
 But these are not the men, nor this the influence, to be consid- 
 ered in America, when we estimate the firmness of their union. 
 Even to extend the question, and to take in the really mercantile 
 circle, will be totally inadequate to the consideration. Trade 
 indeed increases the wealth and glory of a country; but its 
 real strength and stamina are to be looked for among the culti- 
 vators of the land. In their simplicity of life is found the 
 simple ness of virtue — the integrity and courage of freedom. 
 These true genuine sons of the earth are invincible : and they 
 surround and hem in the mercantile bodies ; even if these bodies, 
 which supposition I totally disclaim, could be supposed disaf- 
 fected to the cause of liberty. Of this general spirit existing 
 in the British nation ; (for so I wish to distinguish the real and 
 genuine Americans from the pseudo-traders I have described)— 
 of this spirit of independence, animating the nation of Ame- 
 rica, I have the most authentic information. It is not new 
 among them; it is, and has ever been, their established 
 principle, their confirmed persuasion: it is their nature, and 
 their doctrine. 
 
 I remember some years ago, when the repeal of the stamp 
 act was in agitation, conversing in a friendly confidence with 
 a person of undoubted respect and authenticity, on that subject; 
 and he assured me with a certainty which his judgment and 
 opportunity gave him, that these were the prevalent and steady 
 principles of America. — That you might destroy their towns, 
 and cut them off from the superfluities, perhaps the conveniences 
 of fife ; but that they were prepared to despise your power, and 
 would not lament their loss, whilst they have — what, my lords ? 
 their woods and their liberty. The name of my authority, if I 
 am called upon, will authenticate the opinion irrefragably. 
 
 3* 
 
30 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 If illegal violences have been, as it is said, committed in 
 America ; prepare the v^^ay, open the door of possibility, for 
 acknowledgment and satisfaction : but proceed not to such co- 
 ercion, such proscription ; cease your indiscriminate inflictions ; 
 amerce not thirty thousand ; oppress not three millions, for the 
 fault of forty or fifty individuals. Such severity of injustice 
 must for ever render incurable the wounds you have already 
 given your colonies ; you irritate them to unappeasable rancor. 
 What though you march from town to town, and from province 
 to province ; though you should be able to enforce a tempo- 
 rary and local submission, which I only suppose, not admit — 
 how shall you be able to secure the obedience of the country 
 you leave behind you in your progress, to grasp the dominion 
 of eighteen hundred miles of continent, populous in numbers, 
 possessing valor, hberty, and resistance ? 
 
 This resistance to your arbitrary system of taxation might 
 have been foreseen : it was obvious from the nature of things, 
 and of mankind ; and above all, from the whiggish spirit flour- 
 ishing in that country. The spirit which now resists your taxa- 
 tion in America, is the same which formerly opposed loans, 
 benevolences, and ship-money in England: the same spirit 
 which called all England on its legs, and by the bill of rights 
 vindicated the English constitution : the same spirit which es- 
 tabUshed the great, fundamental, essential maxim of your liber- 
 ties, that no subject of England shall he taxed but by his own 
 consent. 
 
 This glorious spirit of whiggism animates three millions in 
 America ; who prefer poverty with liberty, to gilded chains 
 and sordid affluence ; and who will die in defence of their rights 
 as men, as freemen. What shall oppose this spirit, aided by 
 the congenial flame glowing in the breast of every whig in 
 England, to the amount, I hope, of double the American num- 
 bers ? Ireland they have to a man. In that country, joined 
 as it is with the cause of colonies, and placed at their head, 
 the distinction I contend for is and must be observed. This 
 country superintends and controls their. trade and navigation; 
 but they tax themselves. And this distinction between external 
 and internal control is sacred and insurmountable; it is in- 
 volved in the abstract nature of things. Property is private, 
 individual, absolute. Trade is an extended and complicated 
 consideration : it reaches as far as ships can sail, or winds can 
 blow : it is a great and various machine. To regulate the 
 numberless movements of its several parts, and combine them 
 into effect, for the good of the whole, requires the superintend- 
 ing wisdom and energy of the supreme power in the empire. 
 
REMOVING THE TROOPS FROM BOSTON. 31 
 
 But this supreme power has no effect towards internal taxa- 
 tion; for it does not exist in that relation; there is no such 
 thing, no such idea in this constitution, as a supreme power 
 operating upon property. Let this distinction then remain for 
 ever ascertained ; taxation is theirs, commercial regulation is 
 ours. As an American, I would recognize to England her su- 
 preme right of regulating commerce and navigation: as an 
 Englishman by birth and principle, I recognize to the Ameri- 
 cans their supreme, unalienable right in their property ; a right 
 which they are justified in the defence of to the last extremity. 
 To maintain this principle is the common cause of the whigs 
 on the other side of the Atlantic, and on this. " 'T is liberty 
 to liberty engaged," that they will defend themselves, their fami- 
 lies, and their country. In this great cause they are immovably 
 allied : it is the alliance of God and nature — immutable, eter- 
 nal — fixed as the firmament of heaven. 
 
 To such united force, what force shall be opposed ? — What, 
 my lords ! — A few regiments in America, and seventeen or 
 eighteen thousand men at home ! The idea is too ridiculous 
 to take up a moment of your lordships' time. Nor can such 
 a national and principled union be resisted by the tricks of 
 office, or ministerial manoeuvre. Laying of papers on your 
 table, or counting numbers on a division, will not avert or post- 
 pone the hour of danger. It must arrive, my lords, unless these 
 fatal acts are done away; it must arrive in all its horrors, and 
 then these boastful ministers, spite of all their confidence, and 
 all their manoeuvres, shall be forced to hide their heads. They 
 shall be forced to a disgraceful abandonment of their present 
 measures and principles, which they avow, but cannot defend ; 
 measures which they presume to attempt, but cannot hope to 
 effectuate. They cannot, my lords, they cannot stir a step ; 
 they have not a move left ; they are check-mated. 
 
 But it is not repealing this act of parliament, it is not repeal- 
 ing a piece of parchmentj that can restore America to our 
 bosom. You must repeal her fears and her resentments ; and 
 you may then hope for her love and gratitude. But now, in- 
 sulted with an armed force posted at Boston, irritated with a 
 hostile array before her eyes, her concessions, if you could force 
 them, would be suspicious and insecure ; they will be irato ani- 
 mo ; they will not be the sound honorable passions of freemen, 
 they will be the dictates of fear, and extortions of force. But 
 it is more than evident, that you cannot force them, united as 
 they are, to your unworthy terms of submission — it is impos- 
 sible. And when I hear general Gage censured for inactivity, 
 I must retort with indignation on those whose intemperate 
 
33 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 measures and improvident councils have betrayed him into his 
 present situation. His situation reminds me, my lords, of the 
 answer of a French general in the civil v^ars of France — 
 Monsieur Conde opposed to Monsieur Turenne. He was asked, 
 how it happened that he did not take his adversary prisoner, 
 as he was often very near him : " J'ai peur," replied Conde, 
 very honestly, "J'ai peur qu'il ne me penne;" — rm afraid he'll 
 take me. 
 
 When your lordships look at the papers transmitted, us from 
 America ; when you consi3er their decency, firmness, and wis- 
 dom, you cannot but respect their cause and wish to make it 
 your own. For myself, I must declare and avow, that in all 
 my reading and observation — and it has been my favorite 
 study — I have read Thucydides, and have studied and admired 
 the master states of the world — that for solidity of reasoning, 
 force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such a 
 complication of difficult circumstances, no nation, or body of 
 men, can stand in preference to the general congress at Phila- 
 delphia. I trust it is obvious to your lordships, that all attempts 
 to impose servitude upon such men, to establish despotism over 
 such a mighty continental nation, must be vain, must be fatal. 
 We shall be forced ultimately to retract; let us retract while 
 we can, not when we must. I say we must necessarily undo 
 these violent oppressive acts ; they must be repealed — you will 
 repeal them ; I pledge myself for it, that you will in the end 
 repeal them ; I stake my reputation on it — I will consent to be 
 taken for an idiot, if they are not finally repealed. Avoid, 
 then, this humiliating, disgraceful necessity. With a dignity 
 becoming your exalted situation, make the first advances to 
 concord, to peace, and happiness ; for that is your true dignity, 
 to act with prudence and justice. That you should first con- 
 cede, is obvious, from sound and rational policy. Concession 
 comes with better grace and more salutary effect from superior 
 power. It reconciles superiority of power with the feelings of 
 men, and establishes solid confidence on the foundations of af- 
 fection and gratitude. 
 
 So thought a wise poet and a wise man in political sagacity ; 
 the friend of Mecaenas, and the eulogist of Augustus. To him, 
 the adopted son and successor of the first Caesar, to him, the 
 master of the world, he wisely urged this conduct of prudence 
 and dignity; " Tuque pior, tu parce; prqjice tela manu.^' 
 
 Every motive, therefore, of justice and of policy, of dignity 
 and of prudence, urges you to allay the ferment in America, 
 by a removal of your troops from Boston, by a repeal of your 
 acts of parliament, and by demonstration of amicable disposi- 
 
REMOVING THE TROOPS FROM BOSTON. 33 
 
 tions towards your colonies. On the other hand, every danger 
 and every hazard impend, to deter you from perseverance in 
 your present ruinous measure. Foreign wslt hanging over 
 your heads by a slight and brittle thread. France and Spain 
 w^atching your conduct, and waiting for the maturity of your 
 errors; with a vigilant eye to America, and the temper of 
 your colonies, more than to their own concerns, be they what 
 they may. 
 
 To conclude, my lords, if the ministers thus persevere in mis- 
 advising and misleading the king, I will not say, that they can 
 alienate the affections of his subjects from his crown ; but I will 
 affirm, that they will make the crown not worth Ms wearing. I 
 will not say that the king is betrayed ; but I will pronounce, 
 that the kingdom is undone. 
 
 E 
 
LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, AT THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT, 
 NOVEMBER 18, 1777. 
 
 I RISE, my lords, to declare my sentiments on this most 
 solemn and serious subject. It has imposed a load upon my 
 mind, which, I fear, nothing can remove ; but which impels me 
 to endeavor its alleviation, by a free and unreserved communi- 
 cation of my sentiments. 
 
 In the first part of the address, I have the honor of heartily 
 concurring with the noble earl who moved it. No man feels 
 sincerer joy than I do; none can offer more genuine congratu- 
 lation on every accession of strength to the Protestant succes- 
 sion. I therefore join in every congratulation on the birth of 
 another princess, and the happy recovery of her majesty. But 
 I must stop here. My courtly complaisance will carry me no 
 further. I will not join in congratulation on misfortune and 
 disgrace. I cannot concur in a blind and servile address, 
 which approves, and endeavors to sanctify the monstrous 
 measures which have heaped disgrace and misfortune, upon us. 
 This, my lords, is a perilous and tremendous moment ! It is 
 not a time for adulation. The smoothness of flattery cannot 
 now avail ; cannot save us in this rugged and awful crisis. It 
 is now necessary to instruct the throne in the language of truth. 
 We must dispel the delusion and the darkness which envelop 
 it ; and display, in its full danger and true colors, the ruin that 
 is brought to our doors. 
 
 This, my lords, is our duty. It is the proper function of this 
 noble assembly, sitting, as we do, upon our honors in this 
 house, the hereditary council of the crown. Who is the minis- 
 ter — where is the minister, that has dared to suggest to the 
 throne the contrary, unconstitutional language this day deliv- 
 ered frorrf it ? The accustomed language from the throne 
 
 has been application to parliament for advice, and a reliance 
 on its constitutional advice and assistance. As it is the right 
 of parhament to give, so it is the duty of the crown to ask it. 
 But on this day, and in this extreme momentous exigency, no 
 reliance is reposed on our constitutional counsels ! no advice is 
 asked from the sober and enlightened care of parliament ! but 
 the crown, from itself, and by itself, declares an unalterable 
 determination to pursue measures — and what measures, my 
 lords ? — The measures that have produced the imminent perils 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 35 
 
 that threaten us ; the measures that have brought ruin to our 
 doors. 
 
 Can the minister of the day now presume to expect a con- 
 tinuance of support, in this ruinous infatuation? Can parUa- 
 ment be so dead to its dignity and its duty, as to be thus 
 deluded into the loss of the one and the violation of the other? 
 
 To give an unlimited credit and support for the steady 
 
 perseverance in measures not proposed for our parliamentary 
 advice, but dictated and forced upon us — in measures, I say, 
 my lords, which have reduced this late flourishing empire to 
 ruin and contempt ! — " But yesterday, and England might have 
 stood against the world : now none so poor to do her rever- 
 ence." I use the words of a poet ; but, though it be poetry, it 
 is no fiction. It is a shameful truth, that not only the power 
 and strength of this country are wasting away and expiring ; but 
 her well-earned glories, her true honor, and substantial dignity 
 are sacrificed. France, my lords, has insulted you ; she has 
 encouraged and sustained America ; and whether America be 
 wrong or right, the dignity of this country ought to spurn at 
 the officious insult of French interference. The ministers and 
 ambassadors of those who are called rebels and enemies, are 
 in Paris; in Paris they transact the reciprocal interests of 
 America and France. Can there be a more mortifying insult ? 
 Can even our ministers sustain a more humiliating disgrace ? 
 Do they dare to resent it? Do they presume even to hint a 
 vindication of their honor, and the dignity of the state, by 
 requiring the dismission of the plenipotentiaries of America? 
 Such is the degradation to which they have reduced the glories 
 of England ! The people whom they aflfect to call contemptible 
 rebels, but whose growing power has at last obtained the name 
 of enemies; the people with whom they have engaged this 
 country in war, and against whom they now command our 
 imphcit support in every measure of desperate hostility : this 
 people, despised as rebels, or acknowledged as enemies, are 
 abetted against you, supphed with every military store, their 
 interests consulted, and their ambassadors entertained, by your 
 inveterate enemy ! and our ministers dare not interpose with 
 dignity or effect. Is this the honor of a great kingdom ? Is 
 this the indignant spirit of England, who, "but yesterday," 
 gave law to the house of Bourbon ? My lords, the dignity of 
 nations demands a decisive conduct in a situation like this. 
 Even when the greatest prince that perhaps this country ever 
 saw, filled our throne, the requisition of a Spanish general on 
 a similar subject, was attended to, and complied with. For, • 
 on the spirited remonstrance of the Duke of Alva, Elizabeth 
 found herself obliged to deny the Flemish exiles all counte- 
 
36 LORD CHATHAM'S^ SPEECH ON 
 
 nance, support, or even entrance into her dominions ; and the 
 Count le Marque,^ with his few desperate fellowers, were 
 expelled the kingdom. Happening to arrive at the Brille, and 
 finding it weak in defence, they made themselves masters of 
 the place: and this was the foundation of the United Prov- 
 inces. 
 
 My lords, this ruinous and ignominious situation, where we 
 cannot act with success, nor suffer with honor, calls upon us to 
 remonstrate in the strongest and loudest language of truth, to 
 rescue the ear of majesty from the delusions which surround it. 
 The desperate state of our arms abroad is in part known : no 
 man thinks more highly of them than I do. I love and honor 
 the English troops. I know their virtues and their valor. I 
 know they can achieve anything except impossibilities ; and I 
 know that the conquest of English America is an impossibility. 
 You cannot, I venture to say it, you cannot conquer America. 
 Your armies last war effected everything that could be 
 effected ; and what was it ? It cost a numerous army, under 
 the command of a most able general, now a noble lord in this 
 house, a long and laborious campaign, to expel five thousand 
 Frenchmen from French America. My lords, you cannot 
 conquer America. What is your present situation there ? We 
 do not know the worst; but we know, that in three campaigns 
 we have done nothing and suffered much. Besides the suffer- 
 ings, perhaps total loss, of the northern force ; the best ap- 
 pointed army that ever took the field, commanded by Sir 
 WilHam Howe, has retired from the American lines. He was 
 obliged to relinquish his attempt, and, with great delay and 
 danger, to adopt a new and distant plan of operations. We 
 shall soon know, and in any event have reason to lament, what 
 may have happened since. As to conquest, therefore, my lords, 
 I repeat, it is impossible. You may swell every expense, and 
 every effort, still more extravagantly; pile and accumulate 
 every assistance yOu can buy or borrow ; traffic and barter 
 with every little pitiful German prince, that sells and sends his 
 subjects to the shambles of a foreign prince ; your efforts are 
 for ever vain and impotent : doubly so from this mercenary aid 
 on which you rely. For it irritates, to an incurable resent- 
 ment, the minds of your enemies — to overrun them with the 
 mercenary sons of rapine and plunder; devoting them and 
 their possessions to the rapacity of hireling cruelty ! If I were 
 an American, as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop 
 was landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms — 
 never — never — never. 
 
 Your own army is infected with the contagion of these illib- 
 eral allies. The spirit of plunder and of rapine is gone forth 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 37 
 
 among them. I know it — and notwithstanding what the noble 
 earl, who moved the address, has given as his opinion of our 
 American army, I know from authentic information, and the 
 most experienced officers, that our discipline is deeply wounded. 
 Whilst this is notoriously our sinking situation, America grows 
 and flourishes : whilst our strength and discipline are lowered, 
 hers are rising and improving. 
 
 But my lords, who is the man, that in addition to these dis- 
 graces and mischiefs of our army, has dared to authorize and 
 associate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the 
 savage ? To call into civilised alliance, the wild and inhuman 
 savage of the woods; to delegate to the merciless Indian,' the 
 defence of disputed rights, and to wage the horrors of his bar- 
 barous war against our brethren ? My lords, these enormities 
 cry aloud for redress and punishment. Unless thoroughly done 
 away, it will be a stain on the national character. It is a 
 violation of the constitution. I believe it is against law. It is 
 not the least of our national misfortunes, that the strength and 
 character of our army are thus impaired. Infected with the 
 mercenary spirit of robbery and rapine; familiarized to the 
 horrid scenes of savage cruelty, it can no longer boast of the 
 noble and generous principles which dignify a soldier ; no longer 
 sympathize with the dignity of the royal banner, nor feel the 
 pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war, "that make 
 ambition virtue !" What makes ambition virtue ? — the sense of 
 honor. But is the sense of honor consistent with a spirit of 
 plunder, or the practice of murder? Can it flow from mer- 
 cenary motives, or can it prompt to cruel deeds? Besides 
 these murderers and plunderers, let me ask our ministers, what 
 other aUies have they acquired ? What other powers have they 
 associated to their cause? Have they entered into alliance 
 with the king of the gypsies ? Nothing, my lords, is too low or 
 too ludicrous to be consistent with their counsels. 
 
 The independent views of America have been stated and as- 
 serted as the foundation of this address. My lords, no man 
 wishes for the due dependence of America on this country 
 more than I do. To preserve it, and not confirm that state of 
 independence into which your measures hitherto have driven 
 them, is the object which we ought to unite in attaining. The 
 Americans, contending for their rights against arbitrary exac- 
 tions, I love and admire. It is the struggle of free and virtu- 
 ous patriots ; but contending for independency and total discon- 
 nexion from England, as an EngKshman, I cannot wish them 
 success. For, in a due constitutional dependency, including 
 the ancient supremacy of this country in regulating their com- 
 merce and navigation, consists the mutual happiness and pros- 
 
 4 
 
LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 1 
 
 perity both of England and America. She derived assistance 
 and protection from us ; and we reaped from her the most im- 
 portant advantages. She v^as, indeed, the fountain of our 
 vi^eahh, the nerve of our strength, the nursery and basis of our 
 naval power. It is our duty, therefore, my lords, if we wish 
 to save our country, most seriously to endeavor the recovery 
 of these most beneficial subjects ; and in this perilous crisis, per- 
 haps the present moment may be the only one in which we can 
 hope for success. For in their negotiations with France they 
 have, or think they have, reason to complain: though it be noto- 
 rious that they have received from that power, important sup- 
 plies and assistance of various kinds, yet it is certain they 
 expected it in a more decisive and immediate degree. America 
 is in ill humor with France, on some points that have not 
 entirely answered her expectations. Let us wisely take advan- 
 tage of every possible moment of reconciliation. Besides, the 
 natural disposition of America herself still leans towards Eng- 
 land ; to the old habits of connexion and mutual interest that 
 united both countries. This was the established sentiment of 
 all the continent ; and still, my lords, in the great and principal 
 part, the sound part of America, this wise and aflfectionate dis- 
 position prevails ; and there is a 'very considerable part of 
 America yet sound — the middle and the southern provinces; 
 some parts may be factious and bhnd to their true interests ; 
 but if we express a wise and benevolent disposition to commu- 
 nicate with them those immutable rights of nature, and those 
 constitutional liberties, to which they are equally entitled with 
 ourselves ; by a conduct so just and humane, we shall confirm 
 the favorable, and conciliate the adverse. I say, my lords, 
 the rights and liberties to which they are equally entitled with 
 ourselves, but no more. I would participate to them every 
 enjoyment and freedom which the colonizing subjects of a free 
 state can possess, or wish to possess ; and I do not see why 
 they should not enjoy every fundamental right in their property, 
 and every original substantial liberty, which Devonshire or 
 Surrey, or the county I live in, or any other county in England, 
 can claim ; reserving always, as the sacred right of the mother 
 country, the due constitutional dependency of the colonies. 
 The inherent supremacy of the state in regulating and protect- 
 ing the navigation and commerce of all her subjects, is neces- 
 sary for the mutual benefit and preservation of every part, to 
 constitute and preserve the prosperous arrangement of the 
 whole empire. 
 
 The sound parts of America, of which I have spoken, must 
 be sensible of these great truths, and of their real interests. 
 America is not in that state of desperate and contemptible 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 39 
 
 rebellion which this country has been deluded to believe. It is 
 not a wild and lawless banditti, who, having nothing to lose, 
 might hope to snatch something from public convulsions. 
 Many of their leaders and great men have a great stake in this 
 great contest. The gentleman who conducts their armies, I 
 am told, has an estate of four or five thousand pounds a year ; 
 and when I consider these things, I cannot but lament the incon- 
 siderate violence of our penal acts, our declarations of treason 
 and rebellion, with all the fatal effects of attainder and confis- 
 cation. 
 
 As to the disposition of foreign powers, which is asserted to 
 be pacific and friendly, let us judge, my lords, rather by their 
 actions and the nature of things, than by interested assertions. 
 The- uniform assistance, supplied to America by France, sug- 
 gests a different conclusion. The most important interests of 
 France, in aggrandizing and enriching herself with what she 
 most wants, suppKes of every naval store from America, must 
 inspire her with difierent sentiments. The extraordinary pre- 
 parations of the house of Bourbon, by land and by sea, from 
 Dunkirk to the Streights, equally ready and wilhng to over- 
 whelm these defenceless islands, should rouse us to a sense of 
 their real disposition, and our own danger. Not five thousand 
 troops in England ! — hardly three thousand in Ireland ! What 
 can we oppose to the combined force of our enemies 1 — Scarce- 
 ly twenty ships of the line fully or sufficiently manned, that any 
 admiral's reputation would permit him to take the command 
 . of. The river of Lisbon in the possession of our enemies ! 
 The seas swept by American privateers. Our channel trade 
 torn to pieces by them ! In this complicated crisis of danger, 
 weakness at home, and calamity abroad, terrified and insulted 
 by the neighboring powers, unable to act in America, or acting 
 only to be destroyed, where is the man with the forehead to 
 promise or hope for success in such a situation ? or, from per- 
 severance in the measures that have driven us to it ? Who has 
 the forehead to do so? Where is that man? I should be glad 
 to see his face. 
 
 You cannot conciliate America by your present measures. 
 You cannot subdue her by your present, or by any measures. 
 What, then, can you do ? You cannot conquer ; you cannot 
 gain; but you can address ; you can lull the fears and anxieties 
 of the moment into an ignorance of the danger that should 
 produce them. But, my lords, the time demands the language 
 of truth. We must not now apply the flattering unction of 
 servile compliance, or blind complaisance. In a just and neces- 
 sary war, to maintain the rights or honor of my country, I 
 would strip the shirt from my back to support it. But in such 
 
40 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 a war as this, unjust in its principle, impracticable in its means, 
 and ruinous in its consequences, I would not contribute a single 
 effort, nor a single shilling. I. do not call for vengeance on the 
 heads of those who have been guilty: I only recommend to 
 them to make their retreat. Let them walk off; and let them 
 make haste, or they may be assured that speedy and condign 
 punishment will overtake them. 
 
 My lords, I have submitted to you, with the freedom and 
 truth which I think my duty, my sentiments on your present 
 awful situation. I have laid before you the ruin of your power, 
 the disgrace of your reputation, the pollution of your discipline, 
 the contamination of your morals, the complication of calami- 
 ties, foreign and domestic, that overwhelm your sinking country. 
 Your dearest interests, your own liberties, the constitution itself, 
 totters to the foundation. All this disgraceful danger, this multi- 
 tude of misery, is the monstrous offspring of this unnatural war. 
 We have been deceived and deluded too long. Let us now 
 stop short. This is the crisis — the only crisis, of time and 
 situation, to give us a possibility of escape from the fatal effects 
 of our delusions. But if, in an obstinate and infatuated perse- 
 verance in folly, we slavishly echo the peremptory words this 
 day presented to us, nothing can save this devoted country from 
 complete and final ruin. We madly rush into multiplied mise- 
 ries and '^ confusion worse confounded." 
 . Is it possible, can it be believed, that ministers are yet blind 
 to this impending destruction ? — I did hope, that instead of this 
 false and empty vanity, this overweening pride, engendering 
 high conceits and presumptuous imaginations, that ministers 
 would have humbled themselves in their errors, would have 
 confessed and retracted them, and by an active, though a late 
 repentance, have endeavored to redeem them. But, my lords, 
 since they had neither sagacity to foresee, nor justice nor 
 humanity to shun, these oppressive calamities ; since not even 
 severe experience can make them feel, nor the imminent ruin 
 of their country awaken them from their stupefaction, the 
 guardian care of parHament must interpose. I shall therefore, 
 my lords, propose to you an amendment to the address to his 
 majesty, to be inserted immediately after the two first para- 
 graphs of congratulation on the birth of a princess, to recom- 
 mend an immediate cessation of hostilities, and the commence- 
 ment of a treaty to restore peace and liberty to America, 
 strength and happiness to England, security and permanent 
 prosperity to both countries. — This, my lords, is yet in our 
 power ; and let not the wisdom and justice of your lordships 
 neglect the happy, and, perhaps, the only opportunity. By the 
 establishment of irrevocable law, founded on mutual rights, and 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 41 
 
 ascertained by treaty, these glorious enjoyments may be firmly 
 perpetuated. And let me repeat to your lordships, that the 
 strong bias of America, at least of the wise and sounder parts 
 of it, naturally inclines to this happy and constitutional recon- 
 nexion with you. Notwithstanding the temporary intrigues 
 with France, we may still be assured of their ancient and 
 confirmed partiality to us. America and France cannot be 
 congenial. There is something decisive and confirmed in the 
 honest American, that will not assimilate to the futility and 
 levity of Frenchmen. 
 
 My lords, to encourage and confirm that innate inclination 
 to this country, founded on every principle of affection, as well 
 as consideration of interest ; to restore that favorable disposition 
 into a permanent and powerful reunion with this country ; to 
 revive the mutual strength of the empire; again to awe the 
 house of Bourbon, instead of meanly truckling, as our present 
 calamities compel us, to every insult of French caprice, and 
 Spanish punctilio; to re-establish our commerce; to reassert 
 our rights and our honor ; to confirm our interests, and renew 
 our glories for ever, a consummation most devoutly to be 
 endeavored ! and which, I trust, may yet arise from recon- 
 ciHation with America ; I have the honor of submitting to you 
 the following amendment, which I move to be inserted after 
 the two first paragraphs of the address. 
 
 " And that this house does most humbly advise and supphcate 
 his majesty, to be pleased to cause the most speedy and effectual 
 measures to be taken, for restoring peace in America : and that 
 no time maybe lost in proposing an immediate cessation of 
 hostilities there, in order to the opening of a treaty for the final 
 settlement of the tranquillity of these invaluable provinces, by 
 a removal of the unhappy causes of this ruinous civil war ; 
 and by a just and adequate security against the return of the 
 like calamities in times to come. And this house desire to 
 offer the most dutiful assurances to his majesty, that they will, 
 in due time, cheerfully co-operate with the magnanimity and 
 tender goodness of his majesty, for the preservation of his 
 people, by such explicit and most solemn declarations, and 
 provisions of fundamental and revocable laws, as may be judged 
 necessary for the ascertaining and fixing for ever the respective 
 rights of Great Britain and her colonies." 
 
 In the course of this debate, Lord Suffolk, secretary for the northern depart- 
 ment, undertook to defend the employment of the Indians in the war. His 
 lordship contended, that, besides its policy and necessity, the measure was 
 also allowable on principle. For that " it was perfectly justifiable to use all 
 the means that God and nature put into our hands .'" 
 
 F 4* 
 
42 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH ON 
 
 I AM ASTONISHED ! (cxclaimed Lord Chatham, as he rose) — 
 shocked! to hear such principles confessed — to hear them 
 avowed in this house, or in this country: principles equally 
 unconstitutional, inhuman, and unchristian ! 
 
 My lords, I did not intend to have encroached again upon 
 your attention; but I cannot repress my indignation. I feel 
 myself impelled by every duty. My lords, we are called upon 
 as members of this house, as men, as Christian men, to protest 
 against such notions standing near the throne, polluting the ear 
 of majesty. " That God and nature put into our hands !" I 
 know^ not v^^hat ideas that lord may entertain of God and nature; 
 but I know that such abominable principles are equally abhor- 
 rent to religion and humanity. What ! to attribute the sacred 
 sanction of God and nature to the massacres of the Indian 
 scalping-knife — to the cannibal savage torturing, murdering, 
 roasting, and eating ; literally, my lords, eating the mangled 
 victims of his barbarous battles ! Such horrible notions shock 
 every precept of religion, divine or natural, and every generous 
 feehng of humanity. And, my lords, they shock every sentiment 
 of honor ; they shock me as a lover of honorable war, and a 
 detester of murderous barbarity. 
 
 These abominable principles, and this more abominable 
 avowal of them, demand the most decisive indignation. I call 
 upon that right reverend bench, those holy ministers of the 
 gospel, and pious pastors of our church; I conjure them to join 
 in the holy work, and vindicate the religion of their God. I 
 appeal to the wisdom and the law of this learned bench, to 
 defend and support the justice of their country. I call upon the 
 bishops, to interpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn ; upon 
 the learned judges, to interpose the purity of their ermine, to 
 save us from this pollution. I call upon the honor of your 
 lordships, to reverence the dignity of your ancestors, and to 
 maintain your own. I call upon the spirit and humanity of my 
 country, to vindicate the national character. I invoke the 
 genius of the constitution. From the tapestry that adorns these 
 walls, the immortal ancestor of this noble lord frowns with 
 indignation at the disgrace of his country. In vain he led your 
 victorious fleets against the boasted Armada of Spain ; in vain 
 he defended and established the honor, the liberties, the religion, 
 the Protestant religion, of this country, against the arbitrary 
 cruelties of popery and the inquisition, if these more than popish 
 cruelties and inquisitorial practices are let loose among us ; to 
 turn forth into our settlements, among our ancient connexions, 
 friends, and relations, the merciless cannibal, thirsting for the 
 blood of man, woman, and child ! to send forth the infidel 
 savage — against whom ? against your Protestant brethren ; to 
 
THE ADDRESS TO THE THRONE. 43 
 
 lay waste their country, to desolate their dwelHngs, and extir- 
 pate their race and name, with these horrible hell-hounds of 
 savage war ! — hell-hounds, I say, of savage war. Spain armed 
 herself with blood-hounds to extirpate the wretched natives of 
 America ; and we improve on the inhuman example even of 
 Spanish cruelty: we turn loose these savage hell-hounds against 
 our brethren and countrymen in America, of the same language, 
 laws, liberties, and rehgion ; endeared to us by every tie that 
 should sanctify humanity. 
 
 My lords, this awful subject, so important to our honor 
 constitution, and our religion, demands the most solemn and 
 effectual inquiry. And I again call upon your lordships, and 
 the united powers of the state, to examine it thoroughly and 
 decisively, and to stamp upon it an indelible stigma of the 
 pubHc abhorrence. And I again implore those holy prelates 
 of our religion, to do away these iniquities from among us. 
 Let them perform a lustration ; let them purify this house, and 
 this country, from this sin. • 
 
 My lords, I am old and weak, and at present unable to say 
 more ; but my feelings and indignation were too strong to have 
 said less. I could not have slept this night in my bed, nor 
 reposed my head on my pillow, without giving this vent to my 
 eternal abhorrence of such preposterous and enormous prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 This speech had no effect. The address was agreed to. 
 
LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, THE IITH OF DECEMBER, 1777, AGAINST 
 A MOTION FOR AN ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 My Lords, 
 It is not with less grief than astonishment I hear the motion 
 now made by the noble earl, at a time when the affairs of this 
 country present on every side prospects full of awe, terror, 
 and impending danger ; when, I will be bold to say, events of 
 a most alarming tendency, little expected or foreseen, will 
 shortly happen ; when a cloud that may crush this nation, and 
 bury it in destruction for ever, is ready to burst and overwhelm 
 us in ruin. At so tremendous a season, it does not become 
 your lordships, the great hereditary council of the nation, to 
 neglect your duty, to retire to your country-seats for six weeks 
 in quest of joy and merriment, while the real state of public 
 affairs calls for grief, mourning, and lamentation ; at least, for 
 the fullest exertions of your wisdom. It is your duty, my lords, 
 as the grand hereditary council of the nation, to advise your 
 sovereign, to be the protectors of your country, to feel your 
 own weight and authority. As hereditary counsellors, as mem- 
 bers of this house, you stand between the crown and the peo- 
 ple ; you are nearer the throne than the other branch of the 
 legislature ; it is your duty to surround and protect, to counsel 
 and supplicate it. You hold the balance. Your duty is to see 
 that the weights are properly poised, that the balance remains 
 even, that neither may encroach on the other, and that the 
 executive power may be prevented, by an unconstitutional ex- 
 ertion of even constitutional authority, from bringing the nation 
 to destruction. My lords, I fear we are arrived at the very 
 brink of that state ; and I am persuaded that nothing short of 
 a spirited intei'position on your part, in giving speedy and whole- 
 some advice to your sovereign, can prevent the people from 
 feeling beyond remedy the full effects of that ruin which minis- 
 ters have brought upon us. These calamitous circumstances 
 ministers have been the cause of: and shall we, in such a state 
 of things, when every moment teems with events productive 
 of the most fatal narratives, shall we trust, during an adjourn- 
 ment of six weeks, to those men who have brought those ca- 
 lamities upon us, when, perhaps, our utter overthrow is plot- 
 ting, nay, ripe for execution, without almost a possibility of 
 prevention ? Ten thousand brave men have fallen victims to 
 
AGAINST THE ADJOURNMENT. 45 
 
 ignorance and rashness. The only army you have in America 
 may, by this time, be no more. This very nation remains no 
 longer safe than its enemies think proper to permit. I do not 
 augur ill. Events of a most critical nature may take place 
 before our next meeting. Will your lordships, then, in such 
 a state of things, trust to thfe guidance of men, who, in every 
 single step of this cruel, this wicked war, from the very begin- 
 ning, have proved themselves weak, ignorant, and mistaken ? 
 I will not say, my lords, nor do I mean anything personal, or 
 that they have brought premeditated ruin on this country. I 
 will not suppose that they foresaw what has since happened ; 
 but I do contend, my lords, that their want of wisdom, their 
 incapacity, their temerity in depending on their own judgment, 
 or their base compliances with the orders and dictates of others, 
 perhaps caused by the influence of one or two individuals, have 
 rendered them totally unworthy of your lordships' confidence, 
 of the confidence of parliament, and those whose rights they 
 are the constitutional guardians of, the people at large. A re- 
 monstrance, my lords, should be carried to the throne. The 
 king has been deluded by his ministers. They have been im- 
 posed on by false information, or have, from motives best 
 known to themselves, given apparent credit to what they have 
 been convinced in their hearts was untrue. The nation has 
 been betrayed into the ruinous measure of an American war 
 by the arts of imposition, by their own credulity, through the 
 means of false hopes, false pride, and promised advantages, 
 of the most romantic and improbable nature. My lords, I do 
 not wish to call your attention entirely to that point. I would 
 fairly appeal to your own sentiments, whether I can be justly 
 charged with arrogance or presumption, if I said, great and 
 able as ministers think themselves, that all the wisdom of the 
 nation is not confined to the narrow circle of their petty cabi- 
 net. I might, I think, without presumption, say, that your lord- 
 ships, as one of the branches of the legislature, may be sup- 
 posed as capable of advising your sovereign, in the moment 
 of difiSculty and danger, as any lesser council, composed of a 
 fewer number ; and who, being already so fatally trusted, have 
 betrayed a want of honesty, or a want of talents. Is it, my 
 lords, within the utmost stretch of the most sanguine expecta- 
 tion, that the same men who have plunged you into your pres- 
 ent perilous and calamitous situation are the proper persons to 
 rescue you from it ? No, my lords, such an expectation would 
 be preposterous and absurd. I say, my lords, you are now spe- 
 cially called upon to interpose. It is your duty to forego every 
 call of business and pleasure, to give up your whole time to 
 inquire into past misconduct ; to provide remedies for the pres- 
 
46 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH 
 
 ent ; to prevent future evils ; to rest on your arms, if I may 
 use the expression, to v^^atch for the pubhc safety; to defend 
 and support the throne, and if fate should so ordain it, to fall 
 with becoming fortitude, with the rest of your fellow-subjects, 
 in the general ruin. I fear this last must be the event of this 
 mad, unjust, and cruel war. It i^ your lordships' duty to do 
 everything in your power that it shall not — but, if it must be 
 so, I trust your lordships and the nation will fall gloriously. 
 
 My lords, as the first and most immediate object of your 
 inquiry, I would recommend to you to consider the true state 
 of our home defence. We have heard much from a noble lord 
 in. this house, of the state of our navy. I cannot give an im- 
 plicit belief to all I have heard on that important subject. I 
 still retain my former opinion relative to the number of line-of- 
 battle ships; but as an inquiry into the real state of the navy 
 is destined to be the subject of future consideration, I do not 
 wish to hear any more about it till that period arrives. I allow, 
 in argument, that we have thirty-five ships of the line fit for 
 actual service. I doubt much whether such a force would 
 give us full command of the channel. I am certain, if it did, 
 every other part of our possessions must lie naked and defence- 
 less, in every quarter of the globe. 
 
 I fear our utter destruction is at hand. What, my lords, is 
 the state of our military defence ? I would not wish to expose 
 our present weakness ; but weak as we are, if this war should 
 be continued, as the public declaration of persons in high con- 
 fidence with their sovereign would induce us to suppose, is this 
 nation to be entirely stripped ? And if it should, would every 
 soldier now in Britain be sufficient to give us an equahty 
 to the force of America? I will maintain they would not. 
 Where then -will men be procured ? Recruits are not to be 
 had in this country. Germany will give no more. I have 
 read in the newspapers of this day, and I have reason to be- 
 lieve it true, that the head of the Germanic body has remon- 
 strated against it, and has taken measures accordingly to pre- 
 vent it. Ministers have, I hear, applied to the Swiss Cantons. 
 The idea is preposterous. The Swiss never permit their troops 
 to go beyond sea. But, my lords, even if men were to be pro- 
 cured in Germany, how will you march them to the water- 
 side ? Have not our ministers applied for the port of Ember- 
 den, and has it not been refused ? I say, you will not be able 
 to procure men even for your home defence, if some immediate 
 steps be not taken. I remember, during the last war it was 
 thought advisable to levy independent companies. They were, 
 when completed, formed into battalions, and proved of great 
 service. I love the army. I know its use. But I must never- 
 
AGAINST THE ADJOURNMENT. 47 
 
 theless own, that I was a great friend to the measure of estab- 
 Hshing a national militia. I remember the last war, that there 
 were three camps formed of that corps at once in this king- 
 dom. I saw them myself. One at Winchester, another in the 
 west, at Plymouth ; and a third, if I recollect right, at Chat- 
 ham. Whether the militia is at present in such a state as to 
 answer the valuable purposes it did then, or is capable of being 
 rendered so, I will not pretend to say ; but I see no reason 
 why, in such a critical state of affairs, the experiment should 
 not be made, and why it may not be put again on the former 
 respectable footing. I remember, all circumstances consid- 
 ered, when appearances were not nearly so melancholy and 
 alarming as they are, that there were more troops in the county 
 of Kent alone, for the defence of the kingdom, than there are 
 now in the whole island. 
 
 My lords, I contend that we have not, nor can procure, any 
 force sufficient to subdue America. It is monstrous to think 
 of it. There are several noble lords present, well acquainted 
 with mihtary affairs. I call upon any one of them to rise and 
 pledge himself, that the military force now within the kingdom 
 is adequate to its defence, or that any possible force to be pro- 
 cured from Germany, Switzerland, or elsewhere, will be equal 
 to the conquest of America. I am too perfectly persuaded of 
 their abilities and integrity, to expect any such assistance from 
 them. Oh ! But if America is not to be conquered, she may 
 be treated with. Conciliation is at length thought of. Terms 
 are to be offered. Who are the persons that are to treat on the 
 part of this afflicted and deluded country ? The very men who 
 have been the authors of our misfortunes. The very men 
 who have endeavored, by the most pernicious policy, the 
 highest injustice and oppression, the most cruel and devastating 
 war, to enslave those people they would conciliate, to gain the 
 confidence and affection of those who halve survived the Indian 
 tomahawk and German bayonet. Can your lordships entertain 
 the most distant prospect of success from such a treaty and such 
 negotiators? No, my lords, the Americans have virtue, and 
 they must detest the principles of such men. They have under- 
 standing, and too much wisdom, to trust to the cunning and 
 narrow politics which must cause such overtures on the part of 
 their merciless persecutors. My lords, I maintain that they 
 would shun, with a mixture of prudence and detestation, any 
 proposition coming from that quarter. They would receive 
 terms from such men, as snares to allure and betray. They 
 would dread them as ropes meant to be put about their legs, in 
 order to entangle and overthrow them in certain ruin. My 
 lords, supposing that our domestic danger, if at all, is far dis- 
 
48 LORD CHATHAM'S SPEECH 
 
 tant ; that our enemies will leave us at liberty to prosecute this 
 war to the utmost of our ability; suppose your lordships should 
 grant a fleet one day, an army another : all these, I do affirm, 
 will avail nothing, unless you accompany it with advice. Minis- 
 ters have been in error : experience has proved it ; and what is 
 worse, they continue it. They told you in the beginning, that 
 15,000 men would traverse all America, without scarcely an 
 appearance of interruption. Two campaigns have passed since 
 they gave us this assurance. Treble that number have been 
 employed ; one of your armies, which composed two thirds of 
 the force by which America was to be subdued, has been 
 totally destroyed, and is now led captive through those pro- 
 vinces you call rebellious. Those m.en whom you called 
 cowards, poltroons, runaways, and knaves, are become victo- 
 rious over your veteran troops : and, in the midst of victory, 
 and flush of conquest, have set ministers an example of mode- 
 ration and magnanimity well worthy of imitation. 
 
 My lords, no time should be lost which may promise to im- 
 prove this disposition in America, unless, by an obstinacy found- 
 ed in madness, we wish to stifle those embers of aflection which, 
 after all our savage treatment, do not seem as yet to have been 
 entirely extinguished. While on one side we must lament the 
 unhappy fate of that spirited officer, Mr. Burgoyne, and the 
 gallant troops under his command, who were sacrificed to the 
 wanton temerity and ignorance of ministers, we are as strongly 
 compelled on the other to admire and applaud the generous, 
 magnanimous conduct, the noble friendship, brotherly affection, 
 and humanity of the victors, who, condescending to impute the 
 horrid orders of massacre and devastation to their true authors, 
 supposed that, as soldiers and EngHshmen, those cruel excesses 
 could not have originated with the general, nor were consonant 
 to the brave and humane spirit of a British soldier, if not com- 
 pelled to it as an act of duty. They traced the first cause of 
 those diabolic orders to their true source ; and, by that wise 
 and generous interpretation, granted their professed destroyers 
 terms of capitulation which they could be only entitled to as 
 the makers of fair and honorable war. 
 
 My lords, I should not have presumed to trouble you, if the 
 tremendous state of this nation did not, in my opinion, make it 
 necessary. Such as I have this day described it to be, I do 
 maintain it is. The same measures are stiR persisted in ; and 
 ministers, because your lordships have been deluded, deceived, 
 and misled, presume that whenever the worst comes they will 
 be enabled to shelter themselves behind parhament. This, my 
 lords, cannot be the case. They have committed themselves 
 and their measures to the fate of war, and they must abide the 
 
AGAINST THE ADJOURNMENT. 49 
 
 issue. I tremble for this country. I am almost led to despair 
 that we shall ever be able to extricate ourselves. At any rate, 
 the day of retribution is at hand, when the vengeance of a much 
 injured and afflicted people, will, I trust, fall heavily on the 
 authors of their ruin ; and I am strongly inclined to beheve, 
 that before the day to which the proposed adjournment shall 
 arrive, the noble earl who moved it, will have just cause to 
 repent of his motion. 
 
 G 
 
MR. BURKE'S SPEECH, 
 
 APRIL 19, 1774, ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I AGREE with the honorable gentleman who spoke last, that 
 this subject is not new in this house. Very disagreeably to 
 this house, very unfortunately to this nation, and to the peace 
 and prosperity of this whole empire, no topic has been morie 
 famihar to us. For nine long years, session after session, we 
 have been lashed round and round this miserable circle of 
 occasional arguments and temporary expedients. I am sure 
 our heads must turn, and our stomachs nauseate with them. 
 We have had them in every shape ; we have looked at them in 
 every point of view. Invention is exhausted ; reason is fatigued ; 
 experience has given judgment; but obstinacy is not yet con- 
 quered. 
 
 The honorable gentleman has made one endeavor more to 
 diversify the form of this disgusting argument. He has thrown 
 out a speech composed almost entirely of challenges. Chal- 
 lenges are serious things ; and as he is a man of prudence as 
 well as resolution, I dare say he has very well weighed those 
 challenges before he delivered them. I had long the happiness 
 to sit at the same side of the house, and to agree with the hon- 
 orable gentleman on all the American questions. My senti- 
 ments, I am sure, are well known to him ; and I thought I had 
 been perfectly acquainted with his. Though I find myself 
 mistaken, he will still permit me to use the privilege of an old 
 friendship, he will permit me to apply myself to the house under 
 the sanction of his authority ; and, on the various grounds he 
 has measured out, to submit to you the poor opinions which I 
 have formed, upon a matter of importance enough to demand 
 the fullest consideration I could bestow upon it. 
 
 He has stated to the house two grounds of deliberation ; one 
 narrow and simple, and merely confined to the question on 
 your paper : the other more large and more complicated ; com- 
 prehending the whole series of the parliamentary proceedings 
 with regard to America, their causes, and their consequences. 
 With regard to the latter ground, he states it as useless, and 
 thinks it may be even dangerous, to enter into so extensive a 
 field of inquiry. . Yet, to my surprise, he had hardly laid down 
 this restrictive proposition, to which his authority would have 
 given so much weight, when directly, and with the same author- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 51 
 
 ity, he condemns it ; and declares it absolutely necessary to 
 enter into the most ample historical detail. His zeal has thrown 
 him a little out of his usual accuracy. In this perplexity, what 
 shall we do, Sir, who are willing to submit to the law he gives 
 us ? He has rej)robated in one part of his speech the rule he 
 had laid down for debate in the other ; and after narrowing the 
 ground for all those who are to speak after him, he takes an 
 excursion himself, as unbounded as the subject and the extent 
 of his great abiHties. 
 
 Sir, when I cannot obey all his laws, I will do the best I 
 can. I will endeavor to obey such of them as have the sanc- 
 tion of his example ; and to stick to that rule, which, though 
 not consistent with the other, is the most rational. He was 
 certainly in the right when he took the matter largely. I can- 
 not prevail on myself to agree with him in his censure of his 
 own conduct. It is not, he will give me leave to say, either 
 useless or dangerous. He asserts, that retrospection is not wise ; 
 and the proper, the only proper, subject of inquiry, is, *' not 
 how we got into this difficulty, but how we are to get out of 
 it." In other words, we are, according to him, to consult our 
 invention, and to reject our experience. The mode of delibe- 
 ration he recommends is diametrically opposite to every rule 
 of reason, and every principle of good sense established amongst 
 mankind. For, that sense and that reason, I have always 
 understood, absolutely to prescribe, whenever we are involved 
 in difficulties from the measures we have pursued, that we 
 should take a strict review of those measures, in order to cor- 
 rect our errors if they should be corrigiblej or at least to avoid 
 a dull uniformity in mischief, and the unpitied calamity of 
 being repeatedly caught in the same snare. 
 
 Sir, I will freely follow the honorable gentleman in his his- 
 torical discussion, without the least management for men or 
 measures, further than as they shall seem to me to deserve it. 
 But before I go into that large consideration, because I would 
 omit nothing that can give the house satisfaction, I wish to 
 tread the narrow ground to which alone the honorable gentle- 
 man, in one part of his speech has so strictly confined us. 
 
 He desires to know, whether, if we were to repeal this tax, 
 agreeably to the proposition of the honorable gentleman who 
 made the motion, the Americans would not take post on this 
 concession, in order to make a new attack on the next body of 
 taxes ; and whether they would not call for a repeal of the duty 
 on wine, as loudly as they do now for the repeal of the duty on 
 tea? Sir, I can give no security on this subject. But I will do 
 all that I can, and all that can be fairly demanded. To the 
 experience which the honorable gentleman reprobates in' one 
 
52 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 instant, and reverts to in the next ; to that experience, without 
 the least wavering or hesitation on my part, I steadily appeal ; 
 and would to God there was no other arbiter to decide on the 
 vote with which the house is to conclude this day ! 
 
 When parhament repealed the stamp act in the year 1766, I 
 affirm, first, that the Americans did not in consequence of this 
 measure call upon you to give up the former parliamentary 
 revenue which subsisted in that country ; or even any one of 
 the articles which compose it. I affirm also, that when, depart- 
 ing from the maxims of that repeal, you revived the scheme of 
 taxation, and thereby filled the minds of the colonists with new 
 jealousy, and all sorts of apprehensions, then it was that they 
 quarrelled with the old taxes, as well as the new; then it was 
 and not till then, that they questioned all the parts of your 
 legislative power; and by the battery of such questions have 
 shaken the solid structure of this empire to its deepest founda- 
 tions. 
 
 Of those two propositions I shall, before I have done, give 
 such convincing, such damning proof, that however the con- 
 trary may be whispered in circles, or bawled in newspapers, 
 they never more will dare to raise their voices in this house. I 
 speak with great confidence. I have reason for it. The min- 
 isters are with me. They at least are convinced that the repeal 
 of the stamp act had not, and that no repeal can have, the con- 
 sequences which the honorable gentleman who defends their 
 measures is so much alarmed at. To their conduct I refer him 
 for a conclusive answer to this objection. I carry my proof 
 irresistibly into the very body of both ministry and parliament ; 
 not on any general reasoning growing out of collateral matter, 
 but on the conduct of the honorable gentleman's ministerial 
 friends on the new revenue itself. 
 
 The act of 1767, which grants this tea duty, sets forth in its 
 preamble, that it was expedient to raise a revenue in America, 
 for the support of the civil government there, as well as for 
 purposes still more extensive. To this support the act assigns 
 six branches of duties. About two years after this act passed, 
 the ministry, I mean the present ministry, thought it expedient 
 to repeal five of the duties, and to leave (for reasons best known 
 to themselves) only the sixth standing. Suppose any person at 
 the time of that repeal, had thus addressed the minister : " Con- 
 demning, as you do, the repeal of the stamp act, why do you 
 venture to repeal the duties upon glass, paper, and painters* 
 colors ? Let your pretence for the repeal be what it will, are 
 you not thoroughly convinced, that your concessions will pro- 
 duce, not satisfaction, but insolence in the Americans ; and that 
 the giving up these taxes will necessitate the giving up of all 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 53 
 
 the rest ?" This objection was as palpable then as it is now ; 
 and it was as good for preserving the five duties as for retain- 
 ing the sixth. Besides, the minister will recollect, that the re- 
 peal of the stamp act had but just preceded his repeal ; and the 
 ill policy of that measure (had it been so impolitic as it has been 
 represented), and the mischiefs it produced, were quite recent. 
 Upon the principles therefore of the honorable gentleman, upon 
 the principles of the minister himself, the minister has nothing 
 at all to answer. He stands condemned by himself, and by all 
 his associates old and new, as a destroyer, in the first trust of 
 finance, of the revenues : and in the first rank of honor, as a 
 betrayer of the dignity of his country. 
 
 Most men, especially great men, do not always know their 
 well-wishers. I come to rescue that noble lord out of the 
 hands of those he calls his friends ; and even out of his own. 
 I will do him the justice he is denied at home. He has not 
 been this wicked or imprudent man. He knew that a repeal 
 had no tendency to produce the mischiefs which give so much 
 alarm to his honorable friend. His work was not bad in its 
 principle, but imperfect in its execution; and the motion on 
 your paper presses him only to complete a proper plan, which, 
 by some unfortunate and unaccountable error, he had left 
 unfinished. 
 
 I hope. Sir, the honorable gentleman who spoke last, is tho- 
 roughly satisfied, and satisfied out of the proceedings of minis- 
 try on their own favorite act, that his fears from a repeal are 
 groundless. If he is not, I leave him, and the noble lord who 
 sits by him, to settle the matter, as well as they can, together ; 
 for if the repeal of American taxes destroys all our govern- 
 ment in America — He is the man ! — and he is the worst of all 
 repealers, because he is the last. 
 
 But I hear it rung continually in my ears, now and former- 
 ly — " the preamble ! what will become of the preamble, if you 
 repeal this tax ? " — I am sorry to be compelled so often to ex- 
 pose the calamities and disgraces of parliament. The pream- 
 ble of this law, standing as it now stands, has the lie direct 
 given to it by the provisionary part of the act; if that can be 
 called provisionary which makes no provision. I should be 
 afraid to express myself in this manner, especially in the face 
 of such a formidable array of ability as is now drawn up be- 
 fore me, composed of the ancient household troops of that side 
 of the house, and the new recruits from this, if the matter 
 were not clear and indisputable. Nothing but truth could give 
 me this firmness ; but plain truth and clear evidence can be 
 beat down by no ability. The clerk will be so good as to turn 
 to the act, and to read this favorite preamble : 
 
 5* 
 
54 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 " Whereas it is expedient that a revenue should be raised in 
 your majesty's dominions in America, fm^ making a mat^e certain 
 and Sidequsite provision for defraying the charge of the adminis- 
 tration of justice, and support of civil government, in such 
 provinces ivhere it shall be found necessary ; and toward further 
 defraying • the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing 
 the said dominions." 
 
 You have heard this pompous performance. Now where is 
 the revenue which is to do all these mighty things ? Five-sixths 
 repealed — abandoned — sunk — gone — lost for ever. Does the 
 poor solitary tea-duty support the purposes of this preamble ? 
 Is not the supply there stated as effectually abandoned as if 
 the tea-duty had perished in the general wreck? Here, Mr. 
 Speaker, is a precious mockery — a preamble without an act — 
 taxes granted in order to be repealed — and the reasons of the 
 grant still carefully kept up ! This is raising a revenue in 
 America! This is preserving dignity in England ! If you 
 repeal this tax in compliance with the motion, I readily admit 
 that you lose this fair preamble. Estimate your loss in it. The 
 object of the act is gone already; and all you suffer is thei 
 purging of the statute-book of the opprobrium of an empty,? 
 absurd, and false recital. 
 
 It has been said again and again, that the five taxes were 
 repealed on commercial principles. It is so said in the paper 
 in my hand ; a paper which I constantly carry about ; whichi 
 I have often used, and shall often use again. What is got byf 
 this paltry pretence of commercial principles I know not ; for, 
 if your government in America is destroyed by the repeal of 
 taxes, it is of no consequence upon what ideas the repeal is 
 grounded. Repeal this tax too upon commercial principles, if 
 you please. These principles will serve as well now as they 
 did formerly. But you know that, either your objection to a 
 repeal from these supposed consequences has no validity, or 
 that this pretence never could remove it. This commercial 
 motive never was believed by any man, either in America, 
 which this letter is meant to soothe, or in England, which it is 
 meant to deceive. It was impossible it should. Because every 
 man, in the least acquainted with the detail of commerce, must 
 know, that several of the articles on which the tax was re- 
 pealed, were fitter objects of duties than almost any other ar- 
 ticles that could possibly be chosen : without comparison more 
 so, than the tea that was left taxed ; as infinitely less liable to 
 be eluded by contraband.- 'The tax upon red and white lead 
 was of this nature. You have, in this kingdom, an advantage 
 in lead, that amounts to a monopoly. When you find yourself 
 in this situation of advantage, you sometimes venture to tax 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. . 55 
 
 even your own export. You did so, soon after the last war ; 
 when, upon this principle, you ventured to impose a duty on 
 coals. In all the articles of American contraband trade, who 
 ever heard of the smuggling of red lead, and white lead ? You 
 might, therefore, well enough, without danger of contraband, 
 and without injury to commerce (if this were the whole con- 
 sideration) have taxed these commodities. The same may be 
 said of glass. Besides, some of the things taxed were so triv- 
 ial, that the loss of the objects themselves and their utter anni-- 
 hilation out of American commerce, would have been compar- 
 atively as nothing. But is the article of tea such an object in 
 the trade of England, as not to be felt, or felt but slightly, like 
 white lead, and red lead, and painters' colors ? Tea is an ob- 
 ject of far other nnportance. Tea is perhaps the most im- 
 portant object, taking it with its necessary connexions, of any 
 in the mighty circle of our commerce. If commercial princi- 
 ples had been the true motives to the repeal, or had they been 
 at all attended to, tea would have been the last article we 
 should have left taxed for a subject of controversy. 
 
 Sir, it is not a pleasant consideration; but nothing in the 
 world can read so awful and so instructive a lesson, as the 
 conduct of ministry in this business, upon the mischief of not 
 having large and liberal ideas in the management of great 
 affairs. Never have the servants of the state looked at the 
 whole of your compHcated interests in one connected view. 
 They have taken things, by bits and scraps, some at one time 
 and one pretence, and some at another, just as they pressed, 
 without any sort of regard to their relations or dependencies. 
 They never had any kind of system, right or wrong ; but only 
 invented occasionally some miserable tale for the day, in order 
 meanly to sneak out of difficulties, into which they had proudly 
 strutted. And they were put to all these shifts and devices, 
 full of meanness and full of mischief, in order to pilfer piece- 
 meal a repeal of an act, which they had not the generous 
 courage, when they found and felt their error, honorably and 
 fairly to disclaim. By such management, by the irresistible 
 operation of feeble councils, so paltry a sum as three-pence 
 in the eyes of a financier, so insignificant an article as tea in 
 the eyes of a philosopher, have shaken the pillars of a com- 
 mercial empire that circled the whole globe. 
 
 Do you forget that, in the very last year, you stood on the 
 precipice of general bankruptcy ? Your danger was indeed 
 great. You were distressed in the affairs of the East India 
 company ; and you well know what sort of things are involved 
 in the comprehensive energy of that significant appellation. 
 I am not called upon to enlarge to you on that danger, which 
 
56 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 you thought proper yourselves to aggravate, and display to 
 the w^orld v^^ith all the parade of indiscreet declamation. The 
 monopoly of the most lucrative trades, and the possession of 
 imperial revenues, had brought you to the verge of beggary 
 and ruin. Such v^as your representation— such, in some mea- 
 sure, was your case. The vent of ten millions of pounds of 
 this commodity, now locked up by the operation of an inju- 
 dicious tax, and rotting in the warehouses of the company, 
 would have prevented all this distress, and all that series of 
 desperate measures which you thought yourselves obliged to 
 take in consequence of it. America would have furnished 
 that rent, which no other part of the world can furnish but 
 America : where tea is next to a necessary of life ; and where 
 the demand grows upon the supply. I hope our dear-bought 
 East India committees have done us at least so much good, 
 as to let us know, that without a more extensive sale of that 
 article, our East India revenues and acquisitions can have no 
 certain connexion with this country. It is through the Ameri- 
 / can trade of tea that your East India conquests are to be pre- 
 w' vented from crushing you with their burthen. They are pon-. 
 derous indeed; and they must have that great country to lean 
 upon, or they tumble upon your head. It is the same folly 
 that has lost you at orice the benefit of the west and the east. 
 This folly has thrown open folding-doors to contraband; and 
 will be the means of giving the profits of the trade of your 
 colonies, to every nation but yourselves. Never did a people 
 suffer so much for the empty words of a preamble. It must 
 be given up. For on what principle does it stand ? This fa- 
 mous revenue stands, at this hour, on all the debate, as a de- 
 scription of revenue not as yet known in all the comprehen- 
 sive (but too comprehensive !) vocabulary of finance — a pre- 
 amhulary tax. It is indeed a tax of sophistry, a tax of ped- 
 antry, a tax of disputation, a tax of war and rebellion, a tax 
 for anything but benefit to the imposers, or satisfaction to the 
 subject. 
 
 Well ! but whatever it is, gentlemen will force the colonists 
 to take the teas. You will force them? has seven years' 
 struggle been yet able to force them? G, but it seems "we 
 are in the right — the tax is trifling — in effect, it is rather an 
 exoneration than an imposition ; three-fourths of the duty for- 
 merly payable on teas exported to America is taken off; the 
 place of collection is only shifted; instead of the retention of 
 a shilling from the drawback here, it is three-pence custom 
 paid in America." All this. Sir, is very true. But this is . 
 the very folly and mischief of the act. Incredible as it may 
 seem, you know that you have deliberately thrown away a 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 57 
 
 large duty which you held secure and quiet in your hands, for 
 the vain hope of getting one three-fourths less, through every 
 hazard, through certain htigation, and possibly through war. 
 
 The manner of proceeding in the duties on paper and glass, 
 imposed by the same act, was exactly in the same spirit. 
 There are heavy excises on those articles when used in Eng- 
 land. On export, these excises are drawn back. But instead 
 of withholding the drawback, which might have been done, 
 with ease, without charge, without possibility of smuggling ; 
 and instead of applying the money (money already in your 
 hands) according to your pleasure, you began your operations 
 in finance by flinging away your revenue ; you allowed the 
 whole drawback on export, and then you charged the duty 
 (which you had before discharged) payable in the colonies ; 
 where it was certain the collection would devour it to the 
 bone ; if any revenue were ever suffered to be collected at all. 
 One spirit pervades and animates the whole mass. 
 
 Could anything be a subject of more just alarm to America, 
 than to see you go out of the plain high-road of finance, and 
 give up your most certain revenues and your clearest interest, 
 merely for the sake of insulting your colonies ? No man ever 
 doubted that the commodity of tea could bear an imposition 
 of three-pence. But no commodity will bear three-pence, or 
 will bear a penny, when the general feelings of men are irri- 
 tated, and two millions of people are resolved not to pay. 
 The feelings of the colonies were formerly the feeHngs of 
 Great Britain. Theirs were formerly the feehngs of Mr. Hamp- 
 den when called upon for the payment of twenty shilhngs. 
 Would twenty shillings have ruined Mr. Hampden's fortune? 
 No! but the payment of half twenty shillings, on the principle 
 it was demanded, would have made him a slave. It is the 
 weight of that preamble, of which you are so fond, and not 
 the weight of the duty, that the Americans are unable and 
 unwilling to bear. 
 
 It is then. Sir, upon the principle of this measure, and nothing 
 else, that we are at issue. It is a principle of political expe- 
 diency. Your act of 1767 asserts, that it is expedient to raise 
 a revenue in America; your act of 1769, which takes away 
 that revenue, contradicts the act of 1767, and, by something 
 much stronger than words, asserts, that it is not expedient. It 
 is a reflection upon your wisdom to persist in a solemn parlia- 
 mentary declaration of the expediency of any object, for which, 
 at the same time, you make no sort of provision. And pray. 
 Sir, let not this circumstance escape you ; it is very material ; 
 that the preamble of this act, which we wish to repeal, is not 
 declaratwy of right, as some gentlemen seem to argue it ; it is 
 
 H 
 
58 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 only a recital of the expediency of a certain exercise of a right 
 supposed already to have been asserted ; an exercise you are 
 now contending for by ways and means, which you confess, 
 though they were obeyed, to be utterly insufficient for their 
 purpose. You are therefore at this moment in the awkward 
 situation of fighting for a phantom j a quiddity ; a thing that 
 wants, not only a substance, but even a name ; for a thing, 
 which is neither abstract right, nor profitable enjoyment. 
 
 They tell you. Sir, that your dignity is tied to it. I know 
 not how it happens, but this dignity of yours is a terrible 
 encumbrance to you; for it has of late been ever at war with 
 your interest, your equity, and every idea of your policy. 
 Show the thing you contend for to be reason ; show it to be 
 common sense ; show it to be the means of attaining some 
 useful end ; and then I am content to allow it what dignity you 
 please. But what dignity is derived from the perseverance in 
 absurdity, is more than I ever could discern. The honorable 
 gentleman has said well — indeed, in most of his general obser- 
 vations I agree with him — he says, that his subject does not 
 s'tand as it did formerly. Oh, certainly not ! every hour you 
 continue on this ill-chosen ground, your difficulties thicken on 
 you ; and therefore my conclusion is, remove from a bad posi- 
 tion as quickly as you can. The disgrace, and the necessity 
 of yielding, both of them, grow upon you every hour of your 
 delay. 
 
 But will you repeal the act, says the honorable gentleman, at 
 this instant when America is in open resistance to your authority, 
 and that you have just revived your system of taxation ? He 
 thinks he has driven us into a corner. But thus pent up, I am 
 content to meet him ; because I enter the lists supported by my 
 old authority, his new friends, the ministers themselves. The 
 honorable gentleman remembers, that about five years ago as 
 great disturbances as the present prevailed in America on 
 account of the new taxes. The ministers represented these 
 disturbances as treasonable ; and this house thought proper, on 
 that representation, to make a famous address for a revival, and 
 for a new application, of a statute of Henry VUI. We besought 
 the king, in that well-considered address, to inquire into treasons, 
 and to bring the supposed traitors from America to Great Britain 
 for trial. His majesty was pleased graciously to promise a 
 compliance with our request. All the attempts from this side 
 of the house to resist these violences, and to bring about a 
 repeal, were treated with the utmost scorn. An apprehension 
 of the very consequences now stated by the honorable gentle- 
 man, was then given as a reason for shutting the door against 
 all hope of such an alteration. And so strong was the spirit 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 59 
 
 for supporting the new taxes, that the session concluded with 
 the following remarkable declaration. After stating the vigor- 
 ous measures which had been pursued, the speech from the 
 throne proceeds : 
 
 You have assured me of your firm support in the prosecution 
 of them. Nothing, in my opinion, could be mm^e likely to enable 
 the well disposed among my subjects in that part of the world, 
 effectually to discourage and defeat the designs of the factious and 
 seditious, than the hearty concurrence of every branch of the legis- 
 lature, in maintaining the execution of the laws in every part 
 of my dominions. 
 
 After this, no man dreamt that a repeal under this ministry 
 could possibly take place. The honorable gentleman knows as 
 well as I, that the idea was utterly exploded by those who sway 
 the house. This speech was made on the ninth day of May, 
 1769. Five days after this speech, that is, on the 13th of the 
 same month, the public circular letter, a part of which I am 
 going to read to you, was written by Lord Hillsborough, secre- 
 tary of state for the colonies. After reciting the substance of 
 the king's speech, he goes on thus : 
 
 " / can take upon me to assure you, notwithstanding insinuations 
 to the contrary, from men with factious and seditious views, that 
 his majesty's present administration have at no time entertained 
 a design to propose to parliament to lay any further taxes upon 
 America, for the purpose of RAISING A REVENUE ; and 
 that it is at present their intention to propose, the next session of 
 parliament, to take off the duties upon glass, paper, and colors, 
 upon consideration of such duties having been laid contrary to 
 the true principles of commerce. 
 
 " These have always been, and still are, the sentiments of his 
 majesty's present servants; and by which their conduct in respect 
 to America has been governed. And his majesty relies upon 
 your prudence and fidelity for such an explanation of his measures, 
 as may tend to remove the prejudices which have been excited by the 
 misrepresentations of those who are enemies to the peace and pros- 
 perity of Great Britain and her colonies ; and to re-establish that 
 mutual confidence and affection, upon which the glory and safety 
 of the British empire depend.''^ 
 
 Here, Sir, is a canonical book of ministerial scripture; the 
 general epistle to the Americans. What does the gentleman 
 say to it ? Here a repeal is promised ; promised without condi- 
 tion ; and while your authority was actually resisted. I pass 
 by the pubhc promise of a peer relative to the repeal of taxes 
 by this house. I pass by the use of the king's name in a matter 
 of supply, that sacred and reserved right of the Commons. I 
 conceal the ridiculous figure of parliament, hurling its thunders 
 
go MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 at the gigantic rebellion of America ; and then, five days after, 
 prostrate at the feet of those assemblies we affected to despise ; 
 begging them, by the intervention of our ministerial sureties, 
 to receive our submission ; and heartily promising amendment. 
 These might have been serious matters formerly ; but we are 
 grown wiser than our fathers. Passing, therefore, from the 
 constitutional consideration to the mere policy, does not this 
 letter imply, that the idea of taxing America for the purpose 
 of revenue is an abominable project ; when the ministry suppose 
 none but factious men, and with seditious views, could charge 
 them with it ? does not this letter adopt and sanctify the Ame- 
 rican distinction of taxing for revenue ? does it not formally 
 reject all future taxation on that principle ? does it not state the 
 ministerial rejection of such principle of taxation, not as the 
 occasional, but the constant opinion of the king's servants ? 
 does it not say (I care not how consistently, but does it not say) 
 that their conduct with regard to America has been always 
 governed b.y this policy ? It goes a great deal further. These 
 excellent and trusty servants of the king, justly fearful lest they 
 themselves should have lost all credit with the world, bring out 
 the image of their gracious sovereign from the inmost and most 
 sacred shrine, and they pawn him as a security for their 
 promises. — " His majesty relies on your prudence and fidelity for 
 such an explanation of his measures." These sentiments of 
 the minister, and these measures of his majesty, can only relate 
 to the principle and practice of taxing for a revenue; and 
 accordingly Lord Botetourt, stating it as such, did, with great 
 propriety, and in the exact spirit of his instructions, endeavor to 
 remove the fears of the Virginian assembly, lest the sentiments, 
 ■which it seems (unknown to the world) had always been those 
 of the ministers, and by which their conduct in respect to Ame- 
 rica had been governed, should, by some possible revolution, 
 favorable to wicked American taxes, be hereafter counteracted. 
 He addresses them in this manner : 
 
 It may possibly be objected, that, as his Majesty's present 
 administration are not immortal, their successors may be inclined 
 to attempt to undo what the present ministers shall have attempted to 
 perform ; and to that objection I can give you but this answer ; that 
 it is my firm opinion, that the 'plan I have stated to you nill certainly 
 take place, and that it will never be departed from ; and so deter- 
 mined am I for ever to abide by it, that I ivill be content to be 
 declared infamous, if I do not, to the last hour of my life, at all 
 times, in all places, and upon all occasions, exert every power with 
 which I either am, or ever shall be legally invested, in order to 
 obtain and maintain for the continent of America that satisfaction 
 which I have been authorized to promise this day, hy the confiden- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 61 
 
 tial servants of our gracious sovereign, who to my certain know- 
 ledge rates his honor so high, that he would rather part with his 
 crown, than preserve it by deceit. 
 
 A glorious and true character ! which (since we suffer his 
 ministers with impunity to answer for his ideas of taxation) we 
 ought to make it our business to enable his majesty to preserve 
 in all its lustre. Let him have character, since ours is no 
 more ! Let some part of government be kept in respect ! 
 
 This epistle was not the letter of lord Hillsborough solely ; 
 though he held the official pen. It was the letter of the noble 
 lord upon the floor, and all the king's then ministers, who (with 
 I think the exception of two only) are his ministers at this hour. 
 The very first news that a British parHament heard of what it 
 was to do with the duties which it had given and granted to 
 the king, w^as by the pubHcation of the votes of American 
 assemblies. It was in America that your resolutions were pre- 
 declared. It was from thence that we knew to a certainty, 
 how much exactly, and not a scruple more nor less, we were to 
 repeal. We were unworthy to be let into the secret of our 
 own conduct. The assemblies had confidential communications 
 from his majesty's confidenticd servants. We were nothing but 
 instruments. Do you, after this, w^onder, that you have no 
 weight and no respect in the colonies ? After this, are you sur- 
 prised, that parliament is every day and everywhere losing (I 
 feel it with sorrow, I utter it with reluctance) that reverential 
 affection, which so endearing a name of authority ought ever to 
 carry with it ; that you are obeyed solely from respect to the 
 bayonet ; and that this house, the ground and pillar of freedom, 
 is itself held up only by the treacherous under-pinning and 
 clumsy buttresses of arbitrary power ? 
 
 If this dignity, which is to stand in the place of just policy 
 and common sense, had been consulted, there was a time for 
 preserving it, and for reconcihng it with any concession. If in 
 the session of 1768, that session of idle terror and empty 
 menaces, you had, as you were often pressed to do, repealed 
 these taxes; then your strong operations would have come 
 justified and enforced, in case your concessions had been re- 
 turned by outrages. But, preposterously, you began with vio- 
 lence ; and before terrors could have any effect, either good or 
 bad, your ministers immediately begged pardon, and promised 
 that repeal to the obstinate Americans which they had refused 
 in an easy, good-natured, complying British parliament. The 
 assemblies, which had been publicly and avowedly dissolved 
 for their contumacy, are called together to receive ymir submis- 
 sion. Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants 
 here; and then went mumping with a sore leg in America, 
 
 6 
 
62 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 canting and whining, and complaining of faction, which repre- 
 sented them as friends to a revenue from the colonies. I hope 
 nobody in this house will hereafter have the impudence to 
 defend American taxes in the name of ministry. The moment 
 they do, with this letter of attorney in my hand, I will tell them, 
 in the authorized terms, they are wretches, " with factious and 
 seditious views ; enemies to the peace and prosperity of the 
 mother country and the colonies," and subverters "of the 
 mutual affection and confidence on which the glory and safety 
 of the British empire depend." 
 
 After this letter, the question is no more on propriety or 
 dignity. They are gone already. The faith of your sovereign 
 is pledged for the political principle. The general declaration 
 in the letter goes to the whole of it. You must therefore either 
 abandon the scheme of taxing ; or you must send the ministers 
 tarred and feathered to America, who dare to hold out the 
 royal faith for a renunciation for all taxes for revenue. Them 
 you must punish, or this faith you must preserve. The preser- 
 vation of this faith is of more consequence than the duties on 
 red lead, or white lead, or on broken glass, or atlas-ordinary, or 
 demy-fine, or Mue-royal, or bastard,, or fooVs-cap, which you 
 have given up ; or the three-pence on tea which you retained. 
 The letter went stamped with the public authority of this king- * 
 dom. The instructions for the colony government go under no 
 other sanction ; and America cannot believe, and will not obey 
 you, if you do not preserve this channel of communication 
 sacred. You are now punishing the colonies for acting on 
 distinctions, held out by that very ministry which is here shining 
 in riches, in favor, and in power ; and urging the punishment 
 of the very offence to which they had themselves been the 
 tempters. 
 
 Sir, if reasons respecting simply your own commerce, which 
 is your own convenience, were the sole grounds of the repeal 
 of the five duties ; why does lord Hillsborough, in disclaiming 
 in the name of the king and ministry their ever having had an 
 intent to tax for revenue, mention it as the means " of re-estab- 
 lishing the confidence and affection of the colonies ?" Is it a 
 way of soothing others, to assure them that you will take good 
 care oi yourself ? The medium, the only medium, for regaining 
 their affection and confidence, is, that you will take off some- 
 thing oppressive to their minds. Sir, the letter strongly enforces 
 that idea : for though the repeal of the taxes is promised on 
 commercial principles, yet the means of counteracting "the 
 insinuations of men with factious and seditious views," is, by a 
 disclaimer of the intention of taxing for revenue, as a constant 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 63 
 
 invariable sentiment and rule of conduct in the government of 
 America. 
 
 I remember that the noble lord on the floor, not in a former 
 debate to be sure (it would be disorderly to refer to it, I suppose 
 I read it somewhere), but the noble lord was pleased to say, 
 that he did not conceive how it could enter into the head of 
 man to impose such taxes as those of 1767 ; I mean those taxes 
 which he voted for imposing, and voted for repealing ; as being 
 taxes, contrary to all the principles of commerce, laid on 
 British manufactures. 
 
 I dare say the noble lord is perfectly well read, because the 
 duty of his particular office requires he should be so, in all our 
 revenue laws ; and in the pohcy which is to be collected out of 
 them. Now, Sir, when he had read this act of American 
 revenue, and a little recovered from his astonishment, I suppose 
 he made one step retrograde (it is but one) and looked at the 
 act which stands just before in the statute book. The American 
 revenue act is the forty-fifth chapter ; the other to which I refer 
 is the forty-fourth of the same session. These two acts are 
 both to the same purpose ; both revenue acts ; both taxing out 
 of the kingdom ; and both taxing British manufactures exported. 
 As the 45th is an act for raising a revenue in America, the 
 44th is an act for raising a revenue in the Isle of Man. The 
 two acts perfectly agree in all respects, except one. In the act 
 for taxing the Isle of Man, the noble lord will find (not, as in 
 the American act, four or five articles) but almost the whole 
 body, of British manufactures, taxed from two and a half to 
 fifteen per cent, and some articles, such as that of spirits, a great 
 deal higher. You did not think it uncommercial to tax the 
 whole mass of your manufactures, and, let me add, your agri- 
 culture too; for, I now recollect, British corn is there also 
 taxed up to ten per cent, and this too in the very head-quarters, 
 the very citadel of smuggling, the Isle of Man. Now will the 
 noble lord condescend to tell me why he repealed the taxes on 
 your manufactures sent out to America, and not the taxes on 
 the manufactures exported to the Isle of Man? The principle 
 was exactly the same, the objects charged infinitely more 
 extensive, the duties, without comparison, higher. Why ? why, 
 notwithstanding all his childish pretexts, because the taxes were 
 quietly submitted to in the Isle of Man ; and because they 
 raised a flame in America. Your reasons were political, not 
 commercial. The repeal was made, as Lord Hillsborough's 
 letter well expresses it, to regain " the confidence and affection 
 of the colonies, on which the glory and safety of the British 
 empire depend." A wise and just motive surely, if ever there 
 was such. But the mischief and dishonor is, that you have 
 
64 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 not done what you have given the colonies just cause to expect, 
 when your ministers disclaimed the idea of taxes for a revenue. 
 There is nothing simple, nothing manly, nothing ingenuous, 
 open, decisive, or steady, in the proceeding, with regard either 
 to the continuance or the repeal of the taxes. The whole has 
 an air of littleness and fraud. The article of tea is slurred over 
 in the circular letter, as it were by accident — nothing is said 
 of a resolution either to keep that tax, or to give it up. There 
 is no fair deahng in any part of the transaction. 
 
 If you mean to follow your true motive and your public faith, 
 give up your tax on tea for raising a revenue, the principle of 
 which has, in effect, been disclaimed in your name ; and which 
 produces you no advantage; no, not a penny. Or, if you choose 
 to go on with a poor pretence instead of a solid reason, and 
 will still adhere to your cant of commerce, you have ten thou- 
 sand times more strong commercial reasons for giving up this 
 duty on tea, than for abandoning the five others that you have 
 already renounced. 
 
 The American consumption of teas is annually, I believe, 
 worth £300,000 at the least farthing. If you urge the Ameri- 
 can violence as a justification of your perseverance in enforcing 
 this tax, you know that you can never answer this plain ques- 
 tion — Why did you repeal the others given in the same act, 
 whilst the very same violence subsisted ? — But you did not find 
 the violence cease upon that concession. No ! because the 
 concession was far short of satisfying the principle which lord 
 Hillsborough had abjured ! or even the pretence on which the 
 repeal of the other taxes was announced : and because, by 
 enabling the East India company to open a shop for defeating 
 the American resolution not to pay that specific tax, you mani- 
 festly showed a hankering after the principle of the act which 
 you formerly had renounced. Whatever road you take leads 
 to a comphance with this motion. It opens to you at the end 
 of every vista. Your commerce, your pohcy, your promises, 
 your reasons, your pretences, your consistency, your inconsis- 
 tency, — all jointly oblige you to this repeal. 
 
 But still it sticks in our throats, if we go so far, the Ameri- 
 cans will go farther. — We do not know that. We ought, from 
 experience, rather to presume the contrary. Do we not know 
 for certain, that the Americans are going on as fast as possible, 
 whilst we refuse to gratify them ? can they do more, or can 
 they do worse, if we yield this point? I think this concession 
 will rather fix a turnpike to prevent a further progress. It is 
 impossible to answer for bodies of men. But I am sure the 
 natural effect of fidelity, clemency, kindness in governors, is 
 peace, good-will, order, and esteem, on the part of the govern- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION 65 
 
 ed. I would certainly, at least, give these fair principles a fair 
 trial; which, since the making of this act to this hour, they 
 never have had. 
 
 Sir, the honorable gentleman having spoken what he thought 
 necessary upon the narrow part of the subject, I have given 
 him, I hope, a satisfactory answer. He next presses me by a 
 variety of direct challenges and oblique reflections to say some- 
 thing on the historical part. I shall, therefore. Sir, open myself 
 fully on that important and delicate subject ; not for the sake 
 of telling you a long story (which, I know, Mr. Speaker, you 
 are not particularly fond of,) but for the sake of the weighty 
 instruction that, I flatter myself, will necessarily result from it. 
 It shall not be longer, if I can help it, than so serious a matter 
 requires. 
 
 Permit me then. Sir, to lead your attention very far back ; 
 back to the act of navigation ; the corner-stone of the policy of 
 this country, with regard to its colonies. Sir, that policy was, 
 from the beginning, purely commercial; and the commercial 
 system was wholly restrictive. It was the system of a 
 monopoly. No trade was let loose from that constraint, but 
 merely to enable the colonists to dispose of what, in the course 
 of your trade, you could not take ; or to enable them to dispose 
 of such articles as we forced upon them, and for which, with- 
 out some degree of liberty, they could not pay. Hence all 
 your specific and detailed enumeration : hence the innumerable 
 checks and counterchecks : hence that infinite variety of paper 
 chains by which you bind together this complicated system of 
 the colonies. This principle of commercial monopoly runs 
 through no less than twenty-nine acts of parliament, from the 
 year 1660 to the unfortunate period of 1764. 
 
 In all those acts the system of commerce is estabhshed, as 
 that, from whence alone you proposed to make the colonies 
 contribute (I mean directly and by the operation of your super- 
 intending legislative power) to the strength of the empire. I 
 venture to say, that during that whole period, a parliamentary 
 revenue from thence was never once in contemplation. Ac- 
 cordingly, in all the number of laws passed with regard to the 
 plantations, the words which distinguish revenue laws, specifi- 
 cally as such, were, I think, premed.itatedly avoided. I do not 
 say. Sir, that a form of words alters the nature of the law, or 
 abridges the power of the lawgiver. It certainly does not. 
 However, titles and formal preambles are not always idle 
 words ; and the lawyers frequently argue from them. I state 
 these facts to show, not what was your right, but what has been 
 your settled policy. Our revenue laws have usually a title, 
 purporting their being grants ; and the words give and grant 
 
 I 6* 
 
66 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 usually precede the enacting parts. Although duties were 
 imposed on America in acts of King Charles the Second, and 
 in acts of King WilHam, no one title of giving " an aid to his 
 majesty," or any other of the usual titles to revenue acts, was 
 to be found in any of them till 1764 ; nor were the words " give 
 and grant" in any preamble until the 6th of George the Second. 
 However the title of this act of George the Second, notwith- 
 standing the words of donation, considers it merely as a regu- 
 lation of trade, " an act for the better securing of the trade of 
 his majesty's sugar colonies in America." This act was made 
 on a compromise of all, and at the express desire of a part, of 
 the colonies themselves. It was therefore in some measure 
 with their consent ; and having a title directly purporting only 
 a commercial regulation, and being in truth nothing more, the 
 words were passed by, at a time when no jealousy was enter- 
 tained, and things were little scrutinized. Even Governor 
 Bernard, in his second printed letter, dated in 1763, gives it as 
 his opinion, that " it was an act of prohibition, not of revenue." 
 This is certainly true, that no act avowedly for the purpose of 
 revenue, and with the ordinary title and recital taken together, 
 is found in the statute book until the year I have mentioned ; 
 that is, the year 1764. All before this period stood on com- 
 mercial regulation and restraint. The scheme of a colony 
 revenue by British authority appeared therefore to the Ameri- 
 cans in the light of a great innovation ; the words of Governor 
 Bernard's ninth letter, written in Nov. 1765, state this idea 
 very strongly : " it must," says he, " have been supposed, such 
 an innovation as a parliamentary taxation, would cause a great 
 alarm, and meet with much opposition in most parts of America; 
 it was quite new to the people, and had no visible bounds set to 
 it." After stating the weakness of government there, he says, 
 " was this a time to introduce so great a novelty as a parhament- 
 ary inland taxation in America ?" Whatever the right might 
 have been, this mode of using it was absolutely new in policy 
 and practice. 
 
 Sir, they who are friends to the schemes of American revenue 
 say, that the commercial restraint is full as hard a law for 
 America to live under. I think so too. I think it, if uncom- 
 pensated, to be a condition of as rigorous servitude as men can 
 be subject to. But America bore it from the fundamental act 
 of navigation until 1764. — Why? because men do bear the 
 inevitable constitution of their original nature with all its 
 infirmities. The act of navigation attended the colonies from 
 their infancy, grew with their growth, and strengthened with 
 their strength. They were confirmed in obedience to it, even 
 more by usage than by law. They scarcely had remembered 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 67 
 
 a time when they were not subject to such restraint. Besides, 
 they were indemnified for it by a pecuniary compensation. 
 Their monopolist happened to be one of the richest men in the 
 world. By his immense capital (primarily employed, not for 
 their benefit, but his own) they were enabled to proceed with 
 their fisheries, their agriculture, their ship-building (and their 
 trade too within the limits), in such a manner as got far the 
 start of the slow languid operations of unassisted nature. This 
 capital was a hot-bed to them. Nothing in the history of 
 mankind is like their progress. For my part, I never cast an 
 eye on their flourishing commerce, and their cultivated and 
 commodious fife, but they seem to me rather ancient nations 
 grown. to perfection through a long series of fortunate events, 
 and a train of successful industry, accumulating wealth in many 
 centuries, than the colonies of yesterday ; than a set of miser- 
 able outcasts, a few years ago, not so much sent as thrown out, 
 on the bleak and barren shore of a desolate wilderness three 
 thousand miles from all civilized intercourse. 
 
 All this was done by England, whilst England pursued trade, 
 and forgot revenue. You not only acquired commerce, but 
 you actually created the very objects of trade in America ; and 
 by that creation you raised the trade of this kingdom at least 
 four-fold. America had the compensation of your capital, 
 which made her bear her servitude. She had another compen- 
 sation, which you are now going to take away from her. She 
 had, except the commercial restraint, every characteristic 
 mark of a free people in all her internal concerns. She had 
 the image of the British constitution. She had the substance. 
 She was taxed by her own representatives. She chose most 
 of her own magistrates. She paid them all. She had in eflfect 
 the sole disposal of her own internal government. This whole 
 state of commercial servitude and civil liberty, taken together, 
 is certainly not perfect freedom ; but comparing it with the 
 ordinary circumstances of human nature, it was a happy and 
 a liberal condition. 
 
 I know. Sir, that great and not unsuccessful pains have been 
 taken to inflame our minds by an outcry, in this house and out 
 of it, that in America the act of navigation neither is, nor ever 
 was, obeyed. But if you take the colonies through, I affirm, 
 that its authority never was disputed; that it was nowhere 
 disputed for any length of time ; and on the whole, that it was 
 well observed. Wherever the act pressed hard, many indi- 
 viduals indeed evaded it. This is nothing. These scattered 
 individuals never denied the law, and never obeyed it. Just as 
 it happens whenever the laws of trade, whenever the laws of 
 revenue, press hard upon the people in England ; in that case 
 
63 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 all your shores are full of contraband. Your right to give a 
 monopoly to the East India company, your right to lay immense 
 duties on French brandy, are not disputed in England. You 
 do not make this charge on any man. But you know that 
 there is not a creek from Pentland Frith to the Isle of Wight, 
 in which they do not smuggle immense quantities of teas, East 
 India goods, and brandies. I take it for granted, that the 
 authority of Governor Bernard on this point is indisputable. 
 Speaking of these laws, as they regarded that part of America 
 now in so unhappy a condition, he says, ** I believe they are 
 nowhere better supported than in this province ; I do not pre- 
 tend that it is entirely free from a breach of these laws ; but 
 that such a breach, if discovered, is justly punished." What 
 more can you say of the obedience to any laws in any country 1 
 An obedience to these laws formed the acknowledgment, insti- 
 tuted by yourselves, for your superiority; and was the payment 
 you originally imposed for your protection. 
 
 Whether you were right or wrong in establishing the colonies 
 on the principles of commercial monopoly rather than on that 
 of revenue, is at this day a problem of mere speculation. You 
 cannot have both by the same authority. To join together the 
 restraints of an universal internal and external monopoly, with 
 an universal internal and external taxation, is an unnatural 
 union ; perfect uncompensated slavery. You have long since 
 decided for yourself and them ; and you and they have pros- 
 pered exceedingly under that decision. 
 
 This nation. Sir, never thought of departing from that choice 
 until the period immediately on the close of the last war. Then 
 a scheme of government new in many things seemed to have 
 been adopted. I saw, or thought I saw, several symptoms of 
 a great change, whilst I sat in your gallery, a good while 
 before I had the honor of a seat in this house. At that period 
 the necessity was established of keeping up no less than twenty 
 new regiments, with twenty colonels capable of seats in this 
 house. This scheme was adopted with very general applause 
 from all sides, at the very time that, by your conquests in 
 America, your danger from foreign attempts in that part of the 
 world was much lessened, or indeed rather quite over. When 
 this huge increase of military establishment was resolved on, a 
 revenue was to be found to support so great a burthen. Country 
 gentlemen, the great patrons of economy, and the great resistors 
 of a standing armed force, would not have entered with much 
 alacrity into the vote for so large and so expensive an army, 
 if they had been very sure that they were to continue to pay 
 for it. But hopes of another kind were held out to them ; and 
 in particular, I well remember that Mr. Townshend, in a brilliant 
 
ON AMERICAN TAPXTION. 69 
 
 harangue on this subject, did dazzle them, by playing before 
 their eyes the image of a revenue to be raised in America. 
 
 Here began to dawn the first glimmering of this new colony 
 system. It appeared more distinctly afterwards, when it was 
 devolved upon a person to w^hom, on other accounts," this 
 country owes very great obligations. I do believe, that he had 
 a very serious desire to benefit the public. But with no small 
 study of the detail, he did not seem to have his view, at least 
 equally, carried to the total circuit of our affairs. He generally 
 considered his objects in lights that were rather too detached. 
 Whether the business of an American revenue was imposed 
 upon him altogether ; whether it was entirely the result of his 
 own speculation ; or, what is more probable, that his own ideas 
 rather coincided with the instructions he had received ; certain 
 it is, that, with the best intentions in the world, he first brought 
 this fatal scheme into form, and established it by act of par- 
 Hament. 
 
 No man can believe, that at this time of day I mean to lean 
 on the venerable memory of a great man, whose loss we deplore 
 in common. Our little party-differences have been long ago 
 composed; and I have acted more with him, and certainly 
 with more pleasure with him, than ever I acted against him. 
 Undoubtedly Mr. Grenville was a first-rate figure in this country. 
 With a masculine understanding, and a stout and resolute heart, 
 he had an application undissipated and unwearied. He took 
 pubhc business, not as a duty which he was to fulfil, but as a 
 pleasure he was to enjoy ; and he seemed to have no dehght 
 out of this house, except in such things as some way related to 
 the business that was to be done within it. If he was ambitious, 
 I will say this for him, his ambition was of a noble and generous 
 strain. It was to raise himself, not by the low pimping politics 
 of a court, but to win his way to power, through the laborious 
 gradations of pubHc service ; and to secure himself a well-earned 
 rank in parliament, by a thorough knowledge of its constitution, 
 and a perfect practice in all its business. 
 
 Sir, if such a man fell into errors, it must be from defects 
 not intrinsical ; they must be rather sought in the particular 
 habits of his life ; which, though they do not alter the ground- 
 work of character, yet tinge it with their own hue. He was 
 bred in a profession. He was bred to the law, which is, in my 
 opinion, one of the first and noblest of human sciences; a 
 science which does more to quicken and invigorate the under- 
 standing, than all the other kinds of learning put together ; but 
 it is not apt, except in persons very happily born, to open and 
 to liberalize the mind exactly in the same proportion. Passing 
 from that study, he did not go very largely into the world ; but 
 
70 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 plunged into business ; I mean into the business of office ; and 
 the limited and fixed methods and forms established there. 
 Much knowledge is to be had undoubtedly in that line ; and 
 there is no knowledge which is not valuable. But it may be 
 truly said, that men too much conversant in office, are rarely 
 minds of remarkable enlargement. Their habits of office are 
 apt to give them a turn to think the substance of business not 
 to be much more important than the forms in which it is con- 
 ducted. These forms are adapted to ordinary occasions ; and 
 therefore persons who are nurtured in office, do admirably well, 
 as long as things go on in their common order ; but when the 
 high roads are broken up, and the waters out, when a new and 
 troubled scene is opened, and the file affords no precedent, then 
 it is that a greater knowledge of mankind, and a far more 
 extensive comprehension of things, is requisite than ever office 
 gave, or than office can ever give. Mr. Grenville thought 
 better of the wisdom and power of human legislation than in 
 truth it deserves. He conceived, and many conceived along 
 with him, that the flourishing trade of this country was greatly 
 owing to law and institution, and not quite so much to liberty; 
 for but too many are apt to believe regulation to be commerce, 
 and taxes to be revenue. Among regulations, that which stood 
 first in reputation was his idol. I mean the act of navigation. 
 He has often professed it to be so. The policy of that act is, 
 I readily admit, in many respects well understood. But I do 
 say, that if the act be suffered to run the full length of its 
 principle, and is not changed and modified according to the 
 change of times and the fluctuation of circumstances, it must 
 do great 'mischief, and frequently even defeat its own purpose. 
 After the war, and in the last years of it, the trade of Ame- 
 rica had increased far beyond the speculations of the most 
 sanguine imaginations. It swelled out on every side. It filled 
 all its proper channels to the brim. It overflowed with a rich 
 redundance, and breaking its banks on the right and on the 
 left, it spread out upon some places, where it was indeed im- 
 proper, upon others where it was only irregular. It is the 
 nature of all greatness not to be exact ; and great trade will 
 always be attended with considerable abuses. The contraband 
 will always keep pace in some measure with the fair trade. 
 It should stand as a fundamental maxim, that no vulgar pre- 
 caution ought to be employed in the cure of evils, which are 
 closely connected with the cause of our prosperity, Perhaps 
 this great person turned his eyes somewhat less than was just, 
 towards the incredible increase of the fair trade ; and looked 
 with something of too exquisite a jealousy towards the contra- 
 band. He certainly felt a singular degree of anxiety on the 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 71 
 
 subject ; and even began to act from that passion earlier than 
 is commonly imagined. For whilst he was first lord of the 
 admiralty, though not strictly called upon in his official line, 
 he presented a very strong memorial to the lords of the trea- 
 sury, (my Lord Bute was then at the head of the board;) 
 heavily complaining of the growth of the illicit commerce in 
 America. Some mischief happened even at that time from 
 this over-earnest zeal. Much greater happened afterwards, 
 when it operated with greater power in the highest department 
 of the finances. The bonds of the act of navigation were 
 straitened so much, that America was on the point of having 
 no trade, either contraband or legitimate. They found, under 
 the construction and execution then used, the act no longer 
 trying but actually strangling them. All this coming with 
 new enumerations of commodities ; with regulations which in 
 a manner put a stop to the mutual coasting intercourse of the 
 colonies ; with the appointment of courts of admiralty under 
 various improper circumstances ; with a sudden extinction of 
 the paper currencies; with a compulsory provision for the 
 quartering of soldiers; the people of America thought them- 
 selves proceeded against as delinquents, or at • best as people 
 under suspicion of delinquency ; and in such a manner, as they 
 imagined, their recent services in the war did not at all merit. 
 Any of these innumerable regulations, perhaps, would not have 
 alarmed alone ; some might be thought reasonable ; the multi- 
 tude struck them with terror. 
 
 But the grand manoeuvre in that business of new regulating 
 the colonies, was the 15th act of the fourth of George III. ; 
 which, besides containing several of the matters to which I 
 have just alluded, opened a new principle : and here properly 
 began the second period of the policy of this country with 
 regard to the colonies; by which the scheme of a regular 
 plantation parliamentary revenue was adopted in theory, and 
 settled in practice. A revenue not substituted in the place of, 
 but superadded to, a monopoly; which monopoly was enforced 
 at the same time with additional strictness, and the execution 
 put into military hands. 
 
 , This act. Sir, had, for the first time, the title of " granting 
 duties in the colonies and plantations of America;" and for 
 the first time, it was asserted in the preamble, " that it was 
 just and necessary that a revenue should be raised there." 
 Then came the technical words of *' giving and granting," 
 and thus a complete American revenue act was made in all 
 the forms, and with a full avowal of the right, equity, policy, 
 and even necessity of taxing the colonies, without any formal 
 eonsent of theirs. There are contained also in the preamble 
 
72 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 to that act these very remarkable words — the commons, &c. 
 — " being desirous to make some provision in the present ses- 
 sion of parhament towards raising the said revenue." By 
 these v^rords it appeared to the colonies, that this act v^as but 
 a beginning of sorrows ; that every session was to produce 
 something of the same kind ; that we were to go on from day 
 to day, in charging them with such taxes as we pleased, for 
 such a military force as we should think proper. Had this 
 plan been pursued, it was evident that the provincial assem- 
 blies, in which the Americans felt all their portion of impor- 
 tance, and beheld their sole image of freedom, were ipso facto 
 annihilated. This ill prospect before them seemed to be bound- 
 less in extent, and endless in duration. Sir, they were not mis- 
 taken. The ministry valued themselves when this act passed, 
 and when they gave notice' of the stamp act, that both of the 
 duties came very short of their ideas of American taxation. 
 Great was the applause of this measure here. In England we 
 cried out for new taxes on America, whilst they cried out that 
 they were nearly crushed with those which the war and their 
 own grants had brought upon them. 
 
 Sir, it has been said in the debate, that when the first Ame- 
 rican revenue act (the act of 1764, imposing the port duties) 
 passed, the Americans did not object to the principle. It is 
 true, they touched it but very tenderly. It was not a direct 
 attack. They were, it is true, as yet novices ; as yet unac- 
 customed to direct attacks upon any of the rights of parlia- 
 ment. The duties were port duties, like those they had been 
 accustomed to bear; with this difference, that the title was not 
 the same, the preamble not the same, and the spirit altogether 
 unUke. But of what service is this observation to the cause 
 of those that make it ? It is a full refutation of the pretence 
 for their present cruelty to America ; for it shows, out of their 
 own mouths, that our colonies were backward to enter into 
 the present vexatious and ruinous controversy. 
 
 There is also another circulation abroad, (spread with a 
 malignant intention, which I cannot attribute to those who say 
 the same thing in this house) that Mr. Grenville gave the 
 colony agents an option for their assemblies to tax themselves, 
 which they had refused. I find that much stress is laid on 
 this, as a fact. However, it happens neither to be true nor 
 possible. I will observe first, that Mr. Grenville never thought 
 fit to make this apology for himself in the innumerable debates 
 that were had upon the subject. He might have proposed to 
 the colony agents, that they should agree in some mode of 
 taxation as the ground of an act of parliament. But he never 
 could have proposed that they should tax themselves on requi- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 73 
 
 sition, which is the assertion of the day. Indeed, Mr. Gren- 
 ville well knew, that the colony agents could have no general 
 powers to consent to it; and they had no time to consult their 
 assemblies for particular powers, before he passed his first 
 revenue act. If you compare dates, you will find it impossi- 
 ble. Burthened as the agents knew the colonies were at that 
 time, they could not give the least hope of such grants. His 
 own favorite governor was of opinion that the Americans were 
 not then taxable objects : 
 
 " Nor was the time less favorable to the equity of such a taxa- 
 tion, . I don^t mean to dispute the reasonableness of America con- 
 tributing to the charges of Great Britain when she is able ; nor, 
 I believe, would the Americans themselves have disputed it, at a 
 proper time and season. But it should be considered, that the 
 American governments themselves have, in the prosecution of the 
 late war, contracted very large debts ; lohich it will take some years 
 to pay off', and in the mean time occasion very burdensome taxes 
 for that purpose only. For instance, this government, which is as 
 much beforehand as any, raises every year £37,500 sterling for 
 sinking their debt, and must continue it for four years longer at 
 least before it will be clear," 
 
 These are the words of Governor Bernard's letter to a mem- 
 ber of the old ministry, and which he has since printed. Mr. 
 Grenville could not have made this proposition to the agents, 
 for another reason. He was of opinion, which he has declared 
 in this house an hundred times, that the colonies could not 
 legally grant any revenue to the crown ; and that infinite mis- 
 chiefs would be the consequence of such a power. When Mr. 
 Grenville had passed the first revenue act, and in the same 
 session had made this house come to a resolution for laying a 
 stamp-duty on America, between that time and the passing the 
 stamp act into a law, he told a considerable and most respect- 
 able merchant, a member of this house, whom I am truly sorry 
 I do not now see in his place, when he represented against this 
 proceeding, that if the stamp-duty was disliked, he was willing 
 to exchange it for any other equally productive ; but that, if 
 he objected to the Americans being taxed by parHament, he 
 might save himself the trouble of the discussion, as he was 
 determined on the measure. This is the fact, and, if you please, 
 I will mention a very unquestionable authority for it. 
 
 Thus, Sir, I have disposed of this falsehood. But falsehood 
 has a perennial spring. It is said, that no conjecture could be 
 made of the dislike of the colonies to the principle. This is as 
 untrue as the other. After the resolution of the house, and 
 before the passing of the stamp act, the colonies of Massachu- 
 setts Bay and New York did send remonstrances, objecting to 
 
 K 7 
 
74 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 this mode of parliamentary taxation. What was the conse- 
 quence? They were suppressed: they were put under the 
 table; notwithstanding an order of council to the contrary, by 
 the ministry which composed the very council that had made 
 the order; and thus the house proceeded to its business of taxing 
 without the least regular knowledge of the objections which 
 were made to it. But to give that house its due, it was not 
 over-desirous to receive information, or to hear remonstrance. 
 On the 15th of February 1765, whilst the stamp act was under 
 deliberation, they refused with scorn even so much as to receive 
 four petitions presented from so respectable colonies as. Con- 
 necticut, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Carolina ; besides one 
 from the traders of Jamaica. As to the colonies, they had no 
 alternative left to them, but to disobey ; or to pay the taxes 
 imposed by that parliament which was not suffered, or did not 
 suffer itself, even to hear them remonstrate upon the subject. 
 
 This was the state of the colonies before his majesty thought 
 fit to change his ministers. It stands upon no authority of 
 mine. It is proved by uncontrovertible records. The honor- 
 able gentleman has desired some of us to lay our hands upon 
 our hearts, and answer to his queries upon the historical part 
 of this consideration ; and by his manner (as well as my eyes 
 could discern it) he seemed to address himself to me. 
 
 Sir, I will answer him as clearly as I am able, and with 
 great openness ; I have nothing to conceal. In the year sixty- 
 five, being in a very private station, far enough from any line 
 of business, and not having the honor of a seat in this house, it 
 was my fortune, unknowing and unknown to the then ministry, 
 by the intervention of a common friend, to become connected 
 with a very noble person, and at the head of the treasury 
 department. It was indeed in a situation of little rank and no 
 consequence, suitable to the mediocrity of my talents and pre- 
 tensions. But a situation near enough to enable me to see, as 
 well as others, what was going on ; and I did see in that noble 
 person such sound principle, such an enlargement of mind, such 
 clear and sagacious sense, and such unshaken fortitude, as have 
 bound me, as well as others much better than me, by an inviola- 
 ble attachment to him from that time forward. Sir, lord Rock- 
 ingham very early in that summer received a strong represent- 
 ation from many weighty English merchants and manufac- 
 turers, from governors of provinces and commanders of men 
 of war, against almost the whole of the American commercial 
 regulation, and particularly with regard to the total ruin which 
 was threatened to the Spanish trade. I believe. Sir, the noble 
 lord soon saw his way in this business. But he did not rashly 
 determine against acts which it might be supposed were the 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 75 
 
 result of much deliberation. However, Sir, he scarcely began 
 to open the ground, when the whole veteran body of office 
 took the alarm. A violent outcry of all (except those who 
 knew and felt the mischief) was raised against any alteration. 
 On one hand, his attempt was a direct violation of treaties and 
 pubhc law. — On the other, the act of navigation and all the 
 corps of trade laws were drawn up in array against it. 
 
 The first step the noble lord took, was to have the opinion of 
 his excellent, learned, and ever-lamented friend the late Mr. 
 Yorke, then attorney-general, on the point of law. When he 
 knew that formally and officially, which in substance he had 
 known before, he immediately dispatched orders to redress the 
 grievance. But I will say it for the then minister, he is of that 
 constitution of mind, that I know he would have issued, on the 
 same critical occasion, the very same orders, if the acts of 
 trade had been, as they were not, directly against him ; and 
 would have cheerfully submitted to the equity of parliament 
 for his indemnity. 
 
 On the conclusion of this business of the Spanish trade, the 
 news of the troubles, on account of the stamp act, arrived in 
 England. It was not until the end of October that these 
 accounts were received. No sooner had the sound of that 
 mighty tempest reached us in England, than the whole of the 
 then opposition, instead of feeling humbled by the unhappy issue 
 of their measures, seemed to be infinitely elated, and cried out, 
 that the ministry, from envy to the glory of their predecessors, 
 were prepared to repeal the stamp act. Near nine years after, 
 the honorable gentleman takes quite opposite ground, and now 
 challenges me to put my hand to my heart, and s*ay, whether 
 the ministry had resolved on the repeal till a considerable time 
 after the meeting of parhament. Though I do not very well 
 know what the honorable gentleman wishes to infer from the 
 admission, or from the denial, of this fact, on which he so 
 earnestly adjures me ; I do put my hand on my heart, and 
 assure him, that they did not come to a resolution directly to 
 repeal. They weighed this matter as its difficulty and impor- 
 tance required. They considered maturely among themselves. 
 They consulted with all who could give advice or information. 
 It was not determined until a little before the meeting of par- 
 liament ; but it was determined, and the main fines of their own 
 plan marked out, before that meeting. Two questions arose 
 (I hope I am not going into a narrative troublesome to the 
 house.) 
 
 [A cry of, go on, go on,] 
 
 The first of the two considerations was, whether the repeal 
 should be total, or whether only partial ; taking out everything 
 
76 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 burthensome and productive, and reserving only an empty 
 acknovi^ledgment, such as a stamp on cards or dice. The other 
 question was, on what principle the act should be repealed ? 
 On this head also two principles were started. One, that the 
 legislative rights of this country, with regard to America, were 
 not entire, but had certain restrictions and limitations. The 
 other principle was, that taxes of this kind were contrary to 
 the fundamental principles of commerce on which the colonies 
 were founded ; and contrary to every idea of political equity ; 
 by which equity we are bound, as much as possible, to extend 
 the spirit and benefit of the British constitution to every part 
 of the British dominions. The option, both of the measure, 
 and of the principle of repeal, was made before the session ; 
 and I wonder how any one can read the king's speech at the 
 opening of that session, without seeing in that speech both the 
 repeal and the declaratory act very sufficiently crayoned out. 
 Those who cannot see this can see nothing. 
 
 Surely the honorable gentleman will not think that a great 
 deal less time than was then employed, ought to have been 
 spent in dehberation; when he considers that the news of the 
 troubles did not arrive till towards the end of October. The 
 parliament sat to fill the vacancies on the 14th day of Decem- 
 ber, and on business the 14th of the following January. 
 
 Sir, a partial repeal, or, as the bon ton of the court then 
 was, a modification, would have satisfied a timid, unsystematic, 
 procrastinating ministry, as such a measure has since done 
 such a ministry. A modification is the constant resource of 
 weak undeciding minds. To repeal by a denial of our right 
 to tax in the preamble (and this too did not want advisers,) 
 would have cut, in the heroic style, the Gordian knot with a 
 sword. Either measure would have cost no more than a day's 
 debate. But when the total repeal was adopted on principles 
 of policy, of equity, and of commerce ; this plan made it neces- 
 sary to enter into many and difficult measures. It became 
 necessary to open a very large field of evidence commensu- 
 rate to these extensive views. But then this labor did knight's 
 service. It opened the eyes of several to the true state of the 
 American affairs; it enlarged their ideas; it removed preju- 
 dices; and it conciliated the opinions and affections of men. 
 The noble lord, who then took the lead in administration, my 
 honorable friend under me, and a right honorable gentleman 
 (if he will not reject his share, and it was a large one, of this 
 business) exerted the most laudable industry in bringing before 
 you the fullest, most impartial, and least-garbled body of evi- 
 dence that ever was produced to this house. I think the in- 
 quiry lasted in the committee for six weeks ; and at its con- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 77 
 
 elusion this house, by an independent, noble, spirited, and un- 
 expected majority; by a majority that will redeem all the 
 acts ever done by majorities in parliament; in the teeth of 
 all the old mercenary Swiss of state, in despite of all the 
 speculators and augurs of political events, in defiance of the 
 whole embattled legion of veteran pensioners and practised 
 instruments of a court, gave a total repeal to the stamp act, 
 and (if it had been so permitted) a lasting peace to this whole 
 empire. 
 
 I state. Sir, these particulars, because this act of spirit and 
 fortitude has lately been, in the circulation of the season, and 
 in some hazarded declamations in this house, attributed to 
 timidity. If, Sir, the conduct of ministry, in proposing the 
 repeal, had arisen from timidity with regard to themselves, it 
 would have been greatly to be condemned. Interested timid- 
 ity disgraces as much in the cabinet, as personal timidity 
 does in the field. But timidity, with regard to the well-being 
 of our country, is heroic virtue. The noble lord who then 
 conducted affairs, and his worthy colleagues, whilst they trem- 
 bled at the prospect of such distresses as you have since 
 brought upon yourselves, were not afraid steadily to look in 
 the face that glaring and dazzling influence at which the eyes 
 of eagles have blenched. He looked in the face one of the 
 ablest, and, let me say, not the most scrupulous oppositions, 
 that perhaps ever was in this house, and withstood it, unaided 
 by, even one of the usual supports of administration. He did 
 this when he repealed the stamp act. He looked in the face 
 a person he had long respected and regarded, and whose aid 
 was then particularly wanting ; I mean lord Chatham. He did 
 this when he passed the declaratory act. 
 
 It is now given out for the usual purposes, by the usual 
 emissaries, that lord Rockingham did not consent to the re- 
 peal of this act until he was bullied into it by lord Chatham ; 
 and the reporters have gone so far as publicly to assert, in a 
 hundred companies, that the honorable gentleman under the 
 gallery, who proposed the repeal in the American committee, 
 had another set of resolutions in his pocket directly the re- 
 verse of those he moved. These artifices of a desperate 
 cause are, at this time, spread abroad, with incredible care, in 
 every part of the town, from the highest to the lowest compa- 
 nies ; as if the industry of the circulation were to make amends 
 for the absurdity of the report. 
 
 Sir, whether the noble lord is of a complexion to be bullied 
 by lord Chatham, or by any man, I must submit to those who 
 know him. I confess, when I look back to that time, I con- 
 sider him as placed in one of the most trying situations in 
 
 7# 
 
78 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 which, perhaps, any man ever stood. In the house of peers 
 there were very few of the ministry, out of the noble lord's 
 own particular connexion, (except lord Egmont, who acted, 
 as far as I could discern, an honorable and manly part,) that 
 did not look to some other future arrangement, which warped 
 his politics. There were in both houses new and menacing 
 appearances, that might very naturally drive any other, than 
 a most resolute minister, from his measure or from his sta- 
 tion. The household troops openly revolted. The allies of 
 ministry (those, I mean, who supported some of their mea- 
 sures, but refused responsibility for any) endeavored to under- 
 mine their credit, and to take ground that must be fatal to 
 the success of the very cause which they would be thought 
 to countenance. The question of the repeal was brought on 
 by ministry in the committee of this house, in the very instant 
 when it was known that more than one court negotiation was 
 carrying on with the heads of the opposition. Everything, 
 upon every side, was full of traps and mines. Earth below 
 shook; heaven above menaced; all the elements of ministerial 
 safety were dissolved. It was in the midst of this chaos of 
 plots and counter-plots ; it was in the midst of this compli- 
 cated warfare against public opposition and private treachery, 
 that the firmness of that noble person was put to the proof. 
 He never stirred from his ground ; no, not an inch. He re- 
 mained fixed and determined, in principle, in measure, and in 
 conduct. He practised no managements. He secured no re- 
 treat. He sought no apology. 
 
 I will likewise do justice, I ought to do it, to the honorable 
 gentleman who led us in this house. Far from the dupHcity 
 wickedly charged on him, he acted his part with alacrity and 
 resolution. We all felt inspired by the example he gave us, 
 down even to myself, the weakest in that phalanx. I declare 
 for one, I knew well enough (it could not be concealed from 
 anybody) the true state of things; but, in my life, I never 
 came with so much spirits into this house. It was a time for 
 a man to act in. We had powerful enemies ; but we had faith- 
 ful and determined friends ; and a glorious cause. We had a 
 great battle to fight; but we had the means of fighting ; not as 
 now, when our arms are tied behind us. We did fight that 
 day, and conquer. 
 
 I remember, Sir, with a melancholy pleasure, the situation 
 of the honorable gentleman who made the motion for the re- 
 peal ; in that crisis, when the whole trading interest of this 
 empire, crammed into your lobbies, with a trembhng and anx- 
 ious expectation, waited, almost to a winter's return of light, 
 their fate from your resolutions. When, at length you had 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 79 
 
 determined in their favor, and your doors, thrown open, showed 
 them the figure of their dehverer in the well-earned triumph 
 of his important victory, from the whole of that grave multi- 
 tude there arose an involuntary burst of gratitude and trans- 
 port. They jumped upon him like children on a long-absent 
 father. They clung about him as captives about their re- 
 deemer. All England, all America, joined to his applause. 
 Nor did he seem insensible to the best of all earthly rewards, 
 the love and admiration of his fellow-citizens. Ho'pe elevated 
 and joy brightened his crest. I stood near him; and his face, 
 to use the expression of the scripture of the first martyr, *' his 
 face was as if it had been the face of an angel." I do not 
 know how others feel ; but if I had stood in that situation, I 
 never would have exchanged it for all that kings in their pro- 
 fusion could bestow. I did hope that that day's danger and 
 honor would have been a^ bond to hold us all together for 
 ever. But, alas ! that, with other pleasing visions, is long since 
 vanished. 
 
 Sir, this act of supreme magnanimity has been represented, 
 as if it had been a measure of an administration, that, having 
 no scheme of their own, took a middle line, pilfered a bit from 
 one side and a bit from the other. Sir, they took no middle 
 line. They differed fundamentally from the schemes of both 
 parties ; but they preserved the objects of both. They pre- 
 served the authority of Great Britain. They preserved the 
 equity of Great Britain. They made the declaratory act ; 
 they repealed the stamp act. They did both fully ; because 
 the declaratory act was without qualification; and the repeal 
 of the stamp-act total This they did in the situation I have 
 described. 
 
 Now, Sir, what will the adversary say to both these acts ? 
 If the principle of the declaratory act was not good, the prin- 
 ciple we are contending for this day is monstrous. If the prin- 
 ciple of the repeal was not good, w^hy are we not at war for a 
 real, substantial, effective revenue? If both were bad, why 
 has this ministry incurred all the inconveniences of both and 
 of all schemes ? Why have they enacted, repealed, enforced, 
 yielded, and now attempt to enforce again ? 
 
 Sir, I think I may as well now, as at any other time, speak 
 to a certain matter of fact, not wholly unrelated to the question 
 under your consideration. We, who would persuade you to 
 revert to the ancient pohcy of this kingdom, labor under the 
 effect of this short current phrase, which the court leaders have 
 given out to all their corps, in order to take away the credit of 
 those who would prevent you from that frantic war you are 
 going to wage upon your colonies. Their cant is this ; " All 
 
80 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 the disturbances in America have been created by the repeal 
 of the stamp act." I suppress for a moment my indignation at 
 the falsehood, baseness, and absurdity of this most audacious 
 assertion. Instead of remarking on the motives and character 
 of those w^ho have issued it for circulation, I v^ill clearly lay 
 before you the state of America, antecedently to that repeal ; 
 after the repeal; and since the renewal of the schemes of 
 American taxation. 
 
 It is said, that the disturbances, if there were any, before the 
 repeal, were slight; and without difficulty or inconvenience 
 might have been suppressed. For an answer to this assertion 
 I will send you to the great author and patron of the stamp 
 act, who certainly meaning well to the authority of this coun- 
 try, and fully apprized of the state of that, made, before a 
 repeal was so much as agitated in this house, the motion which 
 is on your journals ; and which, to save the clerk the trouble 
 of turning to it, I will now read to you. It was for an amend- 
 ment to the address of the 1 7th of December, 1765 : 
 
 " To express our just resentment and indignation at the out- 
 rageous tumults and insurrections which have been excited and 
 carried on in North America ; and at the resistance given hy open 
 and rebellious force, to the execution of the laws in that part of his 
 majesty's dominions. And to assure his majesty, that his faithful 
 commons, animated with the warmest duty and attachment to his 
 royal person and government, will firmly and effectually support 
 his majesty in all such measures as shall be necessary for pre- 
 serving and supporting the legal dependence of the colonies on the 
 mother country, &c. &c. 
 
 Here was certainly a disturbance preceding the repeal ; such 
 a disturbance as Mr. Grenville thought necessary to qualify by 
 the name of an insurrection, and the epithet of a rebellious 
 force : terms much stronger than any, by which, those who 
 then supported this motion, have ever since thought proper to 
 distinguish the subsequent disturbances in America. They 
 were disturbances which seemed to him and his friends to jus- 
 tify as strong a promise of support, as hath been usual to give 
 in the beginning of a war with the most powerful and declared 
 enemies. When the accounts of the American governors came 
 before the house, they appeared stronger even than the warmth 
 of public imagination had painted them ; so much stronger, 
 that the papers on your table bear me out in saying, that all 
 the late disturbances, which have been at one time the minis- 
 ter's motives for the repeal of five out of six of the new court 
 taxesj and are now his pretences for refusing to repeal that 
 sixth, did not amount — ^why do I compare them ? no, not to a 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 81 
 
 tenth part of the tumuUs and violence which prevailed long 
 before the repeal of that act. 
 
 Ministry cannot refuse the authority of the commander in 
 chief, general Gage, who, in his letter of the 4th of November, 
 from New York, thus represents the state of things : 
 
 " It is difficult to say, from the highest to the lowest, who has 
 not been accessary to this insurrection, either by writing or 
 mutual agreements to oppose the act, by what they are pleased to 
 term all legal opposition to it Nothing effectual has been proposed, 
 either to prevent or quell the tumult. The rest of the provinces 
 are in the same situation as to a positive refusal to take the 
 stamps ; and threatening those who shall take them, to plunder and 
 murder them ; and this affair stands in all the provinces, that 
 unless the act, from its own nature, enforce itself, nothing but a 
 very considerable military force can do if^ 
 
 It is remarkable. Sir, that the persons who formerly trum- 
 peted forth the most loudly, the violent resolutions of assem- 
 blies ; the universal insurrections ; the seizing and burning the 
 stamped papers ; the forcing the stamp officers to resign their 
 commissions under the gallows; the riffing and pulling down 
 the houses of magistrates ; and the expulsion from their country 
 of all who dared to write or speak a single word in defence of 
 the powers of parliament ; these very trumpeters are now the 
 men that represent the whole as a mere trifle ; and choose to 
 date all the disturbances from the repeal of the stamp act, 
 which put an end to them. Hear your officers abroad, and let 
 them refute this shameless falsehood, who, in all their corre- 
 spondence, state the disturbances as owing to their true causes, 
 the discontent of the people, from the taxes. You have this 
 evidence in your own archives — and it will give you complete 
 satisfaction; if you are not so far lost to all parliamentary 
 ideas of information, as rather to credit the lie of the day, than 
 the records of your own house. 
 
 Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced 
 into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another; but 
 they shall have no refuge ; I will make them bolt out of all their 
 holes. Conscious that they must be baffled, when they attribute 
 a precedent disturbance to a subsequent measure, they take the 
 other ground, almost as absurd, but very common in modern 
 practice, and very wicked ; which is, to attribute the ill effect 
 of ill-judged conduct to the arguments which had been used 
 to dissuade us from it. They say, that the opposition made in 
 parhament to the stamp act at the time of its passing, encour- 
 aged the Americans to their resistance. This has even formally 
 appeared in print in a regular volume, from an advocate of that 
 faction, a Dr. Tucker. This Dr. Tucker is already a dean, 
 
 L 
 
82 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 and his earnest labors in this vineyard will, I suppose, raise him 
 to a bishopric. But this assertion too, just Hke the rest, is false. 
 In all the papers which have loaded your table ; in all the vast 
 crowd of verbal witnesses that appeared at your bar, witnesses 
 which were indiscriminately produced from both sides of the 
 house ; not the least hint of such a cause of disturbance has 
 appeared. As to the fact of a strenuous opposition to the 
 stamp act, I sat as a stranger in your gallery when the act 
 was under consideration. Far from anything inflammatory, I 
 never heard a more languid debate in this house. No more 
 than two or three gentlemen, as I remember, spoke against the 
 act, and that with great reserve and remarkable temper. There 
 was but one division in the whole progress of the bill ; and the 
 minority did not reach to more than 39 or 40. In the house 
 of lords I do not recollect that there was any debate or division 
 at all. I am sure there was no protest. In fact, the affair 
 passed with so very, very little noise, that in town they scarcely 
 knew the nature of what you were doing. The opposition to 
 the bill in England never could have done this mischief, 
 because there scarcely ever was less of opposition to a bill of 
 consequence. 
 
 Sir, the agents and distributors of falsehoods have, with their 
 usual industry, circulated another lie of the same nature with 
 the former. It is this, that the disturbances arose from the 
 account which had been received in America of the change in 
 the ministry. No longer awed, it seems, with the spirit of the 
 former rulers, they thought themselves a match for what our 
 calumniators choose to quahfy by the name of so feeble a min- 
 istry as succeeded. Feeble in one sense these men certainly 
 may be called ; for with all their effbrts, and they have made i 
 many, they have not been able to resist the distempered vigor, I 
 and insane alacrity with which you are rushing to your ruin. 
 But it does so happen, that the falsity of this circulation is (Hke 
 the rest) demonstrated by indisputable dates and records. | 
 
 So little was the change known in America, that the letters j 
 of your governors, giving an account of these disturbances j 
 long after they had arrived at their highest pitch, w^ere all ' 
 directed to the old ministry, and particularly to the earl of Hal- 
 ifax, the secretary of state corresponding with the colonies, 
 without once in the smallest degree intimating the slightest 
 suspicion of any ministerial revolution whatsoever. The ministry 
 was not changed in England until the 10th day of July, 1765. 
 On the 14th of the preceding June, governor Fauquier from 
 Virginia writes thus ; and writes thus to the earl of Halifax : 
 ^' Government is set at defiance, not having strength enough in 
 her hands to enforce obedience to the laws of the community. The 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 83 
 
 private distress, which every man feels, increases the general dis- 
 satisfaction at the duties laid by the stamp act, which breaks out, 
 and shows itself upon every trifling occasion." The general dis- 
 satisfaction had produced, some time before, that is, on the 29th 
 of May, several strong public resolves against the stamp act ; 
 and those resolves are assigned by governor Bernard, as the 
 cause of the insurrections in Massachusetts Bay, in his letter of 
 the 15th of August, still addressed to the earl of Halifax; and 
 he continued to address such accounts to that minister quite to 
 the 7th of September of the same year. Similar accounts, and 
 of as late a date, were sent from other governors, and all 
 directed to lord Halifax. Not one of these letters indicates 
 the slightest idea of a change, either known, or even appre- 
 hended. 
 
 Thus are blown away the insect race of courtly falsehoods ! 
 thus perish the miserable inventions of the wretched runners 
 for a wretched cause, which they have fly-blown into every 
 weak and rotten part of the country, in vain hopes that when 
 their maggots had taken wing, their importunate buzzing might 
 sound something like the public voice ! 
 
 Sir, I have troubled you sufficiently with the state of Ame- 
 rica before the repeal. Now I turn to the honorable gentleman 
 who so stoutly challenges us, to tell, whether, after the repeal, 
 the provinces were quiet? This is coming home to the point. 
 Here I meet him directly ; and answer most readily. They were 
 quiet. And I, in my turn, challenge him to prove when, and 
 where, and by whom, and in what numbers, and with what 
 violence, the other laws of trade, as gentlemen assert, were 
 violated in consequence of your concession ? or that even your 
 other revenue laws were attacked? But I quit the vantage- 
 ground on which I stand, and where I might leave the burthen 
 of the proof upon him : I walk down upon the open plain, and 
 undertake to show, that they were not only quiet, but showed 
 many unequivocal marks of acknowledgment and gratitude. 
 And to give him every advantage, I select the obnoxious colony 
 of Massachusetts Bay, which at this time (but without hearing 
 her) is so heavily a culprit before parliament — I will select their 
 proceedings even under circumstances of no small irritation. 
 For, a little imprudently, I must say, governor Bernard mixed 
 in the administration of the lenitive of the repeal no small 
 acrimony arising from matters of a separate nature. Yet see, 
 Sir, the effect of that lenitive, though mixed with these bitter 
 ingredients ; and how this rugged people can express themselves 
 on a measure of concession. 
 
 " If it is not in our power" (say they in their address to 
 governor Bernard) " in so full a manner as will be expected, to 
 
84 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 show our respectful gratitude to the mother country, or to make a 
 dutiful and affectionate return to the indulgence of the king and 
 parliament, it shall he no fault of ours; for this we intend, and 
 hope lue shall be able fully to effect." 
 
 Would to God that this temper had been cultivated, managed, 
 and set in action ! other effects than those which we have since 
 felt would have resulted from it. On the requisition for com- 
 pensation to those who had suffered from the violence of the 
 populace, in the same address they say, " The recommendation 
 enjoined by Mr. Secretary Conway^s letter, and in consequence 
 (hereof made to us, we will embrace the first convenient opportunity 
 to consider and actupon." They did consider; they did act upon 
 it. They obeyed the requisition. I know the mode has been 
 chicaned upon; but it was substantially obeyed; and much 
 better obeyed, than I fear the parliamentary requisition of this 
 session will be, though enforced by all your rigor, and backed 
 with all your power. In a word, the damages of popular fury 
 were compensated by legislative gravity. Almost every other 
 part of America in various ways demonstrated their gratitude. 
 I am bold to say, that so sudden a calm recovered after so 
 violent a storm is without parallel in history. To say that no 
 other disturbance should happen from any other cause, is folly. 
 But as far as appearances went, by the judicious sacrifice of one 
 law, you procured an acquiescence in all that remained. After 
 this experience, nobody shall persuade me, when a whole people 
 are concerned, that acts of lenity are not means of conciliation. 
 
 I hope the honorable gentleman has received a fair and full 
 answer to his question. 
 
 I have done with the third period of your policy ; that of 
 your repeal ; and the return of your ancient system, and your 
 ancient tranquilHty and concord. Sir, this period was not as 
 long as it was happy. Another scene was opened, and other 
 actors appeared on the stage. The state, in the condition I 
 have described it, was dehvered into the hands of Lord Chatham 
 — a great and celebrated name ; a name that keeps the name 
 of this country respectable in every other on the globe. It 
 may be truly called, 
 
 Clarum et venerabile nomen 
 Gentibus, et multum nostrsB quod proderat urbi. 
 
 ^ Sir, the venerable age of this great man, his merited rank, 
 his superior eloquence, his splendid qualities, his eminent services, 
 the vast space he fills in the eye of mankind ; and, more than 
 all the rest, his fall from power, which, like death, canonizes 
 and sanctifies a great character, \\i\\ not suffer me to censure 
 any part of his conduct. I am afraid to flatter him ; I am sure- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 85 
 
 I. am not disposed to blame him. Let those who have betrayed 
 him by their adulation, insnlt him with their malevolence. But 
 what I do not presume to censure, I may have leave to lament. 
 For a wise man, he seemed to me, at that time, to be governed 
 too much by general maxims. I speak with the freedom of 
 history, and I hope without ofience. One or two of these 
 maxims, flowing from an opinion not the most indulgent to our 
 unhappy species, and surely a little too general, led him into 
 measures that were greatly mischievous to himself; and for 
 that reason, among others, perhaps fatal to his country ; 
 measures, the etfects of which, I am afraid, are for ever incura- 
 ble. He made an administration, so checkered and speckled ; 
 he put together a piece of joinery, so crossly indented and 
 whimsicallv dove-tailed; a cabinet so variously inlaid; such a 
 piece of diversified Mosaic ; such a tesselated pavement without 
 cement ; here a bit of black stone, and there a bit of white ; 
 patriots and courtiers, king's friends and republicans ; w^higs 
 and tories ; treacherous friends and open enemies : that it was 
 indeed a very curious show ; but utterly unsafe to touch, and 
 unsure to stand on. The colleagues whom he had assorted at 
 the same boards, stared at each other, and were obliged to ask, 
 *' Sir, your name? — Sir, you have the advantage of me — Mr. 
 Such-a-one — I beg a thousand pardons — " I venture to say, it 
 did so happen, that persons had a single office divided between 
 them, who had never spoke to each other in their lives ; until 
 they found themselves, they knew not how, pigging together, 
 heads and points, in the same truckle-bed. 
 
 Sir, in consequence of this arrangement, having put so much 
 the larger part of his enemies and opposers into power, the 
 confusion was such, that his own principles could not possibly 
 have any effect or influence in the conduct of affairs. If ever 
 he fell into a fit of the gout, or if any other cause withdrew 
 him from pubhc cares, principles directly the contrary w^ere 
 sure to predominate. When he had executed his plan, he had 
 not an inch of ground to stand upon. When he had accom- 
 plished his scheme of administration, he was no longer a 
 minister. 
 
 W^hen his face was hid but for a moment, his whole system 
 was on a wide sea, without chart or compass. The gentle- 
 men, his particular friends, w^ho, with the names of various 
 departments of ministry, were admitted, to seem, as if they 
 acted a part under him., with a modesty that becomes all men, 
 and with a confidence in him, which was justified even in its 
 extravagance by his superior abilities, had never, in any in- 
 stance, presumed upon any opinion of their own. Deprived 
 of his guiding influence, thev were whirled about, the sport 
 
 8 
 
86 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 1 
 
 of every gust, and easily driven into any port ; and as thoge 
 who joined vi^ith them in manning the vessel v^^ere the most di- 
 rectly opposite to his opinions, measures, and character, and 
 far the most artful and most pov^^erful of the set, they easily 
 prevailed, so as to seize upon the vacant, unoccupied, and 
 derelict minds of his friends; and instantly they turned the 
 vessel wholly out of the course of his policy. As if it were 
 to insult as well as to betray him, even long before the close 
 of the first session of his administration, when everything was 
 pubhcly transacted, and with great parade, in his name, they 
 made an act, declaring it highly just and expedient to raise a 
 revenue in America. For even then, Sir, even before the 
 splendid orb was entirely set, and while the western horizon 
 was in a blaze with his descending glory, on the opposite quar- 
 ter of the heavens arose another luminary, and, for his hour, 
 became lord of the ascendant. 
 
 This light too is passed and set for ever. You understand, 
 to be sure, that I speak of Charles Townshend, officially the 
 reproducer of this fatal scheme; whom I cannot even now 
 remember without some degree of sensibility. In truth. Sir, 
 he was the delight and ornament of this house, and the charm 
 of every private society which he honored with his presence. 
 Perhaps there never arose in this country, nor in any country,! 
 a man of a more pointed and finished wit: and (where hisi 
 passions were not concerned) of a more refined, exquisite, and 
 penetrating judgment. If he had not so great a stock, as some 
 have had who flourished formerly, of knowledge long trea- 
 sured up, he knew better by far, than any man I ever was ac- 
 quainted with, how to bring together, within a short time, all 
 that was necessary to establish, to illustrate, and to decorate 
 that side of the question he supported. He stated his matter 
 skilfully and powerfully. He particularly excelled in a most 
 luminous explanation, and display of his subject. His style 
 of argument was neither trite and vulgar, nor subtle and ab- 
 struse. He hit the house just between wind and water. And 
 not being troubled with too anxious a zeal for any matter inl 
 question, he was never more tedious, or more earnest, than' 
 the preconceived opinions and present temper of his hearers 
 required; to whom he was always in perfect unison. He con-, 
 formed exactly to the temper of the house ; and he seemed to 
 guide, because he was always sure to follow it. 
 
 I beg pardon. Sir, if, when I speak of this and of other 
 great men, I appear to digress in saying something of their 
 characters. In this eventful history of the revolutions of 
 America, the characters of such men are of much importance. 
 Great men are the guide-posts and land-marks in the state. 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 87 
 
 The credit of such men at court, or in the nation, is the sole 
 cause of all the public measures. It would be an invidious 
 thing (most foreign, I trust, to what you think my disposition) 
 to remark the errors into which the authority of great names 
 has brought the nation, without doing justice at the same time 
 to the great qualities, whence that authority arose. The sub- 
 ject is instructive to those who wish to form themselves on 
 whatever of excellence has gone before them. There are 
 many young members in the house (such of late has been the 
 rapid succession of pubHc men) who never saw that prodigy, 
 Charles Townshend ; nor of course know what a ferment he 
 was able to excite in everything by the violent ebullition of 
 his mixed virtues and failings. For failings he had, undoubt- 
 edly — many of us remember them; we are this day consider- 
 ing the effect of them. But he had no faihngs which were 
 not owing to a noble cause ; to an ardent, generous, perhaps 
 an immoderate passion for fame ; a passion which is the in- 
 stinct of all great souls. He worshipped that goddess where- 
 soever she appeared ; but he paid his particular devotions to 
 her in her favorite habitation, in her chosen temple, the house 
 of commons. Besides the characters of the individuals that 
 compose our body, it is impossible, Mr. Speaker, not to ob- 
 serve, that this house has a collective character of its own. 
 That character too, however imperfect, is not unamiable. 
 Like all great public collections of men, you possess a marked 
 love of virtue, and an abhorrence of vice. But among vices, 
 there is none, which the house abhors in the same degree with 
 obstinacy. Obstinacy, Sir, is certainly a great vice ; and in 
 the changeful state of political affairs, it is frequently the cause 
 of great mischief. It happens, however, very unfortunately, 
 that almost the whole line of the great and masculine virtues, 
 constancy, gravity, magnanimity, fortitude, fidelity, and firm- 
 ness, are closely allied to this disagreeable quality, of which 
 you have so just an abhorrence; and in their excess, all these 
 virtues very easily fall into it. He, who paid such a punc- 
 tihous attention to all your feehngs, certainly took care not to 
 shock them by that vice which is the most disgustful to you. 
 
 That fear of displeasing those who ought most to be pleased, 
 betrayed him sometimes into the other extreme. He had voted, 
 and in the year 1765, had been an advocate for the stamp act. 
 Things and the disposition of men's minds were changed. In 
 short, the stamp act began to be no favorite in this house. He 
 therefore attended at the private meeting, in which the resolu- 
 tions moved by a right honorable gentleman were settled; 
 resolutions leading to the repeal. The next day he voted for 
 that repeal ; and he would have spoken for it too, if an illness. 
 
88 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 (not as was then given out, a political) but to my knowledge, a 
 very real illness, had not prevented it. 
 
 The very next session, as the fashion of this world passeth 
 away, the repeal began to be in as bad an odor in this house 
 as the stamp act had been in the session before. To conform 
 to the temper which began to prevail, and to prevail mostly 
 . amongst those most in power, he declared, very early in the 
 winter, that a revenue must be had out of America. Instantly 
 he was tied down to his engagements by some, who had no 
 objection to such experiments, when made at the cost of persons 
 for whom they had no particular regard. The whole body of 
 courtiers drove him onward. They always talked as if the 
 king stood in a sort of humiliated state, until something of the 
 kind should be done. 
 
 Here this extraordinary man, then chancellor of the exche- 
 quer, found himself in great straits. To please universally was 
 the object of his life ; but to tax and to please, no more than to 
 love and to be wise, is not given to men. However he attempt- 
 ed it. To render the tax palatable to the partisans of American 
 revenue, he made a preamble stating the necessity of such a 
 revenue. To close with the American distinction, this revenue 
 was external or port-duty ; but again, to soften it to the other 
 party, it was a duty of supply. To gratify the colonists, it was 
 laid on British manufactures ; to satisfy the merchants of Bri- 
 tain, the duty was trivial, and (except that on tea, which 
 touched only the devoted East India company) on none of the 
 grand objects of commerce. To counterwork the American 
 contraband, the duty on tea was reduced from a shilling to 
 three-pence. But to secure the favor of those who would tax 
 America, the scene of collection was changed, and, with the 
 rest, it was levied in the colonies. What need I say more? 
 This finespun scheme had the usual fate of all exquisite pohcy. 
 But the original plan of the duties, and the mode of executing 
 that plan, both arose singly and solely from a love of our 
 applause. He was truly the child of the house. He never 
 thought, did, or said anything, but with a view to you. He 
 every day adapted himself to your disposition; and adjusted 
 himself before it as at a looking-glass. 
 
 He had observed (indeed it could not escape him) that seve- 
 ral persons, infinitely his inferiors in all respects, had formerly 
 rendered themselves considerable in this house by one method 
 alone. They were a race of men (I hope in God the species is 
 extinct), who, when they rose in their place, no man living 
 could divine, from any known adherence to parties, to opinions, 
 or to principles ; from any order or system in their politics ; or 
 from any sequel or connexion in their ideas, what part they 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 89 
 
 were going to take in any debate. It is astonishing how much 
 this uncertainty, especially at critical times, called the attention 
 of all parties on such men. All eyes were Jfixed on them, all 
 ears open to hear them ; each party gaped, and looked alter- 
 nately for their vote, almost to the end of their speeches. 
 While the house hung in this uncertainty, now the hear-hims 
 rose from this side — now they rebellowed from the other ; and 
 that party to whom they fell at length from their tremulous and 
 dancing balance, always received them in a tempest of applause. 
 The fortune of such men was a temptation too great to be 
 resisted by one, to whom, a single whifF of incense withheld 
 gave much greater pain, than he received delight, in the clouds 
 of it, which daily rose about him from the prodigal superstition 
 of innumerable admirers. He was a candidate for contradic- 
 tory honors ; and his great aim was to make those agree in 
 admiration of him who never agreed in anything else. 
 
 Hence arose this unfortunate act, the subject of this day's 
 debate ; from a disposition which, after making an American 
 revenue to please one, repealed it to please others, and again 
 revived it in hopes of pleasing a third, and of catching some- 
 thing in the ideas of all. 
 
 This revenue act of 1767, formed the fourth period of Ameri- 
 can policy. How we have fared since then — what woful 
 variety of schemes have been adopted; what enforcing, and 
 what repealing ; what bullying, and what submitting ; what 
 doing, and undoing ; what straining, and what relaxing ; what 
 assembhes dissolved for not obeying, and called again without 
 obedience; what troops sent out to quell resistance, and on 
 meeting that resistance, recalled ; what shiftings, and changes, 
 and jumblings of all kinds of men at home, which left no possi- 
 bility of order, consistency, vigor, or even so much as a decent 
 unity of color in any one pubhc measure ! — It is a tedious, irk- 
 some task. My duty may call me to open it out some other 
 time ; on a former occasion I tried your temper on a part of it; 
 for the present I shall forbear. 
 
 After all these changes and agitations, your immediate situa- 
 tion upon the question on your paper is at length brought to 
 this. You have an act of parhament, stating, that, *'it is 
 expedient to raise a revenue in America." By a partial repeal 
 you annihilated the greatest part of that revenue, which this 
 preamble declares to be so expedient. You have substituted no 
 other in the place of it. A secretary of state has disclaimed, 
 in the king's name, all thoughts of such a substitution in future. 
 The principle of this disclaimer goes to what has been left, as 
 well as what has been repealed. The tax which lingers after 
 its companions, (under a preamble declaring an American 
 
 M 
 
90 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 revenue expedient, and for the sole purpose of supporting the 
 theory of that preamble) militates with the assurance authenti- 
 cally conveyed to the colonies ; and is an exhaustless source of 
 jealousy and animosity. On this state, which I take to be a 
 fair one; not being able to discern any grounds of honor, 
 advantage, peace, or power, for adhering either to the act or 
 to the preamble, I shall vote for the question which leads to the 
 repeal of both. 
 
 If you do not fall in with this motion, then secure something 
 to fight for, consistent in theory and valuable in practice. If 
 you must employ your strength, employ it to uphold you in 
 some honorable right, or some profitable wrong. If you are 
 apprehensive that the concession recommended to you, though 
 proper, should be a means of drawing on you further but 
 unreasonable claims, — why then employ your force in support- 
 ing that reasonable concession against those unreasonable 
 demands. You will employ it with more grace ; with better 
 effect; and with great probable concurrence of all the quiet 
 and rational people in the provinces ; who are now united with, 
 and hurried away by, the violent ; having indeed different dis- 
 positions, but a common interest. If you apprehend that on a 
 concession you shall be pushed by metaphysical process to the 
 extreme lines, and argued out of your whole authority, my 
 advice is this ; when you have recovered your old, your strong, 
 your tenable position, then face about — stop short — do nothing 
 more — reason not at all — oppose the ancient policy and prac- 
 tice of the empire, as a rampart against the speculations of 
 innovators on both sides of the question ; and you will stand on 
 great, manly, and sure ground. On this solid basis fix your 
 machines, and they will draw worlds towards you. 
 
 Your ministers, in their own and his majesty's name, have 
 already adopted the American distinction of internal and external 
 duties. It is a distinction, whatever merit it may have, that was 
 originally moved by the Americans themselves; and I think 
 they will acquiesce in it, if they are not pushed with too much 
 logic, and too little sense, in all the consequences. That is, if 
 external taxation be understood, as they and you understand it, 
 when you please, to be not a distinction of geography, but of 
 policy ; that is, a power for regulating trade, and not for sup- 
 porting estabhshments. The distinction, which is as nothing 
 with regard to right, is of most weighty consideration in practice. 
 Recover your old ground, and your old tranquillity — try it — I 
 am persuaded the Americans will compromise with you. When 
 confidence is once restored, the odious and suspicious summum 
 jus will perish, of course. The spirit of practicability, of 
 moderation, and mutual convenience, will never call in geomet- 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION 91 
 
 rical exactness as the arbitrator of an amicable settlement. 
 Consult and follow your experience. Let not the long story 
 with which I have exercised your patience, prove fruitless to 
 your interests. 
 
 For my part, I should choose (if I could have my wish) that 
 the proposition of the honorable gentleman for the repeal, could 
 go to America without the attendance of the penal bills. Alone 
 I could almost answer for its success. I cannot be certain of 
 its reception in the bad company it may keep. In such hetero- 
 geneous assortments, the most innocent person will lose the 
 effect of his innocency. Though you should send out this angel 
 of peace, yet you are sending out a destroying angel too ; and 
 what would be the effect of the conflict of these two adverse 
 spirits, or which would predominate in the end, is what I dare 
 not say: whether the lenient measures would cause American 
 passion to subside, or the severe would increase its fury — All 
 this is in the hand of Providence ; yet now, even now, I should 
 confide, in the prevailing virtue, and efficacious operation of 
 lenity, though working in darkness and in chaos, in the midst 
 of all this unnatural and turbid combination. I should hope it 
 might produce order and beauty in the end. 
 
 Let us. Sir, embrace some system or other, before we end f 
 this session. Do you mean to tax America, and to draw a \ 
 productive revenue from thence? If you do, speak out: name, I 
 fix, ascertain this revenue ; settle its quantity ; define its objects ; \ 
 provide for its collection ; and then fight when you have some- 
 thing to fight for. If you murder — rob ; if you kill, take posses- 
 sion: and do not appear in the character of madmen, as well as 
 assassins, violent, vindictive, bloody, and tyrannical, without 
 an object. But may better counsels guide you ! 
 
 Again, and again, revert to your old principles — seek peace 
 and ensue it — leave America, if she has taxable matter in her, 
 to tax herself. I am not here going into the distinctions of rights, 
 nor attempting to mark their boundaries. I do not enter into 
 these metaphysical distinctions ; I hate the very sound of them. 
 Leave the Americans as they anciently stood, and these distinc- 
 tions, born of our unhappy contest, will die along with it. 
 They and we, and their and our ancestors, have been happy 
 under that system. Let the memory of all actions in contra- 
 diction to that good old mode, on both sides, be extinguished 
 for ever. Be content to bind America by laws of trade ; you 
 have always done it. Let this be your reason for binding their 
 trade. Do not burthen them by taxes ; you were not used to 
 do so from the beginning. Let this be your reason for not 
 taxing. These are the arguments of states and kingdoms. 
 Leave the rest to the schools ;' for there only they may be dis- 
 
92 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 cussed with safety. But if, intemperately, unwisely, fatally, 
 you sophisticate and poison the very source of government, by 
 urging subtle deductions, and consequences odious to those you 
 govern, from the unlimited and illimitable nature of supreme 
 sovereignty, you will teach them by these means to call that 
 sovereignty itself in question. When you drive him hard, the 
 boar will surely turn upon the hunters. If that sovereignty 
 and their freedom cannot be reconciled, which will they take ? 
 They will cast your sovereignty in your face. Nobody will 
 be argued into slavery. Sir, let the gentlemen on the other 
 side call forth all their ability; let the best of them get up, and 
 tell me, what one character of liberty the Americans have, and 
 what one brand of slavery they are free from, if they are 
 bound, in their property and industry, by all the restraints you 
 can imagine on commerce, and at the same time are made 
 packhorses of every tax you choose to impose, without the least 
 share in granting them. When they bear the burthens of 
 unlimited monopoly, will you bring them to bear the burthens 
 of unlimited revenue too ? The EngUshman in America will 
 feel that this is slavery — that it is legal slavery, will be no 
 compensation, either to his feelings or his understanding. 
 
 A noble lord, who spoke some time ago, is full of the fire of 
 ingenuous youth; and when he has modelled the ideas of a 
 lively imagination by further experience, he will be an ornament 
 to his country in either house. He has said, that the Americans 
 are our children, and how can they revolt against their parent?" 
 He says, that if they are not free in their present state, England 
 is not free ; because Manchester, and other considerable places, , 
 are not represented. So then, because some towns in England 
 are not represented, America is to have no representative at all. 
 They are " our children ;" but when children ask for bread, 
 we are not to give a stone. Is it because the natural resistance 
 of things, and the various mutations of time, hinder our 
 government, or any scheme of government, from being any 
 more than a sort of approximation to the right, is it therefore 
 that the colonies are to recede from it infinitely 1 When this 
 child of ours wishes to assimilate to its parent, and to reflect 
 with a true filial resemblance the beauteous countenance of 
 British liberty ; are we to turn to them the shameful parts of 
 our constitution ? are we to give them our weakness for their 
 strength ? our opprobrium for their glory ; and the slough of 
 slavery, which we are not able to work off, to serve them for 
 their freedom ? 
 
 If this be the case, ask yourselves this question. Will they be 
 content in such a state of slavery ? if not, look to the conse- 
 quences. Reflect how you are to govern a people, who think 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 93 
 
 they ought to be free, and think they are not. Your scheme 
 yields no revenue ; it yields nothing but discontent, disorder, 
 disobedience ; and such is the state of America, that after 
 wading up to your eyes in blood, you could only end just where 
 you begun ; that is, to tax where no revenue is to be found, to 
 — my voice fails me; my inclination indeed carries me no 
 further — all is confusion beyond it. 
 
 Well, Sir, I have recovered a little, and before I sit down I 
 must say something to another point with which gentlemen 
 urge us. What is to become of the declaratory act asserting 
 the entireness of British legislative authority, if we abandon 
 the practice of taxation ? 
 
 For my part, I look upon the rights stated in that act, exactly 
 in the manner in which I viewed them on its very first proposi- 
 tion, and which I have often taken the hberty, with great humility, 
 to lay before you. I look, I say, on the imperial rights of Great 
 Britain, and the privileges which the colonists ought to enjoy 
 under these rights, to be just the most reconcilable things in the 
 world. The parliament of Great Britain sits at the head of her 
 extensive empire in two capacities : one as the local legislature 
 of this island, providing for all things at home, immediately, 
 and by no other instrument than the executive power. — The 
 other, and I think her nobler capacity, is what I call her impe- 
 rial character; in which, as from the throne of heaven, she 
 superintends all the several inferior legislatures, and guides and 
 controls them all without annihilating any. As all these 
 provincial legislatures are only co-ordinate to each other, they 
 ought all to be subordinate to her ; else they can neither preserve 
 mutual peace, nor hope for mutual justice, nor effectually afford 
 mutual assistance. It is necessary to coerce the' negligent, to 
 restrain the violent, and to aid the weak and deficient, by the 
 overruling plenitude of her power. She is never to intrude 
 into the place of the others, whilst they are equal to the com- 
 mon ends of their institution. But in order to enable parliament 
 to answer all these ends of provident and beneficent superin- 
 tendence, her powers must be boundless. The gentlemen who 
 think the powers of parliament limited, may please themselves 
 to talk of requisitions. But suppose the requisitions are not 
 obeyed 1 What ! Shall there be no reserved power in the empire, 
 to supply a deficiency which may weaken, divide, and dissipate 
 the whole ? We are engaged in war — the secretary of state 
 * calls upon the colonies to contribute — some would do it, I think 
 most would cheerfully furnish whatever is demanded — one or 
 two, suppose, hang back, and, easing themselves, let the stress 
 of the draft lie on the others — surely it is proper, that some 
 authority might legally say — " Tax 3^ourselves for the common 
 
94 MR. EiniKE'S SPEECH 
 
 supply, or parliament will do it for you." This backwardness 
 was, as I am told, actually the case of Pennsylvania for some 
 short time towards the beginning of the last war, owing to 
 some internal dissensions in the colony. But, whether the fact 
 were so, or otherwise, the case is equally to be provided for by 
 a competent sovereign power. But then this ought to be no 
 ordinary power ; nor ever used in the first instance. This is 
 what I meant, when I have said at various times, that I consider 
 the power of taxing in parliament as an instrument of empire, 
 and not as a means of supply. 
 
 Such, Sir, is my idea of the constitution of the British em- 
 pire, as distinguished from the constitution of Britain; and on 
 these grounds I think subordination and liberty may be suffi- 
 ciently reconciled through the whole ; whether to serve a re- 
 fining speculatist, or a factious demagogue, I know not ; but 
 enough surely for the ease and happiness of man. 
 
 Sir, whilst we held this happy course, we drew more from 
 the colonies than all the impotent violence of despotism ever 
 could extort from them. We did this abundantly in the last 
 war. It has never been once denied — and what reason have 
 we to imagine that the colonies would not have proceeded 
 in supplying government as liberally, if you had not stepped 
 in and hindered them from contributing, by interrupting the 
 channel in which their liberality flowed with so strong a 
 course; by attempting to take, instead of being satisfied to 
 receive ? Sir WilKam Temple says, that Holland has loaded 
 itself with ten times the impositions which it revolted from 
 Spain, rather than submit to. He says true. Tyranny is a 
 poor provider. It knows neither how to accumulate, nor how 
 to extract. 
 
 I charge therefore to this new and unfortunate system the 
 loss not only of peace, of union, and of commerce, but even 
 of revenue, which its friends are contending for. — It is morally 
 certain, that we have lost at least a million of free grants since 
 the peace. I think we have lost a great deal more; and that 
 those who look for a revenue from the provinces, never could 
 have pursued, even in that fight, a course more directly re- 
 pugnant to their purposes. 
 
 Now, Sir, I trust I have shown, first on that narrow ground 
 which the honorable gentleman measured, that you are like 
 to lose nothing by complying with the motion, except what 
 you have lost already. I have shown afterwards, that in time 
 of peace you flourished in commerce, and when war required 
 it, had sufficient aid from the colonies, while you pursued your 
 ancient poUcy ; that you threw everything into confusion when 
 you made the stamp-act ; and that you restored everything to 
 
ON AMERICAN TAXATION. 95 
 
 peace and order -when you repealed it. I have shown that 
 the revival of the system of taxation has produced the very 
 worst effects ; and that the partial repeal has produced, not 
 partial good, but universal evil. Let these considerations, 
 founded on facts, not one of which can be denied, bring us 
 back to our reason by the road of our experience. 
 
 I cannot, as I have said, answer for mixed measures : but 
 surely this mixture of lenity would give the whole a better 
 chance of success. When you once regain confidence, the 
 way will be clear before you. Then you may enforce the 
 act of navigation when it ought to be enforced. You will 
 yourselves open it where it ought still further to be opened. 
 Proceed in what you do, whatever you do, from policy, and 
 not from rancor. Let us act like men, let us act like states- 
 men. Let us hold some sort of consistent conduct. It is 
 agreed that a revenue is not to be had in America* If we lose 
 the profit, let us get rid of the odium. 
 
 ' On this business of America, I confess I am serious, even 
 to sadness. I have had but one opinion concerning it since I 
 sat, and before I sat in parliament. The noble lord will, as 
 usual, probably, attribute the part taken by me and my friends 
 in this business, to a desire of getting his places. Let him 
 enjoy this happy and original idea. If I deprived him of it, 
 I should take away most of his wit, and all his argument. 
 But I had rather bear the brunt of all his wit, and indeed 
 blows much heavier, than stand answ^erable to God for em- 
 bracing a system that tends to the destruction of some of the 
 very best and fairest of his works. But I know the map of 
 England, as well as the noble lord, or as any other person ; 
 and I know that the way I take is not the road to preferment. 
 My excellent and honorable friend under me on the floor, has 
 trod that road with great toil for upwards of twenty years 
 together. He is not yet arrived at the noble lord's destina- 
 tion. However, the tracks of my worthy friend are those 
 I have ever wished to follow ; because I know they lead to 
 honor. Long may we tread the same road together ; who- 
 ever may accompany us, or whoever may laugh^ at us on 
 our journey! I honestly and solemnly declare, I nave in all 
 seasons adhered to the system of 1766, for no other reason, 
 than that I think it laid deep in your truest interests — and 
 that, by Kmiting the exercise, it fixes on the firmest founda- 
 tions, a real, consistent, well-grounded authority in parliament. 
 Until you come back to that system, there will be no peace for 
 England. 
 
MR. BURKE'S SPEECH, 
 
 THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 
 
 Mr. Mayor, and Gentlemen, 
 
 I AM extremely pleased at the appearance of this large and : 
 respectable meeting. The steps I may be obliged to take will 
 want the sanction of a considerable authority ; and in explaining 
 anything which may appear doubtful in my pubhc conduct, I 
 must naturally desire a very full audience. 
 
 I have been backward to begin my canvass. — The dissolu- 
 tion of the parliament was uncertain ; and it did not become 
 me, by an unseasonable importunity, to appear diffident of the 
 fact of my six years' endeavors to please you. I had served 
 the city of Bristol honorably ; and the city of Bristol had no 
 reason to think, that the means of honorable service to the • 
 public, were become indifferent to me. 
 
 I found, on my arrival here, that three gentlemen had been 
 long in eager pursuit of an object which but two of us can 
 obtain. I found, that they had all met with encouragement. A 
 contested election in such a city as this, is no light thing. I 
 paused on the brink of the precipice. These three gentlemen, 
 by various merits, and on various titles, I made no doubt, were 
 worthy of your favor. I shall never attempt to raise myself 
 by depreciating the merits of my competitors. In the com- 
 plexity and confusion of these cross pursuits, I wished to take 
 the authentic public sense of my friends upon a business of so 
 much delicacy. I wished to take your opinion along with me ; 
 that if I should give up the contest at the very beginning, my 
 surrender of my post may not seem the effect of inconstancy, 
 or timidity, or anger, or disgust, or indolence, or any other 
 temper unbecoming a man who has engaged in the public ser- 
 vice. If, on the contrary, I should undertake the election, and 
 fail of success, I was full as anxious that it should be manifest 
 to the whole world, that the peace of the city had not been 
 broken by my rashness, presumption, or fond conceit of my 
 own merit. 
 
 I am not come, by a false and counterfeit show of deference 
 to your judgment, to seduce it in my favor. I ask it seriously 
 and unaffectedly. If you wish that I should retire, I shall not 
 
MR. BURKE'S SPEECH TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 97 
 
 consider that advice as a censure upon my conduct, or an 
 alteration in your sentiments ; but as a rational submission to 
 the circumstances of affairs. If, on the contrary you should 
 think it proper for me to proceed on my canvass, if you will 
 risk the trouble on your part, I will risk it on mine. My pre- 
 tensions are such as you cannot be ashamed of, whether they 
 succeed or fail. 
 
 If you call upon me, I shall sohcit the favor of the city upon 
 manly ground.' I come before you with the plain confidenco 
 of an honest servant in the equity of a candid and discerning 
 master. I come to claim your approbation, not to amuse you 
 with vain apologies, or with professions still more vain and 
 senseless. I have lived too long to be served by apologies, or to 
 stand in need of them. The part I have acted has been in open 
 day ; and to hold out to a conduct, which stands in that clear 
 and steady light for all its good and all its evil, to hold out to- 
 that conduct the paltry winking tapers of excuses and prom- 
 ises — I never will do it. They may obscure it with their 
 smoke ; but they never can illumine sunshine by such a flame 
 as theirs. 
 
 I am sensible that no endeavors have been left untried to 
 injure me in your opinion. But the use of character is to be a 
 shield against calumny. I could wish, undoubtedly (if idle 
 wishes were not the most idle of all things) to make every part 
 of my conduct agreeable to every one of my constituents. But 
 in so great a city, and so greatly divided as this, it is weak to 
 expect it. 
 
 In such a discordancy of sentiments, it is better to look to 
 the nature of things than to the humors of men. The very 
 attempt towards pleasing everybody, discovers a temper 
 always flashy, and often false and insincere. Therefore, as I 
 have proceeded straight onward in my conduct, so i will pro- 
 ceed in my account of those parts of it which have been most 
 excepted to. But I must first beg leave just to hint to you, that 
 we may suffer very great detriment by being open to every 
 talker. It is not to be imagined how much of service is lost 
 from spirits full of activity, and full of energy, who are press- 
 ing, who are rushing forward, to great and capital objects, 
 when you oblige them to be continually looking back. Whilst 
 ihey are defending one service, they defraud you of a hundred. 
 Applaud us when we run ; console us when we fall ; cheer us 
 when we recover; but let us pass on— for God's sake let 
 us pass on. 
 
 Do you think, gentlemen, that every public act in the six years 
 since I stood in this place before you — that all the arduous 
 things which have been done in this eventful period, which has 
 
 N 9 
 
98 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 crowded into a few years' space the revolutions of an age, can 
 be opened to you on their fair grounds in half an hour's con- 
 versation? 
 
 But it is no reason, because there is a bad mode of inquiry, 
 that there should be no examination at all. Most certainly it 
 is our duty to examine ; it is our interest too. — But it must be 
 with discretion ; with an attention to all the circumstances, and 
 to all the motives; like sound judges, and not like cavilling 
 pettifoggers and quibbhng pleaders, prying into flaws and 
 hunting for exceptions. Look, gentlemen, to the whole tenor of 
 your member's conduct. Try whether his ambition or his 
 avarice has justled him out of the straight line of duty ; or 
 whether that grand foe of the offices of active life, that master- 
 vice in men of business, a degenerate and inglorious sloth, has 
 made him flag, and languish in his course. This is the object 
 of our inquiry. If our member's conduct can bear this touch, 
 mark it for sterling. He may have fallen into errors ; he must 
 have faults ; but our error is greater, and our fault is radically . 
 ruinous to ourselves, if we do not bear, if we do not even 
 applaud, the whole compound and mixed mass of such a char- 
 acter. Not to act thus is folly ; I had almost said it is impiety. 
 He censures God, who quarrels with the imperfections of man. 
 
 Gentlemen, we must not be peevish with those who serve 
 the people. For none will serve us whilst there is a court to 
 serve, but those who are of a nice and jealous honor. They 
 who think everything, in comparison of that honor, to be dust 
 and ashes, will not bear to have it soiled and impaired by those " 
 for whose sake they make a thousand sacrifices to preserve it 
 immaculate and whole. We shall either drive such men from I 
 the public stage, or we shall send them to the court for pro- 1 
 tection: where, if they must sacrifice their reputation, they I 
 will at least secure their interest. Depend upon it, that the 
 lovers of freedom will be free. ' None will violate their con- 
 science to please us, in order afterwards to discharge that 
 conscience, which they have violated, by doing us faithful and 
 affectionate service. If we degrade and deprave their minds 
 by servility, it will be absurd to expect, that they who are 
 creeping and abject towards us, will ever be bold and incor- 
 ruptible asserters of our freedom, against the most seducing 
 and the most formidable of all powers. No. Human nature 
 is not so formed : nor shall we improve the faculties or better 
 the morals of public men, by our possession of the niost infal- 
 lible receipt in the world for making cheats and hypocrites. 
 
 Let me say with plainness, I who am no longer in a public 
 character, that if by a fair, by an indulgent, by a gentlemanly 
 behavior to our representatives, we do not give confidence 
 
 m 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 99 
 
 to their minds, and a liberal scope to their understandings ; if 
 we do not permit our members to act upon a very enlarged 
 view of things, we shall at length infallibly degrade our na- 
 tional representation into a confused and scuffling bustle of 
 local agency. When the popular member is narrowed in 
 his ideas, and rendered timid in his proceedings, the service 
 of the crown will be the sole nursery of statesmen. Among 
 the frohcs of the court, it may at length take that of attending 
 to its business. Then the monopoly of mental power will be 
 added to the power of all other kinds it possesses. On the 
 side of the people there will be nothing but impotence : for 
 ignorance is impotence; narrowness of mind is impotence; 
 timidity is itself impotence, and makes all other qualities that 
 go along with it, impotent and useless. 
 
 At present, it is the plan of the court to make its servants 
 insignificant. If the people should fall into the same humor, 
 and should choose their servants on the same principles of 
 mere obsequiousness, and flexibility, and total vacancy or in- 
 diiference of opinion in all public matters, then no part of the 
 state will be sound ; and it will be in vain to think of saving 
 of it. 
 
 I thought it very expedient at this time to give you this can- 
 did counsel ; and with this counsel I would willingly close, if 
 the matters which at various times have been objected to me 
 in this city concerned only myself, and my own election. 
 These charges, I think, are four in number — my neglect of a 
 due attention to my constituents — the not paying more fre- 
 quent visits here — my conduct on the affairs of the first Irish 
 trade acts — my opinion and mode of proceeding on lord Beau- 
 champ's debtor's bills — and my votes on the late affairs of the 
 Roman Cathohcs. All of these (except perhaps the first) re- 
 late to matters of very considerable public concern ; and it is 
 not lest you should censure me improperly, but lest you should 
 form improper opinions on matters of some moment to you, 
 that I trouble you at all upon the subject. My conduct is of 
 small importance. 
 
 With regard to the first charge, my friends have spoken to 
 me of it in the style of amicable expostulation ; not- so much 
 blaming the thing, as lamenting the effects. Others, less par- 
 tial to me, were less kind in assigning the motives. I admit, 
 there is a decorum and propriety in a member of parhament's 
 paying a respectful court to his constituents. If I were con- 
 scious to myself that pleasure or dissipation, or low unworthy 
 occupations, had detained me from personal attendance on 
 you, I would readily admit my fault, and quietly submit to the 
 penalty. But, gentlemen, I live a hundred miles' distance from 
 
100 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 Bristol; and at the end of a session I come to my own house, 
 fatigued in body and in mind, to a little repose, and to a very 
 little attention to my family and my private concerns. A visit 
 to Bristol is always a sort of canvass ; else it will do more 
 harm than good. To pass from the toils of a session to the 
 toils of a canvass, is the furthest thing in the world from re- 
 pose. I could hardly serve you as I have done, and court you 
 too. Most of you have heard, that I do not very remarkably 
 spare myself in public business ; and in the private business of 
 my constituents I have done very near as much as those who 
 have nothing else to do. My canvass of you was not on the 
 change, nor in the county meetings, nor in the clubs of this 
 city. It was in the house of commons ; it was at the custom- 
 house ; it was at the council ; it was at the treasury ; it was 
 at the admiralty. I canvassed you through your affairs, and 
 not your persons. I was not only your representative as a 
 body; I was the agent, the solicitor of individuals. I ran 
 about wherever your affairs could call me ; and in acting for 
 you, I often appeared rather as a ship-broker, than as a mem- 
 ber of parliament. There was nothing too laborious, or too 
 low, for me to undertake. The meanness of the business was 
 raised by the dignity of the object. If some lesser matters 
 have shpped through my fingers, it was because I filled my 
 hands too full; and, in my eagerness to serve you, took in 
 more than my hands could grasp. Several gentlemen stand 
 round me who are my willing witnesses ; and there are others 
 who, if they were here, would be still better; because they 
 would be unwilling witnesses to the same truth. It was in the 
 middle of a summer residence in London, and in the middle 
 of a negotiation at the admiralty for your trade, that I was 
 called to Bristol ; and this late visit, at this late day, has heen 
 possibly in prejudice to your affairs. 
 
 Since I have touched upon this matter, let me say, gentle- 
 men, that if I had a disposition, or a right to complain, I have 
 some cause of complaint on my side. With a petition of this 
 city in my hand, passed through the corporation without a 
 dissenting voice, a petition in unison with almost the whole 
 voice of the kingdom (with whose formal thanks I was cov- 
 ered over) while I labored on no less than five bills for a pub- 
 He reform, and fought against the opposition of great abilities, 
 and of the greatest power, every clause and every word of 
 the largest of those bills, almost to the very last day of a very 
 long session; all this time a canvass in Bristol was as calmly 
 carried on as if I were dead. I was considered as a man 
 wholly out of the question. Whilst I watched, and fasted, and 
 sweated in the house of commons — by the most easy and or- 
 
 I 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 101 
 
 dinary arts of election, by dinners and visits, by " How do 
 you dos," and *'My worthy friends," I was to be quietly 
 moved out of my seat — and promises were made, and engage- 
 ments entered into, without any exception or reserve, as if my 
 laborious zeal in my duty had been a regular abdication of 
 my trust. 
 
 To open my whole heart to you on this subject, I do con- 
 fess, however, that there were other times besides the two 
 years in which I did visit you, when I was not wholly without 
 leisure for repeating that mark of my respect. But I could 
 not bring my mind to see you. You remember, that in the 
 beginning of this American war (that era of calamity, dis- 
 grace, and downfall, an era which no feeling mind will ever 
 mention without a tear for England) you were greatly divided ; 
 and a very strong body, if not the strongest, opposed itself to 
 the madness which every art and every power were employed 
 to render popular, in order that the errors of the rulers might 
 be lost in the general blindness of the nation. This opposition 
 continued until after our great, but most unfortunate victory 
 at Long Island. Then all the mound and banks of our con- 
 stancy were borne down at once ; and the frenzy of the Ame- 
 rican war broke in upon us hke a deluge. This victory, which 
 seemed to put an immediate end to all difficulties, perfected us 
 in that spirit of domination, which our unparalleled prosperity 
 had but too long nurtured. We had been so very powerful, 
 and so very prosperous, that even the humblest of us were 
 degraded into the vices and follies of kings. We lost all mea- 
 sure between means and ends ; and our headlong desires be- 
 came our politics and our morals. All men who wished for 
 peace, or retained any sentiments of moderation, were over- 
 borne or silenced ; and this city was led by every artifice (and 
 probably with the more management, because I was one of 
 your members) to distinguish itself by its zeal for that fatal 
 cause. In this temper of yours and of my mind, I should 
 have sooner fled to the extremities of the earth, than have 
 shown myself here. I, who saw in every American victory 
 (for you have had a long series of these misfortunes) the germ 
 and seed of the naval power of France and Spain, which all 
 our heat and warmth against America was only hatching into 
 life. I should not have been a welcome visitant with the brow 
 and the language of such feelings. When, afterwards, the 
 other face of your calamity was turned upon you, and showed 
 itself in defeat and distress, I shunned you full as much. I 
 felt sorely this variety in our wretchedness; and I did not wish 
 to have the least appearance of insulting you with that show 
 of superiority, which, though it may not be assumed, is gene- 
 
 9# 
 
102 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 rally suspected in a time of calamity, from those whose pre- 
 vious warnings have been despised. I could not bear to show 
 you a representative whose face did not reflect that of his 
 constituents ; a face that could not joy in your joys, and sor- 
 row in your sorrows. But time at length has made us all of 
 one opinion; and we have all opened our eyes on the true na- 
 ture of the American war, to the true nature of all its suc- 
 cesses and all its failures. 
 
 In that public storm too I had my private feehngs. I had 
 seen blown down and prostrate on the ground several of those 
 houses to whom I was chiefly indebted for the honor this city 
 has done me. I confess that whilst the wounds of those I 
 loved were yet green, I could not bear to show myself in pride 
 and triumph in that place into which their partiality had brought 
 me, and to appear at feasts and rejoicings, in the midst of the 
 grief and calamity of my warm friends, my zealous supporters, 
 my generous benefactors. This is a true, unvarnished, undis- 
 guised state of the affair. You will judge of it. 
 
 This is the only one of the charges in which I am personally 
 concerned. As to the other matters objected against me, 
 which in their turn I shall mention to you, remember once 
 more I do not mean to extenuate or excuse. Why should I, 
 when the things charged are among those upon which I found 
 all my reputation? What would be left to me, if I myself was 
 the man, who softened, and blended, and diluted, and weakened, 
 all the distinguishing colors of my life, so as to leave nothing 
 distinct and determinate in my whole conduct? 
 
 It has been said, and it is the second charge, that in the 
 questions of the Irish trade, I did not consult the interest of my 
 constituents, or, to speak out strongly, that I rather acted as a 
 native of Ireland, than as an Enghsh member of parliament. 
 
 I certainly have very warm good wishes for the place of my 
 birth. But the sphere of my duties is my true country. It 
 was, as a man attached to your interests, and zealous for the 
 conservation of your power and dignity, that I acted on that 
 occasion, and on all occasions. You were involved in the 
 American war. A new world of. policy was opened, to which 
 it was necessary we should conform, whether we would or 
 not ; and my only thought was how to conform to our situation 
 in such a manner as to unite to this kingdom, in prosperity and 
 in affection, whatever remained of the empire. I was true to 
 my old, standing, invariable principle, that all things which 
 came fromx Great Britain, should issue as a gift of her bounty 
 and beneficence, rather than as claims recovered against a 
 struggUng litigant ; or at least, that if your beneficence obtained 
 no credit in your concessions, yet that they should appear the 
 
TO THE "ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 103 
 
 salutary provisions of your wisdom and foresight ; not as things 
 wrung from you with your blood, by the cruel gripe of a rigid 
 necessity. The first concessions, by beiug (much against my 
 will) mangled and stripped of the parts which were necessary 
 to make out their just correspondence and connexion in trade, 
 were of no use. The next year a feeble attempt was made to 
 bring the thing into better shape. This attempt (countenanced 
 by the minister) on the very first appearance of some popular 
 uneasiness, was, after a considerable progress through the 
 house, thrown out by Mm. 
 
 What was the consequence ? The whole kingdom of Ireland 
 was instantly in a flame. Threatened by foreigners, and, as 
 they thought, insulted by England, they resolved at once to 
 resist the power of France, and to cast off" yours. As for us, 
 we were able neither to protect nor to restrain them. Forty 
 thousand men were raised and disciplined without commission 
 from the crown. Two illegal armies were seen with banners 
 displayed at the same time, and in the same country. No 
 executive magistrate, no judicature, in Ireland, would acknow- 
 ledge the legality of the army which bore the king's commis- 
 sion ; and no law, or appearance of law, authorized the army 
 commissioned by itself. In this unexam.pled state of things, 
 which the least error, the least trespass on the right or left, 
 would have hurried down the precipice into an abyss of blood 
 and confusion, the people of Ireland demand a freedom of trade 
 with arms in their hands. They interdict all commerce be- 
 tween the two nations. They deny all new supply in the house 
 of commons, ahhough in time of war. They stint the trust of 
 the old revenue, given for two years to all the king's predeces- 
 sors, to six months. The British parliament, in a former 
 session frightened into a hmited concession by the menaces of 
 Ireland, frightened out of it by the menaces of England, was 
 now frightened back again, and made a universal surrender of 
 all that had been thought the peculiar, reserved, uncommuni- 
 cable rights of England;— the exclusive commerce of America, 
 of Africa, of the West Indies — all the enumerations of the acts 
 of navigation — all the manufactures, — iron, glass, even the last 
 pledge of jealousy and pride, the interest hid in the secret of 
 our hearts, the inveterate prejudice moulded into the constitu- 
 tion of our frame, even the secret fleece itself, all went together. 
 No reserve ; no exception ; no debate ; no discussion. A 
 sudden light broke in upon us all. It broke in, not through well 
 contrived and well disposed windows, but through flaws and 
 breaches ; through the yawning chasms of our ruin. We were 
 taught wisdom by humihation. . No town in England presumed 
 to have a prejudice, or dared to mutter a petition. What was 
 
104 .MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 worse, the whole parliament of England, which retained 
 authority for nothing but surrenders, was despoiled of every 
 shadow of its superintendence. It was, without any qualifica- 
 tion, denied in theory, as it had been trampled upon in practice. 
 This scene of shame and disgrace has, in a manner whilst I am 
 speaking, ended by the perpetual estabhshment of a military 
 power, in the dominions of this crown, without consent of the 
 British legislature, contrary to the policy of the constitution, 
 contrary to the declaration of right : and by this your liberties 
 are swept away along with your supreme authority — and both, 
 linked together from the beginning, have, I am afraid, both 
 together perished for ever. 
 
 What ! gentlemen, was I not to foresee, or foreseeing was I 
 not to endeavor to save you from all these multiplied mischiefs 
 and disgraces? Would the httle, silly, canvass prattle of 
 obeying instructions, and having no opinions but yours, and 
 such idle senseless tales, which amuse the vacant ears of un- 
 thinking men, have saved you from " the pelting of that pitiless 
 storm," to which the loose improvidence, the cowardly rash- 
 ness of those who dare not look danger in the face, so as to 
 provide against it in time, and therefore throw themselves 
 headlong into the midst of it, have exposed this degraded 
 nation, beat down and prostrate on the earth, unsheltered, 
 unarmed, unresisting ? Was I an Irishman on that day, that I 
 boldly withstood our pride ? or on the day that I hung down 
 my head, and wept in shame and silence over the humiliation 
 of Great Britain ? I became unpopular in England for the one, 
 and in Ireland for the other. What then ? What obligation 
 lay on me to be popular ? I was bound to serve both kingdoms. 
 To be pleased with my service, was their affair, not mine. 
 
 I was an Irishman in the Irish business, just as much as I 
 was an American, when, on the same principles, I wished you 
 to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession 
 at our feet. Just as much was I an American, when I wished 
 parliament to offer terms in victory, and not to wait the well 
 chosen hour of defeat, for making good by weakness, and by 
 supplication, a claim of prerogative, pre-eminence, and au- 
 thority. 
 
 Instead of requiring it from me, as a point of duty, to kindle 
 with your passions, had you all been as cool as I was, you 
 would have been saved disgraces and distresses that are unut- 
 terable. Do you remember our commission 1 We sent out a 
 solemn embassy across the Atlantic ocean, to lay the crown, 
 the peerage, the commons of Great Britain, at the feet of the 
 American congress. That our disgrace might want no sort of 
 brightening and burnishing, observe who they were that com- 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 105 
 
 posed this famous embassy. My lord Carlisle is among the 
 first ranks of our nobility. He is the identical man who but 
 two years before had been put forward, at the opening of a 
 session in the house of lords, as the mover of a haughty and 
 rigorous address against America. He was put in the front of 
 the embassy of submission. Mr. Eden was taken from the 
 office of lord Suffolk, to whom he was then under secretary of 
 state ; from the office of that lord Suffolk, who but a few weeks 
 before, in his place in parliament, did not deign to inquire 
 where a congress of vagrants was to be found. This lord 
 Suffolk sent Mr. Eden to find the vagrants, without knowing 
 where his king's generals were to be found, who were joined in 
 the same commission of supphcating those whom they were 
 sent to subdue. They enter the capital of America only to 
 abandon it; and these asserters and representatives of the dig- 
 nity of England, at the tail of a flying army, let fly their Par- 
 thian shafts of memorials and remonstrances at random behind 
 them. Their promises and their offers, their flatteries and their 
 menaces, were all despised ; and w^e were saved the disgrace 
 of their formal reception, only because the congress scorned to 
 receive them; whilst the state house of independent Phila- 
 delphia opened her doors to the public entry of the ambassador 
 of France. From w^ar and blood we went to submission; and 
 from submission plunged back again to war and blood ; to 
 desolate and be desolated, without measure, hope, or end. I 
 am a royalist : I blush for this degradation of the crown. I am 
 a whig ; I blush for the dishonor of parhament. I am a true 
 Enghshman : I felt to the quick for the disgrace of England. I 
 am a man : I felt for the melancholy reverse of human affairs, 
 in the fall of the first power in the world. 
 
 To read what was approaching in Ireland, in the black and 
 bloody characters of the American war, was a painful, but it 
 was a necessary part of my public duty. For, gentlemen, it is 
 not your fond desires or mine that can alter the nature of things; 
 by contending against which what have we got, or shall ever 
 get, but defeat and shame ? I did not obey your instructions ! 
 No. I conformed to the instructions of truth and nature, and 
 maintained your interest, against your opinions, with a con- 
 stancy that became me. A representative worthy of you, ought 
 to be a person of stability. I am to look, indeed, to your opin- 
 ions ; but to such opinions as you and I must have five years 
 hence. I was not to look to the flash of the day. I knew that 
 you chose me, in my place, along with others, to be a pillar of 
 the state, and not a weathercock on the top of the edifice, 
 exalted for my levity and versatility, and of no use but to indi- 
 cate the shiftings of every fashionable gale. Would to God, 
 
 O 
 
106 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 the value of my sentiments on Ireland and on America had 
 been at this day a subject of doubt and discussion ! No matter 
 what my sufferings had been, so that this kingdom had kept 
 the authority I wished it to maintain, by a grave foresight, and 
 by an equitable temperance in the use of its power. 
 
 The next article of charge on my public conduct, and that 
 which I find rather the most prevalent of all, is lord Beau- 
 champ's bill. I mean his bill of last session, for reforming the 
 law-process concerning imprisonment. It is said, to aggravate 
 the offence, that I treated the petition of this city with con- 
 tempt even in presenting it to the house, and expressed myself 
 in terms of marked disrespect. Had this latter part of the 
 charge been true, no merits on the side of the question which 
 I took, could possibly excuse me. But I am incapable of treating 
 this city with disrespect. Very fortunately, at this minute (if 
 my bad eyesight does not deceive me) the worthy gentleman 
 deputed on this business stands directly before me. To him I 
 appeal, whether I did not, though it militated with my oldest 
 and my most recent public opinions, deliver the petition with a 
 strong and more than usual recommendation to the consideration 
 of the house, on account of the character and consequence of 
 those who signed it. I believe the worthy gentleman will tell 
 you, that the very day I received it, I applied to the solicitor, 
 now the attorney general, to give it an immediate consideration ; 
 and he most obligingly and instantly consented to employ a 
 great deal of his very valuable time to write an explanation of 
 the bill. I attended the committee with all possible care and 
 diligence, in order that every objection of yours might meet 
 with a solution; or produce an alteration. I entreated your 
 learned recorder (always ready in business in which you take 
 a concern) to attend. But what will you say to those who 
 blame me for supporting lord Beauchamp's bill, as a disrespect- 
 ful treatment of your petition, when you hear, that out of respect 
 to you, I myself was the cause of the loss of that very bill ? 
 For the noble lord who brought it in, and who, I must say, has 
 much merit for this and some other measures, at my request 
 consented to put it off for a week, which the speaker's illness 
 lengthened to a fortnight; and then the frkntic tumult about 
 popery drove that and every rational business from the house. 
 So that if I chose to make a defence of myself, on the little 
 principles of a culprit, pleading in his exculpation, I might not 
 only secure my acquittal, but make merit with the opposers of 
 the bill. But I shall do no such thing. The truth is, that I did 
 occasion the loss of the bill, and by a delay caused by my 
 respect to you. But such an event was never in my contempla- 
 tion. And I am so far from taking credit for the defeat of that 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 107 
 
 measure, that I cannot sufficiently lament my misfortune, if but 
 one man, who ought to be at large, has passed a year in prison 
 by my means. I am a debtor to the debtors. I confess judg- 
 ment. I owe, what, if ever it be in my power, I shall most 
 certainly pay — ample atonement, and usurious amends to liberty 
 and humanity for my unhappy lapse. For, gentlemen, lord 
 Beauchamp's bill was a law of justice and policy, as far as it 
 went. I say as far as it went ; for its fault was its being, in the 
 remedial part, miserably defective. 
 
 There are two capital faults in our law with relation to civil 
 debts. One is, that every man is presumed solvent. A presump- 
 tion, in innumerable cases, directly against truth. Therefore 
 the debtor is ordered, on a supposition of ability and fraud, to 
 be coerced his liberty until he makes payment. By this means, 
 in all cases of civil insolvency, without a pardon from his 
 creditor, he is to be imprisoned for life : — and thus a miserable 
 mistaken invention of artificial science, operates to change a 
 civil into a criminal judgment, and to scourge misfortune or 
 indiscretion with a punishment which the law does not inflict 
 on the greatest crimes. 
 
 The next fault is, that the inflicting of that punishment is not 
 on the opinion of an equal and public judge ; but is referred to 
 the arbitrary discretion of a private, nay interested, and irritated, 
 individual. He, who formally is, and substantially ought to be, 
 the judge, is in reality no more than ministerial, a mere executive 
 instrument of a private man, who is at once judge and party. 
 Every idea of judicial order is subverted by this procedure. If 
 the insolvency be no crime, why is it punished with arbitrary 
 imprisonment? If it be a crime, why is it delivered into private 
 hands to pardon without discretion, or to punish without mercy 
 and without measure 1 
 
 To these faults, gross and cruel faults in our law, the excel- 
 lent principle of lord Beauchamp's bill applied some sort of 
 remedy. I know that credit must be preserved ; but equity 
 must be preserved too; and it is impossible, that anything 
 should be necessary to commerce, which is inconsistent with 
 justice. The principle of credit was not weakened by that bill. 
 God forbid ! The enforcement of that credit was only put into 
 the same public judicial hands on which we depend for our 
 lives, and all that makes life dear to us. But, indeed, this 
 business was taken up too warmly both here and elsewhere. 
 The bill was extremely mistaken. It was supposed to enact 
 what it never enacted ; and complaints were made of clauses 
 in it as novelties, which existed before the noble lord that brought 
 in the bill was born. There was a fallacy that ran through the 
 whole of the objections. The gentlemen who opposed the bill, 
 
108 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 'IM 
 
 always argued, as if the option lay between that bill and the 
 ancient law. But this is a grand mistake. For, practically, the 
 option is between, not that bill and the old law, but between 
 that bill and those occasional laws called acts of grace. For 
 the operation of the old law is so savage, and so inconvenient 
 to society, that for a long time past, once in every parliament, 
 and lately twice, the legislature has been obhged to make • a 
 general arbitrary jail delivery, and at once to set open, by its 
 sovereign authority, all the prisons in England. 
 
 Gentlemen, I never rehshed acts of grace ; nor ever submitted 
 to them but from despair of better. They are a dishonorable 
 invention, by which, not from humanity, not from policy ; but 
 merely because we have not room enough to hold these victims 
 of the absurdity of our laws, we turn loose upon the public 
 three or four thousand naked wretches, corrupted by the habits, 
 debased by the ignominy, of a prison. If the creditor had a 
 right to those carcases as a natural security for his property, I 
 am sure we have no right to deprive him of that security. But 
 if the few pounds of flesh were not necessary to his security, 
 we had not a right to detain the unfortunate debtor, without any 
 benefit at all to the person who confined him. Take it as you 
 will, we commit injustice. Now, lord Beauchamp's bill intended 
 to do deliberately, and with great caution and circumspection, 
 upon each several case, and with all attention to the just claimant, 
 what acts of grace do in a much greater measure, and with 
 very little care, caution, or deliberation. 
 
 I suspect that here^too, if we continue to oppose this bill, we 
 shall be found in a struggle against the nature of things. For 
 as we grow enlightened, the public will not bear, for any length 
 of time, to pay for the maintenance of whole armies of prisoners, 
 nor, at their own expense, submit to keep jails as a sort of garri- 
 sons, merely to fortify the absurd principle of making men judges 
 in their own cause. For credit has little or no concern in this 
 cruelty. I speak in a commercial assembly. You know that 
 credit is given, because capital must be employed ; that men 
 calculate the chances of insolvency ; and they either withhold 
 the credit, or make the debtor pay the risk in the price. The 
 counting-house has no alhance with the jail. Holland under- 
 stands trade as well as we, and she has done much more than 
 this obnoxious bill intended to do. There was not, when Mr. 
 Howard visited Holland, more than one prisoner for debt in 
 the great city of Rotterdam. Although lord Beauchamp's act 
 (which was previous to this bill, and intended to feel the way 
 for it) has already preserved liberty to thousands ; and though 
 it is not three years since the last act of grace passed, yet by Mr. 
 Howard's last account, thei^e were near three thousand again in 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 109 
 
 jail. I cannot name this gentleman without remarking, that 
 his labors and writings have done much to open the eyes and 
 hearts of mankind. He has visited all Europe, — not to survey 
 the sumptuousness of palaces, or the statehness of temples ; not 
 to make accurate measurements of the remains of ancient gran- 
 deur, nor to form a scale of the curiosity of modern art ; not to col- 
 lect medals, or collate manuscripts : — but to dive into the depths 
 of dungeons ; to plunge into the infection of hospitals ; to survey 
 the mansions of sorrow and pain ; to take the gauge and dimen- 
 sions of misery, depression, and contempt ; to remember the 
 forgotten, to attend to the neglected, to visit the forsaken, and 
 to compare and collate the distresses of all men in all countries. 
 His plan is original ; and it is as full of genius as it is of humanity. 
 It was a voyage of discovery ; a circumnavigation of charity. 
 Already the benefit of his labor is felt more or less in every 
 country : I hope he will anticipate his final reward, by seeing 
 all its effects fully realized in his own. He will receive, not 
 by retail but in gross, the reward of those who visit the prisoner; 
 and he has so forestalled and monopohzed this branch of charity, 
 that there will be, I trust, little room to merit by such acts of 
 benevolence hereafter. 
 
 Nothing now remains to trouble you with, but the fourth 
 charge against me — the business of the Roman Catholics. It 
 is a business closely connected with the rest. They are all on 
 one and the same principle. My httle scheme of conduct, such 
 as it is, is all arranged. I could do nothing but what I have 
 done on this subject, without confounding the whole train of 
 my ideas, and disturbing the whole order of my life. Gentle- 
 men, I ought to apologize to you, for seeming to think anything 
 at all necessary to be said upon this matter. The calumny is 
 fitter to be scrawled with the midnight chalk of incendiaries, 
 with " No popery," on walls and doors of devoted houses, than 
 to be mentioned in any civilized company. I had heard, that 
 the spirit of discontent on that subject was very prevalent here. 
 With pleasure I find that I have been grossly misinformed. If 
 it exists at all in this city, the laws have crushed its exertions, 
 and our morals have shamed its appearance in daylight. I 
 have pursued this spirit wherever I could trace it ; but it still 
 fled from me. It was a ghost which all had heard of, but none 
 had seen. None would acknowledge that he thought the pub- 
 lic proceeding with regard to our Catholic dissenters to be 
 blamable; but several were sorry it had made an ill impression 
 upon others, and that my interest was hurt by my share in the 
 business. I find wath satisfaction and pride, that not above four 
 or five in this city (and I dare say these misled by some gross 
 misrepresentation) have signed that symbol of delusion and bond 
 
 10 
 
110 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 of sedition, that libel on the national religion and English 
 character, the Protestant Association. It is therefore, gentle- 
 men, not by way of cure but of prevention, and lest the arts of 
 wicked men may prevail over the integrity of any one amongst 
 us, that I think it necessary to open to you the merits of this 
 transaction pretty much at large ; and I beg your patience upon 
 it : for, although the reasonings that have been used to depreciate 
 the act are of little force, and though the authority of the men 
 concerned in this ill design is not very imposing ; yet the auda- 
 ciousness of these conspirators against the national honor, and 
 the extensive wickedness of their attempts, have raised persons 
 of little importance to a degree of evil eminence, and imparted 
 a sort of sinister dignity to proceedings that had their origin in 
 only the meanest and bhndest malice. 
 
 In explaining to you the proceedings of parliament which 
 have been complained of, I will state to you, — first, the thing 
 that was done ; — next, the persons who did it ; — and lastly, the 
 grounds and reasons upon which the legislature proceeded in 
 this deliberate act of public justice and public prudence. 
 
 Gentlemen, the condition of our nature is such, that we buy 
 our blessings at a price. The reformation, one of the greatest 
 periods of human improvement, was a time of trouble and 
 confusion. The vast structure of superstition and tyranny, 
 which had been for ages in rearing, and which was combined 
 with the interest of the great and of the many; which was 
 moulded into the laws, the manners, and civil institutions of 
 nations, and blended with the frame and policy of states, could 
 not be brought to the ground without a fearful struggle ; nor 
 could it fall without a violent concussion of itself and all about 
 it. When this great revolution was attempted in a more regu- 
 lar mode by government, it was opposed by plots and seditions 
 of the people ; when by popular efforts, it was repressed as 
 rebellion by the hand of power ; and bloody executions (often 
 bloodily returned) marked the whole of its progress through all 
 its stages. The affairs of religion, which are no longer heard 
 of in the tumult of our present contentions, made a principal 
 ingredient in the wars and politics of that time ; the enthu- 
 siasm of religion threw a gloom over the politics ; and politi- 
 cal interests poisoned and perverted the spirit of religion upon 
 all sides. The Protestant religion, in that violent struggle, in- 
 fected, as the Popish had been before, by worldly interests and 
 worldly passions, became a persecutor in its turn, sometimes 
 of the new sects, which carried their own principles further 
 than was convenient to the original reformers; and always 
 of the body from whom they parted; and this persecuting 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. Ill 
 
 spirit arose, not only from the bitterness of retaliation, but from 
 the merciless policy of fear. 
 
 A statute was fabricated in the year 1699, by which the 
 saying mass (a church service in the Latin tongue, not exactly 
 the same as our liturgy, but very near it, and containing no 
 offence whatsoever against the laws, or against good morals) 
 was forged into a crime punishable with perpetual imprison- 
 ment. The teaching school, a useful and virtuous occupation, 
 even the teaching in a private family, was in every Catholic 
 subjected to the same unproportioned punishment. Your in- 
 dustry, and the bread of your children, was taxed for a pecu- 
 niary reward to stimulate avarice to do what nature refused ; 
 to inform and prosecute on this law. Every Roman CathoHc 
 was, under the same act, to forfeit his estate to his nearest 
 Protestant relation, until, through a profession of what he did 
 not believe, he redeemed, by his hypocrisy, what the law had 
 transferred to the kinsman as the recompense of his profligacy. 
 When thus turned out of doors from his paternal estate, he was 
 disabled from acquiring any other by any industry, donation, 
 or charity ; but was rendered a foreigner in his native land, 
 only because he retained the religion, along with the property, 
 handed down to him from those who had been the old inhabit- 
 ants of that land before him. 
 
 Does any one who hears me approve this scheme of things, 
 or think there is common justice, common sense, or common 
 honesty in any part of it ? If any does, let him say it ; and 
 I am ready to discuss the point with temper and candor. 
 But instead of approving, I perceive a virtuous indignation 
 beginning to rise in your minds on the mere cold stating of 
 the statute. 
 
 But what will you feel, when you know from history how 
 this statute passed, and what were the motives, and what the 
 mode of making it ? A party in this nation, enemies to the 
 system of the revolution, were in opposition to the government 
 of king WilHam. They knew that our glorious deliverer was 
 an enemy to all persecution. They knew that he came to free 
 us from slavery and popery, out of a country, where a third 
 of the people are contented Catholics under a Protestant gov- 
 ernment. He came with a part of his army composed of those 
 very Catholics, to overset the power of a popish prince. Such 
 is the effect of a tolerating spirit ; and so much is liberty served 
 in every way, and by all persons, by a manly adherence to 
 its own principles. Whilst freedom is true to itself, every- 
 thing becomes subject to it ; and its very adversaries are an 
 instrument in its hands. 
 
 The party I speak of (like some amongst us who would dis- 
 
112 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ! 
 
 parage the best friends of their country) resolved to naake the 
 king either violate his principles of toleration, or incur the 
 odium of protecting Papists. They therefore brought in this 
 bill, and made it purposely wicked and absurd that it might be 
 rejected. The then court party, discovering their game, turn- 
 ed the tables on them, and returned their bill to them stuffed 
 with still greater absurdities, that its loss might lie upon its 
 original authors. They, finding their ov^^n ball thrown back 
 to them, kicked it back again to their adversaries. And thus- 
 this act, loaded with the double injustice of two parties, neither 
 of whom intended to pass what they hoped the other would 
 be persuaded to reject, went through the legislature, contrary 
 to the real wish of all parts of it, and of all the parties that 
 composed it. In this manner, these insolent and profligate fac- 
 tions, as if they were playing with balls and counters, made a 
 sport of the fortunes and the liberties of their fellow-creatures. 
 Other acts of persecution have been acts of mahce. This 
 was a subversion of justice from wantonness and petulance. 
 Look into the history of bishop Burnet. He is a witness with- 
 out exception. 
 
 Gentlemen, bad laws are the worst sort of tyranny. In 
 such a country as this, they are of all bad things the worst: 
 worse by far than anywhere else ; and they derive a particu- 
 lar malignity even from the wisdom and soundness of the rest 
 of our institutions. For very obvious reasons, you cannot trust 
 the crown with a dispensing power over any of your laws. 
 However, a government, be it as bad as it may, will, in the 
 exercise of a discretionary power, discriminate times and per-- 
 sons ; and will not ordinarily pursue any man, when its own 
 safety is not concerned. A mercenary informer knows no dis- 
 tinction. Under such a system, the obnoxious people are 
 slaves, not only to the government, but they live at the mercy 
 of every individual. They are at once the slaves of the whole 
 community, and of every part of it ; and the worst and most 
 unmerciful men are those on whose goodness they most 
 depend. 
 
 In this situation, men not only shrink from the frowns of a 
 stern magistrate, but they are obliged to fly from their very 
 species. The seeds of destruction are sown in civil inter- 
 course, in social habitudes. The blood of wholesome kindred 
 is infected. Their tables and beds are surrounded with snares. 
 All the means given by Providence to make life safe and com- 
 fortable, are perverted into instruments of terror and torment. 
 This species of universal subserviency, that makes the very 
 servant who waits behind your chair, the arbiter of your life 
 and fortune, has such a tendency to degrade and abase man- 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 113 
 
 kind, and to deprive them of that assured and liberal state of 
 mind, which alone can make us what we ought to be, that I 
 vow to God I would sooner bring myself to put a man to im- 
 mediate death for opinions I disliked, and so to get rid of the 
 man and his opinions at once, than to fret him with a feverish 
 being, tainted with the jail distemper of a contagious servitude, 
 to keep him above ground, an animated mass of putrefaction; 
 corrupted himself, and corrupting all about him. 
 
 The act repealed was of this direct tendency; and it was 
 made in the manner which I have related to you. I will now 
 tell you by whom the bill of repeal was brought into parha- 
 ment. I find it has been industriously given out in this city 
 (from kindness to me unquestionably) that I was the mover or 
 the seconder. The fact is, I did not once open my lips on the 
 subject during the whole progress of the bill. I do not say 
 this as disclaiming my share in the measure. Very far from 
 it. I inform you of this fact, lest I should seem to arrogate to 
 myself the merits which belong to others. To have been the 
 man chosen out to redeem our fellow-citizens from slavery; 
 to purify our laws from absurdity and injustice ; and to cleanse 
 our religion from the blot and stain of persecution, would be 
 an honor and happiness to which my wishes would undoubt- 
 edly aspire ; but to which nothing but my wishes could possibly 
 have entitled me. That great work was in hands in every re- 
 spect far better qualified than mine. The mover of the bill 
 was Sir George Saville. 
 
 When an act of great and signal humanity was to be done, 
 and done wath all the weight and authority that belonged to it, 
 the world could cast its eyes upon none but him. I hope that 
 few things, which have a tendency to J^less or to adorn life, 
 have wholly escaped my observation in my passage through 
 it. I have sought the acquaintance of that gentleman, and 
 have seen him in all situations. He is a true genius ; with an 
 understanding vigorous, and acute, and refined, and distinguish- 
 ing even to excess ; and illuminated with a most unbounded, 
 pecuHar, and original cast of imagination. With these he 
 possesses many external and instrumental advantages; and he 
 makes use of them all. His fortune is among the largest ; a 
 fortune which, wholly unencumbered, as it is, with one single 
 charge from luxury, vanity, or excess, sinks under the benevo- 
 lence of its dispenser. This private benevolence, expanding 
 itself into patriotism, renders his whole being the estate of the 
 pubhc, in which he has not reserved a pectdium for himself of 
 profit, diversion, or relaxation. During the session, the first 
 in, and the last out of the house of commons ; he passes from 
 the senate to the camp; and seldom seeing the seat of his an- 
 
 P 10* 
 
1X4 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 cestors, he is always in parliament to serve his country, or in 
 the field to defend it. But in all well-wrought compositions, 
 some particulars stand out more eminently than the rest ; and 
 the things which will carry his name to posterity, are his two 
 bills ; I mean that for a limitation of the claims of the crown 
 upon landed estates ; and this for the relief of the Roman Cath- 
 olics. By the former, he has emancipated property ; by the 
 latter, he has quieted conscience ; and by both, he has taught 
 that grand lesson to government and subject — no longer to re- 
 gard each other as adverse parties. 
 
 The seconder was worthy of the mover, and the motion. I 
 was not the seconder. It was Mr. Dunning, recorder of this 
 city. I shall say the less of him, because his near relation to 
 you makes you more particularly acquainted with his merits. 
 But I should appear httle acquainted with them, or little sensi-t 
 ble of them, if I could utter his name on this occasion without 
 expressing my esteem for his character. I am not afraid of 
 oftending a most learned body, and most jealous of its reputa- 
 tion for that learning, when I say he is the first of his profes- 
 sion. It is a point settled by those who settle everything else ; 
 and I must add (what I am enabled to say from my own long 
 and close observation) that there is not a man, of any profes- 
 sion, or in any situation, of a more erect and independent 
 spirit ; of a more proud honor ; a more manly mind ; a more 
 firm and determined integrity. Assure yourselves, that the 
 names of two such men will bear a great load of prejudice in 
 the other scale, before they can be entirely outweighed. 
 
 With this mover, and this seconder, agreed the whole house 
 of commons ; the whole house of lords ; the whole bench of 
 bishops ; the king ; the ministry ; the opposition ; all the dis- 
 tinguished clergy of the establishment ; all the eminent lights 
 (for they were consulted) of the dissenting churches. This 
 according voice of national wisdom ought to be hstened to with 
 reverence. To say that all these descriptions of Englishmen 
 unanimously concurred in a scheme for introducing the Catho- 
 lic rehgion, or that none of them understood the nature and ef- 
 fects of what they were doing, so well as a few obscure clubs of 
 people, whose names you never heard of, is shamelessly absurd. 
 Surely it is paying a miserable compliment to the religion we 
 profess, to suggest, that everything eminent in the kingdom is 
 indifferent, or even adverse to that religion, and that its secu- 
 rity is wholly abandoned to the zeal of those who have nothing 
 but their zeal to distinguish them. In weighing this unanimous 
 concurrence of whatever the nation has to boast of, I hope you 
 will recollect, that all these concurring parties do by no means 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 115 
 
 love one another enough to agree in any point, which was not 
 both evidently, and importantly, right. 
 
 To prove this ; to prove, that the measure was both clearly 
 and materially proper, I will next lay before you (as I prom- 
 ised) the political grounds and reasons for the repeal of that 
 penal statute ; and the motives to its repeal at that particular 
 time. 
 
 Gentlemen, America When the English nation seemed 
 
 to be dangerously, if not irrevocably divided ; when one, and 
 that the. most growing branch, was torn from the parent stock, 
 and ingrafted on the power of France, a great terror fell upon 
 this kingdom. On a sudden we awakened from our dreams of 
 conquest, and saw ourselves threatened with an immediate 
 invasion ; which we were, at that time, very ill prepared to 
 resist. You remember the cloud that gloomed over us all. In that 
 hour of our dismay, from the bottom of the hiding-places, into 
 which the indiscriminate rigor of our statutes had driven them, 
 came out the body of the Roman Catholics. They appeared 
 before the steps of a tottering throne, with one of the most 
 sober, measured, steady, and dutiful addresses, that was ever 
 presented to the crown. It was no holiday ceremony; no anni- 
 versary compliment of parade and show. It was signed by 
 almost every gentleman of that persuasion, of note or property, 
 in England. At such a crisis, nothing but a decided resolution 
 to stand or fall with their country, could have dictated such an 
 address ; the direct tendency of which was to cut off all re- 
 treat, and to render them pecuharly obnoxious to an invader 
 of their own communion. The address showed, what I long 
 languished to see, that all the subjects of England had cast off 
 all foreign views and connexions, and that every man looked 
 for his relief from every grievance, at the hands only of his 
 own natural government. 
 
 It was necessary, on our part, that the natural government 
 should show itself worthy of that name. It was necessary, at 
 the crisis I speak of, that the supreme power of the state should 
 meet the conciliatory dispositions of the subject. To delay 
 protection would be to reject allegiance. And why should it 
 be rejected, or even coldly and suspiciously received ? If any 
 independent CatlioHc state should choose to take part with this 
 kingdom in a war with France and Spain, that bigot (if such a 
 bigot could be found) would be heard with little respect, who 
 could dream of objecting his religion to an ally, whom the na- 
 tion would not only receive with its freest thanks, but purchase 
 with the last remains of its exhausted treasure. To such an 
 ally we should not dare to whisper a single syllable of those 
 base and invidious topics, upon which, sonie unhappy men 
 
116 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 would persuade the state, to reject the duty and allegiance of 
 its own members. Is it then because foreigners are in a con- 
 dition to set our malice at defiance, that with tliern, we are will- 
 ing to contract engagements of friendship, and to keep them 
 with fidehty and honor ; but that, because we conceive some 
 descriptions of our countrymen are not powerful enough to 
 punish our malignity, we will not permit them to support our com- 
 mon interest ? Is it on that ground that our anger is to be kindled 
 by their offered kindness? Is it on that ground that they are to be 
 subjected to penalties, because they are willing, by actual merit, 
 to purge themselves from imputed crimes ? Lest by an adhe- 
 rence to the cause of their country they should acquire a title 
 to fair and equitable treatment, are we resolved to furnish them 
 with causes of eternal enmity ; and rather supply them with 
 just and founded motives to disaffection, than not to have that 
 disaffection in existence to justify an oppression, which, not 
 from policy but disposition, we have predetermined to exer- 
 cise ? 
 
 What shadow of reason could be assigned, why, at a time 
 when the most Protestant part of this Protestant empire found 
 it for its advantage to unite with the two principal popish states, 
 to unite itself in the closest bonds with France and Spain, for 
 our destruction, that we should refuse to unite with our own 
 Catholic countrymen for our own preservation ? Ought we, 
 like madmen, to tear off the plasters, that the lenient hand of 
 prudence had spread over the wounds and gashes, which in 
 our delirium of ambition we had given to our own body ? No 
 person ever reprobated the American war more than I did, 
 and do, and ever shall. But I never will consent that we should 
 lay additional voluntary penalties on ourselves, for a fault 
 which carries but too much of its own punishment in its own 
 nature. For one, I was delighted with the proposal of internal 
 peace. I accepted the blessing with thankfulness and trans- 
 port ; I was truly happy to find one good effect of our civil dis- 
 tractions, that they had put an end to all religious strife and 
 heart-burning in our own bowels. What must be the senti- 
 ments of a man, who would wish to perpetuate domestic hos- 
 tihty, when the causes of dispute are at an end; and who, 
 crying out for peace with one part of the nation on the most 
 humiliating terms, should deny it to those, who oflfer friendship 
 without any terms at all ? 
 
 But if I was unable to reconcile such a denial to the con- 
 tracted principles of local duty, what answer could I give to I 
 the broad claims of general humanity ? I confess to you freely, \ 
 that the sufferings and distresses of the people of America in 
 this cruel war, have at times affected me more deeply than I 
 
TO THE ELECTORS AT BRISTOL, 117 
 
 can express. I felt every Gazette of triumph as a blow upon 
 my heart, which has an hundred times sunk and fainted within 
 me at all the mischiefs brought upon those who bear the whole 
 brunt of war in the heart of their country. Yet the Ameri- 
 cans are utter strangers to me ; a nation among whom I am 
 not sure that I have a single acquaintance. Was I to suffer 
 my mind to be so unaccountably warped ; was I to keep such 
 iniquitous weights and measures of temper and of reason, as 
 to sympathize with those who are in open rebelHon against an 
 authority which I respect, at war with a country which by 
 every title ought to be, and is most dear to me ; and yet to 
 have no feeling at all for the hardships and indignities suffered 
 by men, who, by their very vicinity, are bound up in a nearer 
 relation to us; who contribute their share, and more than their 
 share, to the common prosperity ; who perform the common 
 offices of social life, and who obey the laws to the full as well 
 as I do ? Gentlemen, the danger to the state being out of the 
 question (of which, let me tell you, statesmen themselves are 
 apt to have but too exquisite a sense) I could assign no one 
 reason of justice, policy, or feeling, for not concurring most 
 cordially, as most cordially I did concur, in softening some 
 part of that shameful servitude, under which several of my 
 worthy fellow-citizens were groaning. 
 
 I dare say, you have all heard of the privileges indulged to 
 the Irish CathoKcs residing in Spain. You have likewise heard 
 with what circumstances of severity they have been lately ex- 
 pelled from the sea-ports of that kingdom; driven into the 
 inland cities ; and there detained as a sort of prisoners of state. 
 I have good reason to believe, that it was the zeal to our gov- 
 ernment and our cause (somewhat indiscreetly expressed in 
 one of the addresses of the Cathohcs of Ireland) which has 
 thus drawn down on their heads the indignation of the court of 
 Madrid ; to the inexpressible loss of several individuals, and in 
 future, perhaps, to the great detriment of the whole of their 
 body. Now, that our people should be persecuted in Spain for 
 their attachment to this country, and persecuted in this country 
 for their supposed enmity to us, is such a jarring reconciliation 
 of contradictory distresses, is a thing at once so dreadful and 
 ridiculous, that no malice short of diabolical, would wish to 
 continue any human creatures in such a situation. But honest 
 men will not forget either their merit or their sufferings. There 
 are men (and many, I trust, there are) who, out of love to their 
 country and their kind, would torture their invention to find 
 excuses for the mistakes of their brethren ; and who, to stifle 
 dissension, would construe, even doubtful appearances, with the 
 utmost favor : such men will never persuade themselves to be 
 
X 1 8 MR. BURKE'& SPEECH 
 
 ingenious and refined in discovering disaffection and treason in 
 the manifest palpable signs of suffering loyalty. Persecution 
 is so unnatural to them, that they gladly snatch the very first 
 opportunity of laying aside all the tricks and devices of penal 
 politics; and of returmng home, after all their irksome and 
 vexatious v^^anderings, to our natural family mansion, to the 
 grand social principle, that unites all men, of all descriptions, 
 under the shadow^ of an equal and impartial justice. 
 
 Men of another sort, I mean the bigoted enemies to liberty, 
 may, perhaps, in their politics, make no account of the good 
 or ill affection of the Catholics of England, who are but a 
 handful of people (enough to torment, but not enough to fear) 
 perhaps not so many, of both sexes and of all ages, as fifty 
 thousand. But, gentlemen, it is possible you may not know, 
 that the people of that persuasion in Ireland amount at least to 
 sixteen or seventeen hundred thousand souls. I do not at all 
 exaggerate the number. A nation to be persecuted ! Whilst 
 we are masters of the sea, embodied with America, and in 
 alliance with half the powers of the continent, we might perhaps, 
 in that remote corner of Europe, afford to tyrannize with impu- 
 nity. But there is a revolution in our affairs, which makes it 
 prudent to be just. In our late aw^kward contest with Ireland 
 about trade, had religion been thrown in, to ferment and em- 
 bitter the mass of discontents, the consequences might have 
 been truly dreadful. But very happily, that cause of quarrel 
 was previously quieted by the wisdom of the acts I am com- 
 mending. 
 
 Even in England, where I admit the danger from the discon- 
 tent of that persuasion to be less than in Ireland; yet even 
 here, had we hstened to the counsels of fanaticism and folly, 
 we might have wounded ourselves very deeply ; and wounded 
 ourselves in a very tender part. You are apprized, that the 
 Catholics of England consist mostly of your best manufacturers. 
 Had the legislature chosen, instead of returning their declara- 
 tions of duty with correspondent good will, to drive them to 
 despair, there is a country at their very door, to which they 
 would be invited ; a country in all respects as good as ours, and 
 with the finest cities in the world ready built to receive them. 
 And thus the bigotry of a free country, and in an enlightened 
 age, would have repeopled the cities of Flanders, which, in the 
 darkness of two hundred years ago, had been desolated by the 
 superstition of a cruel tyrant. Our manufactures were the 
 growth of the persecutions in the Low Countries. What a 
 spectacle would it be to Europe, to see us, at this time of day, 
 balancing the account of tyranny with those very countries, 
 and, by our persecutions, driving back trade and manufacture, 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 119 
 
 as a sort of vagabonds, to their original settlement,! But I trust 
 we shall be saved this last of disgraces. 
 
 So far as to the effect of the act on the interests of this nation. 
 With regard to the interests of mankind at large, I am sure the 
 benefit was very considerable. Long before this act, indeed, 
 the spirit of toleration began to gain ground in Europe. In 
 Holland, the third part of the people are Catholics ; they live 
 at ease ; and are a sound part of the state. In many parts of 
 Germany, Protestants and Papists partake the same cities, the 
 same councils, and even the same churches. The unbounded 
 liberality of the king of Prussia's conduct on this occasion is 
 known to all the world ; and it is of a piece with the other 
 grand maxims of his reign. The magnanimity of the imperial 
 court, breaking through the narrow principles of its predeces- 
 sors, has indulged its Protestant subjects, not only with pro- 
 perty, with worship, with liberal education ; but with honors 
 and trusts, both civil and military. A worthy Protestant gen- 
 tleman of this country now fills, and fills with credit, a high 
 office in the Austrian Netherlands. Even the Lutheran obstinacy 
 of Sweden has thawed at length, and opened a toleration to all 
 religions. I know myself, that in France the Protestants begin 
 to be at rest. The army, which in that country is everything, 
 is open to them ; and some of the military rewards and decora- 
 tions which the laws deny, are supplied by others, to make the 
 service acceptable and honorable. The first minister of finance 
 in that country, is a Protestant. Two years' war without a tax 
 is among the first fruits of their liberality. Tarnished as the 
 glory of this nation is, and as far as it has waded into the 
 shades of an eclipse, some beams of its former illumination 
 still play upon its surface ; and what is done in England is still 
 looked to, as argument, and as example. It is certainly true, 
 that no law of this country ever met with such universal ap- 
 plause abroad, or was so likely to produce the perfection of 
 that tolerating spirit, which, as I observed, has been long 
 gaining ground in Europe: for abroad, it was universally 
 thought that we had done, what, I am sorry to say, we had 
 not; they thought we had granted a full toleration. That 
 opinion was, however, so far from hurting the Protestant cause, 
 that I declare, with the most serious solemnity, my firm belief, 
 that no one thing done for these fifty years past, was so likely 
 to prove deeply beneficial to our religion at large as Sir George 
 Saville's act. In its effects it was, " an act for tolerating and 
 protecting Protestantism throughout Europe :" and I hope, that 
 those who were taking steps for the quiet and settlement of our 
 Protestant brethren in other countries, will even yet, rather 
 
120 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 consider the steady equity of the greater and better part of the 
 people of Great Britain, than the vanity and violence of a fev^. 
 
 I perceive, gentlemen, by the manner of all about me, that 
 you look with horror on the wicked clamor which has been 
 raised on this subject; and that instead of an apology for what 
 was done, you rather demand from me an account, why the 
 execution of the scheme of toleration was not made more an- 
 swerable to the large and liberal grounds on which it was taken 
 up. The question is natural and proper ; and I remember that 
 a great and learned magistrate, distinguished for his strong and 
 systematic understanding, and who at that time was a member 
 of the house of commons, made the same objection to the pro- 
 ceeding. The statutes, as they now stand, are, without doubt, 
 perfectly absurd. But I beg leave to explain the cause of this 
 gross imperfection in the tolerating plan, as well and as shortly 
 as I am able. It was universally thought, that the session 
 ought not to pass over without doing something in this business. 
 To revise the whole body of the penal statutes was conceived 
 to be an object too big for the time. The penal statute there- 
 fore which was chosen for repeal (chosen to show our disposi- 
 tion to conciKate, not to perfect a toleration) was this act of 
 ludicrous cruelty, of which I have just given you the history. 
 It is an act, which, though not by a great deal so fierce and 
 bloody as some of the rest, was infinitely more ready in the 
 execution. It was the act which gave the greatest encourage- 
 ment to those pests of society, mercenary informers, and inter- 
 ested disturbers of household peace ; and it was observed with 
 truth, that the prosecutions, either carried to conviction or 
 compounded, for many years, had been all commenced upon 
 that act. It was said, that whilst we were deliberating on a 
 more perfect scheme, the spirit of the age would never come 
 up to the execution of the statutes which remained ; especially 
 as more steps, and a co-operation of more minds and powers, 
 were required towards a mischievous use of them, than for the 
 execution of the act to be repealed : that it was better to unravel 
 this texture from below than from above, beginning with the 
 latest, which, in general practice, is the severest evil. It was 
 alleged, that this slow proceeding would be attended with the 
 advantage of a progressive experience; and that the people 
 would grow reconciled to toleration, when they should find by 
 the effects, that justice was not so irreconcilable an enemy to 
 convenience as they had imagined. 
 
 These, gentlemen, were the reasons why we left this good 
 work in the rude unfinished state, in which good works are 
 commonly left, through the tame circumspection with which a 
 timid prudemce so frequently enervates beneficence. In doing 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 121 
 
 good, we are generally cold, and languid, and sluggish ; and of 
 all things afraid of being too much in the right. But the works 
 of mahce and injustice are quite in another style. They are 
 finished with a bold, masterly hand ; touched as they are with 
 the spirit of those vehement passions that call forth all our en- 
 ergies whenever we oppress and persecute. 
 
 Thus this matter was left for the time, with a full determina- 
 tion in parhament, not to suffer other and worse statutes to 
 remain for the purpose of counteracting the benefits proposed 
 by the repeal of one penal law ; for nobody then dreamed of 
 defending what was done as a benefit on the ground of its 
 being no benefit at all. We were not then ripe for so mean a 
 subterfuge. 
 
 I do not wish to go over the horrid scene that was afterwards 
 acted. Would to God it could be expunged for ever from the 
 annals of this country ! But since it must subsist for our shame, 
 let it subsist for our instruction. In the year 1780, there were 
 found in this nation men deluded enough (for I give the whole 
 to their delusion) on pretences of zeal and piety, without any 
 sort of provocation whatsoever, real or pretended, to make a 
 desperate attempt, which would have consumed all the glory 
 and power of this country in the flames of London ; and buried 
 all law, order, and religion, under the ruins of the metropolis 
 of the Protestant world. Whether all this mischief done, or 
 in the direct train of doing, was in their original scheme, I 
 cannot say. I hope it was not ; but this would have been the 
 unavoidable consequende of their proceedings, had not the 
 flames they had lighted up in their fury been extinguished in 
 their blood. 
 
 All the time that this horrid scene was acting, or avenging, 
 as well as for some time before, and ever since, the wicked 
 instigators of this unhappy multitude, guilty, with every aggra- 
 vation, of all their crimes, and screened in a cowardly dark- 
 ness from their punishment, continued, without interruption, 
 pity, or remorse, to blow up the blind rage of the populace, with 
 a continued blast of pestilential libels, which infected and 
 poisoned the very air we breathed in. 
 
 The main drift of all the libels, and all the riots, was, to force 
 parliament (to persuade us was hopeless) into an act of national 
 perfidy, which has no example. For, gentlemen, it is proper 
 you should all know what infamy we escaped by refusing that 
 repeal, for a refusal of which, it seems, I, among others, stand 
 somewhere or other accused. When we took away, on the 
 motives which I had the honor of stating to you, a few of the 
 innumerable penalties upon an oppressed and injured people, 
 the relief was not absolute^ but given on a stipulation and com- 
 
 Q 11 
 
122 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 pact between them and us ; for we bound down the Roman 
 CathoUcs with the most solemn oaths, to bear true allegiance 
 to this government ; to abjure all sort of temporal power in 
 any other ; and to renounce, under the same solemn obligations, 
 the doctrines of systematic perfidy, with which they stood (I 
 conceived very unjustly) charged. Now our modest petitioners 
 came up to us, most humbly praying nothing more, than that 
 we should break our faith, without any one cause whatsoever 
 of forfeiture assigned; and when the subjects of this kingdom 
 had, on their part, fully performed their engagement, we should 
 refuse, on our part, the benefit we had stipulated on the per- 
 formance of those very conditions that were prescribed by our 
 own authority, and taken on the sanction of our public faith : that 
 is to say, when we had inveigled them with fair promises within 
 our door, we were to shut it on them ; and, adding mockery to 
 outrage — to tell them ; " Now we have got you fast — your con- 
 sciences are bound to a power resolved on your destruction. 
 We have made you swear, that your religion obliges you to 
 keep your faith : fools as you are ! we will now let you see, 
 that our religion enjoins us to keep no faith with you." — They 
 who would advisedly call upon us to do such things, must cer- 
 tainly have thought us not only a convention of treacherous 
 tyrants, but a gang of the lowest and dirtiest wretches that ever 
 disgraced humanity. Had we done this, we should have indeed 
 proved, that there were some in the world whom no faith could 
 bind; and we should have convicted ourselves of that odious 
 principle of which Papists stood accused by those very savages, 
 who wished us, on that accusation, to deliver them over to 
 their fury. 
 
 In this audacious tumult, when our very name and character, 
 as gentlemen, was to be cancelled for ever along with the faith 
 and honor of the nation, I, who had exerted myself very little 
 on the quiet passing of the bill, thought it necessary then to 
 come forward. I was not alone ; but though some distinguished 
 members on all sides, and particularly on ours, added much to 
 their high reputation by the part they took on that day (a part 
 which will be remembered as long as honor, spirit, and 
 eloquence have estimation in the world) I may and will value 
 myself so far, that, yielding in abilities to many, I yielded in 
 zeal to none. With warmth and with vigor, and animated with 
 a just and natural indignation, I called forth every faculty that 
 I possessed, and I directed it in every way in which I could possi- 
 bly employ it. I labored night and day. I labored in parHament. 
 I labored out of parliament. If therefore the resolution of the 
 house of commons, refusing to commit this act of unmatched 
 turpitude, be a crime, I am guilty among the foremost. But 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 123 
 
 indeed, whatever the fauhs of that house may have been, no 
 one member was found hardy enough to propose so infamous a 
 thing ; and on full debate we passed the resolution against the 
 petitions with as much unanimity, as we had formerly passed 
 the law of which these petitions demanded the repeal. 
 
 There was a circumstance (justice will not suffer me to pass 
 it over) which, if anything could enforc e the reasons I have 
 given, would fully justify the act of relief, and render a repeal, 
 or anything like a repeal, unnatural, impossible. It was the 
 behavior of the persecuted Roman Catholics under the acts of 
 violence and brutal insolence, which they suffered. I suppose 
 there are not in London less than four or five thousand of that 
 persuasion from my country, who do a great deal of the most 
 laborious works in the metropolis ; and they chiefly inhabit those 
 quarters, which were the principal theatre of the fury of the 
 bigoted multitude. They are known to be men of strong arms 
 and quick feelings, and more remarkable for a determined 
 resolution, than clear ideas, or much foresight. But though 
 provoked by everything that can stir the blood of men, their 
 houses and chapels in flames, and with the most atrocious 
 profanations of everything which they hold sacred before their 
 eyes, not a hand was moved to retaliate, or even to defend. 
 Had a conflict once begun, the rage of their persecutors would 
 have redoubled. Thus fury increasing by the reverberation of 
 outrages, house being fired for house, and church for chapel, I 
 am convinced, that no power under heaven could have pre- 
 vented a general conflagration ; and at this day London would 
 have been a tale. But I am well informed, and the thing speaks 
 it, that their clergy exerted their whole influence to keep their 
 people in such a state of forbearance and quiet, as, when I 
 look back, fills me with astonishment ; but not with astonish- 
 ment only. • Their merits on that occasion ought not to be for- 
 gotten; nor will they, when Englishmen come to recollect 
 themselves. I am sure it were far more proper to have called 
 them forth, and given them the thanks of both houses of parlia- 
 ment, than to have suffered those worthy clergymen, and 
 excellent citizens, to be hunted into holes and corners, whilst 
 we are making low-minded inquisitions into the number of their 
 people ; as if a tolerating principle was never to prevail, unless 
 we were very sure that only a few could possibly take advantage 
 of it. But indeed we are not well recovered of our fright. Our 
 reason, I trust, will return with our security ; and this unfortu- 
 nate temper will pass over like a cloud. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have now laid before you a few of the reasons 
 for taking away the penalties of the act of 1699, and for re- 
 fusing to' establish them on the riotous requisition of 1780. 
 
124 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 Because I would not suffer anything which may be for your 
 satisfaction to escape, permit me just to touch on the objections 
 urged against our act and our resolves, and intended as a jus- 
 tification of the violence offered to both houses. " Parlia- 
 ment," they assert, " was too hasty, and they ought, in so es- 
 sential and alarming a change, to have proceeded with a far 
 greater degree of deliberation." The direct contrary. Par- 
 liament was too slow. They took four-score years to delibe- 
 rate on the repeal of an act which ought not to have survived 
 a second session. When at length, after a procrastination of 
 near a century, the business was taken up, it proceeded in the 
 most public manner, by the ordinary stages, and as slowly as 
 a law so evidently right as to be resisted by none, would natu- 
 rally advance. Had it been read three times in one day, we 
 should have shown only a becoming readiness to recognize by 
 protection the undoubted dutiful behavior of those whom w& 
 had but too long punished for offences of presumption or con- 
 jecture. But for what end was that bill to linger beyond the 
 usual period of an unopposed measure ? Was it to be delayed 
 until a rabble in Edinburgh should dictate to the church of 
 England what measure of persecution was fitting for her safe- 
 ty? Was it to be adjourned until a fanatical force could be 
 collected in London, sufl[icient to frighten us out of all our 
 ideas of policy and justice ? Were we to wait for the profound 
 lectures on the reasons of state, ecclesiastical and political, 
 which the Protestant Association have since condescended to 
 read to us ? Or were we, seven hundred peers and common- 
 ers, the only persons ignorant of the ribald invectives which 
 occupy the place of argument in those remonstrances, which 
 every man of common observation had heard a thousand times 
 over, and a thousand times over had despised ? All men had 
 before heard what they have to say ; and all men at this day 
 know what they dare to do ; and I trust, all honest men are 
 equally influenced by the one, and by the other. 
 
 But they tell us, that those of our fellow-citizens, whose chains 
 we had a httle relaxed, are enemies to liberty and our free 
 constitution. — Not enemies, I presume, to their aum liberty. 
 And as to the constitution, until we give them some share in 
 it, I do not know on what pretence we can examine into their 
 opinions about a business in which they have no interest or 
 concern. But after all, are we equally sure, that they are ad- 
 verse to our constitution, as that our statutes are hostile and 
 destructive to them? For my part, I have reason to believe, 
 their opinions and inclinations in that respect are various, ex- 
 actly like those of other men : and if they lean more to the 
 crown than I, and than many of you think we ought, we must 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 125 
 
 remember, that he who aims at another's Hfe, is not to be sur- 
 prised if he flies into any sanctuary that will receive him. 
 The tenderness of the executive power is the natural asylum 
 of those upon whom the laws have declared war ; and to com- 
 plain that men are inclined to favor the means of their own 
 safety, is so absurd, that one forgets the injustice in the 
 ridicule. 
 
 I must fairly tell you, that so far as my principles are con- 
 cerned (principles, that I hope will only depart with my last 
 breath) that I have no idea of a liberty unconnected with hon- 
 esty and justice. Nor do I believe, that any good constitutions 
 of government or of freedom, can find it necessary for their 
 security to doom any part of the people to a permanent 
 slavery. Such a constitution of freedom, if such can be, is 
 in effect no more than another name for the tyranny of the 
 strongest faction ; and factions in republics have been, and 
 are, full as capable as monarchs, of the most cruel oppression 
 and injustice. It is but too true, that the love, and even the 
 very idea, of genuine liberty, is extremely rare. It is but too 
 true, that there are many, whose whole scheme of freedom 
 is made up of pride, perverseness, and insolence. They feel 
 themselves in a state of thraldom, they imagine that their souls 
 are cooped and cabined in, unless they have some man, or 
 some body of men, dependent on their mercy. This desire of 
 having some one below them, descends to those who are the 
 very lowest of all — and a Protestant cobbler, debased by his 
 poverty, but exalted by his share of the ruling church, feels a 
 pride in knowing it is by his generosity alone, that the peer, 
 whose footman's instep he measures, is able to keep his chap- 
 lain from a jail. This disposition is the true source of the pas-, 
 sion, which many men in very humble life have taken to the 
 American war. Our subjects in America ; our colonies ; our 
 dependants. This lust of party power is the liberty they hun- 
 ger and thirst for ; and this siren song of ambition, has charm- 
 ed ears, that one would have thought were never organized to 
 that sort of music. 
 
 This way, of proscribing the citizens by denominations and 
 general descriptions, dignified by the name of reason of state, 
 and security for constitutions and commonwealths, is nothing 
 better at bottom, than the miserable invention of an ungene- 
 rous ambition, which would fain hold the sacred trust of power, 
 without any of the virtues or any of the energies, that give a 
 title to it ; a receipt of policy, made up of a detestable com- 
 pound of mahce, cowardice, and sloth. They would govern 
 men against their will ; but in that government they would be 
 discharged from the exercise of vigilance, providence, and for- 
 
 11# 
 
126 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 titude ; and therefore, that they may sleep on their watch, they 
 consent to take some one division of the society into partner- 
 ship of the tyranny over the rest. But let government, in what 
 form it may be, comprehend the whole in its justice, and re- 
 strain the suspicious by its vigilance ; let it keep watch and 
 ward ; let it discover by its sagacity, and punish by its firm- 
 ness, all dehnquency against its power, whenever dehnquency 
 exists in the overt acts ; and then it will be as safe as ever God 
 and nature intended it should be. Crimes are the acts of indi- 
 viduals, and not of denominations ; and therefore arbitrarily 
 to class men under general descriptions, in order to proscribe 
 and punish them in the lump for a presumed dehnquency, of 
 which perhaps but a part, perhaps none at all, are guilty, is 
 indeed a compendious method, and saves a world of trouble 
 about proof; but such a method, instead of being law, is an 
 act of unnatural rebellion against the legal dominion of reason 
 and justice ; and this vice, in any constitution that entertains 
 it, at one time or other, will certainly bring on its ruin. 
 
 We are told that this is not a religious persecution, and its 
 abettors are loud in disclaiming all severities on account of 
 conscience. Very fine, indeed ! then let it be so ! they are not 
 persecutors ; they are only tyrants. "With all my heart. I am 
 perfectly indiflferent concerning the pretexts upon which we 
 torment one another ; or whether it be for the constitution of 
 the church of England, or for the constitution of the state of 
 England, that people choose to make their fellow-creatures 
 wretched. When we were sent into a place of authority, you 
 that sent us had yourselves but one commission to give. You 
 could give us none to wrong or oppress, or even to suffer any 
 kind of oppression or wrong, on any grounds whatsoever ; not 
 on political, as in the aflfairs of America ; not on commercial, 
 as in those of Ireland ; not in civil, as in the laws for debt ; 
 not in religious, as in the statutes against Protestant or Catho- 
 Hc dissenters. The diversified but connected fabric of univer- 
 sal justice, is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts ; 
 and depend upon it, I never have employed, and I never shall 
 employ, any engine of power which may come into my hands, 
 to wrench it asunder. All shall stand, if I can help it, and all 
 shall stand connected. After all, to complete this work, much 
 remains to be done ; much in the east, much in the west. But 
 great as the work is, if our will be ready, our powers are not 
 deficient. 
 
 Since you have suffered me to trouble you so much on this 
 subject, permit me, gentlemen, to detain you a little longer. I 
 am, indeed, most sohcitous to give you perfect satisfaction. I 
 find there are some of a better and softer nature than the 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 127 
 
 persons with whom I have supposed myself in debate, who 
 neither think ill of the act of rehef, nor by any means desire 
 the repeal, not accusing but lamenting what was done, on account 
 of the consequences, have frequently expressed their wish, that 
 the late act had never been made. Some of this description, 
 and persons of worth, I have met with in this city. They 
 conceive, that the prejudices, whatever they might be, of a large 
 part of the people, ought not to have been shocked ; that their 
 opinions ought to have been previously taken, and much attended 
 to ; and that thereby the late horrid scenes might have been 
 prevented. 
 
 I confess, my notions are widely different ; and I never was 
 less sorry for any action of my life. I like the bill the better, 
 on account of the events of all kinds that followed it. It relieved 
 the real sufferers ; it strengthened the state ; and, by the dis- 
 orders that ensued, we had clear evidence that there lurked a 
 temper somewhere, which ought not to be fostered by the laws. 
 No ill consequences whatever could be attributed to the act 
 itself. We knew beforehand, or we were poorly instructed, 
 that toleration is odious to the intolerant; freedom to oppressors; 
 property to robbers ; and all kinds and degrees of prosperity to 
 the envious. We knew% that all these kinds of men would gladly 
 gratify their evil dispositions under the sanction of law and 
 religion, if they could : if they could not, yet, to make way to 
 their objects, they would do their utmost to subvert all reHgion 
 and all law. This we certainly knew. But knowing this, is 
 there any reason, because thieves break in and steal, and thus 
 bring detriment to you, and draw ruin on themselves, that I am 
 to be sorry that you are in possession of shops, and of ware- 
 houses, and of wholesome laws to protect them ? Are you to 
 build no houses, because desperate men may pull them down 
 upon their own heads ? Or, if a malignant wretch will cut his 
 own throat because he sees you give alms to the necessitous 
 and deserving; shall his destruction be attributed to your charity, 
 and not to his own deplorable madness ? If we repent of our 
 good actions, what, I pray you, is left for our faults and follies ? 
 It is not the beneficence of the laws, it is the unnatural temper 
 which beneficence can fret and sour, that is to be lamented. It 
 is this temper which, by all rational means, ought to be sweet- 
 ened and corrected. If froward men should refuse this cure, 
 can they vitiate anything but themselves ? Does evil so react 
 upon good, as not only to retard its motion, but to change its 
 nature 1 If it can so operate, then good men will always be in 
 the power of the bad; and virtue, by a dreadful reverse of order, 
 must lie under perpetual subjection and bondage to vice. 
 
 As to the opinion of the people, which some think, in such 
 
128 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 cases, is to be implicitly obeyed ; near two years' tranquillity, 
 which followed the act, and its instant imitation in Ireland, 
 proved abundantly, that the late horrible spirit was, in a great 
 measure, the effect of insidious art, and perverse industry, and 
 gross misrepresentation. But suppose that the dislike had been 
 much more deliberate, and much more general, than I am per- 
 suaded it was. When we know, that the opinions of even the 
 greatest multitudes are the standard of rectitude, I shall think 
 myself obliged to make those opinions the masters of my 
 conscience. But if it may be doubted whether Omnipotence 
 itself is competent to alter the essential constitution of right 
 and wrong, sure I am, that such things, as they and I, are 
 possessed of no such power. No man carries further than I 
 do the policy of making government pleasing to the people. 
 But the widest range of this politic complaisance is confined 
 within the limits of justice. I would not only consult the interests 
 of the people, but 1 would cheerfully gratify their humors. We 
 are all a sort of children that must be soothed and managed. 
 I think I am not austere or formal in my nature. I would bear, 
 I would even myself play my part in, any innocent buffooneries, 
 to divert them. But I never will act the tyrant for their amuse- 
 ment. If they will mix mahce in their sports, I shall never 
 consent to throw them any living, sentient creature whatsoever ; 
 no, not so much as a kitling, to torment. 
 
 " But if I profess all this impolitic stubbornness, I may chance 
 never to be elected into parliament." It is certainly not pleasing 
 to be put out of the public service. But I wish to be a member 
 of parliament, to have my share of doing good, and resisting 
 evil. It would therefore be absurd to renounce my objects, in 
 order to obtain my seat. I deceive myself indeed most grossly, 
 if I had not much rather pass the remainder of my life hidden 
 in the recesses of the deepest obscurity, feeding my mind even 
 with the visions and imaginations of such things, than to be 
 placed on the most splendid throne of the universe, tantalized 
 with a denial of the practice of all which can make the greatest 
 situation any other than the greatest curse. Gentlemen, I have 
 had my day. I can never sufficiently express my gratitude to 
 you for having set me in a place, wherein I could lend the 
 slightest help to great and laudable designs. If I have had my 
 share, in any measure giving quiet to private property, and 
 private conscience ; if by my vote I have aided in securing to 
 families the best possession, peace ; if I have joined in reconcil- 
 ing kings to their subjects, and subjects to their prince ; if I 
 have assisted to loosen the foreign holdings of the citizen, and 
 taught him to look for his protection to the laws of his country, 
 and for his comfort to the good- will of his countrymen ;— if I 
 
TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL. 12^ 
 
 have thus taken my part with the best of men in the best of 
 their actions, I can shut the book. I might wish to read a page 
 or two more ; but this is enough for my measure. — ^I have not 
 hved in vain. 
 
 And now, gentlemen, on this serious day, when I come, as it 
 were, to make up my account with you, let me take to myself 
 some degree of honest pride on the nature of the charges that 
 are against me. I do not here stand before you accused of 
 venahty, or of neglect of duty. It is not said, that, in the long 
 period of my service, I have, in a single instance, sacrificed the 
 slightest of your interests to my ambition, or to my fortune. 
 It is not alleged, that, to gratify any anger or revenge of my 
 own, or of my party, I have had a share in wronging or 
 oppressing any description of men, or any one man in any 
 description. No ! the charges against me are all of one kind, 
 that I have pushed the principles of general justice and benevo- 
 lence too far ; further than a cautious policy would warrant ; 
 and further than the opinions of many would go along with me. 
 — In every accident which may happen through life, in pain, 
 in sorrow, in depression, and distress, I will call to mind this 
 accusation, and be comforted. 
 
 ti 
 
MR. BURKE'S SPEECH, 
 
 ON THE NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 
 
 The times we live in, Mr. Speaker, have been distinguished 
 by extraordinary events. Habituated, as we are, to uncom- 
 mon combinations of men and of affairs, I beHeve nobody 
 recollects anything more surprising than the spectacle of this 
 day. The right honorable gentleman, whose conduct is now 
 in question, formerly stood forth in this house, the prosecutor 
 of the worthy baronet who spoke after him. He charged him 
 with several grievous acts of malversation in office; with 
 abuses of a public trust of a great and heinous nature. In less 
 than two years we see the situation of parties reversed ; and a 
 singular revolution puts the worthy baronet in a fair way of 
 returning the prosecution in a recriminatory bill of pains and 
 penalties, grounded on a breach of public trust, relative to the 
 government of the very same part of India. If he should un- 
 dertake a bill of that kind, he will find no difficulty in conduct- 
 ing it with a degree of skill and vigor fully equal to all that 
 have been exerted against him. 
 
 But the change of relation between these two gentlemen is 
 not so striking as the total difference of their deportment under 
 the same unhappy circumstances. Whatever the merits of 
 the worthy baronet's defence might have been, he did not 
 shrink from the charge. He met it with manliness of spirit, 
 and decency of behavior. What would have been thought of 
 him, if he had held the present language of his old accuser? 
 When articles were exhibited against him by that right honor- 
 able gentleman, he did not think proper to tell the house that 
 we ought to institute no inquiry, to inspect no paper, to exam- 
 ine no witness. He did not tell us (what at that time he might 
 have told us with some show of reason) that our concerns in 
 India were matters of delicacy; that to divulge anything rela- 
 tive to them would be mischievous to the state. He did not 
 tell us, that those who would inquire into his proceedings were 
 disposed to dismember the empire. He had not the presump- 
 tion to say, that, for his part, having obtained, in his Indian 
 presidency, the ultimate object of his ambition, his honor was 
 concerned in executing with integrity the trust which had been 
 legally committed to his charge. That others, not having been 
 
SPEECH ON THE NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 131 
 
 SO fortunate, could not be so disinterested ; and therefore their 
 accusations could spring from no other source than faction, 
 and envy to his fortune. 
 
 Had he been frontless enough to hold such vain, vaporing 
 language in the face of a grave, a detailed, a specified matter 
 of accusation, whilst he violently resisted everything which 
 could bring the merits of his cause to the test ; had he been 
 wild enough to anticipate the absurdities of this day ; that is, 
 had he inferred, as his late accuser has thought proper to do, 
 that he could not have been guilty of malversation in office, 
 for this sole and curious reason, that he had been in office ; had 
 he argued the impossibility of his abusing his power on this 
 sole principle, that he had power to abuse, he would have left 
 but one impression on the mind of every man who heard him, 
 and who believed him in his senses — that in the utmost extent 
 he was guilty of the charge. 
 
 But, Sir, leaving these two gentlemen to alternate, as crim- 
 inal and accuser, upon what principles they think expedient ; it 
 is for us to consider. Whether the chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and the treasurer of the navy, acting as a board of control, 
 are justified by law or policy, in suspending the legal arrange- 
 ments made by the court of directors, in order to transfer the 
 pubhc revenues to the private emolument of certain servants 
 of the East India company, without the inquiry into the origin 
 and justice of their claims prescribed by an act of parliament ? 
 
 It is not contended that the act of parliament did not ex- 
 pressly ordain an inquiry. It is not asserted that this inquiry 
 was not, with equal precision of terms, specially committed 
 under particular regulations to the court of directors. I con- 
 ceive, therefore, the board of control had no right whatsoever 
 to intermeddle in that business. There is nothing certain in 
 the principles of jurisprudence, if this be not undeniably true, 
 that when a special authority is given to any persons by name, 
 to do some particular act, no others, by virtue of general pow- 
 ers, can obtain a legal title to intrude themselves into that trust, 
 and to exercise those special functions in their place. I there- 
 fore consider the intermeddhng of ministers in this affair as' 
 a downright usurpation. But if the strained construction by 
 which they have forced themselves into a suspicious office 
 (which every man delicate with regard to character, would 
 rather have sought constructions to avoid) were perfectly 
 sound and perfectly legal, of this I am certain, that they can- 
 not be justified in declining the inquiry which had been pre- 
 scribed to the court of directors. If the board of control did 
 lawfully possess the right of executing the special trust given 
 to that court, they must take it as they found it, subject to the 
 
132 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 very same regulations which bound the court of directors. It 
 will be allowed that the court of directors had no authority to 
 dispense with either the substance, or the mode of inquiry, pre- 
 scribed by the act of parliament. If they had not, where, in 
 the act, did the board of control acquire that capacity ? In- 
 deed, it was impossible they should acquire it. — What must we 
 think of the fabric and texture of an act of parliament which 
 should find it necessary to prescribe a strict inquisition ; that 
 should descend into minute regulations for the conduct of that 
 inquisition ; that should commit this trust to a particular de- 
 scription of men, and in the very same breath should enable 
 another body, at their own pleasure, to supersede all the pro- 
 visions the legislature had made, and to defeat the whole pur- 
 pose, end, and object of the law ? This cannot be supposed 
 even of an act of parhament conceived by the ministers them- 
 selves, and brought forth during the delirium of the last session. 
 My honorable friend has told you in the speech which intro- 
 duced his motion, that fortunately this question is not a great 
 deal involved in the labyrinths of Indian detail. Certainly not. 
 But if it were, I beg leave to assure you, that there is nothing 
 in the Indian detail which is more difficult than in the detail of 
 any other business. I admit, because I have some experience 
 of the fact, that for the interior regulation of India, a minute 
 knowledge of India is requisite. But, on any specific matter 
 of dehnquency in its government, you are as capable of judg- 
 ing, as if the same thing were done at your door. Fraud, in- 
 justice, oppression, peculation, engendered in India, are crimes 
 of the same blood, family, and cast with those that are born 
 and bred in England. To go no further than the case before 
 us : you are just as competent to judge whether the sum of 
 four millions sterling ought, or ought not, to be passed from 
 the public treasury into a private pocket, without any title ex- 
 cept the claim of the parties, when the issue of fact is laid in 
 Madras, as when it is laid in Westminster. Terms of art, 
 indeed, are different in diflferent places, but they are generally 
 understood in none. The technical style of an Indian treasury 
 is not one jot more remote than the jargon of our own exche- 
 quer, from the train of our ordinary ideas, or the idiom of our 
 common language. The difl^erence, therefore, in the two cases 
 is not in the comparative difficulty or facility of the two sub- 
 jects, but in our attention to the one, and our total neglect of 
 the other. Had this attention and neglect been regulated by 
 the value of the several objects, there would be nothing to 
 complain of. But the reverse of that supposition is true. The 
 scene of the Indian abuse is distant indeed ; but we must not 
 infer, that the value of our interest in it is decreased in propor- 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 133 
 
 tion as it recedes from our view. In our politics, as in our 
 common conduct, we shall be worse than infants, if we do not 
 put our senses under the tuition of our judgment, and effectually 
 cure ourselves of that optical illusion which makes a briar at 
 our nose of greater magnitude than an oak at five hundred 
 yards distant. 
 
 I think I can trace all the calamities of this country to the 
 single source of our not having had steadily before our eyes a 
 general, comprehensive, well-connected, and well-proportioned 
 view of the whole of our dominions, and a just sense of their 
 true bearings and relations. After all its reductions, the British 
 empire is still vast and various. After all the reductions of the 
 house of commons (stripped as we are of our brightest orna- 
 ments, and of our most important privileges) enough are yet 
 left to furnish us, if we please, with means of showing to the 
 world, that we deserve the superintendence of as large an em- 
 pire as this kingdom ever held, and the continuance of as ample 
 privileges as the house of commons, in the plenitude of its 
 power, had been habituated to assert. But if, we make our- 
 selves too little for the sphere of our duty ; if, on the contrary, 
 we do not stretch and expand our minds to the compass of 
 their object, be well assured, that everything about us will 
 dwindle by degrees, until at length our concerns are shrunk to 
 the dimensions of our minds. It is not a predilection to mean, 
 sordid, home-bred cares, that will avert the consequences of a 
 false estimation of our interest, or prevent the shameful dilapi- 
 dation into which a great empire must fall, by mean repara- 
 tions upon mighty ruins. 
 
 I confess I feel a degree of disgust, almost leading to despair, 
 at the manner in which we are acting in the great exigencies 
 of our country. There is now a bill in this house, appointing 
 a rigid inquisition into the minutest detail of our offices at home. 
 The collection of sixteen millions annually; a collection on 
 which the pubUc greatness, safety, and credit have their reli- 
 ance ; the whole order of criminal jurisprudence, which holds 
 together society itself, have at no time obliged us to call forth 
 such powers ; no, nor anything like them. There is not a prin- 
 ciple of the law and constitution of this country that is not 
 subverted to favor the execution of that project. And for 
 what is all this apparatus of bustle and terror ? Is it because 
 anything substantial is expected from it ? No. The stir and 
 bustle itself is the end proposed. The eye-servants of a short- 
 sighted master will employ themselves, not on what is most 
 essential to his affairs, but on what is nearest to his ken. Great 
 difficulties have given a just value to economy ; and our minis- 
 ter of the day must be an economist, whatever it may cost us. 
 
 12 
 
134 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 But where is he to exert his talents ? At home, to be sure ; for 
 where else can he obtain a profitable credit for their exertion? 
 It is nothing to him, whether the object on which he works 
 under our eye be promising or not. If he does not obtain any 
 public benefit, he may make regulations without end. Those are 
 sure to pay in present expectation, whilst the effect is at a dis- 
 tance, and may be the concern of other times, and other men. 
 On these principles he chooses to suppose (for he does not pre- 
 tend more than to suppose) a naked possibility, that he shall 
 draw some resource out of crumbs dropped from the trenchers 
 of penury ; that something shall be laid in store from the short 
 allowance of revenue officers, overloaded with duty, and fam- 
 ished for want of bread ; by a reduction from officers who are 
 at this very hour ready to batter the treasury with what breaks 
 through stone walls, for an increase of their appointments. 
 From the marrowless bones of these skeleton estabhshments, 
 by the use of every sort of cutting, and of every sort of fretting 
 tool, he flatters himself that he may chip and rasp an empirical 
 ahmentary powder, to diet into some similitude of health and 
 substance the languishing chimeras of fraudulent reformation. 
 
 Whilst he is thus employed according to his policy and to 
 his taste, he has not leisure to inquire into those abuses in India 
 that are drawing oflf money by millions from the treasures of 
 this country, which are exhausting the vital juices from mem- 
 bers of the state, where the public inanition is far more sorely 
 felt than in the local exchequer of England. Not content with 
 winking at these abuses, whilst he attempts to squeeze the 
 laborious ill-paid drudges of English revenue, he lavishes in one 
 act of corrupt prodigality, upon those who never served the 
 public in any honest occupation at all, an annual income equal 
 to two thirds of the whole collection of the revenues of this 
 kingdom. 
 
 Actuated by the same principle of choice, he has now on the 
 anvil another scheme, full of difficulty and desperate hazard, 
 which totally alters the commercial relation of two kingdoms ; 
 and what end soever it shall have, may bequeath a legacy of 
 heart-burning and discontent to one of the countries, perhaps 
 to both, to be perpetuated to the latest posterity. This project 
 is also undertaken on the hope of profit. It is provided, that 
 out of some (I know not what) remains of the Irish hereditary 
 revenue, a fund at some time, and of some sort, should be 
 applied to the protection of the Irish trade. Here we are com- 
 manded again to task our faith, and to persuade ourselves, that 
 out of the surplus of deficiency, out of the savings of habitual 
 and systematic prodigality, the minister of wonders will pro- 
 vide support for this nation, sinking under the mountainous load 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 135 
 
 of two hundred and thirty millions of debt. But whilst we 
 look with pain at his desperate and laborious trifling ; whilst we 
 are apprehensive that he will break his back in stooping to pick 
 up chaff" and straw^s, he recovers himself at an elastic bound, 
 and with a broad-cast swing of his arms, he squanders over 
 his Indian field a sum far greater than the clear produce of the 
 whole hereditary revenue of the kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 Strange as this scheme of conduct in ministry is, and incon- 
 sistent with all just pohcy, it is still true to itself, and faithful to 
 its own perverted order. Those who are bountiful to crimes, 
 will be rigid to merit, and penurious to service. Their penury 
 is even held out as a blind and cover to their prodigality. The 
 economy of injustice is to furnish resources for the fund of 
 corruption. Then they pay off" their protection to great crimes 
 and great criminals, by being inexorable to the paltry frailties 
 of little men; and these modern flagellants are sure, wath a 
 rigid fldelity, to whip their own enormities on the vicarious 
 back of every small offender. 
 
 It is to draw your attention to economy of quite another 
 order; it is to animadvert on offences of a far different de- 
 scription, that my honorable friend has brought before you the 
 motion of this day. It is to perpetuate the abuses w^hich are 
 subverting the fabric of your empire, that the motion is opposed. 
 It is therefore with reason (and if he has power to carry him- 
 self through, I commend his prudence) that the right honorable 
 gentleman makes his stand at the very outset; and boldly 
 refuses all parliamentary information. Let him admit but one 
 step towards inquiry, and he is undone. You must be ignorant, 
 or he cannot be safe. But before his curtain is let down, and 
 the shades of eternal night shall veil our eastern dominions 
 from our view, permit me, sir, to avail myself of the means 
 which were furnished in anxious and inquisitive times, to de- 
 monstrate out of this single act of the present minister, what 
 advantages you ^re to derive from permitting the greatest 
 concern of this nation to be separated from the cognizance, 
 and exempted even out of the competence, of parliament. The 
 greatest body of your revenue, your most numerous armies, 
 your most important commerce, the richest sources of your 
 pubhc credit, (contrary to every idea of the known settled 
 pohcy of England) are on the point of being converted into a 
 mystery of state. You are going to have one half of the 
 globe hid even from the common liberal curiosity of an English 
 gentleman. Here a grand revolution commences. Mark the 
 period, and mark the circumstances. In most of the capital 
 changes that are recorded in the principles and system of any 
 government, a pubHc benefit of some kind or other has been 
 
1 
 
 136 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 pretended. The revolution commenced in something plausible, 
 in something which carried the appearance at least of punish- 
 ment of dehnquency, or correction of abuse. But here, in the 
 very moment of the conversion of a department of British 
 government into an Indian mystery, and in the yery act in 
 which the change commences, a corrupt, private interest is set 
 up in direct opposition to the necessities of the nation. A 
 diversion is made of milKons of the public money from the 
 public treasury to a private purse. It is not into secret nego- 
 tiations for war, peace, or alliance, that the house of commons 
 is forbidden to inquire. It is a matter of account ; it is a pecu- 
 niary transaction; it is the demand of a suspected steward 
 upon ruined tenants and an embarrassed master, that the com- 
 mons of Great Britain are commanded not to inspect. The 
 whole tenor of the right honorable gentleman's argument is 
 consonant to the nature of his policy. The system of conceal- 
 ment is fostered by a system of falsehood. False facts, false 
 colors, false names of persons and things, are its whole support. 
 
 Sir, I mean to follow the right honorable gentleman over 
 that field of deception, clearing what he has purposely obscured, 
 and fairly stating what it was necessary for him to misrepre- 
 sent. For this purpose, it is necessary you should know with 
 some degree of distinctness, a little of the locahty, the nature, 
 the circumstances, the magnitude of the pretended debts on 
 which this marvellous donation is founded, as well as of the 
 persons from whom and by whom it is claimed. 
 
 Madras, with its dependencies, is the second (but with a long 
 interval, the second) member of the British empire in the east. 
 The trade of that city, and of the adjacent territory, was, not 
 very long ago, among the most flourishing in Asia. But since 
 the establishment of the British power, it has wasted away 
 under a uniform, gradual decline ; insomuch that in the year 
 1779 not one merchant of eminence was to be found in the 
 whole country. During this period of decay, about six hundred 
 thousand sterling pounds a year have been drawn off by Eng- 
 Ush gentlemen on their private account, by the way of China 
 alone. If we add four hundred thousand, as probably remitted 
 through other channels, and in other mediums, that is, in jewels, 
 gold, and silver directly brought to Europe, and in bills upon 
 the British and foreign companies, you will scarcely think the 
 matter over-rated. If we fix the commencement of this 
 extraction of money from the Carnatic at a period no earlier 
 than the year 1760, and close it in the year 1780, it probably 
 will not amount to a great deal less than twenty millions of 
 money. 
 
 During the deep silent flow of this steady stream of wealth, 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 1 37 
 
 which set from India into Europe, it generally passed on with 
 no adequate observation; but happening at some periods to 
 meet rifts of rocks that checked its course, it grew more noisy, 
 and attracted more notice. The pecuniary discussions caused 
 by an accumulation of part of the fortunes of their servants in 
 a debt from the nabob of Arcot, was the first thing which very 
 particularly called for, and long engaged, the attention of the 
 court of directors. This debt amounted to eight hundred and 
 eighty thousand pounds sterling, and was claimed, for the 
 greater part, by Enghsh gentlemen, residing at Madras. This 
 grand capital, settled at length by order at ten per cent, afforded 
 an annuity of eighty-eight thousand pounds. 
 
 Whilst the directors were digesting their astonishment at this 
 information, a memorial was presented to them from three 
 gentlemen, informing them that their friends had lent hkewise, 
 to merchants of Canton in China, a sum of not more than one 
 million sterhng. In this memorial they called upon the com- 
 pany for their assistance and interposition with the Chinese 
 government for the recovery of the debt. This sum lent to 
 Chinese merchants, was at 24 per cent, which w^ould yield, if 
 paid, an annuity of two hundred and forty thousand pounds. 
 
 Perplexed as the directors were with these demands, you 
 may conceive, Sir, that they did not find themselves very much 
 disembarrassed, by being made acquainted that they must again 
 exert their influence for a new reserve of the happy parsimony 
 of their servants, collected into a second debt from the nabob 
 of Arcot, amounting to two milUons four hundred thousand 
 pounds, settled at an interest of 12 per cent. This is known by 
 the name of the Consolidation of 1777, as the former of the 
 nabob's debts was by the title of the Consolidation of 1767. 
 To this was added, in a separate parcel, a little reserve called 
 the Cavalry debt, of one hundred and sixty thousand pounds, at 
 the same interest. The whole of these four capitals, amounting 
 to four millions four hundred and forty thousand pounds, pro- 
 duced at their several rates, annuities amounting to six hundred 
 and twenty-three thousand pounds a year ; a good deal more 
 than one third of the clear land-tax of England, at four 
 shillings in the pound ; a good deal more than double the whole 
 annual dividend of the East India company, the nominal mas- 
 ters to the proprietors in these funds. Of this interest, three 
 hundred and eighty-three thousand two hundred pounds a year 
 stood chargeable on the public revenues of the Carnatic. 
 
 Sir, at this moment, it will not be necessary to consider the 
 various operations which the capital and interest of this debt 
 have successively undergone. I shall speak to these operations 
 
 S 12 * 
 
138 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 when I come particularly to answer the right honorable gentle- 
 man on each of the heads, as he has thought proper to divide 
 them. But this was the exact view in which these debts first 
 appeared to the court of directors, and to the world. It varied 
 afterwards. But it never appeared in any other than a most 
 questionable shape. When this gigantic phantom of debt first 
 appeared before a young minister, it naturally would have jus- 
 tified some degree of doubt and apprehension. Such a prodigy 
 would have filled any common man with superstitious fears. 
 He would exorcise that shapeless, nameless form, and by 
 everything sacred would have adjured it to tell by what means 
 a small number of slight individuals, of no consequence or 
 situation, possessed of no lucrative offices, without the com- 
 mand of armies, or the known administration of revenues, 
 without profession of any kind, without any sort of trade suffi- 
 cient to employ a pedlar, could have, in a few years (as to 
 some even in a few months) amassed treasures equal to the 
 revenues of a respectable kingdom ? Was it not enough to put 
 these gentlemen, in the noviciate of their administration, on 
 their guard, and to call upon them for a strict inquiry (if not to 
 justify them in a reprobation of those demands without any 
 inquiry at all) that when all England, Scotland, and Ireland 
 had for years been witness to the immense sums laid out by the 
 servants of the company in stocks of all denominations, in the 
 purchase of lands, in the buying and building of houses, in the 
 securing "quiet seats in parliament, or in the tumultuous riot of 
 contested elections, in wandering throughout the whole ran^e 
 of those variegated modes of inventive prodigality, which 
 sometimes have excited our wonder, sometimes roused our in- 
 dignation ; that after all India was four millions still in debt to 
 iheml India in debt to tkem! For what? Every debt for 
 which an equivalent of some kind or other is not given, is on 
 the face of it a fraud. What is the equivalent they have given ? 
 What equivalent had they to give ? What are the articles of 
 commerce, or the branches of manufacture, which those gentle- 
 men have carried hence to enrich India ? What are the sci- 
 ences they beamed out to enlighten it ? What are the arts they 
 introduced to cheer and to adorn it ? What are the religious, 
 what the moral institutions they have taught among that people 
 as a guide to life, or as a consolation when life is to be no 
 more, that there is an eternal debt, a debt " still paying, still to 
 owe," which must be bound on the present generation in India, 
 and entailed on their mortgaged posterity for ever? A debt of 
 millions, in favor of a set of men, whose names, with few ex- 
 ceptions, are either buried in the obscurity of their origin and 
 talents, or dragged into light by the enormity of their crimes ? 
 
N^ABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 139 
 
 If this body of private claims of debt, real or devised, were 
 a question, as it is falsely pretended, betv^een the nabob of 
 Arcot, as debtor, and Paul Benfield and his associates, as cred- 
 itors, I am sure I should give myself but little trouble about it. 
 If the hoards of oppression were the fund for satisfying the 
 claims of bribery and peculation, who would wish to interfere 
 between such litigants ? If the demands were confined to what 
 might be drawn from the treasures which the company's records 
 uniformly assert that the nabob is in possession of; or if he had 
 mines of gold, or silver, or diamonds (as we know that he has 
 none) these gentlemen might break open his hoards, or dig in 
 his mines, without any disturbance from me. But the gentlemen 
 on the other . side of the house know as well as I do, and they 
 dare not contradict me, that the nabob of Arcot and his creditors 
 are not adversaries, but collusive parties, and that the whole 
 transaction is under a false color and false names. The litiga- 
 tion is not, nor ever has been, between their rapacity and his 
 hoarded riches. No ; it is between him and them combining 
 and confederating on one side, and the pubhc revenues, and the 
 miserable inhabitants of a ruined country, on the other. These 
 ^re the real plaintiffs and the real defendants in the suit. Refus- 
 ing a shilling from his hoards for the satisfaction of any demand, 
 the nabob of Arcot is always ready, nay, he earnestly, and 
 with eagerness and passion, contends for delivering up to these 
 pretended creditors his territory and his subjects. It is therefore 
 not from treasuries and mines, but from the food of your unpaid 
 armies, from the blood withheld from the veins, and whipt out 
 of the backs of the most miserable of men, that we are to 
 pamper extortion, usury, and peculation, under the false names 
 of debtors and creditors of state. 
 
 The great patron of these creditors (to whose honor they 
 ought to erect statues) the right honorable gentleman, in stating 
 the merits which recommended them to his favor, has ranked 
 them under three grand divisions. The first, the creditors of 
 1767; then the creditors of the cavalry loan; and lastly, the 
 creditors of the loan in 1777. Let us examine them one by 
 one, as they pass in review before us. 
 
 The first of these loans, that of 1767, he insists, had an indis- 
 putable claim upon the public justice. The creditors, he affirms, 
 lent their money publicly ; they advanced it with the express 
 knowledge and approbation of the company ; and it was con- 
 tracted at the moderate interest of ten per cent. In this loan 
 the demand is, according to him, not only just, but meritorious 
 in a very high degree ; and one would be inclined to believe he 
 thought so, because he has put it last in the provision he has 
 made for these claims. 
 
140 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 I readily admit this debt to stand the fairest of the whole ,• 
 for whatever may be my suspicions concerning a part of it, I 
 can convict it of nothing worse than the most enormous usury. 
 But I can convict upon the spot the right honorable gentleman, 
 of the most daring misrepresentation in every one fact, without 
 any exception, that he has alleged in defence of this loan, and 
 of his own conduct with regard to it. I will show you that 
 this debt was never contracted with the knowledge of the 
 company ; that it had not their approbation ; that they received 
 the first intelligence of it with the utmost possible surprise, 
 indignation, and alarm. 
 
 So far from being previously apprized of the transaction from 
 its origin, that it was two years before the court of directors 
 obtained any official intelligence of it. " The dealings of the 
 servants with the nabo.b were concealed from the first, until 
 they were found out" (says.-Mr. Sayer, the company's counsel) 
 " by the report of the country." The presidency, however, at 
 last thought proper to send an official account. On this the 
 directors tell them, " to your great reproach it has been concealed 
 ft'om us. We cannot but suspect this debt to have had its weight 
 in yom^ proposed aggrandizement of Mahomed All [the nabob of 
 Arcot] ; but whether it has or has not, certain it is, you are 
 guilty of a high breach of duty in concealing it from us." 
 
 These expressions, concerning the ground of the transaction, 
 its effect, and its clandestine nature, are in the letters, bearing 
 date March 17, 1769. After receiving a more full account on 
 the 23d March, 1770, they state, that "Messrs. John Pybus, 
 John Call, and James Bourchier, as trustees for themselves and 
 others of the nabob's private creditors, had proved a deed of 
 assignment upon the nabob and his son of FIFTEEN districts 
 of the nabob's country, the revenues of which yielded, in time 
 of peace, eight lacs of pagodas [320,000/. sterling] annually ; 
 and likewise an assignment of the yearly tribute paid the nabob 
 from the rajah of Tanjore, amounting to four lacks of rupees 
 [40,000/.]" The territorial revenue, at that time possessed by 
 these gentlemen, without the knowledge or consent of their 
 masters, amounted to three hundred an sixty thousand pounds 
 sterling annually. They were making rapid strides to the entire 
 possession of the country, when the directors, whom the right 
 honorable gentleman states as having authorized these proceed- 
 ings, were kept in such profound ignorance of this royal acqui- 
 sition of territorial revenue by their servants, that in the same 
 letter they say, " this assignment was obtained by three of the 
 members of your board, in January 1767, yet we do not find the 
 least trace of it upon your consultations, until August 1768, nor 
 do any of your letters to us afford any information relative to 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 141 
 
 such transactions, till the 1st of November, 1768. By your last 
 letters of the 8th of May, 1769, you bring the whole proceed- 
 ings to light. in one view." 
 
 As to the previous knowledge of the company, and its sanction 
 to the debts, you see that this assertion of that knowledge is 
 utterly unfounded. But did the directors approve of it, and 
 ratify the transaction when it was known? The very reverse. 
 On the same third of March, the directors declare, " upon an 
 impartial examination of the whole conduct of our late governor 
 and council of Fort George [Madras] and on the fullest con- 
 sideration, that the said governor and council have, in notorious 
 violation of the trust reposed in them, manifestly preferred the 
 interest of private individuals to that of the company, in permitting 
 the assignment of the revenues of .certain valuable districts, to 
 a very large amount, from the nabob to individuals" — and then 
 highly aggravating their crimes, they add : " We order and 
 direct that you do examine, in the most impartial manner, all 
 the above-mentioned transactions; and that you punish by 
 suspension, degradation, dismission or otherwise, as to you shall 
 seem meet, all and every such servant or servants of the 
 company, who may by you be found guilty of any of the above 
 offences." " We had (say the directors) the mortification to 
 find that the servants of the company, who had been raised, 
 supported, and owed their present opulence to the advantages 
 gained in such service, have in this instance most unfaithfully 
 betrayed their trust, abandoned the company's interest, and 
 prostituted its influence to accomplish the purposes of individuals, 
 whilst the interest of the company is almost wholly neglected, and 
 payment to us rendered extremely precarious." Here then is 
 the rock of approbation of the court of directors, on which the 
 right honorable gentleman says this debt was founded. Any 
 member, Mr. Speaker, who should come into the house, on my 
 reading this sentence of condemnation of the court of directors 
 against their unfaithful servants, might well imagine that he had 
 heard a harsh, severe, unqualified invective against the present 
 ministerial board of control. So exactly do the proceedings of 
 the patrons of this abuse tally with those of the actors in it, 
 that the expressions used in the condemnation of the one, may 
 serve for the reprobation of the other, without the change of 
 a word. 
 
 To read you all the expressions of wrath and indignation 
 fulminated in this dispatch against the meritorious creditors of 
 the right honorable gentleman, who, according to him, have 
 been so fully approved by the company, would be to read the 
 whole. 
 
 The right honorable gentleman, with an address pecuHar to 
 
142 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 himself, every now and then slides in the presidency of Ma- 
 dras, as synonymous to the company. That the presidency 
 did approve the debt, is certain. But the right honorable gen- 
 tleman, as prudent in suppressing, as skilful in bringing for- 
 ward his matter, has not chosen to tell you that the presidency 
 were the very persons guilty of contracting this loan ; credit- 
 ors themselves, and agents and trustees for all the other cred- 
 itors. For this, the court of directors accuse them of breach 
 of trust ; and for this, the right honorable gentleman considers 
 them as perfectly good authority for those claims. It is plea- 
 sant to hear a gentleman of the law quote the approbation of 
 creditors as an authority for their own debt. 
 
 How they came to contract the debt to themselves, how 
 they came to act as agents for those whom they ought to have 
 controlled, is for your inquiry. The policy of this debt was 
 announced to the court of directors, by the very persons con- 
 cerned in creating it. " Till very lately," (say the presidency) 
 *' the nabob placed his dependence on the company. Now he 
 has been taught by ill advisers, that an interest out of doors 
 may stand him in good stead. He has been made to believe 
 that his private creditors have power and interest to overrule the 
 court of director s^ The nabob was not misinformed. The 
 private creditors instantly qualified a vast number of votes ; 
 and having made themselves masters of the court of proprie- 
 tors, as well as extending a powerful cabal in other places as 
 important, they so completely overturned the authority of the 
 court of directors at home and abroad, that this poor baffled 
 government was soon obliged to lower its tone. It was glad 
 to be admitted into partnership with its own servants. The 
 court of directors establishing the debt which they had repro- 
 bated as a breach of trust, and which was planned for the sub- 
 version of their authority, settled its payments on a par with 
 those of the public ; and even so, were not able to obtain peace 
 or even equality in their demands. All the consequences lay 
 in a regular and irresistible train. By employing their inj3u- 
 ence for the recovery of this debt^ their orders, issued in the 
 same breath, against creating new debts, only animated the 
 strong desires of their servants to this prohibited prohfic sport, 
 and it soon produced a swarm of sons and daughters, not in 
 the least degenerated from the virtue of their parents. 
 
 From that moment, the authority of the court of directors 
 expired in the Carnatic, and everywhere else. " Every man," 
 says the presidency, "who opposes the government and its 
 measures, finds an immediate countenance from the nabob; 
 even our discarded officers, however unworthy, are received 
 into the nabob's service." It was indeed a matter of no won- 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 143 
 
 derful sagacity to determine whether the court of directors, 
 with their miserable salaries to their servants, of four or five 
 hundred pounds a year, or the distributor of millions, was most 
 likely to be obeyed. It was an invention beyond the imagina- 
 tion of all the speculatists of our speculating age, to see a 
 government quietly settled in one and the same town, com- 
 posed of two distinct members ; one to pay scantily for obe- 
 dience, and the other to bribe high for rebellion and revolt. 
 
 The next thing which recommends this particular debt to 
 the right honorable gentleman is, it seems, the moderate inter- 
 est of ten per ce?it It would be lost labor to observe on this 
 assertion. The nabob, in a long apologetic letter for the trans- 
 action between him and the body of the creditors, states the 
 fact, as I shall state it to you. In the accumulation of this 
 debt, the first interest paid, was from thirty to thirty-six per 
 cent., it was then brought down to twenty-five ^er cent., at length 
 it was reduced to twenty ; and there it found its rest. During 
 the whole process, as often as any of these monstrous interests 
 fell into an arrear (into which they were continually falling) the 
 arrear, formed into a new capital, was added to the old, and 
 the same interest of twenty per cent, accrued upon both. The 
 company, having got some scent of the enormous usury which 
 prevailed at Madras, thought it necessary to interfere, and to 
 order all interests to be lowered to ten per cent. This order, 
 which contained no exception, though it by no means pointed 
 particularly to this class of debts, came like a thunderclap on 
 the nabob. He considered his political credit as ruined ; but 
 to find a remedy to this unexpected evil, he again added to 
 the old principal twenty per cent, interest accruing for the last 
 year. Thus a new fund was formed; and it was on that ac- 
 cumulation of various principals, and interests heaped upon in- 
 terests, not on the sum originally lent, as the right honorable 
 gentleman would make you beheve, that ten per cent, was set- 
 tled on the whole. 
 
 ' When you consider the enormity of the interest at which 
 these debts were contracted, and the several interests added 
 to the principal, I believe you will not think me too sceptical, 
 if I should doubt, whether for this debt of 880,000/. the nabob 
 ever saw 100,000/. in real money. The right honorable gen- 
 tleman suspecting, with all his absolute dominion over fact, 
 that he never will be able to defend even this venerable patri- 
 archal job, though sanctified by its numerous issue, and hoary 
 with prescriptive years, has recourse to recrimination, the last 
 resource of guilt. He says that this loan of 1767 was pro- 
 vided for in Mr. Fox's India bill ; and judging of others by 
 his own nature and principles, he more than insinuates, that 
 
J 44 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 this provision was made, not from any sense of merit in the 
 claim, but from partiality to general Smith, a proprietor, and 
 an agent for that debt. If partiality could have had any vi^eight 
 against justice and policy, w^ith the then ministers and their 
 friends, general Smith had titles to it. But the right honorable 
 gentleman knovi^s as well as I do, that general Smith was 
 very far from looking on himself as partially treated in the 
 arrangements of that time ; indeed what man dared to hope 
 for private partiality in that sacred plan for rehef to nations? 
 
 It is not necessary that the right honorable gentleman should 
 sarcastically call that time to our recollection. Well do I re- 
 member every circumstance of that memorable period. God 
 forbid I should forget it. O illustrious disgrace! O victorious 
 defeat ! may your memorial be fresh and new to the latest 
 generations ! May the day of that generous conflict be stamped 
 in characters never to be cancelled or worn out from the re- 
 cords of time ! Let no man hear of us, who shall not hear that 
 in a struggle against the intrigues of courts, and the perfidious 
 levity of the multitude, we fell in the cause of honor, in the 
 cause of our country, in the cause of human nature itself! 
 But if fortune should be as powerful over fame, as she has 
 been prevalent over virtue, at least our conscience is beyond 
 her jurisdiction. My poor share in the support of that great 
 measure, no man shall ravish from me. It shall be safely 
 lodged in the sanctuary of my heart ; never, never to be torn 
 from thence, but with those holds that grapple it to life. 
 
 I say, I well remember that bill, and every one of its honest 
 and its wise provisions. It is not true that this debt was ever 
 protected or enforced, or any revenue whatsoever set apart for 
 it. It was left in that bill just where it stood ; to be paid or not to 
 be paid out of the nabob's private treasures, according to his 
 own discretion. The company had actually given it their sanc- 
 tion ; though always relying for its validity on the sole security 
 of the faith of him, who, without their knowledge or consent, 
 entered into the original obligation. It had no other sanctioil ; 
 it ought to have had no other. So far was Mr. Fox's bill for 
 providing funds for it, as this ministry have wickedly done 
 for this, and for ten times worse transactions, out of the pub- 
 lic estate, that an express clause immediately preceded, posi- 
 tively forbidding any British subject from receiving assign- 
 ments upon any part of the territorial revenue, on any pretence 
 whatsoever. 
 
 You recollect, Mr. Speaker, that the chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer strongly professed to retain every part of Mr. Fox's 
 bill, which was intended to prevent abuse ; but in his India bill, 
 which (let me do justice) is as able and skilful a performance 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 145 
 
 for its own purposes, as ever issued from the wit of man, pre- 
 meditating this iniquity — hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque 
 aperiret Achivis, expunged this essential clause, broke down the 
 fence which was raised to cover the public property against 
 the rapacity of his partisans, and thus levelling every obstruc- 
 tion, he made a firm, broad highway for sin and death, for 
 usury and oppression, to renew their ravages throughout the 
 devoted revenues of the Carnatic. 
 
 The tenor, the policy, and the consequences of this debt of 
 1767, are, in the eyes of ministry, so excellent, that its merits 
 are irresistible ; and it takes the lead to give credit and coun- 
 tenance to all the rest. Along with this chosen body of heavy- 
 armed infantry, and to support it, in the fine, the right honorable 
 gentleman has stationed his corps of black cavalry. If there 
 be any advantage between this debt and that of 1769, according 
 to him the cavalry debt has it. It is not a subject of defence ; 
 it is a theme of panegyric. Listen to the right honorable gen- 
 tleman, and you will find it was contracted to save the country; 
 to prevent mutiny in armies ; to introduce economy in reve- 
 nues ; and for all these honorable purposes, it originated at the 
 express desire, and by the representative authority, of the com- 
 pany itself. 
 
 First, let me say a word to the authority. This debt was 
 contracted not by the authority of the company, not by its re- 
 presentatives (as the right honorable gentleman has the unpar- 
 alleled confidence to assert), but in the ever memorable period 
 of 1777, by the usurped power of those who rebelliously, in 
 conjunction with the nabob of Arcot, had overturned the lawful 
 government of Madras. For that rebellion, this house unani- 
 mously directed a public prosecution. The delinquents, after 
 they had subverted government, in order to make themselves a 
 party to support them in their power, are universally known to 
 have dealt jobs about to the right and to the left, and to any 
 who were willing to receive them. This usurpation, which the 
 right honorable gentleman well knows, was brought about by 
 and for the great mass of the sepretended debts, is the author- 
 ity which is set up by him to represent the company ; to re- 
 present that company which, from the first moment of their 
 hearing of this corrupt and fraudulent transaction to this hour, 
 have uniformly disowned and disavowed it. 
 
 So much for the authority. As to the facts, partly true, and 
 partly colorable, as they stand recorded, they are in substance 
 these. — The nabob of Arcot, as soon as he had thrown off* the 
 superiority of this country by means of these creditors, kept up 
 a great army which he never paid. Of course, his soldiers 
 were generally in a state of mutiny. The usurping council say 
 
 T 13 
 
146 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 that they labored hard with their master the nabob, to persuade 
 him to reduce these mutinous and useless troops. He consented; 
 but as usual, pleaded inability to pay them their arrears. Here 
 was a difficulty. The nabob had no money ; the company had 
 no money; every public supply was empty. But there was 
 one resource which no season has ever yet dried up in that 
 chmate. The soucars were at hand ; that is, private English 
 money-jobbers offered their assistance. Messieurs Taylor, 
 Majendie and Call, proposed to advance the small sum of 
 160,000/. to pay off the nabob's black cavalry, provided the 
 company's authority was given for their loan. This was the 
 great point of policy always aimed at, and pursued through a 
 hundred devices, by the servants at Madras. The presidency, 
 who themselves had no authority for the functions they pre- 
 sumed to exercise, very readily gave the sanction of the company 
 to those servants who knew that the company, whose sanction 
 was demanded, had positively prohibited all such transactions. 
 
 However, so far as the reality of the dealing goes, all is hith- 
 erto fair and plausible ; and here the right honorable gentleman 
 concludes, with commendable prudence, his account of. the 
 business. But here it is I shall beg leave to commence my 
 supplement : for the gentleman's discreet modesty has led him 
 to cut the thread of the story somewhat abruptly. One of the 
 most essential parties is quite forgotten. Why should the 
 episode of the poor nabob be omitted? When that prince 
 chooses it, nobody can tell his story better. Excuse me, if I 
 apply again to my book, and give it you from the first hand ; 
 from the nabob himself. 
 
 " Mr. Stratton became acquainted with this, and got Mr. 
 Taylor and others to lend me four lacs of pagodas towards 
 discharging the arrears of pay of my troops. Upon this, I 
 wrote a letter of thanks to Mr. Stratton ; and upon the faith of 
 this money being paid immediately, I ordered many of my 
 troops to be discharged by a certain day, and lessened the 
 number of my servants. Mr. Taylor, &c. some time after ac- 
 quainted me, that they had no ready money, but they would 
 grant teeps payable in four months. This astonished me ; for 
 I did not know what might happen, when the sepoys were dis- 
 missed from my service. I begged of Mr. Taylor and the 
 others to pay this sum to the officers of my regiments at the 
 time they mentioned ; and desired the officers, at the same time, 
 to pacify and persuade the men belonging to them, that their 
 pay would be given to them at the end of four months ; and that 
 till those arrears were discharged, their pay should be con 
 tinned to them. Two years ai^e nearly expired since that time 
 but Mr. Taylor has not yet entirely discharged the arrears of 
 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 147 
 
 those troops, and I am obliged to continue their pay from that 
 time till this. I hoped to have been able, by this expedient, to 
 have lessened the number of my troops, and discharged the 
 arrears due to them, considering the trifle of interest to Mr. 
 Taylor, and the others, as no great matter ; but instead of this, 
 / am oppressed with the hurthen of pay due to those troops ; and 
 the interest, which is going on to Mr. Taylor from the day the 
 teeps loere granted to him.^' What I have read to you is an ex- 
 tract of a letter from the nabob of the Carnatic to governor 
 Rumbold, dated the 22d, and received the 24th of March, 1779. 
 
 Suppose his highness not to be well broken in to things of this 
 kind, it must indeed surprise so knov^n and established a bond- 
 vender, as the nabob of Arcot, one who keeps himself the 
 largest bond warehouse in the world, to find that he was now 
 to receive in kind ; not to take money for his obhgations, but to 
 give his bond in exchange for the bond of Messieurs Taylor, 
 Majendie and Call, and to pay, besides, a good smart interest, 
 legally 12 per cent, [in reality perhaps twenty, or twenty-four 
 per cent.'] for this exchange of paper. But his troops were not 
 to be so paid, or so disbanded. They wanted bread, and could 
 not live by cutting and shuffling of bonds. The nabob still kept 
 the troops in service, and was obUged to continue, as you have 
 seen, the whole expense, to exonerate himself, from which he 
 became indebted to the soucars. 
 
 Had it stood here, the transaction would have been of the 
 most audacious strain of fraud and usury, perhaps ever before 
 discovered, whatever might have been practised and concealed. 
 But the same authority (I mean the nabob's) brings before you 
 something if possible more striking. He states, that for this 
 their paper, he immediately handed over to these gentlemen 
 something very different from paper; that. is, the receipt of a 
 territorial revenue, of which it seems they continued as long in 
 possession as the nabob himself continued in possession of any- 
 thing. Their payments, therefore, not being to commence be- 
 fore the end of four months, and not being completed in two 
 years, it must be presumed (unless they proved the contrary) 
 that their payments to the nabob were made out of the revenues 
 they had received from his assignment. Thus, they conde- 
 • scended to accumulate a debt of 160,000/. with an interest of 
 12 per cent, in compensation for a lingering payment to the na- 
 bob of 160,000/. of his own money. 
 
 Still we have not the whole; about two years after the as- 
 signment of those territorial revenues to these gentlemen, the 
 nabob receives a remonstrance from his chief manager, in a 
 principal province, of which this is the tenor: — "The entire 
 revenue of those districts is by your highness's order set apart 
 
148 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 to discharge the tunkaws [assignments] granted to the Euro- 
 peans. The gomastahs [agents] of Mr. Taylor, to Mr. De 
 Fries, are there in order to collect those tunkaws ; and as they 
 receive all the revenue that is collected, your highness's troops 
 have seven or eight months^ pay due, which they cannot receive, 
 and are thereby reduced to the greatest distress. In such times, 
 it is highly necessary to provide for the sustenance of the 
 troops, that they may be ready to exert themselves in the ser- 
 vice of your highness." 
 
 Here, Sir, you see how these causes and effects act upon 
 one another. One body of troops mutinies for want of pay ; 
 a debt is contracted to pay them ; and they still remain unpaid. 
 A territory destined to pay other troops, is assigned for this 
 debt ; and these other troops fall into the same state of indi- 
 gence and mutiny with the first. Bond is paid by bond ; ar- 
 rear is turned into new arrear ; usury engenders new usury ; 
 mutiny suspended in one quarter, starts up in another ; until all 
 the revenues and all the establishments are entangled into one 
 inextricable knot of confusion, from which they are only dis- 
 engaged by being entirely destroyed. In that state of confu- 
 sion, in a very few months after the date of the memorial I 
 have just read to you, things were found, when the nabob's 
 troops, famished to feed EngUsh soucars, instead of defending 
 the country, joined the invaders, and deserted in entire bodies 
 to Hyder AH. 
 
 The manner in which this transaction was carried on, shows 
 that good examples are not easily forgot, especially by those 
 who are bred in a great school. One of those splendid exam- 
 ples, give me leave to mention at a somewhat more early pe- 
 riod, because one fraud furnishes light to the discovery of an- 
 other, and so on, until the whole secret of mysterious iniquity 
 burst upon you in a blaze of detection. The paper I shall 
 read you, is not on record. If you please, you may take it on 
 my word. It is a letter written from one of undoubted inform- 
 ation in Madras, to Sir John Clavering, describing the prac- 
 tice that prevailed there, whilst the company's allies were 
 under sale, during the time of governor Winch's adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 " One mode," says Clavering's correspondent, "of 
 
 amassing money at the nabob's cost is curious. He is gene- 
 rally in arrears to the company. Here the governor, being 
 cash-keeper, is generally on good terms with the banker, who 
 manages matters thus: The governor presses the nabob for 
 the balance due from him; the nabob flies to his banker for 
 relief; the banker engages to pay the money, and grants his 
 notes accordingly, which he puts in the cash-book as ready 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 149 
 
 money ; the nabob pays him an interest for it at two and three 
 per cent per mensem, till the tunkaws he grants on the particu- 
 mr districts for it are paid. Matters in the mean time are 
 so managed, that there is no call for this money for the com- 
 pany's service/till the tunkaws become due. By this means 
 not a cash is advanced by the banker, though he receives a 
 heavy interest from the nabob, which is divided as lawful 
 spoil." 
 
 Here, Mr. Speaker, you. have the whole art and mystery, 
 the true freemason secret of the profession of soucaring ; by 
 which a few innocent, inexperienced young Enghshmen, such 
 as Mr. Paul Benfield, for instance, without property upon 
 which any one would lend to themselves a single shilling, are 
 enabled at once to take provinces in mortgage, to make princes 
 their debtors, and to become creditors for millions. 
 
 But it seems the right honorable gentleman's favorite soucar 
 cavalry, have proved the payment before the Mayor's court 
 at Madras! Have they so? Why then defraud our anxiety 
 and their characters of that proof? Is it not enough that the 
 charges which I have laid before you, have stood on record 
 against these poor injured gentlemen for eight years? Is it 
 not enough that they are in print by the orders of the East 
 India company for five years ? After these gentlemen have 
 borne all the odium of this publication, and all the indignation 
 of the directors, with such unexampled equanimity, now that 
 they are at length stimulated into feehng, are you to deny them 
 their just relief? But will the right honorable gentleman be 
 pleased to tell us, how they came not to give this satisfaction 
 to the court of directors, their lawful masters, during all the 
 eight years of this litigated claim ? Were they not bound, by 
 every tie that can bind man, to give them this satisfaction ? 
 This day, for the first time, we hear of the proofs. But when 
 were these proofs oflfered ? In what cause ? Who were the 
 parties? Who inspected? Who contested this belated ac- 
 count ? Let us see something to oppose to the body of record 
 which appears against them. The mayor's court ! the may- 
 or's court ! Pleasant ! Does not the honorable gentleman 
 know, that the first corps of creditors [the creditors of 1767] 
 stated it as a sort of hardship to them, that they could not 
 have justice at Madras, from the impossibility of their support- 
 ing their claims in the mayor's court? Why? because, say 
 they, the members of that court were themselves creditors, 
 and therefore could not sit as judges. Are we ripe to say, 
 that no creditor under similar circumstances was member of 
 the court, when the payment which is the ground of this cav- 
 alry debt was put in proof? Nay, are we not in a manner 
 
 13* 
 
150 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 compelled to conclude, that the court was so constituted, when 
 we know there is scarcely a man in Madras, who has not 
 some participation in these transactions? It is a shame to 
 hear such proofs mentioned, instead of the h©nest, vigorous 
 scrutiny which the circumstances of such an 'affair so indis- 
 pensably call for. 
 
 But his majesty's ministers, indulgent enough to other scru- 
 tinies, have not been satisfied with authorizing the payment of 
 this demand without such inquiry as the act has prescribed ; 
 but they have added the arrear of twelve fer cent, interest, 
 from the year 1777 to the year 1784, to make a new capital, 
 raising thereby 160 to 294,000/. Then they charge a new 
 twelve 'per cent, on the whole from that period, for a transac- 
 tion, in which it will be a miracle if a single penny will be 
 ever found really advanced from the private stock of the pre- 
 tended creditors. 
 
 In this manner, and at such an interest, the ministers have 
 thought proper to dispose of 294,000/. of the public revenues 
 for what is called the cavalry loan. After dispatching this, the 
 right honorable gentleman leads to battle his last grand divi- 
 sion, the consolidated debt of 1777. But having exhausted all 
 his panegyric on the two first, he has nothing at all to say in 
 favor of the last. On the contrary, he admits that it was con- 
 tracted in defiance of the company's orders, without even the 
 pretended sanction of any pretended representatives. Nobody, 
 indeed, has yet been found hardy enough to stand forth avow- 
 edly in its defence. But it is little to the credit of the age, 
 that what has not plausibility enough to find an advocate, has 
 influence enough to obtain a protector. Could any man ex- 
 pect to find that protector anywhere? But what must every 
 man think, when he finds that protector in the chairman of the 
 committee of secrecy, who had published to the house, and to 
 the world, the facts that condemn these debts — the orders that 
 forbid the incurring of them — the dreadful consequences which 
 attended them. Even in his official letter, when he tramples 
 on his parliamentary report, yet his general language is the 
 same. Read the preface to this part of this ministerial ar- 
 rangement, and you would imagine that this debt was to be 
 crushed, with all the weight of indignation which could fall 
 from a vigilant guardian of the public treasury, upon those 
 who attempted to rob it. What must be felt by every man 
 who has feeling, when, after such a thundering preamble of 
 condemnation, this debt is ordered to be paid without any sort 
 of inquiry into its authenticity? without a single step taken to 
 settle even the amount of the demand ? without an attempt so 
 much as to ascertain the real persons claiming a sum, which 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 151 
 
 rises in the accounts from one million three hundred thousand 
 pounds sterling to two millions four hundred thousand pounds 
 principal money ? without an attempt made to ascertain the 
 proprietors, of whom no Hst has ever yet been laid before the 
 court of directors ; of proprietors, who are known to be in a 
 collusive shuffle, by which they never appear to be the same 
 in any two hsts, handed about for their own particular pur- 
 poses ? 
 
 My honorable friend who made you the motion, has suffi- 
 ciently exposed the nature of this debt. He has stated to you 
 that lis own agents in the year 1781, in the arrangement they 
 proposed to make at Calcutta, were satisfied to have twenty-five 
 per cent, at once struck off from the capital of a great part of 
 this debt ; and prayed to have a provision made for this reduced 
 principal, without any interest at all. This was an arrangement 
 of their own, an arrangement made by those who best knew the 
 true constitution of their own debt ; who knew how little favor 
 it merited, and how little hopes they had to find any persons in 
 authority abandoned enough to support it as it stood. 
 
 But what corrupt men, in the fond imaginations of a sanguine 
 avarice, had not the confidence to propose, they have found a 
 chancellor of the exchequer in England hardy enough to under- 
 take for them. He has cheered their drooping spirits. He has 
 thanked the peculators for not despairing of their commonwealth. 
 He has told them they were too modest. He has replaced the 
 twenty-five per cent, which, in order to lighten themselves, they 
 had abandoned in their conscious terror. Instead of cutting 
 off the interest, as they had themselves consented to do, with 
 the fourth of the capital, he has added the whole growth of 
 four years' usury of twelve per cent, to the first overgrown 
 principal; and has again grafted on this meliorated stock a 
 perpetual annuity of six fer cent, to take place from the year 
 1781. Let no man hereafter talk of the decaying energies of 
 nature. All the acts and monuments in the records of pecula- 
 tion ; the consohdated corruption of ages ; the patterns of 
 exemplary plunder in the heroic times of Roman iniquity, 
 never equalled the gigantic corruption of this single act. 
 Never did Nero, in all the insolent prodigality of despotism, 
 deal out to his pretorian guards a donation fit to be named with 
 the largess showered down by the bounty of our chancellor of 
 the exchequer on the faithful band of his Indian sepoys. 
 
 The right honorable gentleman lets you freely and voluntarily 
 into the whole transaction. So perfectly has his conduct con- 
 founded his understanding, that he fairly tells you, that through 
 the course of the whole business he has never conferred with any 
 but the agents of the pretended creditors! After this, do you 
 
153 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 want more to establish a secret understanding with the parties ? 
 to fix, beyond a doubt, their collusion and participation in a 
 common fraud ? 
 
 If this were not enough, he has furnished you with other 
 presumptions that are not to be shaken. It is one of the known 
 indications of guilt to stagger and prevaricate in a story ; and 
 to vary in the motives that are assigned to conduct. Try 
 these ministers by this rule. In their official dispatch, they tell 
 the presidency of Madras, that they have established the debt 
 for two reasons ; first, because the nabob (the party indebted) 
 does not dispute it ; secondly, because it is mischievous to keep 
 it longer afloat ; and that the payment of the European creditors 
 will promote circulation in the country. These two motives 
 (for the plainest reasons in the world) the right honorable gentle- 
 man has this day thought fit totally to abandon. In tlie first 
 place, he rejects the authority of the nabob of Arcot. It would 
 indeed be pleasant, to see him adhere to this exploded testimony. 
 He next, upon grounds equally solid, abandons the benefits of 
 that circulation, which was to be produced by drawing out all 
 the juices of the body. Laying aside, or forgetting, these 
 pretences of his dispatch, he has just now assumed a principle 
 totally different, but to the full as extraordinary. He proceeds 
 upon a supposition, that many of the claims may be fictitious. 
 He then finds, that in a case where many vahd and many fraud- 
 ulent claims are blended together, the best course for their 
 discrimination is indiscriminately to establish them all. He 
 trusts (I suppose) as there may not be a fund sufficient for every 
 description of creditors, that the best warranted claimants will 
 exert themselves in bringing to light those debts which will not 
 bear an inquiry. What he will not do himself, he is persuaded 
 will be done by others ; and for this purpose he leaves to any 
 person a general power of excepting to the debt. This total 
 change of language, and prevarication in principle, is enough, 
 if it stood alone, to fix the presumption of unfair dealing. His 
 dispatch assigns motives of policy, concord, trade, and circu- 
 lation. His speech proclaims discord and litigations ; and pro- 
 poses, as the ultimate end, detection. 
 
 But he may shift his reasons, and wind and turn as he will — 
 confusion waits him at all his doubles. Who will undertake this 
 detection? Will the nabob? But the right honorable gentleman 
 has himself this moment told us, that no prince of the country 
 can by any motive be prevailed upon to discover any fraud that 
 is practised upon him by the company's servants. He says 
 what (with the exception of the complaint against the cavalry 
 loan) all the world knows to be true : and without that prince's 
 concurrence, what evidence can be had of the fraud of any the 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 153 
 
 smallest of these demands'? The ministers never authorized 
 any person to enter into his exchequer, and to search his records. 
 Why then this shameful and insulting mockery of a pretended 
 contest ? Already contests for a preference have arisen among 
 these rival bond creditors. Has not the company itself struggled 
 for a preference for years, vi^ithout any attempt at detection of 
 the nature of those debts v^^ith v^^hich they contended ? Well is 
 the nabob of Arcot attended to, in the only specific complaint 
 he has ever made. He complained of unfair dealing in the 
 cavalry loan. It is fixed upon him with interest on interest ; 
 and this loan is excepted from all power of ligitation. 
 
 This day, and not before, the right honorable gentleman thinks 
 that the general establishment of all claims is the surest way 
 of laying open the fraud of some of them. In India this is a 
 reach of deep policy. But what would be thought of this mode 
 of acting on a demand upon the treasury in England ? Instead 
 of all this cunning, is there not one plain way open, that is, to 
 put the burthen of the proof on those who make the demand ? 
 Ought not ministry to have said to the creditors: " The person 
 who admits your debt stands excepted to as evidence ; he stands 
 charged as a collusive party, to hand over the public revenues 
 to you for sinister purposes 1 You say, you have a demand of 
 some millions on the Indian treasury; prove that you have 
 acted by lawful authority ; prove at least that your money has 
 been bona fide advanced; entitle yourself to my protection, by 
 the fairness and fullness of the communications you make." 
 Did an honest creditor ever refuse that reasonable and honest 
 test ? 
 
 There is little doubt, that several individuals have been seduced 
 by the purveyors to the nabob of Arcot to put their money 
 (perhaps the whole of honest and laborious earnings) into their 
 hands, and that at such high interest, as, being condemned at 
 law, leaves them at the mercy of the great managers whom 
 they trusted. These seduced creditors are probably persons of 
 no power or interest, either in England or India, and may be 
 just objects of compassion. By taking, in this arrangement, 
 no measures for discrimination and discovery ; the fraudulent 
 and the fair are in the first instance confounded in one mass. 
 The subsequent selection and distribution is left to the nabob. 
 With him the agents and instruments of his corruption, whom 
 he sees to be omnipotent in England, and who may serve him 
 in future, as they have done in times past, will have precedence, 
 if not an exclusive preference. These leading interests domi- 
 neer, and have always domineered, over the whole. By this 
 arrangement, the persons seduced are made dependent on their 
 seducers ; honesty (comparative honesty at least) must become 
 
 U 
 
154 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 of the party of fraud, and must quit its proper character, and 
 its just claims, to entitle itself to the alms of bribery and pecu- 
 lation. 
 
 But be these EngUsh creditors what they may, the creditors, 
 most certainly not fraudulent, are the natives, who are numer- 
 ous and wretched indeed ; by exhausting the whole revenues 
 of the Carnatic, nothing is left for them. They lent bona fide; 
 in all probabihty they were even forced to lend, or to give 
 goods and service for the nabob's obligations. They had no 
 trust to carry to his market. They had no faith of alliances to 
 sell. They had no nations to betray to robbery and ruin. They 
 had no lawful government seditiously to overturn ; nor had they 
 a governor to whom it is owing that you exist in India, to de- 
 liver over to captivity, and to death, in a shameful prison. 
 
 These were the merits of the principal part of the debt of 
 1777, and the universally conceived cause of its growth; and 
 thus the unhappy natives are deprived of every hope of pay- 
 ment for their real debts, to make provision for the arrears of 
 unsatisfied bribery and treason. You see in this instance, that 
 the presumption of guilt is not only no exception to the de- 
 mands on the public treasury ; but with these ministers it is a 
 necessary condition to their support. But that you may not 
 think this preference solely owing to their known contempt of 
 the natives, who ought, with every generous mind, to claim 
 their first charities, you will find the same rule religiously ob- 
 served with Europeans too. Attend, Sir, to this decisive case. 
 Since the beginning of the war, besides arrears of every kind, 
 a bond debt has been contracted at Madras, uncertain in its 
 amount, but represented from four hundred thousand pounds to 
 a million sterling. It stands only at the low interest of eight 
 per cent. Of the legal authority on which this debt was con- 
 tracted, of its purposes for the very 'being of the state, of its 
 publicity and fairness, no doubt has been entertained for a mo- 
 ment. For this debt, no sort of provision whatever has been 
 made. It is rejected as an outcast, whilst the whole undissi- 
 pated attention of the minister has been employed for the dis- 
 charge of claims entitled to his favor by the merits we have 
 seen. 
 
 I have endeavored to find out, if possible, the amount of the 
 whole of those demands, in order to see how much, supposing 
 the country in a condition to furnish the fund, may remain to 
 satisfy the public debt and the necessary establishments. But I 
 have been foiled in my attempt. About one-fourth, that is, about 
 220,000/. of the loan of 1767, remains unpaid. How much in- 
 terest is in arrear, I could never discover ; seven or eight years 
 at least, which would make the whole of that debt about 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 155 
 
 396,000/. This stock, which the ministers in their instructions 
 to the governor of Madras state as the least exceptionable, 
 they have thought proper to distinguish by a marked severity, 
 leaving it the only one, on which the interest is not added to 
 the principal, to beget a new interest. 
 
 The cavalry loan, by the operation of the same authority, 
 is made up to 294,000/.; and this 294,000/., made up of prin- 
 cipal and interest, is crowned with a new interest of twelve 
 'per cent 
 
 What the grand loan, the bribery loan of 1777, may be, is 
 amongst the deepest mysteries of state. It is probably the 
 first debt ever assuming the title of consolidation, that did not 
 express what the amount of the sum consoHdated was. It is 
 little less than a contradiction in terms. In the debt of the year 
 1767, the sum was stated in the act of consoHdation, and made 
 to amount to 880,000/., capital. When this consolidation 
 of 1777 was first announced at the Durbar, it was repre- 
 sented authentically at 2,400,000/. In that, or rather in a 
 higher state. Sir Thomas Rumbold found and condemned it. It 
 afterwards fell into such a terror, as to sweat away a million 
 of its weight at once; and it sunk to 1,400,000/. However, it 
 was never without a resource for recruiting it to its old plump- 
 ness. There was a sort of floating debt of about 4 or 500,000/. 
 more, ready to be added, as occasion should require. 
 
 In short, when you pressed this sensitive plant, it always con- 
 tracted its dimensions. When the rude hand of inquiry was 
 withdrawn, it expanded in all the luxuriant vigor of its original 
 vegetation. In the treaty of 1781, the whole of the nabob's 
 debt to private Europeans, is, by Mr. Sullivan, agent to the 
 nabob and the creditors, stated at 2,800,000/., which (if the 
 cavalry loan, and the remains of the debt of 1767, be subtract- 
 ed) leaves it at the^imount originally declared at the Durbar, 
 in 1777. But then there is a private instruction to Mr. Sulli- 
 van, w^hich it seems will reduce it again to the lower standard 
 of 1,400,000/. Failing in all my attempts, by a direct account, 
 to ascertain the extent of the capital claimed (where in all 
 probability no capital was ever advanced) I endeavored, if pos- 
 sible, to discover it by the interest which was to be paid. For 
 that purpose, I looked to the several agreements for assigning 
 the territories of the Carnatic to secure the principal and in- 
 terest of this debt. In one of them I found in a sort of postscript, 
 by way of an additional remark (not in the body of the obliga- 
 tion) the debt represented at 1,400,000/. But when I computed 
 the sums to be paid for interest by instalments, in another paper, 
 I found they produced the interest of two millions, at twelve 
 per cent.', and the assignment supposed, that if these instal- 
 
156 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 ments might exceed, they might also fall short of the real pro- 
 vision for that interest. 
 
 Another instalment bond was afterwards granted. In that 
 bond the interest exactly tallies with a capital of 1,400,000/. 
 But pursuing this capital through the correspondence, I lost 
 sight of it again, and it was asserted that this instalment bond 
 was considerably short of the interest that ought to be com- 
 puted to the time mentioned. Here are, therefore, two state- 
 ments of equal authority, differing at least a million from each 
 other ; and as neither persons claiming, nor any special sum as 
 belonging to each particular claimant, is ascertained in the 
 instruments of consohdation, or in the instalment bonds, a large 
 scope was left to throw in any sums for any persons, as their 
 merits in advancing the interest of that loan might require ; a 
 power was also left for reduction, in case a harder hand, or 
 more scanty funds, might be found to require it. Stronger 
 grounds for a presumption of fraud never appeared in any 
 transaction. But the ministers, faithful to the plan of the in- 
 terested persons, whom alone they thought fit to confer with on 
 this occasion, have ordered the payment of the whole mass of 
 these unknown unliquidated sums, without an attempt to ascer- 
 tain them. On this conduct, Sir, I leave you to make your 
 own reflections. 
 
 It is impossible (at least I have found it impossible) to fix on 
 the real amount of the pretended debts with which your minis- 
 ters have thought proper to load the Carnatic. They are ob- 
 scure ; they shun inquiry ; they are enormous. That is all you 
 know of them. 
 
 That you may judge what chance any honorable and useful 
 end of government has for a provision that comes in for the 
 leavings of these gluttonous demands, I must take it on myself 
 to bring before you the real condition of that abused, insulted, 
 racked, and ruined country, though in truth my mind revolts 
 from it ; though you will hear it with horror ; and I confess I 
 tremble when I think on these awful and confounding dispensa- 
 tions of Providence. I shall first trouble you with a few words 
 as to the cause 
 
 The great fortunes made in India in the beginnings of con- 
 quest, naturally excited an emulation in all the parts, and 
 through the whole succession, of the company's service. But 
 in the company it gave rise to other sentiments. They did not 
 find the new channels of acquisition flow with equal riches to 
 them. On the contrary, the high flood-tide of private emolu- 
 ment was generally in the lowest ebb of their affairs. They 
 began also to fear, that the fortune of war might take away 
 what the fortune of war had given. Wars were accordingly 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 157 
 
 discouraged by repeated injunctions and menaces ; and that 
 the servants might not be bribed into them by the native 
 princes, they were strictly forbidden to take any money what- 
 soever from their hands. But vehement passion is ingenious in 
 resources. The company's servants were not only stimulated, 
 but better instructed by the prohibition. They soon fell upon a 
 contrivance which answered their purposes far better than the 
 methods which were forbidden ; though in this also they violated 
 an ancient, but they thought, an abrogated order. They re- 
 versed their proceedings. Instead of receiving presents, they 
 made loans. Instead of carrying on wars in their own name, 
 they contrived an authority, at once irresistible and irresponsi- 
 ble, in whose name they might ravage at pleasure ; and being 
 thus freed from all restraint, they indulged themselves in the 
 most extraordinary speculations of plunder. The cabal of 
 creditors who have been the object of the late bountiful grant 
 from his majesty's ministers, in order to possess themselves, 
 under the name of creditors and assignees, of every country 
 in India, as fast as it should be conquered, inspired into the 
 mind of the nabob of Arcot (then a dependant on the company 
 of the humblest order) a scheme of the most wild and desperate 
 ambition that I believe ever was admitted into the thoughts of 
 a man so situated. First, they persuaded him to consider him- 
 self as a principal member in the political system of Europe. 
 In the next place they held out to him, and he readily imbibed 
 the idea of the general empire of Indostan. As a prehminary 
 to this undertaking, they prevailed on him to propose a tripar- 
 tite division of that vast country. One part to the company ; 
 another to the Marattas ; and the third to himself. To himself 
 he reserved all the southern part of the great peninsula, com- 
 prehended under the general name of the Decan. 
 
 On this scheme of their servants, the company was to appear 
 in the Carnatic in no other light than as contractor for the pro- 
 vision of armies, and the hire of mercenaries for his use, and 
 under his direction. This disposition was to be secured by the 
 nabob's putting himself under the guarantee of France ; and 
 by the means of that rival nation, preventing the English for 
 ever from assuming an equality, much less a superiority in the 
 Carnatic. In pursuance of this treasonable project (treasona- 
 ble on the part of the EngHsh) they extinguished the company 
 as a sovereign power in that part of India ; they withdrew the 
 company's garrisons out of all the forts and strong-holds of 
 the Carnatic ; they decHned to receive the ambassadors from 
 foreign courts, and remitted them to the nabob of Arcot ; they 
 fell upon, and totally destroyed the oldest ally of the company, 
 the king of Tanjore, and plundered the country to the amount 
 
 14 
 
^58 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 of near five millions sterling ; one after another, in the nabob's 
 name, but with English force, they brought into a miserable 
 servitude all the princes, and great independent nobility, of a 
 vast country. In proportion to these treasons and violences, 
 which ruined the people, the fund of the nabob's debt grew 
 and flourished. 
 
 Among the victims to this magnificent plan of universal 
 plunder, worthy of the heroic avarice of the projectors, you 
 have all heard (and he has made himself to be well remem- 
 bered) of an Indian chief called Hyder Ali Khan. This man 
 possessed the western, as the company under the name of the 
 nabob of Arcot does the eastern division of the Carnatic. It was 
 among the leading measures in the design of this cabal (accord- 
 ing to their own emphatic language) to extirpate this Hyder 
 Ali. They declared the nabob of Arcot to be his sovereign, 
 and himself to be a rebel, and publicly invested their instrument 
 with the sovereignty of the kingdom of Mysore. But their 
 victim was not of the passive kind. They were soon obliged 
 to conclude a treaty of peace and close alliance with this rebel, 
 at the gates of Madras. Both before and since that treaty, 
 every principle of policy pointed out this power as a natural 
 alliance ; and on his part, it was courted by every sort of ami- 
 cable office. But the cabinet-council of Enghsh creditors would 
 not suffer their nabob of Arcot to sign the treaty, nor even to 
 give to a prince, at least his equal, the ordinary titles of re- 
 spect and courtesy. From that time forward, a continued plot 
 was carried on within the divan, black and white, of the nabob 
 of Arcot, for the destruction of Hyder AH. As to the out- 
 ward members of the double, or rather treble government of 
 Madras, which had signed the treaty, they were always pre- 
 vented by some overruling influence (which they do not de- 
 scribe, but which cannot be misunderstood) from performing 
 what justice and interest combined so evidently to enforce. 
 
 When at length Hyder Ali found that he had to do with men 
 who either w^ould sign no convention, or whom no treaty and 
 no signature could bind, and who were the determined enemies 
 of human intercourse itself, he decreed to make the country 
 possessed by these incorrigible and predestinated criminals a 
 memorable example to mankind. He resolved, in the gloomy 
 recesses of a mind capacious of such things, to leave the whole 
 Carnatic an everlasting monument of vengeance ; and to put 
 perpetual desolation as a barrier between him and those against 
 whom the faith which holds the moral elements of the world 
 together was no protection. He became at length so confident 
 of his force, so collected in his might, that he made no secret 
 whatsoever of his dreadful resolution. Having terminated his 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 159 
 
 disputes with every enemy, and every rival, who buried their 
 mutual animosities in their common detestation against the 
 creditors of the nabob of Arcot, he drew from every quarter 
 whatever a savage ferocity could add to his new rudiments in 
 the arts of destruction ; and compounding all the materials of 
 fury, havoc, and desolation, into one black cloud, he hung for 
 awhile on the declivities of the mountains. Whilst the authors 
 of all these evils w^ere idly and stupidly gazing on this men- 
 acing meteor, which blackened all their horizon, it suddenly 
 burst, and poured down the whole of its contents upon the 
 plains of the Carnatic. — Then ensued a scene of woe, the like 
 of which no eye had seen, no heart conceived, and which no 
 tongue can adequately tell. All the horrors of war before 
 known or heard of were mercy to that new havoc. A storm 
 of universal fire blasted every field, consumed every house, 
 destroyed every temple. The miserable inhabitants flying 
 from their flaming villages, in part were slaughtered ; others, 
 without regard to sex, to age, to the respect of rank, or sacred- 
 ness of function; fathers torn from children, husbands from 
 wives, enveloped in a whirlwind of cavalry, and amidst the 
 goading spears of drivers, and the trampling of pursuing horses, 
 were swept into captivity, in an unknown and hostile land. 
 Those who were able to evade this tempest, fled to the walled 
 cities. But escaping from fire, sword, and exile, they fell into 
 the jaws of famine. 
 
 The alms of the settlement, in this dreadful exigency, were 
 certainly liberal; and all was done by charity that private 
 charity could do : but it was a people in beggary ; it was a 
 nation which stretched out its hands for food. For months 
 together these creatures of sufferance, whose very excess and 
 luxury in their most plenteous days had fallen short of the 
 allowance of our austerest fasts, silent, patient, resigned, with- 
 out sedition or disturbance, almost without complaint, perished 
 by a hundred a day in the streets of Madras ; every day seventy 
 at least laid their bodies in the streets, or on the glacis of Tan- 
 jore, and expired of famine in the granary of India. I was 
 going to awake your justice towards this unhappy part of our 
 fellow-citizens, by bringing before you some of the circum- 
 stances of this plague of hunger. Of all the calamities which 
 beset and waylay the life of man, this comes the nearest to 
 our heart, and is that wherein the proudest of us all feels him- 
 self to be nothing more than he is : but I find myself unable to 
 manage it with decorum : these details are of a species of hor- 
 ror so nauseous and disgusting ; they are so degrading to the 
 sufferers and to the hearers ; they are so humiliating to human 
 nature itself, that, on better thoughts, I find it more advisable 
 
160 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 to throw a pall over this hideous object, and to leave it to your 
 general conceptions. 
 
 For eighteen months, without intermission, this destruction 
 raged from the gates of Madras to the gates of Tanjore ; and 
 so completely did these masters in their art, Hyder AH, and 
 his more ferocious son, absolve themselves of their impious 
 vow, that when the British armies traversed, as they did, the 
 Carnatic for hundreds of miles in all directions, through the 
 whole hne of their march, they did not see one man, not one 
 woman, not one child, not one four-footed beast of any descrip- 
 tion whatever. One dead uniform silence reigned over the 
 whole region. With the inconsiderable exceptions of the nar- 
 row vicinage of some few forts, I wish to be understood as 
 speaking literally. I mean to produce to you more than three 
 witnesses, above all exception, who will support this assertion 
 in its full extent. That hurricane of war passed through every 
 part of the central provinces of the Carnatic. Six or seven 
 districts to the north and to the south (and these not wholly 
 untouched) escaped the general ravage. 
 
 The Carnatic is a country not much inferior in extent to 
 England. Figure to yourself, Mr. Speaker, the land in whose 
 representative chair you sit ; figure to yourself the form and 
 fashion of your sweet and cheerful country from Thames to 
 Trent, north and south, and from the Irish to the German sea 
 east and west, emptied and embowelled (may God avert the 
 omen of our crimes !) by so accomphshed a desolation. Ex- 
 tend your imagination a little further, and then suppose your 
 ministers taking a survey of this scene of waste and desola- 
 tion ; what would be your thoughts, if you should be informed 
 that they were computing how much had been the amount of 
 the excises, how much the customs, how much the land and 
 malt tax, in order that they should charge (take it in the most 
 favorable light) for public service, upon the relics of the sa- 
 tiated vengeance of relentless enemies, the whole of what Eng- 
 land had yielded in the most exuberant seasons of peace and 
 abundance ? What would you call it ? To call it tyranny, 
 sublimed into madness, would be too faint an image ; yet this 
 very madness is the principle upon which the ministers at 
 your right hand have proceeded in their estimate of the reve- 
 nues of the Carnatic, when they were providing not supply for 
 the establishments of its protection, but rewards for the authors 
 of its ruin. 
 
 Every day you are fatigued and disgusted with this cant, 
 " the Carnatic is a country that will soon recover, and become 
 instantly as prosperous as ever." They think they are talking 
 to innocents, who will believe that by sowing of dragons' teeth. 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 161 
 
 men may come up ready grown and ready armed. They who 
 will give themselves the trouble of considering (for it requires 
 no great reach of thought, no very profound knowledge) the 
 manner in which mankind are increased, and countries culti- 
 vated, will regard all this raving as it ought to be regarded. 
 In order that the people, after a long period of vexation and 
 plunder, may be in a condition to maintain government, gov- 
 ernment must begin by maintaining them. — Here the road to 
 economy hes not through receipt, but through expense ; and 
 in that country nature has given no short cut to your object. 
 Men must propagate, like other animals, by the mouth. Never 
 did oppression light the nuptial torch ; never did extortion and 
 usury spread out the genial bed. Does any of you think that 
 England, so wasted, would, under such a nursing attendance, 
 so rapidly and cheaply recover ? But he is meanly acquainted 
 with either England or India, who does not know that England 
 would a thousand times sooner resume population, fer-tility, and 
 what ought to be the ultimate secretion from both, revenue, 
 than such a country as the Carnatic. 
 
 The Carnatic is not by the bounty of nature a fertile soil. 
 The general size of its cattle is proof enough that it is much 
 otherwise. It is some days since I moved, that a curious 
 and interesting map kept in the India House, should be laid 
 before you. The India House is not yet in readiness to send 
 it ; I have therefore brought down my own copy, and there 
 it Hes for the use of any gentleman who may think such a 
 matter worthy of his attention. It is, indeed, a noble map, 
 and of noble things; but it is decisive against the golden 
 dreams and sanguine speculations of avarice run mad. In 
 addition to what you know must be the case in every part of 
 the world (the necessity of a previous provision of habitation, 
 seed, stock, capital) that map will show you, that the use of 
 the influences of Heaven itself, are in that country a work of 
 art. The Carnatic is refreshed by few or no living brooks or 
 running streams, and it has rain only at a season ; but its pro- 
 duct of rice exacts the use of water subject to perpetual com- 
 mand. This is the national bank of the Carnatic, on which it 
 must have a perpetual credit, or it perishes irretrievably. For 
 that reason, in the happier times of India, a number almost 
 incredible of reservoirs have been made in chosen places 
 throughout the whole country ; they are formed for the greater 
 part of mounds of earth and stones, with sluices of solid ma- 
 sonry ; the whole constructed with admirable skill and labor, 
 and maintained at a mighty charge. In the territory contained 
 in that map alone, I have been at the trouble of reckoning the 
 reservoirs, and they amount to upwards of eleven hundred, 
 
 V 14* 
 
162 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 from the extent of two or three acres to five miles in circuit. 
 From these reservoirs currents are occasionally draw^n over 
 the fields, and these water-courses again call for a considera- 
 ble expense to keep them properly secured and duly levelled. 
 Taking the district in that map as a measure, there cannot be 
 in the Carnatic and Tanjore fewer than ten thousand of these 
 reservoirs of the larger and middling dimensions, to say nothing 
 of those, for domestic services, and the use of religious purifi- 
 cations. These are not the enterprises of your power, nor in 
 a style of magnificence suited to the taste of your minister. 
 These are the monuments of real kings, who were the fathers 
 of their people; testators to a posterity which they embraced 
 as their own. These are the grand sepulchres built by ambi- 
 tion ; but by the ambition of an unsatiable benevolence, which, 
 not contented with reigning in the dispensation of happiness 
 during the contracted term of human life, had strained, with 
 all the Teachings and graspings of a vivacious mind, to extend 
 the dominion of their bounty beyond the limits of nature, and 
 to perpetuate themselves through generations of generations, 
 the guardians, the protectors, the nourishers of mankind. 
 
 Long before the late invasion, the persons who are objects 
 of the grant of public money now before you, had so diverted 
 the supply of the pious funds of culture and population, that 
 everywhere the reservoirs were fallen into a miserable decay. 
 But after those domestic enemies had provoked the entry of a 
 cruel foreign foe into the country, he did not leave it until his 
 revenge had completed the destruction begun by their avarice. 
 Few, very few indeed, of these magazines of water that are 
 not either totally destroyed, or cut through with such gaps, as 
 to require a serious attention and much cost to re-establish 
 them, as the means of present subsistence to the people, and of 
 future revenue to the state. 
 
 What, Sir, would a virtuous and enlightened ministry do, on 
 the view of the ruins of such works before them ? On the view 
 of such a chasm of desolation as that which yawned in the 
 midst of those countries to the north and south, which still bore 
 some vestiges of cultivation? They would have reduced all 
 their most necessary establishments ; they would have suspend- 
 ed the justest payments; they would have employed every 
 shilling derived from the producing to reanimate the powers of 
 the unproductive parts. While they were performing this 
 fundamental duty, whilst they were celebrating these mysteries 
 of justice and humanity, they would have told the corps of fic- 
 titious creditors, whose crimes were their claims, that they 
 must keep an awful distance ; that they must silence their in- 
 auspicious tongues ; that they must hold off* their profane and 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 163 
 
 unhallowed paws from this holy work ; they would have pro- 
 claimed with a voice -that should make itself heard, that on 
 every country the first creditor is the plough ; that this original, 
 indefeasible claim supersedes every other demand. 
 
 This is what a wise and virtuous ministry would have done 
 and said. This, therefore, is w^hat our minister could never 
 think of saying or doing. A ministry of another kind would 
 have first improved the country, and have thus laid a solid 
 foundation for future opulence and future force. But on this 
 grand point of the restoration of the country, there is not one 
 syllable to be found in the correspondence of our ministers, 
 from the first to the last. They felt nothing for a land desolated 
 by fire, sword, and famine ; their sympathies took another di- 
 rection. They were touched with pity for bribery, so long tor- 
 mented with a fruitless itching of its palms; their bowels 
 yearned for usury, that had long missed the harvest of its re- 
 turning months ; they felt for peculation, which had been for 
 so many years raking in the dust of an empty treasury ; they 
 were melted into compassion for rapine and oppression, Ucking 
 their dry, parched, unbloody jaws. These were the objects of 
 their solicitude. These were the necessities for which they 
 were studious to provide. 
 
 But I, Sir, who profess to speak to your understanding and 
 to your conscience, and to brush away from this business all 
 false colors, all false appellations, as well as false facts, do pos- 
 itively deny that the Carnatic owes a shilling to the company, 
 whatever the company may be indebted to that undone coun- 
 try. It owes nothing to the company for this plain and simple 
 reason — The territory charged with the debt is their own. To 
 say that their revenues fall short, and ow^e them money, is to 
 say they are in debt to themselves, which is only talking non- 
 sense. The fact is, that by the invasion of an enemy, and the 
 ruin of the country, the company, either in its own name or in 
 the names of the nabob of Arcot, and rajah of Tanjore, has 
 lost for several years what it might have looked to receive from 
 its own estate. If men were allowed to credit themselves upon 
 such principles, any one might soon grow rich by this mode of 
 accounting. A flood comes down upon a man's estate in the 
 Bedford Level of a thousand pounds a year, and drowns his 
 rents for ten years. The chancellor would put that man into 
 the hands of a trustee, who would gravely make up his books, 
 and for this loss credit himself in his account for a debt due to 
 him of 10,000/. It is, however, on this principle the company 
 makes up its demands on the Carnatic. In peace they go the 
 full length, and indeed more th^n the full length, of what the 
 people can bear for current estabhshments ; then they are ab- 
 
164 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 surd enough to Consolidate all the calamities of war into debts ; 
 to metamorphose the devastations of the country into demands 
 upon its future production. What is this but to avow a resolu- 
 tion utterly to destroy their own country, and to force the peo- 
 ple to pay for their sufferings, to a government which has 
 proved unable to protect either the share of the husbandman, 
 or their own ? In every lease of a farm, the invasion of an 
 enemy, instead of forming a demand for arrear, is a release of 
 rent ; nor for that release is it at all necessary to show, that 
 the invasion has left nothings to the occupier of the soil ; though 
 in the present case it would be too easy to prove that melan- 
 choly fact. I therefore applaud my right honorable friend, who, 
 when he canvassed the company's accounts, as a preliminary 
 to a bill that ought not to stand on falsehood of any kind, fixed 
 his discerning eye, and his deciding hand, on these debts of 
 the company, from the nabob of Arcot and rajah of Tanjore, 
 and at one stroke expunged them all, as utterly irrecoverable ; 
 he might have added, as utterly unfounded. 
 
 On these grounds I do not blame the arrangement this day 
 in question, as a preference given to the debt of individuals 
 over the company's debt. In my eye it is no more than the 
 preference of a fiction over a chimera ; but I blame the prefer- 
 ence given to those fictitious private debts over the standing 
 defence and the standing government. It is there the public is 
 robbed. It is robbed in its army ; it is robbed in its civil ad- 
 ministration ; it is robbed in its credit ; it is robbed in its invest- 
 ment which forms the commercial connexion between that 
 country and Europe. There is the robbery. 
 
 But my principal objection lies a- good deal deeper. That 
 debt to the company is the pretext under which all the other 
 debts lurk and cover themselves. That debt forms the foul, 
 putrid mucus, in which are engendered the whole brood of 
 creeping ascarides, all the endless involutions, the eternal knot, 
 added to a knot of those inexpugnable tape-worms which de- 
 vour the nutriment, and eat up the bowels of India. It is neces- 
 sary. Sir, you should recollect two things : first, that the 
 nabob's debt to the company carries no interest. In the next 
 place you will observe, that whenever the company has occa- 
 sion to borrow, she has always commanded whatever she 
 thought fit at eight per cent. Carrying in your mind these two 
 facts, attend to the process with regard to the public and pri- 
 vate debt, and with what little appearance of decency they 
 play into each other's hands a game of utter perdition to the 
 unhappy natives of India. The nabob falls into an arrear to 
 the company. The presidency presses for payment. The na- 
 bob's answer is, I have no money. Good. But there are soucars 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 165 
 
 who will supply you on the mortgage of your territories. Then 
 steps forward some Paul Benfield, and from his grateful com- 
 passion to the nabob, and his filial regard to the company, he 
 unlocks the treasures of his virtuous industry ; and for a con- 
 sideration of twenty-four or thirty-six per cent on a mortgage 
 of the territorial revenue, becomes security to the company for 
 the nabob's arrear. 
 
 All this intermediate usury thus becomes sanctified by the 
 ultimate view to the company's payment. In this case, would 
 not a plain man ask this plain question of the company ; if you 
 know that the nabob must annually mortgage his territories to 
 your servants to pay his annual arrear to you, why is not the 
 assignment or mortgage made directly to the company itself? 
 By this simple, obvious operation, the company would be re- 
 lieved and the debt paid, without the charge of a shilling 
 interest to that prince. But if that course should be thought too 
 indulgent, why do they not take that assignment with such 
 interest to themselves as they pay to others, that is eight per 
 cent. ? Or if it were thought more advisable (why it should I 
 know not) that he must borrow, why do not the company lend 
 their own credit to the nabob for their own payment? That 
 credit would not be weakened by the collateral security of his 
 territorial mortgage. The money might still be had at eight 
 per cent. Instead of any of these honest and obvious methods, 
 the company has for years kept up a show of disinterestedness 
 and moderation, by suffering a debt to accumulate to them 
 from the country powers without any interest at all ; and at the 
 same time have seen before their eyes, on a pretext of borrow- 
 ing to pay that debt, the revenues of the country charged with 
 a usury of twenty, twenty-four, thirty-six, and even eight-and- 
 forty per cent, with compound interest, for the benefit of their 
 servants. All this time they know that by having a debt sub- 
 sisting without any interest, which is to be paid by contracting 
 a debt on the highest interest, they manifestly render it neces- 
 sary to the nabob of Arcot to give the private demand a prefer- 
 ence to the public; and by binding him and their servants 
 together in a common cause, they enable him to form a party 
 to the utter ruin of their own authority, and their own affairs. 
 Thus their false moderation, and their affected purity, by the 
 natural operation of everything false, and everything affected, 
 becomes pander and pawd to the unbridled debauchery and 
 licentious lewdness of usury and extortion. 
 
 In consequence of this double game, all the territorial 
 revenues have, at one time or other, been covered by those 
 locusts, the English soucars. Not one single foot of the Car- 
 natic has escaped them; a territory as large as England. 
 
166 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 During these operations, what a scene has that country pre- 
 sented! The usurious European assignee supersedes the 
 nabob's native farmer of the revenue ; the farmer flies to the 
 nabob's presence to claim his bargain ; whilst his servants mur- 
 mur for wages, and his soldiers mutiny for pay. The mortgage 
 to the European assignee is then resumed, and the native farmer 
 replaced ; replaced, again to be removed on the new clamor of 
 the European assignee. Every man of rank and landed fortune 
 being long since extinguished, the remaining miserable last cul- 
 tivator, who grows to the soil, after having his back scored by 
 the farmer, has it again flayed by the whip of the assignee, and 
 is thus, by a ravenous because a short-lived succession of claim- 
 ants, lashed from oppressor to oppressor, whilst a single drop 
 of blood is left as the means of extorting a single grain of corn. 
 Do not think I paint. Far, very far from it ; I do not reach 
 the fact, nor approach to it. Men of respectable condition, men 
 equal to your substantial English yeomen, are daily tied up and 
 scourged to answer the muhiplied demands of various contend- 
 ing and contradictory titles, all issuing from one and the same 
 source. Tyrannous exaction brings on servile concealment; 
 and that again calls forth tyrannous coercion. They move in 
 a circle, mutually producing and produced; till at length 
 nothing of humanity is left in the government, no trace of in- 
 tegrity, spirit, or manliness in the people, who drag out a pre- 
 carious and degraded existence under this system of outrage 
 upon human nature. Such is the effect of the estabhshment of 
 a debt to the company, as it has hitherto been managed, and as , 
 it ever will remain, until ideas are adopted totally different from i 
 those which prevail at this time. 
 
 Your worthy ministers, supporting what they are obliged to 
 condemn, have thought fit to renew the company's old order 
 against contracting private debts in future. They begin by 
 rewarding the violation of the ancient law; and then they 
 gravely re-enact provisions, of which they have given bounties 
 for the breach. This inconsistency has been well exposed. 
 But what will you say to their having gone the length of giving 
 positive directions for contracting the debt which they posi- 
 tively forbid ? 
 
 I will explain myself. They order the nabob, out of the 
 revenues of the Carnatic, to allot four hundred and eighty 
 thousand pounds a year, as a fund for the debts before us. For 
 the punctual payment of this annuity, they order him to give 
 soucar security. When a soucar, that is a money-dealer, be- 
 comes security for any native prince, the course is, for the na- 
 tive prince to counter-secure the money-dealer, by making over 
 to him in mortgage a portion of his territory, equal to the sum 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 167 
 
 annually to be paid, with an interest of at least twenty-four per 
 cent The point fit for the house to know is, who are these 
 soucars, to whom this security on the revenues in favor of the 
 nabob's creditors is to be given? The majority of the house, 
 unaccustomed to these transactions, will hear with astonish- 
 ment that these soucars are no other than the creditors them- 
 selves. The minister, not content with authorizing these 
 transactions in a manner and to an extent unhoped for by the 
 rapacious expectations of usury itself, loads the broken back of 
 the Indian revenues, in favor of his worthy friends the soucars, 
 with an additional twenty-four per cent for being security to 
 themselves for their own claims ; for condescending to take the 
 country in mortgage, to pay to themselves the fruits of their 
 extortions. 
 
 The interest to be paid for this security, according to the 
 most moderate strain of soucar demand, comes to one hundred 
 and eighteen thousand pounds a year, which added to the 
 480,000/. on which it is to accrue, will fnake the whole charge 
 on account of these debts on the Carnatic revenues amount to 
 598,000/. a year, as much as even a long peace will enable 
 those revenues to produce. Can any one reflect for a moment 
 on all those claims of debt, which the minister exhausts himself 
 in contrivances to augment with new usuries, without lifting up 
 his hands and eyes in astonishment of the impudence, both of 
 the claim and of the adjudication? Services of some kind or 
 other these servants of the company must have done, so great 
 and eminent, that the chancellor of the exchequer cannot think 
 that all they have brought home is half enough. He halloos 
 after them : " Gentlemen, you have forgot a large packet behind 
 you, in your hurry ; you have not sufficiently recovered your- 
 selves ; you ought to have, and you shall have interest upon 
 interest, upon a prohibited debt that is made up of interest upon 
 interest. Even this is too little. I have thought of another 
 character for you, by which you may add something to your 
 gains ; you shall be security to yourselves ; and hence will arise 
 a new usury, which shall efface the memory of all the usuries 
 suggested to you by your own dull inventions." 
 
 I have done with the arrangement relative to the Carnatic. 
 After this it is to little purpose to observe on what the ministers 
 have done to Tanjore. Your ministers have not observed even 
 form and ceremony in their outrageous and insulting robbery 
 of that country, whose only crime has been, its early and 
 constant adherence to the power of this, and the suffering of a 
 uniform pillage in consequence of it. The debt of the company 
 from the rajah of Tanjore, is just of the same stuff" with that 
 of the nabob of Arcot. 
 
168 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 The subsidy from Tanjore, oq the arrear of which this pre- 
 tended debt (if any there be) has accrued to the company, is 
 not, Hke that paid by the nabob of Arcot, a compensation for 
 vast countries obtained, augmented, and preserved for him ; not 
 the price of pillaged treasuries, ransacked houses, and plundered 
 territories. — It is a large grant, from a small kingdom, not 
 obtained by our arms ; robbed, not protected by our power ; a 
 grant for which no equivalent was ever given, or pretended to 
 be given. The right honorable gentleman, however, bears 
 witness in his reports to the punctuality of the payments of this 
 grant of bounty, or, if you please, of fear. It amounts to one 
 hundred and sixty thousand pounds sterling net annual subsidy. 
 He bears witness to a further grant of a town and port, with 
 an annexed district of thirty thousand pounds a year, surrendered 
 to the company since the first donation. He has not borne wit- 
 ness, but the fact is (he will not deny it) that in the midst of 
 war, and during the ruin and desolation of a considerable part of 
 his territories, this princ'b made many very large payments. Not- 
 withstanding these merits and services, the first regulation of 
 ministry is to force from him a territory of an extent which 
 they have not yet thought proper to ascertain, for a military 
 peace establishment, the particulars of which they have not 
 yet been pleased to settle. 
 
 The next part of their arrangement is with regard to war. 
 As confessedly this prince had no share in stirring up any of 
 the former wars, so all future wars are completely out of his 
 power ; for he has no troops whatever, and is under a stipula- 
 tion not so much as to correspond with any foreign state, except 
 through the company. Yet in case the company's servants 
 should be again involved in war, or should think proper again 
 to provoke any enemy, as in times past they have wantonly 
 provoked all India, he is to be subjected to a new penalty. To 
 what penalty ? — Why, to no less than the confiscation of all his 
 revenues. But this is to end with the war, and they are to be 
 faithfully returned ? — Oh ! no ; nothing like it. The country is 
 to remain under confiscation until all the debt which the com- 
 pany shall think fit to incur in such war shall be discharged ; 
 that is to say, for ever. His sole comfort is to find his old 
 enemy, the nabob of Arcot, placed in the very same condition. 
 
 The revenues of that niiserable country were, before the 
 invasion of Hyder, reduced to a gross annual receipt of three 
 hundred and sixty thousand pounds. From this receipt the 
 subsidy I have just stated is taken. This again, by payments 
 in advance, by extorting deposits of additional sums to a vast 
 amount for the benefit of their soucars, and by an endless variety 
 of other extortions, pubUc and private, is loaded with a debt. 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 169 
 
 the amount of which I never could ascertain, but which is large 
 undoubtedly, generating a usury the most completely ruinous 
 that probably was ever heard of; that is, forty-eight per cent, 
 payable monthly, with compound interest. 
 
 Such is the state to which the company's servants have 
 reduced that country. Now come the reformers, restorers, and 
 comforters of India. What have they done ? In addition to all 
 these tyrannous exactions with all these ruinous debts in their 
 train, looking to one side of an agreement whilst they wilfully 
 shut their eyes to the other, they withdraw from Tanjore all 
 the benefits of the treaty of 1762, and they subject that nation 
 to a perpetual tribute of forty thousand a year to the nabob 
 of Arcot; a tribute never due, or pretended to be due to him, 
 even when he appeared to be something ; a tribute, as things 
 now stand, not to a real potentate, but to a shadow, a dream, 
 an incubus of oppression. After the company has accepted in 
 subsidy, in grant of territory, in remission of rent, as a com- 
 pensation for-their own protection, at least two hundred thousand 
 pounds a year, without discounting a shilling for that receipt, the 
 ministers condemn this harassed nation to be tributary to a 
 person who is himself, by their own arrangement, deprived of 
 the right of war or peace ; deprived of the power of the sword ; 
 forbid to keep up a single regiment of soldiers ; and is therefore 
 wholly disabled from all protection of the country, which is the 
 object of the pretended tribute. Tribute hangs on the sword. 
 It is an incident inseparable from real sovereign power. In the 
 present case to suppose its existence, is as absurd as it is cruel 
 and oppressive. And here, Mr. Speaker, you have a clear 
 exemplification of the use of those false names, and false colors, 
 which the gentlemen who have lately taken possession of India 
 choose to lay on for the purpose of disguising their plan of 
 oppression. The nabob of Arcot, and rajah of Tanjore, have, 
 in truth and substance, no more than a merely civil authority, 
 held in the most entire dependence on the company. The 
 nabob, without military, without federal capacity, is extinguished 
 as a potentate; but then he is carefully kept alive as an inde- 
 pendent and sovereign power, for the purpose of rapine and 
 extortion; for the purpose of perpetuating the old intrigues, 
 animosities, usuries, and corruptions. 
 
 It was not enough that this mockery of tribute was to be 
 continued without the correspondent protection, or any of the 
 stipulated equivalents, but ten years of arrear, to the amount 
 of 400,000/. sterling, is added to all the debts to the company, 
 and to individuals, in order to create a new debt, to be paid (if 
 at all possible to be paid in whole or in part) only by new 
 usuries; and all this for the nabob of Arcot, or rather for Mr. 
 
 V/ 15 
 
170 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 Benfield, and the corps of the nabob's creditors, and their 
 soucars. Thus these miserable Indian princes are continued in 
 their seats, for no other purpose than to render them in the first 
 instance objects of ev^ery species of extortion ; and in the second, 
 to force them to become, for the sake of a momentary shadow 
 of reduced authority, a sort of subordinate tyrants, the ruin and 
 calamity, not the fathers and cherishers of their people. 
 
 But take this tribute only as a mere charge (without title, . 
 cause, or equivalent) on this people ; what one step has been | 
 taken to furnish grounds for a just calculation and estimate of * 
 the proportion of the burthen and the ability ? None ; not an 
 attempt at it. They do not adapt the burthen to the strength ; 
 but they estimate the, strength of the bearers by the burthen 
 they impose. Then what care is taken to leave a fund sufficient 
 to the future reproduction of the revenues that are to bear all 
 these loads ? Every one, but tolerably conversant in Indian 
 affairs, must know that the existence of this little kingdom 
 depends on its control over the river Cavery. The benefits of 
 heaven to any community, ought never to be connected with 
 political arrangements, or made to depend on the personal 
 conduct of princes ; in which the mistake, or error, or neglect, 
 or distress, or passion of a moment on either side, may bring 
 famine on milHons, and ruin an innocent nation perhaps for ages. 
 The means of the subsistence of mankind should be as immu- 
 table as the laws of nature, let power and dominion take what 
 course they may. — Observe what has been done with regard 
 to this important concern. The use of this river is indeed at 
 length given to the rajah, and a power provided for its enjoy- 
 ment at his own charge ; but the means of furnishing that charge 
 (and a mighty one it is) are wholly cut off. This use of the 
 water, which ought to have no more connexion than clouds, 
 and rains, and sunshine, with the politics of the rajah, the nabob, 
 or the company, is expressly contrived as a means of enforcing 
 demands and arrears of tribute. This horrid and unnatural 
 instrument of extortion had been a distinguishing feature in the 
 enormities of the Carnatic politics that loudly called for reform- 
 ation. But the food of a whole people is by the reformers 
 of India conditioned on payments from its prince, at a moment 
 that he is overpowered with a swarm of their demands, with- 
 out regard to the ability of either prince or people. In fine, by 
 opening an avenue to the irruption of the nabob of Arcot's 
 creditors and soucars, whom every man who did not fall in love 
 with oppression and corruption on an experience of the calami- 
 ties they produced, would have raised wall before wall, and 
 mound before mound, to keep from a possibility of entrance, a 
 more destructive enemy than Hyder Ali is introduced into that 
 
 i 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 171 
 
 kingdom. By this part of their arrangement in which they 
 establish a debt to the nabob of Arcot, in effect and substance, 
 they dehver over Tanjore, bound hand and foot, to Paul Ben- 
 field, the old betrayer, insulter, oppressor, and scourge of a 
 country, which has for years been an object of an unremitted, 
 but unJiappily an unequal struggle, between the bounties of 
 Providence to renovate, and the wickedness of mankind to 
 destroy. 
 
 The right honorable gentleman talks of his fairness in deter- 
 mining the territorial dispute between the nabob of Arcot and 
 the prince of that country, when he superseded the determina- 
 tion of the directors, in whom the law had vested the decision 
 of that controversy. He is in this just as feeble as he is in 
 every other part. But it is not necessary to say a word in 
 refutation of any part of his argument. The mode of the pro- 
 ceeding sufficiently speaks the spirit of it. It is enough to fix 
 his character as a judge, that he never heard the directors in de- 
 fence of their adjudication, nor either of the parties in support of 
 their respective claims. It is sufficient far me, that he takes from 
 the rajah of Tanjore by this pretended adjudication, or rather 
 from his unhappy subjects, 40,000/. a year of his and their 
 revenue, and leaves upon his and their shoulders all the charges 
 that can be made on the part of the nabob, on the part of his 
 creditors, and on the part of the company, without so much as 
 hearing him as to right or ability. But what principally in- 
 duces me to leave the affair of the territorial dispute between 
 the nabob and the rajah to another day, is this, that both the 
 parties being stripped of their all, it little signifies under which 
 of their names the unhappy undone people are delivered over 
 to the merciless soucars, the allies of that right honorable 
 gentleman, and the chancellor of the exchequer. In them ends 
 the account of this long dispute of the nabob of Arcot, and the 
 rajah of Tanjore. 
 
 The right honorable gentleman is of opinion, that his judg- 
 ment in this case can be censured by none but those who seem 
 to act as if they were paid agents to one of the parties. What 
 does he think of his court of directors ? If they are paid by 
 either of the parties, by which of them does he think they are 
 paid ? He knows that their decision has been directly contrary 
 to his. Shall I believe that it does not enter into his heart to 
 conceive, that any person can steadily and actively interest 
 himself in the protection of the injured and oppressed, without 
 being well paid for his service ? I have taken notice of this 
 sort of discourse some days ago, so far as it may be supposed 
 to relate to me. I then contented myself, as I shall now do, 
 with giving it a cold, though a very direct contradiction. Thus 
 
172 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 much I do from respect to truth. If I did more, it might be 
 supposed, by my anxiety to clear myself, that I had imbibed 
 the ideas, which, for obvious reasons, the right honorable gentle- 
 man wishes to have received concerning all attempts to plead 
 the cause of the natives of India, as if it were a disreputable 
 employment. If he had not forgot, in his present occupation, 
 every principle which ought to have guided him, and I hope 
 did guide him, in his late profession, he would have known, that 
 he who takes a fee for pleading the cause of distress against 
 power, and manfully performs the duty he has assumed, re- 
 ceives an honorable recompense for a virtuous service. But 
 if the right honorable gentleman will have no regard to fact in 
 his insinuations, or to reason in his opinions, I wish him at 
 least to consider, that if taking an earnest part with regard to 
 the oppressions exercised in India, and with regard to this most 
 oppressive case of Tanjore in particular, can ground a pre- 
 sumption of interested motives, he is himself the most mercena- 
 ry man I know. His conduct, indeed, is such that he is on all 
 occasions the standing testimony against himself. He it was 
 that first called to that case the attention of the house: the 
 reports of his own committee are ample and affecting upon 
 that subject ; and as many of us as have escaped his massacre, 
 must remember the very pathetic picture he made of the suf- 
 ferings of the Tanjore country, on the day when he moved the 
 unwieldy code of his Indian resolutions. Has he not stated 
 over and over again in his reports, the ill treatment of the rajah 
 of Tanjore (a branch of the royal house of the Marattas, every 
 injury to whom the Marattas felt as offered to themselves) as 
 a main cause of the alienation of that people from the British 
 power ? And does he now think, that to betray his principles, 
 to contradict his declarations, and to become himself an active 
 instrument in those oppressions which he had so tragically 
 lamented, is the way to clear himself of having been actuated 
 by a pecuniary interest, at the time when he chose to appear 
 full of tenderness to that ruined nation ? 
 
 The right honorable gentleman is fond of parading on the 
 motives of others, and on his own. As to himself, he despises 
 the imputations of those who suppose that anything corrupt 
 could influence him in this his unexampled liberality of the 
 public treasure. I do not know that I am obliged to speak to 
 the motives of rninistry, in the arrangements they have made 
 of the pretended debts of Arcot and Tanjore. If I prove 
 fraud and collusion with regard to public money on those right 
 honorable gentlemen, I am not obliged to assign their motives ; 
 because no good motives can be pleaded in favor of their con- 
 duct. Upon that case I stand; we are at issue ; and I desire to 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 173 
 
 go to trial. This, I am sure, is not loose railing, or mean in- 
 sinuation, according to their low and degenerate fashion, when 
 they make attacks on the measures of their adversaries. It is 
 a regular and juridical course ; and, unless I choose it, nothing 
 can compel me to go further. 
 
 But since these unhappy gentlemen have dared to hold a 
 lofty tone about their motives, and affect to despise suspicion, 
 instead of being careful not to give cause for it, I shall beg 
 leave to lay before you some general observations on what I 
 conceive was their duty in so delicate a business. 
 
 If I were worthy to suggest any line of prudence to that 
 right honorable gentleman, I would tell him, that the way to 
 avoid suspicion in the settlement of pecuniary transactions, in 
 which great frauds have been very strongly presumed, is, to 
 attend to these few plain principles : — First, to hear all parties 
 equally, and not the managers for the suspected claimants only. 
 — Not to proceed in the dark ; but to act with as much publicity 
 as possible.— Not to precipitate decision.— To be religious in 
 following the rules prescribed in the commission under which 
 we act. And, lastly, and above all, not to be fond of straining 
 constructions, to force a jurisdiction, and to draw to ourselves 
 the management of a trust in its nature invidious and obnoxious 
 to suspicion, where the plainest letter of the law^ does not com- 
 pel it. If these few plain rules are observed, no corruption ought 
 to be suspected; if any of them are violated, suspicion will attach 
 in proportion. If all of them are violated, a corrupt motive 
 of some kind or other will not only be suspected, but must be 
 violently presumed. 
 
 The persons in whose favor all these rules have been vio- 
 lated, and the conduct of ministers towards them, will natu- 
 rally call for your consideration, and will serve to lead you 
 through a series and combination of facts and characters, if 1 
 do not mistake, into the very inmost recesses of this myste- 
 rious business. You will then be in possession of all the ma- 
 terials on which the principles of sound jurisprudence will 
 found, or will reject the presumption of corrupt motives; or 
 if such motives are indicated, will point out to you of what 
 particular nature the corruption is. 
 
 Our wonderful minister, as you all know, formed a new plan, 
 a plan insigne recens alio indictum ore, a plan for supporting 
 the freedom of our constitution by court intrigues, and for re- 
 moving its corruptions by Indian dehnquency. To carry that 
 bold paradoxical design into execution, sufficient funds and apt 
 instruments became necessary. You are perfectly sensible 
 that a parhamentary reform occupies his thoughts day and 
 night, as an essential member of this extraordinary project. 
 
 15* 
 
174 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON TliE 
 
 In his anxious researches upon this subject, natural instinct, as 
 well as sound policy, would direct his eyes, and settle his 
 choice on Paul Benfield. Paul Benfield is the grand parlia- 
 mentary reformer, the reformer to whom the whole choir of 
 reformers bow, and to whom even the right honorable gentle- 
 man himself must yield the palm : for what region in the em- 
 pire, what city, what borough, what county, what tribunal, 
 in this kingdom, is not full of his labors ? Others have been 
 only speculators ; he is the grand practical reformer ; and 
 whilst the chancellor of the exchequer pledges in vain the 
 man and the minister, to increase the provincial members, 
 Mr. Benfield has auspiciously and practically begun it. Leav- 
 ing far behind him even lord Camelford's generous design of 
 bestowing Old Sarum on the bank of England, Mr. Benfield 
 has thrown in the borough of Cricklade to reinforce the county 
 representation. Not content with this, in order to station a 
 steady phalanx for all future reforms, this public-spirited usu- 
 rer, amidst his charitable toils for the relief of India, did not 
 forget the poor rotten constitution of his native country. For 
 her, he did not disdain to stoop to the trade of a wholesale up- 
 holsterer for this house, to furnish it not with the faded tapestry 
 figures of antiquated merit, such as decorate, and may re- 
 proach some other houses, but with real, solid, living patterns 
 of true modern virtue. Paul Benfield made (reckoning him- 
 self) no fewer than eight members in the last parliament. What 
 copious streams of pure blood must he not have transfused into 
 the veins of the present ! 
 
 But what is even more striking than the real services of this 
 new-imported patriot, is his modesty. As soon as he had con- 
 ferred this benefit on the constitution, he withdrew himself 
 from our applause. He conceived that the duties of a mem- 
 ber of parliament (which with the elect faithful, the true be- 
 lievers, the Islam of parliamentary reform, are of httle or no 
 merit, perhaps not much better than specious sins) might be as 
 well attended to in India as in England, and the means of re- 
 formation to parliament itself, be far better provided. Mr. 
 Benfield was therefore no sooner elected, than he set off* for 
 Madras, and defrauded the longing eyes of parliament. We 
 have never enjoyed in this house the luxury of beholding that 
 minion of the human race, and contemplating that visage, which 
 has so long reflected the happiness of nations. 
 
 It was therefore not possible for the minister to consult per- 
 sonally with this great man. What then was he to do ? Through 
 a sagacity that never failed him in these pursuits, he found out 
 in Mr. Benfield's representative, his exact resemblance. A spe- 
 cific attraction by which he gravitates towards all such char- 
 
 ' 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 175 
 
 acters, soon brought our minister into a close connexion with 
 Mr. Benfield's agent and attorney ; that is, with the grand con- 
 tractor (whom I name to honor) Mr. Richard Atkinson; a 
 name that will be well remembered as long as the records of 
 this house, as long as the records of the British treasury, as 
 long as the monumental debt of England, shall endure. 
 
 This gentleman. Sir, acts as attorney for Mr. Paul Benfield. 
 Every one who hears me, is well acquainted with the sacred 
 friendship, and the Steady mutual attachment that subsists be- 
 tween him and the present minister. As many members as 
 chose to attend in the first session of this parhament, can best 
 tell their own feelings at the scenes which were then acted. 
 How much that honorable gentleman was consulted in the 
 original frame and fabric of the bill, commonly called Mr. 
 Pitt's India bill, is matter only of conjecture ; though by no 
 means difficult to divine. But the public was an indignant 
 witness of the ostentation with which that measure was made 
 his own, and the authority with which he brought up clause 
 after clause, to stuff and fatten the rankness of that corrupt 
 act. As fast as the clauses were brought up to the table, they 
 were accepted. No hesitation; no discussion. They were 
 received by the new minister, not with approbation, but with 
 implicit submission. The reformation may be estimated, by 
 seeing who was the reformer. Paul Benfield's associate and 
 agent was held up to the world as legislator of Indostan. But 
 it was necessary to authenticate the coalition between the men 
 of intrigue in India and the minister of intrigue in England, 
 by a studied display of the power of this their connecting 
 link. Every trust, every honor, every distinction,^ was to be 
 heaped upon him. He was at once made a director of the 
 India company ; made an alderman of London ; and to be 
 made, if ministry could prevail (and I am sorry to say how 
 near they were prevaihng) representative of the capital of 
 this kingdom. But to secure his services against all risk, he 
 was brought in for a ministerial borough. On his part, he 
 was Hot wanting in zeal for the common cause. His adver- 
 tisements show his motives, and the merits upon which he 
 stood. For your minister, this worn-out veteran submitted to 
 enter into the dusty field of the London contest ; and you all 
 remember, that in the same virtuous cause he submitted to 
 keep a sort of public office or counting-house, where the whole 
 business of the last general election was managed. It was 
 openly managed by the direct agent and attorney of Benfield. 
 It was managed upon Indian principles, and for an Indian in- 
 terest. This was the golden cup of abominations ; this the 
 chalice of the fornications of rapine, usury, and oppression, 
 
176 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 which was held out by the gorgeous eastern harlot ; which so 
 many of the people, so many of the nobles of this land, had 
 drained to the very dregs. Do you think that no reckoning was 
 to follow this lewd debauch ? that no payment was to be de- 
 manded for this riot of public drunkenness and national prostitu- 
 tion ? Here ! you have it here before you. The principal of the 
 grand election manager must be indemnified ; accordingly the 
 claims of Benfield and his crew must be put above all inquiry. 
 
 Here is a specimen of the new and pare aristocracy cre- 
 ated by the right honorable gentleman, as the support of the 
 crown and constitution, against the old, corrupt, refractory, 
 natural interests of this kingdom ; and this is the grand coun- 
 terpoise against all odious coalitions of these interests. A sin- 
 gle Benfield outweighs them all ; a criminal, who long since 
 ought to have fattened the region kites with his oflfal, is, by his 
 majesty's ministers, enthroned in the government of a great 
 kingdom, and enfeoffed with an estate, which in the compari- 
 son effaces the splendor of all the nobility of Europe. To bring 
 a little more distinctly into view the true secret of this dark 
 transaction, I beg you particularly to advert to the circum- 
 stances which I am going to place before you. 
 
 The general corps of creditors, as well as Mr. Benfield him- 
 self, not looking well into futurity, nor presaging the minister 
 of this day, thought it not expedient for their common inter- 
 est, that such a name as his should stand at the head of their 
 list. It was therefore agreed amongst them, that Mr. Benfield 
 should disappear, by making over his debt to Messrs. Taylor, 
 Majendie, and Call, and should in return be secured by their 
 bond. 
 
 The debt thus exonerated of so great a weight of its odium, 
 and otherwise reduced from its alarming bulk, the agents 
 thought they might venture to print a list of the creditors. 
 This was done for the first time in the year 1783, during the 
 duke of Portland's administration. In this list the name of 
 Benfield was not to be seen. To this strong negative testimo- 
 ny was added the further testipnony of the nabob of Arcot. 
 That prince (or rather Mr. Benfield for him) writes to the 
 court of directors a letter full of complaints and accusations 
 against lord Macartney, conveyed in such terms as were natu- 
 ral for one of Mr. Benfield's habits and education to employ. 
 Amongst the rest, he is made to complain of his lordship's en- 
 deavoring to prevent an intercourse of politeness and sentiment 
 between him and Mr. Benfield; and, to aggravate the affront, 
 he expressly declares Mr. Benfield's visits to be only on account 
 of respect and of gratitude, as no pecuniary transactions sub- 
 sisted between them. 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 177 
 
 Such, for a considerable space of time, was the outward 
 form of the loan of 1777, in w^hich Mr. Benfield had no sort 
 of concern. At length intelHgence arrived at Madras, that 
 this debt, which had ahvays been renounced by the court of 
 directors, was rather like to become the subject of something 
 more like a criminal inquiry, than of any patronage or sanc- 
 tion from parHament. Every ship brought accounts, one 
 stronger than the other, of the prevalence of the determined 
 enemies of the Indian system. The pubhc revenues became 
 an object desperate to the hopes of Mr. Benfield; he there- 
 fore resolved to fall upon his associates, and, in violation of 
 that faith which subsists among those who have abandoned all 
 other, commences a suit in the mayor's court against Taylor, 
 Majendie, and Call, for the bond given to him, when he agreed 
 to disappear for his own benefit as well as that of the common 
 concern. The assignees of his debt, who little expected the 
 springing of this mine, even from such an engineer as Mr. 
 Benfield, after recovering their first alarm, thought it best to 
 take ground on the real state of the transaction. They di- 
 vulged the whole mystery, and were prepared to plead, that 
 they had never received from Mr. Benfield any other consider- 
 ation for the bond, than a transfer, in trust for himself, of his 
 demand on the nabob of Arcot. A universal indignation arose 
 against the perfidy of Mr. Benfield's proceeding ; the event of 
 the suit was looked upon as so certain, that Benfield was com- 
 pelled to retreat as precipitately as he had advanced boldly ; 
 he gave up his bond, and was reinstated in his original demand, 
 to wait the fortune of other claimants. At that time, and at 
 Madras, this hope was dull indeed ; but at home another scene 
 was preparing. 
 
 It was long before any pubhc account of this discovery at Mad- 
 ras had arrived in England, that the present minister, and his 
 board of control, thought fit to determine on the debt of 1777. The 
 recorded proceedings at this time knew^ nothing of any debt to 
 Benfield. There was his own testimony; there was the testimony 
 of the list; there was the testimony of the nabob of Arcot against it. 
 Yet such was the ministers' feeling of the true secret of this trans- 
 action, that they thought proper, in the teeth of all these testimo- 
 nies, to give him Kcense to return to Madras. Here the ministers 
 were under some embarrassment. Confounded between their 
 resolution of rewarding the good services of Benfield's friends 
 and associates in England, and the shame of sending that noto- 
 rious incendiary to the court of the nabob of Arcot, to renew 
 his intrigues against the British government, at the time they 
 authorize his return, they forbid him, under the severest penal- 
 ties, from any conversation with the nabob or his ministers ; 
 
 X 
 
jryg MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 that is, they forbid his communication with the very person on 
 account of his dealings with whom they permit his return to 
 that city. To overtop this contradiction, there is not a word 
 restraining him from the freest intercourse with the nabob's 
 second son, the real author of all that is done in the nabob's 
 name ; who, in conjunction with this very Benfield, has acquired 
 an absolute dominion over that unhappy man, is able to per- 
 suade him to put his signature to whatever paper they please, 
 and often without any communication of the contents. This 
 management was detailed to them at full length by lord Ma- 
 cartney, and they cannot pretend ignorance of it. 
 
 I believe, after this exposure of facts, no man can entertain 
 a doubt of the collusion of ministers with the corrupt interest 
 of the dehnquents in India. Whenever those in authority pro- 
 vide for the interest of any person, on the real but concealed 
 state of his affairs, without regard to his avowed, public, and I 
 ostensible pretences, it must be presumed that they are in con- " 
 federacy with him, because they act for him on the same 
 fraudulent principles on which he acts for himself. It is plain, j 
 that the ministers were fully apprized of Benfield's real situation, ! 
 which he had used means to conceal whilst concealment an- 
 swered his purposes. They were, or the person on whom they 
 relied was, of the cabinet council of Benfield, in the very depth 
 of all his mysteries. An honest magistrate compels men to 
 abide by one story. An equitable judge would not hear of the j 
 claim of a man who had himself thought proper to renounce it.l 
 With such a judge, his shuffling and prevarication would have) 
 damned his claims; such a judge never would have known*! 
 but in order to animadvert upon, proceedings of that character. 
 
 I have thus laid before you, Mr. Speaker, I think with suffi- 
 cient clearness, the connexion of the ministers with Mr. Atkin- 
 son at the general election; I have laid open to you the 
 connexion of Atkinson with Benfield ; I have shown Benfield's 
 employment of his wealth, in creating a parhamentary interest, 
 to procure a ministerial . protection ; I have set before your 
 eyes his large concern in the debt, his practices to hide that 
 concern from the pubHc eye, and the liberal protection which 
 he has received from the minister. If this chain of circum- 
 stances do not lead you necessarily to conclude that the minister 
 has paid to the avarice of Benfield the services done by Ben- 
 field's connexions to his ambition, I do not know anything short, 
 of the confession of the party that can persuade you of his guilt. 
 Clandestine and collusive practice can only be traced by 
 combination and comparison of circumstances. To reject such, 
 combination and comparison is to reject the only means of 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 179 
 
 detecting fraud ; it is indeed to give it a patent and free license 
 to cheat with impunity. 
 
 I confine myself to the connexion of ministers, mediately or 
 immediately, with only two persons concerned in this debt. 
 How many others, who support their power and greatness 
 within and without doors, are concerned originally, or by 
 transfers of these debts, must be left to general opinion. I refer 
 to the reports of the select committee for the proceedings of 
 some of the agents in these affairs, and their attempts, at least, 
 to furnish ministers with the means of buying general courts, 
 and even whole parliaments, in the gross. 
 
 I know that the ministers will think it little less than acquittal, 
 that they are not charged with having taken to themselves some 
 part of the money of which they have made so liberal a dona- 
 tion to their partisans, though the charge may be indisputably 
 fixed upon the corruption of their politics. For my part, I fol- 
 low their crimes to that point to which legal presumptions and 
 natural indications lead me, without considering what species 
 of evil motive tends most to aggravate or to extenuate the guilt 
 of their conduct. But if I am to speak my private sentiments, 
 I think that in a thousand cases for one it would be far less 
 mischievous to the pubhc, and full as little dishonorable to 
 themselves, to be polluted with direct bribery, than thus to be- 
 come a standing auxiliary to the oppression, usury, and pecula- 
 tion of multitudes, in order to obtain a corrupt support to their 
 power. It is by bribing, not so often by being bribed, that 
 wicked politicians bring ruin on mankind. Avarice is a rival 
 to the pursuits of many. It finds a multitude of checks, and 
 many opposers, in every walk of life. But the objects of am- 
 bition are for the few; and every person who aims at indirect 
 profit, and therefore wants other protection than innocence, and 
 law, instead of its rival, becomes its instrument. There is a 
 natural allegiance and fealty due to this domineering paramount 
 evil, from all the vassal vices, which acknowledge its supe- 
 riority, and readily militate under its banners ; and it is under 
 that discipline alone that avarice is able to spread to any con- 
 siderable extent, or to render itself a general public mischief. 
 It is therefore no apology for ministers that they have not been 
 bought by the East India delinquents, but that they have only 
 formed an alHance with them for screening each other from 
 justice, according to the exigence of their several necessities. 
 That they have done so is evident; and the junction of the 
 power of office in England, with the abuse of authority in the 
 East, has not only prevented even the appearance of redress to 
 the grievances of India, but I wish it may not be found to have 
 
180 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 dulled, if not extinguished, the honor, the candor, the generosity, 
 the good nature, which used formerly to characterize the 
 people of England. I confess, I wish that some more feeling 
 than I have yet observed for the sufferings of our fellow-crea- 
 tures and fellow-subjects in that oppressed part of the world, 
 had manifested itself in any one quarter of the kingdom, or in 
 any one large description of men. 
 
 That these oppressions exist, is a fact no more denied, than 
 it is resented as it ought to be. Much evil has been done in 
 India under the British authority. What has been done to re- 
 dress it? We are no longer surprised at anything. We are 
 above the unlearned and vulgar passion of admiration. But it 
 will astonish posterity, when they read our opinions in our 
 actions, that after years of inquiry we have found out that the 
 sole grievance of India consisted in this, that the servants of 
 the company there had not profited enough of their opportuni- 
 ties, nor drained it sufficiently of its treasures ; when they shall 
 hear that the very first and only important act of a commission 
 specially named by act of parliament, is to charge upon an 
 undone country, in favor of a handful of men in the humblest 
 ranks of the public service, the enormous sum of perhaps four 
 milfions of sterling money. 
 
 It is difficult for the most wise and upright government to 
 correct the abuses of remote delegated power, productive of 
 unmeasured wealth, and protected by the boldness and strength 
 of the same ill-got riches. These abuses, full of their own wild 
 native vigor, will grow and flourish under mere neglect. But 
 where the supreme authority, not content with winking at the 
 rapacity of its inferior instruments, is so shameless and cor- 
 rupt as openly to give bounties and premiums for disobedience 
 to its laws ; when it will not trust to the activity of avarice in 
 the pursuit of its own gains ; when it secures public robbery 
 by all the careful jealousy and attention with which it ought to 
 protect property from such violence ; the commonwealth then 
 is become totally perverted from its purposes ; neither God nor 
 man will long endure it ; nor will it long endure itself. In that 
 case, there is an unnatural infection, a pestilential taint ferment- 
 ing in the constitution of society, which fever and convulsions 
 of some kind or other, must throw off; or in which the vital 
 powers, worsted in an unequal struggle, are pushed back upon 
 themselves, and by a reversal of their whole functions, fester to 
 gangrene, to death ; and instead of what was but just now the 
 delight and boast of creation, there will be cast out in the face 
 of the sun, a bloated, putrid, noisome carcase, full of stench 
 and poison, an offence, a horror, a lesson to the world. 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 181 
 
 In my opinion, we ought not to wait for the fruitless instruc- 
 tion of calamity, to inquire into the abuses which bring upon 
 us ruin in the worst of its forms, in the loss of our fame and 
 virtue. But the right honorable gentleman says, in answer to 
 all the powerful arguments of my honorable friend — " that this 
 inquiry is of a delicate nature, and that the state will suffer 
 detriment, by the exposure of this transaction." But it is ex- 
 posed ; it is perfectly known in every member, in every parti- 
 cle, and in every way, except that which may lead to a remedy. 
 He knows that the papers of correspondence are printed, and 
 that they are in every hand. 
 
 He and delicacy are a rare and singular coalition. He thinks 
 that to divulge our Indian politics, may be highly dangerous. 
 He ! the mover ! the chairman ! the reporter of the committee 
 of secrecy ! he that brought forth in the utmost detail, in sev- 
 eral vast, printed fohos, the most recondite parts of the politics, 
 the military, the revenues of the British empire in India. With 
 six great chopping bastards, each as lusty as an infant Hercu- 
 les, this delicate creature blushes at the sight of his new bride- 
 groom, assumes a virgin delicacy ; or, to use a more fit, as 
 well as a more poetic comparison, the person so squeamish, so 
 timid, so trembling lest the winds of heaven should visit too 
 roughly, is expanded to broad sunshine, exposed like the sow 
 of imperial augury, lying in the mud with all the prodigies of 
 her fertility about her, as evidence of her delicate amours — 
 Triginia capitum foetus enixa jacehat, alba solo recuhans alhi 
 circum uhera nati. 
 
 Whilst discovery of the misgovernment of others, led to his 
 own power, it was wise to inquire ; it was safe to publish : there 
 was then no danger. But when his object is obtained, and in 
 his imitation he has outdone the crimes that he had reprobated 
 in volumes of reports, and in sheets of bills of pains and penal- 
 ties, then concealment becomes prudence ; and it concerns the 
 safety of the state, that we should not know, in a mode of par- 
 liamentary cognizance, what all the world knows but too well : 
 that is, in what manner he chooses to dispose of the public 
 revenues to the creatures of his politics. 
 
 The debate has been long, and as much so on my part, at 
 least, as on the part of those who have spoken before me. But 
 long as it is, the more material half of the subject has hardly 
 been touched on ; that is, the corrupt and destructive system 
 to which this debt has been rendered subservient, and which 
 seems to be pursued with-^ at least as much vigor and regu- 
 larity as ever. If I considered your ease or my own, rather 
 than the weight and importance of this question, I ought to 
 
 14 
 
182 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 make some apology to you, perhaps some apology to myself, 
 for having detained your attention so long. I know on what 
 ground I tread. This subject, at one time taken up with so 
 much fervor and zeal, is no longer a favorite in this house. 
 The house itself has undergone a great and signal revolution. 
 To some, the subject is strange and uncouth ; to several, harsh 
 and distasteful ; to the relics of the last parliament, it is a mat- 
 ter of fear and apprehension. It is natural for those who have 
 seen their friends sink in the tornado which raged during the 
 late shift of the monsoon, and have hardly escaped on the 
 planks of the general wreck, it is but too natural for them, as 
 soon as they make the rocks and quicksands of their former 
 disasters, to put about their new-built barks, and, as much as 
 possible, to keep aloof from this perilous lee-shore. 
 
 But let us do what we please to put India from our thoughts, 
 we can do nothing to separate it from our public interest and 
 our national reputation. Our attempts to banish this importu- 
 nate duty, will only make it return upon us again and again, 
 and every time in a shape more unpleasant than the former. 
 A government has been fabricated for that great province; 
 the right honorable gentleman says, that therefore you ought 
 not to examine into its conduct. Heaven ! what an argu- 
 ment is this ! We are not to examine into the conduct of the 
 direction, because it is an old government; we are not to 
 examine into this board of control, because it is a new one. 
 Then we are only to examine into the conduct of those who 
 have no conduct to account for. Unfortunately the basis 
 of this new government has been laid on old condemned de- 
 linquents, and its superstructure is raised out of prosecutors 
 turned into protectors. The event has been such as might 
 be expected. .But if it had been otherwise constituted; had 
 it been constituted even as I wished, and as the mover 
 of this question had planned, the better part of the proposed 
 establishment was in the publicity of its proceedings ; in its 
 perpetual responsibility to parliament. Without this check, 
 what is our government at home, even awed, as every Euro- 
 pean government is, by an audience formed of the other states 
 of Europe, by the applause or condemnation of the discern- 
 ing and critical company before which it acts? But if the 
 scene on the other side the globe, which tempts, invites, almost 
 compels to tyranny and rapine, be not inspected with the eye 
 of a severe and unremitting vigilance, shame and destruc- 
 tion must ensue. For one, the worst event of this day, though 
 it may deject, shall not break or subdue me. The call upon 
 us is authoritative. Let who will shrink back, I shall be 
 
NABOB OF ARGOT'S DEBTS. 183 
 
 found at my post. Baffled, discountenanced, subdued, dis- 
 credited, as tlie cause of justice and humanity is, it will be 
 only the dearer to me. Whoever, therefore, shall at any time 
 bring before you anything towards the rehef of our distressed 
 fellow-citizens in India, and towards a subversion of the pres- 
 ent most corrupt and oppressive system for its government, in 
 me shall find a weak, I am afraid, but a steady, earnest, and 
 faithful assistant. 
 
MR. BURKE'S SPEECH, 
 
 ON THE BILL 
 
 FOR THE RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 
 
 I ASSURE you, Sir, that the honorable gentleman, who spoke 
 last but one, need not be in the least fear that I should make a 
 war of particles upon his opinion, whether the church of Eng- 
 land should, would, or ought to be alarmed. I am very clear 
 that this house has no one reason in the world to think she is 
 alarmed by the bill brought before you. It is something ex- 
 traordinary that the only symptom of alarm in the church of 
 England should appear in the petition of some dissenters ; with 
 whom, I believe, very few in this house are yet acquainted ; and 
 of whom you know no more than you are assured by the 
 honorable gentleman, that they are not Mahometans. Of the 
 church we know they are not, by the name that they assume. 
 They are then dissenters. The first symptom of an alarm 
 comes from some dissenters assembled round the Hnes of Chat- 
 ham : these lines become the security of the church of Eng- 
 land ! The honorable gentleman, in speaking of the lines of 
 Chatham, tells us, that they serve not only for the security of 
 the wooden walls of England, but for the defence of the church 
 of England. I suspect, the wooden walls of England secure 
 the lines of Chatham, rather than the lines of Chatham secure 
 the wooden walls of England. 
 
 Sir, the church of England, if only defended by this misera- 
 ble petition upon your table, must, I am afraid, upon the prin- 
 ciples of true fortification, be soon destroyed. But fortunately 
 her walls, bulwarks, and bastions, are constructed of other 
 materials than of stubble and straw ; are built up with the 
 strong and stable matter of the gospel of liberty, and founded 
 on a true, constitutional, legal establishment. But, Sir, she has 
 other securities ; she has the security of her own doctrines ; 
 she has the security of the piety, the sanctity of her own pro- 
 fessors ; their learning is a bulwark to defend her ; she has the 
 security of the two universities, not shook in any single battle- 
 ment, in any single pinnacle. 
 
 But the honorable gentleman has mentioned, indeed, princi- 
 ples which astonish me rather more than ever. The honorable 
 gentleman thinks that the dissenters enjoy a large share of 
 
SPEECH ON THE RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 1 85 
 
 liberty under a connivance ; and he thinks that the estabHshing 
 toleration by law is an attack upon Christianity. 
 
 The first of these is a contradiction in terms. Liberty under 
 a connivance ! Connivance is a relaxation from slavery, not a 
 definition of liberty. What is connivance, but a state under 
 which all slaves live ? If I was to describe slavery, I would 
 say with those who hate it, it is living under will, not under 
 law : if, as it is stated by its advocates, I would say, that, like 
 earthquakes, like thunder, or other wars the elements make 
 upon mankind, it happens rarely, it occasionally comes now 
 and then upon people, who upon ordinary occasions enjoy the 
 same legal government of liberty. Take it under the descrip- 
 tion of those who would soften those features, the state of 
 slavery and connivance is the same thing. If the liberty en- 
 joyed be a liberty not of toleration, but of connivance, the only 
 question is, whether establishing such a law is an attack upon 
 Christianity. Toleration an attack upon Christianity ! What 
 then, are we come to this pass, to suppose that nothing can 
 support Christianity, but the principles of persecution ? Is that 
 then the idea of Christianity itself, that it ought to have estab- 
 lishments, that it ought to have laws against dissenters, but the 
 breach of which laws is to be connived at? What a picture of 
 toleration ; what a picture of laws, of establishments ; what a 
 picture of rehgious and civil liberty ! I am persuaded the 
 honorable gentleman does not see it in this light. But these 
 very terms become the strongest reasons for my support of the 
 bill ; for I am persuaded that toleration, so far from being an 
 attack upon Christianity, becomes the best and surest support 
 that possibly can be given to it. The Christian religion itself 
 arose without establishment, it arose even without toleration ; 
 and whilst its own principles were not tolerated, it conquered 
 all the powers of darkness, it conquered all the powers of the 
 world. The moment if began to depart from these principles, 
 it converted the establishment into tyranny ; it subverted its 
 foundations from that very hour. Zealous as I am for the 
 principle of an estabhshment, so just an abhorrence do I con- 
 ceive against whatever may shake it. I know nothing but the 
 supposed necessity of persecution that can make an establish- 
 ment disgusting. I would have toleration a part of the estab- 
 hshment, as a principle favorable to Christianity, and as a part 
 of Christianity. 
 
 All seem agreed that the law, as it stands, inflicting penalties 
 on all religious teachers and on schoolmasters, who do not sign 
 the thirty-nine articles of religion, ought not to be executed. 
 We are all agreed that the laio is not good; for that, I presume, 
 is undoubtedly the idea of a law that ought not to be executed. 
 
 Y 16* 
 
186 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON A BILL FOR THE 
 
 The question therefore is, whether in a well-constituted common- 
 wealth, which we desire ours to be thought, and I trust, intend 
 that it should be, whether in such a commonwealth it is wise to 
 retain those laws which it is not proper to execute. A penal 
 law, not ordinarily put in execution, seems to me to be a very 
 absurd and a very dangerous thing. For if its principle be 
 right, if the object of its prohibitions and penalties be a real 
 evil, then you do in effect permit that very evil, which not only 
 the reason of the thing, but your very law, declares ought hot 
 to be permitted ; and thus it reflects exceedingly on the wisdom, 
 and consequently derogates not a little from the authority of a 
 legislature, who can at once forbid and suffer, and in the same 
 breath promulgate penalty and indemnity to the same persons, 
 and for the very same actions. But if the object of the law be 
 no moral or political evil, then you ought not to hold even a 
 terror to those, whom you ought certainly not to punish — for 
 if it is not right to hurt, it is neither right nor wise to menace. 
 Such laws, therefore, as they must be defective either in justice -} 
 or wisdom, or both, so they cannot exist without a considerable 
 degree of danger.. Take* them which way you will, they are 
 prest with ugly alternatives. 
 
 1st. All penal laws are either upon popular prosecution, or 
 on the part of the crown. Now, if they may be roused from 
 their sleep, whenever a minister thinks proper, as instruments 
 of oppression, then they put vast bodies of men into a state of 
 slavery and court dependence ; since their liberty of conscience 
 and their power of executing their functions depend entirely on 
 his will. I would have no man derive his means of continuing 
 any function, or his being restrained from it, but from the laws 
 only ; they should be his only superior and sovereign lords. 
 
 2d. They put statesmen and magistrates into a habit of playing 
 fast and loose with the laws, straining or relaxing them as may 
 best suit their poHtical purposes; and, in that light, tend to 
 corrupt the executive power through all its offices. 
 
 3d. If they are taken up on popular actions, their operation 
 in that light also is exceedingly evil. They become the instru- 
 ments of private malice, private avarice, and not of public 
 regulation ; they nourish the worst of men to the prejudice of 
 the best, punishing tender consciences, and rewarding informers. 
 
 Shall we, as the honorable gentleman tells us we may with 
 perfect security, trust to the manners of the age ? I am well 
 pleased with the general manners of the times ; but the desultory 
 execution of penal laws, the thing I condemn, does not depend 
 on the manners of the times. I would however have the laws 
 tuned in unison with the manners — very dissonant are a gentle 
 country and cruel laws; very dissonant that your reason is 
 
RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 187 
 
 furious, but your passions moderate, and that you are always 
 equitable except in your courts of justice. 
 
 I will beg leave to state to the house one argument, which 
 has been much relied upon — that the dissenters are not unani- 
 mous upon this business ; that many persons are alarmed ; that 
 it will create a disunion among the dissenters. 
 
 When any dissenters, or any body of people, come here with 
 a petition, it is not the number of people, but the reasonableness 
 of the request, that should weigh with the house. A body of 
 dissenters come to this house, and say. Tolerate us-r-we desire 
 neither the parochial advantage of tithes, nor dignities, nor the 
 stalls of your cathedrals : No ! let the venerable orders of the 
 hierarchy exist with all their advantages. And shall I tell them, 
 I reject your just and reasonable petition, not because it shakes 
 the church, but because there are others, while you lie groveUing 
 upon the earth, that will kick and bite you ? Judge which of 
 these descriptions of men comes with a fair request — that which 
 says, Sir, I desire liberty for my own, because I trespass on no 
 man's conscience ; — or the other, which says, I desire that these 
 men should not be suffered to act according to their consciences, 
 though I am tolerated to act according to mine. But I sign a 
 body of articles, which is my title to toleration ; I sign no more, 
 because more are against my conscience. But I desire that 
 you will not tolerate these men, because they will not go so far 
 as I, though I desire to be tolerated, who will not go as far as 
 you. No : imprison them, if they come within five miles of a 
 corporate town, because they do not believe what I do in point 
 of doctrines. 
 
 Shall I not say to these men, arrangez vous canaille. You, 
 who are not the predominant power, will not give to others the 
 relaxation under which you are yourself suffered to live. I 
 have as high an opinion of the doctrines of the church as you. 
 I receive them implicitly, or I put my own explanation on them, 
 or take that which seems to me to come best recommended by 
 authority. There are those of the dissenters who think more 
 rigidly of the doctrine of the articles relative to predestination, 
 than others do. They sign the article relative to it ex animo 
 and literally. Others allow a latitude of construction. These 
 two parties are in the church, as well as among the dissenters ; 
 yet, in the church, we live quietly under the same roof I do 
 not see why, as long as Providence gives us no further light 
 into this great mystery, we should not leave things as the divine 
 wisdom has left them. But suppose all these things to me to be 
 clear (which Providence however seems to have left obscure), 
 yet whilst dissenters claim a toleration in things, which seeming 
 clear to me, are obscure to them, without entering into the merit 
 
188 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON A BILL FOR THE 
 
 of the articles, with what face can these men say, Tolerate 
 us, but do not tolerate them ? Toleration is good for all, or it is 
 good for none. 
 
 The discussion this day is not between establishment on one 
 hand, and toleration on the other ; but between those who, being 
 tolerated themselves, refuse toleration to others. That power 
 should be puffed up with pride, that authority should degenerate 
 into rigor, if not laudable, is but too natural. But this proceed- 
 ing of theirs is much beyond the usual allowance to human 
 weakness ; it not only is shocking to our reason, but it provokes 
 our indignation. Quid domini facient, audent cum talia fares ? 
 It is not the proud prelate thundering in his commission court, 
 but a pack of manumitted slaves, with the lash of the beadle 
 flagrant on their backs, and their legs still galled with their 
 fetters, that would drive their brethren into that prison-house 
 from whence they have just been permitted to escape. If, 
 instead of puzzling themselves in the depths of the divine coun- 
 sels, they would turn to the mild morality of the gospel, they 
 would read their own condemnation — O, thou wicked servant, 
 I forgave thee all that debt because thou desiredst me : shouldest 
 not thou also have compassion on thy fellow-servant, even as I 
 had pity on thee ? 
 
 In my opinion. Sir, a magistrate, whenever he goes to put 
 any restraint upon rehgious freedom, can only do it upon this 
 ground, that the person dissenting does not dissent from the 
 scruples of ill-informed conscience, but from a party ground 
 of dissension, in order to raise a faction in the state. We give, 
 with regard to rites and ceremonies, an indulgence to tender 
 consciences. But if dissent is at all punished in any country, 
 if at all it can be punished upon any pretence, it is upon a 
 presumption, not that a man is supposed to differ conscientiously 
 from the establishment, but that he resists truth for the sake of 
 faction ; that he abets diversity of opinions in religion to distract 
 the state, and to destroy the peace of his country. This is the 
 only plausible, for there is no true ground of persecution. As 
 the laws stand, therefore, let us see how we have thought fit 
 to act. 
 
 If there is any one thing within the competency of a ma- 
 gistrate with regard to religion, it is this, that he has a right to 
 direct the exterior ceremonies of religion ; that whilst interior 
 religion is within the jurisdiction of God alone, the external 
 part, bodily action, is within the province of the chief governor. 
 Hooker, and all the great lights of the church, have constantly 
 argued this to be a part within the province of the civil ma- 
 gistrate ; but look at the act of toleration of William and Mary, 
 
RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 189 
 
 there you will see the civil magistrate has not only dispensed 
 with those things which are more particularly within his pro- 
 vince, with those things which faction might be supposed to 
 take up for the sake of making visible and external divisions, 
 and raising a standard of revolt, but has also, from sound 
 politic considerations, relaxed on those points which are con- 
 fessedly without his province. 
 
 The honorable gentleman, speaking of the heathens, certainly 
 could not mean to recommend anything that is derived from 
 that impure source. But he has praised the tolerating spirit of 
 the heathens. Well ! but the honorable gentleman will recollect 
 that heathens, that polytheists, must permit a number of di- 
 vinities. It is the very essence of its constitution. But was it 
 ever heard that polytheism tolerated a dissent from a polythe- 
 istic estabhshment ? the belief of one God only? Never, never ! 
 Sir, they constantly carried on persecution against that doctrine. 
 I will not give heathens the glory of a doctrine which I consider 
 the best part of Christianity. The honorable gentleman must 
 recollect the Roman law that was clearly against the introduc- 
 tion of any foreign rites in matters of religion. You have it at 
 large in Livy, how they persecuted in the first introduction the 
 rites of Bacchus : and even before Christ, to say nothing of 
 their subsequent persecutions, they persecuted the druids and 
 others. Heathenism, therefore, as in other respects erroneous, 
 was erroneous in point of persecution. I do not say, every 
 heathen, who persecuted, was therefore an impious man : I only 
 say he was mistaken, as such a man is now. But, says the 
 honorable gentleman, they did not persecute epicureans. No ; 
 the epicureans had no quarrel with their religious estabhshment, 
 nor desired any religion for themselves. It would have been 
 very extraordinary, if irreligious heathens had desired either a 
 religious establishment or toleration. But, says the honorable 
 gentleman, the epicureans entered, as others, into the temples. 
 They did so ; they defied all subscription ; they defied all sorts 
 of conformity ; there was no subscription to which they were 
 not ready to set their hands, no ceremonies they refused to 
 practise ; they made it a principle of their irreligion, outwardly 
 to conform to any religion. These atheists eluded all that you 
 could do ; so will all freethinkers for ever. Then you suffer, or 
 the weakness of your law has suffered, those great dangerous 
 animals to escape notice, whilst- you have nets that entangle the 
 poor fluttering silken wings of a tender conscience. 
 
 The honorable gentleman insists much upon this circumstance 
 of objection, namely, the division amongst the dissenters. Why, 
 Sir, the dissenters by the nature of the term are open to have a 
 division among themselves. They are dissenters, because they 
 
190 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON A BILL FOR THE 
 
 differ from the church of England ; not that they agree among 
 themselves. There are presbyterians, there are independents, 
 some that do not agree to infant-baptism, others that do not 
 agree to the baptism of adults, or any baptism. All these are 
 however tolerated under the acts of King William, and subse- 
 quent acts ; and their diversity of sentiments with one another 
 did not, and could not, furnish an argument against their tolera- 
 tion, when their difference with ourselves furnished none. 
 
 But, says the honorable gentleman, if you suffer them to go 
 on, they will shake the fundamental principles of Christianity. 
 Let it be considered that this argument goes as strongly against 
 connivance, which you allow, as against toleration, which you 
 reject. The gentleman sets out with a principle of perfect liberty, 
 or, as he describes it, connivance. But for fear of dangerous opin- 
 ions, you leave it in your power to vex a man who has not held 
 any one dangerous opinion whatsoever. If one man is a professed 
 atheist, another man the best Christian, but dissents from two of 
 the thirty-nine articles, I may let escape the atheist, because I 
 know him to be an atheist, because I am perhaps so inclined 
 myself, and because I may connive where I think proper ; but 
 the conscientious dissenter, on account of his attachment to that 
 general religion, which perhaps I hate, I shall take care to 
 punish, because I may punish when I think proper. Therefore, 
 connivance being an engine of private malice or private favor, 
 not of good government ; an engine, which totally fails of sup- 
 pressing atheism, but oppresses conscience ; I say, that principle 
 becomes not serviceable, but dangerous to Christianity ; that it 
 is not toleration, but contrary to it, even contrary to peace ; 
 that the penal system to which it belongs is a dangerous prin- 
 ciple in the economy either of religion or government. 
 
 The honorable gentleman, and in him I comprehend all those 
 who oppose the bill, bestowed in support of their side of the 
 question as much argument as it could bear, and much more 
 of learning and decoration than it deserved. He thinks conni- 
 vance consistent, but legal toleration inconsistent with the. inter- 
 ests of Christianity. Perhaps I would go as far as that honorable 
 gentleman, if I thought toleration inconsistent with those inter- 
 ests. God forbid ! I may be mistaken, but I take toleration to 
 be a part of religion. I do not know which I would sacrifice ; 
 I would keep them both ; it is not necessary I should sacrifice 
 either. I do not like the idea of tolerating the doctrines of 
 Epicurus : but nothing in the world propagates them so much 
 as the oppression of the poor, of the honest, and candid disciples 
 of the religion we profess in common, I mean revealed religion ; 
 nothing sooner makes them take a short cut out of the bondage 
 of sectarian vexation, into open and direct infidelity, than tor- 
 
RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 191 
 
 meriting men for every difference. My opinion is, that in 
 establishing the Christian rehgion wherever you find it, curiosity 
 or research is its best security ; and in this way a man is a 
 great deal better justified in saying, tolerate all kinds of con- 
 sciences, than in imitating the heathens, whom the honorable 
 gentleman quotes, in tolerating those who have none. I am not 
 over-fond of caUing for the secular arm upon these misguided or 
 misguiding men; but if ever it ought to be raised, it ought 
 surely to be raised against these very men, not against others, 
 whose liberty of rehgion you make a pretext for proceedings 
 which drive them into the bondage of impiety. What figure 
 do I make in saying, I do not attack the works of these athe- 
 istical writers, but I will keep a rod hanging over the consci- 
 entious man, their bitterest enemy, because these atheists may 
 take advantage of the liberty of their foes, to introduce 
 irreligion? The best book that ever perhaps has been written 
 against these people, is that in which the author has collected 
 in a body the whole of the infidel code, and has brought the 
 writers into one body to cut them all off together. This was 
 done by a dissenter, who never did subscribe the thirty-nine 
 articles — Dr. Leland. But if, after all, this danger is to be 
 apprehended, if you are really fearful that Christianity will 
 indirectly suffer by this liberty, you have my free consent ; go 
 directly and by the straight way, and not by a circuit in which 
 in your road you may destroy your friends : point your arms 
 against these men, who do the mischief you fear promoting ; 
 point your arms against men, who, not contented with en- 
 deavoring to turn your eyes from the blaze and effulgence of 
 light, by which life and immortality is so gloriously demon- 
 strated by the gospel, would even extinguish that faint glim- 
 mering of nature, that only comfort supplied to ignorant man 
 before this great illumination — those, who, by attacking even 
 the possibility of all revelation, arraign all the dispensations of 
 providence to man. These are the wicked dissenters you 
 ought to fear ; these are the people against whom you ought to 
 aim the shaft of the law ; these are the men to whom, arrayed 
 in all the terrors of government, I would say, you shall not 
 degrade us into brutes ; these men, these factious men, as the 
 honorable gentleman properly called them, are the just objects 
 of vengeance, not the conscientious dissenter ; these men, who 
 would take away whatever ennobles the rank or consoles the 
 misfortunes of human nature, by breaking off that connexion 
 of observances, of affections, of hopes and fears, which bind us 
 to the divinity, and constitute the glorious and distinguishing 
 prerogative of humanity, that of being a religious creature; 
 against these I would have the law^s rise in all their majesty of 
 
192 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON A BILL FOR THE 
 
 terrors, to fulminate such vain and impious wretches, and to 
 awe them into impotence by the only dread they can fear or 
 beheve, to learn that eternal lesson — Discite jusiitiam moniti, et 
 non temnere Divos. 
 
 At the same time that I would cut up the very root of atheism, 
 I would respect all conscience, all conscience that is really such, 
 and which, perhaps, its very tenderness proves to be sincere. 
 I wish to see the established church of England great and 
 powerful ; I wish to see her foundations laid low and deep, that 
 she may crush the giant powers of rebellious darkness ; I would 
 have her head raised up to that Heaven to which she conducts 
 us. I would have her open wide her hospitable gates by a 
 noble and liberal comprehension ; but I would have no breaches 
 in her wall ; I would have her cherish all those who are within, 
 and pity all those who are without ; I would have her a com- 
 mon blessing to the world, an example, if not an instructor, to 
 those who have not the happiness to belong to her ; I would 
 have her give a lesson of peace to mankind, that a vexed and 
 wandering generation might be taught to seek for repose and 
 toleration in the maternal bosom of Christian charity, and not 
 in the harlot lap of infidelity and indifference. Nothing has 
 driven people more into that house of seduction than the mutual 
 hatred of Christian congregations. Long may we enjoy our 
 church under a learned and edifying episcopacy. But episco- 
 pacy may fail, and religion exist. The most horrid and cruel 
 blow that can be offered to civil society is through atheism. 
 Do not promote diversity ; when you have it, bear it ; have as 
 many sorts of religion as you find in your country ; there is a 
 reasonable worship in them all. The others, the infidels, are 
 outlaws of the constitution; not of this country, but of the 
 human race. They are never, never to be supported, never to 
 be tolerated. Under the systematic attacks of these people, I 
 see some of the props of good government already begin to fail ; 
 I see propagated principles, which will not leave to religion even 
 a toleration. I see myself sinking every day under the attacks 
 of these wretched people — How shall I arm myself against 
 them ? by uniting all those in affection who are united in the 
 belief of the great principles of the Godhead that made and 
 sustains the world. They who hold revelation give double 
 assurance to the country. Even the man who does not hold 
 revelation, yet who wishes that it were proved to him, who 
 observes a pious silence with regard to it, such a man, though 
 not a Christian, is governed by religious principles. Let him 
 be tolerated in this country. Let it be but a serious religion, 
 natural or revealed, take what you can get ; cherish, blow up 
 the slighest spark. One day it may be a pure and holy flame. 
 
RELIEF OF PROTESTANT DISSENTERS. 193 
 
 By this proceeding you form an alliance, offensive and defen- 
 sive, against those great ministers of darkness in the world, 
 •who are endeavoring to shake all the v^orks of God established 
 in order and beauty. Perhaps I am carried too far ; but it is 
 in the road into which the honorable gentleman has led me. 
 The honorable gentleman would have us fight this confederacy 
 of the powers of darkness with the single arm of the church 
 of England ; would have us not only fight against infidelity, 
 but fight at the same time with all the faith in the world except 
 our own. In the moment we make a front against the common 
 enemy, we have to combat with all those who are the natural 
 friends of our cause, Strong as we are, we are not equal to 
 this. The cause of the church of England is included in that 
 of religion, not that of religion in the church of England. I 
 will stand up at all times for the rights of conscience, as it is 
 such, not for its particular modes against its general principles. 
 One may be right, another mistaken ; but if I have more strength 
 than my brother, it shall be employed to support, not to oppress 
 his weakness ; if I have more light, it shall be used to guide, 
 not to dazzle him. 
 
 17 
 
EXTRACT FROM THE 
 
 SPEECH OF MR. BURKE, 
 
 UPON 
 
 MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 
 
 Mr. Speaker, 
 
 I THANK you for pointing to me. I really wished much to en- 
 gage your attention in an early stage of the debate. I have been 
 long very deeply, though perhaps ineffectually, engaged in the 
 preliminary inquiries, which have continued without intermission 
 for some years. Though I have felt, with some degree of sen- 
 sibility, the natural and inevitable impressions of the several 
 matters of fact, as they have been successively disclosed, I have 
 not at any time attempted to trouble you on the merits of the sub- 
 ject ; and very little on any of the points which incidentally 
 arose in the course of our proceedings. But I should be sorry 
 to be found totally silent upon this day. Our inquiries are now 
 come to their final issue : — It is now to be determined whether 
 the three years of laborious parliamentary research, whether 
 the twenty years of patient Indian suffering, are to produce a 
 substantial reform in our eastern administration ; or whether 
 our knowledge of the grievances has abated our zeal for the 
 correction of them, and our very inquiry into the evil was only 
 a pretext to elude the remedy which is demanded from us by 
 humanity, by justice, and by every principle of true policy. 
 Depend upon it, this business cannot be indifferent to our fame. 
 It will turn out a matter of great disgrace or great glory to 
 the whole British nation. We are on a conspicuous stage, and 
 the world marks our demeanor. 
 
 I am therefore a little concerned to perceive the spirit and 
 temper in which the debate has been all along pursued upon 
 one side of the house. The declamation of the gentlemen who 
 oppose the bill has been abundant and vehement ; but they have 
 been reserved and even silent about the fitness or unfitness of 
 the plan to attain the direct object it has in view. By some 
 gentlemen it is taken up (by way of exercise, I presume) as a 
 point of law on a question of private property, and corporate 
 franchise ; by others it is regarded as the petty intrigue of a 
 faction at court, and argued merely as it tends to set this man 
 a little higher, or that a little lower in situation and power. All 
 the void has been filled up with invectives against coalition ; 
 with allusions to the loss of America ; with the activity and 
 
 II 
 
BURKE'S SPEECH ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 195 
 
 inactivity of ministers. The total silence of these gentlemen 
 concerning the interest and well-being of the people of India, 
 and concerning the interest which this nation has in the com- 
 merce and revenues of that country, is a strong indication of 
 the value which they set upon these objects. 
 
 It has been a little painful to me to observe the intrusion into 
 this important debate of such company as quo warranto, and 
 mandamus, and certiorari; as if we were on a trial about 
 mayors and aldermen, and capital burgesses ; or engaged in a 
 suit concerning the borough of Penryn, or Saltash, or St. Ives, 
 or St. Mawes. Gentlemen have argued with as much heat 
 and passion, as if the first things in the world were at stake ; 
 and their topics are such, as belong only to matter of the 
 lowest and meanest litigation. It is not right, it is not worthy 
 of us, in this manner to depreciate the value, to degrade the 
 majesty, of this grave dehberation of policy and empire. 
 
 For my part, I have thought myself bound, when a matter 
 of this extraordinary weight came before me, not to consider 
 (as some gentlemen are so fond of doing) whether the bill 
 originated from a secretary of state for the home department, 
 or from a secretary for the foreign ; from a minister of influ- 
 ence or a minister of the people ; from Jacob or from Esau. I 
 asked myself, and I asked myself nothing else, what part it was 
 fit for a member of parliament, who has supplied a mediocrity 
 of talents by the extreme of diligence, and who has thought 
 himself obliged, by the research of years, to wind himself into 
 the inmost recesses and labyrinths of the Indian detail, what 
 part, I say, it became such a member of parhament to take, 
 when a minister of state, in conformity to a recommendation 
 from the throne, has brought before us a system for the better 
 government of the territory and commerce of the east. In this 
 hght, and in this only, I will trouble you with my sentiments. 
 
 It is not only agreed but demanded, by the right honorable 
 gentleman, and by those who act with him, that a icJioh system 
 ought to be produced ; that it ought not to be an half measure ; 
 that it ought to be no 'palliative ; but a legislative provision, 
 vigorous, substantial, and effective. — I believe that no man who 
 understands the subject can doubt for a moment, that those 
 must be the conditions of anything deserving the name of a 
 reform in the Indian government : that anything short of them 
 would not only be delusive, but, in this matter which admits no 
 medium, noxious in the extreme. 
 
 To all the conditions proposed by his adversaries, the mover 
 of the bill perfectly agrees ; and on his performance of them 
 he rests his cause. On the other hand, not the least objection 
 has been taken, with regard to the efficiency, the vigor, or the 
 
196 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 completeness of the scheme. I am therefore warranted to as- 
 sume, as a thing admitted, that the bills accompHsh what both 
 sides of the house demand as essential. The end is completely- 
 answered, so far as the direct and immediate object is concerned. 
 
 But though there are no direct, yet there are various col- 
 lateral objections made ; objections froro the effects which this 
 plan of reform for Indian administration may have on the privi- 
 leges of great public bodies in England ; from its probable influ- 
 ence on the constitutional rights, or on the freedom and integ- 
 rity of the several branches of the legislature. 
 
 Before I answer these objections, I must beg leave to observe, 
 that if we are not able to contrive some method of governing 
 India well, which will not of necessity become the means of 
 governing Great Britain z7/, a ground is laid for their eternal 
 separation ; but none for sacrificing the people of that country 
 to our constitution. I am however far from being persuaded 
 that any such incompatibility of interest does at all exist. On 
 the contrary, I am certain that every means, effectual to pre- 
 serve India from oppression, is a guard to preserve the British 
 constitution from its worst corruption. To show this, I will 
 consider the objections, which I think are four. 
 
 1st. That the bill is an attack on the chartered rights of men. 
 
 2dly. That it increases the influence of the crown. 
 
 3dly. That it does not increase, but diminishes, the influence 
 of the crown, in order to promote the interests of certain 
 ministers and their party. 
 
 4thly. That it deeply affects the national credit. 
 
 As to the first of these objections ; I must observe that the 
 phrase of " the chartered rights of men,^^ is full of affectation ; 
 and very unusual in the discussion of privileges conferred by 
 charters of the present description. But it is not difficult to 
 discover what end that ambiguous mode of expression, so often 
 reiterated, is meant to answer. 
 
 The rights of men, that is to say, the natural rights of man- 
 kind, are indeed sacred things ; and if any public measure is 
 proved mischievously to affect them, the objection ought to be 
 fatal to that measure, even if no charter at all could be set up 
 against it. If these natural rights are further affirmed and de- 
 clared by express covenants, if they are clearly defined and 
 secured against chicane, against power, and authority, by writ- 
 ten instruments and positive engagements, they are in a still 
 better condition : they partake not only of the sanctity of the 
 object so secured, but of that solemn pubhc faith itself, which 
 secures an object of such importance. Indeed this formal 
 recognition, by the sovereign power, of an original right in the 
 subject, can never be subverted, but by rooting up the holding 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 197 
 
 radical principles of government, and even of society itself. 
 The charters, which v^e call by distinction great, are public in- 
 struments of this nature ; I mean the charters of king John 
 and king Henry the third. The things secured by these instru- 
 ments may, v^ithout any deceitful ambiguity, be very fitly called 
 the chartered rights of men. 
 
 These charters have made the very name of a charter dear 
 to the heart of every Englishman. — But, Sir, there may be, 
 and there are charters, not only different in nature, but formed 
 on principles the very reverse of those of the great charter. Of 
 this kind is the charter of the East India company. Magna 
 charta is a charter to restrain power, and to destroy monopoly. 
 The East India charter is a charter to estabhsh monopoly, and 
 to create power. Political power and commercial monopoly 
 are not the rights of men ; and the rights of them derived from 
 charters, it is fallacious and sophistical to call " the chartered 
 rights of men." These chartered rights, (to speak of such 
 charters and of their effects in terms of the greatest possible 
 moderation,) do at least suspend the natural rights of mankind 
 at large ; and in their very frame and constitution are liable to 
 fall into a direct violation of them. 
 
 It is a charter of this latter description (that is to say, a 
 charter of power and monopoly) which is afiected by the bill 
 before you. The bill, Sir, does, without question, affect it ; it 
 does affect it essentially and substantially. But having stated 
 to you of what description the chartered rights are which this 
 bill touches, I feel no difficulty at all in acknowledging the ex- 
 istence of those chartered rights, in their fullest extent. They 
 belong to the company in the surest manner ; and they are 
 secured to that body by every sort of public sanction. They 
 are stamped by the faith of the king ; they are stamped by the 
 faith of parliament ; they have been bought for money, for 
 money honestly and fairly paid ; they have been bought for 
 valuable consideration, over and over again. 
 
 I therefore freely admit to the East India company their 
 claim to exclude their fellow-subjects from the commerce of 
 half the globe. I admit their claim to administer an annual 
 territorial revenue of seven millions sterling; to command an 
 army of sixty thousand men ; and to dispose, (under the con- 
 trol of a sovereign imperial discretion, and with the due ob- 
 servance of the natural and local law) of the lives and fortunes 
 of thirty milUons of their fellow-creatures. All this they pos- 
 sess by charter and by acts of parliament, (in my opinion,) 
 without a shadow of controversy. 
 
 Those who carry the rights and claims of the company the 
 furthest do not contend for more than this ; and all this I freely 
 
 j7# 
 
198 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH |B| 
 
 grant. But granting all this, they must grant to me in my turn, 
 that all political power which is set over men, and that all 
 privilege claimed or exercised in exclusion of them, being 
 wholly artificial, and for so much a derogation from the natural 
 equality of mankind at large, ought to be some way or other 
 exercised ultimately for their benefit. 
 
 If this is true with regard to every species of political do- 
 minion, and every description of commercial privilege, none 
 of which can be original self-derived rights, or grants for the 
 mere private benefit of the holders, then such rights, or privi- 
 leges, or whatever else you choose to call them, are all in the 
 strictest sense a trust ; and it is of the very essence of every 
 trust to be rendered accountable; and even totally to cease, ' 
 when it substantially varies from the purposes for which alone 
 it could have a lawful existence. 
 
 This I conceive. Sir, to be true of trusts of power vested in 
 the highest hands, and of such as seem to hold of no human 
 creature. But about the apphcation of this principle to subor- 
 dinate derivative trusts, I do not see how a controversy can be 
 maintained. To whom then would I make the East India 
 company accountable? Why, to parliament, to be sure; to 
 parliament, from whom their trust was derived ; to parliament, 
 which alone is capable of comprehending the magnitude of its 
 object, and its abuse ; and alone capable of an effectual legis- 
 lative remedy. The very charter, which is held out to exclude 
 parliament from correcting malversation with regard to the 
 high trust vested in the company, is the very thing which at 
 once gives a title and imposes a duty on us to interfere with 
 effect, wherever power and authority originating from ourselves 
 are perverted from their purposes, and become instruments of 
 wrong and violence. 
 
 If parliament. Sir, had nothing to do with this charter, we 
 might have some sort of Epicurean excuse to stand aloof, in- 
 diflferent spectators of what passes in the company's name in 
 India and in London. But if we are the very cause of the 
 evil, we are in a special manner engaged to the redress ; and 
 for us passively to bear wi,th oppressions committed under the 
 sanction of our own authority, is in truth and reason for this 
 house to be an active accomplice in the abuse. 
 
 That the power notoriously, grossly abused has been bought 
 from us is very certain. But this circumstance, which is urged 
 against the bill, becomes an additional motive for our inter- 
 ference ; lest we should be thought to have sold the blood of 
 millions of men, for the base consideration of money. We 
 sold, I admit, all that we had to sell ; that is, our authority, 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 199 
 
 not our control. We had not a right to make a market of our 
 duties. 
 
 I ground myself therefore on this principle — that if the 
 abuse is proved, the contract is broken; and we re-enter into 
 all our rights ; that is, into the exercise of all our duties. Our 
 own authority is indeed as much a trust originally, as the com- 
 pany's authority is a trust derivatively ; and it is the use we 
 make of the resumed power that must justify or condemn us in 
 the resumption of it. When we have perfected the plan laid 
 before us by the right honorable mover, the world wdll then see 
 what it is we destroy, and what it is we create. By that test 
 we stand or fall ; and by that test I trust that it will be found 
 in the issue, that we are going to supersede a charter abused 
 to the full extent of all the powers which it could abuse, and 
 exercised in the plenitude of despotism, tyranny, and cor- 
 ruption ; and that in one and the same plan, we provide a real 
 chartered security for the rights of men cruelly violated under 
 that charter. 
 
 This bill, and those connected with it, are intended to form 
 the magna charta of Hindostan. Whatever the treaty of 
 Westphaha is to the liberty of the princes and free cities of the 
 empire, and to the three religions there professed — Whatever 
 the great charter, the statute of tallage, the petition of right, 
 and the declaration of right, are to Great Britain, these bills 
 are to the people of India. Of this benefit, I am certain, their 
 condition is capable ; and when I know that they are capable 
 of more, my vote shall most assuredly be for our giving to the 
 full extent of their capacity of receiving ; and no charter of 
 dominion shall stand as a bar in my way to their charter of 
 safety and protection. 
 
 The strong admission I have made of the company's rights 
 (I am conscious of it) binds me to do a great deal. I do not pre- 
 sume to condemn those who argue a priori, against the pro- 
 priety of leaving such extensive pohtical powers in the hands 
 of a company of merchants. I know much is, and much more 
 may be, said against such a system. But, with my particular 
 ideas and sentiments, I cannot go that way to work. I feel an 
 insuperable reluctance in giving my hand to destroy any es- 
 tablished institution of government, upon a theory, however , 
 plausible it may be. My experience in fife teaches me nothing 
 clear upon the subject. I have known merchants with the 
 sentiments and the abihties of great statesmen ; and I have seen 
 persons in the rank of statesmen, with the conceptions and 
 characters of pedlars. Indeed, my observation has furnished 
 me with nothing that is to be found in any habits of hfe or 
 education, which tends wholly to disqualify men for the func- 
 
1 
 
 200 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 tions of government, but that, by which the power of exer 
 cising those functions is very frequently obtained, I mean a 
 spirit and habits of low cabal and intrigue; which I have 
 never, in one instance, seen united with a capacity for sound 
 and manly policy. 
 
 To justify us in taking the administration of their affairs out 
 of the hands of the East India company, on my principles, I 
 must see several conditions. 1st. The object affected by the 
 abuse should be great and important. 2d. The abuse affecting 
 this great object ought to be a great abuse. 3d. It ought to be 
 habitual, and not accidental. 4th. It ought to be utterly in- 
 curable in the body as it now stands constituted. All this 
 ought to be made as visible to me as the light of the sun, be- 
 fore I should strike off an atom of their charter. A right hon- 
 orable gentleman has said, and said I think but once, and that 
 very slightly (whatever his original demand for a plan might 
 seem to require) that *' there are abuses in the company's gov- 
 ernment." If that were all, the scheme of the mover of this 
 bill, the scheme of his learned friend, and his own scheme of 
 reformation (if he has any) are all equally needless. There 
 are, and must be, abuses in all governments. It amounts to no 
 more than a nugatory proposition. But before I consider of 
 what nature these abuses are, of which the gentleman speaks 
 so very lightly, permit me to recall to your recollection the map 
 of the country which this abused chartered right affects. This 
 I shall do, that you may judge whether in that map I can 
 discover anything like the first of my conditions; that is, 
 Wliether the object affected . by the abuse of the East India 
 company's power be of importance sufficiently to justify the 
 measure and means of reform applied to it in this bill. 
 
 With very few, and those inconsiderable intervals, the Brit- 
 ish dominion, either in the company's name, or in the names of 
 princes absolutely dependent upon the company, extends from 
 the mountains that separate India from Tartary, to cape Co- 
 morin, that is, one-and-twenty degrees of latitude ! , 
 
 In the northern parts it is a solid mass of land, about eight 
 hundred miles in length, and four or five hundred broad. As 
 you go southward, it becomes narrower for a space. It after- 
 wards dilates ; but narrower or broader, you possess the whole 
 eastern and north-eastern coast of that vast country, quite from 
 the borders of Pegu. — Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, with Bena- 
 res, (now unfortunately in our immediate possession,) measure 
 161,978 square English miles; a territory considerably larger 
 than the whole kingdom of France. Oude, with its dependent 
 provinces, is 53,286 square miles, not a great deal less than 
 England. The Carnatic, with Tanjore and the Circars, is 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 201 
 
 65,948 square miles, very considerably larger than England ; 
 and the whole of the company's dominions, comprehending 
 Bombay and Salsette, amounts to 281,412 square miles; which 
 forms a territory larger than any European dominion, Russia 
 and Turkey excepted. Through all that vast extent of country 
 there is not a man who eats a mouthful of rice but by permis- 
 sion of the East India company. 
 
 So far with regard to the extent. The population of this 
 great empire is not easy to be calculated. When the countries, 
 of which it is composed, came into our possession, they were 
 all eminently peopled, and eminently productive ; though at that 
 time considerably declined from their ancient prosperity. But 
 
 since they are come into our hands ! ! However, if we 
 
 make the period of our estimate immediately before the utter 
 desolation of the Carnatic, and if w^e allow for the havoc 
 which our government had even then made in these regions, 
 we cannot, in my opinion, rate the population at much less than 
 thirty millions of souls ; more than four times the number of 
 persons in the island of Great Britain. 
 
 My next inquiry to that of the number, is the quality and 
 description of the inhabitants. This multitude of men does not 
 consist of an abject and barbarous populace; much less of 
 gangs of savages, like the Guaranies and Chiquitos, who wan- 
 der on the waste borders of the river of Amazons, or the 
 Plate ; but a people for ages civiUzed and cultivated ; cultiva- 
 ted by all the arts of polished life, whilst we were yet in the 
 woods. There, have been (and still the skeletons remain) 
 princes once of great dignity, authority, and opulence. There, 
 are to be found the chiefs of tribes and nations. There, is to 
 be found an ancient and venerable priesthood, the depository of 
 their laws, learning, and history, the guides of the people whilst 
 living, and their consolation in death ; a nobility of great anti- 
 quity and renown; a multitude of cities, not exceeded in popu- 
 lation and trade by those of the first class in Europe ; merchants 
 and bankers, individual houses of whom have once vied in 
 capital with the bank of England ; whose credit had often sup- 
 ported a tottering state, and preserved their governments in the 
 midst of war and desolation ; millions of ingenious manufac- 
 turers and mechanics ; millions of the most dihgent, and not 
 the least intelligent, tillers of the earth. Here are to be found 
 almost all the religions professed by men ; the Brarainical, the 
 Mussulman, the Eastern and the Western Christian. 
 
 If I were to take the whole aggregate of our possessions 
 there, I should compare it, as the nearest parallel I can find, 
 with the empire of Germany. Our immediate possessions J 
 should compare with the Austrian dominions, and they would 
 
 2 A 
 
202 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 not suffer in the comparison. The nabob of Oude might stand 
 for the King of Prussia ; the nabob of Arcot I would compare, 
 as superior in territory, and equal in revenue, to the elector of 
 Saxony. Cheyt Sing, the rajah of Benares, might well rank 
 with the prince of Hesse, at least ; and the rajah of Tanjore 
 (though hardly equal in extent of dominion, superior in reve- 
 nue) to the elector of Bavaria. The Polygars and the northern 
 Zemindars, and other great chiefs, might well class with the 
 rest of the princes, dukes, counts, marquises, and bishops in 
 the empire ; all of whom I mention to honor, and surely with- 
 out disparagement to any or all of those most respectable 
 princes and grandees. 
 
 All this vast mass, composed of so many orders and classes 
 of men, is again infinitely diversified by manners, by religion, 
 by hereditary employment, through all their possible combina- 
 tions. This renders the handHng of India a matter in a high 
 degree critical and delicate. But oh ! it has been handled 
 rudely indeed. Even some of the reformers seem to have for- 
 got that they had anything to do but to regulate the tenants of 
 a manor, or the shopkeepers of the next county town. 
 
 It is an empire of this extent, of this complicated nature, 
 of this dignity and importance, that I have compared to Ger- 
 many, and the German government ; not for an exact resem- 
 blance, but as a sort of a middle term, by which India might 
 be approximated to our understandings, and if possible to our 
 feelings ; in order to awaken something of sympathy for the 
 unfortunate natives, of which I am afraid we are not perfectly 
 susceptible, whilst we look at this very remote object through 
 a false and cloudy medium. 
 
 My second condition, necessary to justify me in touching the , 
 charter, is, Whether the company's abuse of their trust, with 
 regard to this great object, be an abuse of great atrocity. I 
 shall beg your permission to consider their conduct in two 
 lights; first the political, and then the commercial. Their 
 political conduct (for distinctness) I divide again into two 
 heads ; the external, in which I mean to comprehend their con- 
 duct in their federal capacity, as it relates to powers and states 
 independent, or that not long since were such ; the other inter- 
 nal, namely their conduct to the countries either immediately 
 subject to the company, or to those who, under the apparent 
 government of native sovereigns, are in a state of much lower, 
 and much more miserable, than common subjection. 
 
 The attention. Sir, which I wish to preserve to method will 
 not be considered as unnecessary or affected. Nothing else 
 can help me to selection out of the infinite mass of materials 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 203 
 
 which have passed under my eye ; or can keep my mind steady 
 to the great leading points I have in view. 
 
 With regard therefore to the abuse of the external federal 
 trust, I engage myself to you to make good these three posi- 
 tions : — First, I say, that from mount Imaus, (or whatever else 
 you call that large range of mountains that walls the northern 
 frontier of India,) where it touches us in the latitude of twenty- 
 nine, to Cape Comorin, in the latitude of eight, there is not 
 a single prince, state, or potentate, great or small, in India, 
 with whom they have come into contact, whom they have not 
 sold. I say sold, though sometimes they have not been able to 
 deliver according to their bargain. — Secondly, I say, that there 
 is not a single treaty they have ever made, which they have not 
 broken. — Thirdly, I say, that there is not a single prince or 
 state, who ever put any trust in the company, who is not utterly 
 ruined; and that none are in any degree secure or flourishing, 
 but in the exact proportion to their settled distrust and irrecon- 
 cilable enmity to this nation. 
 
 • These assertions are universal. I say in the full sense 
 universal. They regard the external and political trust only ; 
 but I shall produce others fully equivalent in the internal. For 
 the present, I shall content myself with explaining my meaning ; 
 and if I am called on for proof whilst these bills are depending 
 (which I believe I shall not) I will put my finger on the appen- 
 dixes to the reports, or on papers of record in the house, or the 
 committees, which I have distinctly present to my memory, 
 and which I think I can lay before you at half an hour's 
 warning. 
 
 The first potentate sold by the company for money, was the 
 Great Mogul — the descendant of Tamerlane. This high per- 
 sonage, as high as human veneration can look at, is by every 
 account amiable in his manners, respectable for his piety 
 according to his mode, and accomplished in all the Oriental 
 literature. All this and the title derived under his charter, to 
 all that we hold in India, could not save him from the general 
 sale. Money is coined in his name ; in his name justice is 
 administered; he is prayed for in every temple through the 
 countries we possess — But he was sold. 
 
 It is impossible, Mr. Speaker, not to pause here for a moment, 
 to reflect on the inconstancy of human greatness, and the 
 stupendous revolutions that have happened in our age of won- 
 ders. Could it be believed when I entered into existence, or 
 when you, a younger man, were born, that on this day, in this 
 house, we should be employed in discussing the conduct of 
 those British subjects who had disposed of the power and 
 person of the grand Mogul ? This is no idle speculation. Awful 
 
204 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH |H 
 
 lessons are taught by it, and by other events, of which it is not 
 yet too late to profit. 
 
 This is hardly a digression ; but I return to the sale of the 
 Mogul. Two districts, Corah, and Allahabad, out of his 
 immense grants, were reserved as a royal demesne to the donor I 
 of a kingdom, and the rightful sovereign of so many nations. — ' 
 After withholding the tribute of 260,000/. a year, which the 
 company was, by the charter they had received from this 
 prince, under the most solemn obligation to pay, these districts 
 were sold to his chief minister Sujah ul Dowlah ; and, what 
 may appear to some the worst part of the transaction, these 
 two districts were sold for scarcely two years' purchase. The 
 descendant of Tamerlane now stands in need almost of the . 
 common necessaries of life; and in this situation we do not ] 
 even allow him, as bounty, the smallest portion of what we owe I 
 him in justice. . I 
 
 The next sale was that of the whole nation of the Rohillas, 
 which the grand salesman, without a pretence of quarrel, and 
 contrary to his own declared sense of duty and rectitude, sold 
 to the same Sujah ul Dowlah. He sold the people to utter 
 extirpattoTif for the sum of four hundred thousand pounds, i 
 Faithfully was the bargain performed on our side. Hafiz j 
 Rhamet, the most eminent of their chiefs, one of the bravest ! 
 men of his time, and as famous throughout the East for the 
 elegance of his Hterature, and the spirit of his poetical compo- 
 sitions (by which he supported the name of Hafiz) as for his 
 courage, was invaded with an army of an hundred thousand 
 men, and an English brigade. This man at the head of inferior 
 forces was slain valiantly fighting for his country. His head 
 was cut off, and delivered for money to a barbarian. His wife 
 and children, persons of that rank, were seen begging a handful 
 of rice through the English camp. The whole nation, with 
 inconsiderable exceptions, was slaughtered or banished. The 
 country was laid waste with fire and sword ; and that land, 
 distinguished above most others by the cheerful face of paternal 
 government and protected labor, the chosen seat of cultivation 
 and plenty, is now almost throughout a dreary desert, covered 
 with rushes and briars, and jungles full of wild beasts. 
 
 The British officer who commanded in the dehvery of the 
 people thus sold, felt some compunction at his employment. 
 He represented these enormous excesses to the president of 
 Bengal, for which he received a severe reprimand from the 
 civil governor ; and I much doubt whether the breach caused 
 by the conflict, between the compassion of the mihtary and the 
 firmness of the civil governor, be closed at this hour. 
 
 In Bengal, Serajah Dowlah was sold to Mir Jafiier ; Mir 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 205 
 
 Jaffier was sold to Mir Cossim ; and Mir Cossim was sold to 
 Mir Jaffier again. The succession of Mir Jaffier was sold to 
 his eldest son; — another son of Mir Jaffier, Mobarech ul 
 Dowlah, was sold to his step-mother — The Maratta empire 
 was sold to Rogaba ; and Rogaba was sold and delivered to the 
 Peishwa of the Marattas. Both Rogaba and the Peishwa of 
 the Marattas were offered to sale to the rajah of Berar. Scin- 
 dia, the chief of Malva, was offered to sale to the same rajah ; 
 and the Subah of the Decan was sold to the great trader Ma- 
 homet Aii, nabob of Arcot. To the same nabob of Arcot they 
 sold Hyder Ali and the kingdom of Mysore. To Mahomet Ali 
 they twice sold the kingdom of Tanjore. To the same Maho- 
 met Ah they sold at least twelve sovereign princes, called the 
 Polygars. But to keep things even, the territory of Tinnivelly, 
 belonging to their nabob, they would have sold to the Dutch ; 
 and to conclude the account of sales, their great customer, the 
 nabob of Arcot himself, and his lawful succession, has been sold 
 to his second son. Amir ul Omrah, whose character, views, and 
 conduct, are in the accounts upon your table. It remains with 
 you whether they shall finally perfect this last bargain. 
 
 All these bargains and sales were regularly attended with 
 the waste and havoc of the country, always by the buyer, and 
 sometimes by the object of the sale. This was explained to 
 you by the honorable mover, when he stated the mode of paying 
 debts due from the country powers to the company. An 
 honorable gentleman, who now is not in his place, objected to his 
 jumping near two thousand miles for an example. But the 
 southern example is perfectly apphcable to the northern claim, 
 as the northern is to the southern ; for, throughout the whole 
 space of these two thousand miles, take your stand where you 
 will, the proceeding is perfectly uniform, and what is done in 
 one part will apply exactly to the other. 
 
 My second assertion is, that the company never has made a 
 treaty which they have not broken. This position is so con- 
 nected with that of the sales of provinces and kingdoms, with 
 the negotiation of universal distraction in every part of India, 
 that a very minute detail may well be spared on this point. It 
 has not yet been contended, by any enemy to the reform, that 
 they have observed any public agreement. When I hear that 
 they have done so in any one instance (which hitherto, I con- 
 fess, I never heard alleged) I shall speak to the particular treaty. 
 The governor general has even amused himself and the court 
 of directors in a very singular letter to that board, in which he 
 admits he has not been very delicate with regard to public 
 faith ; and he goes so far as to state a regular estimate of the 
 sums which the company would have lost, or never acquiried, 
 
 18 
 
206 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 if the rigid ideas of public faith entertained by his colleagues 
 had been observed. The learned gentleman over against me 
 has indeed saved me much trouble. On a former occasion, he 
 obtained no small credit, for the clear and forcible manner in 
 which he stated what we have not forgot, and I hope he has 
 not forgot, that universal systematic breach of treaties which 
 had made the British faith proverbial in the East. 
 
 It only remains, Sir, for me just to recapitulate some heads. — 
 The treaty with the mogul, by which we stipulated to pay him 
 260,000/. annually, was broken. This treaty they have broken, 
 and not paid him a shilling. They broke their treaty with him, 
 in which they stipulated to pay 400,000/. a year to the soubah 
 of Bengal. They agreed with the mogul, for services admitted 
 to have been performed, to pay Nudjif Cawn a pension. They 
 broke this article with the rest, and stopped also this small pen- 
 sion. They broke their treaties with the Nizam, and with 
 Hyder Ali. As to the Marattas, they had so many cross trea- 
 ties with the states general of that nation, and with each of the 
 chiefs, that it was notorious that no one of these agreements 
 could be kept without grossly violating the rest. It was ob- 
 served, that if the terms of these several treaties had been kept, 
 two British armies would at one and the same time have met in 
 the field to cut each other's throats. The wars which desolate 
 India, originated from a most atrocious violation of pubhc faith 
 on our part. In the midst of profound peace, the company's 
 troops invaded the Maratta territories, and surprised the island 
 and fortress of Salsette. The Marattas nevertheless yielded to 
 a treaty of peace, by which solid advantages were procured to 
 the company. But this treaty, like every other treaty, was 
 soon violated by the company. Again the company invaded 
 the Maratta dominions. The disaster that ensued gave occa- 
 sion to a new treaty. The whole army of the company was 
 obliged, in effect, to surrender to this injured, betrayed, and 
 insulted people. Justly irritated, however, as they were, the 
 terms which they prescribed were reasonable and moderate; 
 and their treatment of their captive invaders of the most dis- 
 tinguished humanity. But the humanity of the Marattas was 
 of no power whatsoever to prevail on the company to attend to 
 the observance of the terms dictated by their moderation. The 
 war was renewed with greater vigor than ever ; and such was 
 their insatiable lust of plunder, that they never would have 
 given ear to any terms of peace, if Hyder Ali had not broke 
 through the Gauts, and rushing like a torrent into the Carnatic, 
 swept away everything in his career. This was in consequence 
 of that confederacy, which by a sort of miracle united the most 
 discordant powers for our destruction, as a nation in which no 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 207 
 
 other could put any trust, and who were the declared enemies 
 of the human species. 
 
 My third assertion, relative to the abuse made of the right 
 of war and peace is, that there are none who have ever con- 
 fided in us who have not been utterly ruined. The examples 
 I have given of Ragonaut Row, of Guickwar, of the rana of 
 Gohud, are recent. There is proof more than enough in the 
 condition of the mogul ; in the slavery and indigence of the 
 nabob of Oude ; the exile of the rajah of Benares ; the beggary 
 of the nabob of Bengal ; the undone and captive condition of 
 the rajah and kingdom of Tanjore ; the destruction of the Poly- 
 gars; and lastly, in the destruction of the nabob of Arcot 
 himself, who, when his dominions were invaded, was found 
 entirely destitute of troops, provisions, stores, and (as he asserts) 
 of money, being a million in debt to the company, and four 
 millions to others: the many millions which he had exerted 
 from so many extirpated princes and their desolated countries 
 having (as he has frequently hinted) been expended for the 
 ground-rent of his mansion-house in an alley in the suburbs of 
 Madras. Compare the condition of all these princes with the 
 power and authority of all the Maratta states ; with the inde- 
 pendence and dignity of the Soubah of the Decan; and the 
 mighty strength, the resources, and the manly struggle of Hyder 
 Ah ; and then the house will discover the effects on every power 
 in India, of an easy confidence, or of a rooted distrust in the 
 faith of the company. 
 
 These are some of my reasons, grounded on the abuse of the 
 external political trust of that body, for thinking myself not 
 only justified, but bound, to declare against those chartered 
 rights which produce so many wrongs. I should deem myself 
 the wickedest of men, if any vote of_ mine could contribute to 
 the continuance of so great an evil. 
 
 Now, Sir, according to the plan I proposed, I shall take notice 
 of the company's internal government, as it is exercised first 
 on the dependent provinces, and then as it affects those under 
 the direct and immediate authority of that body. And here, 
 Sir, before I enter into the spirit of their interior government, 
 permit me to observe to you, upon a few of the many lines of 
 difference which are to be found between the vices of the 
 company's government, and those of the conquerors who pre- 
 ceded us in India ; that we may be enabled a little the better to 
 see our way in an attempt to the necessary reformation. 
 
 The several irruptions of Arabs, Tartars and Persians, into 
 India were, for the greater part, ferocious, bloody, and wasteful 
 in the extreme : our entrance into the dominion of that country, 
 was, as generally, with small comparative effusion of blood ; 
 
208 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 being introduced by various frauds and delusions, and by taking 
 advantage of the incurable, blind, and senseless animosity, which 
 the several country powers bear towards each other, rather 
 than by open force. But the difference in favor of the first 
 conquerors is this ; the Asiatic conquerors very soon abated of 
 their ferocity, because they naade the conquered country their 
 own. They rose or fell with the rise or fall of the territory 
 they lived in. Fathers there deposited the hopes of their pos- 
 terity ; and children there beheld the nnonuments of their fathers. 
 Here their lot was finally cast ; and it is the natural wish of 
 all, that their lot should not be cast in a bad land. Poverty, 
 sterility, and desolation, are not a recreating prospect to the 
 eye of man ; and there are very few who can bear to grow 
 old among the curses of a whole people. If their passion or 
 their avarice drove the Tartar lords to acts of rapacity or 
 tyranny, there was time enough, even in the short life of man, 
 to bring round the ill effects of an abuse of power upon the 
 power itself. If hoards were made by violence and tyranny, 
 they were still domestic hoards ; and domestic profusion, or the 
 rapine of a more powerful and prodigal hand, restored them to the 
 people. With many disorders, and with few political checks upon 
 power, nature had still fair play ; the sources of acquisition were 
 not dried up ; and therefore the trade, the manufactures, and the 
 commerce of the country flourished. Even avarice and usury 
 itself operated, both for the preservation and the employment 
 of national wealth. The husbandman and manufacturer paid 
 heavy interest, but then they augmented the fund from whence 
 they were again to borrow. Their resources were dearly 
 bought, but they were sure ; and the general stock of the com- 
 munity grew by the general effort. 
 
 But under the English government all this order is reversed. 
 The Tartar invasion was mischievous ; but it is our protection 
 that destroys India. It was their enmity, but it is our friend- 
 ship. Our conquest there, after twenty years, is as crude as 
 it was the first day. The natives scarcely know what it is to 
 see the gray head of an Englishman. Young men (boys almost) 
 govern there, without society, and without sympathy with the 
 natives. They have no more social habits with the people, than 
 if they still resided in England ; nor, indeed, any species of 
 intercourse but that which is necessary to making a sudden 
 fortune, with a view to a remote settlement. Animated with 
 all the avarice of age, and all the impetuosity of youth, they 
 roll in one after another ; wave after wave ; and there is nothing j 
 before the eyes of the natives but an endless, hopeless prospect 
 of new flights of birds of prey and passage, with appetites 
 continually renewing for a food that is continually wasting. 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 209 
 
 Every rupee of profit made by an Englishman, is lost for ever 
 to India. With us are no retributory superstitions, by which 
 a foundation of charity compensates, through ages, to the poor, 
 for the rapine and injustice of a day. With us, no pride erects 
 stately monuments which repair the mischiefs which pride had 
 produced, and which adorn a country out of its own spoils. 
 England has erected no churches, no hospitals, no palaces, no 
 schools ; England has built no bridges, made no high roads, cut 
 no navigations, dug out no reservoirs. Every other conqueror 
 of every other description has left some monument, either of 
 state or beneficence, behind him. Were we to be driven out 
 of India this day, nothing would remain, to tell that it had been 
 possessed, during the inglorious period of our dominion, by any- 
 thing better than the ouran-outang or the tiger. 
 
 There is nothing in the boys we send to India worse, than in 
 the boys whom we are whipping at school, or that we see trail- 
 ing a pike, or bending over a desk at home. But as Enghsh 
 youth in India drink the intoxicating draught of authority and 
 dominion before their heads are able to bear it, and as they are 
 full grown in fortune long before they are ripe in principle, 
 neither nature nor reason have any opportunity to exert them- 
 selves for remedy of the excesses of their premature power. 
 The consequences of their conduct, which in good minds (and 
 many of theirs are probably such) might produce penitence or 
 amendment, are unable to pursue the rapidity of their flight. 
 Their prey is lodged in England ; and the cries of India are 
 given to seas and winds, to be blown about, in every breaking 
 up of the monsoon, over a remote and unhearing ocean. In 
 India, all the vices operate by which sudden fortune is acquired ; 
 in England are often displayed by the same persons, the virtues 
 which dispense hereditary wealth. Arrived in England, the 
 destroyers of the nobility and gentry of a whole kingdom will 
 find the best company in this nation, at a board of elegance and 
 hospitality. Here the manufacturer and husbandman will bless 
 the just and punctual hand that in India has torn the cloth from 
 the loom, or wrested the scanty portion of rice and salt from 
 the peasant of Bengal, or wrung from him the very opium in 
 w^hich he forgot his oppressions and his oppressor. They marry 
 into your families ; they enter into your senate ; they ease your 
 estates by loans ; they raise their value by demands ; they cherish 
 and protect your relations, which lie heavy on your patronage ; 
 and there is scarcely a house in the kingdom that does not feel 
 some concern and interest that makes all reform of our eastern 
 government appear ofiicious and disgusting ; and on the whole, 
 a most discouraging attempt. In such an attempt you hurt those 
 who are able to return kindness, or to resent injury. If you 
 
 2B 
 
210 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 succeed, you save those who cannot so much as give you 
 thanks. All these things show the difficulty of the work we have 
 on hand : but they show its necessity too. Our Indian govern- 
 ment is in its best state a grievance. It is necessary that the 
 correctives should be uncommonly vigorous ; and the work of 
 men, sanguine, warm, and even impassioned in the cause. But 
 it is an arduous thing to plead against abuses of a power which 
 originates from your own country, and affects those whom we 
 are used to consider as strangers. 
 
 I shall certainly endeavor to modulate myself to this temper; 
 though I am sensible that a cold style of describing actions which 
 appear to me in a very affecting light, is equally contrary to the 
 justice due to the people, and to all genuine human feelings 
 about them. I ask pardon of truth and nature for this compliance. 
 But I^hall be very sparing of epithets either to persons or things. 
 It has been said (and, with regard to one of them, with truth) 
 that Tacitus and Machiavel, by their cold way of relating 
 enormous crimes, have in some sort appeared not to disapprove 
 them ; that they seem a sort of professors of the art of tyranny, 
 and that they corrupt the minds of their readers, by not express- 
 ing the detestation and horror that naturally belong to horrible 
 and detestable proceedings. But we are in general, Sir, so little 
 acquainted with Indian details ; the instruments of oppression 
 under which the people suffer are so hard to be understood ; 
 and even the very names of the sufferers are so uncouth and 
 strange to our ears, that it is very difficult for our sympathy to 
 fix upon these objects. I am sure that some of us have come 
 down stairs from the committee-room, with impressions on our 
 minds, which to us were the inevitable results of our discoveries, 
 yet if we should venture to express ourselves, in the proper 
 language of our sentiments, to other gentlemen, not at all pre- 
 pared to enter into the cause of them, nothing could appear 
 more harsh and dissonant, more violent and unaccountable, than 
 our language and behavior. All these circumstances are not, 
 I confess, very favorable to the idea of our attempting to govern 
 India at all. But there we are ; there we are placed by the 
 Sovereign Disposer ; and we must do the best we can in our 
 situation. The situation of man is the preceptor of his duty. 
 
 Upon the plan which I laid down, and to which I beg leave 
 to return, I was considering the conduct of the company to 
 those nations which are indirectly subject to their authority. 
 The most considerable of the dependent princes is the nabob 
 of Oude. My right honorable friend, to whom we owe the 
 remedial bills on your table, has already pointed out to you, in 
 one of the reports, the condition of that prince, and as it stood 
 in the time alluded to. I shall only add a few circumstances 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 211 
 
 that may tend to awaken some sense of the manner in which 
 the condition of the people is affected by that of the prince, and 
 involved in it ; and to show you, that when we talk of the suf- 
 ferings of princes, we do not lament the oppression of indi- 
 viduals ; . and that in these cases the high and the low suffer 
 together. 
 
 In the year 1779, the nabob of Oude represented, through 
 the British resident at his court, that the number of company's 
 troops stationed in his dominions was a main cause of his dis- 
 tress ; and that all those which he was not bound by treaty to 
 maintain should be withdrawn, as they had greatly diminished 
 his revenue, and impoverished his country. 
 
 It was now to be seen what steps the governor-general and 
 council took for the relief of this distressed country, long 
 laboring under the vexations of men, and now stricken by the 
 hand of God. The case of a general famine is known to relax the 
 severity even of the most rigorous government. — Mr. Hastings 
 does not deny, or show the least doubt of the fact. The repre- 
 sentation is humble, and almost abject. On this representation 
 from a great prince of the distress of his subjects, Mr. Hastings 
 falls into a violent passion ; such (as it seems) would be unjusti- 
 fiable in any one who speaks of any part of his conduct. He 
 declares, " that the demands, the tone, in which they were 
 asserted, and the season in which they were made, are all 
 equally alarming, and appear to him to require an adequate 
 degree of firmness in this board, in opposition to them." He 
 proceeds to deal out very unreserved language, on the person 
 and character of the nabob and his ministers. He declares, 
 that in a division between him and the nabob, " the strongest must 
 decide" With regard to the urgent and instant necessity, 
 from the failure of the crops, he says, *' that perhaps expedients 
 may he found for affording a gradual relief from the burthen of 
 which he so heavily complains, and it shall be my endeavor to 
 seek them out :" and lest he should be suspected of too much 
 haste to alleviate sufferings, and to remove violence, he says, 
 " that these must be gradually applied, and their complete effect 
 may be distant; and this I conceive is all he can claim of right." 
 
 Here, Sir, is much heat and passion ; but no more considera- 
 tion of the distress of the country, from a failure of the means 
 of subsistence, and (if possible) the worse evil of an useless 
 and Hcentious soldiery, than if they w^ere the most contempti- 
 ble of all trifles. A letter is written in consequence, in such a 
 style of lofty despotism, as I believe has hitherto been unex- 
 ampled and unheard of in the records of the East. The troops 
 were continued. The gradual relief, whose effect was to be so 
 
212 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 distant, has never been substantially and beneficially applied — 
 and the country is ruined. 
 
 The invariable course of the company's policy is this : either 
 they set up some prince too odious to maintain himself without 
 the necessity of their assistance ; or they soon render him 
 odious, by making him the intrument of their government. In 
 that case troops are bountifully sent to him to maintain his 
 authority. That he should have no want of assistance, a civil 
 gentleman, called a resident, is kept at his court, who, under 
 pretence of providing duly for the pay of these troops, gets 
 assignments on the revenue into his hands. Under his provi- 
 dent management, debts soon accumulate ; new assignments 
 are made for these debts ; until, step by step, the whole revenue, 
 and with it the whole power of the country, is delivered into 
 his hands. The military do not behold without a virtuous 
 emulation the moderate gains of the civil department. They 
 feel that, in a country driven to habitual rebellion by the civil 
 government, the military is necessary ; and they will not permit 
 their services to go unrewarded. Tracts of country are de- 
 livered over to their discretion. Then it is found proper to 
 convert their commanding officers into farmers of revenue. 
 Thus between the well-paid civil, and well-rewarded military 
 establishment, the situation of the natives may be easily con- 
 jectured. The authority of the regular and lawful government 
 is everywhere and in every point extinguished. Disorders and 
 violences arise; they are repressed by other disorders and 
 other violences. Wherever the collectors of the revenue, and 
 the farming colonels and majors move, ruin is about them, 
 rebellion before and behind them. The people in crowds fly 
 out of the country ; and the frontier is guarded by lines of 
 troops, not to exclude an enemy, but to prevent the escape of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 By these means, in the course of not more than four or five 
 years, this once opulent and flourishing country, which, by the 
 accounts given in the Bengal consultations, yielded more than 
 three-score of Sicca rupees, that is, above three millions ster- 
 ling annually, is reduced, as far as I can discover, in a matter 
 purposely involved in the utmost perplexity, to less than one 
 million three hundred thousand pounds, and that exacted by 
 every mode of rigor that can be devised. To complete the 
 business, most of the wretched remnants of this revenue are 
 mortgaged, and delivered into the hands of the usurers at 
 Benares (for there alone are to be found some lingering remains 
 of the ancient wealth of these regions) at an interest of near 
 thirty per cent, per annum. 
 
 The revenues in this manner faihng, they seized upon the 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 213 
 
 estates of every person of eminence in the country, and under 
 the name of resumption, confiscated their property. I wish, 
 Sir, to be understood universally and literally, v^hen I assert, 
 that there is not left one man of property and substance for his 
 rank, in the whole of these provinces, in provinces which are 
 nearly the extent of England and Wales taken together. Not 
 one landholder, not one banker, not one merchant, not one even 
 of those who usually perish last, the ultimum moriens in a 
 ruined state, not one farmer of revenue. 
 
 One country for a while remained, which stood as an island 
 in the midst of the grand waste of the company's dominion. 
 My right honorable friend, in his admirable speech on moving 
 the bill, just touched the situation, the oflfences, and the punish- 
 ment of a native prince, called Fizulla Khan. This man, by 
 policy and force, had protected himself from the general extir- 
 pation of the Rohilla chiefs. He was secured (if that were 
 any security) by a treaty. It was stated to you, as it was 
 stated by the enemies of that unfortunate man — " that the whole 
 of his country is what the whole of the Rohillas was, cultivated 
 Hke a garden, without one neglected spot in it." — Another ac- 
 cuser says, " Fyzoolah Khan, though a bad soldier, [that is the 
 true source of his misfortune] has approved himself a good 
 aumil ; having, it is supposed, in the course of a few years, at 
 least doubled the population and revenue of his country." — In 
 another part of the correspondence he is charged with making 
 his country an asylum for the oppressed peasants, who fly from 
 the territories of Oude. The improvement of his revenue, 
 arising from this single crime, (which Mr. Hastings considers 
 as tantamount to treason,) is stated at a hundred and fifty 
 thousand pounds a year. 
 
 Dr. Swift somewhere says, that he who could make two 
 blades of grass grow where but one grew before, was a greater 
 benefactor to the human race than all the politicians that ever 
 existed. This prince, who would have been deified by anti- 
 tiquity, who would have been ranked with Osiris, and Bacchus, 
 and Ceres, and the divinities most propitious to men, was, for 
 those very merits, by name attacked by the company's govern- 
 ment, as a cheat, a robber, a traitor. In the same breath in 
 which he was accused as a rebel, he was ordered at once to 
 furnish 5,000 horse. On delay, or (according to the technical 
 phrase, when any remonstrance is made to them) " on evasion," 
 he was declared a violator of treaties, and everything he had 
 was to be taken from him. — Not one word, how^ever, of horse 
 in this treaty. 
 
 The territory of this Fizulla Khan, Mr. Speaker, is less than 
 the county of Norfolk. It is an inland country, full seven hun- 
 
214 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 dred miles from any sea-port, and not distinguished for any one 
 considerable branch of manufacture whatsoever. From this 
 territory several very considerable sums had at several times 
 been paid to the British resident. The demand of cavalry, 
 v^ithout a shadoM^ or decent pretext of right, amounted to three 
 hundred thousand a year more, at the lowest computation ; 
 and it is stated, by the last person sent to negotiate, as a de- 
 mand of little use, if it could be complied with ; but that the 
 compliance was impossible, as it amounted to more than his 
 territories could supply, if there had been no other demand 
 upon him — three hundred thousand pounds a year from an 
 inland country not so large as Norfolk ! 
 
 The thing most extraordinary was to hear the culprit defend 
 himself from the imputation of his virtues, as if they had been 
 the blackest offences. He extenuated the superior cultivation 
 of his country. He denied its population. He endeavored to 
 prove that he had often sent back the poor peasant that sought 
 shelter with him. — I can make no observation on this. 
 
 After a variety of extortions and vexations, too fatiguing to 
 you, too disgusting to me, to go through with, they found " that 
 they ought to be in a better state to warrant forcible means ;" 
 they therefore contented themselves with a gross sum of 150,000 
 pounds for their present demand. They offered him indeed an 
 indemnity fromi their exactions in future for three hundred thou- 
 sand pounds more. But he refused to buy their securities; 
 pleading (probably with truth) his poverty : but if the plea 
 were not founded, in my opinion very wisely ; not choosing to 
 deal any more in that dangerous commodity of the company's 
 faith ; and thinking it better to oppose distress and unarmed 
 obstinacy to uncoloured exaction, than to subject himself to be 
 considered as a cheat, if he should make a treaty in the least 
 beneficial to himself 
 
 Thus they executed an exemplary punishment on Fizulla 
 Khan for the culture of his country. But, conscious that the 
 prevention of evils is the great object of all good regulation, 
 they deprived him of the means of increasing that criminal 
 cultivation in future, by exhausting his coffers ; and, that the 
 population of his country should no more be a standing re- 
 proach and libel on the company's government, they bound 
 him, by a positive engagement, not to afford any shelter what- 
 soever to the farmers and laborers who should seek refuge in 
 his territories, from the exactions of the British residents in 
 Oude. When they had done all this effectually, they gave him 
 a full and complete acquittance from all charges of rebellion, 
 or of any intention to rebel, or of his having originally had any 
 interest in, or any means of rebellion. 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 215 
 
 These intended rebellions are one of the company's standing 
 resources. When money has been thought to be heaped up 
 anywhere, its owners are universally accused of rebellion, 
 until they are acquitted of their money and their treasons at 
 once. The money once taken, all accusation, trial, and pun- 
 ishment ends. It is so settled a resource, that I rather wonder 
 how it comes to be omitted in the directors' account ; but I 
 take it for granted this omission will be supplied in their next 
 edition. 
 
 The company stretched this resource to the full extent, 
 when they accused two old women, in the remotest corner of 
 India (who could have no possible view or motive to raise dis- 
 turbances) of being engaged in rebelhon, with an intent to 
 drive out the English nation, in whose protection, purchased 
 by money and secured by treaty, rested the sole hope of their 
 existence. But the company wanted money, and the old wo- 
 men must be guilty of a plot. They were accused of rebellion, 
 and they were convicted of wealth. Twice had great sums 
 been extorted from them, and as often had the British faith 
 guarantied the remainder. A body of British troops, with one 
 of the military farmers general at their head, was sent to seize 
 upon the castle in which these helpless women resided. Their 
 chief eunuchs, who were their agents, their guardians, pro- 
 tectors, persons of high rank according to the Eastern man- 
 ners, and of great trust, were thrown into dungeons, to make 
 them discover their hidden treasures; and there they lie at 
 present. The lands assigned for the maintenance of the wo- 
 men were seized and confiscated. Their jewels and effects 
 were taken, and set up to a pretended auction in an obscure 
 place, and bought at such a price as the gentlemen thought 
 proper to give. No account has ever been transmitted of the 
 articles or produce of this sale. What money was obtained 
 is unknown, or what terms were stipulated for the maintenance 
 of these despoiled and forlorn creatures ; for by some particu- 
 lars it appears as if an engagement of the kind w^as made. 
 
 I wish you, Sir, to advert particularly, in this transaction, 
 to the quality and the numbers of the persons spoiled, and the 
 instrument by whom that spoil was made. These ancient 
 matrons, called the Begums, or Princesses, were of the first 
 birth and quality in India, the one mother, the other wife, of 
 the late nabob of Oude, Sujah Dowlah, a prince possessed of 
 extensive and flourishing dominions, and the second man in 
 the Mogul empire. This prince (suspicious, and not unjustly 
 suspicious, of his son and successor) at his death committed 
 his treasures and his family to the British faith. That family 
 and household consisted of two thousand women; to which 
 
gl6 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 were added two other seraglios of near kindred, and said to 
 be extremely numerous, and (as I am well informed) of about 
 four-score of the nabob's children, with all the eunuchs, the an- 
 cient servants, and a multitude of the dependants of his splen- 
 did court. These were all to be provided, for present main- 
 tenance and future establishment, from the lands assigned as 
 dower, and from the treasures which he left to these matrons, 
 in trust for the whole family. 
 
 So far as to the objects of the spoil. The instrument chosen 
 by Mr. Hastings to despoil the rehct of Sujah Dowlah was her 
 own son^ the reigning nabob of Oude. It was the pious hand 
 of a son that was selected to tear from his mother and grand- 
 mother the provision of their age, the maintenance of his 
 brethren, and of all the ancient household of his father. [Here 
 a laugh from some young members] — The laugh is seasonable, 
 and the occasion decent and proper. 
 
 The women being thus disposed of, that is, completely de- 
 spoiled, and pathetically lamented, Mr. Hastings at length re- 
 collected the great object of his enterprise, which, during his 
 zeal lest the officers and soldiers should lose any part of their 
 reward, he seems to have forgot ; that is to say, " to draw 
 from the rajah's guilt the means of relief to the company's dis- 
 tresses." This was to be the strong-hold of his defence. This 
 compassion to the company, he knew by experience would 
 sanctify a great deal of rigor towards the natives. But the 
 military had distresses of their own, which they considered 
 first. Neither Mr. Hastings's authority, nor his supphcations, 
 could prevail on them to assign a shilling to the claim he made 
 on the part of the company. They divided the booty amongst 
 themselves. Driven from his claim, he was reduced to petition 
 for the spoil as a loan. But the soldiers were too wise to ven- 
 ture as a loan, what the borrower claimed as a right. In de- 
 fiance of all authority, they shared among themselves about 
 two hundred thousand pounds sterHng, besides what had been 
 taken from the women. 
 
 In all this there is nothing wonderful. We may rest assured, 
 that when the maxims of any government estabhsh among its 
 resources extraordinary means, and those exerted with a 
 strong hand, that strong hand will provide those extraordinary 
 means for itself. Whether the soldiers had reason or not (per- 
 haps much might be said for them,) certain it is, the military 
 discipline of India was ruined from that moment ; and the 
 same rage for plunder, the same contempt of subordination, 
 which blasted all the hopes of extraordinary means from your 
 strong hand at Benares, have very lately lost you an army in 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 217 
 
 Mysore. This is visible enough from the accounts in the last 
 Gazette. 
 
 It is only to complete the view I proposed of the conduct of 
 the company, with regard to the dependent provinces, that I 
 shall say any thing at all of the Carnatic, which is the scene, 
 if possible, of greater disorder than the northern provinces. 
 Perhaps it were better to say of this centre and metropolis of 
 abuse, whence all the rest in India and in England diverge ; 
 from whence they are fed and methodized, what was said of 
 Carthage — de Carthagine satius est silere quam parum dicere. 
 This country, in all its denominations, is about 46,000 square 
 miles. It may be affirmed universally, that not one person of 
 substance or property, landed, commercial or moneyed, except- 
 ing two or three bankers, who are necessary deposits and dis- 
 tributors of the general spoil, is left in all that region. In that 
 country the moisture, the bounty of Heaven, is given but at a 
 certain season. Before the era of our influence, the industry 
 of man carefully husbanded that gift of God. The Gentoos 
 preserved, with a provident and religious care, the precious 
 deposit of the periodical rain in reservoirs, many of them 
 works of royal grandeur; and from these, as occasion de- 
 manded, they fructified the whole country. To maintain these 
 reservoirs, and to keep up an annual advance to the cultivators, 
 for seed and cattle, formed a principal object of the piety and 
 poKcy of the priests and rulers of the Gentoo religion. 
 
 This object required a command of money ; and there was 
 no pollam, or castle, which in the happy days of the Carnatic 
 was without some hoard of treasure, by which the governors 
 were enabled to combat with the irregularity of the seasons, 
 and to resist or to buy off the invasion of an enemy. In all the 
 cities were multitudes of merchants and bankers, for all occa- 
 sions of moneyed assistance ; and on the other hand, the native 
 princes were in condition to obtain credit from them. The 
 manufacturer was paid by the return of commodities, or by 
 imported money, and not, as at present, in the taxes that had 
 been originally exacted from his industry. In aid of casual 
 distress, the country was full of choultries, which were inns 
 and hospitals, where the traveller and the poor were reheved. 
 All ranks of people had their place in the public concern, and 
 their share in the common stock and common prosperity ; but 
 the chartered rights of men, and the right which it was thought 
 proper to set up in the nabob of Arcot, introduced a new sys- 
 tem. It was their policy to consider hoards of money as 
 crimes ; to regard moderate rents as frauds on the sovereign ; 
 and to view, in the lesser princes, any claim of exemption from 
 more than settled tribute, as an act of rebeUion. Accordingly 
 
 2 C 19 
 
218 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 all the castles were, one after the other, plundered and de- 
 stroyed. The native princes were expelled ; the hospitals fell to 
 ruin ; the reservoirs of water went to decay ; the merchants, 
 bankers, and manufacturers disappeared ; and sterility, indi- 
 gence, and depopulation, overspread the face of these once 
 flourishing provinces. 
 
 The company was very early sensible of these mischiefs, 
 and of their true cause. They gave precise orders " that the 
 native princes, called polygars, should not he extirpated.''^ — 
 " The rebellion [so they chose to call it] of the polygars, may 
 (they fear) with too much justice, be attributed to the mal- 
 administration of the nabob's collectors :" — They observe with 
 concern, that their " troops have been put to disagreeable ser- 
 vices." They might have used a stronger expression without 
 impropriety. But they make amends in another place. Speak- 
 ing of the polygars, the directors say, that " it was repugnant 
 to humanity to foixe them to such dreadful extremities as they 
 underwent :" That some examples of severity might be neces- 
 sary, " when they fell into the nabob's hands," and not by the 
 destruction of the country: "That they fear his . government is 
 none of the mildest; and that there is great oppression in collect- 
 ing his revenues." They state, that the wars in which he has 
 involved the Carnatic, had been a cause of its distresses : " that 
 these distresses have been certainly great ; but those by the 
 nabob's oppressions they believe to be greater than all" Pray, 
 Sir, attend to the reason for their opinion that the government 
 of this their instrument is more calamitous to the country than 
 the ravages of war. — Because, say they, his oppressions are 
 " without intermission. — The other are temporary ; by all which 
 oppressions we believe the nabob has great wealth in store." 
 From this store neither he nor they could derive any advantage 
 whatsoever upon the invasion of Hyder Ali in the hour of their 
 greatest calamity and dismay. 
 
 It is now proper to compare these declarations with the 
 company's conduct. The principal reason which they assigned 
 against the extirpation of the polygars was, that the weavers 
 were protected in their fortresses. They might have added, 
 that the company itself, which stung them to death, had been 
 warmed in the bosom of these unfortunate princes : for, on the 
 taking of Madras by the French, it was in their hospitable pol- 
 lams, that most of the inhabitants found refuge and protection. 
 But, notwithstanding all these orders, reasons, and declarations, 
 they at length gave an indirect sanction, and permitted the use 
 of a very direct and irresistible force, to measures which they 
 had, over and over again, declared to be false policy, cruel, 
 inhuman, and oppressive. Having, however, forgot all atten- 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 219 
 
 tion to the princes and the people, they remembered that they 
 had some sort of interest in the trade of the country ; and it is 
 matter of curiosity to observe the protection which they af- 
 forded this their natural object. 
 
 Full of anxious cares on this head, they direct, " that in re- 
 ducing the polygars they (their servants) v^ere to be cautious, 
 not to deprive the weavers and manufacturers of the protection 
 they often met with in the strong-holds of the polygar coun- 
 tries ;" — and they write to their instrument, the nabob of Arcot, 
 concerning these poor people, in a most pathetic strain. " We 
 entreat your excellency (say they) in particular, to make the 
 manufacturers the object of your tenderest care ; particularly 
 when you root out the polygars, you do not deprive the weavers 
 of the protection they enjoyed under them.^^ When they root out 
 the protectors in favor of the oppressor, they show themselves 
 religiously cautious of the rights of the protected. When they 
 extirpate the shepherd and the shepherd's dog, they piously 
 recommend the helpless flock to the mercy, and even to the 
 tenderest care, of the wolf. This is the uniform strain of their 
 policy, strictly forbidding, and at the same time strenuously 
 encouraging and enforcing, every measure that can ruin and 
 desolate the country committed to their charge. After giving 
 the company's idea of the government of this their instrument, 
 it may appear singular, but it is perfectly consistent with their 
 system, that, besides wasting for him, at two different times, 
 the most exquisite spot upon earth, Tanjore, and all the adja- 
 cent countries, they have even voluntarily put their own territory, 
 that is, a large and fine country adjacent to Madras, called 
 their jaghire, wholly out of their protection; and have con- 
 tinued to farm their subjects, and their duty towards these sub- 
 jects, to that very nabob, whom they themselves constantly 
 represent as an habitual oppressor, and a relentless tyrant. 
 This they have done without any pretence of ignorance of the 
 objects of oppression for which this prince has thought fit to 
 become their renter ; for he has again and again told them, that 
 it is for the sole purpose of exercising authority he holds the 
 jaghire lands ; and he affirms (and I believe with truth) that he 
 pays more for that territory than the revenues yield. This 
 deficiency he must make up from his other territories; and 
 thus, in order to furnish the means of oppressing one part of 
 the Carnatic, he is led to oppress all the rest. 
 
 The house perceives that the livery of the company's gov- 
 ernment is uniform. I have described the condition of the 
 countries indirectly, but most substantially, under the com- 
 pany's authority. And now I ask, whether, with this map of 
 misgovernment before me, I can suppose myself bound by my 
 
220 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 vote to continue, upon any principles of pretended public faith, 
 the management of these countries in those hands ? If I kept 
 such a faith, (which in reality is no better than sl fides latronum) 
 with what is called the company, I must break the faith, the 
 covenant, the solemn, original, indispensable oath, in which I 
 am bound, by the eternal frame and constitution of things, to 
 the whole human race. 
 
 As I have dwelt so long on those who are indirectly under 
 the company's administration, I will endeavor to be a little 
 shorter upon the countries immediately under this charter gov- 
 ernment. — These are the Bengal provinces. The condition of 
 these provinces is pretty fully detailed in the sixth and ninth 
 reports, and in their appendixes. I will select only such prin- 
 ciples and instances as are broad and general. To your own 
 thoughts I shall leave it, to furnish the detail of oppressions 
 involved in them. I shall state to you, as shortly as I am able, 
 the conduct of the company ; — 1st, towards the landed interests ; 
 — next, the commercial interests ; — 3dly , the native government ; 
 — and lastly, to their own government. 
 
 Bengal, and the provinces that are united to it, are larger 
 than the kingdom of France ; and once contained, as France 
 does contain, a great and independent landed interest, com- 
 posed of princes, of great lords, of a numerous nobility and 
 gentry, of freeholders, of lower tenants, of religious communi- 
 ties, and public foundations. So early as 1769, the company's 
 servants perceived the decay into which these provinces had 
 fallen under English administration, and they made a strong 
 representation upon this decay, and what they apprehended to 
 be the causes of it. Soon after this representation, Mr. Hast- 
 ings became president of Bengal. Instead of administering a 
 remedy to this melancholy disorder, upon the heels of a dread- 
 ful famine, in the year 1772, the succor which the new president 
 and the council lent to this afflicted nation was — shall I be 
 believed in relating it ? — the landed interest of a whole king- 
 dom, of a kingdom to be compared to France, w^as set up to 
 public auction ! They set up (Mr. Hastings set up) the whole 
 nobility, gentry, and freeholders, to the highest bidder. No 
 preference was given to the ancient proprietors. They must 
 bid against every usurer, every temporary adventurer, every 
 jobber and schemer, every servant of every European, or they 
 were obliged to content themselves, in lieu of their extensive 
 domains, with their house, and such a pension as the state 
 auctioneers thought fit to assign. In this general calamity, 
 several of the first nobility thought (and in all appearance 
 justly) that they had better submit to the necessity of this pen- 
 sion, than continue, under the name of zemindars, the objects 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 221 
 
 and instruments of a system, by which they ruined their tenants, 
 and were ruined themselves. Another reform has since come 
 upon the back of the first ; and a pension having been assigned 
 to these unhappy persons, in heu of their hereditary lands, a 
 new scheme of economy has taken place, and deprived them 
 of that pension. 
 
 The menial servants of Enghshmen, persons (to use the 
 emphatical phrase of a ruined and patient eastern chief) ^^ whose 
 fathers they would not have set with the dogs of their fiock^'' entered 
 into their patrimonial lands. Mr. Hastings's banian was, after 
 this auction, found possessed of territories yielding a rent of 
 one hundred and forty thousand pounds a year. 
 
 Such an universal proscription, upon any pretence, has few 
 examples. Such a proscription, without even a pretence of 
 delinquency, has none. It stands by itself. It stands as a 
 monument to astonish the imagination, to confound the reason 
 of mankind. I confess to you, when I first came to know this 
 business in its true nature and extent, my surprise did a little 
 suspend my indignation. I was in a manner stupefied by the 
 desperate boldness of a few obscure young men, who, having 
 obtained, by ways which they could not comprehend, a power 
 of which they saw neither the purposes nor the limits, tossed 
 about, subverted, and tore to pieces, as if it were in the gambols 
 of a boyish unluckiness and malice, the most established rights, 
 and the most ancient and most revered institutions, of ages and 
 nations. Sir, I will not now trouble you with any detail with 
 regard to what they have since done with these same lands and 
 land-holders ; only to inform you, that nothing has been suffered 
 to settle for two seasons together upon any basis ; and that the 
 levity and inconstancy of these mock legislators were not the 
 least afflicting parts of the oppressions suffered under their 
 usurpation ; nor will anything give stability to the property of 
 the natives, but an administration in England at once protecting 
 and stable. The country sustains, almost every year, the mise- 
 ries of a revolution. At present, all is uncertainty, misery, and 
 confusion. There is to be found through these vast regions no 
 longer one landed man, who is a resource for voluntary aid, or 
 an object for particular rapine. Some of them were, not long 
 since, great princes; they possessed treasures, they levied 
 armies. There was a zemindar in Bengal (I forget his name) 
 that, on the threat of an invasion, supplied the soubah of these 
 provinces with the loan of a milHon sterling. The family at 
 this day wants credit for a breakfast at the bazar. 
 
 I am now come to my last condition, without which, for one, 
 I will never readily lend my hand to the destruction of any 
 estabhshed government; which is, That in its present state, 
 
 19* 
 
222 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 the government of the East India company is absolutely incor- 
 rigible. > 
 
 Of this great truth I think there can be little doubt, after all 
 that has appeared in this house. It is so very clear, that I must 
 consider the leaving any power in their hands, and the deter- 
 mined resolution to continue and countenance every mode and . 
 every degree of peculation, oppression, and tyranny, to be one I 
 and the same thing. I look upon that body as incorrigible, from 
 the fullest consideration both of their uniform conduct, and their 
 present real and virtual constitution. 
 
 If they had not constantly been apprized of all the enormities 
 committed in India under their authority ; if this state of things 
 had been as much a discovery to them as it was to many of 
 us ; we might flatter ourselves that the detection of the abuses 
 would lead to their reformation. I wall go further : If the court 
 of directors had not uniformly condemned every act which this 
 house or any of its committees had condemned ; if the language 
 in which they expressed their disapprobation against enormities 
 and their authors had not been much more vehement and indig- \ 
 nant than any ever used in this house, I should entertain some 
 hopes. If they had not, on the other hand, as uniformly com- 
 mended all their servants who had done their duty and obeyed 
 their orders, as they had heavily censured those who rebelled ; 
 I might say, These people have been in an error, and when _ 
 they are sensible of it they will mend. But when I reflect on 
 the uniformity of their support to the objects of their uniform 
 censure ; and the state of insignificance and disgrace to which 
 all of those have been reduced whom they approved ; and that 
 even utter ruin and premature death have been among the fruits 
 of their favor ; I must be convinced, that in this case, as in all 
 others, hypocrisy is the only vice that never can be cured. 
 
 Attend, I pray you, to the situation and prosperity of Ben- 
 field, Hastings, and others of that sort. The last of these has t 
 been treated by the company with an asperity of reprehension • 
 that has no parallel. They lament, *' that the power of disposing 
 of their property for perpetuity, should fall into such hands." 
 Yet for fourteen years, with little interruption, he has governed 
 all their affairs, of every description, with an absolute sway. 
 He has had himself the means of heaping up immense wealth ; 
 and, during that whole period, the fortunes of hundreds have 
 depended on his smiles and frowns. He himself tells you he is 
 encumbered with two hundred and fifty young gentlemen, some 
 of them of the best families in England, all of whom aim at 
 returning with vast fortunes to Europe in the prime of life. He 
 has then two hundred and fifty of your children as his hostages 
 for your good behavior; and loaded for years, as he has been, 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 223 
 
 with the execrations of the natives, with' the censures of the 
 court of directors, and struck and blasted with the resolutions 
 of this house, he still maintains the most despotic power ever 
 known in India. He domineers with an overbearing sway in 
 the assembhes of his pretended masters ; and it is thought in a 
 degree rash to venture to name his offences in this house, even 
 as grounds of a legislative remedy. 
 
 On the other hand, consider the fate of those who have met 
 with the applauses of the directors. Colonel Monson, one of 
 the best of men, had his days shortened by the applauses, 
 destitute of the support, of the company. General Clavering, 
 whose panegyric was made in every dispatch from England, 
 whose hearse was bedewed with the tears, and hung round 
 with the eulogies of the court of directors, burst an honest 
 and indignant heart at the treachery of those who ruined him 
 by their praises. Uncommon patience and temper supported 
 Mr. Francis a while longer under the baneful influence of the 
 commendation of the court of directors. His health however 
 gave way at length ; and, in utter despair, he returned to Europe. 
 At his return the doors of the India House were shut to this 
 man, who had been the object of their constant admiration. 
 He has indeed escaped with life, but he has forfeited all expec- 
 tation of credit, consequence, party, and following. He may 
 well say. Me nemo ministro fur erit, atque ideo nulli comes exeo. 
 This man, whose deep reach of thought, whose large legislative 
 conceptions, and whose grand plans of policy make the most 
 shining part of our reports, from whence we have all learned 
 our lessons, if we have learned any good ones ; this man, from 
 whose materials those gentlemen who have least acknowledged 
 it have yet spoken as from a brief; this man, driven from his 
 employment, discountenanced by the directors, has had no 
 other reward, and no other distinction, but that inward " sun- 
 shine of the soul," which a good conscience can always bestow 
 upon itself. He has not yet had so much as a good word, but 
 from a person too insignificant to make any other return, for 
 the means with which he has been furnished for performing his 
 share of a duty which is equally urgent on us all. 
 
 Add to this, that from the highest in place to the lowest, 
 every British subject, who, in obedience to the company's or- 
 ders, has been active in the discovery of peculations, has been 
 ruined. They have been driven from India. When they made 
 their appeal at home, they were not heard ; when they attempt- 
 ed to return, they were stopped. No artifice of fraud, no vio- 
 lence of power, has been omitted to destroy them in character 
 as well as in fortune. 
 
 Worse, far worse, has been the fate of the poor creatures, 
 
224 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 the natives of India, whom the hypocrisy of the company has 
 betrayed into complaint of oppression, and discovery of pecu- 
 lation. The first women in Bengal, the ranny of Rajeshahi, 
 the ranny of Burdwan, the ranny of Amboa, by their weak 
 and thoughtless trust in the company's honor and protection, 
 are utterly ruined : the first of these women, a person of 
 princely rank, and once of correspondent fortune, who paid 
 above two hundred thousand a year quit-rent to the state, is, 
 according to very credible information, so completely beggared 
 as to stand in need of the relief of alms. Mahomed Reza 
 Khan, the second Mussulman in Bengal, for having been dis- 
 tinguished by the ill-omened honor of the countenance and 
 protection of the court of directors, was, without the pretence 
 of any inquiry whatsoever into his conduct, stripped of all his 
 employments, and reduced to the lowest condition. His an- 
 cient rival for power, the rajah Nundcomar, was, by an insult 
 on everything which India holds respectable and sacred, hang- 
 ed in the face of all his nation, by the judges you sent to pro- 
 tect that people ; hanged for a pretended crime upon an ex post 
 facto British act of parKament, in the midst of his evidence 
 against Mr. Hastings. The accuser they saw hanged. The 
 culprit, without acquittal or inquiry, triumphs on the ground 
 of that murder : a murder not of Nundcomar only, but of all 
 living testimony, and even of evidence yet unborn. From that 
 time not a complaint has been heard from the natives against 
 their governors. All the grievances of India have found a 
 complete remedy. 
 
 Men will not look to acts of parliament, to regulations, to 
 declarations, to votes, and resolutions. No, they are not such 
 fools. They will ask, what is the road to power, credit, wealth, 
 and honors ? They will ask, what conduct ends in neglect, dis- 
 grace, poverty, exile, prison and gibbet? These will teach 
 them the course which they are to follow. It is your distribu- 
 tion of these that will give the character and tone of your gov- 
 ernment. All the rest is miserable grimace. 
 
 When I accuse the court of directors of this habitual treach- 
 ery, in the use of reward and punishment, I do not mean to in- 
 clude all the individuals in that court. There have been, Sir, 
 very frequently, men of the greatest integrity and virtue 
 amongst them ; and the contrariety in the declarations and 
 conduct of that court has arisen, I take it, from this : — That 
 the honest directors have, by the force of matter of fact on the 
 records, carried the reprobation of the evil measures of the 
 servants in India. This could not be prevented, whilst these 
 records stared them in the face ; nor were the dehnquents, 
 either here or there, very solicitous about their reputation, as 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 225 
 
 long as they were able to secure their power. The agreement 
 of their partisans to censure them, blunted for a while the 
 edge of a severe proceeding. It obtained for them a character 
 of impartiality, which enabled them to recommend, with some 
 sort of grace, what will always carry a plausible appearance, 
 those treacherous expedients, called moderate measures. 
 Whilst these were under discussion, new matter of complaint 
 came over, which seemed to antiquate the first. The same 
 circle was here trod round once more ; and thus through years 
 they proceeded in a compromise of censure for punishment ; 
 until, by shame and despair, one after another, almost every 
 man, who preferred his duty to the company to the interest of 
 their servants, has been driv^en from that court. 
 
 This, Sir, has been their conduct ; and it has been the result 
 of the alteration which was insensibly made in their constitu- 
 tion. The change was made insensibly ; but it is now strong 
 and adult, and as public and declared, as it is fixed beyond all 
 power of reformation. So that there is none who hears me, 
 that is not as certain as I am, that the company, in the sense 
 in which it was formerly understood, has no existence. The 
 question is not, what injury you may do to the proprietors of 
 India stock; for there are no such men to be injured. If the 
 active ruHng part of the company, who form the general court, 
 who fill the offices, and direct the measures (the rest tell for 
 nothing) were persons who held their stock as a means of their 
 subsistence, who in the part they took were only concerned in 
 the government of India, for the rise or fall of their dividend, 
 it would be indeed a defective plan of policy. The interest of 
 the people who are governed by them would not be their pri- 
 mary object ; perhaps a very small part of their consideration 
 at all. But then they might well be depended on, and perhaps 
 more than persons in other respects preferable, for preventing 
 the peculation of their servants to their own prejudice. Such 
 a body would not easily have left their trade as a spoil to the 
 avarice of those w^ho received their wages. But now things 
 are totally reversed. The stock is of no value, whether it be 
 the qualification of a director or proprietor ; and it is impos- 
 sible that it should. A director's qualification may be worth 
 about two thousand five hundred pounds — and the interest, at 
 eight per cent, is about one hundred and sixty pounds a year. 
 Of what value is that, whether it rise to ten, or fall to six, or 
 to nothing, to him whose son, before he is in Bengal two 
 months, and before he descends the steps of the council 
 chamber, sells the grant of a single contract for forty thousand 
 pounds ? Accordingly the stock is bought up in qualifications. 
 The vote is not to protect the stock, but the stock is bought to 
 
 2D 
 
226 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 acquire the vote ; and the end of the vote is to cover and sup- 
 port, against justice, some man of povi^er who has made an ob- 
 noxious fortune in India ; or to maintain in power those who 
 are actually employing it in the acquisition of such a fortune ; 
 and to avail themselves in return of his patronage, that he 
 may shower the spoils of the east, " barbaric pearl and gold," 
 on them, their families, and dependants. So that all the rela- 
 tions of the company are not only changed, but inverted. The 
 servants in India are not appointed by the directors, but the 
 directors are chosen by them. The trade is carried on with 
 their capitals. To them the revenues of the country are 
 mortgaged. The seat of the supreme power is in Calcutta. 
 The house in Leadenhall Street is nothing more than a 'change 
 for their agents, factors, and deputies to meet in, to take care 
 of their affairs, and support their interests ; and this so avow- 
 edly, that we see the known agents of the delinquent servants 
 marshalling and disciplining their forces, and the prime spokes- 
 men in all their assemblies. 
 
 I therefore conclude, what you all conclude, that this body, 
 being totally perverted from the purposes of its institution, is 
 utterly incorrigible ; and because they are incorrigible, both in 
 conduct and constitution, power ought to be taken out of their 
 hands; just on the same principles on which have been made 
 all the just changes and revolutions of government that have 
 taken place since the beginning of the world. 
 
 I will now say a few words to the general principle of the 
 plan which is set up against that of my right honorable friend. 
 It is to re-commit the government of India to the court of di- 
 rectors. Those who would commit the reformation of India 
 to the destroyers of it, are the enemies to that reformation. 
 They would make a distinction between directors and proprie- 
 tors, which, in the present state of things, does not, cannot 
 exist. But a right honorable gentleman says, he would keep 
 the present government of India in the court of directors ; and 
 would, to curb them, provide salutary regulations ; — wonderful ! 
 That is, he would appoint the old offenders to correct the old 
 offences ; and he would render the vicious and the foohsh wise 
 and virtuous, by salutary regulations. He would appoint the 
 wolf as guardian of the sheep ; but he has invented a curious 
 muzzle, by which this protecting wolf shall not be able to open 
 his jaws above an inch or two at the utmost. Thus his work 
 is finished. But I tell the right honorable gentleman, that con- 
 trolled depravity is not innocence ; and that it is not the labor 
 of, delinquency in chains, that will correct abuses. Will these 
 gentlemen of the direction animadvert on the partners of their 
 own guilt? Never did a serious plan of amending of any old 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 227 
 
 tyrannical establishment propose the authors and abettors of 
 the abuses as the reformers of them. If the undone people of 
 India see their old oppressors in confirmed power, even by the 
 reformation, they will expect nothing but what they will cer- 
 tainly feel, a continuance, or rather an aggravation, of all their 
 former sufferings. They look to the seat of power, and to 
 the persons who fill it; and they despise those gentlemen's 
 regulations as much as the gentlemen do who talk of them. 
 
 But there is a cure for everything. Take away, say they, 
 the court of proprietors, and the court of directors will do their 
 duty. Yes; as they have done it hitherto. That the evils in 
 India have solely arisen from the court of proprietors, is sjrossly 
 false. In many of them, the directors were heartily concur- 
 ring ; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes 
 commanding ; in all, they were conniving. 
 
 But who are to choose this well-regulated and reforming 
 court of directors ? — Why, the very proprietors who are ex- 
 cluded from all management, for the abuse of their power. 
 They will choose, undoubtedly, out of themselves, men hke 
 themselves ; and those who are most forward in resisting your 
 authority, those who are most engaged in faction or interest 
 with the delinquents abroad, will be the objects of their selec- 
 tion. But gentlemen say, that when this choice is made, the 
 proprietors are not to interfere in the measures of the directors, 
 whilst those directors are busy in the control of their common 
 patrons and masters in India. No, indeed, I believe they will 
 not desire to interfere. They will choose those whom they 
 know may be trusted, safely trusted, to act in strict conformity 
 to their common principles, manners, measures, interests, and 
 connexions. They will want neither monitor nor control. It 
 is not easy to choose men to act in conformity to a public in- 
 terest against their private : but a sure dependence may be had 
 on those who are chosen to forward their private interest, at 
 the expense of the public. But if the directors should slip, and 
 deviate into rectitude, the punishment is in the hands of the 
 general court, and it will surely be remembered to them at their 
 next election. 
 
 If the government of India wants no reformation; but gen- 
 tlemen are amusing themselves with a theory, conceiving a 
 more democratic or aristocratic mode of government for these 
 dependencies, or if they are in a dispute only about patronage ; 
 the -dispute is with me of so little concern, that I should not 
 take the pains to utter an affirmative or negative to any propo- 
 sition in it. If it be only for a theoretical amusement that they 
 are to propose a bill ; the thing is at best frivolous and unne- 
 cessary. But if the company's government is not only full of 
 
228 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 abuse, but is one of the most corrupt and destructive tyrannies, 
 that probably ever existed in the vs^orld, (as I am sure it is,) 
 what a cruel mockery v^ould it be in me, and in those who 
 think like me, to propose this kind of remedy for this kind of 
 evil! 
 
 I now come to the third objection. That this bill will increase 
 the influence of the crown. An honorable gentleman has 
 demanded of me, whether I was in earnest when I proposed to 
 this house a plan for the reduction of that influence. Indeed, 
 Sir, I was much, very much, in earnest. My heart was deeply 
 concerned in it ; and I hope the public has not lost the effect of 
 it. How far my judgment was right, for what concerned per- 
 sonal favor and consequence to myself, I shall not presume to 
 determine ; nor is its effect upon me of any moment. But as to 
 this bill, whether it increases the influence of the crown, or not, 
 is a question I should be ashamed to ask. If I am not able to 
 correct a system of oppression and tyranny, that goes to the 
 utter ruin of thirty millions of my fellow-creatures and feflow- 
 subjects, but by some increase to the influence of the crown, I 
 am ready here to declare, that I, who have been active to 
 reduce it, shall be at least as active and strenuous to restore it 
 again. I am no lover of names ; I contend for the substance 
 of good and protecting government, let it come from what 
 quarter it will. 
 
 But I am not obliged to have recourse to this expedient. 
 Much, very much the contrary. I am sure that the influence 
 of the crown will by no means aid a reformation of this kind ; 
 which can neither be originated nor supported, but by the 
 uncorrupt public virtue of the representatives of the people of 
 England. Let it once get into the ordinary course of adminis- 
 tration, and to me all hopes of reformation are gone. I am far 
 from knowing or believing, that this bill will increase the influ- 
 ence of the crown. We all know, that the crown has ever had 
 some influence in the court of directors ; and that it has been 
 extremely increased by the acts of 1773 and 1780. The gen- 
 tlemen who, as a part of their reformation, propose " a more 
 active control on the part of the crown," which is to put the 
 directors under a secretary of state, specially named for that 
 purpose, must know, that their project will increase it further. 
 But that old influence has had, and the new will have, incurable 
 inconveniences which cannot happen under the parliamentary 
 estabhshment proposed in this bill. An honorable gentleman, 
 not now in his place, but who is well acquainted with the India 
 company, and by no means a friend to this bill, has told you, 
 that a ministerial influence has always been predominant in 
 that body ; and that to make the directors pliant to their pur- 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 229 
 
 poses, ministers generally caused persons meanly qualified to be 
 chosen directors. According to his idea, to secure subservi- 
 ency, they submitted the company's affairs to the direction of 
 incapacity. This was to ruin the company, in order to govern 
 it. This was certainly influence in the very worst form in 
 which it could appear. At best it was clandestine and irre- 
 sponsible. Whether this was done so much upon system as 
 that gentleman supposes, I greatly doubt. But such in effect 
 the operation of government on that court unquestionably was ; 
 and such, under a similar constitution, it ' will be for ever. 
 Ministers must be wholly removed from the management of 
 the affairs of India, or they will have an influence in its pa- 
 tronage. The thing is inevitable. Their scheme of a new 
 secretary of state, "with a more vigorous control," is not 
 much better than a repetition of the measure which we know 
 by experience will not do. Since the year 1773 and the year 
 1780, the company has been under the controfof the secretary 
 of state's office, and we had then three secretaries of state. If 
 more than this is done, then they annihilate the direction which 
 they pretend to support ; and they augment the influence of the 
 crown, of whose growth they affect so great a horror. But 
 in truth this scheme of reconciling a direction really and truly 
 deliberative, with an office really and substantially controlling, 
 is a sort of machinery that can be kept in order but a very 
 short time. Either the directors will dwindle into clerks, or 
 the secretary of state, as hitherto has been the course, will 
 leave everything to them, often through design, often through 
 neglect. If both should affect actiyity, collision, procrastina- 
 tion, delay, and in the end, utter confusion must ensue. 
 
 But, Sir, there is one kind of influence far greater than that 
 of the nomination to office. This, gentlemen in opposition have 
 totally overlooked, although it now exists in its full vigor ; and 
 it will do so, upon their scheme, in at least as much force as it 
 does now. That influence this bill cuts up by the roots: I 
 mean the influence of protection. I shall explain myself: — The 
 office given to a young man going to India is of trifling conse- 
 quence. But he that goes out an insignificant boy, in a few 
 years returns a great nabob. Mr. Hastings says he has two 
 hundred and fifty of that kind of raw materials, wh« expect to 
 be speedily manufactured into the merchantable quality I men- 
 tion. One of these gentlemen, suppose, returns hither, loaded 
 with odium and with riches. When he comes to England, he 
 comes as to a prison, or as to a sanctuary ; and either is ready for 
 him, according to his demeanor. What is the influence in the 
 grant of any place in India, to that which is acquired by the 
 protection or compromise with such guilt, and with the com- 
 
 20 
 
230 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 mand of such riches, under the dominion of the hopes and fears 
 which power is able to hold out to every man in that condi- 
 tion ? That man's whole fortune, half a milHon perhaps, be- 
 comes an instrument of influence, without a shilling of charge 
 to the civil list ; and the influx of fortunes which stand in need 
 of this protection is continual. It works both ways ; it influ- 
 ences the dehnquent, and it may corrupt the minister. Compare 
 the influence acquired by appointing for instance even a gov- 
 ernor general, and that obtained by protecting him. I shall 
 push this no further. But I wish gentlemen to roll it a httle in 
 their own minds. 
 
 The bill before you cuts off* this source of influence. Its 
 design and main scope is to regulate the administration of India 
 upon the principles of a court of judicature ; and to exclude, as 
 far as human prudence can exclude, all possibility of a corrupt 
 partiality, in appointing to ofiice, or supporting in office, or 
 covering from- mquiry and punishment, any person who has 
 abused or shall abuse his authority. At the board, as appointed 
 and regulated by this bill, reward and punishment cannot be 
 shifted and reversed by a whisper. That commission becomes 
 fatal to cabal, to intrigue, and to secret representation, those 
 instruments of the ruin of India. He that cuts off" the means 
 of premature fortune, and the power of protecting it when ac- 
 quired, strikes a deadly blow at the great fund, the bank, the 
 capital stock of Indian influence, which cannot be vested any- 
 where, or in any hands, without most dangerous consequences 
 to the public. 
 
 The third and contradictory objection is. That this bill does 
 not increase the influence of the crown. Gn the contrary, That 
 the just power of the crown will be lessened, and transferred to 
 the use of a party, by giving the patronage of India to a com- 
 mission nominated by parliament, and independent of the crown. 
 The contradiction is glaring, and it has been too well exposed 
 to make it necessary for me to insist upon it. But passing the 
 contradiction, and taking it without any relation, of all objec- 
 tions that is the most extraordinary. Do not gentlemen know, 
 that the crown has not at present the grant of a single oflice 
 under the company, civil or military, at home or abroad ? So 
 far as the ^rown is concerned, it is certainly rather a gainer ; 
 for the vacant offices in the new commission are to be filled up 
 by the king. 
 
 It is argued as a part of the bill, derogatory to the preroga- 
 tives of the crown, that the commissioners named in the bill are 
 to continue for a short term of years, too short in my opinion ; 
 and because, during that time, they are not at the mercy of 
 every predominant faction of the court. Does not this objec- 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 231 
 
 tion lie against the present directors ; none of whom are named 
 by the crown, and a proportion of whom hold for this very 
 term of four years ? Did it not lie against the governor general 
 and council named in the act of 1773 — who were invested by 
 name, as the present commissioners are to be appointed in the 
 body of the act of parhament, who were to hold their places 
 for a term of terms, and were not removable at the discretion 
 of the crown ? Did it not lie against the re-appointment, in the 
 year 1780, upon the very same terms? Yet at none of these 
 times, whatever other objections the scheme might be liable to, 
 was it supposed to be a derogation to the just prerogative of 
 the crown, that a commission created by act of parhament 
 should have its members named by the authority which called 
 it into existence 1 This is not the disposal by parliament of any 
 office derived from the authority of the crown, or now dispo- 
 sable by that authority. It is so far from being anything new, 
 violent, or alarming, that I do not recollect, in any parliament- 
 ary commission, down to the commissioners of the land tax, 
 that it has ever been otherwise. 
 
 The objection of the tenure for four years is an objection to 
 all places that are not held during pleasure ; but in that objec- 
 tion I pronounce the gentlemen, from my knowledge of their 
 complexion and of their principles, to be perfectly in earnest. 
 The party (say these gentlemen) of the minister who proposes 
 this scheme will be rendered powerful by it ; for he will name 
 his party friends to the commission. This objection against 
 party is a party objection ; and in this too these gentlemen are 
 perfectly serious. They see that if, by any intrigue, they should 
 succeed to office, they will lose the clandestine patronage, the 
 true instrument of clandestine influence, enjoyed in the name 
 of subservient directors, and of wealthy trembling Indian de- 
 Unquents. But as often as they are beaten off this ground, they 
 return to it again. The minister will name his friends, and 
 persons of his own party. — Whom should he name ? Should he 
 name his adversaries 1 Should he name those whom he cannot 
 trust ? Should he name those to execute his plans, who are the 
 declared enemies to the principles of his reform ? His charac- 
 ter is here at stake. If he proposes for his own ends (but he 
 never will propose) such names as, from their want of rank, 
 fortune, character, ability, or knowledge, are likely to betray 
 or to fall short of their trust, he is in an independent house of 
 commons ; in a house of commons which has, by its own vir- 
 tue, destroyed the instruments of parliamentary subservience. 
 This house of commons would not endure the sound of such 
 names. He would perish by the means which he is supposed 
 to pursue for the security of his power. The first pledge he 
 
232 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 must give of his sincerity in this great reform, will be in the 
 confidence which ought to be reposed in those names. 
 
 For my part, Sir, in this business I put all indirect considera- 
 tions wholly out of my mind. My sole question, on each clause 
 of the bill, amounts to this : — Is the measure proposed required 
 by the necessities of India ? I cannot consent totally to lose 
 sight of the real wants of the people who are the objects of it, 
 and to hunt after every matter of party squabble that may be 
 started on the several provisions. On the question of the du- 
 ration of the commission I am clear and decided. Can I, can 
 any one who has taken the smallest trouble to be informed 
 concerning the affairs of India, amuse himself with so strange 
 an imagination, as that the habitual despotism and oppression, 
 that the monopoHes, the peculations, the universal destruction 
 of all the legal authority of this kingdom, which have been for 
 twenty years maturing to their present enormity, combined with 
 the distance of the scene, the boldness and artifice of delin- 
 quents, their combination, their excessive wealth, and the fac- 
 tion they have made in England, can be fully corrected in a 
 shorter term than four years'? None has hazarded such an 
 assertion — None, who has a regard for his reputation, will 
 hazard it. 
 
 Sir, the gentlemen, whoever they are, who shall be appointed 
 to this commission, have an undertaking of magnitude on their 
 hands, and their stability must not only be, but it must be 
 thought, real ; — and who is it will believe, that anything short 
 of an establishment made, supported, and fixed in its duration, 
 with all the authority of parliament, can be thought secure of a 
 reasonable stability ? The plan of my honorable friend is the 
 reverse of that of reforming by the authors of the abuse. The 
 best we could expect from them is, that they should not con- 
 tinue their ancient pernicious activity. To those we could 
 think of nothing but applying control; as we are sure, that even 
 a regard to their reputation (if any such thing exists in them) 
 would oblige them to cover, to conceal, to suppress, and con- 
 sequently to prevent, all cure of the grievances of India. For 
 what can be discovered, which is not to their disgrace 1 Every 
 attempt to correct an abuse would be a satire on their former 
 administration. Every man they should pretend to call to an 
 account, would be found their instrument or their accomplice. 
 They can never see a beneficial regulation, but with a view to 
 defeat it. The shorter the tenure of such persons, the better 
 would be the chance of some amendment. 
 
 But the system of the bill is different. It calls in persons in 
 nowise concerned with any act censured by parliament ; per- 
 sons generated with, and for, the reform, of which they are 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 233 
 
 themselves the most essential part. To these the chief regula- 
 tions in the bill are helps, not fetters ; they are authorities to 
 support, not regulations to restrain them. From these we look 
 for much more than innocence. From these we expect zeal, 
 firmness, and unremitted activity. Their duty, their character, 
 binds them to proceedings of vigor ; and they ought to have a 
 tenure in their office which precludes all fear, whilst they are 
 acting up to the purposes of their trust; a tenure without 
 which, none will undertake plans that require a series and 
 system of acts. When they know that they cannot be whis- 
 pered out of their duty, that their pubhc conduct cannot be 
 censured without a pubhc discussion ; that the schemes which 
 they have begun will not be committed to those who will have 
 an interest and credit in defeating and disgracing them ; then 
 we may entertain hopes. The tenure is for four years, or 
 during their good behaviour. That good behaviour is as long 
 as they are true to the principles of the bill ; and the judgment 
 is in either house of parliament. This is the tenure of your 
 judges ; and the valuable principle of the bill is to make a 
 judicial administration for India. It is to give confidence in 
 the execution of a duty, which requires as much perseverance 
 and fortitude as can fall to the lot of any that is born of woman. 
 As to gain by party, from the right honorable gentleman's 
 bill, let it be shown, that this supposed party advantage is per- 
 nicious to its object, and the objection is of weight ; but until 
 this is done, and this has not been attempted, I shall consider 
 the sole objection, from its tendency to promote the interest of 
 a party, as altogether contemptible. The kingdom is divided 
 into parties, and it ever has been so divided, and it ever will be 
 so divided ; and if no system for relieving the subjects of this 
 kingdom from oppression, and snatching its affairs from ruin, 
 can be adopted until it is demonstrated that no party can derive 
 an advantage from it, no good can ever be done in this country. 
 If party is to derive an advantage from the reform of India, 
 (which is more than I know, or believe,) it ought to be that 
 party which alone, in this kingdom, has its reputation, nay its 
 very being, pledged to the protection and preservation of that 
 part of the empire. Great fear is expressed, that the commis- 
 sioners named in this bill will show some regard to a minister 
 out of place. To men made hke the objectors, this must ap- 
 pear criminal. Let it however be remembered by others, that 
 if the commissioners should be his friends, they cannot be his 
 slaves. But dependants are not in a condition to adhere to 
 friends, nor to principles, nor to any uniform line of conduct. 
 They may begin censors, and be obliged to end accomplices. 
 
 2E 20* 
 
234 MR- BURKE'S SPEECH 
 
 They may be even put under the direction of those whom they 
 were appointed to punish. 
 
 The fourth and last objection is, that the bill will hurt public 
 credit. I do not know whether this requires an answer. But 
 if it does, look to your foundations. The sinking fund is the 
 pillar of credit in this country ; and let it not be forgot, that 
 the distresses, owing to the mismanagement of the East India 
 company, have already taken a milhon from that fund by the 
 non-payment of duties. The bills drawn upon the company, 
 which are about four millions, cannot be accepted without the 
 consent of the treasury. 
 
 The treasury, acting under a parliamentary trust and au- 
 thority, pledges the public for these millions. If they pledge 
 the public, the public must have a security in its hands for the 
 management of this interest, or the national credit is gone. 
 For otherwise it is not only the East India company, which is 
 a great interest, that is undone, but, clinging to the security of 
 all your funds, it drags down the rest, and the whole fabric 
 perishes in one ruin. If this bill does not provide a direction 
 of integrity and of ability competent to that trust, the objec- 
 tion is fatal. If it does, public credit must depend on the sup- 
 port of the bill. 
 
 It has been said, if you violate this charter, what security 
 has the charter of the bank, in which public credit is so deeply 
 concerned, and even the charter of London, in which the rights 
 of so many subjects are involved ? I answer, in the like case 
 they have no security at all — No — no security at all. If the 
 bank should, by every species of mismanagement, fall into a 
 state similar to that of the East India company; if it should be 
 oppressed with demands it could not answer, engagements 
 which it could not perform, and with bills for which it could 
 not procure payment ; no charter should protect the mismange- 
 ment from correction, and such public grievances from redress. 
 If the city of London had the means and will of destroying an 
 empire, and of cruelly oppressing and tyrannizing over millions 
 of men as good as themselves, the charter of the city of Lon- 
 don should prove no sanction to such tyranny and such op- 
 pression. Charters are kept, when their purposes are main- 
 tained: they are violated, w^hen the privilege is supported 
 •against its end and its object. 
 
 Now, Sir, I have finished all I proposed to say, as my reasons 
 for giving my vote to this bill. If I am wrong, it is not for 
 want of pains to know what is right. This pledge, at least, of 
 my rectitude I have given to my country. 
 
 And now, having done my duty to the bill, let me say a 
 word to the author. I should leave him to his own noble sen- 
 
ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 235 
 
 timents, if the unworthy and illiberal language with which he 
 has been treated, beyond all example of parliamentary liberty, 
 did not make few words necessary ; not so much in justice to 
 him, as to my own feehngs. I must say then, that it will be a 
 distinction honorable to the age, that the rescue of the greatest 
 number of the human race that ever were so grievously op- 
 pressed, from the greatest tyranny that was ever exercised, 
 has fallen to the lot of abilities and dispositions equal to the task ; 
 that it has fallen to one who has the enlargement to compre- 
 hend, the spirit to undertake, and the eloquence to support, so 
 great a measure of hazardous benevolence. His spirit is not 
 owing to his ignorance of the state of men and things ; he well 
 knows what snares are spread about his path, from personal 
 animosity, from court intrigues, and possibly from popular 
 delusion. But he has put to hazard his ease, his security, his 
 interest, his power, even his darling popularity, for the benefit 
 of a people whom he has never seen. This is the road that all 
 heroes have trod before him. He is traduced and abused for 
 his supposed motives. He will remember, that obloquy is a 
 necessary ingredient in the composition of all true glory : he 
 will remember, that it was not only in the Roman customs, but 
 it is in the nature and constitution of things, that calumny and 
 abuse are essential parts of triumph. These thoughts will sup- 
 port a mind, which only exists for honor, under the burthen of 
 temporary reproach. He is doing indeed a great good ; such 
 as rarely falls to the lot, and almost as rarely coincides with 
 the desires of any man. Let him use his time. Let him give 
 the whole length of the reins to his benevolence. He is now 
 on a great eminence, w^here the eyes of mankind are turned to 
 him. He may live long, he may do much. But here is the 
 summit. He never can exceed what he does this day. 
 
 He has faults ; but they are faults that, though they may in 
 a small degree tarnish the lustre, and sometimes impede the 
 march of his abilities, have nothing in them to extinguish the 
 fire of great virtues. In those faults, there is no mixture of 
 deceit, of hypocrisy, of pride, of ferocity, of complexional 
 despotism, or want of feeling for the distresses of mankind. 
 His are faults which might exist in a descendant of Henry the 
 Fourth of France, as they did exist in that father of his country. 
 Henry the Fourth wished that he might live to see a fowl in 
 the pot of every peasant in his kingdom. That sentiment of 
 homely benevolence was worth all the splendid sayings that 
 are recorded of kings. But he wished perhaps for more 
 than could be obtained, and the goodness of the man exceeded 
 the power of the king. But this gentleman, a subject, may 
 this day say this at least, with truth, that he secures the rice in 
 
236 SPEECH ON MR. FOX'S EAST INDIA BILL. 
 
 his pot to every man in India. A poet of antiquity thought it 
 one of the first distinctions to a prince whom he meant to 
 celebrate, that through a long succession of generations, he 
 had been the progenitor of an able and virtuous citizen, who, 
 by force of the arts of peace, had corrected governments of 
 oppression, and suppressed wars of rapine. 
 
 Indole proh quanta juvenis, quantumque daturus 
 Ausonias populis, ventura in ssecula civem. 
 lUe super Gangem, super exaudiuts et Indos, 
 Implebit terras voce ; et furialia bella 
 Fulmine compescet linguae. 
 
 This was what was said of the predecessor of the only per- 
 son to whose eloquence it does not wrong that of the mover 
 of this bill to be compared. But the Ganges and the Indus 
 are the patrimony of the fame of my honorable friend, and not 
 of Cicero. I confess, I anticipate with joy the reward of 
 those, whose whole consequence, power, and authority, exist 
 only for the benefit of mankind ; and I carry my mind to all 
 the people, and all the names and descriptions, that, relieved 
 by this bill, will bless the labors of this parliament, and the 
 confidence which the best house of commons has given to him 
 who the best deserves it. The little cavils of party w^ill not 
 be heard, where freedom and happiness will be felt. There is 
 not a tongue, a nation, or religion in India, which will not bless 
 the presiding care and manly beneficence of this house,. and of 
 him who proposes to you this great work. Your names will 
 never be separated before the throne of the Divine Goodness, 
 in whatever language, or with whatever rites, pardon is asked 
 for sin, and reward for those who imitate the Godhead in his 
 universal bounty to his creatures. These honors you deserve, 
 and they will surely be paid, when all the jargon of influence, 
 and party, and patronage, are swept into oblivion. 
 
 I have spoken what I think, and what I feel, of the mover 
 of this bill. An honorable friend of mine, speaking of his 
 merits, was charged with having made a studied panegyric. I 
 don't know what his was. Mine, I am sure, is a studied pan- 
 egyric ; the fruit of much meditation ; the result of the obser- 
 vation of near twenty years. For my own part, I am happy 
 that I have lived to see this day ; I feel myself overpaid for 
 the labors of eighteen years, when, at this late period, I am 
 able to take my share, by one humble vote, in destroying a 
 tyranny that exists to the disgrace of this nation, and the de- 
 struction of so large a part of the human species. 
 
EXTRACT FROM THE 
 
 SPEECH OF MR. BURKE, 
 
 ON OPENING THE IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ., 
 
 FEBRUARY 15 AND 16, 1788. 
 
 My Lords, 
 
 The gentlemen who have it in command to support the im- 
 peachment against Mr. Hastings, have directed me to open the 
 cause with a general view of the grounds, upon which the 
 Commons have proceeded in their charge against him. They 
 have directed me to accompany this with another general view 
 of the extent, the magnitude, the nature, the tendency, and the 
 effect of the crimes, which they allege to have been by him 
 committed. They have also directed me to give an explana- 
 tion (with their aid I may be enabled to give it) of such cir- 
 cumstances, preceding the crimes charged on Mr. Hastings, or 
 concomitant with them, as may tend to elucidate whatever may 
 be found obscure in the articles as they stand. To these they 
 wished me to add a few illustrative remarks on the laws, cus- 
 toms, opinions, and manners of the people concerned, and who 
 are the objects of the crimes we charge on Mr. Hastings. 
 
 The several articles, as they appear before you, will be open- 
 ed by other gentlemen with more particularity, with more dis- 
 tinctness, and, without doubt, with infinitely more ability, when 
 they come to apply the evidence, which naturally belongs to 
 each article of this accusation. This, my lords, is the plan 
 which we mean to pursue, on the great charge which is now 
 to abide your judgment. 
 
 My lords, I must look upon it as an auspicious circumstance 
 to this cause, in which the honor of the kingdom and the fate 
 of many nations are involved, that, from the first commence- 
 ment of our parHamentary process to this the hour of solemn 
 trial, not the smallest difference of opinion has arisen between 
 the two houses. 
 
 My lords, there are persons, who, looking rather upon what 
 was to be found in our records and histories, than what was to 
 be expected from the public justice, had formed hopes consola- 
 tory to themselves and dishonorable to us. They flattered 
 themselves, that the corruptions of India would escape amidst 
 the dissensions of parliament. They are disappointed. They 
 will be disappointed in all the rest of their expectations, which 
 
238 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 they have formed upon everything, except the merits of their 
 cause. The Commons M^ill not have the melancholy unsocial 
 glory of having acted a solitary part in a noble, but imperfect, 
 vi^ork. What the greatest inquest of the nation has begun, its 
 highest tribunal will accomplish. At length justice will be done 
 to India. It is true, that your lordships will have your full 
 share in this great achievement ; but the Commons have al- 
 ways considered, that whatever honor is divided with you is 
 doubled on themselves. 
 
 My lords, I must confess, that amidst these encouraging 
 prospects the Commons do not approach your bar without awe 
 and anxiety. The magnitude of the interests, which we have 
 in charge, will reconcile some degree of sohcitude for the event 
 with the undoubting confidence, with which we repose our- 
 selves upon your lordship's justice. For we are men, my lords ; 
 and men are so made, that it is not only the greatness of dan- 
 ger, but the value of the adventure, which measures the degree 
 of our concern in every undertaking. I solemnly assure your 
 lordships, that no standard is sufficient to estimate the value, 
 which the Commons set upon the event of the cause they now 
 bring before you. My lords, the business of this day is not the 
 business of this man — it is not solely, whether the prisoner at 
 the bar be found innocent, or guilty ; but whether millions of 
 mankind shall be made miserable, or happy. 
 
 Your lordships will see in the progress of this cause, that 
 there is not only a long connected, systematic series of mis- 
 demeanors, but an equally connected system of maxims and 
 principles, invented to justify them. Upon both of these you 
 must judge. According to the judgment, that you shall give 
 upon the past transactions in India, inseparably connected as 
 they are with the principles which support them, the whole 
 character of your future government in that distant empire is 
 to be unalterably decided. It will take its perpetual tenor, it 
 will receive its final impression, from the stamp of this very 
 hour. 
 
 It is not only the interest of India, now the most considera- 
 ble part of the British empire, which is concerned, but the 
 credit and honor of the British nation itself will be decided by 
 this decision. We are to decide by this judgment, whether the 
 crimes of individuals are to be turned into public guilt and na- 
 tional ignominy ; or whether this nation will convert the very 
 oflfences, which have thrown a transient shade upon its govern- 
 ment, into something, that will reflect a permanent lustre upon 
 the honor, justice, and humanity of this kingdom. 
 
 My lords, there is another consideration, which augments 
 the solicitude of the Commons, equal to those other two great 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 239 
 
 interests I have stated, those of our empire and our national 
 character ; something, that, if possible, comes more home to 
 the hearts and feehngs of every EngUshman : I mean, the in- 
 terests of our constitution itself, vv^hich is deeply involved in 
 the event of this cause. The future use, and the whole effect, 
 if not the very existence, of the process of an impeachment of 
 high crimes and misdemeanors before the peers of this king- 
 dom, upon the charge of the Commons, will very much be de- 
 cided by your judgment in this cause. This tribunal will be 
 found (I hope it will always be found) too great for petty 
 causes : if it should at the same time be found incompetent to 
 one of the greatest ; that is, if httle offences, from their minute- 
 ness, escape you, and the greatest, from their magnitude, op- 
 press you ; it is impossible, that this form of trial should not, 
 in the end, vanish out of the constitution. For we must not 
 deceive ourselves : whatever does not stand with credit cannot 
 stand long. And if the constitution should be deprived, I do 
 not mean in form, but virtually, of this resource, it is virtually' 
 deprived of everything else, that is valuable in it. For this 
 process is the cement, which binds the whole together ; this is 
 the individuating principle, that makes England what England 
 is. In this court it is, that no subject, in no part of the empire, 
 can fail of competent and proportionable justice : here it is, 
 that we provide for that, which is the substantial excellence of 
 our constitution ; I mean, the great circulation of responsibility, 
 by which (excepting the supreme power) no man, in no cir- 
 cumstance, can escape the account, which he owes to the laws 
 of his country. It is by this process, that magistracy, which 
 tries and controls all other things, is itself tried and controlled. 
 Other constitutions are satisfied with making good subjects ; 
 this is a security for good governors. It is by this tribunal, 
 that statesmen, who abuse their power, are accused by states- 
 men, and tried by statesmen, not upon the niceties of a narrow 
 jurisprudence, but upon the enlarged and soHd principles of 
 state morality. It is here, that those, who by the abuse of 
 power have violated the spirit of law, can never hope for pro- 
 tection from any of its forms : — it is here, that those, who have 
 refused to conform themselves to its perfections, can never 
 hope to escape through any of its defects. It ought, therefore, 
 my lords, to become our common care to guard this your 
 precious deposit, rare in its use, but powerful in its effect, with 
 a rehgious vigilance, and never to suffer it to be either discred- 
 ited or antiquated. For this great end your lordships are in- 
 vested with great and plenary powers : but you do not suspend, 
 you do not supersede, you do not annihilate any subordinate 
 
240 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 jurisdiction; on the contrary, you are auxiliary and supple- 
 mental to them all. 
 
 Whether it is owing to the felicity of our times, less fertile 
 in great offences, than those, which have gone before us ; or 
 whether it is from a sluggish apathy, which has dulled and en- 
 ervated the public justice, I am not called upon to determine : 
 but, whatever may be the cause, it is now sixty-three years 
 since any impeachment, grounded upon abuse of authority and 
 misdemeanor in office, has come before this tribunal. The last 
 is that of Lord Macclesfield, which happened in the year 1725. 
 So that the oldest process knotvn to the constitution of this 
 country has, upon its revival, some appearance of novelty. At 
 this time, when all Europe is in a state of, perhaps, contagious 
 fermentation ; when antiquity has lost all its reverence and all 
 its effect on the minds of men, at the same time that novelty is 
 still attended with the suspicions, that always will be attached 
 to whatever is new ; we have been anxiously careful in a busi- 
 ness, which seems to combine the objections both to what is 
 antiquated and what is novel, so to conduct ourselves, that no- 
 thing in the revival of this great parhamentary process shall 
 afford a pretext for its future disuse. 
 
 My lords, strongly impressed as they are with these senti- 
 ments, the commons have conducted themselves with singular 
 care and caution. Without losing the spirit and zeal of a public 
 prosecution, they have comported themselves with such mod- 
 eration, temper, and decorum, as would not have ill become 
 the final judgment, if with them rested the final judgment, of 
 this great cause. 
 
 With very few intermissions, the affairs of India have con- 
 stantly engaged the attention of the Commons for more than four- 
 teen years. We may safely affirm, we have tried every mode 
 of legislative provision, before we had recourse to anything of 
 penal process. It was in the year 1774 we framed an act of 
 parKament for remedy to the then existing disorders in India, 
 such as the then information before us enabled us to enact. 
 Finding, that the act of parliament did not answer all the ends 
 that were expected from it, we had, in the year 1782, recourse 
 to a body of monitory resolutions. Neither had we the ex- 
 pected fruit from them. When, therefore, we found, that our 
 inquiries and our reports, our laws and our admonitions, were 
 alike despised ; that enormities increased in proportion as they 
 were forbidden, detected, and exposed ; when we found, that 
 guilt stalked with an erect and upright front, and that legal 
 authority seemed to skulk and hide its head like outlawed guilt; 
 when we found, that some of those very persons, who were 
 appointed by parliament to assert the authority of the laws of 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 241 
 
 this kingdom, were the most forward, the most bold, and the 
 most active, in the conspiracy for their destruction ; then it was 
 time for the justice of the nation to re-collect itself. To have 
 forborne longer would not have been patience, but colhision ; it 
 would have been participation with guilt ; it would have been 
 to make ourselves accomplices with the criminal. 
 
 We found it was impossible to evade painful duty, without 
 betraying a sacred trust. Having, therefore, resolved upon the 
 last and only resource, a penal prosecution, it was our next 
 business to act in a manner worthy of our long deliberation. 
 In all points we proceeded with selection. We have chosen 
 (we trust, it will so appear to your lordships) such a crime, and 
 such a criminal, and such a body of evidence, and such a mode 
 of process, as would have recommended this course of justice 
 to posterity, even if it had not been supported by any example 
 in the practice of our forefathers. 
 
 First, to speak of the process : we are to inform your lord- 
 ships, that, besides that long previous deliberation of fourteen 
 years, we examined, as a preliminary to this proceeding, every 
 circumstance, which could prove favorable to parties appa- 
 rently delinquent, before we finally resolved ta prosecute. 
 There was no precedent to be found, in the journals, favorable 
 to persons in Mr. Hastings's circumstances, that was not ap- 
 pHed to. Many measures utterly unknown to former parlia- 
 mentary proceedings, and which, indeed, seemed in some 
 degree to enfeeble them, but which were all to the advantage 
 of those that were to be prosecuted, were adopted, for the first 
 time, upon this occasion. — In an early stage of the proceeding, 
 the criminal desired to be heard. He was heard ; and he pro- 
 duced before the bar of the House that insolent and unbecoming 
 paper, which lies upon our table. It was dehberately given in 
 by his own hand, and signed with his own name. The Com- 
 mons, however, passed by everything offensive in that paper 
 with a magnanimity, that became them. They considered 
 nothing in it, but the facts that the defendant alleged, and the 
 principles he maintained ; and after a deliberation, not short of 
 judicial, we proceeded with confidence to your bar. 
 
 So far as to the process ; which, though I mentioned last in 
 the line and order, in which I stated the objects of our selec- 
 tion, I thought it best to dispatch first. 
 
 As to the crime, which we chose, we first considered well 
 what it was in its nature, under all the circumstances, which 
 attended it. We weighed it with all its extenuations, and with 
 ■>all its aggravations. On that review we are warranted to as- 
 sert, that the crimes, with which we charge the prisoner at the 
 bar, are substantial crimes ; that they are no errors or mistakes, 
 
 2F 21 
 
1242 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 such as wise and good men might possibly fall into ; which may- 
 even produce very pernicious effects, without being in fact 
 great offences. The Commons are too liberal, not to allow for 
 the difficulties of a great and arduous public situation. They 
 know too well the domineering necessities, which frequently 
 occur in all great affairs. They know the exigency of a press- 
 ing occasion, which, in its precipitate career, bears everything 
 down before it, which does not give time to the mind to recol- 
 lect its faculties, to reinforce its reason, and to have recourse 
 to fixed principles, but, by compelling an instant and tumultu- 
 ous decision, too often obliges men to decide in a manner, that 
 calm judgment would certainly have rejected. We know, as 
 we are to be served by men, that the persons, who serve us, 
 must be tried as men, and with a very large allowance indeed, 
 to human infirmity and human error. This, my lords, we knew, 
 and we weighed before we came before you. But the crimes, 
 which we charge in these articles, are not lapses, defects, er- 
 rors, of common frailty, which, as we know and feel, we can 
 allow for. We charge this offender with no crimes, that have 
 not arisen from passions, which it is criminal to harbor; with 
 no offences, that have not their root in avarice, rapacity, pride, 
 insolence, ferocity, treachery, cruelty, malignity of temper ; in 
 short, in nothing, that does not argue a total extinction of all 
 moral principle ; that does not manifest an inveterate blackness 
 of heart, died in grain with malice, vitiated, corrupted, gan- 
 grened to the very core. If we do not plant his crimes in 
 those vices, which the breast of man is made to abhor, and the 
 spirit of all laws, human and divine, to interdict, we desire no 
 longer to be heard upon this occasion. Let everything, that 
 can be pleaded on the ground of surprise or error, upon those 
 grounds be pleaded with success : we give up the whole of those 
 predicaments. We urge no crimes, that were not crimes of 
 forethought. We charge him with nothing, that he did not 
 commit upon deliberation ; that he did not commit against ad- 
 vice, supplication, and remonstrance ; that he did not commit 
 against the direct command of lawful authority ; that he did 
 not commit after reproof and reprimand, the reproof and re- 
 primand of those who are authorized by the laws to reprove 
 and reprimand him. The crimes of Mr. Hastings are crimes, 
 not only in themselves, but aggravated by being crimes of con- 
 tumacy. They were crimes, not against forms, but against 
 those eternal laws of justice, which are our rule and our birth- 
 right. His offences are not, in formal, technical language, but 
 in reality, in substance and effect, high crimes and high misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 So far as to the crimes. As to the criminal, we have chosen 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 243 
 
 him on the same principle, on which we selected the crimes. 
 We have not chosen to bring before you a poor, puny, trembling 
 delinquent, misled, perhaps, by those, who ought to have taught 
 him better, but who have afterwards oppressed him by their 
 power, as they had first corrupted him by their example. In- 
 stances there have been many, when the punishment of minor 
 offences, in inferior persons, has been made the means of 
 screening crimes of a high order, and in men of high descrip- 
 tion. Our course is different. We have not brought before 
 you an obscure offender, who, when his insignificance and 
 weakness are weighed against the power of the prosecution, 
 gives even to public justice something of the appearance of op- 
 pression ; no, my lords, we have brought before you the first 
 man of India in rank, authority, and station. We have brought 
 before you the chief of the tribe, the head of the whole body of 
 eastern offenders ; a captain-general of iniquity, under whom 
 all the fraud, all the peculation, all the tyranny, in India, are 
 embodied, disciplined, arrayed, and paid. This is the person, 
 my lords, that we bring before you. We have brought before 
 you such a person, that, if you strike at him with the firm arm 
 of justice, you will not have need of a great many more ex- 
 amples. You strike at the whole corps, if you strike at the 
 head. 
 
 So far as to the crime : so far as to the criminal. Now, my 
 lords, I shall say a few words relative to the evidence, which 
 we have brought to support such a charge, and which ought to 
 be equal in weight to the charge itself. It is chiefly evidence 
 of record, officially signed by the criminal himself in many 
 instances. We have brought before you his own letters, au- 
 thenticated by his own hand. On these we chiefly rely. But 
 we shall likewise bring before you living witnesses, competent 
 to speak to the points, to which they are brought. 
 
 When you consider the late enormous power of the pris- 
 oner ; when you consider his criminal, indefatigable assiduity 
 in the destruction of all recorded evidence ; when you consider 
 the influence he has over almost all Hving testimony; when 
 you consider the distance of the scene of action ; I believe 
 your lordships, and I beheve the world, will be astonished, that 
 so much, so clear, so solid, and so conclusive evidence of all 
 kinds has been obtained against him. I have no doubt, that in 
 nine instances in ten the evidence is such as would satisfy the 
 narrow precision supposed to prevail, and to a degree rightly 
 to prevail, in all subordinate power and delegated jurisdiction. 
 But your lordships will maintain, what we assert and claim as 
 the right of the subjects of Great Britain — that you are not 
 
244 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 bound by any rules of evidence, or any other rules whatever, 
 except those of natural, immutable, and substantial justice. 
 
 God forbid the Commons should desire, that anything should 
 be received as proof from them, which is not by nature adapt- 
 ed to prove the thing in question. If they should make such 
 a request, they would aim at overturning the very principles I 
 of that justice, to which they resort. They would give the I 
 nation an evil example, that w^ould rebound back on themselves, I 
 and bring destruction upon their own heads, and on those of 
 all their posterity. 
 
 On the other hand, I have too much confidence in the learn- 
 ing with which you will be advised, and the liberahty and no- 
 bleness of the sentiments with which you are born, to suspect, i 
 that you would, by any abuse of the forms, and. a technical i 
 course of proceeding, deny justice to so great a part of the 
 world, that claims it at your hands. Your lordships always 
 had an ample power, and almost unlimited jurisdiction ; you 
 have now a boundless object. It is not from this district, or 
 from that parish, not from this city, or the other province, that 
 relief is now applied for : exiled and undone princes, extensive 
 tribes, suffering nations, infinite descriptions of men, different 
 in language, in manners, and in rites — men, separated by every 
 barrier of nature from you, by the providence of God are , 
 blended in one common cause, and are no^v become suppliants | 
 at your bar. For the honor of this nation, in vindication of 
 this mysterious providence, let it be known, that no rule formed 
 upon municipal maxims (if any such rule exists) will prevent 
 the course of that imperial justice, which you owe to the peo- 
 ple, that call to you from all parts of a great disjointed world. 
 For, situated as this kingdom is, an object, thank God, of envy 
 to the rest of the nations ; its conduct in that high and elevated 
 situation will undoubtedly be scrutinized with a severity as great 
 as its power is invidious. 
 
 It is well known, that enormous wealth has poured into this 
 country from India through a thousand channels, public and 
 concealed ; and it is no particular derogation from our honor 
 to suppose a possibility of being corrupted by that, by which 
 other empires have been corrupted, and assemblies, almost as 
 respectable and venerable as your lordships, have been directly 
 or indirectly vitiated. Forty millions of money, at least, have 
 within our memory been brought from India into England. In 
 this case the most sacred judicature ought to look to its repu- 
 tation. Without oflfence we may venture to suggest, that the 
 best way to secure reputation is, not by a proud defiance of 
 public opinion, but by guiding our actions in such a manner, as 
 that public opinion may in the end be securely defied, by hav- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WAJRREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 245 
 
 ing been previously respected and dreaded. No direct false 
 judgment is apprehended from the tribunals of this country. 
 But it is feared, that partiality may lurk and nestle in the abuse 
 of our forms of proceeding. It is necessary, therefore, that 
 nothing in that proceeding should appear to mark the slightest 
 trace, should betray the faintest odor, of chicane. God forbid, 
 that, when you try the most serious of all causes, that when 
 you try the cause of Asia in the presence of Europe, there 
 should be the least suspicion, that a narrow partiality, utterly 
 destructive of justice, should so guide us, that a British subject 
 in power should appear in substance to possess rights, which 
 are denied to the humble alhes, to the attached dependants of 
 this kingdom, who by their distance have a double demand 
 upon your protection, and who, by an implicit (I hope not a 
 weak and useless) trust in you, have stripped themselves of 
 every other resource under heaven. 
 
 Ido not say this from any fear, doubt, or hesitation, con- 
 cerning what your lordships will finally do : none in the world ; 
 but I cannot shut my ears to the rumors, which you all know 
 to be disseminated abroad. The abusers of power may have a 
 chance to cover themselves by those fences and intrenchments, 
 which were made to secure the liberties of the people against 
 men of that very description. But God forbid it should be 
 bruited from Pekin to Paris, that the laws of England are for 
 the rich and the powerful ; but to the poor, the miserable, and 
 defenceless, they afford no resource at all. God forbid it should 
 be said, no nation is equal to the English in substantial violence 
 and in formal justice — that in this kingdom we feel ourselves 
 competent to confer the most extravagant and inordinate 
 powers upon public ministers, but that we are deficient, poor, 
 helpless, lame, and impotent in the means of calling them to 
 account for their use of them. An opinion has been insidiously 
 circulated through this kingdom, and through foreign nations 
 too, that, in order to cover our participation in guilt, and our 
 common interest in the plunder of the East, we have invented 
 a set of scholastic distinctions, abhorrent to the common sense, 
 and unpropitious to the common necessities, of mankind; by 
 which we are to deny ourselves the knowledge of what the 
 rest of the world knows, and what so great a part of the world 
 both knows and feels. I do not deprecate any appearance which 
 may give countenance to this aspersion, from suspicion that any 
 corrupt motive can influence this court; I deprecate it from 
 knowing, that hitherto we have moved within the narrow circle 
 of municipal justice. I am afraid, that, from the habits ac- 
 quired by moving within a circumscribed sphere, we may be 
 induced rather to endeavor at forcing nature into that municipal 
 
 21* 
 
246 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 circle, than to enlarge the circle of national justice to the neces- 
 sities of the empire we have obtained. 
 
 This is the only thing, which does create any doubt or diffi- 
 culty in the minds of sober people. But there are those, who 
 will not judge so equitably. Where two motives, neither of them 
 perfectly justifiable, may be assigned, the worst has the chance 
 of being preferred. If, from any appearance of chicane in the 
 court, justice should fail, all men will say, better there were no 
 tribunals at all. In my humble opinion, it would be better a 
 thousand times to give all complainants the short answer the 
 Dey of Algiers gave a British ambassador, representing certain 
 grievances suffered by the British merchants, — " My friend," 
 (as the story is related by Dr. Shawe) " do not you know, that 
 my subjects are a band of robbers, and that I am their captain?" 
 — better it would be a thousand times, and a thousand thousand 
 times more manly, than a hypocritical process, which, under 
 a pretended reverence to punctiUous ceremonies and observ- 
 ances of law, abandons mankind, without help and resource, 
 to all the desolating consequences of arbitrary power. The 
 conduct and event of this cause will put an end to such doubts, 
 wherever they may be entertained. Your lordships will exer- 
 cise the great plenary powers, with which you are invested, in 
 a manner, that will do honor to the protecting justice of this 
 kingdom, that will completely avenge the great people, who are 
 subjected to it. You will not suffer your proceedings to be 
 squared by any rules, but by their necessities, and by that law 
 of a common nature, which cements them to us, and us to 
 them. The reports to the contrary have been spread abroad 
 with uncommon industry ; but they will be speedily refuted by 
 the humanity, simplicity, dignity, and nobleness of your lord- 
 ships' justice. 
 
 The first thing, in considering the merits or demerits of any 
 governor, is to have some test, by which they are to be tried. 
 And here, my lords, we conceive, that when a British governor 
 is sent abroad, he is sent to pursue the good of the people as 
 much as possible in the spirit of the laws of this country, which 
 in all respects intend their conservation, their happiness, and 
 their prosperity. This is the principle, upon which Mr. Hast- 
 ings was bound to govern, and upon which he is to account 
 for his conduct here. 
 
 His rule was, what a British governor, intrusted with the 
 power of this country, was bound to do, or to forbear. If he 
 has performed, and if he has abstained, as he ought, dismiss 
 him honorably acquitted from your bar — otherwise condemn 
 him. He may resort to other principles and to other maxims ; 
 but this country will force him to be tried by its laws. The 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 247 
 
 law of this country recognizes that well-known crime, called 
 misconduct in office ; it is a head of the law of England, and, 
 so far as inferior courts are competent to try it, may be tried 
 in them. Here, your lordships' competence is plenary ; you 
 are fully competent both to inquire into, and to punish the 
 offence. And, first, I am to state to your lordships, by the 
 direction of those whom I am bound to obey, the principles 
 on which Mr. Hastings declares he has conducted his govern- 
 ment ; principles, which he has avowed — first, in several letters 
 written to the East India company — next, in a paper of de- 
 fence, delivered to the House of Commons, explicitly ; and 
 more expUcitly in his defence before your lordships. Nothing 
 in Mr. Hastings's proceedings is so curious as his several de- 
 fences ; and nothing in the defences is so singular, as the prin- 
 ciples, upon which he proceeds. Your lordships will have to 
 decide not only upon a large, connected, systematic train of 
 misdemeanors, but an equally connected system of principles 
 and maxims of government, invented to justify those misde- 
 meanors. He has brought them forward and avowed them in 
 the face of the day. He has boldly and insultingly thrown 
 them in the face of the representatives of a free people, and 
 we cannot pass them by without adopting them. 
 
 I am directed to protest against those grounds and principles 
 upon which he frames his defence ; for, if those grounds are 
 good and vahd, they carry off a great deal at least, if not 
 entirely, the foundation of our charge. My lords, we contend 
 that Mr. Hastings, as a British governor, ought to govern on 
 British principles, not by British forms — God forbid; for, if 
 ever there was a case, in which the letter kills and the spirit 
 gives life, it would be an attempt to introduce British forms 
 and the substance of despotic principles together into any 
 country. No. We call for that spirit of equity, that spirit of 
 justice, that spirit of protection, that spirit of lenity, which 
 ought to characterize every British subject in power ; and on 
 these, and these principles only, he will be tried. 
 
 But he has told your lordships, in his defence, that actions 
 in Asia do not bear the same moral qualities, which the same 
 actions would bear in Europe. 
 
 My lords, we positively deny that principle. I am authorized 
 and called upon to deny it. And having stated at large what he 
 means by saying, that the same actions have not the same 
 qualities in Asia and in Europe, we are to let your lordships 
 know, that these gentlemen have formed a plan oi geographical 
 mm^ality, by which the duties of men, in public and in private 
 situations, are not to be governed by their relation to the great 
 Governor of the universe, or by their relation to mankind, but 
 
248 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 by climates, degrees of longitude, parallels not of life but of 
 latitudes ; as if, when you have crossed the equinoctial, all the 
 virtues die, as they say some insects die, when they cross the 
 line ; as if there were a kind of baptism, like that practised by 
 seamen, by which they unbaptize themselves of all that they 
 learned in Europe, and after which a new order and system of 
 things commenced. 
 
 This geographical morality we do protest against. Mr. Hast- 
 ings shall not screen himself under it ; and on this point I hope 
 and trust many words will not be necessary to satisfy your 
 lordships. But we think it necessary, in justification of our- 
 selves, to declare, that the laws of morality are the same 
 everywhere ; and that there is no action, which would pass for 
 an act of exhortation, of peculation, of bribery, and of oppression 
 in England, that is not an act of extortion, of peculation, of 
 bribery, and oppression, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and all the 
 world over. This I contend for, not in the technical forms of 
 it, but I contend for it in the substance. 
 
 Mr. Hastings comes before your lordships not as a British 
 governor answering to a British tribunal, but as a soubahdar, 
 as a bashaw of three tails. He says, " I had an arbitrary 
 power to exercise : I exercised it. Slaves I found the people ; 
 slaves they are, they are so by their constitution ; and if they 
 are, I did not make it for them. I was unfortunately bound to 
 exercise this arbitrary power, and accordingly I did exercise 
 it. It was disagreeable to me, but I did exercise it, and no 
 other power can be exercised in that country." This, if it be 
 true, is a plea in bar. But I trust and hope your lordships will 
 not judge, by laws and institutions which you do not know, 
 against those laws and institutions which you do know, and 
 under whose power and authority Mr. Hastings went out to 
 India. Can your lordships patiently hear what we have heard 
 with indignation enough, and what, if there were nothing else, 
 would call these principles, as well as the actions which are 
 justified on such principles, to your lordships' bar; that it may 
 be known whether the Peers of England do not sympathize 
 with the Commons in their detestation of such doctrine ? Think 
 of an English governor tried before you as a British subject, 
 and yet declaring, that he governed on the principles of arbi- 
 trary power. His plea is, that he did govern there on arbitrary 
 and despotic, and, as he supposes, oriental principles. And as 
 this plea is boldly avowed and maintained, and as, no doubt, 
 all his conduct was perfectly correspondent to these principles, 
 the principles and the conduct must be tried together. 
 
 If your lordships will now permit me, I will state one of the 
 many places, in which he has avowed these principles as the 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 249 
 
 basis and foundation of all his conduct. " The sovereignty, 
 which they assumed, it fell to my lot, very unexpectedly, to 
 exert ; and v\^hether or not such power, or powers of that na- 
 ture, were delegated to me by any provisions of any act of 
 parliament, I confess myself too little of a lawyer to pronounce. 
 I only know, that the acceptance of the sovereignty of Bena- 
 res, &c. is not acknowledged or admitted by any act of par- 
 liament ; and yet, by the particular interference of the majority 
 of the council, the company is clearly and indisputably seized 
 of that sovereignty." So that this gentleman, because he is 
 not a lawyer, nor clothed with those robes which distinguish 
 and well distinguish the learning of this country, is not to know 
 anything of his duty ; and whether he was bound by any, or 
 what act of parliament, is a thing he is not lawyer enough to 
 know. Now, if your lordships will suffer the laws to be broken 
 by those who are not of the long robe, I am afraid those of 
 the long robe will have none to punish but those of their own 
 profession. He therefore goes to a law he is better acquainted 
 with; that is, the law of arbitrary power and force, if it 
 deserves to be called by the name of law. " If, therefore," 
 says he, " the sovereignty of Benares, as ceded to us by the vizier, 
 have any rights whatever annexed to it, (and be not a mere 
 empty word without meaning,) those rights must be such as are 
 held, countenanced, and established by the law, custom, and 
 usage of the Mogul empire, and not by the provisions of any 
 British act of parliament hitherto enacted. Those rights, and 
 none other, I have been the involuntary instrument of enforcing. 
 And if any future act of parliament shall positively, or by im- 
 plication, tend to annihilate those very rights, or their exertion, 
 as I have exerted them, I much fear, that the boasted sovereign- 
 ty of Benares, which was held up as an acquisition almost 
 obtruded on the company against my consent and opinion, (for 
 I acknowledge, that even then I foresaw many difficulties and 
 inconveniences in its future exercise ;) I fear, I say, that this 
 sovereignty will be found a burden instead of a benefit, a heavy 
 clog rather than a precious gem to its present possessors ; I 
 mean, unless the whole of our territory in that quarter shall be 
 rounded and made an uniform compact body by one grand and 
 systematic arrangement; such an arrangement as shall do 
 away all the mischiefs, doubts, and inconveniences (both to the 
 governors and the governed) arising from the variety of tenures, 
 rights, and claims in all cases of landed property and feudal 
 jurisdiction in India, from the informality, invalidity, and insta- 
 bility of all engagements in so divided and unsettled a state of 
 society; and from the unavoidable anarchy and confusion of 
 different laws, religions, and prejudices, moral, civil, and politi- 
 
 2G 
 
250 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 cal, all jumbled together in one unnatural and discordant mass. 
 Every part of Hindostan has been constantly exposed to these 
 and similar disadvantages ever since the Mahomedan con- 
 quests." 
 
 " The Hindus, who never incorporated with their conquerors, 
 were kept in order only by the strong hand of power. The 
 constant necessity of similar exertions would increase at once 
 their energy and extent, so that rebellion itself is the parent and 
 promoter of despotism. Sovereignty in India implies nothing 
 else. For I know not how we can form an estimate of its 
 powers, but from its visible effects, and those are everywhere 
 the same from Cabool to Assam. The whole history of Asia 
 is nothing more than precedents to prove the invariable exer- 
 cise of arbitrary power. To all this I strongly alluded in the 
 minutes I delivered in council, when the treaty with the new 
 vizier was on foot in 1775 ; and I wished to make Cheit Sing 
 independent, because in India dependence included a thousand 
 evils, many of which I enumerated at that time, and they are 
 entered in the ninth clause of the first section of this charge. 
 I knew the powers with which an Indian sovereignty is armed, 
 and the dangers to which tributaries are exposed. I knew, 
 that, from the history of Asia, and from the very nature of man- 
 kind, the subjects of a despotic empire are always vigilant for 
 the moment to rebel, and the sovereign is ever jealous of rebel- 
 lious intentions. A zemindar is an Indian subject, and, as such, 
 exposed to the common lot of his fellows. The mean and de- 
 praved state of a mere zemindar is therefore this very dependence 
 above-mentioned on a despotic government, this very prone- 
 ness to shake off his allegiance, and this very exposure to 
 continual danger from his sovereign's jealousy, which are con- 
 sequent on the political state of Hindostanic governments. 
 Bulwant Sing, if, he had been, and Cheit Sing, as long as he 
 was, a zemindar, stood exactly in this mean and depraved state 
 by the constitution of his country. I did not make it for him, 
 but would have secured him from it. Those who made him a 
 zemindar, entailed upon him the consequences of so mean and 
 depraved a tenure. Ally Verdy Cawn and Cossim Ally fined 
 all their zemindars on the necessities of war, and on every 
 pretence either of court necessity or court extravagance." 
 
 My lords, you have now heard the principles, on which Mr. 
 Hastings governs the part of Asia subjected to the British em- 
 pire. You have heard his opinion of the mean and depraved 
 state of those who are subject to it. You have heard his lec- 
 ture upon arbitrary power, which he states to be the constitu- 
 tion of Asia. You hear the appHcation he makes of it ; and 
 you hear the practices which he employs to justify it, and who 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 251 
 
 the persons were, on whose authority he relies, and whose ex- 
 ample he professes to follow. In the first place, your lordships 
 will be astonished at the audacity, with which he speaks of his 
 own administration, as if he was reading a speculative lecture 
 on the evils attendant upon some vicious system of foreign go- 
 vernment, in which he had no sort of concern whatever. And 
 then, when in this speculative way he has established, or thinks 
 he has, the vices of the government, he conceives he has found 
 a sufficient apology for his own crimes. And if he violates the 
 most st)lemn engagements, if he oppresses, extorts, and robs, if 
 he imprisons, confiscates, banishes, at his sole will and pleasure, 
 when we accuse him for his ill treatment of the people com- 
 mitted to him as a sacred trust, his defence is, — to be robbed, 
 violated, oppressed, is their privilege — let the constitution of 
 their country answer for it. — I did not make it for them. 
 Slaves I found them, and as slaves I have treated them. I was 
 a despotic prince, despotic governments are jealous, and the 
 subjects prone to rebellion. This very proneness of the sub- 
 ject to shake off his allegiance exposes him to continual danger 
 from his sovereign's jealousy; and this is consequent on the 
 political state of Hindostanic governments. He lays it down 
 as a rule, that despotism is the genuine constitution of India, 
 that a disposition to rebellion in the subject, or dependent, 
 prince is the necessary effect of this despotism, and that jea- 
 lousy and its consequences naturally arise on the part of a 
 sovereign — that the government is everything, and the subject 
 nothing — that the great landed men are in a mean and depraved 
 state, and subject to many evils. 
 
 Such a state of things, if true, would warrant conclusions 
 directly opposite to those which Mr. Hastings means to draw 
 from them, both argumentatively and practically, first to influ- 
 ence his conduct, and then to bottom his defence of it. 
 
 Perhaps you will imagine, that the man who avows these 
 principles of arbitrary government, and pleads them as the jus- 
 tification of acts which nothing else can justify, is of opinion, 
 that they are on the whole good for the people, over whom they 
 are exercised. The very reverse. He mentions them as hor- 
 rible things, tending to inflict on the people a thousand evils, 
 and to bring on the ruler a continual train of dangers. Yet he 
 states, that your acquisitions in India will be a detriment instead 
 of an advantage, if you destroy arbitrary power, unless you 
 can reduce all the religious establishments, all the civil institu- 
 tions, and tenures of land, into one uniform mass; i. e. unless 
 by acts of arbitrary power you extinguish all the laws, rights, 
 and religious principles of the people, and force them to an 
 
252 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 uniformity ; and on that uniformity build a system of arbitrary 
 power. 
 
 But nothing is more false, than that despotism is the consti- 
 tution of. any country in Asia, that we are acquainted with. It 
 is certainly not true of any Mahomedan constitution. But if 
 it were, do your lordships really think, that the nation would 
 bear, that any human creature would bear, to hear an Enghsh 
 governor defend himself on such principles ? or, if he can de- 
 fend himself on such principles, is it possible to deny the con- 
 clusion, that no man in India has a security for anything, but 
 by being totally independent of the British government ? Here 
 he has declared his opinion, that he is a despotic prince, that 
 he is to use arbitrary power, and of course all his acts are 
 covered with that shield. " I know, says he, the constitution of 
 Asia only from its practice.'^ Will your lordships submit to hear 
 the corrupt practices of mankind made the principles of gov- 
 ernment ? — No ; it will be your pride and glory to teach men 
 intrusted with power, that, in their use of it, they are to con- 
 form to principles, and not to draw their principles from the 
 corrupt practice of any man whatever. Was there ever heard, 
 or could it be conceived, that a governor would dare to heap 
 up all the evil practices, all the cruelties, oppressions, extor- 
 tions, corruptions, briberies, of all the ferocious usurpers, des- 
 perate robbers, thieves, cheats, and jugglers, that ever had 
 office from one end of Asia to another, and consolidating all 
 this mass of the crimes and absurdities of barbarous domina- 
 tion into one code, estabhsh it as the whole duty of an English 
 governor? I believe, that till this time so audacious a thing 
 was never attempted by man. — 
 
 He have arbitrary power ! My lords, the East India com- 
 pany have not arbitrary power to give him ; the king has no 
 arbitrary power to give him ; your lordships have not ; nor the 
 Commons ; nor the whole legislature. We have no arbitrary 
 power to give, because arbitrary power is a thing which 
 neither any man can hold nor any man can give. No man 
 can lawfully govern himself according to his own will, much 
 less can one person be governed by the will of another. We 
 are all born in subjection, all born equally, high and low, gov- 
 ernors and governed, in subjection to one great, immutable, 
 pre-existent law, prior to all our devices, and prior to all our 
 contrivances, paramount to all our ideas, and all our sensations, 
 antecedent to our very existence, by which we are knit and 
 connected in the eternal frame of the universe, out of which 
 we cannot stir. 
 
 This great law does not arise from our conventions or com- 
 pacts ; on the contrary, it gives to our conventions and com- 
 
■m'' 
 
 IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 253 
 
 pacts all the force and sanction they can have ; — it does not 
 arise from oar vain institutions. Every good gift is of God ; 
 all power is of God ; — and He, who has given the power, and 
 from whom alone it originates, will never suffer the exercise 
 of it to be practised upon any less soHd foundation than the 
 power itself If then all dominion of man over man is the ef- 
 fect of the divine disposition, it is bound by the eternal laws of 
 Him that gave it, with w^hich no human authority can dis- 
 pense ; neither he, that exercises it, nor even those, who are 
 subject to it : and, if they were mad enough to make an express 
 compact, that should release their magistrate from his duty, 
 and should declare their lives, liberties, and properties depend- 
 ent upon, not rules and law'S, but his mere capricious will, that 
 covenant would be void. The acceptor of it has not his au- 
 thority increased, but he has his crime doubled. Therefore 
 can it be imagined, if this be true, that he will suffer this great 
 gift of government, the greatest, the best, that w^as ever given 
 by God to mankind, to be the plaything and the sport of the 
 feeble will of a man, w^ho, by a blasphemous, absurd, and pet- 
 ulant usurpation, would place his owai feeble, contemptible, 
 ridiculous will in the place of the divine wisdom and justice ? 
 
 The title of conquest makes no difference at all. No con- 
 quest can give such a right ; for conquest, that is force, cannot 
 convert its ow^n injustice into a just title, by which it may rule 
 others at its pleasure. By conquest, which is a more immediate 
 designation of the hand of God, the conqueror succeeds to all 
 the painful duties and subordination to the powder of God, 
 which belonged to the sovereign, w^hom he has displaced, just 
 as if he had come in by the positive law of some descent, or 
 some election. To this at least he is strictly bound — he ought 
 to govern them, as he governs his own subjects. But every 
 wise conqueror has gone much further than he w^as bound to 
 go. It has been his ambition and his policy to reconcile the 
 vanquished to his fortune, to show^ that they had gained by the 
 change, to convert their momentary suffering into a long bene- 
 fit, and to draw from the humiHation of his enemies an acces- 
 sion to his own glory. This has been so constant a practice, 
 that it is to repeat the histories of all politic conquerors in all 
 nations and in all times ; and I will not so much distrust your 
 lordships' enlightened and discriminating studies and correct 
 memories, as to allude to one of them. I will only show you, 
 that the court of directors, under whom he served, has adopted 
 that idea, that they constantly inculcated it to him, and to all 
 the servants, that they run a parallel betw^een their own and 
 the native government, and supposing it to be very evil did not 
 hold it up as an example to be follow^ed, but as an abuse to be 
 
 22 
 
254 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 corrected ; that they never made it a question, whether India 
 is to be improved by English lav^ and hberty, or English law 
 and liberty vitiated by Indian corruption. 
 
 No, my lords, this arbitrary power is not to be had by con- 
 quest. Nor can any sovereign have it by succession, for no 
 man can succeed to fraud, rapine, and violence ; neither by 
 compact, covenant, or submission, — for men cannot covenant 
 themselves out of their rights and their duties ; nor by any 
 other means can arbitrary power be conveyed to any man. 
 Those, who give to others such rights, perform acts, that are 
 void as they are given, good indeed and valid only as tending 
 to subject themselves, and those who act with them, to the di- 
 vine displeasure ; because morally there can be no such power. 
 Those who give, and those who receive, arbitrary power, are 
 alike criminal ; and there is no man but is bound to resist it to 
 the best of his power, wherever it shall show its face to the 
 world. It is a crime to bear it, when it can be rationally 
 shaken off. Nothing but absolute impotence can justify men in 
 not resisting it to the utmost of their ability. 
 
 Law and arbitrary power are in eternal enmity. Name me 
 a magistrate, and I will name property ; name me power, and 
 I will name protection. It is a contradiction in terms ; it is 
 blasphemy in religion; it is wickedness in politics, to say, that 
 any man can have arbitrary power. In every patent of office 
 the duty is included. For what else does a magistrate exist ? 
 To suppose for power is an absurdity in idea. Judges are 
 guided and governed by the eternal laws of justice, to which 
 we are all subject. We may bite our chains if we will, but 
 we shall be made to know ourselves, and be taught, that man is 
 born to be governed by law ; and he, that will substitute will in 
 the place of it, is an enemy to God. 
 
 Despotism does not in the smallest degree abrogate, alter, or 
 lessen any one duty of any one relation of life, or weaken the 
 force or obligation of any one engagement or contract what- 
 soever. Despotism, if it means anything, that is at all defen- 
 sible, means a mode of government, bound by no written rules, 
 and coerced by no controlling magistracies, or well settled or- 
 ders in the state. But if it has no written law, it neither does, 
 nor can, cancel the primeval, indefeasible, unalterable law of 
 nature, and of nations ; and if no magistracies control its ex- 
 ertions, those exertions must derive their limitation and direc- 
 tion either from the equity and moderation of the ruler, or 
 from downright revolt on the part of the subject by rebellion, 
 divested of all its criminal qualities. The moment a sovereign 
 removes the idea of security and protection from his subjects, 
 and declares, that he is everything, and they nothing, when he 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 255 
 
 declares, that no contract he makes with them can or ought to 
 bind him, he then declares war upon them. He is no longer 
 sovereign ; they are no longer subjects. 
 
 No man, therefore, has a right to arbitrary power. But the 
 thought, which is suggested by the depravity of him, who brings 
 it forward, is supported by a gross confusion of ideas and prin- 
 ciples, which your lordships well know how to discern and 
 separate. It is manifest, that in the eastern governments, and 
 the western, and in all governments, the supreme power in the 
 state cannot, whilst that state subsists, be rendered criminally 
 responsible for its actions; otherwise it would not be the 
 supreme power. It is certainly true ; but the actions do not 
 change their nature by losing their responsibility. The arbi- 
 trary acts, which are unpunished, are not the less vicious, though 
 none but God, the conscience, and the opinions of mankind 
 take cognizance of them. 
 
 It is not merely so in this or that government, but in all 
 countries. The king in this country is undoubtedly unaccount- 
 able for his actions. The House of Lords, if it should ever 
 exercise (God forbid I should suspect it would ever do what it 
 has never done), but if it should ever abuse its judicial power, 
 and give such a judgment as it ought not to give, whether from 
 fear of popular clamor on the one hand, or predilection to the 
 prisoner on the other; if they abuse their judgments, there is 
 no calling them to an account for it. And so, if the Commons 
 should abuse their power, — nay, if they should have been so 
 greatly dehnquent as not to have prosecuted this offender, they 
 could not be accountable for it ; there is no punishing them for 
 their acts, because we exercise a part of the supreme power. 
 But are they less criminal, less rebelHous against the Divine 
 Majesty? are they less hateful to man, whose opinions they 
 ought to cultivate as far as they are just ? No. Till society fall 
 into a state of dissolution, they cannot be accountable for their 
 acts. But it is from confounding the unaccountable character, 
 inherent in the supreme power, with arbitrary power, that all 
 this confusion of ideas has arisen. 
 
 Even upon a supposition, that arbitrary power can exist 
 anywhere, which we deny totally, and which your lordships 
 will be the first and proudest to deny, still absolute, supreme 
 dominion was never conferred or delegated by you ; much less, 
 arbitrary power, which never did in any case, nor ever will in 
 any case, time or country, produce any one of the ends of just 
 government. 
 
 It is true, that the supreme power in every constitution of 
 government must be absolute ; and this may be corrupted into 
 the arbitrary. But all good constitutions have estabhshed cer- 
 
256 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 tain fixed rules for the exercise of their functions, which they 
 rarely or ever depart from, and which rules form the security 
 against that worst of evils, the government of will and force 
 instead of wisdom and justice. 
 
 But though the supreme power is in a situation resembling 
 arbitrary, yet never was there heard of in the history of the 
 world, that is, in that mixed chaos of human wisdom and folly, 
 such a thing as an intermediate arbitrary power — that is, of an 
 officer of government, who is to exert authority over the people 
 without any law at all, and who is to have the benefit of all 
 laws, and all forms of law, when he is called to an account. 
 For that is to let a wild beast (for such is a man without law) 
 loose upon the people to prey on them at his pleasure ; whilst 
 all the laws, which ought to secure the people against the abuse 
 of power, are employed to screen that abuse against the cries 
 of the people. 
 
 This is de facto the state of our Indian government. But to 
 establish it so in right as well as in fact, is a thing left for us to 
 begin with, — the first of mankind. 
 
 For a subordinate, arbitrary, or even despotic power never 
 was heard of in right, claim, or authorized practice. Least of 
 all has it been heard of in the eastern governments, where all 
 the instances of severity and cruelty fall upon governors, and 
 persons intrusted with power. This would be a gross contra- 
 diction. Before Mr. Hastings none ever came before his supe- 
 riors to claim it; because, if any such thing could exist, he 
 claims the very power of that sovereign, who calls him to 
 account. 
 
 But suppose a man to come before us, denying all the benefits 
 of law to the people under him, — and yet, when he is called to 
 account, to claim all the benefits of that law, which was made 
 to screen mankind from the excesses of power : such a claim, I 
 will venture to say, is a monster, that never existed except in 
 the wild imagination of some theorist. It cannot be admitted, 
 because it is a perversion of the fundamental principle, that 
 every power, given for the protection of the people below, 
 should be responsible to the power above. It is to suppose, 
 that the people shall have no laws with regard to him, yet 
 when he comes to be tried, he shall claim the protection of those 
 laws, which were made to secure the people from his violence; 
 that he shall claim a fair trial, an equitable hearing, every 
 advantage of counsel (God forbid he should not have them), yet 
 that the people under him shall have none of these advantages. 
 The reverse is the principle of every just and rational proce- 
 dure. For the people, who have nothing to use but their natural 
 faculties, ought to be gently dealt with; but those, who are 
 
 i 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 257 
 
 intrusted with an artificial and instituted authority, have in their 
 hands a great deal of the force of other people ; and as their 
 temptations to injustice are greater, so their means are infinitely 
 more effectual for mischief by turning the powers given for the 
 preservation of society to its destruction ; so that if an arbitrary 
 procedure be justifiable, a strong one I am sure is, it is when 
 used against those who pretend to use it against others. 
 
 My lords, I will venture to say of the governments of Asia, 
 that none of them ever had an arbitrary power ; and, if any 
 governments had an arbitrary power, they cannot delegate it 
 to any persons under them ; that is, they cannot so delegate it 
 to others as not to leave them accountable, on the principles 
 upon which it was given. As this is a contradiction in terms, 
 a gross absurdity as well as a monstrous wickedness, let me 
 say, for the honor of human nature, that although undoubtedly 
 we may speak it with the pride of England, that we have 
 better institutions for the preservation of the rights of men, 
 than any other country in the world ; yet I will venture to say, 
 that no country has wholly meant, or ever meant, to give this 
 power. 
 
 As it cannot exist in right on any rational and solid princi- 
 ples of government, so neither does it exist in the constitution 
 of oriental governments; and I do insist upon it, that oriental 
 governments know nothing of arbitrary power. I have taken 
 as much pains as I could to examine into the constitutions of 
 them. I have been endeavoring to inform myself at all times 
 on this subject ; of late, my duty has led me to a more minute 
 inspection of them, and I do challenge the whole race of man 
 to show me any of the oriental governors claiming to them- 
 selves a right to act by arbitrary will. 
 
 The greatest part of Asia is under Mahomedan governments. 
 To name a Mahomedan government, is to name a government 
 by law. It is a law enforced by stronger sanctions than any. 
 law, that can bind a Christian sovereign. Their law is believed 
 to be given by God, and it has the double sanction of law and 
 of religion^ with which the prince is no more authorized to 
 dispense than any one else. And, if any man will produce the 
 Koran to me, and will but show me one text in it, that au- 
 thorizes in any degree an arbitrary power in the government, I 
 will confess, that I have read that book, and been conversant 
 in the affairs of Asia, in vain. There is not such a syllable in 
 it; but, on the contrary, against oppressors by name every 
 letter of that law is fulminated. There are interpreters estab- 
 lished throughout all Asia, to explain that law, an order of 
 priesthood, whom they call men of the law. These men are 
 conservators of the law; and, to enable them to preserve it in 
 
 2 H 22* 
 
258 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 its perfection, they are secured from the resentment of the 
 sovereign, for he cannot touch them. Even their kings are not 
 always vested with a real supreme power ; but the government 
 is in some degree republican. 
 
 To bring this point a little nearer home, since we are chal- 
 lenged thus, since we are led into Asia, since we are called 
 upon to make good our charge on the principles of the govern- 
 ments there, rather than on those of our own country, (which 
 I trust your lordships will obhge him finally to be governed by, 
 puffed up as he is with the insolence of Asia,) the nearest to us 
 of the governments he appeals to is that of the Grand Seignior, 
 the emperor of the Turks — He an arbitrary power! Why he 
 has not the supreme power of his own country. Every one 
 knows, that the Grand Seignior is exalted high in titles, as our 
 prerogative lawyers exalt an abstract sovereign, and he cannot • 
 be exalted higher in our books. I say he is destitute of the first | 
 character of sovereign power. He cannot lay a tax upon his ' 
 people. 
 
 The next part, in which he misses of a sovereign power, is, 
 that he cannot dispose of the life, of the property, or of the 
 liberty of any of his subjects, but by what is called the fetfa, 
 or sentence of the law. He cannot declare peace or war 
 without the same sentence of the law ; so much is he, more 11 
 than European sovereigns, a subject of strict law, that he can- - 
 not declare war or peace without it. Then, if he can neither 
 touch life or property, if he cannot lay a tax on his subjects, or -l 
 declare peace or war, I leave it to your lordships' judgment, j 
 whether he can be called, according to the principles of that 
 constitution, an arbitrary power. A Turkish sovereign, if he 
 should be judged by the body of that law to have acted against 
 its principles, (unless he happens to be secured by a faction of " 
 the soldiery,) is liable to be deposed on the sentence of that law, 
 and his successor comes in under the strict limitations of the 
 ancient law^ of that country : neither can he hold his place, dis- 
 pose of his succession, or take any one step whatever, without 
 being bound by law. Thus much may be said, when gentle- 
 men talk of the affairs of Asia, as to the nearest of Asiatic 
 sovereigns; and he is more Asiatic than European, he is a 
 Mahomedan sovereign ; and no Mahomedan is born, who can 
 exercise any arbitrary power at all, consistently with their con- 
 stitution : insomuch that this chief magistrate, who is the highest 
 executive power among them, is the very person, who, by the 
 constitution of the country, is the most fettered by law. 
 
 Corruption is the true cause of the loss of all the benefits of 
 the constitution of that country. The practice of Asia, as the 
 gentleman at your bar has thought fit to say, is what he holds 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 259 
 
 to ; the constitution he flies , away from. The question is, 
 whether you will take the constitution of the country as your 
 rule, of the base practices of those usurpers, robbers, and 
 tyrants, who have subverted it. Undoubtedly much blood, 
 murder, false imprisonment, much peculation, cruelty and rob- 
 bery are to be found in Asia ; and if, instead of going to the 
 sacred laws of the country, he chooses to resort to the iniqui- 
 tous practices of it, and practices authorized only by the public 
 tumult, contention, war, and riot, he may indeed find as clear 
 an acquittal in the practices, as he would find condemnation in 
 the institutions of it. He has rejected the law of England. 
 Your lordships will not suffer it. God forbid ! For my part I 
 should have no sort of objection to let him choose his law— 
 Mahomedan, Tartarean, Gentu. But if he disputes, as he does, 
 the authority of an act of parHament, let him state to me that 
 law, to which he means to be subject, or any law, which he 
 knows, that will justify his actions. I am not authorized to say, 
 that I shall, even in that case, give up what is not in me to 
 give up, because I represent an authority, of which I must 
 stand in awe ; but, for myself, 1 shall confess, that I am brought 
 to public shame, and am not fit to manage the great interests 
 committed to my charge. I therefore again repeat of that 
 Asiatic government, with which we are best acquainted, which 
 has been constituted more in obedience to the laws of Mahomed, 
 than any other, — that the sovereign cannot, agreeably to that 
 constitution, exercise any arbitrary power whatever. 
 
 The next point for us to consider is, whether or no the Ma- 
 homedan constitution of India authorizes that power. The 
 gentleman at your lordships' bar has thought proper to say, 
 that it will be happy for India (though soon after he tells you 
 it is a happiness they can never enjoy) " when the despotic 
 institutes of Genghiz Khan or Tamerlane shall give place to 
 the liberal spirit of the British legislature ; and," says he, " I 
 shall be amply satisfied in my present prosecution, if it shall 
 tend to hasten the approach of an event so beneficial to the 
 great interests of mankind." 
 
 My lords, you have seen what he says about an act of par- 
 liament. Do you not now think it rather an extraordinary 
 thing, that any British subject should, in vindication of the au- 
 thority which he has .exercised, here quote the names and 
 institutes, as he calls them, of fierce conquerors, of men who 
 were the scourges of mankind, whose power was a power 
 which they held by force only ? 
 
 As to the institutes of Genghiz Khan, which he calls arbitrary 
 institutes, I never saw them. If he has that book, he will 
 oblige the public by producing it. I have seen a book existing. 
 
260 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 called Yassa of Genghiz Khan ; the other I never saw. If there 
 be any part of it to justify arbitrary power, he will produce it. 
 But, if we may judge by those ten precepts of Genghiz Khan 
 which we have, there is not a shadow of arbitrary power to 
 be found in any one of them. Institutes of arbitrary power ! 
 Why, if there is arbitrary power, there can be no institutes. 
 
 As to the institutes of Tamerlane; here they are in their 
 original, and here is a translation. I have carefully read every 
 part of these institutes; and if any one shows me one word in 
 them, in which the prince claims in himself arbitrary power, I 
 again repeat, that I shall for my own part confess, that I have 
 brought myself to great shame. There is no book in the world, 
 I believe, which contains nobler, more just, more manly, more 
 pious principles of government than this book, called the Insti- 
 tutions of Tamerlane. Nor is there one word of arbitrary 
 power in it, much less of that arbitrary power which Mr. 
 Hastings supposes himself justified by; namely, a delegated, 
 subordinate, arbitrary power. So far was that great prince 
 from permitting this gross, violent, intermediate, arbitrary 
 power, that I will venture to say, the chief thing, by which he 
 has recommended himself to posterity, was a most direct 
 declaration of all the wrath and indignation of the supreme 
 government against it. But here is the book. It contains the 
 institutes of the founder of the Mogul empire, left as a sacred 
 legacy to his posterity, as a rule for their conduct, and as a 
 means of preserving their power. 
 
 But it is not in this instance only, that I must do justice to 
 the East. I assert that their morality is equal to ours, in what- 
 ever regards the duties of governors, fathers, and superiors ; 
 and I challenge the world to show, in any modern European 
 book, more true morality and wisdom than is to be found in 
 the writings of Asiatic men in high trust; and who have been 
 counsellors to princes. If this be the true morality of Asia, 
 as I affirm, and can prove, that it is, the plea founded on 
 Mr. Hastings's geographical morality is annihilated. 
 
 I little regard the theories of travellers, where they do not 
 relate facts, on which they are founded. I have two instances 
 of facts, attested by Tavernier, a traveller of power and con- 
 sequence, which are very material to be mentioned here, be- 
 cause they show, that, in some of the .instances recorded, in 
 which the princes of the country have used any of those cruel 
 and barbarous executions, which make us execrate them, it 
 has been upon governors who have abused their trust, and 
 that this very oriental authority, to which Mr. Hastings appeals, 
 would have condemned him to a dreadful punishment. I thank 
 God, and I say it from my heart, that even for his enormous 
 
 #1 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 261 
 
 offences there neither is, nor can be, anything hke such punish- 
 ments. God forbid, that we should not as much detest out of 
 the way, mad, furious, and unequal punishments, as we detest 
 enormous and abominable crimes ; because a severe and cruel 
 penalty for a crime of a hght nature is as bad and iniquitous as 
 the crime which it pretends to punish. As the instances I allude 
 to are curious, and as they go to the principles of Mr. Hastings's 
 defence, I shall beg to quote them. 
 
 The first is upon a governor, who did, what Mr. Hastings 
 says he has a power delegated to him to do ; he levied a tax 
 without the consent of his master. " Some years after my de- 
 parture from Com, (says Tavernier,) the governor had, of his 
 own accord, and without any communication with the king, 
 laid a small impost upon every pannier of fruit brought into 
 the city, for the purpose of making some necessary reparations 
 in the walls and bridges of the town. It was towards the end 
 of the year 1632, that the event, I am going to relate, happened. 
 The king being informed of the impost, which the governor 
 had laid upon the fruit, ordered him to be brought in chains to 
 court. The king ordered him to be exposed to the people al 
 one of the gates of the palace : then he commanded the son to 
 pluck off the mustachios of his father, to cut off his nose and 
 ears, to put out his eyes, and then cut off his head. The king 
 then told the son to go and take possession of the government 
 of his father, saying. See that you govern better than this deceased 
 dog, or thy doom shall he a death more exquisitely tormenting.^* 
 
 My lords, you are struck with horror, I am struck with hor- 
 ror, at this punishment. I do not relate it to approve of such 
 a barbarous act ; but to prove to your lordships, that whatever 
 power the princes of that country have, they are jealous of it 
 to such a degree, that, if any of their governors should levy a 
 tax, even the most insignificant, and for the best purposes, he 
 meets with a cruel punishment. I do not justify the punish- 
 ment ; but the severity of it shows, how little of their power 
 the princes of that country mean to delegate to their servants, 
 the whole of which the gentleman at your bar says was dele- 
 gated to him. 
 
 There is another case, a very strong one, and that is the 
 case of presents, which I understand is a custom admitted 
 throughout Asia in all their governments. It was of a person, 
 who was raised to a high office ; no business was suffered to 
 come before him without a previous present. " One morning, 
 the king being at this time on a hunting party, the nazar came 
 to the tent of the king, but was denied entrance by the meter, 
 or master of the wardrobe. About the same time the king 
 came forth, and, seeing the nazar, commanded his officers to 
 
262 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 take off the bonnet from the head of that dog, that took gifts 
 from his people ; and that he should sit three days bareheaded 
 in the heat of the sun, and as many nights in the air. After- 
 wards he caused him to be chained about the neck and arms, 
 and condemned him to perpetual imprisonment, with a mamoudy 
 a day for his maintenance ; but he died for grief within eight 
 days after he was put in prison." 
 
 Do I mean, by reading this to your lordships, to express or 
 intimate an approbation, either of the cruelty of the punish- 
 ment, or of the coarse barbarism of the language ? Neither one 
 nor the other. I produce it to your lordships to prove to you 
 from this dreadful example the horror which that government 
 felt, when any person subject to it assumed to himself a privi- 
 lege to receive presents. The cruelty and severity exercised 
 by these princes is not levelled at the poor, unfortunate people, 
 who complain at their gates, but, to use their own barbarous 
 expression, to dogs, that impose taxes, and take presents. — God 
 forbid, I should use that language. The people, when they 
 complain, are not called dogs and sent away, but the governors, 
 who do these things against the people ; they are called dogs, 
 and treated in that cruel manner. I quote them to show, that 
 no governors in the East, upon any principle of their constitu- 
 tion, or any good practice of their government, can lay arbi- 
 trary imposts, or receive presents. When they escape, it is 
 probably by bribery, by corruption, by creating factions for 
 themselves in the seragho, in the country, in the army, in the 
 divan. But how they escape such punishments, is not my busi- 
 ness to inquire; it is enough for me, that the constitution dis- 
 avows them, that the princes of the country disavow them ; 
 that they revile them with the most horrible expressions, and 
 inflict dreadful punishments on them, when they are called to 
 answer for these offences. 
 
 Thus much concerning the Mahomedan laws of Asia. That 
 the people of Asia have no laws, rights, or liberty, is a doc- 
 trine, that wickedly is to be disseminated through this country. 
 But I again assert, every Mahomedan government is, by its 
 principles, a government of law. 
 
 I shall now state from what is known of the government of 
 India, that it does not, and cannot delegate (as Mr. Hastings 
 has frequently declared) the whole of its powers and authority 
 to him. If they are absolute, as they must be in the supreme 
 power, they ought to be arbitrary in none ; they were, however, 
 never absolute in any of their subordinate parts, and I will 
 prove it by the known provincial constitutions of Hindostan, 
 which are all Mahomedan, the laws of which are as clear, as 
 explicit, and as learned as ours. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 263 
 
 . The first foundation of their law is the Khoran. The next 
 part is the fetfa, or adjudged cases by proper authority, well 
 known there. The next, the written interpretations of the 
 principles of jurisprudence; and their books are as numerous 
 upon the principles of jurisprudence, as in any country in Eu- 
 rope. The next part of their law is what they call the kanon, 
 that is, a positive rule equivalent to acts of parliament, the 
 law of the several powers of the country, taken from the 
 Greek word KANf:>N, which was brought into their country, 
 and is well known. The next is the rage ul mulk, or common 
 law and. custom of the kingdom, equivalent to our common 
 law. Therefore they have laws from more sources than we 
 have, exactly in the same order, grounded upon the same au- 
 thority, fundamentally fixed to be administered to the people 
 upon these principles. 
 
 The next thing is to show, that in India there is a partition 
 of the powers of the govermnent, which proves that there is 
 no absolute power delegated. 
 
 In every province the first person is the soubahdar or nazim, 
 or viceroy: he has the power of the sword, and the adminis- 
 tration of criminal justice only. Then there is the dewan, or 
 high steward ; he has the revenue, and all exchequer causes, 
 under him, to be governed according to the law, and custom, 
 and institutions of the kingdom. 
 
 The law of inheritances, successions, and everything that 
 relates to them, is under the cadi, in whose court these matters 
 are tried. But this too was subdivided. The cadi could not 
 judge, but by the advice of his assessors. Properly in the 
 Mahomedan law there is no appeal, only a removal of the 
 cause; but wh^n there is no judgment, as none can be, when 
 the court is not unanimous, it goes to the general assembly of 
 all the men of the law. 
 
 There are, I will venture to say, other divisions and subdi- 
 visions ; for there are the kanongoes, who hold their places for 
 life, to be the conservators of the canons, customs, and good 
 usages of the country ; all these, as well as the cadi and the 
 mufti, hold their places and situations, not during the wanton 
 pleasure of the prince, but, on permanent and fixed terms, for 
 life. All these powers of magistracy, revenue, and law, are 
 all different, consequently not delegated in the whole to any 
 one person. This is the provincial constitution, and these the 
 laws, of Bengal, which proves, if there were no other proof, 
 by the division of the functions and authorities, that the su- 
 preme power of the state in the Mogul empire did, by no 
 means, delegate to any of its oflficers the supreme power in its 
 fullness. Whether or no we have delegated to Mr. Hastings 
 
264 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 the supreme power of king and parliament, that he should act 
 with the plenitude of authority of the British legislature, you 
 are to judge. 
 
 Mr. Hastings has no refuge here. Let him run from law 
 to law ; let him fly from the common law, and the sacred in- 
 stitutions of the country, in which he was born ; let him fly 
 from acts of parHament, from which his power originated ; let 
 him plead his ignorance of them, or fly in the face of them. 
 Will he fly to the Mahomedan law? — that condemns him. 
 Will he fly to the high magistracy of Asia to defend taking of 
 presents 1 Pad Sha and the sultan would condemn him to a 
 cruel death. Will he fly to the sophis, to the laws of Persia, 
 or to the practice of those monarchs ? I cannot utter the pains, 
 the tortures, that would be inflicted on him, if he were to gov- 
 ern there, as he has done in a British province ! Let him fly 
 where he will, from law to law ; — law (I thank God) meets 
 him everywhere, and enforced too by the practice of the most 
 impious tyrants, which he quotes as if it would justify his con- 
 duct. I would as willingly have him tried by the law of the 
 Khoran, or the institutes of Tamerlane, as on the common law, 
 or statute law, of this kingdom. 
 
 The next question is, whether the Gentu laws justify arbi- 
 trary power ; and, if he finds any sanctuary there, let him take 
 it, with the cow, in the pagoda. The Gentus have a law, 
 which positively proscribes in magistrates any idea of will ; — ' 
 a law, with which, or rather with extracts of it, that gentleman 
 himself has furnished us. These people, in many points, are 
 governed by their own ancient written law, called the shaster. 
 Its interpreters and judges are the pundits. This law is com- 
 prehensive, extending to all the concerns of life, affording prin- 
 ciples and maxims, and legal theories, applicable to all cases, 
 drawn from the sources of natural equity, modified by their in- 
 stitutions, full of refinement and subtilty of distinction, equal to 
 that of any other law, and has the grand test of all law, that, 
 wherever it has prevailed, the country has been populous, 
 flourishing, and happy. 
 
 Upon the whole, then, follow him where you will, — let him 
 have eastern or western law, you find everywhere arbitrary 
 power and peculation of governors proscribed and horribly 
 punished : — more so than I should ever wish to punish any, the 
 most guilty, human creature. And if this be the case, as I hope 
 and trust it has been proved to your lordships, that there is law , 
 in these countries, that there is no delegation of power, which 
 exempts a governor from the law, then I say at any rate a 
 British governor is to answer for his conduct, and cannot be 
 justified by wicked examples and profligate practices. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 265 
 
 But another thing, which he says, is, that he was left to him- 
 self to govern himself by his own practice ; that is to say, 
 when he had taken one bribe, he might take another ; — ^when he 
 had robbed one man of his property, he might rob another ; 
 when he had imprisoned one man arbitrarily, and extorted 
 money from him, he might do so by another. He resorts at 
 first to the practice of barbarians and usurpers ; at last he 
 comes to his own. Now, if your lordships will try him by 
 such maxims and principles, he is certainly clear ; for there is 
 no matter of doubt, that there is nothing he has practised once, 
 which he has not practised again ; and then the repetition of 
 crimes becomes the means of his indemnity. 
 
 The next pleas he urges are not so much in bar of the im- 
 peachment, as in extenuation. The first are to be laid by as 
 claims to be made on motion for arrest of judgment, the others 
 as an extenuation or mitigation of his fine. He says, and with 
 a kind of triumph, the ministry of this country have great legal 
 assistance; commercial lights of the greatest commercial city 
 in the world ; the greatest generals and officers to guide and 
 direct them in military affairs : whereas I, poor man, was sent 
 almost a school-boy from England, or at least little better ; — 
 sent to find my way in that new world as well as I could. I 
 had no men of the law, no legal assistance, to supply my defi- 
 ciencies. At ^Sphingem habebas domi. Had he not the chief 
 justice, the tamed and domesticated chief justice, who waited 
 on him like a familiar spirit, whom he takes from province to 
 province, his amanuensis at home, his postihon, and riding ex- 
 press abroad ? 
 
 Such a declaration would in some measure suit persons who 
 had acted much otherwise than Mr. Hastings. When a man 
 pleads ignorance in justification of his conduct, it ought to be 
 an humble, modest, unpresuming ignorance; — an ignorance, 
 which may have made him lax and timid in the exercise of his 
 duty ; — ^but an assuming, rash, presumptuous, confident, daring, 
 desperate, and disobedient ignorance, heightens every crime 
 that it accompanies. Mr. Hastings, if through ignorance he 
 left some of the company's orders unexecuted, because he did 
 not understand them, might well say, / was an ignorant man, 
 and these things were above my capacity. But when he under- 
 stands them, and when he declares he will not obey them posi- 
 tively and dogmatically ; — when he says, as he has said, and 
 we shall prove it, that he never succeeds better than when he acts 
 in an utter defiance of those cn^ders, and sets at naught the laws 
 of his country ; I believe this will not be thought the language 
 of an ignorant man. But I beg your lordships' pardon ; it is 
 the language of an ignorant man ; for no man^ who was not 
 
 2 1 23 
 
2^56 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 full of a bold, determined, profligate ignorance, could ever 
 think of such a system of defence. He quitted Westminster 
 school almost a boy. We have reason to regret, that he did 
 not finish his education in that noble seminary, which has given 
 so many luminaries to the church, and ornaments to the state. 
 Greatly it is to be lamented, that he did not go to those univer- 
 sities, [w^here arbitrary power will I hope never be heard of; 
 but the true principles of religion, of liberty, and law, will ever 
 be inculcated,] instead of studying in the school of Cossim Ally 
 Cawn. 
 
 If he had lived with us, he would have quoted the examples 
 of Cicero in his government ; he would have quoted several of 
 the sacred and holy prophets, and made them his example. His 
 want of learning, profane as well as sacred, reduces him to the 
 necessity of appealing to every name and authority of barba- 
 rism, tyranny, and usurpation, that are to be found; and from 
 these, he says, from the practice of one part of Asia, or other, I 
 have taken my rule. But your lordships will show him, that in 
 Asia, as well as in Europe, the same law of nations prevails ; 
 the same principles are continually resorted to ; and the same 
 maxims sacredly held and strenuously maintained ; and, how- 
 ever disobeyed, no man suffers from the breach of them, who 
 does not know how and where to complain of that breach ; — 
 that Asia is enlightened in that respect as well as Europe ; but, 
 if it were totally Winded, that England would send out gover- 
 nors to teach them better ; and that he must justify himself to 
 the piety, the truth, the faith of England ; and not by having 
 recourse to the crimes and criminals of other countries, to the 
 barbarous tyranny of Asia, or any other part of the world. 
 
 I will go further with Mr. Hastings, and admit, that, if there 
 be a boy in the fourth form of Westminster school, or any 
 school in England, who does not know, when these articles are 
 read to him, that he has been guilty of gross and enormous 
 crimes, he may have the shelter of his present plea, as far as it 
 will serve him. There are none of us, thank God, so unin- 
 structed, who have learned our catechisms or the first elements 
 of Christianity, who does not know, that such conduct is not to 
 be justified, and least of all by examples. 
 
 There is another topic he takes up more seriously, and as a 
 general rebutter to the charge ; — says he, " After a great many 
 of these practices, with which I am charged, parliament ap- 
 pointed me to my trust, and consequently has acquitted me." 
 Has it, my lords ? I am bold to say, that the Commons are 
 wholly guiltless of this charge. I will admit, if parhament on 
 a full state of his offences before them, and full examination of 
 those offences, had appointed him to the government that then 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 267 
 
 the people of India and England would have just reason to 
 exclaim against so flagitious a proceeding. A sense of pro- 
 priety and decorum might have restrained us from prosecuting. 
 They might have been restrained by some sort of decorum 
 from pursuing him criminally. But the Commons stand before 
 your lordships without shame. First, in their name we solemnly 
 assure your lordships, that w^e had not in our parliamentary 
 capacity, (and most of us — myself, I can say surely — heard very 
 little, and that in confused rumors,) the slightest know^ledge of 
 any one of the acts charged upon this criminal at either of the 
 times of his being appointed to office ; and that we were not 
 guilty of the nefarious act of collusion and flagitious breach of 
 trust, with w^hich he presumes obliquely to charge us ; but from 
 the moment w^e knew^ them, w'e never ceased to condemn them 
 by reports, by votes, by resolutions ; and that w-e admonished 
 and declared it to be the duty of the court of directors to take 
 measures for his recall ; and w^hen frustrated in the way know^n 
 to that court, we then proceeded to an inquiry. Your lordships 
 know, w^hether you were better informed. We are, therefore, 
 neither guihy of the precedent crime of colluding with the 
 criminal, nor the subsequent indecorum of prosecuting what we 
 had virtually and practically approved. 
 
 Secondly ; several of his w^orst crimes have been committed 
 since the last parliamentary renewal of his trust, as appears by 
 the dates in the charge. 
 
 But I believe, my lords, the judges — judges to others, grave 
 and weighty counsellors, and assistants to your lordships, will 
 not on reference assert to your lordships, which God forbid, 
 and we cannot conceive, or hardly state in argument, if but for 
 argument, that if one of the judges had received bribes before 
 his appointment to a higher judiciary office, he w^ould not still 
 be open to prosecution. 
 
 So far from admitting it as a plea in bar, w^e charge, and w^e 
 hope your lordships wall find it an extreme aggravation of his 
 offences, that no favors heaped upon him could make him 
 grateful, no renewed and repeated trusts could make him faithful 
 and honest. 
 
 We have now gone through most of the general topics. 
 
 But, — he is not responsible, as being thanked by the court of 
 directors. He has had the thanks and approbation of the India 
 company for his services. We know too well here, I trust the 
 world knows, — and you will always assert, that a pardon from 
 the crow^n is not pleadable here, that it cannot bar the impeach- 
 ment of the Commons ; much less a pardon of the East India 
 company, though it may involve them in guilt, which might 
 induce us to punish them for such a pardon. If any corporation 
 
268 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 by collusion with criminals refuse to do their duty in coercing 
 them, the magistrates are answerable. 
 
 It is the use, virtue, and efficacy of parHamentary judicial 
 procedure, that it puts an end to this dominion of faction, 
 intrigue, cabal, and clandestine intelligences. The acts of 
 men are put to their proper test, and the works of darkness 
 tried in the face of day — not the corrupted opinions of others 
 on them, but their own intrinsic merits. We charge it as his 
 crime, that he bribed the court of directors to thank him for 
 what they had condemned as breaches of his duty. 
 
 The East India company, it is true, have thanked him. 
 They ought not to have done it ; and it is a reflection upon 
 their character, that they did it. But the directors praise him 
 in the gross, after having condemned each act in detail. His 
 actions are all, every one, censured one by one, as they arise. 
 I do not recollect any one transaction, few there are, I am sure, 
 in the whole body of that succession of crimes now brought 
 before you for your judgment, in which the India company 
 have not censured him. Nay, in one instance he pleads their 
 censure in bar of this trial ; for he says, " In that censure I 
 have already received my punishment." If, for any other rea- 
 sons, they come and say, " We thank you. Sir, for all your 
 services :" to that I answer, Yes ; and / would thank him for 
 his services too, if I knew them. But / do not ; — perhaps they 
 do. Let them thank him for those services. I am ordered to 
 prosecute him for these crimes. Here therefore we are on a 
 balance with the India company ; and your lordships may per- 
 haps think it some addition to his crimes, that he has found 
 means to obtain the thanks of the India company for the whole 
 of his conduct, at the same time that their records are full of 
 constant, uniform, particular censure and reprobation of every 
 one of those acts, for which he now stands accused. 
 
 He says, there is the testimony of Indian princes in his favor. 
 But do we not know how seals are obtained in that country ? 
 do we not know, how those princes are imposed upon ? do we 
 not know the subjection and thraldom, in which they are held, 
 and that they are obliged to return thanks for the sufferings 
 which they have felt ? I believe your lordships will think, that 
 there is not, with regard to some of these princes, a more 
 dreadful thing, that can be said of them, than that he has ob- 
 tained their thanks. 
 
 I understand he has obtained the thanks of the miserable 
 princesses of Oude, whom he has cruelly imprisoned, whose 
 treasure he has seized, and whose eunuchs he has tortured. 
 
 They thank him for going away. They thank him for 
 leaving them the smallest trifle of their subsistence ; and I ven- 
 
\^K IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 269 
 
 ^nure to say, if he wanted a hundred more panegyrics, provi- 
 ded he never came again among them, he might have them. I 
 understand, that Mahdajee Scindia has made his panegyric too. 
 Mahdajee Scindia has not made his panegyric for nothing ; for, 
 if your lordships will suffer him to enter into such a justifica- 
 tion, we shall prove, that he has sacrificed the dignity of this 
 country, and the interests of all its alhes, to that prince. We 
 appear here neither wdth panegyric, nor with satire ; it is for 
 substantial crimes we bring him before you, and amongst 
 others for cruelly using persons of the highest rank and consi- 
 deration in India; and, when we prove he has cruelly injured 
 them, you will think the panegyrics either gross forgeries, or 
 most miserable aggravations of his offences, since they show 
 the abject and dreadful state, into which he has driven those 
 people. For, let it be proved, that I have cruelly robbed and 
 maltreated any persons, if I produce a certificate from them of 
 my good behavior, would it not be a corroborative proof of the 
 terror, into which those persons are thrown by my misconduct? 
 My lords, these are, I believe, the general grounds of our 
 charge — I have now closed completely, and I hope, to your 
 lordship's satisfaction, the whole body of history, of which I 
 wished to put your lordships in possession. I do not mean, 
 that many of your lordships may not have known it more per- 
 fectly by your own previous inquiries ; but bringing to your 
 remembrance the state of the circumstances of the persons, 
 with whom he acted, the persons and power he has abused, — I 
 have gone to the principles he maintains, the precedents he 
 quotes, the laws and authorities which he refuses to abide by, 
 and those on which he relies ; and at last I have refuted all 
 those pleas in bar, on which he depends, and for the effect of 
 which he presumes on the indulgence and patience of this coun- 
 try, or on the corruption of some persons in it. And here I 
 close what I had to say upon this subject ; w^ishing and hoping, 
 that, when I open before your lordships the case more particu- 
 larly, so as to state rather a plan of the proceeding, than the 
 direct proof of the crimes, your lordships will hear me with 
 the same goodness and indulgence I have hitherto experienced; 
 that you will consider, if I have detained you long it was not 
 with a view of exhausting my own strength, or putting your 
 patience to too severe a trial ;* but from the sense I feel, that it 
 is the most difficult and the most compHcated cause, that was 
 ever brought before any human tribunal. 
 
 23* 
 
SPEECH OF MR. BURKE, 
 
 ON THE IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ., ON OPENING THE 
 CHARGE OF BRIBERY, FEBRUARY 18 AND 19, 1788. 
 
 My Lords, 
 
 The gentlemen who are appointed by the Commons to manage 
 this prosecution, have directed me to inform your lordships, that 
 they have very carefully and attentively weighed the magnitude 
 of the subject, which they bring before you, with the tinae, which 
 the nature and circumstances of affairs allows for their conduct- 
 ing it. 
 
 My lords, on that comparison they are very apprehensive, 
 that, if I should go very largely into a preliminary explanation 
 of the several matters in charge, it might be to the prejudice 
 of an early trial of the substantial merits of each article. We 
 have weighed and considered this maturely. We have com- 
 pared exactly the time with the matter, and we have found, that 
 we are obliged to do, as all men must do, who would manage 
 their affairs practicably, to make our opinion, of what might 
 be most advantageous to the business, conform to the time that 
 is left to perform it in. We must, as all men must, submit affairs 
 to time, and not think of making time conform to our wishes : 
 and therefore, my lords, I very wilhngly fall in with the incli- 
 nations of the gentlemen, with whom I have the honor to act, 
 to come as soon as possible to close fighting, and to grapple 
 immediately and directly with the corruptions of India ; to 
 bring before your lordships the direct articles; to apply the 
 evidence to the articles, and to bring the matter forward for 
 your lordships' decision in that manner, which the confidence 
 we have in the justice of our cause demands from the Com- 
 mons of Great Britain. 
 
 My lords, these are the opinions of those with whom I have 
 the honor to act, and in their, opinions I readily acquiesce. For 
 I am far from wishing to waste any of your lordships' time 
 upon any matter merely through any opinion I have of the na- 
 ture of the business, when at the same time I find, that in the 
 opinion of others it might militate against the production of its 
 full, proper, and (if I may so say) its immediate effect. 
 
 It was my design to class the crimes of the late governor of 
 Bengal — to show their mutual bearings — how they were mutu- 
 ally aided, and grew and were formed out of each other. I 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 271 
 
 proposed first of all to show your lordships, that they have their 
 root in that, which, is the origin of all evil, avarice and rapa- 
 city — to show how that led to prodigality .of the public money 
 — and how prodigality of the public money, by wasting the 
 treasures of the East India company, furnished an excuse to 
 the governor-general to break its faith, to violate all its most 
 solemn engagements, and to fall with a hand of stern, ferocious, 
 and unrelenting rapacity upon all the allies and dependencies 
 of the company. But I shall be obliged in some measure to 
 abridge this plan ; and as your lordships already possess, from 
 what I had the honor to state on Saturday, a general view of 
 this matter, you will be in a condition to pursue it when the 
 several articles are presented. 
 
 My lords, I have to state to-day the root of all these misde- 
 meanors — namely, the pecuniary corruption and avarice which 
 gave rise and primary motion to all the rest of the dehnquen- 
 cies, charged to be committed by the governor-general. 
 
 My lords, pecuniary corruption forms not only, as your lord- 
 ships will observe in the charges before you, an article of charge 
 by itself, but likewise so intermixes with the whole, that it is 
 necessary to give, in the best manner I am able, a history of 
 that corrupt system, which brought on all the subsequent acts 
 of corruption. I will venture to say, there is no one act, in 
 which tyranny, malice, cruelty, and oppression can be charged, 
 that does not at the same time carry evident marks of pecuniary 
 corruption. 
 
 I stated to your lordships on Saturday last, the principles 
 upon which Mr. Hastings governed his conduct in India, and 
 upon which he grounds his defence. These may all be re- 
 duced to one short word, arbitrary power. My lords, if Mr. 
 Hastings had contended, as other men have often done, that 
 the system of government, which he patronizes, and on which 
 he acted, was a system tending on the whole to the blessing 
 and benefit of mankind, possibly something might be said for 
 him for setting up so wild, absurd, irrational, and wicked a 
 system. Something might be said to qualify the act from the 
 intention ; but it is singular in this man, that, at the time he tells 
 you he acted on the principles of arbitrary power, he takes 
 care to inform you, that he was not bhnd to the consequences. 
 Mr. Hastings foresaw that the consequence of this system was 
 corruption. An arbitrary system indeed must always be a cor- 
 rupt one. My lords, there never was a man who thought he 
 had no law but his own will, who did not soon find that he had 
 no end but his own profit. Corruption and arbitrary power are 
 of natural unequivocal generation, necessarily producing one 
 another. Mr. Hastings foresees the abusive and corrupt con- 
 
272 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 sequences, and then he justifies his conduct upon the necessities 
 of that system. These are things which are new in the world ; 
 for there never was a man, I beUeve, who contended for arbi- 
 trary power (and there have been persons wicked and foolish 
 enough to contend for it) that did not pretend, either that the 
 system was good in itself, or that by their conduct they had 
 mitigated or had purified it ; and that the poison by passing 
 through their constitution had acquired salutary properties. 
 But if you look at his defence before the House of Commons, 
 you will see, that that very system, upon which he governed, 
 and under which he now justifies his actions, did appear to 
 himself a system pregnant with a thousand evils and a thou- 
 sand mischiefs. 
 
 The next thing, that is remarkable and singular in the prin- 
 ciples, upon which the governor-general acted, is, that when he 
 is engaged in a vicious system, which clearly leads to evil con- 
 sequences, he thinks himself bound to realize all the evil conse- 
 quences involved in that system. All other men have taken a 
 directly contrary course ; they have said, I have been engaged 
 in an evil system, that led indeed to mischievous consequences, 
 but I have taken care by my own virtues to prevent the evils 
 of the system, under which I acted. 
 
 We say then, not only that he governed arbitrarily, but cor- 
 ruptly, that is to say, that he was a giver and receiver of bribes, 
 and formed a system for the purpose of giving and receiving 
 them. We wish your lordships distinctly to consider, that he 
 did not only give and receive bribes accidentally, as it happened 
 without any system and design, merely as the opportunity or 
 momentary temptation of profit urged him to it, but that he has 
 formed plans and systems of government for the very purpose 
 of accumulating bribes and presents to himself. This system 
 of Mr. Hastings's government is such a one, I believe, as the 
 British nation in particular will disown ; for I will venture to 
 say, that, if there is any one thing, which distinguishes this 
 nation eminently above another, it is, that in its offices at home, 
 both judicial and in the state, there is less suspicion of pecuniai:y 
 corruption attaching to them, than to any similar offices in any 
 part of the globe, or that have existed at any time ; so that he, 
 who would set up a system of corruption, and attempt to justify 
 it upon the principle of utility, that man is staining not only the 
 nature and character of office, but that, which is the peculiar 
 glory of the official and judicial character of this country ; and 
 therefore in this house, which is eminently the guardian of the 
 purity of all the offices of this kingdom, he ought to be called 
 eminently and peculiarly to account. There are many things 
 undoubtedly in crimes, which make them frightful and odious ; 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 273 
 
 but bribery, filthy hands, a chief governor of a great empire 
 receiving bribes from poor miserable indigent people, this is 
 what makes government itself base, contemptible and odious in 
 the eyes of mankind. 
 
 My lords, it is certain, that even tyranny itself may find 
 some specious color, and appear as more severe and rigid exe- 
 cution of justice. Religious persecution may shield itself under 
 the guise of a mistaken and over-zealous piety. Conquest may 
 cover its baldness with its own laurels, and the ambition of the 
 conqueror may be hid in the secrets of his own heart under a 
 veil of benevolence, and make him imagine he is bringing 
 temporary desolation upon a country, only to promote its ulti- 
 mate advantage and his own glory. But in the principles of 
 that governor, who makes nothing but money hi^ object, there 
 can be nothing of this. There are here none of those specious 
 delusions, that look like virtues, to veil either the governed or 
 the governor. If you look at Mr. Hastings's merits, as he 
 calls them, what are they ? Did he improve the internal state of 
 the government by great reforms 1 No such thing : or by a 
 wise and incorrupt administration of justice 1 No. — Has he 
 enlarged the boundary of our government ? No ; there are 
 but too strong proofs of his lessening it. But his pretensions 
 to merit are, that he squeezed more money out of the inhabit- 
 ants of the country than other persons could have done — m.oney 
 got by oppression, violence, extortion from the poor, or the 
 heavy hand of power upon the i-ich and great. 
 
 These are his merits. What we charge as his demerits are 
 all of the same nature; for though there is undoubtedly oppres- 
 sion, breach of faith, cruelty, perfidy, charged upon him, yet 
 the great ruling principle of the whole, and that, from which 
 you can never have an act free, is money — it is the vice of 
 base avarice, which never is, nor ever appears even to the 
 prejudices of mankind to be, anything like a virtue. Our 
 desire of acquiring sovereignty in India undoubtedly originated 
 first in ideas of safety and necessity ; its next step was a step 
 of ambition. That ambition, as generally happens in conquest, 
 was followed by gains of money ; but afterwards there was no 
 mixture at all ; it was, during Mr. Hastings's time, altogether a 
 business of money. If he has extirpated a nation, I will not 
 say whether properly or improperly, it is because (says he) you 
 have all the benefit of conquest without expense, you have got 
 a large sum of money from the people, and you may leave 
 them to be governed by whom, and as they will. This is di- 
 rectly contrary to the principles of conquerors. If he has at 
 any time taken any money from the dependencies of the com- 
 pany, he does not pretend, that it was obtained from their zeal 
 
 2K 
 
274 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 and affection to our cause, or that it made their submission 
 more complete; very far from it. He says, they ought to be 
 independent, and all, that you have to do, is to squeeze money 
 from them. In short, money is the beginning, the middle, and 
 the end of every kind of act done by Mr. Hastings — pretend- 
 edly for the company, but really for himself. 
 
 Having said so much about the origin, the first principle 
 both of that, which he makes his merit, and which we charge 
 as his demerit ; the next step is, that I should lay open to your 
 lordships, as clearly as I can, what the sense of his employers, 
 the East India company, and what the sense of the legislature 
 itself has been upon those merits and demerits of money. 
 
 My lords, the company, knowing that these money transac- 
 tions were likeiy to subvert that empire, which was first estab- 
 lished upon them, did, in the year 1765, send out a body of the 
 strongest and most solemn covenants to their servants, that 
 they should take no presents from the country powers under 
 any name or description, except those things, which were pub- 
 licly and openly taken for the use of the company, namely, ter- 
 ritories or sums of money, which might be obtained by treaty. 
 They distinguished such presents, as were taken from any per- 
 sons privately and unknown to them, and without their authori- 
 ty, from subsidies ; and that this is the true nature and con- 
 struction of their order, I shall contend, and explain afterwards 
 to your lordships. They have said, nothing shall be taken for 
 their private use ; for though in that and in every state there 
 may be subsidiary treaties, by which sums of money may be 
 received, yet they forbid their servants, their governors, what- 
 ever appKcation they might pretend to make of them, to receive, 
 under any other name or pretence, more than a certain marked 
 simple sum of money, and this not without the consent and 
 permission of the presidency, to which they belong. This is 
 the substance, the principle, and the spirit of the covenants, 
 and will show your lordships how radicated an evil this of 
 bribery and presents was judged to be. 
 
 When these covenants arrived in India, the servants refused 
 at first to execute them ; and suspended the execution of them, 
 till they had enriched themselves with presents. Eleven months 
 elapsed, and it was not till Lord Clive reached the place of his 
 destination, that the covenants were executed ; and they were 
 not executed then without some degree of force. Soon after- 
 wards the treaty was made with the country powers, by which 
 Shuja ul Dowla was re-established in the province of Oude, and 
 paid a sum of 500,000/. to the company for it. It was a public 
 payment, and there was not a suspicion, that a single shilling 
 of private emolument attended it. But whether Mr. Hastings 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 275 
 
 had the example of others or not, their example could not jus- 
 tify his briberies. He was sent there to put an end to all those 
 examples. The company did expressly vest him with that 
 power. They declared at that time, that the w^hole of their 
 service was totally corrupted by bribes and presents, and by 
 extravagance and luxury, which partly gave rise to them ; and 
 these in their turn enabled them to pursue those excesses. 
 They not only reposed trust in the integrity of Mr. Hastings, 
 but reposed trust in his remarkable frugality and order in his 
 affairs, which they considered as things that distinguished his 
 character. But in his defence we have him quite in another 
 character, no longer the frugal attentive servant bred to busi- 
 ness, bred to book-keeping, as all the company's servants are ; 
 he now knows nothing of his own affairs, knows not whether 
 he is rich or poor, knows not what he has in the world. Nay, 
 people are brought forward to say, that they know better than 
 he does what his affairs are. He is not like a careful man bred 
 in a counting-house, and by the directors put into an office of 
 the highest trust on account of the regularity of his affairs ; he 
 is hke one buried in the contemplation of the stars, and knows 
 nothing of the things in this world. It was then on account of 
 an idea of his great integrity, that the company put him into 
 this situation. Since that he has thought proper to justify him- 
 self, not by clearing himself of receiving bribes, but by saying, 
 that no bad consequences resulted from it, and that, if any 
 such evil consequences did arise from it, they arose rather 
 from his inattention to money than from his desire of ac- 
 quiring it. 
 
 I have stated to your lordships the nature of the covenants, 
 which the East India company sent out. Afterwards, when 
 they found their servants had refused to execute these cove- 
 nants, they not only very severely reprehended even a mo- 
 ment's delay in their execution, and threatened the exacting 
 the most strict and rigorous performance of them, but they 
 sent a commission to enforce the observance of them more 
 strongly ; and that commission had it specially in charge never 
 to receive presents. They never sent out a person to India 
 without recognizing the grievance, and without ordering, that 
 presents should not be received, as the main fundamental part 
 of their duty, and upon which all the rest depended, as it cer- 
 tainly must : for persons at the head of government should not 
 encourage that by example, which they ought by precept, au- 
 thority and force, to restrain in all below them. That com- 
 mission failing, another commission was preparing to be sent 
 out with the same instructions, when an act of parliament took 
 it up: and that act, which gave Mr. Hastings power, did 
 
276 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 mould in the very first stamina of his power this principle, in 
 words the most clear and forcible, that an act of parliament 
 could possibly devise upon the subject. And that act was 
 made not only upon a general knowledge of the grievance, but 
 your lordships will see in the reports of that time, that parlia- 
 ment had directly in view before them the whole of that mon- 
 strous head of corruption under the name of presents, and all 
 the monstrous consequences, that followed it. 
 
 Now, my lords, every oiiice of trust, in its very nature, for- 
 bids the receipt of bribes. But Mr. Hastings was forbidden it, 
 first, by his official situation; next by covenant; and lastly by 
 act of parhament — that is to say, by all the things, that bind 
 mankind, or that can bind them, — first, moral obligation in- 
 herent in the duty of their office ; next, the positive injunctions 
 of the legislature of the country ; and lastly, a man's own pri- 
 vate, particular, voluntary act and covenant. These three, 
 the great and only obligations that bind mankind, all united in 
 the focus of this single point — that they should take no presents. 
 
 I am to mark to your lordships, that this law and this cove- 
 nant did consider indirect w^ays of taking presents — taking 
 them by others, and such like, — directly in the very same light 
 as they considered taking them by themselves. It is perhaps a 
 much more dangerous way, because it adds to the crime a 
 false prevaricating mode of conceahng it, and makes it much 
 more mischievous by admitting others into the participation of 
 it. Mr. Hastings has said, and it is one of the general com- 
 plaints of Mr. Hastings, that he is made answerable for the 
 acts of other men. It is a thing inherent in the nature of his 
 situation. All those, who enjoy a great superintending trust, 
 w^hich is to regulate the whole affairs of an empire, are respon- 
 sible for the acts and conduct of other men, so far as they had 
 anything to do with appointing them, or holding them in their 
 places, or having any sort of inspection into their conduct. 
 
 But when a governor presumes to remove from their situa- 
 tions those persons, whom the pubhc authority and sanction of 
 the company have appointed, and obtrudes upon them by vio- 
 lence other persons, superseding the orders of his masters, he 
 becomes doubly responsible for their conduct. If the persons 
 he names should be of notorious evil character and evil princi- 
 ples, and if this should be perfectly known to himself, and of 
 public notoriety to the rest of the world, then another strong 
 responsibility attaches on him for the acts of those persons. 
 
 Governors, we know very well, cannot with their own hands 
 be continually receiving bribes ; for then they must have as 
 many hands, as one of the idols in an Indian temple, in order 
 to receive all the bribes, which a governor-general may re- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 277 
 
 ceive; but they have them vicariously. As there are many 
 offices, so he has had various officers, for receiving and dis- 
 tributing his bribes ; he has had a great many, some white and 
 some black, agents. The white men are loose and hcentious ; 
 they are apt to have resentments, and to be bold in revenging 
 them. The black men are very secret and mysterious ; they 
 are not apt to have very quick resentments, they have not the 
 same liberty and boldness of language, which characterize Eu- 
 ropeans; and they have fears too for themselves, which makes 
 it more likely, that they will conceal anything committed to 
 them by Europeans. Therefore Mr. Hastings had his black 
 agents, not one, two, three, but many, disseminated through 
 the country ; no two of them hardly appear to be in the secret 
 of any one bribe. He has had likewise his white agents — they 
 were necessary — a Mr. Larkins and a Mr. Crofts. Mr. Crofts 
 was sub-tre 'U'er, and Mr. Larkins accountant-general. These 
 were the last persons of all others, that should have had any- 
 thing to do with bribes ; yet these were some of his agents in 
 bribery. There are few instances in comparison of the whole 
 number of bribes, but there are some, where two men are in 
 the secret of the same bribe. Nay, it appears, that there was 
 one bribe divided into different payments at different times — 
 that one part was committed to one black secretary — another 
 part to another black secretary. So that it is almost impossible 
 to make up a complete body of all his bribery : you may find 
 the scattered limbs, some here, and others there; and while you 
 are employed in picking them up, he may escape entirely in a 
 prosecution for the whole. 
 
 The first act of his government in Bengal was the most bold 
 and extraordinary, that I beheve ever entered into the head of 
 any man, I will say, of any tyrant. It was no more or less 
 than a general (almost exceptless) confiscation, in time of pro- 
 found peace, of all the landed property in Bengal, upon most 
 extraordinary pretences. Strange as this may appear, he did 
 so confiscate it ; he put it up to a pretended public, in reality 
 to a private, corrupt auction ; and such favored landholders, as 
 came to it, were obliged to consider themselves as not any 
 longer proprietors of the estates, but to recognize themselves 
 as farmers under government : and even those few, that were 
 permitted to remain on their estates, had their payments raised 
 at his arbitrary discretion; and the rest of the lands were 
 given to farmers general, appointed by him and his committee, 
 at a price fixed by the same arbitrary discretion. 
 
 It is necessary to inform your lordships, that the revenues of 
 Bengal are for the most part territorial revenues, great quit- 
 rents issuing out of lands. I shall say nothing either of the 
 
 24 
 
278 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 nature of this property, of the rights of the people to it, or of 
 the mode of exacting the rents, till that great question of reve- 
 nues, one of the greatest which we shall have to lay before 
 you, shall be brought before your lordships particularly and 
 specially as an article of charge. I only mention it now as an 
 exemplification of the great principle of corruption, which 
 guided Mr. Hastings's conduct. 
 
 When the ancient nobility, the great princes (for such I may 
 call them) a nobility, perhaps, as ancient as that of your lord- 
 ships (and a more truly noble body never existed in that char- 
 acter ;) my lords, when all the nobiUty, some of whom have 
 borne the rank and port of princes, all the gentry, all the free- 
 holders of the country, had their estates in that manner confis- 
 cated, that is, either given to themselves to hold on the footing 
 of farmers, or totally confiscated ; when such an act of tyranny 
 was done, no doubt, some good was pretended. This confis- 
 cation was made by Mr. Hastings, and the lands let to these 
 farmers for five years, upon an idea, which always accompanies 
 his acts of oppression, the idea of moneyed merit. He adopted 
 this mode of confiscating the estates, and letting them to 
 farmers, for the avowed purpose of seeing how much it was 
 possible to take out of them. Accordingly he set them up to 
 this wild and wicked auction, as it would have been, if it had 
 been a real one — corrupt and treacherous, as it was. He set 
 these lands up for the purpose of making that discovery, and 
 pretended, that the discovery would yield a most amazing 
 increase of rent. And for some time it appeared so to do, till 
 it came to the touchstone of experience ; and then it was found, 
 that there was a defalcation from these monstrous raised reve- 
 nues, which were to cancel in the minds of the directors the 
 wickedness of so atrocious, flagitious, and horrid an act of 
 treachery. At the end of five years, what do you think was 
 the failure ? — No less than 2,050,000/. Then a new source of 
 corruption was opened, that is, how to deal with the balances : 
 for every man, who had engaged in these transactions, was a 
 debtor to government, and the remission of that debt depended 
 upon the discretion of the governor general. Then the persons, 
 who were to settle the composition of that immense debt, who 
 were to see how much was recoverable, and how much not, 
 were able to favor, or to exact to the last shilHng ; and there 
 never existed a doubt, but that, not only upon the original cruel 
 exaction, but upon the remission afterwards, immense gains 
 were derived. This will account for the manner, in which 
 those stupendous fortunes, which astonish the world, have been 
 made. They have been made — first, by a tyrannous exaction 
 from the people, who were suflfered to remain in possession of 
 
IMPEACHxMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 279 
 
 their own land as farmers, then by selling the rest to farmers 
 at rents and under hopes, which could never be realized, and 
 then getting money for the relaxation of their debts. But 
 whatever excuse, and however wicked, there might have been 
 for this wicked act, namely, that it carried upon the face of it 
 some sort of appearance of public good, that is to say, that sort 
 of pubhc good, which Mr. Hastings so often professed, of 
 ruining the country for the benefit of the company ; yet, in fact, 
 this business of balances is that nidus, in which have been 
 nestled and bred and born all the corruptions of India ; — first, 
 by making extravagant demands, and afterwards by making 
 corrupt relaxations of them. 
 
 Besides this monstrous failure in consequence of a miserable 
 exaction, by which more was attempted to be forced from the 
 country than it was capable of yielding, and this by way of 
 experiment, when your lordships come to inquire who the far- 
 mers-general of the revenue were, you would naturally expect 
 to find them to be the men in the several countries, who had 
 the most interest, the greatest wealth, the best knowledge of the 
 revenue and resources of the country, in which they lived. 
 These would be thought the natural proper farmers-general of 
 each district. No such thing, my lords. They are found in 
 the body of people, whom I have mentioned to your lordships. 
 They were almost all let to Calcutta banyans. Calcutta ban- 
 yans were the farmers of almost the whole. They sub- 
 delegated to others, who sometimes had sub-delegates under 
 them ad infinitum. The whole formed a system together through 
 the succession of black tyrants scattered through the country, 
 in which you at last find the European at the end, sometimes 
 indeed not hid very deep, not above one between him and the 
 farmer, namely, his banyan directly, or some other black per- 
 son to represent him. But some have so managed the affair, 
 that when you inquire who the farmer is — Was such a one 
 farmer ? — No. Cantoo Baboo ? — No. Another ? — No : at last 
 you find three deep of fictitious farmers, and you find the 
 European gentlemen, high in place and authority, the real farm- 
 ers of the settlement. So that the zemindars were dispossessed, 
 the country racked and ruined for the benefit of an European, 
 under the name of a farmer : for you will easily judge whether 
 these gentlemen had fallen so deeply in love with the banyans, 
 and thought so highly of their merits and services, as to reward 
 them with all the possessions of the great landed interest of the 
 country. Your lordships are too grave, wise and discerning, 
 to make it necessary for me to say more upon that subject. 
 Tell me, that the banyans of English gentlemen, dependants on 
 them at Calcutta, were the farmers throughout, and I believe 
 
280 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 I need not tell your lordships, for whose benefit they were 
 farmers. 
 
 But there is one of these, who comes so nearly, indeed so 
 precisely within this observation, that it is impossible for me to 
 pass him by. Whoever has heard of Mr. Hastings's name, 
 with any knowledge of Indian connexions, has heard of his 
 banyan Cantoo Baboo. This man is well known in the records 
 of the company, as his agent for receiving secret gifts, confis- 
 cations, and presents. You would have imagined, that he would 
 at least have kept him out of these farms, in order to give the 
 measure a color at least of disinterestedness, and to show that . i 
 this whole system of corruption and pecuniary oppression was |{ 
 carried on for the benefit of the company. The governor-gene- ' 
 ral and council made an ostensible order, by which no collector, 
 or person concerned in the revenue, should have any connex- 
 ion with these farms. This order did not include the governor- 
 general in the words of it, but more than included him in the j 
 spirit of it : because his power to protect a farmer-general in ' 
 the person of his own servant was infinitely greater than that 
 of any subordinate person. Mr. Hastings, in breach of this 
 order, gave farms to his own banyan. You find him the farmer 
 of great, of vast, and extensive farms. 
 
 Another regulation that was made on that occasion, was, 
 that no farmer should have, except in particular cases, which 
 were marked, described, and accurately distinguished, a greater 
 farm than what paid 10,000/. a year to government. Mr. Hast- 
 ings, who had broken the first regulation by giving any farm 
 at all to his banyan, finding himself bolder, broke the second 
 too, and, instead of 10,000/. gave him farms paying a revenue 
 of 130,000/. a year to government. Men undoubtedly have 
 been known to be under the dominion of their domestics : such 
 things have happened to great men ; they never have happened 
 justifiably, in my opinion. They have never happened excusa- 
 bly ; but we are acquainted sufficiently with the weakness of 
 human nature to know that a domestic, who has served you in 
 a near office long, and in your opinion faithfully, does become 
 a kind of relation : it brings on a great afl^ection and regard 
 for his interest. Now was this the case with Mr. Hastings and 
 Cantoo Baboo ? Mr. Hastings was just arrived at his govern- 
 ment, and Cantoo Baboo had been but a year in his service ; 
 so that he could not in that time have contracted any great de- 
 gree of friendship for him. These people do not live in your 
 house; the Hindoo servants never sleep in it ; they cannot eat 
 with your servants ; they have no second table, in which they 
 can be continually about j^ou, to be domesticated with yourself, 
 a part of your being, as people's servants are to a certain de- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 281 
 
 gree. These persons live all abroad ; they come at stated hours 
 upon matters of business, and nothing more. But if it had been 
 otherwise, Mr. Hastings's connexion with Cantoo Baboo had 
 been but of a year's standing : he had l^efore served in that ca- 
 pacity Mr. Sykes, who recommended him to Mr. Hastings. 
 Your lordships then are to judge, whether such outrageous vio- 
 lations of all the principles, by which Mr. Hastings pretended 
 to be guided in the settlement of these farms, were for the 
 benefit of this old, decayed, affectionate servant of one year's 
 standing — your lordships will judge of that. 
 
 I have here spoken only of the beginning of a great noto- 
 rious system of corruption ; which branched out so many 
 ways, and into such a variety of abuses, and has afflicted that 
 kingdom with such horrible evils from that day to this, that I 
 will venture to say it will make one of the greatest, weightiest, 
 and most material parts of the charge, that is now before you ; 
 as I beheve I need not tell your lordships, that an attempt to 
 set up the whole landed interest of a kingdom to auction must 
 .be attended, not only in that act, but every consequential act, 
 with most grievous and terrible consequences. 
 
 My lords, I will now come to a scene of peculation of an- 
 other kind ; namely, a peculation by the direct sale of offices of 
 justice ; by the direct sale of the successions of families ; by 
 the sale of guardianships, and trusts, held most sacred among 
 the people of India ; by the sale of them, not as before to farm- 
 ers, not as you might imagine to near relations of the fami- 
 lies, but a sale of them to the unfaithful servants of those fami- 
 lies, their own perfidious servants, who had ruined their estates, 
 who, if any balances had accrued to the government, had been 
 the cause of those debts. Those very servants were put in 
 power over their estates, their persons and their families by Mr. 
 Hastings for a shameful price. It will be proved to your lord- 
 ships in the course of this business, that Mr. Hastings has done 
 this in another sacred trust, the most sacred trust a man can 
 have ; that is, in the case of those vackiels (as they call them) 
 agents, or attorneys, who had been sent to assert and support 
 the rights of their miserable masters before the council-general. 
 It will be proved, that these vackiels were by Mr. Hastings, for 
 a price to be paid for it, put in possession of the very power, 
 situation, and estates of those masters, who sent them to Cal- 
 cutta to defend them from wrong and violence. The selling 
 offices of justice, the sale of succession in families, of guardian- 
 ships and other sacred trusts, the selling masters to their ser^ 
 vants, and principals to the attorneys they employed to defend 
 themselves, were all parts of the same system ; and these were 
 
 2 L 24* 
 
283 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 the horrid ways, in which he received bribes beyond any com- 
 mon rate. 
 
 When Mr. Hastings was appointed in the year 1773 to be 
 governor-general of Bengal, together with Mr. Barwell, Gene- 
 ral Clavering, Colonel Monson, and Mr. Francis, the company, 
 knowing the former corrupt state of their service (but the 
 whole corrupt system of Mr. Hastings at that time not being 
 known, or even suspected at home) did order them, in discharge 
 of the spirit of the act of parliament, to make an inquiry into 
 all manner of corruptions and malversations in office, without 
 the exception of any persons whatever. Your lordships are to 
 know, that the act did expressly authorize the court of direc- 
 tors to frame a body of instructions, and to give orders to their 
 new servants, appointed under the act of parliament, lest it 
 should be supposed, that they, by their appointment under the 
 act, could supersede the authority of the directors. 
 
 The directors, sensible of the power left in them over their 
 servants by the act of parliament, though their nomination was 
 taken from them, did, agreeably to the spirit and power of that 
 act, give this order. 
 
 The council consisted of two parties ; Mr. Hastings and Mr. 
 Barwell, who were chosen, and kept there, upon the idea of 
 their local knowledge ; and the other three, who were appoint- 
 ed on account of their great parts and known integrity. And 
 I will venture to say, that those three gentlemen did so execute 
 their duty in India in all the substantial parts of it, that they will 
 serve as a shield to cover the honor of England, whenever this 
 country is upbraided in India. 
 
 They found a rumor running through the country of great 
 peculations and oppressions. Soon after, when it was known, 
 what their instructions were, and that the council was ready, 
 as is the first duty of all governors, even when there is no ex- 
 press order, to receive complaints against the oppressions and 
 corruptions of government in any part of it — they found such 
 a body (and that body shall be produced to your lordships) of 
 corruption and peculation in every walk, in every department, in 
 every situation of life, in the sale of the most sacred trusts, and 
 in the destruction of the most ancient families of the country, 
 as I believe in so short a time never was unveiled since the 
 world began. 
 
 Your lordships would imagine, that Mr. Hastings would at 
 least ostensibly have taken some part in endeavoring to bring 
 these corruptions before the public, or that he would at least 
 have acted with some little management in his opposition. But 
 alas ! it was not in his power ; there was not one, I think, but I 
 am sure very few, of these general articles of corruption, in 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 283 
 
 which the most eminent figure in the crowd, the principal 
 figure as it were in the piece, was not Mr. Hastings himself. 
 There were a great many others involved ; for all departments 
 were corrupted and vitiated. But you could not open a page, 
 in which you did not see Mr. Hastings, or in which you did not 
 see Cantoo Baboo. Either the black or white side of Mr. 
 Hastings constantly was visible to the world in every part of 
 these transactions. 
 
 With the other gentlemen, who were visible too, I have at 
 present no dealing. Mr. Hastings, instead of using any man- 
 agement on that occasion, instantly set up his power and 
 authority, directly against the majority of the council, directly 
 against his colleagues, directly against the authority of the 
 East India company and the authority of the act of parliament, 
 to put a dead stop to all these inquiries. He broke up the 
 council the moment they attempted to perform this part of their 
 duty. As the evidence multiplied upon him, the daring exer- 
 tions of his power in stopping all inquiries increased continually. 
 But he gave a credit and authority to the evidence by these 
 attempts to suppress it. 
 
 Your lordships have heard, that among the body of the ac- 
 cusers of this corruption there was a principal man in the 
 country, a man of the first rank and authority in it, called 
 Nundcomar, who had the management of revenues amounting 
 to 150,000/. a year, and who had, if really inclined to play the 
 small game with which he has been charged by his accusers, 
 abundant means to gratify himself in playing great ones ; but 
 Mr. Hastings has himself given him, upon the records of the 
 company, a character, which would at least justify the council 
 in making some inquiry into charges made by him. 
 
 First, he was perfectly competent to make them, because he 
 was in the management of those affairs, from which Mr. Hast- 
 ings is supposed to have received corrupt emolument. He and 
 his son were the chief managers in those transactions. He 
 was, therefore, perfectly competent to it. — Mr. Hastings has 
 cleared his character ; for, though it is true in the contradic- 
 tions, in which Mr. Hastings has entangled himself, he has 
 abused and insulted him, and particularly after his appearance, 
 as an accuser, yet before this he has given this testimony of 
 him, that the hatred, that had been drawn upon him, and the 
 general obloquy of the English nation, was on account of his 
 attachment to his own prince and the liberties of his country. 
 Be he what he might, I am not disposed, nor have I the least 
 occasion, to defend either his conduct or his memory. 
 
 It is to no purpose for Mr. Hastings to spend time in idle 
 objections to the character of Nundcomar. Let him be as bad 
 
i 
 
 1th I 
 
 284 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 as Mr. Hastings represents him. I suppose he was a caballing 
 bribing, intriguing politician, like others in that country, both 
 black and white. We know, associates in dark and evil actions 
 are not generally the best of men; but be that as it will, it 
 generally happens, that they are the best of all discoverers. If 
 Mr. Hastings were the accuser of Nundcomar, I should think 
 the presumptions equally strong against Nundcomar, if he had 
 acted as Mr. Hastings has acted. He was not only competent, 
 but the most competent of all men to be Mr. Hastings's ac- 
 cuser. But Mr. Hastings has himself established both his 
 character, and his competency, by employing him against Ma- 
 homed Reza Khan. He shall not blow hot and cold. In what 
 respect was Mr. Hastings better than Mahomed Reza Khan, 
 that the whole rule, principle, and system of accusation and 
 inquiry should be totally reversed in general, nay, reversed in 
 the particular instance, the moment he became accuser against 
 Mr. Hastings. Such was the accuser. He was the man, that 
 gave the bribes, and, in addition to his own evidence, offers 
 proof by other witnesses. 
 
 What was the accusation ? Was the accusation improbable, 
 either on account of the subject-matter, or the actor in it ? Does 
 such an appointment as that of Munny Begum in the most 
 barefaced evasion of his orders appear to your lordships a 
 matter, that contains no just presumptions of guilt? so that 
 when a charge of bribery comes upon it, you are prepared to 
 reject it, as if the action were so clear and proper, that no man 
 could attribute it to an improper motive ? And, as to the man, 
 is Mr. Hastings a man, against whom a charge of bribery is 
 improbable? Why, he owns it. He is a professor of it. He 
 reduces it into scheme and system. He glories in it. He turns 
 it to merit, and declares it is the best way of supplying the 
 exigencies of the company. Why therefore should it be held 
 improbable? — But I cannot mention this proceeding without 
 shame and horror. 
 
 My lords, when this man appeared as an accuser of Mr. 
 Hastings, if he was a man of bad character, it was a great 
 advantage to Mr. Hastings to be accused by a man of that 
 description. There was no likelihood of any great credit being 
 given to him. 
 
 This person, who, in one of those sales, of which I have al- 
 ready given you some account in the history of the last period 
 of the revolutions of Bengal, had been, or thought he had been, 
 cheated of his money, had made some discoveries, and been 
 guilty of that great irremissible sin in India, the disclosure of 
 peculation. He afterwards came with a second disclosure, and 
 was likely to have odium enough upon the occasion. He di- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 285 
 
 rectly charged Mr. Hastings with the receipt of bribes amount- 
 ing together to about 40,000/. sterhng, given by himself, on his 
 own account, and that of Munny Begum. The charge was 
 accompanied with every particular, which could facilitate 
 proof or detection, time, place, persons, species, to whom paid, 
 by whom received. Here was a fair opportunity for Mr. 
 Hastings at once to defeat the malice of his enemies, and to 
 clear his character to the world. His course was different. 
 He railed much at the accuser, but did not attempt to. refute 
 the accusation. He refuses to permit the inquiry to go on, at- 
 tempts to dissolve the council, commands his banyan not to at- 
 tend. The council however goes on, examines to the bottom, 
 and resolves, that the charge was proved, and that the money 
 ought to go to the company. Mr. Hastings then broke up the 
 council, I will not say whether legally or illegally. The com- 
 pany's law counsel thought he might legally do it ; but he cor- 
 ruptly did it, and left mankind no room to judge but that it was 
 done for the screening of his own guilt ; for a man may use a 
 legal power corruptly, and for the most shameful and detestable 
 purposes. And thus matters continued, till he commenced a 
 criminal prosecution against this man — this man, whom he 
 dared not meet as a defendant. 
 
 Mr. Hastings, instead of answering the charge, attacks the 
 accuser. Instead of meeting the man in front, he endeavored 
 to go round, to come upon his flanks and rear, but never to 
 meet him in the face upon the ground of his accusation, as he 
 was bound by the express authority of law, and the express 
 injunctions of the directors, to do. If the bribery is not ad- 
 mitted on the evidence of Nundcomar, yet his suppressing it is 
 a crime — a violation of the orders of the court of directors. 
 He disobeyed those instructions ; and if it be only for disobe- 
 dience, for rebellion against his masters (putting the corrupt 
 motive out of the question), I charge him for this disobedience, 
 and especially on account of the principles, upon which he 
 proceeded in it. 
 
 Then he took another step; he accused Nundcomar of a 
 conspiracy, which was a way he then and ever since has used, 
 whenever means were taken to detect any of his own iniquities. 
 
 And here it becomes necessary to mention another circum- 
 stance of history, that the legislature, not trusting entirely to 
 the governor-general and council, had sent out a court of jus- 
 tice to be a counter security against these corruptions, and to 
 detect and punish any such misdemeanors as might appear. 
 And this court I take for granted has done great services. 
 
 Mr. Hastings flew to this court, which was meant to protect 
 in their situations informers against bribery and corruption, 
 
286 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 rather than to protect the accused from any of the preliminary- 
 methods, which must indispensably be used for the purpose of 
 detecting their guilt ; he flew to this court, charging this Nund- 
 comar and others with being conspirators. 
 
 A man might be convicted as a conspirator, and yet after- 
 wards live ; he might put the matter into other hands, and go 
 on with his information ; nothing less than stone-dead would do 
 the business. And here happened an odd concurrence of cir- 
 cumstances. Long before Nundcomar preferred his charge, he 
 knew, that Mr. Hastings was plotting his ruin, and that for this 
 purpose he had used a man, whom he, Nundcomar, had turned 
 out of doors, called Mohun Persaud. Mr. Hastings had seen 
 papers put upon the board, charging him with this previous 
 plot for the destruction of Nundcomar; and this identical per- 
 son, Mohun Persaud, whom Nundcomar had charged as Mr. 
 Hastings's associate in plotting his ruin, was now again brought 
 forward, as the principal evidence against him. I will not 
 enter (God forbid I should) into the particulars of the subse- 
 quent trial of Nundcomar ; but you will find the marks and 
 characters of it to be these. You will find a close connexion 
 between Mr. Hastings and the chief justice, which we shall 
 prove. We shall prove, that one of the witnesses, who ap- 
 peared there, was a person, who had been before, or has since 
 been, concerned with Mr. Hastings in his most iniquitous trans- 
 actions. You will find what is very odd, that in this trial for 
 forgery, with which this man stood charged, forgery in a pri- 
 vate transaction, all the persons, who were witnesses, or parties 
 to it, had been, before or since, the particular friends of Mr. 
 Hastings — in short, persons from that rabble, with whom Mr. 
 Hastings was concerned, both before and since, in various 
 transactions and negotiations of the most criminal kind. But 
 the law took its course. I have nothing more to say than that , 
 the man is gone — hanged justly if you please; and that it did | 
 so happen luckily for Mr. Hastings — it so happened, that the 
 relief of Mr. Hastings and the justice of the court, and the re- 
 solution never to relax its rigor, did all concur just at a happy i 
 nick of time and moment ; and Mr. Hastings accordingly had i 
 the full benefit of them all. J 
 
 His accuser was supposed to be what men may be, and yet - 
 very competent for accusers — namely, one of his accomplices 
 in guilty actions ; one of those persons who may have a great 
 deal to say of bribes. All that I contend for, is, that he was 
 in the closest intimacy with Mr. Hastings, was in a situation 
 for giving bribes; and that Mr. Hastings was proved afterwards 
 to have received a sum of money from him, which may be well 
 referred to bribes. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 287 
 
 This example had its use in the way in which it was intended 
 to operate, and in which alone it could operate. It did not dis- 
 courage forgeries ; they went on at their usual rate, neither 
 more nor less. Bat it put an end to all accusations against all 
 persons in power for any corrupt practice. Mr. Hastings ob- 
 serves, that no man in India complains of him. It is generally 
 true. The voice of all India is stopped. All complaint was 
 strangled with the same cord that strangled Nundcomar. This 
 murdered not only that accuser, but all future accusation; and 
 not only defeated, but totally vitiated and reversed, all the ends 
 for which this country, to its eternal and indelible dishonor, had 
 sent out a pompous embassy of justice to the remotest parts of 
 the globe. 
 
 But though Nundcomar was put out of the way by the means 
 by which he was removed, a part of the charge was not stran- 
 gled with him. Whilst the process against Nundcomar was 
 carrying on before Sir Elijah Impey, the process was continu- 
 ing against Mr. Hastings in other modes ; the receipt of a part 
 of those bribes from Munny Begum to the amount of 15,000/. 
 was proved against him ; and that a sum, to the same amount, 
 was to be paid to his associate, Mr. Middleton, as it was proved 
 at Calcutta, so it will be proved at your lordships' bar, to your 
 entire satisfaction, by records and living testimony now in Eng- 
 land. It was indeed obhquely admitted by Mr. Hastings him- 
 self. 
 
 The excuse for this bribe, fabricated by Mr. Hastings, and 
 taught to Munny Begum, when he found that she was obliged 
 to prove it against him, was, that it was given to him for his 
 entertainment, according to some pretended custom, at the rate 
 of 200Z. sterling a day, whilst he remained at Moorshedabad. 
 My lords, this leads me to a few reflections on the apology or 
 defence of this bribe. We shall certainly I hope render it clear 
 to your lordships, that it was not paid in this manner, as a daily 
 allowance, but given in a gross sum. But take it in his own 
 way, it was no less illegal, and no less contrary to his cove- 
 nant; but if true under the circumstances, it was a horrible 
 aggravation of his crime. The first thing that strikes, is, that 
 visits from Mr. Hastings are pretty severe things ; and hospi- 
 tality at Moorshedabad is an expensive virtue, though for pro- 
 vision it is one of the cheapest countries in the universe. No 
 wonder that Mr. Hastings lengthened his visit, and made it ex- 
 tend near three months. Such hosts and such guests cannot 
 be soon parted. Two hundred pounds a day for a visit ! it is 
 at the rate of 73,000/. a year for himself; and as I find his 
 companion was put on the same allowance, it will be 146,000/. 
 a year for hospitality to two English gentlemen. 
 
288 ' MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 I believe that there is not a prince in Europe, who goes to 
 such expensive hospitahty of splendor. But that you may judge 
 of the true nature of this hospitality of corruption, I must bring 
 before you the business of the visiter, and the condition of the 
 host, as stated by Mr.' Hastings himself, who best knows what 
 he was doing. 
 
 He was then at the old capital of Bengal, at the time of this 
 expensive entertainment, on a business of retrenchment, and for 
 the establishment of a most harsh, rigorous, and oppressive 
 economy. He wishes the task were assigned to spirits of a less 
 gentle kind. By Mr. Hastings's account, he was giving daily 
 and hourly wounds to his humanity, in depriving of their sus- 
 tenance hundreds of persons of the ancient nobility of a great 
 fallen kingdom. Yet it was in the midst of this galling duty, 
 it was at that very moment of his tender sensibility, that from 
 the collected morsels plucked from the famished mouths of hun- 
 dreds of decayed, indigent, and starving nobility, he gorged 
 his ravenous maw with 200/. a day for his entertainment. In 
 the course of all this proceeding, your lordships w411 not fail to 
 observe, he is never corrupt, but he is cruel ; he never dines 
 with comfort, but where he is sure to create a famine. He 
 never robs from the loose superfluity of standing greatness ; 
 he devours the fallen, the indigent, the necessitous. His extor- 
 tion is not like the generous rapacity of the princely eagle, who 
 snatches away the living, struggling prey : he is a vulture, who 
 feeds upon the prostrate, the dying, and the dead. As his cru- 
 elty is more shocking than his corruption, so his hypocrisy has 
 something more frightful than his cruelty. For whilst his bloody 
 and rapacious hand signs proscriptions, and now sweeps away 
 the food of the widow and the orphan, his eyes overflow with 
 tears, and he converts the healing balm, that bleeds from 
 wounded humanity, into a rancorous and deadly poison to the 
 race of man. 
 
 Well, there was an end to this tragic entertainment, this feast 
 of Tantalus. The few left on the pension-list, the poor rem- 
 nants, that had escaped, were they paid by his administratrix 
 and deputy, Munny Begum ? Not a shilHng. No fewer than 
 forty-nine petitions, mostly from the widows of the greatest 
 and most splendid houses of Bengal, came before the council, 
 praying in the most deplorable manner for some sort of relief 
 out of the pittance assigned them. His colleagues. General 
 Clavering, Colonel Monson, and Mr. Francis, men, who, when 
 England is reproached for the government of India, will, I re- 
 peat it, as a shield be held up between this nation and infamy, 
 did, in conformity to the strict orders of the directors, appoint 
 Mahomed Reza Khan to his old offices — that is, to the general 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 289 
 
 superintendency of the household and the administration of 
 justice, a person, who, by his authority, might keep some or- 
 der in the ruUng family and in the state. The court of directors 
 authorized them to assure those offices to him, with a salary 
 reduced indeed to 30,000Z. a year, during his good behavior. 
 But Mr. Hastings, as soon as he obtained a majority by the 
 death of the two best men ever sent to India, notwithstanding 
 the orders of the court of directors, in spite of the public faith 
 solemnly pledged to Mahomed Reza Khan, without a shadow 
 of complaint, had the audacity to dispossess him of all his of- 
 fices, and appoint his bribing patroness, the old dancing-girl, 
 Munny Begum, once more to the viceroyalty and all its attend- 
 ant honors and functions. 
 
 The pretence was more insolent and shameless than the act. 
 Modesty does not long survive innocence. He brings forward 
 the miserable pageant of the nabob, as he called him, to be the 
 instrument of his own disgrace, and the scandal of his family 
 and government. He makes him to pass by his mother, and 
 to petition us to appoint Munny Begum once more to the ad- 
 ministration of the viceroyalty. He distributed Mahomed Reza 
 Khan's salary as a spoil. 
 
 When the orders of the court to restore Mahomed Reza 
 Khan, with their opinion on the corrupt cause of his removal, 
 and a second time to pledge to him the public faith for his con- 
 tinuance, were received, Mr. Hastings, who had been just be- 
 fore a pattern of obedience, when the despoiling, oppressing, 
 imprisoning, and persecuting this man was the object, yet when 
 the order was of a beneficial nature, and pleasant to a well- 
 formed mind, he at once loses all his old principles, he grows 
 stubborn and refractory, and refuses obedience. And. in this 
 sullen, uncomplying mood he continues, until, to gratify Mr. 
 Francis in an agreement on some of their differences, he con- 
 sented to his proposition of obedience to the appointment of the 
 court of directors. He grants to his arrangement of conveni- 
 ence what he had refused to his duty, and replaces that magis- 
 trate. But mark the double character of the man, never true 
 to anything but fraud and duplicity. At the same time that he 
 publicly replaces this magistrate, pretending compliance with 
 his colleague, and obedience to his masters, he did, in defiance 
 of his own and the public faith, privately send an assurance to 
 the nabob — that is, to Munny Begum; informs her, that he was 
 compelled by necessity to the present arrangement in favor of 
 Mahomed Reza Khan ; but that on the first opportunity he 
 would certainly displace him again. And he kept faith with 
 his corruption ; and to show how vainly any one sought pro- 
 1 lection in the lawful authority of this kingdom, he displaced 
 I 2 M 25 
 
290 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 Mahomed Reza Khan from the lieutenancy and controllership, 
 leaving him only the judicial department miserably curtailed. 
 
 But does he adhere to his old pretence of freedom to the 
 nabob ? No such thing. He appoints an absolute master to him 
 under the name of resident, a creature of his personal favor, 
 Sir J. Doiley, from whom there is not one syllable of corre- 
 spondence, and not one item of account. How grievous this 
 yoke was to that miserable captive, appears by a paper of Mr. 
 Hastings, in which he acknowledges, that the nabob had offer- 
 ed, out of the 160,000/. payable to him yearly, to give up to the 
 company no less than 40,000/. a year, in order to have the free 
 disposal of the rest. On this all comment is superfluous. Your 
 lordships are furnished with a standard, by which you may es- 
 timate his real receipt from the revenue assigned to him, the 
 nature of the pretended residency, and its predatory effects. 
 It will give full credit to what was generally rumored and 
 believed, that substantially and beneficially the nabob never 
 received 50 out of the 160,000 pounds; which will account 
 for his known poverty, and wretchedness, and that of all about 
 him. 
 
 Thus, by his corrupt traffic of bribes with one scandalous 
 woman, he disgraced and enfeebled the native Mahomedan gov- 
 ernment, captived the person of the sovereign, and ruined and 
 subverted the justice of the country. What is worse, the steps 
 taken for the murder of Nundcomar, his accuser, have con- 
 firmed and given sanction not only to the corruptions then 
 practised by the governor-general, but to all, of which he has 
 since been guilty. This will furnish your lordships with some 
 general idea, which will enable you to judge of the bribe, for 
 which he sold the country government. 
 
 Under this head you will have produced to you full proof of 
 his sale of a judicial office to a person called Khan Jehan Khan, 
 and the modes he took to frustrate all inquiry on that subject 
 upon a wicked and false pretence, that according to his religious 
 scruples he could not be sworn. 
 
 The great end and object I have in view is to show the 
 criminal tendency, the mischievous nature, of these crimes, and 
 the means taken to elude their discovery. I am now giving 
 your lordships that general view, which may serve to charac- 
 terize Mr. Hastings's administration in all the other parts of it. 
 
 It was not true in fact (as Mr. Hastings gives out) that there 
 was nothing now against him, and that when he had got rid of 
 Nundcomar and his charge, he got rid of the whole. No such 
 things An immense load of charges of bribery remained. 
 They were coming afterwards from every part of the province ; 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 291 
 
 and there was no office in the execution of justice, which he 
 was not accused of having sold in the most flagitious manner. 
 
 After all this thundering, the sky grew calm and clear, and 
 Mr. Hastings sat with recorded peculation, with peculation 
 proved upon oath on the minutes of that very council — he sat 
 at the head of that council and that board where his peculations 
 were proved against him. These were afterwards transmitted, 
 and recorded in the registers of his masters, as an eternal 
 monument of his corruption, and of his high disobedience, and 
 flagitious attempts to prevent a discovery of the various pecu- 
 lations, of which he had been guilty, to the disgrace and ruin 
 of the country committed to his care. 
 
 Mr. Hastings, after the execution of Nundcomar, if he had 
 intended to make even a decent and commonly sensible use of 
 it, would naturally have said, this man is justly taken away, 
 who has accused me of these crimes ; but as there are other 
 witnesses, as there are other means of a further inquiry, as the 
 man is gone, of whose perjuries I might have reason to be 
 afraid, let us now go into the inquiry. I think he did very ill 
 not to go into the inquiry, when the man was alive ; but be it so, 
 that he was afraid of him, and waited till he was removed, 
 why not afterwards go into such an inquiry ? Why not go 
 into an inquiry of all the other peculations and charges upon 
 him, which were innumerable, one of which I have just men- 
 tioned in particular, the charge of Munny Begum — of having 
 received from her, or her adopted son, a bribe of 40,000/. ? 
 
 Is it fit for a governor to say, — will Mr. Hastings say before 
 this august assembly, I may be accused in a court of justice, I 
 am upon my defence, let all charges remain against me, I will 
 not give you an account? Is it fit, that a governor should sit 
 with recorded bribery upon him at the head of a public board, 
 and the government of a great kingdom, w^hen it is in his 
 power by inquiry to do it away ? No — the chastity of char- 
 acter of a man in that situation ought to be as dear to him as 
 his innocence. Nay, more depended upon it. His innocence 
 regarded himself, his character regarded the public justice, 
 regarded his authority, and the respect due to the English in 
 that country. I charge it upon him, that not only did he sup- 
 press the inquiry to the best of his power (and it shall be proved) 
 but he did not in any one instance endeavor to clear off* that 
 imputation and reproach from the English government. He 
 went further, he never denied hardly any of those charges at 
 the time. They are so numerous, that I cannot be positive ; 
 some of them he might meet with some sort of denial, but the 
 most part he did not. 
 
 The first thing a man under such an accusation owes to the 
 
292 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 world is to deny the charge ; next to put it to the proof ; and 
 lastly to let inquiry freely go on. He did not permit this, but 
 stopped it all in his power. I am to mention some exceptions 
 perhaps hereafter, which will tend to fortify the principle tenfold. 
 
 He promised indeed the court of directors (to whom he 
 never denied the facts) a full and liberal explanation of these trans- 
 actions ; which full and liberal explanation he never gave. Many 
 years passed; even parliament took notice of it; and he never 
 gave them a liberal explanation, or any explanation at all, of 
 them. A man may say, I am threatened with a suit in a court, 
 and it may be very disadvantageous to me, if I disclose my 
 defence. That is a proper answer for a man in common life, 
 who has no particular character to sustain; but is that a 
 proper answer for a governor accused of bribery? that accu- 
 sation transmitted to his masters, and his masters giving credit 
 to it ? Good God ! is that a state, in which a man is to say, I 
 am upon the defensive ? I am on my guard ? I will give you 
 no satisfaction ? I have promised it, but I have already de- 
 ferred it for seven or eight years ? Is not this tantamount to a 
 denial ? 
 
 Mr. Hastings, with this great body of bribery against him, 
 w^as providentially freed from Nundcomar, one of his accusers ; 
 and as good events do not come alone (I think there is some 
 such proverb) it did so happen that all the rest, or a great 
 many of them, ran away. But, however, the recorded evi- 
 dence of the former charges continued; no new evidence 
 came in ; and Mr. Hastings enjoyed that happy repose, which 
 branded peculation, fixed and eternized upon the records of 
 the company, must leave upon a mind conscious of its own 
 integrity. 
 
 My lords, I wall venture to say, there is no man but owes 
 something to his character. It is the grace, undoubtedly, of a 
 virtuous firm mind often to despise common vulgar calumny; 
 but if ever there is an occasion, in w^hich it does become such 
 a mind to disprove it, it is the case of being charged in high 
 office with pecuniary malversation, pecuniary corruption. 
 There is no case, in which it becomes an honest man — much 
 less a great man — to leave upon record specific charges against 
 him of corruption in his government, without taking any one 
 step whatever to refute them. 
 
 Though Mr. Hastings took no step to refute the charges, he 
 took many steps to punish the authors of them; and those 
 miserable people, who had the folly to make complaints against 
 Mr. Hastings, to make them under the authority of an act of 
 parliament, under every sanction of public faith, yet in conse- 
 quence of those charges every person concerned in them has 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 293 
 
 been, as your lordships will see, since his restoration to power, 
 absolutely undone ; brought from the highest situation to the 
 lowest misery ; so that they may have good reason to repent 
 they ever trusted an Enghsh council, that they ever trusted a 
 court of directors, that they ever trusted an English act of par- 
 liament, that they ever dared to make their complaints. 
 
 And here I charge upon Mr. Hastings, that by never taking 
 a single step to defeat, or detect the falsehood of, any of those 
 charges against him, and by punishing the authors of them, he 
 has been guilty of such a subversion of all the principles of 
 British governaient, as will deserve, and will I dare say meet, 
 your lordships' most severe animadversion. 
 
 In the course of this inquiry we find a sort of pause in his 
 peculations, a sort of gap in the history, as if pages were torn 
 out. No longer we meet with the same activity in taking 
 money, that was before found ; not even a trace of compliment- 
 ary presents is to be found in the records during the time, whilst 
 General Clavering, Colonel Monson, and Mr. Francis, formed 
 the majority of the council. There seems to have been a kind 
 of truce with that sort of conduct for a while, and Mr. Hast- 
 ings rested upon his arms. However, the very moment Mr. 
 Hastings returned to power, peculation began again just at the 
 same instant ; the moment we find him free from the compul- 
 sion and terror of a majority of persons otherwise disposed 
 than himself, we find him at his peculation again. 
 
 My lords, at this time very serious inquiries had begun in the 
 House of Commons concerning peculation. They did not go 
 directly to Bengal, but they began upon the coast of Coroman- 
 del, and with the principal governors there. There was, 
 however, an universal opinion (and justly founded) that these 
 inquiries would go to far greater lengths. Mr. Hastings was 
 resolved then to change the whole course and order of his pro- 
 ceeding. Nothing could persuade him upon any account to lay 
 aside his system of bribery ; that he was resolved to persevere 
 in. The point was now to reconcile it with his safety. The 
 first thing he did was to attempt to conceal it, and accord- 
 ingly we find him depositing very great sums of money in the 
 public treasury through the means of the two persons I have 
 already mentioned, namely, the deputy-treasurer and the ac- 
 comptant, paying them in and taking bonds for them as money 
 of his own, and bearing legal interest. 
 
 This was his method of endeavoring to conceal some at 
 least of his bribes (for I would not suggest, nor have your lord- 
 ships to think, that I believe, that these were his only bribes ; 
 for there is reason to think there was an infinite number be- 
 sides ;) but it did so happen, that they were those bribes, which 
 
 25* 
 
294 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 he thought might be discovered, some of which he knew were 
 discovered, and all of which he knew might become the subject 
 of a parhamentary inquiry. 
 
 Mr. Hastings said, he might have concealed them for ever. 
 Every one knows the facility of concealing corrupt transac- 
 tions everywhere, in India particularly. But this is by himself 
 proved not to be universally true, at least not to be true in his 
 own opinion. For he tells you in his letter from Cheltenham, 
 that he would have concealed the nabob's 100,000/. but that the 
 magnitude rendered it easy of discovery. He, therefore, avows 
 an intention of concealment. 
 
 But it happens here very singularly, that this sum, which his 
 fears of discovery by others obliged him to discover himself, 
 happens to be one of those, of which no trace whatsoever ap- 
 pears, except merely from the operation of his own apprehen- 
 sions. There is no collateral testimony; Middleton knew 
 nothing of it; Anderson knew nothing of it. It was not 
 directly communicated to the faithful Larkins, or the trusty 
 Crofts — which proves indeed the facility of concealment. The 
 fact is, you find the apphcation always upon the discovery. 
 But concealment or discovery is a thing of accident. 
 
 The bribes, which I have hitherto brought before your lord- - 
 ships, belong to the first period of his bribery, before he thought 
 of the doctrine, on which he has since defended it. There are 
 many other bribes, which we charge him with having received 
 during this first period, before an improving conversation and 
 close virtuous connexion with great lawyers had taught him 
 how to practise bribes in such a manner as to defy detection, and 
 instead of punishment to plead merit. I am not bound to find 
 order and consistency in guilt ; it is the reign of disorder. The 
 order of the proceeding, as far as I am able to trace such a 
 scene of prevarication, direct fraud, falsehood, and falsification 
 of the public accounts, was this. — From bribes he knew he 
 could never abstain; and his then precarious situation made 
 him the more rapacious. He knew, that a few of his former 
 bribes had been discovered, declared, recorded ; that for the 
 moment indeed he was secure, because all informers had been 
 punished, and all concealers rewarded. He expected hourly a 
 total change in the council ; and that men like Clavering and 
 Monson might be again joined to Francis; that some great 
 avenger should arise from their ashes — " Exoriare aliquis nostris 
 ex ossihus ultor" — and that a more severe investigation, and an 
 infinitely more full display would be made of his robbery, than 
 hitherto had been done. He therefore began in the agony of 
 his guilt to cast about for some device, by which he might con- 
 tinue his offence, if possible, with impunity, — and possibly make 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 295 
 
 a merit of it. He therefore first carefully perused the act of 
 parliament, forbidding bribery, and his old covenant engaging 
 him not to receive presents. And here he was more successful 
 than upon former occasions. If ever an act was studiously and' 
 carefully framed to prevent bribery, it is that law of the 13th 
 of the king, which he well observes admits no latitudes of con- 
 struction, no subterfuge, no escape, no evasion. Yet has he 
 found a defence of his crimes even in the very provisions, 
 which were made for their prevention and their punishment. 
 Besides the penalty, which belongs to every informer, the East 
 India company was invested with a fiction of property in all 
 such bribes, in order to drag them with more facility out of the 
 corrupt hands, which held them. The covenant with an ex- 
 ception of 100 pounds, and the act of parliament without any 
 exception, declared, that the governor-general and council 
 should receive no presents /or their own use. He therefore con- 
 cluded that the system of bribery and extortion might be clan- 
 destinely and safely carried on, provided the party taking the 
 bribes had an inward intention and mental reservation, that 
 they should be privately applied to the company's service, in 
 any way the briber should think fit ; and that on many occa- 
 sions this would prove the best method of supply for the 
 exigencies of their service. 
 
 He accordingly formed, or pretended to form, a private bribe 
 exchequer, collateral w^ith, and independent of, the company's 
 public exchequer ; though in some cases administered by those, 
 whom for his purposes he had placed in the regular official 
 department. It is no wonder, that he has taken to himself an 
 extraordinary degree of merit. For surely such an invention 
 of finance I believe never was heard of, — an exchequer, wherein 
 extortion was the assessor, fraud the cashier, confusion the 
 accomptant, concealment the reporter, and obhvion the remem- 
 brancer : in short, such as I believe no man, but one driven by 
 guilt into frenzy, could ever have dreamed of. 
 
 He treats the official and regular directors with just con- 
 tempt, as a parcel of mean, mechanical book-keepers. He is 
 an eccentric book-keeper, a Pindaric accomptant. I have heard 
 of " the poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling." Here was a reve- 
 nue, exacted from whom he pleased, at what times he pleased, 
 in what proportions he pleased, through what persons he pleased, 
 by what means he pleased, to be accounted for, or not, at his 
 discretion, and to be applied to what service he thought proper. 
 I do believe your lordships stand astonished at this scheme ; 
 and indeed I should be very loth to venture to state such a 
 scheme at all, however I might have credited it myself, to any 
 sober ears, if, in his defence before the House of Commons and 
 
296 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 before the lords, he had not directly admitted the fact of taking 
 the bribes or forbidden presents, and had not in those defences, 
 and much more fully in his correspondence with the directors, 
 admitted the fact, and justified it upon these very principles. 
 
 As this is a thing so unheard of and unexampled in the world, 
 I shall first endeavor to account, as well as I can, for his mo- 
 tives to it, which your lordships will receive or reject, just as 
 you shall find them tally with the evidence before you. I say, 
 his motives to it ; because I contend, that pubhc valid reasons 
 for it he could have none : and the idea of making the corrup- 
 tion of the governor-general a resource to the company never 
 did or could for a moment enter into his thoughts. — I shall then 
 take notice of the judicial constructions, upon which he justifies 
 his acting in this extraordinary manner. — And lastly, show you 
 the concealments, prevarications, and falsehoods, with which 
 he endeavors to cover it. Because wherever you find a con- 
 cealment you make a discovery. Accounts of money received 
 and paid ought to be regular and official. 
 
 He wrote over to the court of directors, that there were 
 certain sums of money he had received, and which were not 
 his own, but that he had received them for their use. By this 
 time, his intercourse with gentlemen of the law became more 
 considerable than it had been before. When first attacked for 
 presents, he never denied the receipt of them, or pretended to 
 say they were for public purposes ; but upon looking more into 
 the covenants, and probably with better legal advice, he found, 
 that no money could be legally received for his own use ; but 
 as these bribes were directly given and received, as for his own 
 use, yet (says he) there was an inward destination of them in 
 my own mind to your benefit, and to your benefit have I ap- 
 plied them. 
 
 Now here is a new system of bribery, contrary to law, very 
 ingenious in the contrivance, but, I believe, as unlikely to pro- 
 duce its intended effect upon the mind of man, as any pretence, 
 that was ever used. Here Mr. Hastings changes his ground. 
 Before, he was accused as a peculator ; he did not deny the 
 fact ; he did not refund the money ; he fought it off, he stood 
 upon the defensive, and used all the means in his power to pre- 
 vent the inquiry. That was the first era of his corruption, a 
 bold, ferocious, plain, downright use of power. In the second, 
 he is grown a Httle more careful and guarded, the effect of 
 subtility. He appears no longer as a defendant, he holds him- 
 self up with a firm, dignified, and erect countenance, and says, 
 I am not here any longer as a delinquent, a receiver of bribes, to 
 be punished for what I have done wrong, or at least to suffer 
 in my character for it. No, I am a great inventive genius. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 297 
 
 who have gone out of all the ordinary roads of finance, have 
 made great discoveries in the unknown regions of that science, 
 and have for the first time established the corruption of the 
 supreme magistrate as a principle of resource for government. 
 
 There are crimes, undoubtedly, of great magnitude, naturally 
 fitted to create horror, and that loudly call for punishment, 
 that have yet no idea of turpitude annexed to them ; but unclean 
 hands, bribery, venality and peculation are offences of turpi- 
 tude, such as, in a governor, at once debase the person, and 
 degrade* the government itself, making it not only horrible, but 
 vile and contemptible in the eyes of all mankind. In this hu- 
 miliation and abjectness of guilt, he comes here not as a 
 criminal on his defence, but as a vast fertile genius, who has 
 made astonishing discoveries in the art of government ; — "jDz- 
 cam insigne, recens, alio indicium ore^^ — who by his flaming zeal 
 and the prolific ardor and energy of his mind has boldly dashed 
 out of the common path, and served his country by new and 
 untrodden ways ; and now he generously communicates for the 
 benefit of all future governors, and all future governments, the 
 grand arcanum of his long and toilsome researches. He is the 
 first,' but if we do not take good care, he will not be the last, 
 that has established the corruption of the supreme magistrate 
 among the settled resources of the state ; and he leaves this 
 principle as a bountiful donation, as the richest deposit, that 
 ever was made in the treasury of Bengal. He claims glory 
 and renown from that, by which qyqty other person: since the 
 beginning of time has been dishonored and disgraced. It has 
 been said of an ambassador, that he is a person employed to 
 tell lies for the advantage of the court, that sends him. His is 
 patriotic bribery, and public-spirited corruption. He is a pecu- 
 lator for the good of his country. It has been said, that pri- 
 vate vices are public benefits. He goes the full length of that 
 position, and turns his private peculacion into a public good. 
 This is what you are to thank him for. You are to consider 
 him as a great inventor upon this occasion. Mr. Hastings im- 
 proves on this principle. He is a robber in gross, and a thief 
 in detail; he steals, he filches, he plunders, he oppresses, he 
 extorts — all for the good of the dear East India company,— all 
 for the advantage of his honored masters the proprietors — all 
 in gratitude to the dear perfidious court of directors, who have 
 been in a practice to heap *' insults on his person, slanders on 
 his character, and indignities on his station ; w^ho never had 
 the confidence in him, that they had in the meanest of his 
 predecessors." 
 
 If you sanction this practice, if, after all you have exacted 
 from the people by your taxes and public imposts, you are to 
 
 2N 
 
298 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 let loose your servants upon them to extort by bribery and 
 peculation what they can from them, for the purpose of apply- 
 ing it to the public service only whenever they please, — this 
 shocking consequence will follow from it. If your governor is 
 discovered in taking a bribe, he will say. What is that to you? 
 mind your business, I intend it for the public service. The 
 man, who dares to accuse him, loses the favor of the governor- 
 general, and the India company. They will say, the governor 
 has been doing a meritorious action, extorting bribes for our 
 benefit, and you have the impudence to think of prosecuting 
 him. , So that the moment the bribe is detected, it is instantly 
 turned into a merit ; and we shall prove, that this is the case 
 with Mr. Hastings, whenever a bribe has been discovered. 
 
 I am now to inform your lordships, that, when he made these 
 great discoveries to the court of directors, he never tells them 
 who gave him the money; upon what occasion he received it; 
 by what hands; or to what purposes he applied it. 
 
 When he can himself give no account of his motives, and 
 even declares, that he c.annot assign any cause, I am author- 
 ized and required to find motives for him — corrupt motives for 
 a corrupt act. There is no one capital act of his administra- 
 tion, that did not strongly imply corruption. When a man is 
 known to be free from all imputation of taking money, and it 
 becomes an estabhshed part of his character, the errors, or 
 even crimes, of his administration ought to be, and are in gen- 
 eral, traced to other sources. You know it is a maxim. But 
 once convict a man of bribery in any instance, and once by 
 direct evidence, and you are furnished with a rule of irresist- 
 ible presumption, that every other irregular act, by which un- 
 lawful gain may arise, is done upon the same corrupt motive. 
 Semel malus prcesumiiur semper malus. As, for good acts, can- 
 dor, charity, justice, oblige me not to assign evil motives, un- 
 less they serve some scandalous purpose, or terminate in some 
 manifest evil end, so justice, reason and common sense compel 
 me to suppose, that wicked acts have been done upon motives 
 correspondent to their nature. Otherwise I reverse all the 
 principles of judgment, which can guide the human mind, and 
 accept even the symptoms, the marks and criteria, of guilt, as 
 presumptions of innocence. One that confounds good and evil, 
 is an enemy to the good ! • 
 
 His conduct upon these occasions may be thought irrational. 
 But, thank God, guilt was never a rational thing, it distorts all 
 the faculties of the mind, it perverts them, it leaves a man no 
 longer in the free use of his reason ; it puts him into confusion. 
 He has recourse to such miserable and absurd expedients for 
 covering his guilt, as all those, who are used to sit in the seat 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 299 
 
 of judgment, know have been the cause of detection of half the 
 villanies in the world. To argue, that these could not be his 
 reasons, because they were not w^ise, sound and substantial, 
 would be to suppose what is not true, that bad men were al- 
 ways discreet and able. But I can very well from the circum- 
 stances discover motives, which may affect a giddy, superficial, 
 shattered, guilty, anxious, restless mind, full of the weak re- 
 sources of fraud, craft and intrigue, that might induce him to 
 make these discoveries, and to make them in the manner he 
 has done. Not rational, and well-fitted for their purposes, I 
 am very ready to admit. For God forbid, that guilt should 
 ever leave a man the free undisturbed use of his faculties. For 
 as guilt never rose from a true use of our rational faculties, so 
 it is very frequently subversive of them. God forbid, that pru- 
 dence, the first of all the virtues, as well as the supreme direc- 
 tor of them all, should ever be employed in the service of any 
 of the vices. — No, it takes the lead, and is* never found where 
 justice does not accompany it; and, if ever it is attempted to 
 bring it into the service of the vices, it immediately subverts 
 their cause. It tends to their discovery, and, I hope and trust, 
 finally to their utter ruin and destruction. 
 
 . In the first place I am to remark to your lordships, that the 
 accounts he has given of one of these sums of money are to- 
 tally false and contradictory. Now there is not a stronger 
 presumption, nor can one want more reason, to judge a trans-, 
 action fraudulent, than that the accounts given of it are con- 
 tradictory ; and he has given three accounts utterly irrecon- 
 cilable with each other. He is asked. How came you to take 
 bonds for this money, if it was not your own ? How came you 
 to vitiate and corrupt the state of the company's records, and 
 to state yourself a lender to the company, when in reality you 
 were their debtor ? His answer was, I really cannot tell ; I have 
 forgot my reasons; the distance of time is so great (namely, a 
 time of about two years or not so long) I cannot give an ac- 
 count of the matter ; perhaps I had this motive, perhaps I had 
 another ; (but what is the most curious,) perhaps I had none at 
 all, which I can now recollect. You shall hear the account, 
 which Mr. Hastings himself gives, his own fraudulent repre- 
 sentation of these corrupt transactions. " For my motives for 
 withholding the several receipts from the knowledge of the 
 council, or of the court of directors, antl for taking bonds for 
 part of these sums, and paying others into the treasury as de- 
 posits on my own account, I have generally accounted in my 
 letter to the honorable the court of directors of the 22d of 
 May, 1782, namely, that I either chose to conceal the first 
 receipts from public curiosity by receiving bonds for the 
 
300 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 amount, or possibly acted without any studied design, which 
 my memory, at that distance of time, could verify ; and that I 
 did not think it worth my care to observe the same means with 
 the rest. It will not be expected, that I should be able to give 
 a more correct explanation of my intentions after a lapse of 
 three years, having declared at the time, that many particulars 
 had escaped my remembrance; neither shall I attempt to add 
 more than the clearer affirmation of the facts implied in that 
 report of them, and such inferences, as necessarily, or with a 
 strong probability, follow them." 
 
 My lords,_you see, as to any direct explanation, that he fairly 
 gives it up : he has used artifice and stratagem, which he knows 
 will not do ; and at last attempts to cover the treachery of his 
 conduct by the treachery of his memory. Frequent applica- 
 tions were made to Mr. Hastings upon this article from the 
 company — gentle hints, gemitus columbcE — rather little amorous 
 complaints, that he was not more open and communicative ; but 
 all these gentle insinuations were never able to draw from him 
 any further account till he came to England. When he came 
 here, he left not only his memory, but all his notes and refer- 
 ences, behind in India. When in India, the company could get 
 no account of them, because he himself was not in England; 
 and when he was in England, they could get no account, be- 
 cause his papers were in India. He then sends over to Mr. 
 Larkins to give that account of his affairs, which he was 
 not able to give himself Observe, here is a man taking money 
 privately, corruptly, and which was to be sanctified by the future 
 application of it, taking false securities to cover it; and who, 
 when called upon to tell whom he got the money from, for what 
 ends, and on what occasion, neither will tell in India, nor can 
 tell in England, but sends for such an account as he has thought 
 proper to furnish. 
 
 I am now to bring before you an account of what I think 
 much the most serious part of the effects of his system of 
 bribery, corruption and peculation. My lords, I am to state to 
 you the astonishing and almost incredible means he made use 
 of to lay all the country under contribution, to bring the whole 
 into such dejection as should put his bribes out of the way of 
 discovery. Such another example of boldness and contrivance 
 I believe the world cannot furnish. 
 
 I have already shown amongst the mass of his coi:ruptions, 
 that he let the whole of the lands to farm to the banyans. Next, 
 that he sold the whole Mahomedan government of that country 
 to a woman. This was bold enough, one should think; but 
 without entering into the circumstances of the revenue change 
 in 1772, 1 am to tell your lordships, that he had appointed six pro- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 301 
 
 vincial councils, each consisting of many members, who had 
 the ordinary administration of civil justice in that country, and 
 the whole business of the collection of the revenues. 
 
 These provincial councils accounted to the governor-general 
 and council, who, in the revenue department, had the whole 
 management, control, and regulation of the revenue. Mr. 
 Hastings did, in several papers to the court of directors, de- 
 clare, that the establishment of these provincial councils, which 
 at first he stated only as experimental, had proved useful in the 
 experiment. And on that use, and upon that experiment, he 
 had sent even the plan of an act of parliament to have it con- 
 firmed with the last and most sacred authority of this country. 
 The court of directors desired, that, if he thought any other 
 method more proper, he would send it to them for their appro- 
 bation. 
 
 Thus the whole face of the British government, the whole of 
 its order and constitution, remained from 1772 to 1781. — He 
 had got rid some time before this period, by death, of General 
 Clavering; by death, of Colonel Monson ; and by vexation and 
 persecution, and his consequent derehction of authority, he had 
 shaken off Mr. Francis. The whole council consisting only 
 of himself and Mr. Wheler, he, having the casting vote, was 
 in effect the whole council; and if ever there was a time when 
 principle, decency, and decorum rendered it improper for him 
 to do any extraordinary acts without the sanction of the court 
 of directors, that was the time. Mr. Wheler was taken off", 
 despair perhaps rendering the man, who had been in opposition 
 futilely before, comphable. The man is dead. He certainly 
 did not oppose him ; if he had, it would have been in vain. 
 But those very circumstances, which rendered it atrocious in Mr. 
 Hastings to make any change, induced him to make this.— He 
 thought that a moment's time was not to be lost, that other col-. 
 leagues might come, when he might be overpowered by a ma- 
 jority again, and not able to pursue his corrupt plans. There- 
 fore he was resolved— your lordships will remark the whole of 
 this most daring and systematic plan of bribery and peculation, 
 — he resolved to put it out of the power of his council in future 
 to check or control him in any of his evil practices. 
 
 The first thing he did was to form an ostensible council at 
 Calcutta, for the management of the revenues, which was not 
 effectually bound, except it thought fit, to make any reference 
 to the supreme council. He delegated to them — that is, to four 
 covenanted servants — those functions, which, by act of parlia- 
 ment and the company's orders, were to be exercised by the 
 council-general ; he delegated to four gentlemen, creatures of 
 his own, his own powers, but he laid them out to good interest. 
 
 26 
 
302 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 It appears odd, that one of the first acts of a governor-general, 
 so jealous of his power as he is known to be, as soon as he had 
 all the power in his own hands, should be to put all the revenues 
 out of his own control. This, upon the first view, is an extra- 
 ordinary proceeding. His next step was, without apprizing the 
 court of directors of his intention, or without having given an 
 idea of any such intention to his colleagues while alive, either 
 those who died in India, or those who afterwards returned to 
 Europe, in one day, in a moment, to annihilate the whole au- 
 thority of the provincial councils, and delegate the whole power 
 to these four gentlemen. These four gentlemen had for their 
 secretary an agent given them by Mr. Hastings ; a name that 
 you will often hear of — a name, at the sound of which all India 
 turns pale — the most wicked — the most atrocious — the boldest 
 — the most dexterous villain, that ever the rank servitude of 
 that country has produced. My lords, I am speaking with the 
 most assured freedom, because there never was a friend of Mr. 
 Hastings, there never was a foe of Mr. Hastings, there never 
 was any human person, that ever differed on this occasion, or 
 expressed any other idea of Gunga Govin Sing, the friend of 
 Mr. Hastings, whom he intrusted with this important post. But 
 you shall hear, from the account given by themselves, what the 
 council thought of their functions, of their efficiency for the 
 . charge, and io whose hands that efficiency really was. I beg, 
 hope, and trust, that your lordships will learn from the persons 
 themselves, who were appointed to execute the office, their 
 opinion of the real execution of it, in order that you may judge 
 of the plan, for which he destroyed the whole English adminis- 
 tration in India. *' The committee must have a dewan, or ex- 
 ecutive officer, call him by what name you please. This man 
 in fact has all the revenue, paid at the presidency, at his dispo- 
 sal, and can, if he has any abihties, bring all the renters under 
 contribution. It is little advantage to restrain the committee 
 themselves from bribery or corruption, when their executive 
 officer has the power of practising both Hndetected. 
 
 *' To display the arts employed by a native on such occasions 
 would fill a volume. He discovers the secret resources of the 
 zemindars and renters, their enemies and competitors ; and by 
 the engines of hope and fear, raised upon these foundations, 
 he can w^ork them to his purpose. The committee, with the 
 best intentions, best abilities, and steadiest application, must 
 after all be a tool in the hands of their dewan." 
 
 Your lordships see what the opinion of the council was of 
 their own constitution. You see for what it was made. You 
 see for what purpose the great revenue trust was taken from 
 the council-general, from the supreme government. You see for 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 303 
 
 what purposes the executive power was destroyed. You have 
 it from one of the gentlemen of this commission, at first four in 
 number, and afterwards five, who was the most active eflicient 
 member of it. You see it was made for the purpose of being 
 a tool in the hands of Gunga Govin Sing ; that integrity, ability, 
 arid vigilance, could avail nothing; that the whole country 
 might be laid under contribution by this man, and that he could 
 thus practise bribery with impunity. Thus, your lordships see, 
 the delegation of all the authority of the country, above and 
 below, is given by Mr. Hastings to this Gunga Govin Sing. 
 The screen, the veil spread before this transaction, is torn open 
 by the very people themselves, who are the tools in it. They 
 confess they can do nothing ; they know they are instruments 
 in the hands of Gunga Govin Sing ; and Mr. Hastings uses his 
 name and authority to make them such in the hands of the 
 basest, the wickedest, the corruptest, the most audacious and 
 atrocious villain ever heard of. It is to him all the Enghsh 
 authority is sacrificed, and four gentlemen are appointed to be 
 his tools and instruments. — Tools and instruments for what? 
 They themselves state, that, if he has the inclination, he has the 
 power and abihty to lay the whole country under contribution, 
 that he enters into the most minute secrets of every individual 
 in it, gets into the bottom of their family affairs, and has a 
 power totally to subvert and destroy them; and we shall show 
 upon that head, that he well fulfilled the purposes, for which he 
 was appointed. Did Mr. Hastings pretend to say, that he 
 destroyed the provincial councils for their corruptness or insuf- 
 ficiency, when he dissolved them? No — he says he has no 
 objection to their competency, no charge to make against their 
 conduct, but that he has destroyed them for his new arrange- 
 ment. And what is his new arrangement ? Gunga Govin Sing. 
 Forty English gentlemen were removed from their offices by 
 that change. Mr. Hastings did it, however, very economically ; 
 for all these gentlemen were instantly put upon pensions, and 
 consequently burdened the establishment with a new charge. 
 Well, but the new council was formed and constituted upon a 
 very economical principle also. These five gentlemen, you will 
 have it in proof, with the necessary expenses of their office, 
 were a charge of 62,000/. a year upon the estabhshment. But 
 for great, eminent, capital services, 62,000/. though a much 
 larger sum than what was thought fit to be allowed for the 
 members of the supreme council itself, may be admitted. I will 
 pass it. It shall be granted to Mr. Hastings, that these pen- 
 sions, though they created a new burden on the establishment, 
 were all well disposed, provided the council did their duty. But 
 you have heard what they say themselves — they are not there 
 
304 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 put to do any duty, they can do no duty ; their abiHties, their 
 integrity availed them nothing, they are tools in the hands of ' 
 Gunga Govin Sing. Mr. Hastings then has loaded the revenue 
 with 62,000/. a year to make Gunga Govin Sing master of the 
 kingdom of Bengal, Bahar and Orissa. What must the thing to 
 be moved be, when the machinery, when the necessary tools 
 for Gunga Govin Sing, have cost 62,000/. a year to the com- 
 pany ? There it is — it is not my representation — not the repre- 
 sentation of observant strangers, of good and decent people, 
 that understand the nature of that service, but the opinion of 
 the tools themselves. 
 
 Now, did Mr. Hastings employ Gunga Govin Sing without 
 a knowledge of his character ? His character was known to 
 Mr. Hastings; it was recorded long before, when he was turn- 
 ed out of another office. During my long residence, says he, 
 in this country, this is the first time I heard of the character of 
 Gunga Govin Sing being infamous. No information I have re- 
 ceived, though I have heard many people speak ill of him, ever 
 pointed to any particular act of infamy committed by Gunga 
 Govin Sing. I have no intimate knowledge of Gunga Govin 
 Sing. What I understand of his character has been from Eu- 
 ropeans as well as natives. After — " He had many enemies 
 at the time he was proposed to be employed in the company's 
 service, and not one advocate among the natives who had im- 
 mediate access to myself. I think, therefore, if his character 
 had been such as has been described, the knowledge of it could 
 hardly have failed to have been ascertained to me by the spe- 
 cific facts. I have heard him loaded, as I have many others, 
 with general reproaches, but have never heard any one express 
 a doubt of his abilities.^'' Now, if anything in the world should 
 induce you to put the whole trust of the revenues of Bengal, 
 both above and below, into the hands of a single man, and to 
 delegate to him the whole jurisdiction of the country, it must 
 be, that he either was, or at least was reputed to be, a man of 
 integrity. Mr. Hastings does not pretend, that he is reputed 
 to be a man of integrity. He knew that he was not able to 
 contradict the charge brought against him ; and that he had 
 been turned out of office by his colleagues, for reasons assign- 
 ed upon record, and approved by the directors, for malversa- 
 tion in office. He had, indeed, crept again into the Calcutta 
 committee ; and they were upon the point of turning him out 
 for malversation, when Mr. Hastings saved them the trouble by 
 turning out the whole committee, consisting of a president and 
 five members. So that in all times, in all characters, in all 
 places, he stood as a man of a bad character and evil repute, 
 though supposed to be a man of great abilities. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 305 
 
 My lords, permit me for one moment to drop my represent- 
 ative character here, and to speak to your lordships only as a 
 man of some experience in the world, and conversant with the 
 affairs of men, and with the characters of men. 
 
 I do then declare my conviction, and wish it may stand re- 
 corded to posterity, that there never was a had man, that had 
 ability for good service. It is not in the nature of such men ; 
 their minds are so distorted to selfish purposes, to knavish, ar- 
 tificial, and crafty means of accomplishing those selfish ends, 
 that, if put to any good service, they are poor, dull, helpless. 
 Their natural faculties never have that direction, — they are 
 paralytic on that side ; — the muscles, if I may use the expres- 
 sion, that ought to move it, are all dead. They know nothing, 
 but how to pursue selfish ends by wicked and indirect means. 
 No man ever knowingly employed a bad man on account of 
 his abilities, but for evil ends. Mr. Hastings knew this man to 
 be bad ; all the world knew him to be bad ; and how did he 
 employ him ? in such a manner as that he might be controlled 
 by others ? A great deal might be said for him, if this had been 
 the case. There might be circumstances, in which such a man 
 [ might be used in a subordinate capacity. But who ever thought 
 of putting such a man virtually in possession of the whole au- 
 1 thority both of the committee and the council-general, and of 
 
 the revenues of the whole country? 
 1 I will do Mr. Hastings the justice to say, that if he had 
 1 known there was another man more accomplished in all ini- 
 J quity than Gunga Govin Sing, he would not have given him 
 the first place in his confidence. But there is another next to 
 I him in the country, whom you are to hear of by and by, called 
 \ Debi Sing. This person in the universal opinion of all Bengal 
 1 is ranked next to Gunga Govin Sing ; and, what is very curi- 
 ous, they have been recorded by Mr. Hastings as rivals in the 
 same virtues. 
 
 Arcades ambo, 
 Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 
 
 But Mr. Hastings has the happiest modes in the world ; these 
 rivals were reconciled on this occasion, and Gunga Govin Sing 
 appoints Debi Sing, superseding all the other officers for no 
 reason whatever upon record. And because Hke champions 
 they ought to go in pairs, there is an English gentleman, one 
 Mr. Goodlad, whom you will hear of presently, appointed 
 along with him. Absolute strangers to the rajah's family, the 
 first act they do is — to cut off 1,000 out of 1,600 a month from 
 his allowance. They state (though there was a great number 
 of dependants to maintain) that 600 would be enough to 
 maintain him. There appears in the account of these proceed- 
 
 2 O 26* 
 
306 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 ings to be such a flutter about the care of the rajah, and the 
 management of his household ; in short, that there never was 
 such a tender guardianship as, always with the knowledge of 
 Mr. Hastings, is exercised over this poor rajah, who had just 
 given, if he did give, 40,000/. for his own inheritance, if it was 
 his due — for the inheritance of others, if it was not his due. 
 One would think he was entitled to some mercy ; but probably, 
 because the money could not otherwise be suppHed, his estab- 
 lishment was cut down by Debi Sing and Mr. Goodlad a 
 thousand a month, which is just twelve thousand a year. 
 
 When Mr. Hastings had appointed those persons to the guar- 
 dianship, who had an interest in the management of the rajah's 
 education and fortune, one should have thought, before they 
 were turned out, he would at least have examined whether 
 such a step was proper or not. No, they were turned out, 
 without any such examination ; and when I come to inquire 
 into the proceedings of Gunga Govin Sing's committee, I do 
 not find, that the new guardians have brought to account one 
 single shilling they received, appointed as they were by that 
 council newly made to superintend all the affairs of the rajah. 
 
 There is not one word to be found of an account : Debi Sing's 
 honor, fidelity and disinterestedness, and that of Mr. Goodlad, 
 is sufficient ; and that is the way, in which the management 
 and superintendence of one of the greatest houses in that 
 country is given to the guardianship of strangers. And how is 
 it managed ? we find Debi Sing in possession of the rajah's 
 family, in possession of his affairs, in the management of his 
 whole zemidary ; and in the course of the next year he is to 
 give him in farm the whole of the revenues of these three 
 provinces. Now whether the peshcush was received for the 
 nomination of the rajah, as a bribe in judgment, or whether 
 Mr. Hastings got it from Debi Sing, as a bribe in office, for 
 appointing him to the guardianship of a family that did not 
 belong to him, and for the dominion of three great, and once 
 wealthy, provinces — which is best or worst I shall not pretend 
 to determine. You find the rajah in his possession, you find 
 his education, his household in his possession. The public 
 revenues are in his possession ; they are given over to him. 
 
 If we look at the records, the letting of these provinces ap- 
 pears to have been carried on by the new committee of revenue, 
 as the course and order of business required it should. But by 
 the investigation into Mr. Hastings's money transactions, the 
 insufficiency and fallacy of these records is manifest beyond a 
 doubt. From this investigation it is discovered, that it was in 
 reality a bargain secretly struck between the governor-general 
 and Debi Sing ; and that the committee were only employed in 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 307 
 
 the mere official forms. From the time, that Mr. Hastings 
 new modelled, the revenue system, nothing is seen in its true 
 shape. We now know, in spite of the fallacy of these records, 
 who the true grantor was ; it will not be amiss to go a little 
 further in supplying their defects, and to inquire a little con- 
 cerning the grantee. This makes it necessary for me to in- 
 form your lordships who Debi Sing is. 
 
 [JWr. Burke read the committee^ s recommendation of Debi Sing to 
 the governor-general and council : but the copy of the paper 
 alluded to is wanting.'] 
 
 Here is a choice, here is Debi Sing presented for his know- 
 ledge in business, his trust and fidelity ; and that he is a person, 
 against whom no objection can be made, This is presented to 
 Mr. Hastings, by him recorded in the council books, and by 
 him transmitted to the court of directors. Mr. Hastings has 
 since recorded, that he knew this Debi Sing, (though he here 
 pubHely authorizes the nomination of him to all that great body 
 of trusts,) that he knew him to be a man completely capable of 
 the mos't atrocious iniquities, that were ever charged upon man. 
 Debi Sing is appointed to all those great trusts through the 
 means of Gunga Govin Sing, from whom he (Mr. Hastings) 
 had received 30,000/. as a part of a bribe. 
 
 Now, though it is a large field, though it is a thing, that, I 
 must confess, I feel a reluctance almost in venturing to under- 
 take, exhausted as I am, yet such is the magnitude of the 
 affair, such the evil consequences that followed from a system 
 of bribery, such the horrible consequences of superseding all 
 the persons in office in the country to give it into the hands of 
 Debi Sing, that though it is the public opinion, and though no 
 man, that has ever heard the name of Debi Sing, does not 
 know, that he was only second to Gunga Govin Sing, yet it is 
 not to my purpose, unless I prove, that Mr. Hastings knew his 
 character at the very time he accepts him as a person against 
 whom no exception could be made. 
 
 It is necessary to inform your lordships who this Debi Sing 
 was, to whom these great trusts were committed, and those 
 great provinces given. 
 
 It may be thought, and not unnaturally, that in this sort of 
 corrupt and venal appointment to high trust and office, Mr. 
 Hastings has no other consideration than the money he received. 
 But whoever thinks so will be deceived. Mr. Hastings was 
 very far from indifl^erent to the character of the persons he 
 
308 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 dealt with. On the contrary, he made a most careful selection ; 
 he had a very scrupulous regard to the aptitude of the men foi 
 the purposes for which he employed them ; and was much 
 guided by his experience of their conduct in those offices, which 
 had been sold to them upon former occasions. 
 
 Except Gunga Govin Sing (whom, as justice required, Mr. 
 Hastings distinguished by the highest marks of his confidence,) 
 there was not a man in Bengal, perhaps not upon earth, a 
 match for this Debi Sing. He was not an unknown subject ; 
 not one rashly taken up as an experiment. He was a tried 
 man ; and if there had been one more desperately and aban- 
 donedly corrupt, more wildly and flagitiously oppressive, to be 
 found unemployed in India, large as his offers were, Mr. Hast- 
 ings would not have taken this money from Debi Sing. 
 
 Debi Sing was one of those who, in the early stages of the 
 EngUsh power in Bengal, attached himself to those natives, 
 who then stood high in office. He courted Mahomed Reza 
 Khan, a Mussulman of the highest rank, of the tribe of Koreish, 
 whom I have already mentioned, then at the head of the 
 revenue, and now at the head of the criminal justice of Bengal, 
 with all the supple assiduity, of which those, who possess no 
 valuable art or useful talent, are commonly complete masters. 
 Possessing large funds acquired by his apprenticeship and 
 novitiate in the lowest frauds, he was enabled to lend to this 
 then powerful man, in the several emergencies of his variable 
 fortune, very large sums of money. This great man had been 
 brought down by Mr. Hastings, under the orders of the court 
 of directors, upon a cruel charge, to Calcutta. He was accused 
 of many crimes, and acquitted, 220,000/. in debt. That is to 
 say, as soon as he was a great debtor, he ceased to be a great 
 criminal. 
 
 Debi Sing obtained by his services no slight influence over ^ 
 Mahomed Reza Khan, a person of a character very different 
 from his. 
 
 From that connexion he was appointed to the farm of the 
 revenue, and inclusively of the government of Purnea, a prov- 
 ince of very great extent, and then in a state of no inconsider- 
 able opulence. In this office he exerted his talents with so much 
 vigor and industry, that in a very short time the province was 
 half depopulated, and totally ruined. 
 
 The farm, on the expiration of his lease, was taken by a set 
 of adventurers in this kind of traffic from Calcutta. But when 
 the new undertakers came to survey the object of their future 
 operations, and future profits, they were so shocked at the 
 hideous and squalid scenes of misery and desolation, that glared 
 upon them in every quarter, that they instantly fled out of the 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 309 
 
 country, and thought themselves but too happy to be permitted, 
 on the payment of a penalty of twelve thousand pounds, to be 
 released from their engagements. 
 
 To give in a few words as clear an idea, as I am able to give, 
 of the immense volume, which might be composed of the vexa- 
 tions, violence, and rapine of that tyrannical administration, the 
 territorial revenue of Purnea, which had been let to Debi Sing 
 at the rate of 160,000/. sterling a year, was with difficulty 
 leased for a yearly sum under 90,000/. and with all rigor of 
 exaction produced in effect little more than 60,000/. falling 
 greatly below one half of its original estimate. — So entirely did 
 the administration of Debi Sing exhaust all the resources of the 
 province ; so totally did his baleful influence blast the very hope 
 and spring of all future revenue. 
 
 The administration of Debi Sing was too notoriously destruc- 
 tive not to cause a general clamor. It was impossible, that it 
 should be passed over without animadversion. Accordingly, in 
 the month of September 1772, Mr. Hastings, then at the head 
 of the committee of circuit, removed him for maladministra- 
 tion; and he has since pubHcly declared on record, that he 
 knew him to be capable of all the most horrid and atrocious 
 crimes, that can be imputed to man. 
 
 This brand, how^ever, was only a mark for Mr. Hastings to 
 find him out hereafter in the crowd ; to identify him for his 
 own ; and to call him forth into action, when his virtues should 
 be sufficiently matured for the services, in which he afterwards 
 employed him through his instruments Mr. Anderson and Gunga 
 Govin Sing. In the mean time he left Debi Sing to the direc- 
 tion of his own good genius. 
 
 Debi Sing was stigmatized in the company's records, his 
 reputation was gone, but his funds w^ere safe. In the arrange- 
 ment made by Mr. Hastings in the year 1773, by which 
 provincial councils were formed, Debi Sing became deputy 
 steward, or " secretary, (soon in effect and influence principal 
 steward) to the provincial council of Moorshedabad, the seat 
 of the old government, and the first province of the kingdom ; 
 and to his charge were committed various extensive and popu- 
 lous provinces, yielding an annual revenue of 120 lacs of 
 rupees, or 1,500,000/. This division of provincial council in- 
 cluded Rungpore, Edrackpore, and others, where he obtained 
 such a knowledge of their resources, as subsequently to get 
 possession of them. 
 
 Debi Sing found this administration composed mostly of 
 young men, dissipated and fond of pleasure, as is usual at that 
 time of life ; but desirous of reconcihng those pleasures, which 
 usually consume wealth, with the means of making a great and 
 
310 MR. BURKE^S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 speedy fortune ; at once eager candidates for opulence, and 
 perfect novices in all the roads that lead to it. Debi Sing 
 commiserated their youth and inexperience, and took upon him 
 to be their guide. 
 
 There is a revenue in that country, raised by a tax more 
 productive than laudable. It is an imposition on public prosti- 
 tutes, a duty upon the societies of dancing girls ; those semina- 
 ries, from which Mr. Hastings has selected an administrator of 
 justice and governor of kingdoms. Debi Sing thought it 
 expedient to farm this tax ; not only because he neglected no 
 sort of gain, but because he regarded it as no contemptible 
 means of povi^er and influence. Accordingly, in plain terms, 
 he opened a legal brothel, out of vi^hich he carefully reserved 
 (you may be sure) the very flower of his collection for the en- 
 tertainment of his young superiors ; ladies recommended not 
 only by personal merit, but, according to the eastern custom, 
 by sweet and enticing names, which he had given them. For, 
 if they were to be translated they would sound, — Riches of my 
 Life; Wealth of my Soul; Treasure of Perfection; Diamond 
 of Splendor ; Pearl of Price ; Ruby of Pure Blood ; and other 
 metaphorical descriptions, that, calhng up dissonant passions 
 to enhance the value of the general harmony, heightened the 
 attractions of love with the allurements of avarice. A moving 
 seraglio of these ladies always attended his progress, and were 
 always brought to the splendid and multiplied entertainments, 
 with which he regaled his council. In these festivities, whilst 
 his guests were engaged with the seductions of beauty, the 
 intoxications of the most deUcious wines of France, and the 
 voluptuous vapor of perfumed India smoke, uniting the vivid 
 satisfactions of Europe with the torpid blandishments of Asia, 
 the great magician himself, chaste in the midst of dissoluteness, 
 sober in the centre of debauch, vigilant in the lap of negligence 
 and oblivion, attended with an eagle's eye the moment for 
 thrusting in business, and at such times was able to carry with- 
 out difficulty points of shameful enormity, which at other hours 
 he would not so much as have dared to mention to his em- 
 ployers, young men rather careless and inexperienced than 
 intentionally corrupt. Not satisfied with being pander to their 
 pleasures, he anticipated, and was purveyor to, their wants, and 
 supplied them with a constant command of money ; and by 
 these means he reigned with an uncontrolled dominion over the 
 province and over its governors. 
 
 For you are to understand, that in many things we are very 
 much misinformed w^ith regard to the true seat of power in 
 India. Whilst we were proudly calling India a British govern- 
 ment, it was in substance a government of the lowest, basest, 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 311 
 
 and most flagitious of the native rabble; to whom the far greater 
 part of the English, who figured in employment and station, 
 had from their earliest youth been slaves and instruments. 
 Banyans had anticipated the period of their power in prema- 
 ture advances of money; and have ever after obtained the 
 entire dominion over their nomina masters. 
 
 By these various ways and means, Debi Sing contrived to 
 add job to job, employment to employment, and to hold, besides 
 the farms of two very considerable districts, various trusts in 
 the revenue ; sometimes openly appearing ; sometimes hid two 
 or three deep in false names ; emerging into light, or shroud- 
 ing himself in darkness, as successful, or defeated crimes ren- 
 dered him bold or cautious. Every one of these trusts was 
 marked with its own fraud ; and for one of those frauds com- 
 mitted by him in another name, by which he became deeply in 
 balance to the revenue, he was publicly whipped by proxy. 
 
 All this while Mr. Hastings kept his eye upon him, and at- 
 tended to his progress. But, as he rose in Mr. Hastings's opin- 
 ion, he fell in that of his immediate employers. By degrees, as 
 reason prevailed, and the fumes of pleasure evaporated, the 
 provincial council emerged from their first dependence ; and, 
 finding nothing but infamy attending the councils and services 
 of such a man, resolved to dismiss him. In this strait, and crisis 
 of his power, the artist turned himself into all shapes. He of- 
 fered great sums individually; he offered them collectively; 
 and at last put a carte blanche on the table — all to no purpose ! 
 What ! are you stones ? — Have I not men to deal with 1 — Will 
 flesh and blood refuse me 1 
 
 When Debi Sing found, that the council had entirely escaped, 
 and were proof against his offers, he left them with a sullen 
 and menacing silence. He applied where he had good intelli- 
 gence, that these offers would be well received ; and that he 
 should at once be revenged of the council, and obtain all the 
 ends which through them he had sought in vain. 
 
 Without hesitation or scruple, Mr. Hastings sold a set of in- 
 nocent officers ; sold his fellow-servants of the company, enti- 
 tled by every duty to his protection ; sold English subjects, re- 
 commended by every tie of national sympathy ; sold the honor 
 of the British government itself ; without charge, without com- 
 plaint, without allegation of crime in conduct, or of insufficiency 
 in talents ; he sold them to the most known and abandoned 
 character, which the rank servitude of that clime produces. 
 For him, he entirely broke and quashed the council of Moors- 
 hedabad, which had been the settled government for twelve 
 years, (a long period in the changeful history of India,) at a 
 time too when it had acquired a great degree of consistency* 
 
313 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 an official experience, a knowledge and habit of business, and 
 "was making full amends for early errors. 
 
 For now Mr. Hastings, having buried Colonel Monson and 
 General Clavering, and having shaken off Mr. Francis, who 
 retired half dead from office, began at length to respire ; he 
 found elbow-room once more to display his genuine nature and 
 disposition, and to make amends in a riot and debauch of 
 peculation for the forced abstinence, to which he was reduced 
 during the usurped dominion of honor and integrity. 
 
 It was not enough, that the English were thus sacrificed to 
 the revenge of Debi Sing. It was necessary to dehver over 
 the natives to his avarice. By the intervention of bribe broker- 
 age, he united the two great rivals in iniquity, who before from 
 an emulation of crimes were enemies to each other, Gunga 
 Govin Sing, and Debi Sing. He negotiated the bribe and the 
 farm of the latter through the former; and Debi Sing was 
 invested in farm for two years with the three provinces of 
 Dinagepore, Edrackpore, and Rungpore ; territories, making 
 together a tract of land superior in dimensions to the northern 
 counties of England, Yorkshire included. 
 
 To prevent anything, which might prove an obstacle on the 
 full swing of his genius, he removed all the restraints, which 
 had been framed to give an ostensible credit, to give some 
 show of official order, to the plans of revenue administration 
 framed from time to time in Bengal. An officer, called a 
 dewan, had been established in the provinces, expressly as a 
 check on the person who should act as farmer-general. This 
 office he conferred along with that of farmer-general on Debi 
 Sing, in order that Debi might become an effectual check upon 
 Sing ; and thus these provinces, without inspection, without 
 control, without law, and without magistrates, were delivered 
 over by Mr. Hastings, bound hand and foot, to the discretion 
 of the man, whom he had before recorded as the destroyer of 
 Purnea ; and capable of every the most atrocious wickedness, 
 that could be imputed to man. 
 
 Fatally for the natives of India, every wild project and 
 every corrupt sale of Mr. Hastings, and those whose example 
 he followed, is covered with a pretended increase of revenue 
 to the company. Mr. Hastings would not pocket his bribe of 
 40,000/. for himself without letting the company in as a sharer 
 and accomplice. For the province of Rungpore, the object, to 
 which I mean in this instance to confine your attention, 7,000/. 
 a year was added. But lest this avowed increase of rent 
 should seem to lead to oppression, great and religious care was 
 taken in the covenant, so stipulated with' Debi Sing, that this 
 increase should not arise from any additional assessment what- 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 313 
 
 soever on the country, but solely from improvements in the 
 cultivation, and the encouragement to be given to the land- 
 holder and husbandman. But as Mr. Hastings's bribe, of a far 
 greater sum, was not guarded by any such provision, it was 
 left to the discretion of the donor in what manner he was to 
 indemnify himself for it. 
 
 Debi Sing fixed the seat of his authority at Dinagepore, 
 where as soon as he arrived, he did not lose a moment in doing 
 his duty. If Mr. Hastings can forget his covenant, you may 
 easily beheve, that Debi Sing had not a more correct memory; 
 and, accordingly, as soon as he came into the province, he in- 
 stantly broke every covenant, which he had entered into, as a 
 restraint on his avarice, rapacity and tyranny; which, from 
 the highest of the nobility and gentry to the lowest husband- 
 man, were afterwards exercised, with a stern and unrelenting 
 impartiality, upon the whole people. For notwithstanding the 
 province before Debi Sing's lease was, from various causes, in 
 a state of declension, and in balance for the revenue of the 
 preceding year, at his very first entrance into office he forced 
 from the zemindars or landed gentry an enormous increase of 
 their tribute. They refused compliance. On this refusal he 
 threw the whole body of zemindars into prison; and thus in 
 bonds and fetters compelled them to sign their own ruin by an 
 increase of rent, w^hich they knew they could never realize. 
 
 Having thus gotten ihem under, he added exaction to exac- 
 tion, so that every day announced some new and varied de- 
 mand ; until exhausted by these oppressions they were brought 
 to the extremity, to which he meant to drive them, the sale of 
 their lands. 
 
 The lands held by the zemindars of that country are of 
 many descriptions. The first and most general are those, that 
 pay revenue. The others are of the nature of demesne lands, 
 which are free and pay no rent to government. The latter are 
 for the immediate support of the zemindars and their families, 
 as from the former they derive their influence, authority, and 
 the means of upholding their dignity. The lands of the former 
 description were immediately attached, sequestered and sold 
 for the most trifling consideration. The rent-free lands, the 
 best and richest lands of the whole province, were sold — sold 
 for — what do your lordships think ? — They were sold for less 
 than one year's purchase, — at less than one year's purchase, at 
 the most underrated value ; so that the fee simple of an Eng- 
 hsh acre of rent-free land sold at the rate of seven or eight 
 shillings. Such a sale on such terms strongly indicated the 
 purchaser. And how did it turn out in fact ? The purchaser 
 was the very agent and instrument of Mr. Hastings, Debi Sing 
 
 2P 27 
 
314 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 himself. He made the exaction; he forced the sale; he re- 
 duced the rate ; and he became the purchaser at less than one 
 year's purchase, and paid with the very money which he had 
 extorted from the miserable vendors. 
 
 When he had thus sold and separated these lands, he united 
 the whole body of them, amounting to about 7,000/. sterling a 
 year (but according to the rate of money and living in that 
 country equivalent to a rental in England of 30,000Z. a year) ; 
 and then having raised in the new letting, as on the sale he had 
 fraudulently reduced, those lands, he reserved them as an estate 
 for himself, or to whomsoever resembling himself Mr. Hastings 
 should order them to be disposed. 
 
 The lands, thus sold for next to nothing, left of course the 
 late landholder still in debt. The failure of fund, the rigorous 
 exaction of debt, and the multiplication of new arbitrary taxes 
 next carried off the goods. There is a circumstance attending 
 this business, which will call for your lordships' pity. Most of 
 the landholders or zemindars in that country happened at that 
 time to be women. The sex there is in a state certainly re- 
 sembling imprisonment, but guarded as a sacred treasure with 
 all possible attention and respect. None of the coarse male 
 hands of the law can reach them; but they have a custom; 
 very cautiously used in all good governments there, of employ- 
 ing female bailiffs, or sergeants, in the execution of the law, 
 where that sex is concerned. Guards, therefore, surrounded 
 the houses ; and then female sergeants and bailiffs entered into 
 the habitations of these female zemindars, and held their goods 
 and persons in execution, nothing being left but, what was 
 daily threatened, their life, and honor. The landholders, even 
 women of eminent rank and condition, for such the greatest 
 part of the zemindars then were, fled from the ancient seats of 
 their ancestors, and left their miserable followers and servants, 
 who in that country are infinitely numerous, without protection, 
 and without bread. The monthly instalment of Mr. Hastings's 
 bribe was become due, and his rapacity must be fed from the 
 vitals of the people. 
 
 The zemindars, before their own flight, had the mortification 
 to see all the lands assigned to charitable and to religious uses, 
 the humane and pious foundations of themselves and their an- 
 cestors, made to support infirmity and decrepitude, to give feet 
 to the lame, and eyes to the blind, and to effect which they had 
 deprived themselves of many of the enjoyments of hfe, cruelly 
 sequestered and sold at the same market of violence and fraud, 
 where their demesne possessions and their goods had been be- 
 fore made away with. Even the lands and funds set aside for 
 their funeral ceremonies, in which they hoped to find an end to 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 315 
 
 their miseries, and some indemnity of imagination for all the 
 substantial sufferings of their lives : even the very feeble con- 
 solations of death v^ere by the same rigid hand of tyranny, a 
 tyranny more consuming than the funeral pile, more greedy 
 than the grave, and more inexorable than death itself, seized 
 and taken to make good the honor of corruption, and the faith 
 of bribery pledged to Mr. Hastings or his instruments. 
 
 Thus it fared v^^ith the better and middhng orders of the 
 people. Were the lower, the more industrious spared? — Alas! 
 as their situation v^^as far more helpless, their oppression wsls 
 infinitely more sore and grievous ; the exactions yet more ex- 
 cessive, the demand yet more vexatious, more capricious, more 
 arbitrary. To afford your lordships some idea of the condition 
 of those, who were served up to satisfy Mr. Hastings's hunger 
 and thirst for bribes, I shall read it to you in the very words 
 of the representative tyrant himself. Rajah Debi Sing. Debi 
 Sing, when he was charged with a fraudulent sale of the orna- 
 ments of gold and silver of women, who according to the 
 modes of that country had starved themselves to decorate their 
 unhappy persons, argued on the improbability of this part of 
 the charge, in these very words : 
 
 " It is notorious," says he, " that poverty generally prevails 
 amongst the husbandmen of Rungpore, more perhaps than in 
 any other parts of the country. They are seldom possessed of 
 any property except at the time they reap their harvest ; and at 
 others, barely procure their subsistence. And this is the cause 
 that such numbers of them were swept away by the famine. 
 Their effects are only a little earthenware, and their houses 
 only a handful of straw ; the sale of a thousand of which would 
 not perhaps produce twenty shillings." 
 
 These were the opulent people, from whose superfluities Mr. 
 Hastings was to obtain a gift of 40,000/. over and above a 
 large increase of rent, over and above the exactions, by which 
 the farmer must reimburse himself for the advance of the 
 money, by which he must obtain the natural profit of the farm, 
 as well as supply the peculium of his own avarice. 
 
 Therefore your lordships will not be surprised at the conse- 
 quences. All this unhappy race of little farmers, and tillers of 
 the soil, were driven like a herd of cattle by his extortioners, 
 and compelled by imprisonments, by fetters, and by cruel 
 whippings, to engage for more than the whole of their substance 
 or possible acquisition. 
 
 Over and above this, there was no mode of extortion which 
 the inventive imagination of rapacity could contrive, that was 
 not contrived and was not put in practice. On its own day 
 your lordships will hear with astonishment, detestation and 
 
216 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 horror, the detail of these tyrannous inventions; and it will 
 appear, that the aggregate of these superadded demands 
 amounted to as great a sum as the whole of the compulsory- 
 rent, on which they were piled. 
 
 The country being in many parts left wholly waste, and in 
 all parts considerably depopulated by the first rigors, the full 
 rate of the district was exacted from the miserable survivors. 
 Their burdens were increased, as their fellow laborers, to 
 whose joint efforts they were to owe the means of payment, 
 diminished. Driven to make payments, beyond all possible 
 calculation, previous to receipts and above their means, in a 
 very short time they fell into the hands of usurers. 
 
 The usurers, who under such a government held their own 
 funds by a precarious tenure, and were to lend to those whose 
 substance was still more precarious, (to the natural hardness 
 and austerity of that race of men,) had additional motives to 
 extortion, and made their terms accordingly. And what were 
 the terms these poor people were obliged to consent to, to 
 answer the bribes and peshcush paid to Mr. Hastings ? five, ten, 
 twenty, forty per cent. ? No ! at an interest of six hundred per 
 cent, per annum, payable by the day ! A tiller of land to pay 
 six hundred per cent., to discharge the demands of government ! 
 What exhaustless fund of opulence could supply this destructive 
 resource of wretchedness and misery ? Accordingly, the hus- 
 bandman ground to powder between the usurer below and the 
 oppressor above, the whole crop of the country was forced at 
 once to market; and the market glutted, overcharged and 
 suflfocated, the price of grain fell to the fifth part of its usual 
 value. The crop was then gone, but the debt remained. An 
 universal treasury extent, and process of execution, followed 
 on the cattle and stock, and was enforced, w-ith more or less 
 rigor, in every quarter. We have it in evidence, that in 
 those sales five cows were sold for not more than seven or 
 eight shillings. All other things were depreciated in the same 
 proportion. The sale of the instruments of husbandry suc- 
 ceeded to that of the corn and stock. Instances there are, 
 where, all other things failing, the farmers were dragged from 
 the court to their houses, in order to see them first plundered, 
 and then burnt down before their faces. It was not a rigorous 
 collection of revenue, it was a savage war made upon the 
 country. 
 
 The peasants were left little else than their families and 
 their bodies. The families were disposed of. It is a known 
 observation, that those, who have the fewest of all other worldly 
 enjoyments, are the most tenderly attached to their children 
 and wives. The most tender of parents sold their children at 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 317 
 
 market. The most fondly jealous of husbands sold their wives. 
 The tyranny of Mr. Hastings extinguished every sentiment of 
 father, son, brother, and husband ! 
 
 I come now to the last stage of their miseries : everything 
 visible and vendible was seized and sold. Nothing but the 
 bodies remained. 
 
 It is the nature of tyranny and rapacity never to learn 
 moderation from the ill success of first oppressions; on the 
 contrary, all oppressors, all men thinking highly of the methods 
 dictated by their nature, attribute the frustration of their desires 
 to the want of sufficient rigor. Then they redouble the efforts 
 of their impotent cruelty ; which producing, as they must ever 
 produce, new disappointments, they grow irritated against the 
 objects of their rapacity ; and then, rage, fury and malice (im- 
 placable because unprovoked) recruiting and reinforcing their 
 avarice, their vices are no longer human. From cruel men 
 they are transformed into savage beasts, with no other vestiges 
 of reason left but what serves to furnish the inventions and 
 refinements of ferocious subtlety, for purposes of which beasts 
 are incapable, and at which fiends would blush. 
 
 Debi Sing and his instruments suspected, and in a few cases 
 they suspected justly, that the country people had purloined 
 from their own estates, and had hidden in secret places in the 
 circumjacent deserts, some small reserve of their own grain to 
 maintain themselves during the unproductive months of the 
 year, and to leave some hope for a future season. But the 
 under tyrants knew, that the demands of Mr. Hastings would 
 admit no plea for delay, much less for subtraction of his bribe, 
 and that he would not abate a shilling of it to the wants of the 
 whole human race. These hoards, real or supposed, not being 
 discovered by menaces and imprisonment, they fell upon the 
 last resource, the naked bodies of the people. And here, my 
 lords, began such a scene of cruelties and tortures, as I believe 
 no history has ever presented to the indignation of the world ; 
 such as I am sure, in the most barbarous ages, no politic tyran- 
 ny, no fanatic persecution has ever yet exceeded. Mr. Pater- 
 son, the commissioner appointed to inquire into the state of the 
 country, makes his own apology and mine for opening this 
 scene of horrors to you in the following words : " That the 
 punishments, inflicted upon the ryotts both of Rungpore and 
 Dinagepore for non-payment, were in many instances of such 
 a nature, that I would rather wish to draw a veil over them, 
 than shock your feehngs by the detail. But that however 
 disagreeable the task may be to myself, it is absolutely neces- 
 sary for the sake of justice, humanity, and the honor of gov- 
 ernment, that they should be exposed, to be prevented in future." 
 
 27* 
 
318 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 My lords, they began by winding cords round the fingers of 
 the unhappy freeholders of those provinces, until they clung to 
 and were almost incorporated with one another ; and then they 
 hammered wedges of iron between them, until, regardless of 
 the cries of the sufferers, they had bruised to pieces and for 
 ever crippled those poor, honest, innocent, laborious hands, 
 which had never been raised to their mouths, but with a penuri- 
 ous and scanty proportion of the fruits of their own soil ; but 
 those fruits (denied to the wants of their own children) have 
 for more than fifteen years past furnished the investment for 
 our trade with China, and been sent annually out, and without 
 recompense, to purchase for us that delicate meal, with which 
 your lordships, and all this auditory, and all this country, have 
 begun every day for these fifteen years at their expense. To 
 those beneficent hands, that labor for our benefit, the return of 
 the British government has been cords, and hammers, and 
 wedges. But there is a place where these crippled and disabled 
 hands will act with resistless power. What is it, that they will 
 not pull down, when they are lifted to heaven against their 
 oppressors ? Then what can withstand such hands ? Can the 
 power, that crushed and destroyed them ? Powerful in prayer, 
 let us at least deprecate, and thus endeavor to secure ourselves 
 from, the vengeance, which these mashed and disabled hands 
 may pull down upon us. My lords, it is an awful consideration. 
 Let us think of it. 
 
 But to pursue this melancholy but necessary detail. I am 
 next to open to your lordships, what I am hereafter to prove, 
 that the most substantial and leading yeomen, the responsible 
 farmers, the parochial magistrates, and chiefs of villages, were 
 tied two and two by the legs together ; and their tormentors, 
 throwing them with their heads downwards over a bar, beat 
 them on the soles of the feet with ratans, until the nails fell from 
 the toes ; and then attacking them at their heads, as they hung 
 downward, as before at their feet, they beat them with sticks 
 and other instruments of blind fury, until the blood gushed out 
 at their eyes, mouths, and noses. 
 
 Not thinking that the ordinary whips and cudgels, even so 
 administered, were sufficient, to others (and often also to the 
 same, who had suffered as I have stated) they applied, instead 
 of ratan and bamboo, whips made of the branches of the bale 
 tree ; a tree full of sharp and strong thorns, which tear the skin 
 and lacerate the flesh far worse than ordinary scourges. 
 
 For others, exploring with a searching and inquisitive malice, 
 stimulated by an insatiate rapacity, all the devious paths of na- 
 ture for whatever is most unfriendly to man, they made rods 
 of a plant highly caustic and poisonous, called hecheiiea, every 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ, 319 
 
 wound of which festers and gangrenes, adds double and treble 
 to the present torture, leaves a crust of leprous sores upon the 
 body, and often ends in the destruction of life itself. 
 
 At night, these poor innocent sufferers, these martyrs of ava- 
 rice and extortion, were brought into dungeons; and in the 
 season when nature takes refuge in insensibility from all the 
 miseries and cares which wait on life, they were three times 
 scourged, and made to reckon the watches of the night by pe- 
 riods and intervals of torment. They were then led out in the 
 severe depth of winter, which there at certain seasons would 
 be severe to any, to the Indians is most severe and almost in- 
 tolerable, — they were led out before break of day, and, stiif 
 and sore as they were with the bruises and wounds of the night, 
 were plunged into water ; and whilst their jaws clung together 
 with the cold, and their bodies were rendered infinitely more 
 sensible, the blows and stripes were renewed upon their backs ; 
 and then, delivering them over to soldiers, they were sent into 
 their farms and villages to discover where a few handfuls of 
 grain might be found concealed, or to extract some loan from 
 the remnants of compassion and courage not subdued in those, 
 who had reason to fear, that their own turn of torment would 
 be next, that they should succeed them in the same punishment, 
 and that their very humanity, being taken as a proof of their 
 wealth, would subject them (as it did in many cases subjeat 
 them) to the same inhuman tortures. After this circuit of the 
 day through their plundered and ruined villages, they were re- 
 manded at night to the same prison ; whipped, as before, at their 
 return to the dungeon ; and at morning whipped at their leav- 
 ing it ; and then sent as before to purchase, by begging in the 
 day, the reiteration of the torture in the night. Days of menace, 
 insult, and extortion ; — nights of bolts, fetters, and flagellation 
 succeeded to each other in the same round, and for a long time 
 made up all the vicissitude of Hfe to these miserable people. 
 
 But there are persons, whose fortitude could bear their own 
 suffering ; there are men, who are hardened by their very pains ; 
 and the mind, strengthened even by the torments of the body, 
 rises with a strong defiance against its oppressor. They were 
 assaulted on the side of their sympathy. Children were scourged 
 almost to death in the presence of their parents. This was not 
 enough. The son and father were bound close together, face 
 to face, and body to body, and in that situation cruelly lashed 
 together, so that the blow, which escaped the father, fell upon 
 the son, and the blow, which missed the son, wound over the 
 back of the parent. The circumstances were combined by so 
 subtle a cruelty, that every stroke, which did not excruciate the 
 
320 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 sense, should wound and lacerate the sentiments and affections 
 of nature. 
 
 On the same principle, and for the same ends, virgins, who 
 had never seen the sun, were dragged from the inmost sanctua- 
 ries of their houses ; and in the open court of justice, in the 
 very place where security was to be sought against all wrong 
 and all violence, (but where no judge or lawful magistrate had 
 long sat, but in their place the ruffians and hangmen of Warren 
 Hastings occupied the bench,) these virgins, vainly invoking 
 heaven and earth, in the presence of their parents, and whilst 
 their shrieks were mingled with the indignant cries and groans 
 of all the people, publicly were violated by the lowest and 
 wickedest of the human race. Wives were torn from the arms 
 of their husbands, and suffered the same flagitious wrongs, 
 which were indeed hid in the bottoms of the dungeons, in which 
 their honor and their hberty were buried together. Often they 
 were taken out of the refuge of this consoling gloom, stripped 
 naked, and thus exposed to the world, and then cruelly scourged ; 
 and in order that cruelty might riot in all the circumstances, 
 that melt into tenderness the fiercest natures, the nipples of their 
 breasts were put between the sharp and elastic sides of cleft 
 bamboos. Here, in my hand, is my authority ; for otherwise 
 one would think it incredible. But it did not end there. Grow- 
 ing from crime to crime, ripened by cruelty for cruelty, these I 
 fiends, at length outraging sex, decency, nature, appHed lighted ' 
 torches and slow fire — (I cannot proceed for shame and hor- 
 ror !) these infernal furies planted death in the source of life, 
 and where that modesty, which, more than reason, distinguishes 
 men from beasts, retires from the view, and even shrinks from 
 the expression, there they exercised and glutted their unnatural, 
 monstrous, and nefarious cruelty, — there, where the reverence 
 of nature, and the sanctity of justice, dares not to pursue, nor 
 venture to describe their practices. 
 
 These, my lords, were sufferings, which we feel all in com- 
 mon, in India and in England, by the general sympathy of our 
 common nature. But there were in that province (sold to the 
 tormentors by Mr. Hastings,) things done, which, from the pe- 
 culiar manners of India, were even worse than all I have laid 
 before you ; as the dominion of manners, and the law of opin- 
 ion, contribute more to their happiness and misery than any- 
 thing in mere sensitive nature can do. 
 
 The women thus treated lost their caste. My lords, we are 
 not here to commend or blame the institutions and prejudices 
 of a whole race of people, radicated in them by a long succes- 
 sion of ages, on which no reason or argument, on which no vi- 
 cissitudes of things, no mixtures of men, or foreign conquest. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 321 
 
 have been able to make the smallest impression. The aborigi- 
 nal Gentu inhabitants are all dispersed into tribes or castes ; each 
 caste born to an invariable rank, rights, and descriptions of em- 
 ployment; so that one caste cannot by any means pass into an- 
 other. With the Gentus certain impurities or disgraces, though 
 without any guilt of the party, infer loss of caste ; and when 
 the highest caste, that of Brahmin, which is not only noble but 
 sacred, is lost, the person, who loses it, does not slide down into 
 one lower but reputable — he is wholly driven from all honest 
 society. All the relations of life are at once dissolved. His 
 parents are no longer his parents ; his wife is no longer his 
 wife ; his children, no longer his, are no longer to regard him 
 as their father. It is something far worse than complete out- 
 lawry, complete attainder, and universal excommunication. It 
 is a pollution even to touch him ; and if he touches any of his 
 old caste, they are justified in putting him to death. Contagion, 
 leprosy, plague, are not so much shunned. No honest occupa- 
 tion can be followed. He becomes an Halichore, if (which is 
 rare) he survives that miserable degradation. 
 
 Upon those, whom all the shocking catalogue of tortures I 
 have mentioned could not make to flinch, one of the modes of 
 losing caste for Brahmins, and other principal tribes, was prac- 
 tised. It was, to harness a bullock at the court door, and to 
 put the Brahmin on his back, and to lead him through the 
 towns, with drums beating before him. To intimidate others, 
 this bullock, with drums, the instrument according to their ideas 
 of outrage, disgrace, and utter loss of caste, was led through 
 the country ; and, as it advanced, the country fled before it. 
 When any Brahmin was seized he was threatened with this 
 pillory, and for the most part he submitted in a moment to 
 whatever was ordered. What it was may be thence judged. 
 But when no possibility existed of complying with the demand, 
 the people by their cries sometimes prevailed on the tyrants to 
 have it commuted for cruel scourging, which was accepted as 
 mercy. To some Brahmins this mercy was denied, and the act 
 of indelible infamy executed. Of these men one came to the 
 company's commissioner with the tale, and ended with these 
 melancholy words, — " I have suffered this indignity ; my caste 
 is lost ; my life is a burden to me ; I call for justice." He called 
 in vain. 
 
 Your lordships will not wonder, that these monstrous and 
 oppressive demands, exacted with such tortures, threw the 
 whole province into despair. They abandoned their crops on 
 the ground. The people, in a body, would have fled out of its 
 confines; but bands of soldiers invested the avenues of the 
 province, and, making a line of circumvallation, drove back 
 
 2Q 
 
322 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 those wretches, who sought exile as a reUef, into the prison of 
 their native soil. Not suffered to quit the district, they fled to 
 the many wild thickets, which oppression had scattered through 
 it, and sought amongst the jungles, and dens of tygers, a refuge 
 from the tyranny of Warren Hastings. Not able long to exist 
 here, pressed at once by wild beasts and famine, the same 
 despair drove them back; and seeking their last resource in 
 arms, the most quiet, the most passive, the most timid of the 
 human race, rose up in an universal insurrection ; and, what 
 will always happen in popular tumults, the effects of the fury 
 of the people fell on the meaner and sometimes the reluctant | 
 instruments of the tyranny, who in several places were mas- f 
 sacred. The insurrection began in Rungpore, and soon spread 
 its fire to the neighboring provinces, which had been harassed 
 by the same person with the same oppressions. The English 
 chief in that province had been the silent witness, most proba- 
 bly the abettor and accomplice, of all these horrors. He called 
 in first irregular, and then regular, troops, who by dreadful and 
 universal military execution got the better of the impotent re- 
 sistance of unarmed and undisciplined despair. I am tired with 
 the detail of the cruelties of peace. I spare you those of a 
 cruel and inhuman war, and of the executions, which, without 
 law or process, or even the shadow of authority, were ordered 
 by the English revenue chief in that province. 
 
 It has been necessary to lay these facts before you (and I i 
 have stated them to your lordships far short of their reality, 
 partly through my infirmity, and partly on account of the odious- 
 ness of the task of going through things, that disgrace human 
 nature) that you may be enabled fully to enter into the dreadful 
 consequences, which attend a system of bribery and corrup- 
 tion in a governor-general. On a transient view, bribery is I 
 rather a subject of disgust than horror; the sordid practice of " 
 a venal, mean, and abject mind; and the effect of the crime 
 seems to end with the act. It looks to be no more than the 
 corrupt transfer of property from one person to another ; at 
 worst a theft. But it will appear in a very different light, when 
 you regard the consideration, for which the bribe is given ; 
 namely, that a governor-general, claiming an arbitrary power 
 in himself, for that consideration delivers up the properties, the 
 liberties, and the lives of a whole people to the arbitrary dis- 
 cretion of any wicked and rapacious person, who will be sure 
 to make good from their blood the purchase he has paid for his 
 power over them. It is possible, that a man may pay a bribe 
 merely to redeem himself from some evil. It is bad however 
 to five under a power, whose violence has no restraint except . 
 in its avarice. But no man ever paid a bribe for a power to 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 323 
 
 charge and tax others, but with a view to oppress them. No 
 man ever paid a bribe for the handling of the public money, 
 but to peculate from it. When once such offices become thus 
 privately and corruptly venal, the very worst men will be cho- 
 sen (as Mr. Hastings has in fact constantly chosen the very 
 worst,) because none but those, who do not scruple the use of 
 any means, are capable, consistently with profit, to discharge 
 at once the rigid demands of a severe public revenue, and the 
 private bribes of a rapacious chief magistrate. Not only the 
 worst men will be thus chosen, but they will be restrained by 
 no dread whatsoever in the execution of their worst oppres- 
 sions. Their protection is sure. The authority that is to re- 
 strain, to control, to punish them, is previously engaged ; he 
 has his retaining fee for the support of their crimes. Mr. Hast- 
 ings never dared, because he could not, arrest oppression in its 
 course, without drying up the source of his own corrupt emolu- 
 ment. Mr. Hastings never dared, after the fact, to punish ex- 
 tortion in others, because he could not, without risking the dis- 
 covery of bribery in himself The same corruption, the same 
 oppression, and the same impunity, will reign through all the 
 subordinate gradations. 
 
 A fair revenue may be collected without the aid of wicked, 
 violent, and unjust instruments. But, when once the line of just 
 and legal demand is transgressed, such instruments are of ab- 
 solute necessity; and they comport themselves accordingly. 
 When we know, that men must be well paid (and they ought 
 to be well paid) for the performance of honorable duty, can we 
 think, that men will be found to commit wicked, rapacious, and 
 oppressive acts with fidelity and disinterestedness, for the sole 
 emolument of dishonest employers ? No ; they must have their 
 full share of the prey, and the greater share as they are the 
 nearer and more necessary instruments of the general extortion. 
 We must not therefore flatter ourselves, when Mr. Hastings 
 takes 40,000/. in bribes for Dinagepore and its annexed prov- 
 inces, that from the people nothing more than 40,000/. is 
 extorted. I speak within compass, four times forty must be 
 levied on the people ; and these violent sales, fraudulent pur- 
 chases, confiscations, inhuman and unutterable tortures, impris- 
 onment, irons, whips, fines, general despair, general insurrection, 
 the massacre of the officers of revenue by the people, the mas- 
 sacre of the people by the soldiery, and the total waste and 
 destruction of the finest provinces in India, are things of course; 
 and all a necessary consequence involved in the very substance 
 of Mr. Hastings's bribery. 
 
 I, therefore, charge Mr. Hastings with having destroyed, for 
 
324 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 private purposes, the whole system of government by the six 
 provincial councils, which he had no right to destroy." 
 
 I charge him with having delegated to others that power, 
 which the act of parhament had directed him to preserve un- 
 alienably in himself. 
 
 I charge him with having formed a committee to be mere 
 instruments and tools, at the enormous expense of 62,000/. per 
 annum. 
 
 I charge him with having appointed a person their dewan, 
 to whom these Englishmen were to be subservient tools ; whose 
 name, to his own knowledge, was by the general voice of India, 
 by the general recorded voice of the company, by recorded 
 official transactions, by everything, that can make a man 
 known, abhorred, and detested, stamped with infamy ; and with 
 giving him the whole power, which he had thus separated from 
 the council-general, and from the provincial councils. 
 
 I charge him with taking bribes of Gunga Govin Sing. 
 
 I charge him with not having done that bribe-service, which 
 fidelity even in iniquity requires at the hands of the worst of 
 men. 
 
 I charge him with having robbed those people, of whom he 
 took the bribes. 
 
 I charge him with having fraudulently alienated the fortunes 
 of widows. 
 
 I charge him with having, without right, title, or purchase, 
 taken the lands of orphans, and given them to wicked persons, 
 under him. 
 
 I charge him with having removed the natural guardians of 
 
 a minor rajah, and with having given that trust to a stranger, 
 
 Debi Sing, whose wickedness was known to himself and all the 
 
 ' world ; and by whom the rajah, his family, and dependants, 
 
 were cruelly oppressed. 
 
 I charge him with having committed to the management of 
 Debi Sing three great provinces; and thereby, with having 
 wasted the country, ruined the landed interest, cruelly harassed 
 the peasants, burnt their houses, seized their crops, tortured and 
 degraded their persons, and destroyed the honor of the whole 
 female race of that country. 
 
 In the name of the Commons of England, I charge all this 
 villany upon Warren Hastings, in this last moment of my ap- 
 plication to you. 
 
 My lords, what is it, that we want here to a great act of na- 
 tional justice ? Do we want a cause, my lords ? You have the 
 cause of oppressed princes, of undone women of the first rank, 
 of desolated provinces, and of wasted kingdoms. 
 
 Do you want a criminal, my lords ? When was there so 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 325 
 
 much iniquity ever laid to the charge of any one ?— No, my 
 lords, you must not look to punish any other such delinquent from 
 India. — Warren Hastings has not left substance enough in India 
 to nourish such another dehnquent. 
 
 My lords, is it a prosecutor you want? — You have before 
 you the Commons of Great Britain as prosecutors ; and, I be- 
 lieve, my lords, that the sun, in his beneficent progress round 
 the world, does not behold a more glorious sight than that of 
 men, separated from a remote people by the material bounds 
 and barriers of nature, united by the bond of a social and 
 moral community ; — all the Commons of England resenting, as 
 their own, the indignities and cruelties, that are offered to all 
 the people of India. 
 
 Do we want a tribunal ? My lords, no example of antiqui- 
 ty, nothing in the modern world, nothing in the range of human 
 imagination, can supply us with a tribunal like this. My lords, 
 here we see virtually in the mind's eye that sacred majesty of 
 the crown, under whose authority you sit, and whose power 
 you exercise. We see in that invisible authority, what we all 
 feel in reality and hfe, the beneficent powers and protecting 
 justice of his majesty. We have here the heir apparent to the 
 crown, such as the fond wishes of the people of England wish 
 an heir apparent of the crown to be. We have here all the 
 branches of the royal family in a situation between majesty 
 and subjection, between the sovereign and the subject,-^offering 
 a pledge in that situation for the support of the rights of the 
 crown, and the liberties of the people, both which extremities 
 they touch. My lords, we have a great hereditary peerage 
 here; those, who have their own honor, the honor of their 
 ancestors, and of their posterity, to guard; and who will 
 justify, as they have always justified, that provision in the con- 
 stitution, by which justice is made an hereditary office. My 
 lords, we have here a new nobility, who have risen, and ex- 
 alted themselves by various merits, by great military services, 
 which have extended the fame of this country from the rising 
 to the setting sun : we have those, who by various civil merits 
 and various civil talents have been exalted to a situation, which 
 they well deserve, and in which they will justify the favor of 
 their sovereign, and the good opinion of their fellow subjects ; 
 and make them rejoice to see those virtuous characters, that 
 were the other day upon a level with them, now exalted above 
 them in rank, but feeling with them in sympathy what they felt 
 in common with them before. We have persons exalted 
 from the practice of the law, from the place in which they 
 administered high, though subordinate, justice, to a seat here, 
 to enlighten with their knowledge, and to strengthen with their 
 
 28 
 
326 MR. BURKE'S SPEECH, &c. 
 
 votes those principles, which have distinguished the courts, in 
 which they have presided. 
 
 My lords, you have here also the lights of our religion ; you 
 have the bishops of England. My lords, you have that true 
 image of the primitive church in its ancient form, in its ancient 
 ordinances, purified from the superstitions and the vices which 
 a long succession of ages will bring upon the best institutions. 
 You have the representatives of that religion, which says, that 
 their God is love, that the very vital spirit of their institution is 
 charity; a religion, which so much hates oppression, that, 
 when the God, whom we adore, appeared in human form, he 
 did not appear in a form of greatness and majesty, but in sympa- 
 thy with the lowest of the people, — and thereby made it a firm 
 and ruling principle, that their welfare was the object of all 
 government ; since the person, who was the Master of Nature, 
 chose to appear himself in a subordinate situation. These are 
 the considerations, which influence them, which animate them, 
 and will animate them, against all oppression ; knowing, that 
 He, who is called first among them, and first among us all, both 
 of the flock that is fed, and of those who feed it, made Him- 
 self " the servant of all." 
 
 My lords, these are the securities, which we have in all the 
 constituent parts of the body of this house. We know them, 
 we reckon, we rest upon them, and commit safely the interests 
 of India and of humanity into your hands. Therefore, it is 
 with confidence, that, ordered by the Commons, 
 
 I impeach Warren Hastings, Esquire, of high crimes and 
 misdemeanors. 
 
 I impeach him in the name of the Commons of Great Britain 
 in parliament assembled, whose parliamentary trust he has be- 
 trayed. 
 
 I impeach him in the 'name of all the Commons of Great 
 Britain, whose national character he has dishonored. 
 
 I impeach him in the name of the people of India, whose 
 laws, rights, and liberties he has subverted; whose properties 
 he has destroyed, whose country he has laid waste and desolate. 
 
 I impeach him in the name, and by virtue, of those eternal 
 laws of justice, which he has violated. 
 
 I impeach him in the name of human nature itself, which he 
 has cruelly outraged, injured, and oppressed in both sexes, in 
 every age, rank, situation, and condition of life. 
 
MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN 
 
 DEFENCE OF THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS, 
 
 DELIVERED 
 
 ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE FOR A LIBEL. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury, 
 
 The Attorney General, in that part of his address which re- 
 ferred to a letter, supposed to have been written to him from 
 France, exhibited signs of strong sensibility and emotion. — I do 
 not, I am sure, charge him with acting a part* to seduce you ; — 
 on the contrary, I am persuaded, from my own feelings, and 
 from my acquaintance with my friend from our childhood 
 upwards, that he expressed himself as he felt. But, gentlemen, 
 if he felt those painful embarrassments, you may imagine what 
 mine must be : — he can only feel for the august character whom 
 he represents in this place, as a subject for his Sovereign, too 
 far removed by custom from the intercourses which generate 
 affections, to produce any other sentiments than those that flow 
 from a relation common to us all ; but it will be remembered, 
 that I stand in the same relation towards another great person 
 more deeply implicated by this supposed letter ; who, riot re- 
 strained from the cultivation of personal attachments by those 
 qualifications which must always secure them, has exalted my 
 duty to a Prince, into a warm and honest affection between 
 man and man. Thus circumstanced, I certainly should have 
 been glad to have had an earher opportunity of knowing cor- 
 rectly the contents of this letter, and whether (which I positively 
 deny) it proceeded from the defendant. Coming thus suddenly 
 upon us, I see but too plainly the impression it has made upon 
 you who are to try the cause, and I feel its weight upon myself, 
 who am to conduct it ; but this shall neither detach me from 
 my duty, nor enervate me (if I can help it) in the discharge 
 of it. 
 
 If the Attorney General be well founded in the commentaries 
 he has made to you upon the book which he prosecutes ; — if he 
 be warranted by the law of England, in repressing its circula- 
 tion, from the illegal and dangerous matters contained in it ; — 
 if that suppression be, as he avows it, and as in common sense 
 it must be, the sole object of the prosecution, the public has 
 
328 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 great reason to lament that this -letter should have been at all 
 brought into the service of the cause : — It is no part of the 
 charge upon the record ; — it had no existence for months after 
 the w^ork was composed and pubhshed; — it w^as not written by 
 the defendant, if written by him at all, till after he had been in 
 a manner insultingly expelled from the country by the influence 
 of government ; it was not even written till he had become the 
 subject of another country. It cannot, therefore, by* any fair 
 inference decipher the mind of the author when he composed 
 his work : still less can it affect the construction of the language 
 in which it is written. The introduction of this letter at all is, 
 therefore, not only a departure from the charge, but a derehc- 
 tion of the object of the prosecution, which is to condemn the 
 hook: — since, if the condemnation of the author is to be ob- 
 tained, not hy the work itself, but by collateral matter not even 
 existing when it was written, nor known to its various publish- 
 ers throughout t-he kingdom, how can a verdict upon such 
 grounds condemn the work, or criminate other publishers, 
 strangers to the collateral matter on which the conviction may 
 be obtained to-day? I maintain, therefore, upon every principle 
 of sound poHcy, as it affects the interests of the Crown, and 
 upon every rule of justice, as it affects the author of The 
 Rights of Man, that the letter should be wholly dismissed from 
 your consideration. 
 
 Gentlemen, the Attorney General has thought it necessary to*^ 
 inform you, that a rumor had been spread, and had reached 
 his ears, that he only carried on the prosecution as a public 
 prosecutor, but without the concurrence of his own judgment ; 
 and therefore to add the just weight of his private character to 
 his public duty, and to repel what he thinks a calumny, he tells 
 you that he should have deserved to have been driven from 
 society, if he had not arraigned the work and the author before 
 you. Here too we stand in situations very different : — I have 
 no doubt of the existence of such a rumor, and of its having 
 reached his ears, because he says so ; but for the narrow circle 
 in which any rumor, personally implicating my learned friend's 
 character, has extended, I might appeal to the multitudes who 
 surround us, and ask, which of them all, except the few con- 
 nected in office with the crown, ever heard of its existence. 
 But with regard to myself, every man within hearing at this | 
 moment, nay, the whole people of England, have been witnesses l| 
 to the calumnious clamor that, by every art, has been raised 
 and kept up against me: in every place, where business or 
 pleasure collects the public together, day after day my name 
 and character have been the topics of injurious reflection. And 
 for what '?— only for not having shrunk from the discharge of a 
 
 kl 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 329 
 
 duty, which no personal advantage recommended, and which 
 a thousand difficuhies repelled. But, Gentlemen, I have no 
 complaint to make, either against the printers of these libels, 
 nor even against their authors : — the greater part of them, hur- 
 ried perhaps away by honest prejudices, may have believed 
 they were serving their country by rendering me the object of 
 its suspicion and contempt ; and if there have been amongst 
 them others who have mixed in it from personal mahce and 
 unkindness, I thank God I can forgive them also. — Little indeed 
 did they know me, who thought that such calumnies would in- 
 fluence my conduct : I will for ever, at all hazards, assert the 
 dignity, independence, and integrity of the English Bar ; with- 
 out which, impartial justice, the most valuable part of the Eng- 
 Hsh constitution, can have no existence. From the moment 
 that any advocate can be permitted to say, that he will or will 
 not stand between the crown and the subject arraigned in. the 
 court where he daily sits to practise, from that moment the 
 liberties of England are at an end. If the advocate refuses to 
 defend, from what he may think of the charge or of the defence, 
 he assumes the character of the Judge ; nay, he assumes it be- 
 fore the hour of judgment; and in proportion to his rank and 
 reputation, puts the heavy influence of, perhaps, a mistaken 
 opinion into the scale against the accused, in whose favor the 
 benevolent principle of EngUsh law makes all presumptions, 
 and which commands the very judge to be his counsel. 
 
 Gentlemen, it is now my duty to address myself without 
 digression to the defence. 
 
 The first thing which presents itself in the discussion of any 
 subject, is to state distinctly, and with precision, what the ques- 
 tion is, and, where prejudice and misrepresentation have been 
 exerted, to distinguish it accurately from what it is not. The 
 question then is not, whether the constitution of our fathers, 
 under which we live — Under which I present myself before you, 
 and under which alone you have any jurisdiction to hear me — 
 be or be not preferable to the constitution of America or France, 
 or any other human constitution. For upon what principle 
 can a court, constituted by the authority of any government, 
 and administering a positive system of law, under it, pronounce 
 a decision against the constitution which creates its authority ; 
 or the rule of action which its jurisdiction is to enforce ? — The 
 common sense of the most uninformed person must revolt at 
 such an absurd supposition. 
 
 I have no difficulty, therefore, in admitting, that if by acci- 
 dent some or all of you were ahenated in opinion and affection 
 from the forms and principles of the EngHsh government, and 
 were impressed with the value of that unmixed representative 
 
 2 R 28* 
 
1 
 
 330 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 constitution which this work recommends and inculcates, you 
 could not, on that account, acquit the defendant. Nay, to speak 
 out plainly, I freely admit that even if you were avowed ene- 
 mies to monarchy, and devoted to republicanism, you would 
 be nevertheless bound by your oaths, as a jury sworn to ad- 
 minister justice according to the EngUsh law, to convict the 
 author of The Rights of Man, if it were brought home to your 
 consciences, that he had exceeded those widely extended 
 bounds which the ancient wisdom and liberal policy of the 
 Enghsh constitution have allotted to the range of a free press. 
 I freely concede this, because you have no jurisdiction to judge 
 ehher the author or the work, by any rule but that of Enghsh 
 law, which is the source of your authority. But having made 
 this large concession, it follows, by a consequence so inevitable 
 as to be invulnerable to all argument or artifice, that if, on the 
 other hand, you should be impressed (which I know you to be) 
 not only with a dutiful regard, but with an enthusiasm, for the 
 whole form and substance of your own government; and 
 though you should think that this work, in its circulation 
 amongst classes of men unequal to political researches, may 
 tend to alienate opinion ; still you cannot, upon such grounds, 
 without a similar breach of duty, convict the defendant of a 
 libel, — unless he has clearly stepped beyond that extended 
 range of communication which the same ancient wisdom and 
 liberal policy of the British constitution has allotted for the 
 liberty of the press. 
 
 Gentlemen, I admit, with the Attorney General, that in every 
 case where a court has to estimate the quahty of a writing, 
 the mind and intention of the writer must be taken into the ac- 
 count ; — the bona or mala fides, as lawyers express it, must be 
 examined : for a writing niay undoubtedly proceed from a mo- 
 tive, and be directed to a purpose, not to be deciphered by the 
 mere construction of the thing written. But wherever a wri- 
 ting is arraigned as seditious or slanderous, not upon its ordi- 
 nary construction in language, nor from the necessary conse- 
 quences of its publication, under any circumstances and at all 
 times, but that the criminality springs from some extrinsic mat- 
 ter, not visible upon the page itself, nor universally operative, 
 but capable only of being connected with it by evidence, so as 
 to demonstrate the effect of the publication, and the design of 
 the pubhsher ; such a writing, not libellous per se, cannot be 
 arraigned as the author's work is arraigned upon the record 
 before the court. I maintain, without the hazard of contradic- 
 tion, that the law of England positively requires, for the secu- 
 rity of the subject, that every charge of a libel complicated 
 with extrinsic facts and circumstances, dehors the writing, must 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 331 
 
 appear literally upon the record by an averment of such ex- 
 trinsic facts and circumstances, that the defendant may know 
 what crime he is called upon to answer, and how to stand upon 
 his defence. What crime is it that the defendant comes to an- 
 swer for to-day? — what is the notice that I, who am his coun- 
 sel, have from this parchment of the crime alleged against 
 him ? — I come to defend his having Vv^ritten this hook. The 
 record states nothing else : — the general charge of sedition in 
 the introduction is notoriously paper and packthread ; because 
 the innuendoes cannot enlarge the sense or natural construction 
 of the text. The record does not state any one extrinsic fact 
 or circumstance, to render the work criminal, at one time more 
 than another ; it states no pecuHarity of time or season, or in- 
 tention, not proveable from the writing itself, which is the naked 
 charge upon record. There is nothing therefore which gives 
 you any jurisdiction beyond the construction of the i^'orA' itself; 
 and you cannot be justified in finding it criminal because pub- 
 lished at this time, unless it would have been a criminal publi- 
 cation under any circumstances, or at any other time. > 
 
 The law of England then, both in its forms and substance, 
 being the only rule by which the author or the work can be 
 justified or condemned, and the charge upon the record being 
 the naked charge of a libel, the cause resolves itself into a ques- 
 tion of the deepest importance to us all, the nature and ex- 
 tent OF the liberty of the English press. 
 
 But before I enter upon it, I wish to fulfil a duty to the de- 
 fendant, which, if I do not deceive myself, is at this moment 
 peculiarly necessary to his impartial trial. — If an advocate en- 
 tertains sentiments injurious to the defence he is engaged in, 
 he is not only justified, but bound in duty, to conceal them ; so, 
 on the other hand, if his own genuine sentiments, or anything 
 connected with his character or situation, can add strength to 
 his professional assistance, he is bound to throw them into the 
 scale.- In addressing myself, therefore, to gentlemen not only 
 zealous for the honor of Enghsh government, but visibly indig- 
 nant at any attack upon its principles, and who would, perhaps, 
 be impatient of arguments from a suspected quarter, I give my 
 client the benefit of declaring, that I am, and ever have been, 
 attached to the genuine principles of the British government ; 
 and that, however the court or you may reject the application, 
 I defend him upon principles not only consistent with its per- 
 manence and security, but without the estabhshment of which, 
 it never could have had an existence. 
 
 The proposition which I mean to maintain as the basis of 
 the hberty of the press, and without which it is an empty 
 sound, is this ; — that every man, not intending to mislead, but 
 
332 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 seeking to enlighten others with what his own reason and con- 
 science, however erroneously, have dictated to him as truth, 
 may address himself to the universal reason of a whole nation, 
 either upon the subject of governments in general, or upon that 
 of our own particular country : — that he may analyze the prin- 
 ciples of its constitution, — point out its errors and defects, — 
 examine and publish its corruptions, — warn his fellow-citizens 
 against their ruinous consequences, and exert his whole facul- 
 ties in pointing out the most advantageous changes in estabhsh- 
 ments which he considers to be radically defective, or sliding 
 from their object by abuse. — All this every subject of this 
 country has a right to do, if he contemplates only what he 
 thinks would be for its advantage, and but seeks to change the 
 public mind by the conviction which flows from reasonings dic- 
 tated by conscience. 
 
 If, indeed, he writes what he does not think ; — if, contemplating 
 the misery of others, he wickedly condemns what his own un- 
 derstanding approves ; — or, even admitting his real disgust 
 against the government or its corruptions, if he calumniates 
 living magistrates, — or holds out to individuals, that they have 
 a right to run before the pubUc mind in their conduct, — that 
 they may oppose by contumacy or force what private reason 
 only disapproves; — that they may disobey the law, because 
 their judgment condemns it; — or resist the public will, because 
 they honestly wish to change it — he is then a criminal upon 
 every principle of rational policy, as well as upon the imme- 
 morial precedents of English justice ; because such a person 
 seeks to disunite individuals from their duty to the whole, and 
 excites to overt acts of misconduct in a part of the community, 
 instead of endeavoring to change, by the impulse of reason, 
 that universal assent which, in this and in every country, con- 
 stitutes the law for all. 
 
 I have therefore no difficulty in admitting, that, if, upon an 
 attentive perusal of this work, it shall be found that the Defend- 
 ant has promulgated any doctrines which excite individuals 
 to withdraw from their subjection to the law by which the 
 whole nation consents to be governed ; — if his book shall be 
 found to have warranted or excited that unfortunate criminal 
 who appeared here yesterday to endeavor to relieve himself 
 from imprisonment, by the destruction of a prison, or dictated 
 to him the languag^e of defiance which ran through the whole 
 of his defence ; — if throughout the work there shall be found 
 any syllable or letter, which strikes at the security of property, 
 or which hints that anything less than the whole nation can con- 
 stitute the law, or that the law, be it what it may, is not the 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 333 
 
 inexorable rule of action for every individual, I willingly yield 
 him up to the justice of the Court. 
 
 Gentlemen, I say, in the name of Thomas Paine, and in his 
 words as author of the Rights of Man, as Avritten in the 
 very volume that is charged with seeking the destruction of 
 property, 
 
 " The end of all political associations is, the preservation of 
 the rights of man, which rights are liberty, property, and secu- 
 rity ; that the nation is the source of all sovereignty derived 
 from it : the right of property being secured and inviolable, no 
 one ought to be deprived of it, except in cases of evident pub- 
 lic necessity, legally ascertained, and on condition of a previous 
 just indemnity." 
 
 These are undoubtedly the rights of man — the rights for 
 which all governments are established — and the only rights 
 Mr. Paine contends for ; but which he thinks (no matter whether 
 right or wrong) are better to be secured by a repubhcan con- 
 stitution than by the forms of the English government. He 
 instructs me to admit, that, when government is once consti- 
 tuted, no individuals, without rebellion, can withdraw their 
 obedience from it, — that all attempts to excite them to it are 
 highly criminal, for the most obvious reasons of policy and 
 justice, — that nothing short of the will of a whole people can 
 change or affect the rule by which a nation is to be governed 
 — and that no private opinion, however honestly inimical to the 
 forms or substance of the law, can justify resistance to its au- 
 thority, while it remains in force. The author of the Rights of 
 Man not only admits the truth of all this doctrine, but he con- 
 sents to be convicted, and I also consent for him, unless his work 
 shall be found studiously and painfully to inculcate these great 
 principles of government which it is charged to have been 
 written to destroy. 
 
 Let me not, therefore, be suspected to be contending, that it 
 is lawful to write a book pointing out defects in the English 
 government, and exciting individuals to destroy its sanctions, 
 and to refuse obedience. But, on the other hand, I do contend, 
 that it is lawful to address the EngUsh nation on these moment- 
 ous subjects; for had it not been for this unalienable right 
 (thanks be to God and our fathers for estabhshing it,) how 
 should we have had this constitution which we so loudly boast 
 of? — If, in the march of the human mind, no man could have 
 gone before the establishments of the time he lived in, how could 
 our establishment, by reiterated changes, have become what it 
 is ? — If no man could have awakened the public mind to errors 
 and abuses in our government, how could it have passed on 
 from stasce to stage, throuarh reformation and revolution, so as 
 
334 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 to have arrived from barbarism to such a pitch of happiness 
 and perfection, that the Attorney-General considers it as pro- 
 fanation to touch it farther, or to look for any future amend- 
 ment 1 
 
 In this manner pov^er has reasoned in every age : — govern- 
 ment, in its own estimation, has been at all times a system of 
 perfection ; but a free press has examined and detected its er- 
 rors, and the people have from time to time reformed them. 
 This freedom has alone made our government vv^hat it is; this 
 freedom alone can preserve it ; and therefore, under the banners 
 of that freedom, to-day 1 stand up to defend Thomas Paine. — 
 But how, alas! shall this task be accomplished? — How may I 
 expect from you what human nature has not made man for the 
 performance of? — How am I to address your reasons, or ask 
 them to pause, amidst the torrent of prejudice which has hur- 
 ried away the public mind on the subject you are to judge ? 
 
 Was any Englishman ever so brought as a criminal before 
 an English court of justice ?— If I were to ask you, gentlemen 
 of the jury, what is the choicest fruit that grows upon the tree 
 of English liberty, you would answer, security under the law. 
 If I were to ask the whole people of England, the return they 
 looked for at the hands of government, for the burdens under 
 which they bend to support it, I should still be answered, secu- 
 rity UNDER THE LAW ; or, in other words, an impartial admin- 
 istration of justice. So sacred, therefore, has the freedom of 
 trial been ever held in England ; — so anxiously does Justice 
 guard against every possible bias in her path, that if the public 
 mind has been locally agitated upon any subject in judgment, 
 the forum has either been changed, or the trial postponed. The 
 circulation of any paper that brings, or can be supposed to 
 bring, prejudice, or even well-founded knowledge, within the 
 reach of a British tribunal, on the spur of an occasion, is not 
 only highly criminal, but defeats itself, by leading to put off the 
 trial which its object was to pervert. On this principle, the 
 noble and learned judge will permit me to remind him, that on 
 the trial of the Dean of St. Asaph for a libel, or rather when 
 he was brought to trial, the circulation of books by a society 
 favorable to his defence, was held by his lordship, as chief jus- 
 tice of Chester, to be a reason for not trying the cause; 
 although they contained no matter relative to the dean, nor 
 to the object of his trial ; being only extracts from ancient 
 authors of high reputation, on the general rights of juries to 
 consider the innocence as well as the guilt of the accused ; yet 
 still, as the recollection of these rights was pressed forward 
 with a mew to affect the proceedings, the proceedings were post- 
 poned. 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 335 
 
 Is the defendant then to be the only exception to these admi- 
 rable provisions? — Is the English law to judge him, stript of 
 the armor with which its universal justice encircles all others? — 
 Shall we, in the very act of judging him for detracting from 
 the Enghsh government, furnish him with ample matter for just 
 reprobation, instead of detraction 1 — Has not his cause been 
 prejudged through a thousand channels ? — Has not the work 
 before you been daily and publicly reviled, and his person held 
 up to derision and reproach ? — Has not the public mind been 
 excited, by crying down the very phrase and idea of the Rights 
 of Man ? Nay, have not associations of gentlemen, I speak it 
 with regret, because I am persuaded, from what I know of 
 some of them, that they, amongst them at least, thought they 
 were serving the public ;— yet have they not, in utter contempt 
 and ignorance of that constitution of which they declare them- 
 selves to be the guardians, pubhshed the grossest attacks upon 
 the defendant ? — Have they not, even while the cause has been 
 standing here for immediate trial, published a direct protest 
 against the very work now before you ; advertising in the same 
 paper, though under the general description of seditious libels, 
 a reward on the conviction of any person who should dare to 
 sell the book itself, to which their own publication was an an- 
 swer ? — The Attorney General has spoken of a forced circu- 
 lation of this work ; — but how have these prejudging papers 
 been circulated ? — we all know how. They have been thrown 
 into our carriages in every street ; — they have met us at every 
 turnpike ; — and they lie in the areas of all our houses. To com- 
 plete the triumph of prejudice, that high tribunal, of which I 
 have the honor to be a member (my learned friends know what 
 I say to be true,) has been drawn into this vortex of slander ; 
 and some of its members, I must not speak of the House itself, 
 have thrown the weight of their stations into the same scale. 
 By all these means, I maintain that this cause has been pre- 
 judged. 
 
 It may be said, that I have made no motion to put off the 
 trial for these causes, and that courts of themselves take no 
 cognizance of what passes elsewhere, without facts laid before 
 them. Gentlemen, I know that I should have had equal justice 
 from the Court, if I had brought myself within the rule. But 
 when should I have been better in the present aspect of things ? 
 and I only remind you therefore of all these hardships, that 
 you may recollect, that your judgment is to proceed upon that 
 alone which meets you here, upon the evidence in the cause, and 
 not upon suggestions destructive of every principle of justice. 
 
 Having disposed of these foreign prejudices, I hope you will 
 as little regard some arguments that have been offered to 
 
336 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 you in court. The letter which has been so repeatedly pressed 
 upon you, ought to be dismissed even from your recollection. — 
 I have already put it out of the question, as having been w^ritten 
 long subsequent to the book, and as being a libel on the king, 
 which no part of the information charges, and which may 
 hereafter be prosecuted as a distinct offence. I consider that 
 letter besides, and indeed have always heard it treated, as a 
 forgery, contrived to injure the merits of the cause, and to 
 embarrass me personally in its defence. I have a right so to 
 consider it, because it is unsupported by anything similar at 
 an earlier period. The defendant's whole deportment, previous 
 to the publication, has been wholly unexceptionable : — he prop- 
 erly desired to be given up as the author of the book, if any 
 inquiry should take place concerning it ; and he is not affected 
 in evidence, directly or indirectly, with any illegal or suspicious 
 conduct; not even with having uttered an indiscreet or taunt- 
 ing expression, nor with any one matter or thing, inconsistent 
 with the duty of the best subject in England. His opinions 
 indeed were adverse to our system ; — but I maintain that opin- 
 ion is free, and that conduct alone is amenable to the law. 
 
 You are next desired to judge of the author's mind and inten- 
 tion, by the modes and extent of the circulation of his work. 
 The FIRST Part of the Rights of Man, Mr. Attorney General 
 tells you, he did not prosecute, although it was in circulation 
 through the country for a year and a half together, because it 
 seems it circulated only amongst what he styles the judicious 
 part of the public, who possessed in their capacities and expe- 
 rience an antidote to the poison ; but that with regard to the 
 SECOND Part now before you, its circulation had been forced 
 into every corner of society ; had been printed and reprinted 
 for cheapness even upon whited brown paper, and had crept 
 into the very nurseries of children, as a wrapper for their sweet- 
 meats. 
 
 In answer to this statement, which after all stands only upon 
 Mr. Attorney General's own assertion, unsupported by any 
 kind of proof (no witness having proved the author's personal 
 interference with the sale,) I still maintain, that, if he had the 
 most anxiously promoted it, the question would remain exactly 
 THE SAME : the question would still be, whether at the time when 
 Paine composed his work, and promoted the most extensive 
 purchase of it, he believed or disbeheved what he had written, — 
 and whether he contemplated the happiness or the misery of the 
 English nation, to which it is addressed ; and whichever of 
 these intentions may be evidenced to your judgments upon 
 reading the book itself, I confess I am utterly at a loss to com- 
 prehend how a writer can be supposed to mean something 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 337 
 
 different from what he has written, by proof of an anxiety 
 (common I believe to all authors) that his work should be gen- 
 erally read. Remember, I am not asking your opinions of the 
 doctrines themselves ; — you have given them already pretty visi- 
 bly since I began to address you ; — but I shall appeal not only 
 to you, but to those who, without our leave, will hereafter 
 judge, and without appeal, of all that we are doing to-day, — 
 whether upon the matter which I hasten to lay before you, you 
 can refuse to pronounce, that from his education — from the 
 accidents and habits of his life — from the time and occasion of 
 the publication — from the circumstances attending it — and from 
 every line and letter of the work itself, and from all his other 
 writings, his conscience and understanding {no matter whether 
 erroneously or not) were deeply and solemnly impressed with the 
 matters contained in his book, — that he addressed it to the 
 reason of the nation at large, and not to the passions of individ- 
 uals, — and that, in the issue of its influence, he contemplated 
 only what appeared to him {though it may not to us) to be the 
 interest and happiness of England, and of the whole human 
 race. In drawing the one or the other of these conclusions, 
 the book stands first in order, and it shall now speak for itself. 
 
 The Attorney General throughout the whole course of his 
 address to you (I knew it would be so,) has avoided the most 
 distant notice or hint of any circumstance having led to the 
 appearance of the author in the political world, after a silence 
 of so many years : — he has not even pronounced, or even 
 glanced at the name of Mr. Burke, — but has left you to take it 
 for granted that the defendant volunteered this delicate and 
 momentous subject, and, without being led to it by the provo- 
 cation of political controversy, had seized a favorable moment 
 to stigmatize, from mere malice, and against his own confirmed 
 opinions, the constitution of this country. 
 
 Gentlemen, my learned friend knows too well my respect and 
 value for him to suppose that I am charging him with a wilful 
 suppression; I know him to be incapable of it; he knew it 
 would come from me ; he will permit me, however, to lament 
 that it should have been left for me to inform you, at this late 
 period of the cause, that not only the work before you, but the 
 First Part, of which it is a natural continuation, were written 
 avowedly and upon the face of them, m answer to Mr. Burke. 
 They were written besides under circumstances to be explained 
 hereafter, in the course of which explanation I may have oc- 
 casion to cite a few passages from the works of that celebrated 
 person. And I shall speak of him with the highest respect : — 
 for, with whatever contempt he may delight to look down upon 
 my humble talents, — however he may disparage the principles 
 
 2 S 29 
 
338 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 which direct my public conduct, he shall never force me to for- 
 get the regard which this country owes to him, for the writings 
 which he has left upon record as an inheritance to our most 
 distant posterity. After the gratitude which we owe to God 
 for the divine gifts of reason and understanding, our next 
 thanks are due to those from the fountains of whose enlightened 
 minds they are fed and fructified : but pleading, as I do, the 
 cause of freedom of opinions, I shall not give offence by re- 
 marking that this great author has been thought to have changed 
 some of his: and, if Thomas Paine had not thought so, I should 
 not now be addressing you, because the book which is my sub- 
 ject would never have been written. Who may be right and 
 who in the wrong, in the contention of doctrines, I have re- 
 peatedly disclaimed to be the question; I can only say that Mr. 
 Paine may be right throughout, but that Mr. Burke cannot;. 
 — Mr. Paine has been uniform in his opinions, but Mr. Burke 
 HAS not; Mr. Burke can only be right in part; but, should Mr. 
 Paine be even mistaken in the whole, still I am not removed 
 from the principle of his defence. My defence has nothing to 
 do with the rectitude of his doctrines. I admit Mr. Paine to 
 be a republican ; — you shall soon see what made him one : — I 
 do not seek to shade or qualify his attack upon our constitution ; 
 I put my defence on no such matter, — he undoubtedly means 
 to declare it to be defective in its forms, and contaminated with 
 abuses, which, in his judgment, will one day or other bring on 
 the ruin of us all : — it is in vain to mince the matter ; — this is 
 the scope of his work. But still, if it contain no attack upon 
 the King's Majesty, nor upon any other living magistrate ; — 
 if it excite to no resistance to magistracy, but, on the contrary, 
 if it even studiously inculcate obedience, then, whatever may 
 be its defects, the question continues as before, and, ever must 
 remain an unmixed question of the liberty of the press. I have 
 therefore considered it as no breach of professional duty, nor 
 injurious to the cause I am defending, to express my own ad- 
 miration of the real principles of our constitution ; — a constitu- 
 tion which I hope may never give way to any other, — a con- 
 stitution which has been productive of many benefits, and 
 which will produce many more hereafter, if we have wisdom 
 enough to pluck up the weeds that grow in the richest soils and 
 amongst the brightest flowers. I agree with the merchants of 
 London, in a late declaration, that the English government is 
 equal to the reformation of its own abuses ; and, as an inhabit- 
 ant of the city, I would have signed it, if I had known, of my 
 own knowledge, the facts recited in its preamble ; but abuses the 
 English constitution unquestionably has, which call loudly for 
 reformation, the existence of which has been the theme of our 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 339 
 
 greatest statesmen, which have too plainly formed the principles 
 of the defendant, and may have led to the very conjuncture 
 which produced his book. 
 
 Gentlemen, we all but too well remember the calamitous 
 situation in which our country stood but a few years ago, — ^a 
 situation which no man can look back upon without horror, 
 nor feel himself safe from relapsing into again, while the causes 
 remain which produced it. The event I allude to you must 
 know to be the American war, and the still existing causes of 
 it, the corruptions of this government. — In those days, it was 
 not thought virtue by the patriots of England to conceal the 
 existence of them from the people ;— but then, as now, authority 
 condemned them as disaffected subjects, and defeated the ends 
 they sought by their promulgation. 
 
 Gentlemen, in that great and calamitous conflict Edmund 
 Burke and Thomas Paine fought in the same field of reason 
 together ; but with very different successes. Mr. Burke spoke 
 to a Parhament in England, such as Sir George Saville de- 
 scribes it, having no ears but for sounds that flattered its cor- 
 ruptions. Mr. Paine, on the other hand, spoke to a people ; — 
 reasoned with them, — told them that they were bound by no 
 subjection to any sovereignty, farther than their own benefit 
 connected them ; and by these powerful arguments prepared 
 the minds of the American people for that glorious, just, and 
 haPpy revolution. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have a right to distinguish it by these epithets, 
 because I aver that at this moment there is as sacred a regard to 
 property; — as inviolable a security to all the rights of individu- 
 als ; — lower taxes ; — fewer grievances : — less to deplore, and 
 more to admire, in the constitution of America, than that of 
 any other country under heaven. I wish indeed to except our 
 own, but I cannot even do that, till it shall be purged of those 
 abuses which, though they obscure and deform the surface, 
 have not as yet, tkank God, destroyed the vital parts. 
 
 Why then is Mr. Paine to be calumniated, and reviled, be- 
 cause, out of a people consisting of near three millions, he 
 alone did not remain attached in opinion to a monarchy? Re- 
 member, that all the blood which was shed in America, and to 
 which he was for years a melancholy and indignant witness, 
 was shed by the authority of the crown of Great Britain, under 
 the influence of a Parhament, such as Sir George Saville has 
 described it ; and such as Mr. Burke himself will be called upon 
 by and by in more glowing colors to paint it. How then can 
 it be wondered at, that Mr. Paine should return to this country 
 in his heart a republican ? — Was he not equally a republican 
 when be wrote Common Sense 1 — Yet that volume has been 
 
V 
 
 340 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 sold without restraint or prosecution in every shop in England 
 ever since, and which nevertheless {I appeal to the booh, which I 
 have in Court, and vMch is in everybody's hands) contains every 
 one principle of government, and every abuse in the British con- 
 stitution, which is to be found in the Rights of Man. Yet Mr. 
 Burke himself saw no reason to be alarmed at that publication, , 
 nor to cry down its contents; even when America, which was| 
 swayed by it, was in arms against the crown of Great Britain. 
 
 Gentlemen, the consequences of this mighty revolution are 
 too notorious to require illustration. Np audience would sit to 
 hear (what everybody has seen and felt,) how the independence 
 of America notoriously produced, not by remote and circuitous 
 effect, but directly and palpably, the revolutions which now 
 agitate Europe, and which portend such mighty changes over j 
 the face of the earth. — Let governments take warning. — Thai 
 revolution in France was the consequence of her incurably! 
 corrupt and profligate government. God forbid that I should^ 
 be thought to lean, by this declaration, upon her unfortunate 
 monarch, — bending, perhaps at this moment, under afl^ictions , 
 which my heart sinks within me to think of: — when I speak 
 with detestation of the former politics of the French court, I * 
 fasten as Httle of them upon that fallen and unhappy prince, as 
 I impute to our gracious Sovereign the corruptions of our own. 
 I desire, indeed, in the distinctest manner, to be understood that 
 I mean to speak of his Majesty, not only with that obedience 
 and duty which I owe to him as a subject, but with that justice 
 which I think is du^ to him from all men who examine his con- 
 duct either in public or private hfe. 
 
 Gentlemen, Mr. Paine happened to be in England when the 
 French revolution took place, and, notwithstanding what he 
 must be supposed and allowed from his own history to have 
 felt upon such a subject, he remained wholly silent and inactive. 
 The people of this country, too, appeared to be indifferent spec- 
 tators of the animating scene. They saw, without visible emo- 
 tion, — despotism destroyed, and the King of France, by his 
 own consent, become the first magistrate of a free people. 
 Certainly, at least, it produced none of those effects which are 
 so deprecated by government at present ; nor, most probably, 
 ever would, if it had not occurred to the celebrated person 
 whose name I must so often mention, voluntarily to provoke 
 the subject : — a subject which, if dangerous to be discussed, 
 HE should not have led to the discussion of: for, surely, it is 
 not to be endured, that any private man shall pubHsh a creed 
 for a whole nation ; — shall tell us that we are not to think for 
 ourselves^ — shall impose his own fetters upon the human mind 
 - — shall dogmatize at discretion — and yet that no man shall sit 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 341 
 
 down to answer him without being guilty of a libel. I assert, 
 that if it be a libel to mistake our constitution — to attempt the 
 support of it by means that tend to destroy it — and to choose 
 the most dangerous season for doing so, Mr. Burke is that 
 libeller ; but not therefore the object of a criminal prosecution : 
 — whilst I am defending the motives of one man, I have neither 
 right nor disposition to criminate the motives of another. All 
 I contend for, is a fact that cannot be controverted, viz. that 
 this officious interference was the origin of Mr. Paine' s book. I put 
 my cause upon its being the origin of it — the avowed origin — 
 as will abundantly appear from the introduction and preface to 
 both Parts, and from the whole body of the work ; nay, from 
 the very work of Mr. Burke himself, to which both of them 
 are answers. 
 
 For the history of that celebrated work, I appeal to itself. 
 
 When the French revolution had arrived at some of its early 
 stages, a few, and but a few persons, (not to be named when 
 compared with the nation) took a visible interest in these mighty 
 events ; — an interest w^ell worthy of Englishmen. They saw a 
 pernicious system of government which had led to desolating 
 wars, and had been for ages the scourge of Great Britain, giv- 
 ing way to a system which seemed to promise harmony and 
 peace amongst nations. They saw this with virtuous and 
 peaceable satisfaction ; and a reverend divine, eminent for his 
 eloquence, recollecting that the issues of life are in the hands of 
 God, saw no profaneness in mixing the subject with pubHc 
 thanksgiving ; — by reminding the people of this country of their 
 own glorious deliverance in former ages. It happened also, 
 that a society of gentlemen, France being then a neutral na- 
 tion, and her own monarch swearing almost daily upon her 
 altars to maintain the new constitution, thought they infringed 
 no law by sending a general congratulation. Their numbers, 
 indeed, were very inconsiderable ; so much so, that Mr. Burke, 
 with more truth than wisdom, begins his volume with a sarcasm 
 upon their insignificance : 
 
 " Until very lately he had never heard of such a club. It 
 certainly never occupied a moment of his thoughts: nor, he 
 believed, those of any person out of their ow^n set.'* 
 
 Why then make their proceedings the subject of alarm 
 throughout England ? — There had been no prosecution against 
 them, nor any charge founded even upon suspicion of disaffec- 
 tion against any of their body. But Mr. Burke thought it 
 was reserved for his eloquence to whip these curs of faction 
 to their kennels. How he has succeeded, I appeal to all that 
 has happened since the introduction of his schism in the British 
 Empire, by giving to the King, whose title was questioned by no 
 
 29* 
 
342 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 man, a title which it is his Majesty's most solemn interest to 
 disclaim. 
 
 After having, in his first work, lashed Dr. Price in a strain 
 of eloquent irony for considering the monarchy to be elective, 
 which he could not but know Dr. Price, in the literal sense of 
 election, neither did nor could possibly consider it, Mr. Burke 
 published a second treatise ; in which, after reprinting many 
 passages from Mr. Paine's former work, he ridicules and denies 
 the supposed right of the people to change their governments; 
 in the following words : 
 
 " The French revolution, say they,^^ (speaking of the English 
 societies,) " was the act of the majority of the people ; and if 
 the majority of any other people, the people of England for in- 
 stance, wish to make the same change, they have the same 
 right; just the same, undoubtedly; that is. None atalV 
 
 And then, after speaking of the subserviency of will to duty, 
 (in which I agree with him,) he, in a substantive sentence, 
 maintains the same doctrine ; thus : 
 
 " The constitution of a country being once settled upon some 
 compact, tacit or expressed, there is no power existing of force 
 to alter it, without the breach of the covenant, or the consent 
 of all the parties. Such is the nature of the contract." 
 
 So that if reason, or even revelation itself, were now to de- 
 monstrate to us, that our constitution was mischievous in its 
 effects, — if, to use Mr. Attorney General's expression, we had 
 been insane for the many centuries we have supported it ; yet 
 that still, if the King had not forfeited his title to the crown, 
 nor the Lords their privileges, the universal voice of the people 
 of England could not build up a new government upon a legiti- 
 mate basis. 
 
 Passing by, for the present, the absurdity of such a proposi- 
 tion, and supposing it could, beyond all controversy, be main- 
 tained ; for Heaven's sake, let wisdom never utter it ! Let 
 policy and prudence for ever conceal it ! If you seek the sta- 
 bility of the English government, rather put the book of Mr. 
 Paine, which calls it bad, into every hand of the kingdom, than 
 doctrines which bid human nature rebel even against that 
 which is the best. — Say to the people of England, look at your 
 constitution, there it lies before you — the work of your pious 
 fathers,— handed down as a sacred deposit from generation to 
 generation, — the result of wisdom and virtue, — and its parts 
 cemented together with kindred blood ; there are, indeed, a few 
 spots upon its surface ; but the same principle which reared the 
 structure will brush them all away : — You may preserve your 
 government — you may destroy it. — To such an address, what 
 would be the answer 'I A chorus of the nation — Yes, we will 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 343 
 
 PRESERVE IT. But say to the same nation, even of the very 
 same constitution, it is yours, such as it is, for better or for 
 worse ; — it is strapped upon your backs, to carry it as beasts 
 of burden, — ^you have no jurisdiction to cast it off. Let this be 
 your position, and you instantly raise up (I appeal to every 
 man's consciousness of his own nature) a spirit of uneasiness 
 and discontent. It is this spirit alone, that has pointed most of 
 the passages arraigned before you. 
 
 But let the prudence of Mr. Burke's argument be what it 
 may, the argument itself is untenable. His Majesty undoubt- 
 edly was not elected to the throne. No man can be supposed, 
 in the teeth of fact, to have contended for it ; — but did not the 
 people of England elect King Wilham, and break the heredhary 
 succession? — and does not his Majesty's title grow out of that 
 election 1 — It is one of the charges against the defendant, his 
 having denied the parhament which called the Prince of Orange 
 to the throne to have been a legal convention of the whole 
 people ; and is not the very foundation of that charge, that it 
 was such a legal convention, and that it was intended to be' so? 
 And if it was so, did not the people then confer the crown upon 
 King William without any regard to hereditary right ? — Did 
 they not cut off the Prince of Wales, who stood directly in the 
 line of succession, and who had incurred no personal forfeiture? 
 — Did they not give their deliverer an estate in the crown to- 
 tally new and unprecedented in the law or history of the coun- 
 try ? — And, lastly, might they not, by the same authority, have 
 given the royal inheritance to the family of a stranger? — Mr. 
 Justice Blackstone, in his Commentaries, asserts in terms that 
 they might; and ascribes their choice of King William, and the 
 subsequent limitations of the crown, not to want of jurisdic- 
 tion, but to their true origin, to prudence and discretion in not 
 disturbing a valuable institution farther than public safety and 
 necessity dictated. 
 
 Gentlemen, all that I have been stating hitherto, has been 
 only to show, that there is not that novelty in the opinions of 
 the defendant, as to lead you to think he does not bona fide en- 
 tertain them, much less when connected with the history of his 
 life, which I therefore brought in review before you. — But still 
 the great question remains unargued — Had he a right to pro- 
 mulgate these opinions ? If he entertained them, I shall argue 
 that he had — And although my arguments upon the liberty of 
 the press, may not to-day be honored with your, or the court's 
 approbation, I shall retire not at all disheartened, consoling 
 myself with the reflection, that a season may arrive for their 
 reception. — The most essential liberties of mankind have been 
 but slowly and gradually received, and so very late, indeed, do 
 
344 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 some of them come to maturity, that, notwithstanding the At- 
 torney General tells you that the very question I am now agi- 
 tating is most pecuharly for your consideration, as a jury, under 
 our ANCIENT constitution, yet I must remind both you and mM 
 that your jurisdiction "to consider and deal with it at all in judg- 
 ment, is but A YEAR OLD. — Bcforc that late period, I ventured to 
 maintain this very right of a jury over the question of Libel 
 under the same ancient constitution (I do not mean before the 
 noble judge now present, for the matter was gone to rest in the 
 courts, long before he came to sit where he does, but) before a 
 noble and reverend magistrate of the most exalted understand- 
 ing, and of the most uncorrupted integrity; he treated me, not 
 with contempt indeed, for of that his nature was incapable ; 
 but he put me aside with indulgence, as you do a child while it 
 is hsping its prattle out of season ; and if this cause had been 
 tried then, instead of now, the defendant must have been in- 
 stantly convicted on the proof of the publication, whatever you 
 might have thought of his case. — Yet, I have lived to see it re- 
 solved, by an almost unanimous vote of the whole parhament 
 of England, that I had all along been in the right. — If this be 
 not an awful lesson of caution concerning opinions, where are 
 such lessons to be read ? 
 
 Gentlemen, I have insisted, at great length, upon the origin 
 of governments, and detailed the authorities which you have 
 heard upon the subject, because I consider it to be not only an 
 essential support, but the very foundation of the liberty of the 
 press. If Mr. Burke be right in ms principles of government, 
 I admit that the press, in my sense of its freedom, ought not to 
 be free, nor free in any sense at all; and that all addresses to 
 the people upon the subject of government, — and all specula- 
 tions of amendment, of what kind or nature soever, are illegal 
 and criminal ; — since, if the people have, without possible re- 
 call, delegated all their authorities, they have no jurisdiction to 
 act, and therefore none to think or write upon such subjects ; — 
 and it would be a libel to arraign government or any of its acts, 
 before those that have no jurisdiction to correct them. But on 
 the other hand, as it is a settled rule in the law of England, 
 that the subject may always address a competent jurisdiction ; 
 no legal argument can shake the freedom of the press in my 
 sense of it, if I am supported in my doctrines concerning the 
 great unalienable right of the people, to reform or to change 
 their governments. 
 
 It is because the liberty of the press resolves itself into this 
 great issue, that it has been, in every country, the last liberty 
 which subjects have been able to wrest from power. — Other 
 liberties are held under governments, but the liberty of opinion 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 345 
 
 keeps GOVERNMENTS THEMSELVES in due subjection to their du- 
 ties. This has produced the martyrdom of truth in every age, 
 and the world has been only purged from ignorance w^ith the 
 innocent blood of those who have enlightened it. 
 
 Gentlemen, my strength and time are wasted, — and I can 
 only make this melancholy history pass like a shadow before 
 you. 
 
 1 shall begin with the grand type and example. 
 
 The universal God of Nature, — the Savior of mankind, — 
 the Fountain of all light, who came to pluck the world from 
 eternal darkness, expired upon a cross, — the scoff of infidel 
 scorn ; and his blessed Apostles followed him in the train of 
 martyrs. When he came in the flesh, he might have come like 
 the Mahometan Prophet, as a, powerful sovereign, and propa- 
 gated his religion with an unconquerable sword, which even 
 now, after the lapse of ages, is but slowly advancing under the 
 influence of reason, over the face of the earth: — but such a 
 process would have been inconsistent with his mission, v^hich 
 was to confound the pride, and to estabHsh the universal rights 
 of men ; — he came therefore in that lov^^ly state which is repre- 
 sented in the Gospel, and preached his consolations to the poor. 
 
 When the foundation of this religion was discovered to be 
 invulnerable and immortal, we find political power taking the 
 church into partnership ; — thus began the corruptions both of 
 religious and civil power, and, hand in hand together, what 
 havoc have they not made in the world ! — ruhng by ignorance 
 and the persecution of truth: but this very persecution only 
 hastened the revival of letters and liberty. Nay, you will find, 
 that in the exact proportion that knowledge and learning have 
 been beat down and fettered, they have destroyed the govern- 
 - ments which bound them. — The Court of Star Chamber, the 
 first restriction of the press of England, was erected, previous 
 to all the great changes in the constitution. From that moment 
 no man could legally write without an imprimatur from the 
 state ; — but truth and freedom found their way with greater 
 force through secret channels ; and the unhappy Charles, un- 
 ivarned by a free press, was brought to an ignominious death. 
 When men can freely communicate their thoughts and their 
 sufferings, real or imaginary, their passions spend themselves 
 in air, like gunpowder scattered upon the surface ; — but pent 
 up by terrors, they work unseen, burst forth in a moment, and 
 destroy everything in their course. Let reason be opposed to 
 reason, and argument to argument, and every good govern- 
 ment will be safe. 
 
 The usurper Cromwell pursued the same system of restraint 
 
 2 T 
 
346 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 in support of his government, and the end of it speedily fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 At the restoration of Charles the Second, the Star Chamber 
 Ordinance of 1637, was worked up into an act of parliament, 
 and was followed up during that reign, and the short one that 
 followed it, by the most sanguinary prosecutions : — but what 
 fact in history is more notorious, than that this blind and con- 
 temptible policy prepared and hastened the revolution ? At that 
 great era these cobwebs were all brushed away : — the freedom 
 of the press was regenerated, — and the country, ruled by its 
 affections, has since enjoyed a century of tranquillity and glory. 
 Thus I have maintained, by Enghsh history, that, in proportion 
 as the press has been free, Enghsh government has been secure. 
 
 Gentlemen, the same important truth may be illustrated by 
 great authorities. Upon a subject of this kind, resort cannot 
 be had to law cases. The ancient law of England knew no- 
 thing of such libels ; — they began, and should have ended, with 
 the Star Chamber. What writings are slanderous of individuals, 
 must be looked for where these prosecutions are recorded ; but 
 upon general subjects we must go to general writers. If, indeed, 
 I were to refer to obscure 'authors, I might be answered, that 
 my very authorities were hbels, instead of justifications or ex- 
 amples ; but this cannot be said with effect of great men, whose 
 works are classics in our language, — taught in our schools, — 
 and repeatedly printed under the eye of government. 
 
 I shall begin with the poet Milton, a great authority in all 
 learning. It may be said, indeed, he was a repubhcan, but that 
 would only prove that republicanism is not incompatible with 
 virtue ; — it may be said, too, that the work which I cite was 
 written against previous hcensing, which is not contended for 
 to-day. But, if every work were to be adjudged a libel, which 
 was adverse to the wishes of government, or to the opinions 
 of those who may compose it, the revival of a licenser would 
 be a security to the pubhc. — If I present my book to a magis- 
 trate appointed by law, and he rejects it, I have only to forbear 
 from the publication ; — in the forbearance I am safe ; — and he 
 too is answerable to law for the abuse of his authority. But, 
 upon the argument of to-day, a man must print at his peril, 
 without any guide to the principles of judgment, upon which 
 his work may be afterwards prosecuted and condemned. Mil- 
 ton's argument therefore applies, and was meant to apply, to 
 every interruption to writing, which, while they oppress the 
 individual, endanger the state. 
 
 " We have them not," says Milton, " that can be heard of, 
 from any ancient state, or polity, or church, nor by any statute 
 left us by our ancestors, elder or later, nor from the modern 
 
TRIAL OF TPIOMAS PAINE. 347 
 
 custom of any reformed city or church abroad ; but from the 
 most antichristian council, and the most tyrannous inquisition 
 that ever existed. Till then, books were ever as freely admit- 
 ted into the world as any other birth; the issue of the brain was 
 no more stifled than the issue of the womb. 
 
 " To the pure all things are pure ; not only meats and drinks, 
 but all kinds of knowledge whether good or evil ; the know- 
 ledge cannot defile, nor consequently the books, if the will and 
 conscience be not defiled. 
 
 " Bad books serve in many respects to discover, to confute, 
 to forewarn and to illustrate. Whereof, what better witness 
 can we expect I should produce, than one of your own, now 
 sitting in parUament, the chief of learned men reputed in this 
 land, Mr. Selden, whose volume of natural and national laws, 
 proves, not only by great authorities brought together, but by 
 exquisite reasons and theorems almost mathematically demon- 
 strative, that all opinions, yea errors known, read and collated, 
 are of main service and assistance toward the speedy attain- 
 ment of what is truest. 
 
 " Opinions and understanding are not such wares as to be 
 monopolized and traded in by tickets and statutes and standards. 
 We must not think to make a staple commodity of all the know- 
 ledge in the land, to mark and license it like our broadcloth and 
 our wool-packs. 
 
 " Nor is it to the common people less than a reproach ; for 
 if we be so jealous over them that we cannot trust them with 
 an English pamphlet, what do we but censure them, for a giddy, 
 vicious, and ungrounded people ; in such a sick and weak state 
 of faith and discretion, as to be able to take nothing down but 
 through the pipe of a licenser? That this is care or love of them, 
 we cannot pretend. 
 
 " Those corruptions which it seeks to prevent, break in faster 
 at doors which cannot be shut. To prevent men thinking and 
 acting for themselves, by restraints on the press, is like to the 
 exploits of that gallant man who thought to pound up the crows 
 by shutting his park-gate. 
 
 " This obstructing violence meets for the most part with an 
 event, utterly opposite to the end which it drives at ; instead of 
 suppressing books, it raises them, and invests them with a repu- 
 tation : the punishment of wits enhances their authority, saith 
 the Viscount St. Albans ; and a forbidden writing is thought to 
 be a certain spark of truth, that flies up in the face of them who 
 seek to tread it out." 
 
 He then adverts to his visit to the famous Galileo, whom he 
 found and visited in the Inquisition, " for not thinking in as- 
 tronomy with the Franciscan and Dominican monks." And 
 
348 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 what event ought more deeply to interest and affect us ? The 
 VERY LAWS OF NATURE woro to bend under the rod of a licen- 
 ser; — this illustrious astronomer ended his life within the bars 
 of a prison, because, in seeing the phases of Venus through his 
 newly invented telescope, he pronounced that she shone with 
 borrowed light, and from the sun as the centre of the universe. 
 This was the mighty crime, the placing the sun in the centre : — 
 that sun which now inhabits it upon the foundation of mathema- 
 tical truth, which enables us to traverse the pathless ocean, and 
 to carry our hne and rule amongst other worlds, which but for 
 GaHleo we had never known, perhaps even to the recesses of 
 an infinite and eternal God. 
 
 Milton, then, in his most eloquent address to the Parliament, 
 puts the liberty of the press on its true and most honorable 
 foundation : 
 
 " Believe it, lords and commons, they who counsel ye to such 
 a suppression of books, do as good as bid you suppress your- 
 selves ; and I will soon show how. 
 
 " If it be desired to know the immediate cause of all this free 
 writing and free speaking, there cannot be assigned a truer than 
 your own mild, and free, and humane government. It is the 
 liberty, lords and commons, which your own valorous and 
 happy counsels have purchased us ; liberty, which is the nurse 
 of all great wits : this is that which hath rarefied and enlight- 
 ened our spirits like the influence of heaven ; this is that which 
 hath enfranchised, enlarged, and hfted up our apprehensions, 
 degrees above themselves. Ye cannot make us now less capa- 
 ble, less knowing, less eagerly pursuing the truth, unless ye first 
 make yourselves, that made us so, less the lovers, less the 
 founders of our true liberty. We can grow ignorant again, 
 brutish, formal, and slavish, as ye found us ; but you then must 
 first become that which ye cannot be, oppressive, arbitrary, 
 and tyrannous, as they were from whom ye have freed us. 
 That our hearts are now more capacious, our thoughts now 
 more erected to the search and expectation of greatest and 
 exactest things, is the issue of our own virtue propagated in us. 
 Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely ac- 
 cording to conscience, above all liberties." 
 
 But now every man is to be cried down for such opinions. I 
 observed that my learned friend significantly raised his voice in 
 naming Mr. Home Tooke, as if to connect him with Paine, or 
 Paine with him. This is exactly the same course of justice ; — 
 for after all, he said nothing of Mr. Tooke. What could he 
 have said, but that he was a man of great talents, and a sub- 
 scriber with the great names I have read in proceedings which 
 they have thought fit to desert ? 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 349 
 
 Gentlemen, let others hold their opinions, and change them 
 at their pleasure; I shall ever maintain it to be the dearest 
 privilege of the people of Great Britain to watch over every- 
 thing that affects their happiness, either in the system of gov- 
 ernaient, or in the practice ; and that for this purpose the press 
 MUST BE FREE. It has alw^ays been so, and much evil has been 
 corrected by it. — If government finds itself annoyed by it, let 
 it examine its own conduct, and it will find the cause, — let it 
 amend it, and it will find the remedy. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am no friend to sarcasms in the discussion of 
 grave subjects, but you must take writers according to the 
 view of the mind at the moment ; Mr. Burke as often as any- 
 body indulges in it : — hear his reason in his speech on reform, 
 for not taking away the salaries from lords who attend upon 
 the 'British court. " You would," said he, "have the court de- 
 serted by all the nobility of the kingdom. 
 
 " Sir, the most serious mischiefs would follow from such a 
 desertion. Kings are naturally lovers of low company ; they 
 are so elevated above all the rest of mankind, that they must 
 look upon all their subjects as on a level : they are rather apt to 
 hate than to love their nobility on account of the occasional 
 resistance to their will, which will be made by their virtue, their 
 petulance, or their pride. It must indeed be admitted, that many 
 of the nobility are as perfectly willing to act the part of flatter- 
 ers, tale-bearers, parasites, pimps, and buffoons, as any of the 
 lowest and vilest of mankind can possibly be. But they are 
 not properly quahfied for this object of their ambition. The 
 want of a regular education, and early habits, with some lurk- 
 ing remains of their dignity, will never permit them to become 
 a match for an ItaHan eunuch, a mountebank, a fiddler, a player, 
 or any regular practitioner of that tribe. The Roman Empe- 
 rors, almost from the beginning, threw themselves into such 
 hands ; and the mischief increased every day, till its dechne, 
 and its final ruin. It is, therefore, of very great importance 
 (provided the thing is not overdone,) to contrive such an estab- 
 lishment as must, almost whether a prince will or not, bring 
 into daily and hourly offices about his person, a great number 
 of his first nobihty ; and it is rather a useful prejudice that gives 
 them a pride in such a servitude ; though they are not much 
 the better for a court, a court will be much the better for them. 
 I have, therefore, not attempted to reform any of the offices of 
 honor about the king's person." 
 
 What is all this but saying, that a king is an animal so incu- 
 rably addicted to low company, as generally to bring on by it 
 the ruin of nations; but nevertheless, he is to be kept as a 
 necessary evil, and his propensities bridled by surrounding him 
 
jl 
 
 350 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE Mff 
 
 with a parcel of miscreants still worse if possible, but better 
 than those he would choose for himself. This, therefore, if 
 taken by itself, would be a most abominable and libellous sar- 
 casm on kings and nobility ; but look at the whole speech, and 
 you observe a great system of regulation ; and no man, I be- 
 lieve, ever doubted Mr. Burke's attachment to monarchy. To 
 judge, therefore, of any part of a writing, the whole must be 
 
 READ. 
 
 With the same view I will read to you the beginning of Har 
 rington's Oceana : but it is impossible to name this well-known 
 author without exposing to just contempt and ridicule the igno- 
 rant or profligate misrepresentations which are vomited forth 
 upon the pubhc, to bear down every man as desperately wicked, 
 who, in any age or country, has countenanced a republic, for 
 the mean purpose of prejudging this trial. 
 
 Is this the way to support the EngHsh constitution ? — Are 
 these the means by which Enghshmen are to be taught to 
 cherish it ? — I say, if the man upon trial were stained with 
 blood instead of ink, — if he were covered over with crimes 
 which human nature would start at the naming of, the means 
 employed against him would not be the less disgraceful. 
 
 For this notable purpose, then, Harrington, not above a week 
 ago, was handed out to us as a low, obscure wretch, involved in 
 the murder of the monarch, and the destruction of the mon- 
 archy, and as addressing his despicable works at the shrine of 
 an usurper. Yet this very Harrington, this low blackguard, 
 was descended (you may see his pedigree at the Herald's office 
 for sixpence) from eight dukes, three marquisses, seventy earls, 
 twenty-seven viscounts, and thirty-six barons, sixteen of whom 
 were knights of the garter ; a descent which I think would save 
 a man from disgrace in any of the circles of Germany. But 
 what was he besides ? — a blood-stained ruffian ? — Oh brutal 
 ignorance of the history of the country ! He was the most af- 
 fectionate servant of Charles the First, from whom he never 
 concealed his opinions ; for it is observed by Wood, that the 
 king greatly affected his company ; but when they happened to 
 talk of a commonwealth, he would scarcely endure it. — " I 
 know not," says Toland, " which most to commend ; the king 
 for trusting an honest man, though a repubUcan ; or Harring- 
 ton for owning his principles while he served a king." 
 
 But did his opinions affect his conduct ? — Let history again 
 answer. — He preserved his fidelity to his unhappy prince to the 
 very last, after all his fawning courtiers had left him to his en- 
 raged subjects. He staid with him while a prisoner in the Isle 
 of Wight ; — came up by stealth to follow the fortunes of his 
 monarch and master ; — even hid himself in the boot of the 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 351 
 
 coach when he was conveyed to Windsor; — and ending as he 
 began, fell into his arms and fainted on the scaffold. 
 
 After Charles's death, the Oceana was written, and, as if it 
 were written from justice and affection to his memory; for it 
 breathes the same noble and spirited regard, and asserts that it 
 was not Charles that brought on the destruction of the mon- 
 archy, but the feeble and ill-constituted nature of monarchy 
 itself. 
 
 But the book was a flattery to Cromwell. — Once more and 
 finally let history decide. — The Oceana was seized by the 
 Usurper as a libel, and the way it was recovered is remarka- 
 ble. I mention it to show that Cromwell was a wise man in 
 himself, and knew^ on what governments must stand for their 
 support. 
 
 Harrington waited on the Protector's daughter to beg for his 
 book, which her father had taken, and on entering her apart- 
 ment, snatched up her child and ran away. — On her following 
 him with surprise and terror, he turned to her and said, " I 
 know what you feel as a mother, feel then for me : your father 
 has got MY child :" meaning the Oceana. The Oceana was 
 afterwards restored on her petition : Cromwell answering with 
 the sagacity of a sound politician, "■ Let him have his book ; 
 if my government is made to stand, it has nothing to fear from 
 PAPER SHOT." — He said true. No good government will ever 
 be battered by paper shot. Montesquieu says, " that in a free 
 nation, it matters not whether individuals reason well or ill ; it 
 is sufficient that they do reason. Truth arises from the colhsion, 
 and from hence springs liberty, which is a security from the 
 effect of reasoning." The Attorney General has read extracts 
 from Mr. Adams's answer to this book. Let others write an- 
 swers to it, like Mr. Adams ; I am not insisting upon the infal- 
 libility of Mr. Paine's doctrines ; if they are erroneous, let them 
 be answered, and truth will spring from the collision. 
 
 Milton wisely says, that a disposition in a nation to this spe- 
 cies of controversy, is no proof of sedition or degeneracy, but 
 quite the reverse [1 omitted to cite the passage with the others.] 
 In speaking of this subject, he rises into that inexpressibly sub- 
 lime style of writing, wholly peculiar to himself. He was in- 
 deed no plagiary from anything human : he looked up for light 
 and expression, as he himself wonderfully describes it, by de- 
 vout prayer to that great Being, who is the source of all utter- 
 ance and knowledge ; and who sendeth out his seraphim with 
 the hallowed fire of his altar to touch and purify the lips of 
 whom he pleases. " When the cheerfulness of the people," says 
 this mighty poet, " is so sprightly up, as that it hath not only 
 wherewith to guard well its own freedom and safety, but to 
 
352 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE 
 
 spare, and to bestow upon the solidest and sublimest points of 
 controversy and new invention, it betokens us not degenerated 
 nor drooping to a fatal decay, but casting off the old and 
 wrinkled skin of corruption, to outlive these pangs and wax 
 young again, entering the glorious ways of truth and prosperous 
 virtue, destined to become great and honorable in these latter li 
 ages. Methinks I see, in my mind, a noble and puissant nation! 
 rousing herself, like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her 
 invincible locks: methinks I see her as an eagle muing her 
 mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full mid- 
 day beam; purging and unscahng her long-abused sight at the r 
 fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of fi 
 timorous and flocking birds, with those also that love the twi- 
 light, flutter about, amazed at what she means, and in their en- 
 vious gabble would prognosticate a year of sects and schisms." r\ 
 
 Gentlemen, what Milton only saw in his mighty imagination, ' 
 I see in fact ; what he expected, but which never came to pass, 
 I see now fulfiUing : methinks I see this noble and puissant na- 
 tion, not degenerated and drooping to a fatal decay, but cast- 
 ing off" the wrinkled skin of corruption to put on again the 
 vigor of her youth. And it is, because others as well as my- 
 self see this, that we have all this uproar. — France and its con- 
 stitution are the mere pretences. It is, because Britons begin 
 to recollect the inheritance of their own constitution, left them 
 by their ance^stors : — it is, because they are awakened to the 
 corruptions which have fallen upon its most valuable parts, that 
 forsooth the nation is in danger of being destroyed by a single 
 pamphlet. — I have marked the course of this alarm : it began 
 with the renovation of those exertions for the public, which the 
 alarmists themselves had originated and deserted; and they 
 became louder and louder when they saw them avowed and 
 supported by my admirable friend Mr. Fox; the most emi- 
 nently honest and enlightened statesman, that history brings us 
 acquainted with : a man whom to name is to honor, but whom 
 in attempting adequately to describe, I must fly to Mr. Burke, 
 my constant refuge when eloquence is necessary : — a man, w^ho 
 to relieve the sufferings of the most distant nation, " put to the 
 hazard his ease, his security, his interest, his power, even his 
 darling popularity, for the benefit of a people whom he had 
 never seen." How much more then for the inhabitants of his 
 native country ! — yet this is the man who has been censured 
 and disavowed in the manner we have lately seen. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have but a few more words to trouble you with : 
 I take my leave of you with declaring, that all this freedom 
 which I have been endeavoring to assert, is no more than the 
 ancient freedom which belongs to our own inbred constitution : 
 
TRIAL OF THOMAS PAINE. 353 
 
 I have not asked you to acquit Thomas Paine upon any new 
 hghts, or upon any principle but that of the law, which you are 
 sworn to administer ; — my great object has been to inculcate, 
 that wisdom and policy, which are the parents of the govern- 
 ment of Great Britain, forbid this jealous eye over her subjects; 
 and that, on the contrary, they cry aloud in the language of the 
 poet, adverted to by lord Chatham on the memorable subject 
 of America, unfortunately without effect. 
 
 " Be to their faults a little blind, 
 Be to their virtues very kind ; 
 Let all their thoughts be unconfin'd, 
 Nor clap your padlock on the mind." 
 
 Engage the people by their affections, convince their reason, 
 — and they will be loyal from the only principle that can make 
 loyalty sincere, vigorous, or rational, — a conviction that it is 
 their truest interest, and that their government is for their good. 
 Constraint is the natural parent of resistance, and a pregnant 
 proof, that reason is not on the side of those who use it. You 
 must all remember Lucian's pleasant story; Jupiter and a 
 countryman were walking together, conversing with great free- 
 dom and familiarity upon the subject of heaven and earth. The 
 countryman listened with attention and acquiescence, while 
 Jupiter strove only to convince him : — but happening to hint a 
 doubt, Jupiter turned hastily round and threatened him with his 
 ' thunder. — " Ah ! ah !" says the countryman, " now, Jupiter, I 
 know that you are wrong ; you are always wrong when you 
 appeal to your thunder." 
 
 This is the case with me — I can reason with the people of 
 England, but I cannot fight against the thunder of authority. 
 
 Gentlemen, this is my defence of free opinions. With regard 
 to myself, I am, and always have been, obedient and affection- 
 ate to the law; — to that rule of action, as long as I exist, I shall 
 ^ ever do as I have done to-day, maintain the dignity of my high 
 profession, and perform, as I understand them, all its important 
 i duties. 
 
 2U 30* 
 
SPEECH OF THE HON. T. ERSKINE, 
 
 ON THE PROSECUTION OF THE 
 
 PUBLISHER OF THE AGE OF REASON. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury, 
 
 The charge of blasphemy, which is put upon the record 
 against the pubhsher of this pubhcation is not an accusation of 
 the servants of the crown, but comes before you sanctioned by 
 the oaths of a grand jury of the country. It stood for trial upon 
 a former day; but it happening, as it frequently does, without 
 any imputation upon the gentlemen named in the pannel, that a 
 sufficient number did not appear to constitute a full special jury, 
 I thought it my duty to withdraw the cause from trial, till I 
 could have the opportunity of addressing myself to you, who 
 were originally appointed to try it. 
 
 I pursued this course, from no jealousy of the common juries 
 appointed by the laws for the ordinary service of the court, 
 since my whole life has been one continued experience of their 
 virtues; but because I thought it of great importance, that those 
 who were to decide upon a cause so very momentous to the 
 public, should have the highest possible qualifications for the 
 decision ; that they should not only be men capable from their 
 educations of forming an enlightened judgment, but that their 
 situations should be such as to bring them within the full view 
 of their country, to which, in character and in estimation, they 
 were in their own turns to be responsible. 
 
 Not having the honor, gentlemen, to be sworn for the king as 
 one of his counsel, it has fallen much oftener to my lot to de- 
 fend indictments for libels, than to assist in the prosecution of 
 them ; but I feel no embarrassment from that recollection. — I 
 shall not be found to-day to express a sentiment, or to utter an 
 expression, inconsistent with those invaluable principles for 
 which I have uniformly contended irt the defence of others. 
 Nothing that I have ever said, either professionally or person- 
 ally, for the liberty of the press, do I mean to-day to contradict 
 or counteract. On the contrary, I desire to preface the very 
 short discourse I have to make to you, with reminding you, that 
 it is your most solemn duty to take care that it suffers no injury 
 in your hands. A free and unlicensed press, in the just and legal 
 sense of the expression, has led to all the blessings both of religion 
 
SPEECH ON THE AGE OF REASON. 355 
 
 and government, which Great Britain or any part of the world 
 at this moment enjoys, and it is calculated to advance mankind 
 to still higher degrees of civilization and happiness. — But this 
 freedom, hke every other, must be limited to be enjoyed, and 
 like every human advantage, may be defeated by its abuse. 
 
 Gentlemen, the defendant stands indicted for having published 
 this book, which I have only read from the obligations of pro- 
 fessional duty, and which I rose from the reading of with aston- 
 ishment and disgust. Standing here with all the privileges 
 belonging to the highest counsel for the crown, I shah be enti- 
 tled to reply to any defence that shall be made for the publica- 
 tion. I shall wait with patience till I hear it. 
 
 Indeed, if I were to anticipate the defence which I hear and 
 read of, it would be defaming by anticipation the learned coun- 
 sel who is to make it ; — since if I am to collect it, from a formal 
 notice given to the prosecutors in the course of the proceedings, 
 I have to expect, that, instead of a defence conducted accord- 
 ing to the rules and principles of English law, the foundation of 
 all our laws, and the sanctions of all justice, are to be struck at 
 and insulted. What gives the court its jurisdiction? — What 
 but the oath which his lordship, as well as yourselves, have 
 sworn upon the Gospel to fulfil ? Yet in the king's court, where 
 his majesty is himself also sworn to administer the justice of 
 England — in the king's court — who receives his high authority 
 under a solemn oath to maintain the Christian rehgion, as it is 
 promulgated by God in the Holy Scriptures, I am nevertheless 
 called upon as counsel for the prosecution to ^^ produce a certain 
 hook described in. the Indictment to he the holy bible." No man 
 deserves to be upon the rolls, who has dared, as an attorney, to 
 put his name to such a notice. It is an insult to the authority 
 and dignity of the court of which he is an officer; since it calls 
 in question the very foundations of its jurisdiction. If this is to 
 be the spirit and temper of the defence ; — if, as I collect from 
 that array of books which are spread upon the benches behind 
 me, this publication is to be vindicated by an attack of all the 
 truths which the Christian rehgion promulgates to mankind, let 
 it be remembered that such an argument was neither suggested 
 nor justified by anything said by me on the part of the prose- 
 cution. 
 
 In this stage of the proceedings, I shall call for reference to 
 the sacred Scriptures, not from their merits, unbounded as they 
 are, but from their authority in a Christian country — not from 
 the obligations of conscience, but from the rules of law. For 
 my own part, gentlemen, I have been ever deeply devoted to 
 the truths of Christianity ; and my firm belief in the Holy Gos- 
 pel is by no means owing to the prejudices of education 
 
356 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 (though I was religiously educated by the best of parents,) but 
 has arisen from the fullest and most continued reflections of my 
 riper years and understanding. It forms at this moment the 
 great consolation of a life, which, as a shadow, passes away ; 
 and without it, I should consider my long course of health and 
 prosperity (too long perhaps, and too uninterrupted, to be good 
 for any man) only as the dust which the wind scatters, and 
 rather as a snare than as a blessing. 
 
 Much, however, as I wish to support the authority of Scrip- 
 ture from a reasoned consideration of it, I shall repress that 
 subject for the present. But if the defence, as I have suspected, 
 shall bring them at all into argument or question, I must then 
 fulfil a duty which I owe not only to the Court, as counsel for 
 the prosecution, but to the public, and to the world, — to state 
 what I feel and know concerning the evidences of that religion, 
 which is denied without being examined, and reviled without 
 being understood. 
 
 I am well aware that by the communications of a free press, 
 all the errors of mankind, from age to age, have been dissi- 
 pated and dispelled ; and I recollect that the world, under the 
 banners of reformed Christianity, has struggled through perse- 
 cution to the noble eminence on which it stands at this moment, 
 — shedding the blessings of humanity and science upon the 
 nations of the earth. 
 
 It maybe asked then by what means the Reformation would 
 have been effected, if the books of the Reformers had been 
 suppressed, and the errors of now exploded superstitions had 
 been supported by the terrors of an unreformed state ? or how, 
 upon such principles, any reformation, civil or religious, can in 
 future be effected ? The solution is easy : — Let us examine 
 what are the genuine principles of the liberty of the press, as 
 they regard writings upon general subjects, unconnected with 
 the personal reputations of private men, which are wholly for- 
 eign to the present inquiry. They are full of simplicity, and 
 are brought as near perfection, by the law of England, as, per- 
 haps, is attainable by and of the frail institutions of mankind. 
 
 Although every community must estabhsh supreme authori- 
 ties, founded upon fixed principles, and must give high powers 
 to magistrates to administer laws for the preservation of gov- 
 ernment, and for the security of those who are to be protected 
 by it: — yet, as infallibility and perfection belong neither to 
 human individuals nor to human estabhshments, it ought to be 
 the policy of all free nations, as it is most pecuKarly the prin- 
 ciple of our own, to permit the most unbounded freedom of 
 discussion, even to the detection of errors in the constitution 
 of the very government itself; so as that common decorum is 
 
ON THE AGE OF REASON. 357 
 
 observed, which every state must exact from its subjects, and 
 which imposes no restraint upon any intellectual composition, 
 fairly, honestly, and decently addressed to the consciences and 
 understandings of men. Upon this principle, I have an unques- 
 tionable right — a right which the best subjects have exercised 
 — to examine the principles and structure of the constitution, 
 and by fair, manly reasoning, to question the practice of its 
 administrators. I have a right to consider and to point out 
 errors in the one or in the other ; and not merely to reason 
 upon their existence, but to consider the means of their reform- 
 ation. 
 
 By such free, well-intentioned, modest, and dignified commu- 
 nication of sentiments and opinions, all nations have been grad- 
 ually improved, and milder laws and purer religions have been 
 established. The same principles, which vindicate civil con- 
 troversies, honestly directed, extend their protection to the 
 sharpest contentions on the subject of religious faiths. This 
 rational and legal course of improvement was recognized and 
 ratified by Lord Kenyon as the law of England, in a late trial 
 at Guildhall, where he looked back with gratitude to the labors 
 of the Reformers, as the fountains of our religious emancipa- 
 tion, and of the civil blessings that followed in their train. The 
 Enghsh constitution, indeed, does not stop short in the tolera- 
 tion of religious opinions, but liberally extends it to practice. 
 It permits every man, even publicly, to worship God accord- 
 ing to his own conscience, though in marked dissent from the 
 national establishment, — so as he professes the general faith, 
 which is the sanction of all our moral duties, and the only 
 pledge of our submission to the system which constitutes the 
 state. 
 
 Is not this freedom of controversy and freedom of worship, 
 sufficient for all the purposes of human happiness and improve- 
 ment ? — Can it be necessary for either, that the law should hold 
 out indemnity to those, who wholly abjure and revile the gov- 
 ernment of their country, or the rehgion on which it rests for 
 its foundation ? I expect to hear, in answer to what I am now 
 saying, much that will offend me. My learned friend, from the 
 difficulties of his situation, which I know, from experience, how 
 to feel for very sincerely, may be driven to advance proposi- 
 tions which it may be my duty, with much freedom, to reply to ; 
 — and the law will sanction that freedom. — But will not the 
 ends of justice be completely answered by my exercise of that 
 right, in terms that are decent, and calculated to expose its 
 defects? — Or will my argument suffer, or will public justice be 
 impeded, because neither private honor and justice, nor pubhc 
 decorum, would endure my telling my very learned friend, be^ 
 
358 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 cause I differ from him in opinion, that he is a fool, — a liar, — 
 and a scoundrel, in the face of the Court ? This is just the 
 distinction between a book of free legal controversy, and the 
 book which I am arraigning before you. Every man has a 
 right to investigate, with decency, controversial points of the 
 Christian religion ; — but no man, consistently with a law which 
 only exists under its sanctions, has a right to deny its very 
 existence, and to pour forth such shocking and insulting invec- 
 tives, as the lowest estabHshments in the gradations of civil 
 authority ought not to be subjected to, and which soon would 
 be borne down by insolence and disobedience, if they were. 
 
 The same principle pervades the whole system of the law, 
 not merely in its abstract theory, but in its daily and most ap- 
 plauded practice. — The intercourse between the sexes, which, 
 properly regulated, not only continues, but humanizes and 
 adorns our natures, is the foundation of all the thousand 
 romances, plays, and novels, which are in the hands of everybody. 
 Some of them lead to the confirmation of every virtuous prin- 
 ciple ; — others, though with the same profession, address the 
 imagination in a manner to lead the passions into dangerous 
 excesses : — but though the law does not nicely discriminate the 
 various shades which distinguish these works from one another, 
 so as to suffer many to pass, through its liberal spirit, that upon 
 principle ought to be suppressed, would it, or does it tolerate, 
 or does any decent man contend that it ought to pass by un- 
 punished, libels of the most shameless obscenity, manifestly 
 pointed to debauch innocence, and to blast and poison the 
 morals of the rising generation ? This is only another illus- 
 tration to demonstrate the obvious distinction between the work 
 of an author, who fairly exercises the powers of his mind, in 
 investigating the religion or government of any country, and 
 him who attacks the rational existence of every religion or 
 government, and brands with absurdity and folly the state 
 which sanctions, and the obedient tools who cherish the delu- 
 sion. But this publication appears to me to be as cruel and 
 mischievous in its effects, as it is manifestly illegal in its princi- 
 ples ; because it strikes at the best — sometimes, alas ! the only 
 refuge and consolation amidst the distresses and afflictions of 
 the world. The poor and humble, whom it affects to pity, 
 may be stabbed to the heart by it. — They have more occasion 
 for firm hopes beyond the grave, than the rich and prosperous, 
 who have other comforts to render life delightful. I can con- 
 ceive a distressed but virtuous man, surrounded by his children, 
 looking up to him for bread when he has. none to give them ; — 
 sinking under the last day's labor, and unequal to the next, — 
 yet, still supported by confidence in the hour when all tears 
 
ON THE AGE OF REASON. 359 
 
 shall be wiped from the eyes of affliction, bearing the burden 
 laid upon him by a mysterious Providence which he adores, 
 and anticipating with exultation the revealed promises of his 
 Creator, when he shall be greater than the greatest, and hap- 
 pier than the happiest of mankind. What a change in such a 
 mind might be wrought by such a merciless pubhcation !■ — Gen- 
 tlemen ! whether these remarks are the overcharged declama- 
 tion of an accusing counsel, or the just reflections of a man 
 anxious for the pubhc happiness, which is best secured by the 
 morals of a nation, will be soon settled by an appeal to the 
 passages in the work, that are selected by the Indicment for 
 your consideration and judgment. You are at liberty to con-' 
 nect them with every context and sequel, and to bestow upon 
 them the mildest interpretation. [Here Mr. Erskine read and 
 commented upon several of the selected passages, and then proceeded 
 as follows :] 
 
 Gentlemen, it would be useless and disgusting to enumerate 
 the other passages within the scope of the Indictment. How 
 any man can rationally vindicate the pubhcation of such a 
 book, in a country where the Christian religion is the very 
 foundation of the law of the land, I am totally at a loss to con- 
 ceive, and have no ideas for the discussion of. How is a tri- 
 bunal, whose whole jurisdiction is founded upon the solemn 
 belief and practice of what is here denied as falsehood, and 
 reprobated as impiety, to deal with such an anomalous defence ? 
 — Upon what principle is it even offered to the Court, whose 
 authority is contemned and mocked at? — If the rehgion pro- 
 posed to be called in question, is not previously adopted in 
 belief and solemnly acted upon, what authority, has the Court 
 to pass any judgment at all of acquittal or condemnation ? — 
 Why am I now, or upon any other occasion, to submit to his 
 Lordship's authority? — Why am I now, or at any time, to 
 address twelve of my equals, as I am now addressing you, with 
 reverence and submission? — Under what sanction are the wit- 
 nesses to give their evidence, without which there can be no 
 trial ? — Under what obligations can I call upon you, the Jury 
 representing your country, to administer justice? — Surely upon 
 no other than that you are sworw to administer it under the 
 OATHS YOU HAVE TAKEN. The wholc judicial fabric, from the 
 King's sovereign authority to the lowest office of magistracy, 
 has no other foundation. The whole is built, both in form and 
 substance, upon the same oath of every one of its ministers to 
 do justice, as God shall help them hereafter ? What God ? 
 and WHAT hereafter ? That God, undoubtedly, who has com- 
 manded Kings to rule, and Judges to decree justice ; — who has 
 said to witnesses, not only by the voice of nature, but in re- 
 
360 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 vealed commandments — thou shalt not bear false testimony 
 AGAINST thy NEIGHBOR ;— and who has enforced obedience to 
 them by the revelation of the unutterable blessings which shall 
 attend their observance, and the awful punishments which shall 
 await upon their transgressions. 
 
 But it seems this is an age of reason, and the time and the 
 person are at last arrived, that are to dissipate the errors which 
 have overspread the past generations of ignorance. The be- 
 lievers in Christianity are many, but it belongs to the few that 
 are wise to correct their credulity. Belief is an act of reason, 
 and superior reason may, therefore, dictate to the weak. In 
 •running the mind along the long list of sincere and devout 
 Christians, I cannot help lamenting, that Newton had not lived 
 to this day, to have had his shallowness filled up with this new 
 flood of light. — But the subject is too awful for irony. I will 
 speak plainly and directly. Newton was a Christian ! — Newton, 
 whose mind burst forth from the fetters fastened by nature 
 upon our finite conceptions^ — Newton, whose science was truth, 
 and the foundation of whose knowledge of it was Philosophy 
 — not those visionary and arrogant presumptions, which too 
 often usurp its name, but philosophy resting upon the basis of 
 mathematics, which like figures cannot lie — Newton, who car- 
 ried the line and rule to the uttermost barriers of creation, and 
 explored the principles by which all created matter exists, and 
 is held together. But this extraordinary man, in the mighty 
 reach of his mind, overlooked, perhaps, the errors, which a 
 minuter investigation of the created things on this earth might 
 have taught him. What shall then be said of the great Mr. 
 Boyle, who looked into the organic structure of all matter, 
 even to the inanimate substances which the foot treads upon ? 
 — Such a man may be supposed to have been equally quahfied 
 with Mr. Paine to look up through nature to nature's God. 
 Yet the result of all his contemplations was the most confirmed 
 and devout belief in all which the other holds in contempt, as 
 despicable and drivelling superstition. — But this error might, 
 perhaps, arise from a want of due attention to the foundations 
 of human judgment, and the structure of that understanding 
 which God has given us for the investigation of truth. — Let 
 that question be answered by Mr. Locke, who, to the highest 
 pitch of devotion and adoration, was a Christian — Mr. Locke, 
 whose office was to detect the errors of thinking, by going up 
 to the very fountains of thought, and to direct into the proper 
 tract of reasoning, the devious mind of man, by showing him 
 its whole process, from the first perceptions of sense to the last 
 conclusions of ratiocination : — putting a rein upon false opinion, 
 by practical rules for the conduct of human judgment. 
 
ON THE AGE OF REASON. 361 
 
 But these men, it may be said, were only deep thinkers, and 
 lived in their closets, unaccustomed to the traffic of the world, 
 and to the laws which practically regulate mankind. Gentle- 
 men ! in the place where we now sit to administer the justice 
 of this great country, the never-to-be-forgotten Sir Matthew 
 Hale presided ; — whose faith in Christianity is an exalted com- 
 mentary upon its truth and reason, and whose life was a glori- 
 ous example of its fruits ; — whose justice, drawn from the pure 
 fountain of the Christian dispensation, will be, in all ages, a 
 subject of the highest reverence and admiration. Btft it is said 
 by the author, that the Christian fable is but the tale of the 
 more ancient superstitions of the world, and may be easily de- 
 tected by a proper understanding of the mythologies of the 
 Heathens. — Did Milton understand those mythologies ? — Was 
 he less versed than Mr. Paine in the superstitions of the world ? 
 No, — they were the subject of his immortal song; and though 
 shut out from all recurrence to them., he poured them forth 
 from the stores of a memory rich with all that man ever knew, 
 and laid them in their order as the illustration of real and ex- 
 alted faith, the unquestionable source of that fervid genius 
 ■which has cast a kind of shade upon all the other works of 
 man — 
 
 He pass'd the bounds of flaming space, 
 Where angels tremble while they gaze — 
 He saw, — till blasted with excess of light, 
 He clos'd his eyes in endless night. 
 
 But it was the light of the body only that was extinguished ; 
 " The CELESTIAL LIGHT shonc inward, and enabled him to jus- 
 tify the ways of God to man." — The result of his thinking was 
 nevertheless not quite the same as the author's before us. The 
 mysterious incarnation of our blessed Savior (which this work 
 blasphemes in words so wholly unfit for the mouth of a Chris- 
 tian, or for the ear of a court of justice, that I dare not, and 
 will not, give them utterance,) Milton made the grand conclu- 
 sion of his Paradise Lost, the rest from his finished labors, and 
 the ultimate hope, expectation, and glory of the world. 
 
 A Virgin is his Mother, but his Sire, 
 
 The power of the Most High ; — he shall ascend 
 
 The throne hereditary, and bound his reign 
 
 With earth's wide bounds, his glory with the heavens. 
 
 The immortal poet having thus put into the mouth of the 
 angel the prophecy of man's redemption, follows it with that 
 solemn and beautiful admonition, addressed in the Poem to our 
 great first parent, but intended as an address to his posterity 
 through all generations : 
 
 2V 31 
 
362 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 This having learn'd, thou hast attain'd the sum 
 Of wisdom ; hope no higher, though all the stars 
 Thou knew'st by name, and all th' ethereal pow'rs, 
 All secrets of the deep, all Nature's works ; 
 Or works of God in heav'n, air, earth or sea, 
 And all the riches of this world enjoy'st, 
 And all the rule, one empire ; only add 
 Deeds to thy knowledge answerable, add faith, 
 Add virtue, patience, temperance, add love, 
 By name to come call'd Charity, the soul 
 Of all the rest : then wilt thou not be loth 
 T^ leave this Paradise, but shalt possess 
 A Paradise within thee, happier far. 
 
 Thus yoQ find all that is great, or wise, or splendid, or illus- 
 trious, amongst created beings ; — all the minds gifted beyond 
 ordinary nature, if not inspired by its universal Author for the 
 advancement and dignity of the w^orld, though divided by dis- 
 tant ages, and by clashing opinions, yet joining as it were in 
 one subUme chorus, to celebrate the truths of Christianity, and 
 laying upon its holy altars the never-fading offerings of their 
 immortal wisdom. 
 
 Against all this concurring testimony, we find suddenly, from 
 the author of this book, that the Bible teaches nothing but 
 " LIES, OBSCENITY, CRUELTY, and INJUSTICE." Had hc ever read 
 our Savior's sermon on the Mount, in which the great principles 
 of our faith and duty are summed up ? — Let us all but read and 
 practise it ; and lies, obscenity, cruelty, and injustice, and all 
 human wickedness, will be banished from the world ! 
 
 Gentlemen, there is but one consideration more, which I can- 
 not possibly omit, because I confess it aflfects me very deeply. 
 The author of this book has written largely on pubhc liberty 
 and government ; and this last performance, which I am now 
 prosecuting, has, on that account, been more widely circulated, 
 and principally among those who attached themselves from 
 principle to his former works. This circumstance renders a 
 public attack upon all revealed religion from such a writer infi- 
 nitely more dangerous. The religious and moral sense of the 
 •people of Great Britain is the great anchor, which alone can 
 hold the vessel of the state amidst the storms which agitate the 
 world ; and if the mass of the people were debauched from the 
 principles of religion, — the true basis of that humanity, charity, 
 and benevolence, which have been so long the national char- 
 acteristic ; instead of mixing myself, as I sometimes have done, 
 in political reformations, — I would retire to the uttermost cor- 
 ners of the earth, to avoid their agitation; and would bear, not 
 only the imperfections and abuses complained of in our own 
 wise establishment, but even the worst government that ever 
 
ON THE AGE OF REASON. 863 
 
 existed in the world, rather than go to the work of reformation 
 with a multitude set free from all the charities of Christianity, 
 who had no other sense of God's existence, than was to be col- 
 lected from Mr. Paine's observation of nature, which the mass 
 of mankind have no leisure to contemplate ; — which promises 
 no future rewards, to animate the good in the glorious pursuit 
 of human happiness, nor punishments to deter the wicked from 
 destroying it even in its birth. The people of England are a 
 religious people, and, with the blessing of God, so far as it is 
 in my power, I will lend my aid to keep them so. 
 
 I have no objections to the most extended and free discussions 
 upon doctrinal points of the Christian religion ; and though the 
 law of England does not permit it, I do not dread the reasonings 
 of Deists against the existence of Christianity itself, because, as 
 was said by its divine Author, if it be of God it will stand. An 
 intellectual book, however erroneous, addressed to the intellec- 
 tual world upon so profound and complicated a subject, can 
 never work the mischief which this indictment is calculated to 
 repress. Such works will only incite the minds of men enlight- 
 ened by study, to a deeper investigation of a subject well worthy 
 of their deepest and continued contemplation. The powers of 
 the mind are given for human improvement in the progress of 
 human existence. The changes produced by such reciproca- 
 tions of lights and intelligences are certain in their progressions, 
 and make their way imperceptibly, by the final and irresistible 
 power of truth. If Christianity be founded in falsehood, let us 
 become Deists in this manner, and I am contented. — But this 
 book has no such object, and no such capacity : — it presents no 
 arguments to the wise and enlightened. On the contrary, it 
 treats the faith and opinions of the wisest with the most shocking 
 contempt, and stirs up men, without the advantages of learning, 
 or sober thinking, to a total disbelief of everything hitherto held 
 sacred ; and consequently to a rejection of all the laws and ordi- 
 nances of the state, which stand only upon the assumption of 
 their truth. 
 
 Gentlemen,! cannot conclude without expressing the deepest 
 regret at all attacks upon the Christian religion by authors who 
 profess to promote the civil liberties of the world. For under 
 what other auspices than Christianity have the lost and sub- 
 verted liberties of mankind in former ages been reasserted ? — 
 By what zeal, but the warm zeal of devout Christians, have 
 English Hberties been redeemed and consecrated? — Under what 
 other sanctions, even in our own days, have liberty and happi- 
 ness been spreading to the uttermost corners of the earth ? — 
 What work of civilization, what commonwealth of greatness, 
 
364 ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON THE AGE OF REASON. 
 
 has this bald religion of nature ever established ? — ^We see, on 
 the contrary, the nations that have no other light than that of 
 nature to direct them, sunk in barbarism, or slaves to arbitrary- 
 governments ; v^hilst, under the Christian dispensation, the great 
 career of the v^orld has been slowly, but clearly advancing, — 
 lighter at every step, from the encouraging prophecies of the 
 Gospel, and leading, I trust, in the end, to universal and eternal 
 happiness. Each generation of mankind can see but a few 
 revolving links of this mighty and mysterious chain; but by 
 doing our several duties in our allotted stations, we are sure 
 that we are fulfilling the purposes of our existence. — You, I 
 trust, will fulfil YOURS this day. 
 
 I 
 
MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN MARKAM vs. FAWCETT, BEFORE THE DEPUTY SHERIFF OF MIDDLE- 
 SEX AND A SPECIAL JURY, UPON AN INQUISITION OF DAMAGES. 
 
 Mr. Sheriff, and Gentlemen of the Jury — In representing the 
 unfortunate gentleman who has sustained the injury which has 
 been stated to you by my learned friend, Mr. Holroyd, who 
 opened the pleadings, I feel one great satisfaction — a satisfac- 
 tion founded, as I conceive, on a sentiment perfectly constitu- 
 tional. — I am about to address myself to men whom I person- 
 ally know; — to men, honorable in their lives, — moral, — ^judi- 
 cious ; and capable of correctly estimating the injuries they 
 are called upon to condemn in their character of jurors. Tms, 
 Gentlemen, is the only country in the world, where there is 
 such a tribunal as the one before which I am now to speak : 
 for, however in other countries such institutions as our own 
 may have been set up of late, it is only by that maturity which 
 it requires ages to give to governments — by that progressive 
 wisdom which has slowly ripened the Constitution of our coun- 
 try, that it is possible there can exist such a body of men as 
 YOU are. It is the great privilege of the subjects of England 
 that they judge one another. — It is to be recollected, that, al- 
 though we are in this private room, all the sanctions of justice 
 are present. — It makes no manner of differe.nce, whether I ad- 
 dress you in the presence of the under-sheriff, your respectable 
 chairman, or with the assistance of the highest magistrate of 
 the state. 
 
 The defendant has, on this occasion, suffered judgment by 
 default: — other adulterers have done so before him. Some 
 have done so under the idea, that, by suffering judgment against 
 them, they had retired from the public eye — from the awful 
 presence of the judge; and that they came into a corner, 
 where there was not such an assembly of persons to witness 
 their misconduct, and where it was to be canvassed before 
 persons, who might be less qualified to judge the case to be ad- 
 dressed to them. 
 
 It is not long, however, since such persons have had an op- 
 portunity of judging how much they were mistaken in this 
 respect : the largest damages, in cases of adultery, have been 
 given in this place. — By this place, I do not mean the particu- 
 lar room in which we are now assembled, but under inquisitions 
 
 31* 
 
366 MR, ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 directed to the Sheriff; and the instances to which I allude, are 
 of modern, and, indeed, recent date. 
 
 Gentlemen, after all the experience I have had, I feel myself 
 I confess, considerably embarrassed in what manner to address 
 you. There are some subjects that harass and overwhelm the 
 mind of man. — There are some kinds of distresses one knows 
 not how to deal with. — It is impossible to contemplate the situa- 
 tion of the Plaintiff without being disqualified, in some degree, 
 to represent it to others with effect. — It is no less impossible 
 for you, Gentlemen, to receive on a sudden the impressions 
 which have been long in my mind, without feeling overpowered 
 with sensations, which, after all, had better be absent, when 
 men are called upon, in the exercise of duty, to pronounce a 
 legal judgment. 
 
 The plaintiff is the third son of his grace the Archbishop of 
 York, a clergyman of the Church of England ; presented in 
 the year 1791, to the living of Stokeley, in Yorkshire; and 
 now, by his majesty's favor, Dean of the Cathedral of York. — 
 He married, in the year 1789, Miss Sutton, the daughter of vSir 
 Richard Sutton, Bart, of Norwood, in Yorkshire, a lady of 
 great beauty and accomplishments, most virtuously educated, 
 and who, but for the crime of the defendant which assembles 
 you here, would, as she has expressed it herself, have been the 
 happiest of womankind. This gentleman having been present- 
 ed, in 1791, by his father to this hving, where I understand 
 there had been no resident Rector for forty years, set an ex- 
 ample to the Church and to the public, which was peculiarly 
 virtuous in a man circumstanced as he was ; for, if there can 
 be any person more likely than another to protect himself se- 
 curely with privileges and indulgences, it might be supposed to 
 be the son of the metropolitan of the province. This gentle- 
 man, however, did not avail himself of the advantage of his 
 birth and station : for, although he was a very young man, he 
 devoted himself entirely to the sacred duties of his profession ; 
 — at a large expense he repaired the Rectory-house for the re- 
 ception of his family, as if it had been his own patrimony, 
 whilst, in his extensive improvements, he adopted only those 
 arrangements which were calculated to lay the foundation of 
 an innocent and peaceful life. — He had married this lady, and 
 entertained no other thought than that of cheerfully devoting 
 himself to all the duties, pubHc and private, which his situation 
 called upon him to perform. 
 
 About this time, or soon afterwards, the defendant became 
 the purchaser of an estate in the neighborhood of Stokeley, 
 and, by such purchase, an inhabitant of that part of the coun- 
 try, and the neighbor of this unfortunate gentleman. It is a 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 367 
 
 most affecting circumstance, that the plaintiff and the defend- 
 ant had been bred together at Westminster School ; and in my 
 mind it is still more affecting, when I reflect what it is which 
 has given to that school so much rank, respect, and illustration. 
 — It has derived its highest advantages from the reverend 
 father of the unfortunate gentleman whom I represent. — It was 
 the School of Westminster which gave birth to that learning 
 which afterwards presided over it, and advanced its character. 
 — However some men may be disposed to speak or write con- 
 cerning public schools, I take upon me to say, they are among 
 the wisest of our institutions; — whoever looks at the national 
 character of the Enghsh people, and compares it with that of 
 all the other nations upon the earth, will be driven to impute it 
 to that reciprocation of ideas and sentiments which fill and 
 fructify the mind in the early period of youth, and to the affec- 
 tionate sympathies and friendships which rise up in the human 
 heart before it is deadened or perverted by the interests and 
 corruptions of the world. These youthful attachments are 
 proverbial, and indeed few instances have occurred of any 
 breaches of them ; because a man, before he can depart from 
 the obligations they impose, must have forsaken every princi- 
 ple of virtue, and every sentiment of manly honor. When, 
 therefore, the plaintiff found his old school-fellow and compan- 
 ion settled in his neighborhood, he immediately considered him 
 as his brother. Indeed he might well consider him as a bro- 
 ther, since, after having been at Westminster, they were again 
 thrown together in the same College at Oxford ; so that the 
 friendship they had formed in their youth, became cemented 
 and consolidated upon their first entrance into the world. — It 
 is no wonder, therefore, that when the defendant came down 
 to settle in the neighborhood of the plaintiff, he should be at- 
 tracted towards him by the impulse of his former attachment : 
 he recommended him to the Lord Lieutenant of the County, 
 and, being himself a magistrate, he procured him a share in 
 the magistracy. — He introduced him to the respectable circle 
 of his acquaintances ; he invited him to his house, and cherish- 
 ed him there as a friend. It is this which renders the business 
 of to-day most affecting as it regards the plaintiff, and wicked 
 in the extreme as it relates to the defendant, because the confi- 
 dences of friendship conferred the opportunities of seduction. 
 — The plaintiff had no pleasures or affections beyond the 
 sphere of his domestic life ; and except on his occasional resi- 
 dences at York, which were but for short periods, and at a 
 very inconsiderable distance from his home, he constantly re- 
 posed in the bosom of his family. — I believe it will be impos- 
 sible for my learned friend to invade his character; on the 
 
368 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 contrary, he will be found to have been a pattern of conjugal 
 and parental affection. 
 
 Mr. Fawcett being thus settled in the neighborhood, and thus 
 received by Mr. Markam as his friend and companion, it is 
 needless to say he could harbor no suspicion that the defendant 
 was meditating the seduction of his wife : — there was nothing 
 indeed, in his conduct, or in the conduct of the unfortunate 
 lady, that could administer any cause of jealousy to the most 
 guarded or suspicious temper. Yet dreadful to relate, and it 
 is, indeed, the bitterest evil of which the plaintiff has to com- 
 plain, a criminal intercourse for nearly five years before the 
 discovery of the connexion had most probably taken place. 
 
 I will leave you to consider what must have been the feelings 
 of such a husband, upon the fatal discovery that his wife, and 
 such a wife, had conducted herself in a manner that not merely 
 deprived him of her comfort and society, but placed him in a 
 situation too horrible to be described. If a man without chil- 
 dren is suddenly cut off by an adulterer from all the comforts 
 and happiness of marriage, the discovery of his condition is 
 happiness .itself when compared with that to which the plaintiff 
 is reduced. When children, by a woman, lost for ever to the 
 husband, by the arts of the adulterer, are begotten in the un- 
 suspected days of virtue and happiness, there remains a conso- 
 lation ; mixed indeed, with the most painful reflections, yet a 
 consolation still. — But what is the plaintiff's situation? — He 
 does not know at what time this heavy calamity fell upon him 
 — he is tortured with the most afflicting of all human sensa- 
 tions. — ^When he looks at the children, whom he is by law 
 bound to protect and to provide for, and from whose existence 
 he ought to receive the delightful return which the union of in- 
 stinct ^nd reason has provided for the continuation of the world, 
 he knows not whether he is lavishing his fondness and affection 
 upon his own children, or upon the seed of a villain sown in 
 the bed of his honor and his delight. — He starts back with hor- 
 ror, when, instead of seeing his own image reflected from their 
 infant features, he thinks he sees the destroyer of his happiness 
 — a midnight robber introduced into his* house, under profes- 
 sions of friendship and brotherhood — a plunderer, not in the 
 repositories of his treasure which may be supplied, or lived 
 without, " hut there where he had garnered up his hopes, where 
 either he must live or bear no life.^' 
 
 In this situation, the plaintiff brings his case before you, and 
 the defendant attempts no manner of defence : he admits his 
 guilt, — he renders it unnecessary for me to go into any proof 
 of it ; and the only question, therefore, that remains, is for you 
 to say what shall be the consequences of his crime, and what 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 369 
 
 verdict you will pronounce against him. You are placed, there- 
 fore, in a situation most momentous to the public ; you have a 
 duty to discharge, the result of which, not only deeply affects 
 the present generation, but which remotest posterity will con- 
 template to your honor or dishonor. — On your verdict it depends 
 whether persons of the description of the defendant, who have 
 cast off all respect for rehgion, who laugh at morality, when 
 it is opposed to the gratification of their passions, and who are 
 careless of the injuries they inflict upon others, shall continue 
 their impious and destructive course with impunity. — On your 
 verdict it depends whether such men, looking to the proceedings 
 of Courts of Justice, shall be able to say to themselves, that 
 there are certain limits beyond which the damages of juries are 
 not to pass. On your verdict it depends whether men of large 
 fortunes shall be able to adopt this kind of reasoning to spur 
 them on in the career of their lusts : — There are many chances 
 that I may not be discovered at all: — there are chances, that, if I 
 am discovered, I may not he the object of legal inquiry,— and sup- 
 posing I should, there are certain damages, beyond ichich a jury 
 cannot go; — they may be large, — but still within a certain compass : 
 if I cannot 'pay them myself there may be persons belonging to my 
 family who will pity my situation — somehow or other the money 
 may be raised, and I may be delivered from the consequences of 
 my crime. I trust the verdict of this day will show men" 
 
 WHO REASON THUS, THAT THEY ARE MISTAKEN-. 
 
 The action for adultery, like every other action, is to be 
 considered according to the extent of the injury, which the 
 person complaining to a Court of Justice has received. If he 
 has received an injury, or sustained a loss that can be estimated 
 directly in money, there is then no other medium of redress, 
 but in moneys numbered according to the extent of the proof: 
 I apprehend it will not be even stated by the Counsel for the 
 defendant, that if a person has sustained a loss, and can show 
 it is to any given extent, he is not entitled to the full measure of 
 it in damages. If a man destroys my house or furniture, or 
 deprives me of a chattel, I have a right, beyond all manner of 
 doubt, to recover their corresponding values in money ; and it 
 is no answer to me to say, that he who has deprived me of the 
 advantage I before possessed, is in no situation to render me 
 satisfaction. — A verdict pronounced upon such a principle, in 
 any of the cases I have alluded to, would be set aside by the 
 Court, and a new trial awarded. — It would be a direct breach 
 of the oaths of jurors, if, impressed with a firm conviction 
 that a plaintiff had received- damages to a given amount, they 
 retired from their duty, because they felt commiseration for a 
 
 2 W 
 
370 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 defendant, even in a case where he might be worthy of com- 
 passion from the injury being unpremeditated and inadvertent. 
 But there are other wrongs which cannot be estimated in 
 money : 
 
 " You cannot minister to a mind diseas'd." 
 
 You cannot redress a man who is wronged beyond the pos- 
 sibihty of redress : — the law has no means of restoring to him 
 what he has lost. — God himself, as he has constituted human 
 nature, has no means of alleviating such an injury as the one 
 I have brought before you. — While the sensibilities, affections, 
 and feelings he has given to man remain, it is impossible to heal 
 a wound which strikes so deep into the soul. — When you have 
 given to a plaintiff, in damages, all that figures can number, it 
 is as nothing ; — he goes away hanging down his head in sorrow, 
 accompanied by his wretched family, dispirited and dejected. 
 Nevertheless, the law has given a civil action for adultery, and, 
 strange to say, it has given nothing else. — The law commands 
 that the injury shall be compensated (as far as it is practicable) 
 IN MONEY, because Courts of Civil Justice have no other means 
 of compensation than money ; and the only question, therefore, 
 and which you upon your oaths are to decide, is this : has the 
 plaintiff sustained an injury up to the extent which he has 
 complained of? Will twenty thousand pounds place him in the 
 same condition of comfort and happiness that he enjoyed be- 
 fore the adultery, and which the adulterer has deprived him of? 
 You know that it will not. — Ask your own hearts the question, 
 and you will receive the same answer. — I should be glad to 
 know, then, upon what principle, as it regards the private jus- 
 tice, which the plaintiff has a right to, or upon what principle, 
 as the example of that justice affects the public and the re- 
 motest generations of mankind, you can reduce this demand 
 even in a single farthing. 
 
 This is a doctrine which has been frequently countenanced 
 by the noble and learned lord who lately presided in the court 
 of king's bench; but his lordship's reasoning on the subject has 
 been much misunderstood, and frequently misrepresented. — The 
 noble lord is supposed to have said, that although a plaintiff 
 may not have sustained an injury by adultery to a given 
 amount, yet that large damages, for the sake of public example, 
 should be given. — He never said any such thing. — He said that 
 which law and morals dictated to him, and which will support 
 his reputation as long as law and morals have a footing in the 
 world. — He said that every plaintiff had a right to recover 
 damages up to the extent of the injury he had received, and that 
 public example stood in the way of showing favor to an adul- 
 terer, by reducing the damages below the sum, which the jury 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 371 
 
 would otherwise consider as the lowest compensation* for the 
 wrong. If the plaintiff shows you that he was a most affec- 
 tionate husband ; that his parental and conjugal affections were 
 the solace of his life ; that for nothing the world could bestow 
 in the shape of riches or honors, would he have bartered one 
 moment's comfort in the bosom of his family, he shows you a 
 wrong that no money can compensate ; — nevertheless, if the 
 injury is only mensurable in money, and if you are sworn to 
 make upon your oaths a pecuniary compensation, though I can 
 conceive that the damages when given to the extent of the 
 declaration, and you can give no more, may fall short of what 
 your consciences would have dictated, yet I am utterly at a 
 loss to comprehend upon what principle they can be lessened. — 
 But then comes the defendant's counsel, and says, " It is true 
 that the injury cannot be compensated by the sum which the 
 plaintiff has demanded ; but you will consider the miseries my 
 client must suffer, if you make him the object of a severe 
 verdict. — You must, therefore, regard him with compassion; 
 though I am ready to admit the plaintiff is to be compensated 
 for the injury he has received." 
 
 Here, then, lord Kenyon's doctrine deserves consideration. — 
 " He who will mitigate damages below the fair estimate of the 
 wrong which he has committed, must do it upon some principle 
 which the policy of the law will support." 
 
 Let me then examine whether the defendant is in a situation 
 which entitles him to have the damages against him mitigated, 
 w^hen private justice to the injured party calls upon you to give 
 them TO THE UTMOST FARTmNG. Thc question will be — on what 
 principle of mitigation he can stand before you? I had occa- 
 sion, not a great while ago, to remark to a jury, that the 
 wholesome institutions of the civilized world came seasonably 
 in aid of the dispensations of Providence for our well-being in 
 the world. If I were to ask, what it is that prevents the preva- 
 lence of the crime of incest, by taking away those otherwise 
 natural impulses, from the promiscuous gratification of which 
 we should become like the beasts of the field, and lose all the 
 intellectual endearments which are at once the pride and the 
 happiness of man? — What is it that renders our houses pure, 
 and our families innocent? — It is that by the wise institutions 
 of all civilized nations, there is placed a kind of guard against 
 the human passions, in that sense of impropriety and dishonor, 
 which the law has raised up, and impressed with almost the 
 force of a second nature. — This wise and poUtic restraint beats 
 down, by the habits of the mind, even a propensity to incestuous 
 commerce, and opposes those inchnations, which nature, for 
 wise purposes, has implanted in our breasts at the approach of 
 
372 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 the other sex. — It holds the mind in chains against the seduc- 
 tions of beauty. — It is a moral feeling in perpetual opposition to 
 human infirmity. — It is like an angel from heaven placed to 
 guard us against propensities which are evil. — It is tliat warning 
 voice, gentlemen, which enables you to embrace your daughter, 
 however lovely, without feeling that you are of a different sex. 
 — It is that which enables you, in the same manner, to live 
 famiharly with your nearest female relations, without those 
 desires which are natural to man. 
 
 Next to the tie of blood (if not, indeed, before it,) is the 
 sacred and spontaneous relation of friendship. The man who 
 comes under the roof of a married friend, ought to be under the 
 dominion of the same moral restraint : and, thank God, gener- 
 rally is so, from the operation of the causes which I have 
 described. — Though not insensible to the charms of female 
 beauty, he receives its impressions under an habitual reserve, 
 which honor imposes. — Hope is the parent of desire, and honor 
 tells him he must not hope. — Loose thoughts may arise, but 
 they are rebuked and dissipated — 
 
 " Evil into the mind of God or man 
 
 May come and go, so unapprov'd, and leave 
 
 No spot or blame behind." 
 
 Gentlemen, I trouble you with these reflections, that you 
 may be able properly to appreciate the guilt of the defendant; 
 and to show you, that you are not in a case where large allow- 
 ances are to be made for the ordinary infirmities of our imper- 
 fect natures. When a man does wrong in the heat of sudden 
 passion — as, for instance, when, upon receiving an affront, he 
 rushes into immediate violence, even to the deprivation of life, 
 the humanity of the law classes his offence amongst the lower 
 degrees of homicide ; it supposes the crime to have been com- 
 mitted before the mind had time to parley with itself — But is 
 the criminal act of such a person, however disastrous may be 
 the consequence, to be compared with that of the defendant? — 
 Invited into the house of a friend, — received with the open 
 arms of affection, as if the same parents had given them birth 
 and bred them ; — in Tms situation, this most monstrous and 
 wicked defendant deliberately perpetrated his crime; and, 
 shocking to relate, not only continued the appearances of 
 friendship, after he had violated its most sacred obligations, but 
 continued them as a cloak to the barbarous repetitions of his 
 offence — writing letters of regard, whilst, perhaps, he was the 
 father of the last child, whom his injured friend and companion 
 was embracing and cherishing as his own. — What protection 
 can such conduct possibly receive from the humane considera- 
 tion of the law for sudden and violent passions 1 A passion for 
 
 - A 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 873 
 
 a woman is progressive — it does not, like anger, gain an uncon- 
 trolled ascendency in a moment, nor is a modest matron to be 
 seduced in a day. Such a crime cannot, therefore, be com- 
 mitted under the resistless dominion of sudden infirmity ; it must 
 be deliberately, icilfidly, and icickedly committed. — The defend- 
 ant could not possibly have incurred the guilt of this adultery, 
 without often passing through his mind (for he had the educa- 
 tion and principles of a gentleman) the very topics I have been 
 insisting upon before you for his condemnation. — Instead of 
 being suddenly impelled towards mischief, without leisure for 
 such reflections, he had innumerable difficulties and obstacles 
 to contend with. — He could not but hear in the first refusals of 
 this unhappy lady, everything to awaken conscience, and even 
 to excite horror. — In the arguments he must have employed to 
 seduce her from her duty, he could not but recollect, and 
 wilfully trample upon his own. He was a year engaged in the 
 pursuit — he resorted repeatedly to his shameful purposes, and 
 advanced to it at such intervals of time and distance, as entitle 
 me to say, that he determined in cold blood to enjoy a future 
 and momentary gratification, at the expense of every principle 
 of honor which is held sacred amongst gentlemen, even where 
 no laws interpose their obligations or restraints. 
 
 I call upon you, therefore, gentlemen of the jury, to consider 
 well this case, for it is your office to keep human life in tone — 
 your verdict must decide whether such a case can be indulgently 
 considered, without tearing asunder the bonds which unite 
 society together. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am not preaching a religion which men can 
 scarcely practise. — 1 am not affecting a severity of morals 
 beyond the standard of those whom I am accustomed to respect, 
 and with whom I associate in common life. — I am not making 
 a stalking-horse of adultery, to excite exaggerated sentiment. — 
 This is not the case of a gentleman meeting a handsome woman 
 in a pubhc street, or in a place of public amusement ; where, 
 finding the coast clear for his addresses, without interruption 
 from those who should interrupt, he finds himself engaged 
 (probably the successor of another) in a vain and transitory 
 intrigue. — It is not the case of him who, night after night, falls 
 in with the wife of another to whom he is a stranger, in the 
 boxes of a theatre, or other resorts of pleasure, inviting admirers 
 by indecent dress and deportment, unattended by anything 
 which bespeaks the affectionate wife and mother of many 
 children. — Such connexions may be of evil example, but I am 
 not here to reform public manners, but to demand private 
 justice. — It is impossible to assimilate the sort of cases I have 
 alluded to, which ever will be occasionally occurring, with this 
 
 32 
 
374 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 atrocious invasion of household peace ; this portentous disregard 
 of everything held sacred amongst men good or evil. Nothing, 
 indeed, can be more aftecting than even to be called upon to 
 state the evidence I must bring before you; I can scarcely 
 pronounce to you that the victim of the defendant's lust was the 
 mother of nine children, seven of them females and infants, 
 unconscious of their unhappy condition, deprived of their natural 
 guardian, separated from her for ever, and entering the world 
 with a dark cloud hanging over them. — But it is not in the 
 descending line alone that the happiness of this worthy family 
 is invaded. — It hurts me to call before you the venerable pro- 
 genitor of both the father and the children, who has risen by 
 extraordinary learning and piety to his eminent rank in the 
 Church, and who, instead of receiving, unmixed and undisturbed, 
 the best consolation of age, in counting up the number of his 
 descendants, carrying down the name and honor of his house 
 to future times, may be forced to turn aside his face from some 
 of them, that bring to his remembrance the wrongs which now 
 oppress him, and which it is his duty to forget, because it is his, 
 otherwise impossible, duty to forgive them. 
 
 Gentlemen, if I make out this case by evidence (and, if I do 
 not, forget everything you have heard, and reproach me for 
 having abused your honest feelings,) I have established a claim 
 for damages that has no parallel in the annals of fashionable 
 adultery. — It is rather like the entrance of Sin and Death into 
 this low^er world. — The undone pair were living like our first 
 parents in Paradise, till this demon saw and envied their happy 
 condition. — Like them, they were in a moment cast down 
 from the pinnacle of human happiness into the very lowest 
 abyss of sorrow and despair. In one point, indeed, the re- 
 semblance does not hold, which, while it aggravates the crime, 
 redoubles the sense of suffering. — It was not from an enemy, 
 but from a friend, that this evil proceeded. I have just had 
 put into my hand, a quotation from the Psalms upon this sub- 
 ject, full of that unaffected simpKcity which so strikingly char- 
 acterizes the sublime and sacred poet : 
 
 " It is not an open enemy that hath done me this dishonor, 
 for then I could have borne it. 
 
 " Neither was it mine adversary that did magnify himself 
 against me ; for then, peradventure, I would have hid myself 
 from him. 
 
 " But it was even thou, my companion, my guide, mine own 
 familiar friend." 
 
 This is not the language of counsel, but the inspired language 
 of truth. I ask you solemnly, upon your honors and your 
 oaths, if you would exchange the plaintiff's former situation 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 375 
 
 for his present, for an hundred times the compensation he re- 
 quires at your hands. I am addressing myself to affectionate 
 husbands and to the fathers of beloved children. — Suppose I 
 ^vere to say to you, there is twenty thousand pounds for you — 
 embrace your wife for the last time, and the child that leans 
 upon her bosom and smiles upon you — retire from her house, 
 and make way for the adulterer — wander about an object for 
 the hand of scorn to point its slow unmoving finger at — 
 think no more of the happiness and tranquillity of your former 
 state — I have destroyed them for ever ; but never mind — don't 
 make yourself uneasy — here is a draft upon my banker, it will 
 be paid at sight — there is no better man in the city. — I can see 
 you think I am mocking you. Gentlemen, and well you may; 
 but it is the very pith and marrow of this cause. It is impos- 
 sible to put the argument in mitigation of damages in plain 
 English, without talking such a language, as appears little 
 better than insults to your understandings, dress it up as you 
 will. 
 
 But it may be asked, — if no money can be an adequate or 
 indeed any compensation, why is Mr. Markham a plaintiff in 
 a CIVIL ACTION I Why does he come here for money ? — Thank 
 God, Gentlemen, it is not my fault. I take honor to myself, 
 that I w^as one of those who endeavored to put an end to this 
 species of action, by the adoption of a more salutary course 
 of proceeding. — I take honor to myself, that I was one of those 
 who supported in Parliament, the adoption of a law to pursue 
 such outrages with the terrors of criminal justice. I thought 
 then, and I shall always think, that every act malum in se di- 
 rectly injurious to an individual, and most pernicious in its con- 
 sequences to society, should be considered to be a misdemeanor. 
 Indeed I know of no other definition of the term : the Legisla- 
 ture, however, thought otherwise, an4 I bow to its decision ; 
 but the business of thi^ day may produce some changes of 
 opinion on the subject. I never meant that every adultery 
 was to be similarly considered. Undoubtedly there are cases 
 where it is comparatively venial, and Judges would not over- 
 look the distinctions. — I am riot a pretender to any extraor- 
 dinary purity. — My severity is confined to cases in which 
 there can be but one sentiment amongst men of honor, as to 
 the offence, though they may differ in the mode and measure 
 of its correction. 
 
 It is this difference of sentiment, Gentlemen, that I am alone 
 afraid of; I fear you may think there is a sort of hmitation in 
 verdicts, and that you may look to precedents for the amount 
 of damages, though you can find no precedent for the magni- 
 tude of the crime ; but you might as well aboHsh the action 
 
376 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 altogether, as lay down a principle which limits the conse- 
 quences of adultery to what it may be convenient for the 
 adulterer to pay. By the adoption of such a principle, or by 
 any mitigation of severity, arising even from an insufficient 
 reprobation of it, you unbar the sanctuary of domestic happi- 
 ness, and establish a sort of license for debauchery, to be sued 
 out like other licenses, at its price ; — a man has only to put 
 money into his pocket, according to his degree and fortune, 
 and he may then debauch the wife or daughter of his best 
 friend, at the expense he chooses to go to. — He has only to say 
 to himself what lago says to Rodrigo in the play — 
 
 " Put money in thy purse — go to — put money in thy purse." 
 
 Persons of immense fortunes might, in this way, deprive the 
 best men in the country of their domestic satisfactions, with 
 what to them might be considered as impunity. The most 
 abandoned profligate might say to himself, or to other profli- 
 gates, " I have suffered judgment by default — let them send 
 down their Deputy Sheriff to the King's-Arms Tavern; I shall 
 be concealed from the eye of the public — I have drawn upon 
 my banker for the utmost damages, and I have as much more 
 to spare to-morrow, if I can find another woman whom I 
 would choose to enjoy at such a price." In this manner I have 
 seen a rich delinquent, too lightly fined by courts of criminal 
 justice, throw down his bank-notes to the officers, and retire 
 with a deportment, not of contrition, but contempt. 
 
 For these reasons. Gentlemen, I expect from you to day 
 the full measure of damages demanded by the plaintiff. Hav- 
 ing given such a verdict, you will retire with a monitor within, 
 confirming that you have done right — you wiU retire in sight 
 of an approving public, and an approving Heaven. Depend 
 upon it, the world cannot be held together without morals; 
 nor can morals maintain their station in the human heart 
 without religion, which is the corner-stone of the fabric of 
 human virtue. 
 
 We have lately had a most striking proof of this sublime and 
 consoling truth, in one result, at least, of the revolution which 
 has astonished and shaken the earth. Though a false philoso- 
 phy was permitted for a season to raise up her vain fantastic 
 front, and to trample down the Christian estabHshments and 
 institutions, yet, on a sudden, God said, " Let there be hght, 
 and there was light." The altars of religion were restored ; 
 not purged indeed of human errors and superstitions, not re- 
 formed in the just sense of reformation, yet the Christian reli- 
 gion is still re-established ; leading on to farther reformation ; — 
 
FOR THE REV. MR. MARKHAM. 377 
 
 fulfilling the hope, that the doctrines and practice of Christianity 
 shall overspread the face of the earth. 
 
 Gentlemen, as to us, we have nothing to wait for ; — ^we have 
 long been in the centre of light — we have a true religion and a 
 free government, and you are the pillars and supporters of 
 
 BOTH. 
 
 I have nothing further to add, except that, since the defend- 
 ant committed the injury complained of, he has sold his estate, 
 and is preparing to remove into some other country. Be it so. 
 — Let him remove ; but you will have to pronounce the penalty 
 of his return. It is for you to declare whether such a person 
 is worthy to be a member of our community. But if the 
 feebleness of your jurisdiction, or a commiseration which de- 
 stroys the exercise of it, shall shelter such a criminal from the 
 consequences of his crimes, individual security is gone, and the 
 rights of the public are unprotected. Whether this be our con- 
 dition or not, I shall know by your verdict. 
 
 2X 32* 
 
MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH, 
 
 FOR THE DEFENDANT IN THE CASE OF HOWARD vs. BINGHAM. 
 
 Gentlemen- of the Jury, 
 
 My learned friend, as counsel for the plaintiff, has bespoke 
 an address from me, as counsel for the defendant, which you 
 must not, I assure you, expect to hear. He has thought it right 
 (partly in courtesy to me, as I am willing to believe,) and in 
 part for the purposes of his cause, that you should suppose you 
 are to be addressed with eloquence which I never possessed, 
 and which if I did, I should be incapable at this moment of 
 exerting ; because the most eloquent man, in order to exert his 
 eloquence, must have his mind free from embarrassment on the 
 occasion on which he is to speak : — I am not in that condition. 
 My learned friend has expressed himself as the friend of the 
 plaintiff's family : — He does not regard that family more than 
 I do ; and I stand in the same predicament towards my own 
 honorable client and his relations ; I know him and them, and 
 because I know them, I regard them also : my embarrassment, 
 however, only arises at being obliged to discuss this question in 
 a public court of justice, because, could it have been the subject 
 of private reference, I should have felt none at all in being 
 called upon to settle it. 
 
 Gentlemen, my embarrassment is abundantly increased, when 
 I see present a noble person, high, very high in rank in this 
 kingdom, but not higher in rank than he is in my estimation : — 
 I speak of the noble Duke of Norfolk, who most undoubtedly- 
 must feel not a little, at being obliged to come here as a wit- 
 ness for the defendant, in the cause of a plaintiff so nearly al- 
 lied to himself: I am persuaded no man can have so little sen- 
 sibility, as not to feel that a person in my situation, must be 
 greatly embarrassed in discussing a question of this nature 
 before such an audience, and between such parties as I have 
 described. 
 
 Gentlemen, my learned friend desired you would take care 
 not to suffer argument, or observation, or eloquence, to be call- 
 ed into the field, to detach your attention from the evidence in 
 the cause, upon which alone you ought to decide ; I wish my 
 learned friend, at the moment he gave you that caution, had 
 not himself given testimony of a fact, to which he stood the 
 solitary witness : I wish he had not introduced his own evidence. 
 
SPEECH FOR THE HON. MR. BINGHAM. 879 
 
 without the ordinary ceremony of being sworn. — I will not 
 follow his example. — I will not tell you, what I know from the 
 conversation of my client, nor give evidence of what I know 
 myself: — my learned friend tells you, that nothing can exceed 
 the agony of mind his client has suffered, and that no words 
 can describe his adoration of the lady he has lost : these most 
 material points of the cause rest, however, altogether on the 
 single, unsupported, unsworn evidence of the Counsel for the 
 plaintiff. — No relation has been called upon to confirm them, 
 though we are told, that the whole house of Fauconberg, Bel- 
 lasye, and Norfolk, are in the avenues of the court, ready, it 
 seems, to be called at my discretion: — and yet my learned 
 friend is himself the only witness ; though the facts, (and most 
 material facts, indeed, they would have been) might have been 
 proved by so many illustrious persons. 
 
 Now, to show you how little disposed I am to work upon 
 you by anything, but by proof; to convince you, how little 
 desirous I am to practise the arts of speech as my only artil- 
 lery in this cause ; I will begin with a few plain dates, and, as 
 you have pens in- your hands, I will thank you to write them 
 down. 
 
 I shall begin with stating to you, what my cause is, and shall 
 then prove it ; not by myself; but by witnesses. 
 
 The parties were married on the 24th of April, 1789. — The 
 child that has been spoken of, and in terms which gave me great 
 satisfaction, as the admitted son of the plaintiff, blessed with 
 the affection of his parent, and whom the noble person to w^hom 
 he may become heir, can look upon without any unpleasant re- 
 flection: that child was born on the 12th of August, 1791 ; take 
 that date, and my learned friend^ s admission, that this child 
 must have been the child of Mr. Howard ; an admission which 
 could not have been rationally or consistently made, but upon 
 the imphed admission, that no illicit connexion had existed pre- 
 viously, by which its existence might have been referred to the 
 defendant. — On this subject, therefore, the plaintiff must be 
 silent ;^he cannot say the parental mind has been wrung : — he 
 cannot say hereafter, " no son of mine succeeding ;" he can 
 say none of these things.— This child was born on the 12th of 
 August 1791, and as Mr. Howard is admitted to be the author 
 of its existence (which he must have been, if at all, in 1790,) I 
 have a right to say, that, during all that interval, this gentleman 
 could not have had the least reasonable cause of complaint 
 against Mr. Bingham ; his jealousy must, of course, have be- 
 gun after that period ; for, had there been grounds for it before, 
 there could be no sense in the admission of his counsel, nor any 
 
380 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 foundation for that parental consolation which was brought for- 
 ward in the very front of the cause. 
 
 The next dry date is, therefore, the 24th of July, 1793 ; and 
 I put it to his lordship, that there is no manner of evidence 
 which can be pressed into this cause previous to that time. Let 
 me next disembarrass the cause from another assertion of my 
 learned friend, namely, that a divorce cannot take place before 
 the birth of this child ; and that, if the child happens to be a 
 son, which is one contingency ; and if the child so born does 
 not die, which is another contingency ; and if the noble Duke 
 dies without issue, which is a third contingency, then this child 
 might inherit the honors of the house of Norfolk : that I deny. 
 — My recent experience tells me the contrary. In a case where 
 Mr. Stewart, a gentleman in Ireland, stood in a similar predica- 
 ment, the Lords and Commons of England not only passed an 
 Act of Divorce between him and his lady, but, on finding there 
 was no access on the part of the husband, and that the child 
 was not his, they bastardized the issue. 
 
 What then remains in this cause? — Gentlemen, there re- 
 mains only this — In what manner, when you have heard my 
 evidence (for this is a cause, which, like all others, must stand 
 upon evidence,) the plaintiff shall be able to prove what I have 
 the noble judge's authority for saying, he must prove, viz. the 
 loss of the comfort and society of his wife, by the seduction of the 
 defendant. — That is the very gist of the action. — The loss of 
 her affection, and of domestic happiness, are the only legal 
 foundations of his complaint. 
 
 Now, before anything can be lost, it must have existed;— he- 
 fore anything can be taken away from a man, he must have 
 had it ; — before the seduction of a woman's affections from her 
 husband can take place, he must have possessed her affections. 
 
 Gentlemen, my friend, Mr. Mingay, acknowledges this to be 
 the law, and he shapes his case accordingly : he represents his 
 client, a branch of a most illustrious house, as casting the eyes 
 of affection upon a disengaged woman, and of rank equal to, 
 or, at least, suitable to his own ; he states a marriage of mutual 
 affection, and endeavors to show, that this young couple, with 
 all the ardor of love, flew into each other's embraces : he shows 
 a child, the fruit of that affection, and finishes with introducing 
 the seductive adulterer coming to disturb all this happiness, and 
 to destroy the blessings which he describes : he exhibits the de- 
 fendant, coming with all the rashness and impetuosity of youth, 
 careless of the consequences, and thinking of nothing but how 
 he could indulge his own lustful appetite, at the expense of an- 
 other man's honor ; while the unhappy husband is represented, 
 as watching with anxiety over his beloved wife, anxious to se- 
 
FOR THE HON. RICHARD BINGHAM. 381 
 
 cure her affections, and on his guard to preserve her virtue. 
 Gentlemen, if such a case, or anything resembhng it, is estab- 
 lished, I shall leav^e the defendant to whatever measure of 
 damages you choose in your resentment to inflict. 
 
 In order, therefore, to examine this matter (and I shall 
 support every syllable that I utter, with the most precise and 
 uncontrovertible proofs;) I will begin with drawing up the 
 curtains of this blessed marriage-bed, whose joys are supposed 
 to have been nipped in the bud, by the defendant's adulterous 
 seduction. 
 
 Nothing, certainly, is more delightful to the human fancy, 
 than the possession of a beautiful woman in the prime of health, 
 and youthful passion : it is, beyond all doubt, the highest enjoy- 
 ment which God in his benevolence, and for the wisest purposes, 
 has bestowed upon his own image : I reverence, as I ought, that 
 mysterious union of mind and body, which, while it continues 
 our species, is the source of all our affections ; which builds up 
 and dignifies the condition of human life ; which binds the hus- 
 band to the wife by ties more indissoluble, than laws can 
 possibly create; and which, by the reciprocal endearments 
 arising from a mutual passion, a mutual interest, and a mutual 
 honor, lays the foundation of that parental affection w^hich dies 
 in the brutes, with the necessities of nature, but which reflects 
 back again upon the human parents, the unspeakable sympa- 
 thies of their oflTspring, and all the sweet, delightful relations of 
 social existence. — While the curtains, therefore, are yet closed 
 upon this bridal scene, your imaginations will naturally repre- 
 sent to you this charming woman, endeavoring to conceal 
 sensations which modesty forbids the sex, however enamored, 
 too openly to reveal ; wishing, beyond adequate expression, what 
 she must not even attempt to express ; and seemingly resisting 
 what she burns to. enjoy. 
 
 Alas, gentlemen ! you must now prepare to see in the room 
 of this, a scene of horror, and of sorrow ; you must prepare to 
 see a noble lady, whose birth surely required no farther illus- 
 tration; who had been courted to marriage before she ever 
 heard even her husband's name; and whose affections were 
 irretrievably bestowed upon, and pledged to, my honorable and 
 unfortunate client ; you must behold her given up to the plaintiff" 
 by the infatuation of parents, and stretched upon this bridal bed 
 as upon a rack ; — torn from the arms of a beloved and impas- 
 sioned youth, himself of noble birth, only to secure the honors 
 of a higher title ; a legal victim on the altar of heraldry. 
 
 Gentlemen, this is no high coloring for the purpose of a 
 cause; — no words of an advocate can go beyond the plain, 
 unadorned effect of the evidence : I will prove to you, that when 
 
382 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 she prepared to retire to her chamber, she threw her desponding 
 arms around the neck of her confidential attendant, and wept 
 upon her as a criminal preparing for execution : I will prove to 
 you, that she met her bridegroom with sighs and tears ; the 
 sighs and tears of afflicted love for Mr. Bingham, and of rooted 
 aversion to her husband : — I think I almost hear her addressing 
 him in the language of the poet, — 
 
 " I tell thee, Howard, 
 Such hearts as ours were never pair'd above ; 
 Ill-suited to each other ; join'd, not match'd ; 
 Some sullen influence, a foe to both, 
 Has wrought this fatal marriage to undo us. 
 Mark but the frame and temper of our minds, 
 How very much we differ. — Ev'n this day, 
 That fills thee with such ecstacy and transport, 
 To me brings nothing that should make me bless it, 
 To think it better than the day before, 
 Or any other in the course of time. 
 That duly took its turn, and was forgotten." 
 
 Gentlemen, this was not the sudden burst of youthful disap- 
 pointment, but the fixed and settled habit of a mind deserving 
 of a happier fate : — I shall prove that she frequently spent her 
 nights upon a couch, in her own apartments, dissolved in tears : 
 that she frequently declared to her woman that she would rather 
 go to Newgate than to Mr. Howard's bed ; and it will appear, 
 by his own confession, that for months subsequent to the mar- 
 riage she obstinately refused him the privileges of a husband. 
 
 To all this it will be said by the plaintiff's counsel (as it has 
 indeed been hinted already,) that disgust and alienation from 
 her husband could not but be expected ; but that it arose from 
 her aflfection for Mr. Bingham. — Be it so, gentlemen. — I readily 
 admit, that if Mr. Bingham's acquaintance with the lady had 
 commenced subsequent to the marriage, the argument would be 
 irresistible, and the criminal conclusion against him unanswera- 
 ble ; but has Mr. Howard a right to instruct his counsel to 
 charge my honorable client with seduction when he himself wsls 
 the SEDUCER ? My learned friend deprecates the power of what 
 he terms my pathetic eloquence : alas, gentlemen ! if I possessed 
 it, the occasion forbids its exertion, because Mr. Bingham has 
 only to defend himself, and cannot demand damages from Mr. 
 Howard for depriving him of what was his by a title superior 
 to any law which man has a moral right to make : Mr. Howard 
 was NEVER MARRIED : God and nature forbid the banns of such 
 a marriage. — If, therefore, Mr. Bingham this day could have, 
 by me, addressed to you his wrongs in the character of a 
 plaintiflf demanding reparation, what damages might I not have 
 
FOR THE HON. RICHARD BINGHAM. 383 
 
 asked for him ; and, without the aid of this imputed eloquence, 
 what damages might I not have expected ? 
 
 I would have brought before you a noble youth, who had 
 fixed his affections upon one of the most beautiful of her sex, 
 and who enjoyed hers in return. — I would have shown you 
 their suitable condition ; — I would ha;ve painted the expectation 
 of an honorable union, and would have concluded by showing 
 her to you in the arms of another, by the legal prostitution of 
 parental choice in the teeth of affection : with child by a rival, 
 and only reclaimed at last, after so cruel and so afflicting a di- 
 vorce, with her freshest charms despoiled, and her very morals 
 in a manner impeached, by asserting the purity and virtue of 
 her original and spotless choice. — Good God ! imagine my 
 client to be Plaintiff, and what damages are you not prepared 
 to give him ? and yet he is here as Defendant, and damages 
 are demanded against him. — Oh, monstrous conclusion ! 
 
 Gentlemen, considering my client as perfectly safe, under 
 these circumstances, I may spare a moment to render this 
 cause beneficial to the public. 
 
 It involves in it an awful lesson ; and more instructive les- 
 sons are taught in courts of justice than the church is able to 
 inculcate. — Morals come in the cold abstract from pulpits ; but 
 men smart under them practically when we lawyers are the 
 preachers. 
 
 Let the aristocracy of England, which trembles so much for 
 itself, take heed to its own security ; let the nobles of England, 
 if they mean to preserve that pre-eminence which, in some 
 shape or other, must exist in every social community, take care 
 to support it by aiming at that which is creative, and alone 
 creative, of real superiority. Instead of matching themselves 
 to supply wealth, to be again idly squandered in debauching 
 excesses, or to round the quarters of a family shield ; instead of 
 continuing their names and honors in cold and alienated em- 
 traces, amidst the enervating rounds of shallow dissipation, 
 let them live as their fathers of old lived before them ; — let them 
 marry as affection and prudence lead the way, and in the ar- 
 dors of mutual love, and in the simplicities of rural hfe, let 
 them lay the foundation of a vigorous race of men, firm in 
 their bodies, and moral from early habits ; and instead of wast- 
 ing their fortunes and their strength in the tasteless circles of 
 debauchery, let them light up their magnificent and hospitable 
 halls to the gentry and peasantry of the country, extending the 
 consolations of wealth and influence to the poor. — Let them 
 but do this, — and instead of those dangerous and distracted di- 
 visions between the different ranks of life, and those jealousies 
 of the multitude so often blindly painted as big with destruc- 
 
384 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 tjon ; we should see our country as one large and harmonious 
 family, which can never be accomplished amidst vice and cor- 
 ruption, by wars or treaties, by informations ex officio for libels, 
 or by any of the tricks and artifices of the state : — would to 
 God this system had been followed in the instance before us ! 
 Surely the noble house of Fauconberg needed no farther illus- 
 tration; nor the still nobler house of Howard, with blood 
 enough to have inoculated half the kingdom. — I desire to be 
 understood to make these observations as general moral reflec- 
 tions, and not personally to the families in question ; least of all 
 to the noble house of Norfolk, the head of which is now pre- 
 sent ; since no man, in my opinion, has more at heart the lib- 
 erty of the subject, and the honor of our country. 
 
 Having shown the feeble expectation of happiness from this 
 marriage, the next point to be considered is this : — Did Mr. 
 Bingham take advantage of that circumstance to increase the 
 disunion ? — I answer, No. — I will prove to you that he con- 
 ducted himself with a moderation and restraint, and with a 
 command over his passions, which I confess I did not expect to 
 find, and which in young men is not to be expected : — I shall 
 prove to you, by Mr. Greville, that on this marriage taking 
 place with the betrothed object of his afiections, he went away 
 a desponding man ; his health declined ; he retired into the 
 country to restore it ; and it will appear, that for months after- 
 wards he never saw this lady until by mere accident he met 
 her ; and then, so far was he from endeavoring to renew his 
 connexion with her, that she came home in tears, and said, he 
 frowned at her as he passed : this I shall prove to you by the 
 evidence in the cause. 
 
 Gentlemen, that is not all ; — it will appear that, when he re- 
 turned to town, he took no manner of notice of her ; and that 
 her vmhappiness was beyond all power of expression. — How, 
 indeed, could it be otherwise, after the account I have given 
 you of the marriage ? — I shall prove besides, by a gentleman 
 who married one of the daughters of a person to whom this 
 country is deeply indebted for his eminent and meritorious ser- 
 vice (Marquis Cornwallis,) that from her utter reluctance to her 
 husband, although in every respect honorable and correct in 
 his manners and behavior, he was not allowed even the privi- 
 leges of a husband, for months after the marriage. — This I men- 
 tioned to you before, and only now repeat it in the statement of 
 the proofs. — Nothing better, indeed, could be expected : — who 
 can control the will of a mis-matched, disappointed woman? — 
 Who can restrain or direct her passions ? — I beg leave to as- 
 sure' Mr. Howard (and I hope he will beheve me when I say 
 it,) that I think his conduct towards this lady was just such as 
 
FOR THE HON. RICHARD BINGHAM. 885 
 
 might have been expected from a husband who saw himself to 
 be the object of disgust to the woman he had chosen for his 
 wife : and it is with this view only that I shall call a gentleman 
 to say how Mr. Howard spoke of this supposed, but, in my 
 mind, impossible object of his adoration. How, indeed, is it 
 possible to adore a w^oman when you know her affections are 
 riveted to another ? — It is unnatural !~A man may have that 
 appetite which is common to the brutes, and too indehcate to 
 be described; but he can never retain an affection which is 
 returned with detestation. Lady EHzabeth, I understand, was, 
 at one time, going in a phaeton : — " There she goes," said Mr. 
 Howard ; " God damn her — I wish she may break her neck — 
 I should take care how I got another." This may seem unfeel- 
 ing behaviour ; but in Mr. Howard's situation, Gentlemen, it 
 was the most natural thing in the world, for they cordially 
 hated one another. — At last, however, the period arrived when 
 this scene of discord became insupportable, and nothing could 
 exceed the generosity and manly feeling of the noble person 
 (the Duke of Norfolk) whose name I have been obliged to use 
 in the course of this cause, in his interference to effect that 
 separation which is falsely imputed to Mr. Bingham : — he felt 
 so much commiseration for this unhappy lady, that he wrote to 
 her in the most affecting style : — I believe I have got a letter 
 from his Grace to Lady Elizabeth, dated Sunderland, July the 
 27th, that is, three days after their separation ; but before he 
 knew it had actually taken place : it was written in consequence 
 of one received from Mr. Howard upon the subject : — among 
 other things he says, "/ sincerely feel for youy Now, if the 
 Duke had not known at that time that Mr. Bingham had her 
 earliest and legitimate affections, she could not have been an 
 object of that pity which she received : she was, indeed, an 
 object of the sincerest pity, and the sum and substance of this 
 mighty seduction will turn out to be no more than this ; that 
 she was affectionately received by Mr. Bingham after the final 
 period of voluntary separation : at four o'clock this miserable 
 couple had parted hy consent^ and the chaise was not ordered 
 till she mi'ght be considered as a single woman by the abandon- 
 ment of her husband. Had the separation been legal and for- 
 mal^ I should have applied to his lordship, upon the most un- 
 questionable authorities, to nonsuit the plaintiff; for this action 
 being founded upon the loss of the wife's society, it must ne- 
 cessarily fall to the ground if it appears that the society, though 
 not the marriage union, was interrupted by a previous act of 
 his own : in that hour of separation I am persuaded he never 
 considered Mr. Bingham as an object of resentment or re- 
 
 2 Y 33 
 
386 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 proach ; he was the author of his own misfortunes, and I can 
 conceive him to have exclaimed in the language of the poet, as 
 they parted, 
 
 " Elizabeth never lov'd me. 
 
 Let no man, after me, a woman wed 
 
 Whose heart he knows he has not ; though she brings 
 
 A mine of gold, a kingdom for her dowry. 
 
 For let her seem, like the night's shadowy queen, 
 
 Cold and contemplative — he cannot trust her : 
 
 She may, she will, bring shame and sorrow on him; 
 
 The worst of sorrows, and the worst of shames !" 
 
 You have therefore, before you, Gentlemen, two young men 
 of fashion, both of noble families, and in the flower of youth ; the 
 proceedings, though not collusive, cannot possibly be vindic- 
 tive ; they are indispensably preUminary to the dissolution of an 
 inauspicious marriage, which never should have existed ; Mr. 
 Howard may then profit by an useful, though an unpleasant 
 experience, and be happier with a woman whose mind he may 
 find disengaged ; whilst the parents of the rising generation, 
 taking warning from the lesson which the business of the day 
 so forcibly teaches, may avert from their families, and the pub- 
 lic, that bitterness of disunion, which, while human nature 
 continues to be itself, will ever be produced to the end of time, 
 from similar conjunctures. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have endeavored so to conduct this cause as to 
 oflfend no man : — I have guarded against every expression 
 which could inflict unnecessary pain ; and, in doing so, I know 
 that I have not only served my client's interests, but truly re- 
 presented his honorable and manly disposition. As the case 
 before you cannot be considered by any reasonable man as an 
 occasion for damages, I might here properly conclude; yet, 
 that I may omit nothing which might apply to any possible 
 view of the subject, I will conclude with reminding you, that 
 my client is a member of a numerous family; that, though 
 Lord Lucan's fortune is considerable, his rank calls for a cor- 
 responding equipage and expense : he has other children — one 
 already married to an illustrious nobleman, and another yet to 
 be married to some man who must be happy indeed if he shall 
 know her value : Mr. Bingham, therefore, is a m'an of no for- 
 tune ; but the heir only of, I trust, a very distant expectation. 
 Under all these circumstances, it is but fair to believe, that Mr. 
 Howard comes here for the reasons I have assigned, and not 
 to take money out of the pocket of Mr. Bingham to put into his 
 own. — You will, therefore, consider. Gentlemen, whether it 
 would be creditable for you to offer, what it would be disgrace- 
 ful for Mr. Howard to receive. 
 
MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH, 
 
 IN DEFENCE OF THOMAS HARDY, INDICTED FOR HIGH TREASON 
 IN COMPASSING THE DEATH OF THE KING. 
 
 *** We have been induced to insert this celebrated speech entire, because it 
 contains a most learned, eloquent, and successful vindication of the rights of the 
 subject, against the principles of a political prosecution of novel and portentous 
 import. The force and erudition which characterize the technical portions of the 
 argument would justify their introduction, even had it been possible to omit them 
 without material injury to the remainder. — Pub. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury, 
 
 Before I proceed to the performance of the momentous 
 duty which is at length cast upon me, I desire in the first place 
 to return my thanks to the Judges, for the indulgence I have 
 received in the opportunity of addressing you at this later 
 period of the day, than the ordinary sitting of the Court ; when 
 I have had the refreshment which nature but too much required, 
 and a few hours' retirement to arrange a little in my mind that 
 immense matter, the result of which I must now endeavor to 
 lay before you. I have to thank you also, Gentlemen, for the 
 very condescending and obhging manner in which you so 
 readily consented to this accommodation; — the Court could 
 only speak for itself, referring me to you, whose rests and com- 
 forts had been so long interrupted. — I shall always remember 
 your kindness. 
 
 Before I advance to the regular consideration of this great 
 cause, either as it regards the evidence or the law, I wish first 
 to put aside all that I find in the speech of my learned friend, 
 the Attorney General, which is either collateral to the merits, 
 or in which I can agree with him. — First then, in the name of 
 THE PRISONER, and speaking his sentiments, which are well 
 known to be my own also, I concur in the eulogium which you 
 have heard upon the Constitution of our wise forefathers.^But 
 before this eulogium can have any just or useful application, 
 we ought to reflect upon what it is which entitles the Constitu- 
 tion to the praise so justly bestowed upon it. To say nothing 
 at present of its most essential excellence, or rather the very 
 soul of it, viz. the share the people ought to have in their gov- 
 ernment, by a pure representation, for the assertion of which 
 the prisoner stands arraigned as a traitor before you> — what is 
 
388 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 it that distinguishes the government of England from the most 
 despotic monarchies? What — but the security which the sub- 
 ject enjoys in a trial and judgment by his equals; rendered 
 doubly secure as being part of a system of law which no 
 expediency can warp, and which no power can abuse with 
 impunity ? 
 
 The Attorney General's second preliminary observation, I 
 equally agree to. — I anxiously wish with him that you shall 
 bear in memory the anarchy which is desolating France. — Be- 
 fore I sit down, / may perhaps, in my turn, have occasion to 
 reflect a little upon its probable causes ; but waiting a season 
 for such reflections, let us first consider what the evil is which 
 has been so feelingly lamented, as having fallen on that unhappy 
 country. — It is, that under the dominion of a barbarous state 
 necessity, every protection of law is abrogated and destroyed ; 
 — it is, that no man can say, under such a system of alarm and 
 terror, that his life, his liberty, his reputation, or any one human 
 blessing, is secure to him for a moment : it is, that, if accused 
 of federalism, or moderatism, or incivism, or of whatever else 
 the changing fashions and factions of the day shall have lifted 
 up into high treason against the State, he must see his friends, 
 his family, and the light of heaven, no more : — the accusation 
 and the sentence being the same, following one another as the 
 thunder pursues the flash. Such has been the state of England, 
 — such is the state of France : — and how then, since they are 
 introduced to you for application, ought they in reason and 
 sobriety to be appHed? If this prosecution has been com- 
 menced (as is asserted) to avert from Great Britain the calami- 
 ties incident to civil confusion, leading in its issues to the 
 deplorable condition of France ; I call upon you. Gentlemen, 
 to avert such calamity from falling upon my client, and through 
 his side upon yourselves and upon our country. — Let not him 
 suflfer under vague expositions of tyrannical laws, more tyran- 
 nically executed. — Let not him be hurried away to predoomed 
 execution, from an honest enthusiasm for the public safety. — I 
 ask for him a trial by this applauded Constitution of our country: 
 — I call upon you to administer the law to him, according to 
 our own wholesome institutions, by its strict and rigid letter : — 
 however you may eventually disapprove of any part of his 
 •conduct, or, viewing it through a false medium, may think it 
 even wicked, I claim for him, as a subject of England, that the 
 law shall decide upon its criminal denomination : — I protest, in 
 his name, against all appeals to speculations concerning conse- 
 quences, when the law commands us to look only to intentions. 
 — If the state be threatened with evils, let Parliament adminis- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 389 
 
 ter a prospective remedy, but let the prisoner hold his life under 
 
 THE LAW. 
 
 Gentlemen, I ask this solemnly of the court, whose justice 1 
 am persuaded will afford it to me ; I ask it more emphatically 
 of you, the jury, who are called upon your oaths to make a true 
 deliverance of your countryman, from this charge : — but lastly, 
 and chiefly, I implore it of Him in whose hands are all the is- 
 sues of life, whose humane and merciful eye expands itself 
 over all the transactions of mankind ; at whose command na- 
 tions rise, and fall, and are regenerated ; without whom not a 
 sparrow falleth to the ground ; — I implore it of God himself, 
 that he will fill your minds wdth the spirit of justice and of 
 truth ; so that you may be able to find your way through the 
 labyrinth of matter laid before you, a labyrinth in which no 
 man's fife was ever before involved, in the annals of British 
 trial, nor indeed in the whole history of human justice or in- 
 justice. 
 
 Gentlemen, the first thing in order, is to look at the indict- 
 ment itself; of the whole of which, or of some integral part, 
 the prisoner must be found guilty, or be wholly discharged from 
 guilt. 
 
 The indictment charges that the prisoners did maUciously 
 and traitorously conspire, compass and imagine, to bring and 
 put our Lord the King to death ; and that to fulfil, perfect, and 
 bring to effect their most, evil and wicked purpose {that is to 
 say, of bringing and putting the King to death,) " they met, con- 
 spired, consulted, and agreed amongst themselves, and other 
 false traitors unknown, to cause and procure a convention to 
 be assembled within the kingdom, WITH INTENT"—/ am 
 reading the very words of the Indictment, which I entreat you to 
 follow in the notes you have been taking with such honest per- 
 severance)— " WITH INTENT, AND IN ORDER that the 
 persons so assembled at such convention, should and might 
 traitorously, and in defiance of the authority, and against the 
 will of parliament, subvert and alter, and cause to be subverted 
 and altered, the legislature, rule, and government of the coun- 
 try ; and to depose the King from the royal state, title, power, 
 and government thereof." This is the first and great leading 
 overt act in the indictment; and you observe that it is not 
 charged as being treason substantively and in itself, but only 
 as it is committed in pursuance of the treason against the 
 King's PERSON, antecedently imputed ; — for the charge is not, 
 that the prisoners conspired to assemble a convention to depose 
 the King, but that they conspired and compassed his death ; 
 and that, in order to accomplish that wicked and detestable 
 purpose, i. e. in order to fulfil the traitorous intention of the mind 
 
 33* 
 
390 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 against his life, they conspired to assemble a convention, with 
 a view to depose him. The same observation apphes aUke to 
 all the other counts or overt acts upon the record, which mani- 
 festly indeed lean upon the establishment of the first for their 
 support ; because they charge the publication of different wri- 
 tings, and the provision of arms, not as distinct offences, but as 
 acts done to excite to the assembling of the same convention, 
 and to maintain it when assembled : but above all, and which 
 must never be forgotten, because they also uniformly charge 
 these different acts as committed in fulfilment of the same trai- 
 torous purpose, TO bring the King to death. You will there- 
 fore have three distinct matters for consideration, upon this 
 trial : First, What share (if any) the prisoner had, in concert 
 with others, in assembling any convention or meeting of sub- 
 jects within this kingdom : — Secondly, What were the acts to 
 be done by this convention, when assembled: — and Thirdly, 
 What was the view, purpose, and intention of those who pro- 
 jected its existence. This third consideration, indeed, compre- 
 hends, or rather precedes and swallows up the other two ; be- 
 cause, before it can be material to decide upon the views of the 
 convention, as pointed to the subversion of the rule and order 
 of the King's political authority (even if such views could be 
 ascribed to it, and brought home even personally to the prison- 
 er,) we shall have to examine whether that criminal conspiracy 
 against the estabhshed order of the community, was hatched | 
 and engendered by a wicked contemplation to destroy the natu- 
 ral life and person of the King ; and whether the acts charged 
 and estabhshed by the evidence, were done in pursuance and 
 in fulfilment of the same traitorous purpose. 
 
 Gentlemen, this view of the subject is not only correct, but 
 self-evident; — the subversion of the King's political govern- 
 ment, and all conspiracies to subvert it, are crimes of great 
 magnitude and enormity, which the law is open to punish ; hut 
 neither of them are the crimes before you. The prisoner is not 
 charged wdth a conspiracy against the King's political gov- 
 ernment, but against his natural life. He is not accused of 
 having merely taken steps to depose him from his authority, 
 but with having done so with the intention to bring him to death. 
 It is the act with the specific intention, and not the act alone, 
 which constitutes the charge. The act of conspiring to depose 
 the King, may indeed be evidence, according to circumstances, 
 of an intention to destroy his natural existence ; but never, as 
 a proposition of law, can constitute the intention itself Where 
 an act is done in pursuance of an intention, surely the intention 
 must first exist ; a man cannot do a thing in fulfilment of an 
 intention, unless his mind first conceives that intention. — The 
 
 m 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 391 
 
 doing an act, or the pursuit of a system of conduct which leads 
 in probable consequences to the death of the King, may legally 
 (if any such be before you) affect the consideration of the trai- 
 torous purpose charged by the record, and I am not afraid of 
 trusting you with the evidence. — How far any given act, or 
 course of acting, independently of intention, may lead probably 
 or inevitably to any natural or political consequence, is what 
 we have no concern with ; these may be curious questions of 
 casuistry or politics ; but it is wickedness and folly to declare 
 that consequences unconnected even with intention or con- 
 sciousness, shall be synonymous in law with the traitorous 
 mind ; although the traitorous mind alone is arraigned, as con- 
 stituting the crime. 
 
 Gentlemen, the first question consequently for consideration, 
 and to which I must therefore earnestly implore the attention 
 of the court, is this : — What is the law upon this momentous 
 SUBJECT 1 — And recollecting that I am invested with no author- 
 ity, I shall not presume to offer you anything of my own ; — 
 nothing shall proceed from myself upon this part of the inquiry, 
 but that which is merely introductory, and necessary to the 
 understanding of the authorities on which I mean to rely for 
 the establishment of doctrines, not less essential to the general 
 liberties of England, than to the particular consideration which 
 constitutes our present duty. 
 
 First then, I maintain that that branch of the statute 25th of 
 Edward the Third, which declares it to be high treason " when 
 a man doth compass or imagine the death of the King, of his lady 
 the Que^n, or of his eldest son and heir,'' was intended to guard 
 by a higher sanction than felony, the natural lives of the 
 King, Queen, and Prince ; and that no act, therefore (either in- 
 choate or consummate,) of resistance to, or rebellion against, the 
 King's regal capacity, amounts to high treason of compassing his 
 death, unless where they can be charged upon the indictment, 
 and proved to the satisfaction of the jury at the trial, as overt 
 acts, committed by the prisoner, in fulfilment of a traitorous in- 
 lention to destroy the King^s natural life. 
 
 Secondly, that the compassing the King's death, or, in other 
 words, the traitorous intention to destroy his natural existence, 
 is the treason, and not the overt acts, which are only laid as 
 manifestations of the traitorous intention, or, in other words, as 
 evidence competent to be left to a jury to prove it : and that 
 no conspiracy to levy war against the King, nor any conspiracy 
 against his regal character or capacity, is a good overt act of 
 compassing his death, unless some force be exerted, or in con- 
 templation, against the King's person : and that such force so 
 exerted or in contemplation, is not substantively the treason of 
 
392 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 compassing, but only competent in point of law to establish it, 
 if the jury by the verdict of Guilty draw that conclusion of 
 fact from the evidence of the overt act. 
 
 Thirdly, that the charge in the indictment, of compassing the 
 king's death, is not laid as legal inducement or introduction, to 
 follow as a legal inference from the establishment of the overt 
 act, but is laid as an averment of a fact ; and, as such, the very 
 gist of the indictment, to be affirmed or negatived by the ver- 
 dict of guilty or not guilty. It will not (I am persuaded) be 
 suspected by the Attorney General, or by the Court, that I am 
 about to support these doctrines by opposing my own judgment 
 to the authoritative writings of the venerable and excellent lord 
 Hale, whose memory will live in this country, and throughout 
 the enlightened world, as long as the administration of pure 
 justice shall exist ; neither do I wish to oppose anything which 
 is to be found in the other learned authorities principally relied 
 upon by the Crown, because all my positions are perfectly con- 
 sistent with a right interpretation of them : and because, even 
 were it otherwise, I could not expect successfully to oppose 
 them by any reasonings of my own, which can have no weight, 
 but as they shall be found at once consistent with acknowledged 
 authorities, and with the established principles of the English 
 law. I can do this with the greater security, because my 
 respectable and learned friend, the Attorney General, has not 
 cited cases which have been the disgrace of this country in 
 former times, nor asked you to sanction by your judgment those 
 bloody murders, which are recorded by them as acts of Enghsh 
 justice ; but, as might be expected of an honorable man, his 
 expositions of the law (though I think them frequently erroneous) 
 are drawn from the same sources, which I look up to for doc- 
 trines so very different. I find, indeed, throughout the whole 
 range of authorities (7 mean those which the aiiorney general has 
 properly considered as deserving that name and character) very 
 little contradiction : for, as far as I can discover, much more 
 entanglement has arisen from now and then a tripping in the 
 expression, than from any difference of sentiment amongst 
 eminent and virtuous judges, who have either examined, or sat 
 in judgment upon this momentous subject. 
 
 Gentlemen, before I pursue the course I have prescribed to 
 myself, I desire most distinctly to be understood, that in my 
 own judgment the most successful argument, that a conspiracy 
 to depose the king does not necessarily establish the treason 
 charged upon this record, is totally beside any possible judgment 
 that you can have to form upon the evidence before you ; since 
 throughout the whole volumes that have been read, I can trace 
 nothing that even points to the imagination of such a conspiracy; 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 393 
 
 and consequently the doctrines of Coke, Hale, and Forster, on 
 the subject of high treason, might equally be detailed in any 
 other trial that has ever been proceeded upon in this place. 
 But, Gentlemen^ I stand in a fearful and delicate situation. — As 
 a supposed attack upon the king's civil authority has been 
 transmitted, by construction, into a murderous conspiracy 
 against his natural person, in the same manner, and by the 
 same arguments, a conspiracy to overturn that civil authority, 
 by direct force, has again been assimilated, hy further construe- 
 'tion, to a design to undermine monarchy by changes wrought 
 through public opinion, enlarging gradually into universal will; 
 so that I can admit no false proposition, however wide I may 
 think it of rational application. — For as there is a constructive 
 COMPASSING, so also thcrc is a constructive deposing; and I 
 cannot, therefore, possibly know what either of them is sepa- 
 rately, nor how the one may "be argued to involve the other. 
 There are, besides, many pri'soners, whose cases are behind, 
 and whose lives may be involved in your present deliberation ; 
 their names have been already stigmatized, and their conduct 
 arraigned in the evidence you have heard, as a part of the con- 
 spiracy. It is these considerations which drive me into so large 
 a field of argument, because, by sufficiently ascertaining the 
 law in the outset, they who are yet looking up to it for protec- 
 tion, may not be brought into peril. 
 
 Gentlemen, I now proceed to establish, that a compassing of 
 the death of the king, within the twenty-fifth of Edward the 
 Third, ivhich is the charge against the prisoner, consists in a 
 traitorous intention against his natural life ; and that nothing 
 short of your firm belief of that detestable intention, from overt 
 acts which you find him to have committed, can justify his 
 conviction. That I may keep my word with you in building 
 my argument upon nothing of my own, I hope my friend Mr. 
 Gibbs will have the goodness to call me back, if he finds me 
 wandering from my engagement, that I may proceed step by 
 step upon the most venerable and acknowledged authorities of 
 the law. 
 
 In this process I shall begin with Lord Hale, who opens this 
 important subject by stating the reason of passing the statute of 
 the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, on which the indictment 
 is founded. — Lord Hale says, in his Pleas of the Crown, vol. i. 
 page 82, that " at common law there was a great latitude used 
 in raising offences to the crime and punishment of treason, by 
 way of interpretation and arbitrary construction, which 
 brought in great uncertaimty and confusion. Thus accroaching, 
 i. e. ENCROAcmNG ON ROYAL POWER was an usual charge of trea- 
 son ancientlv, though a verv uncertain charge ; so that no man 
 
 " 2Z 
 
394 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 could tell what it was, or what defence to make to it." Lord 
 Hale then goes on to state various instances of vexation and 
 cruelty, and concludes with this striking observation : " By 
 these and the like instances that might be given, it appears how 
 ARBITRARY AND UNCERTAIN the law of trcason was before the 
 statute of 25th of Edward the Third, whereby it came to pass 
 that almost every offence that was, or seemed to be, a breach 
 of the faith and allegiance due to the king-, was by construction, 
 CONSEQUENCE, and INTERPRETATION, raiscd into the offence of 
 high treason." This is the lamentation of the great Hale upon 
 the state of this country previous to the passing of the statute, 
 which, he says, was passed as a remedial law, to put an end 
 to them ; and lord Coke, considering it in the same light, says, 
 in his third Institute, page 2d, " The parhament which passed 
 this statute was called (as it well deserved) Parliamenium Ben- 
 edictum; and the like honor was given to it by the different 
 statutes which from time to time brought back treasons to its 
 standard, all agreeing in magnifying and extolling this blessed 
 act." — Now this statute, which has obtained the panegyric of 
 these great men, whom the chief justice in his charge looked 
 up to for light and for example, and whom the Attorney General 
 takes also for his guide, would very little have deserved the 
 high eulogium bestowed upon it, if, though avowedly passed to 
 destroy uncertainty in criminal justice, and to beat down the 
 arbitrary constructions of judges, lamented by Hale, as disfigur- 
 ing and dishonoring the law, it had nevertheless been so worded 
 as to give birth to new constrijctions and uncertainties, instead 
 of destroying the old ones. It would but ill have entitled itself 
 to the denomination of a blessed statute, if it had not in its 
 enacting letter, which professed to remove doubts, and to 
 ascertain the law, made use of expressions the best known and 
 understood ; and it will be found accordingly, that it cautiously 
 did so. It will be found, that, in selecting the expression of 
 COMPASSING THE DEATH, it cmploycd a term of the most fixed and 
 appropriate signification in the language of English law, which 
 not only no judge or counsel, but which no attorney, or attor- 
 ney's clerk, could misunderstand; because in former ages, 
 before the statute, compassing the death of any man had been 
 a felony, and what had amounted to such compassing, had been 
 settled in a thousand instances. To establish this, and to show 
 also, by no reasoning of mine, that the term " compassing the 
 death" was intended by the statute, when applied to the King, 
 as high treason, to have the same signification as it had 
 obtained in the law when applied to the subject as a felony, I 
 shall refer to Mr. Justice Forster, and even to a passage cited 
 by the Attorney General himself, which speaks so unequivocally 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 395 
 
 and unanswerably for itself, as to mock all commentary. — 
 "The ancient writers," says Forster, "in treating of felonious 
 homicide, considered the felonious inten^tion manifested by 
 plain facts, in the same light, in point of guilt, as homicide itself. 
 The rule was, voluntas reputaiur pro facto ; and while this rule 
 prevailed, the nature of the offence was expressed by the term 
 COMPASSING THE DEATH. This rulc has been long laid aside as 
 too rigorous in the case of common persons ; but in the case of 
 the King, Queen, and Prince, the statute of treasons has, with 
 great propriety, retained it in its full extent and vigor ; and in 
 describing the offence, has likewise RETAINED the ancient 
 mode of expression, when a man doth compass or imagine the 
 death of our lord the king, &c. and thereof be upon sufficient 
 proof, provablement, attainted of open deed, by people of his 
 condition : the words of the statute descriptive of the offence, 
 must, THEREFOREj be strictly pursued in every indictment for 
 this species of treason. It must charge that the defendant did 
 traitorously compass and imagine the king's death; and then 
 go and charge the several acts made use of by the prisoner to 
 effectuate his traitorous purpose ; foi' the compassing the king's 
 death is the treason, and the overt acts are charged as the 
 means made use of to effectuate the intentions and imaginations 
 of the heart ; and therefore, in the case of the Regicides, the 
 indictment charged that they did traitorously compass and 
 imagine the death of the King, and the cutting off the head 
 was laid as the overt act, and the person who was. supposed to 
 have given the mortal stroke was convicted on the same 
 indictment." 
 
 This concluding instance, though at first view it may appear 
 ridiculous, is well selected as an illustration: because, though 
 in that case there could be no possible doubt of the intention, 
 since the act of a deliberate execution involves, in common 
 sense, the intention to destroy life, yet still the anomaly of the 
 offence, which exists wholly in the intention, and not in the 
 overt act, required the pireservation of the form of the indict- 
 ment. — It is surely impossible to read this commentary of 
 Forster, without seeing the true purpose of the statute. The 
 common law had anciently considered, even in the case of a 
 fellow-subject, the malignant intention to destroy, as equivalent 
 to the act itself; but that noble spirit of humanity which per- 
 vades the whole system of our jurisprudence, had, before the 
 time of King Edward tiie Third, eat out and destroyed this 
 rule, too rigorous in its general application ; but, as Forster 
 truly observes in the passage I have read — " This rule, too rig- 
 orous in the case of the subject, the statute of treasons RE- 
 TAINED in the case of the King, and retained also the very 
 
396 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 expression used by the law when compassing the death of a 
 subject was felony." 
 
 The statute, therefore, being expressly made to remove 
 doubts, and accurately to define treason, adopted the ancient 
 expression of the common law, as applicable to felonious homi- 
 cide, meaning that the Hfe of the sovereign should remain an 
 exception, and that, voluntas p^o facto, the wicked intention for 
 the deed itself (as it regarded his sacred life) should continue 
 for the rule : and, therefore, says Forster, the statute meaning 
 to RETAIN the law which was before general, retained also the 
 expression. It appears to me, therefore, incontrovertible, not 
 only by the words of the statute itself, but upon the authority 
 of Forster, which I shall follow up by that of Lord Coke and 
 Hale, contradicted by no syllable in their works, as I shall de- 
 monstrate, that the statute, as it regarded the security of the 
 King's LIFE, did not mean to enact a new security never known 
 to the common law in other cases, but meant to suffer a com- 
 mon law rule which formerly existed universally, which was 
 precisely known, but which was too severe in common cases, 
 to remain as an exception in favor of the King's security. I 
 do therefore positively maintain, not as an advocate merely, 
 but IN MY OWN PERSON, that, within the letter and meaning of 
 the statute, nothing can be a compassing the death of the King 
 that would not, in ancient times, have been a felony in the case 
 of a subject ; for otherwise Forster and Coke, as will be seen, 
 are very incorrect, when they say the statute retained the old 
 law, and the appropriate word to express it ; for if it went be- 
 yond it, it would, on the contrary, have been a new rule un- 
 known to the common law, enacted, for the first time, for the 
 preservation of the King's life. Unquestionably the legislature 
 might have made such a rule : but we are not inquiring what 
 it might have enacted, but what it has enacted. But I ought to 
 ask pardon for having relapsed into any argument of my own 
 upon this subject, when the authorities are more express to the 
 purpose than any language I can use. For Mr. Justice Forster 
 himself, expressly says. Discourse 1st, of High Treason, p. 
 207, " All the words descriptive of the offence, viz. ' If a man 
 doth compass or imagine, and thereof be attainted of open 
 deed,' are plainly borrowed from the common law, and there- 
 fore must bear the same construction they did at common law." 
 — Is this distinct 1 — I will read it to you again : " All the words 
 descriptive of the ofi^ence, viz. 'If a man doth compass or 
 imagine, and thereof be attainted of open deed,' are plainly 
 borrowed from the common law, and therefore must bear the 
 same construction they did at common law\" 
 
 Gentlemen, Mr. Justice Forster is by no means singular in 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 397 
 
 this doctrine. — Lord Coke, the oracle of the law, and the best 
 oracle that one can consult, when standing for a prisoner 
 charged with treason, as he was the highest prerogative law- 
 yer that ever existed, maintains the same doctrine; — even he, 
 even Coke, the infamous prosecutor of Raleigh, whose charac^ 
 ter with posterity, as an Attorney General, my worthy and 
 honorable friend would disdain to hold, to be author of all his 
 valuable works ; yet even this very Lord Coke himself, holds 
 precisely the same language with Forster. — For, in his com- 
 mentary on this statute, in his third Institute, p. 5, when he 
 comes to the words, " doth compass," he says, " Let us see first 
 what the compassing the death of a subject was before the 
 making of this statute, when voluntas re'putahatur pro facto^ — 
 Now what is the plain English of this ? — The commentator 
 says, I am going to instruct you, the student, who are to learn 
 from me the law of England, what is a compassing of the death 
 of the King ; but that I cannot do, but by first carrying you to 
 look into what was the compassing of the death of a subject 
 at the ancient common law ; because the statute having made 
 a compassing, as applied to the King, the crime of high trea- 
 son, which, at common law, was felony in the case of a subject, 
 it is impossible to define the one, without looking back to the 
 records which illustrate the other. This is so directly the 
 train of Lord Coke's reasoning, that in his own singularly pre- 
 cise style of commentating, he immediately lays before his 
 reader a variety of instances from the ancient records and 
 year-books, of compassing the subject's death ; and what are 
 they ? — ^Not acts wholly collateral to attacks upon life, dogmat- 
 ically laid down by the law from speculations upon probable or 
 possible consequences ; but assaults with intent to murder ; 
 — conspiracies to waylay the person with the same intention; 
 and other murderous machinations. These were only compass- 
 ings before the statute against the subject's life ; and the exten- 
 sion of the expression was never heard of in the law till intro- 
 duced by the craft of political judges, when it'became appli- 
 cable to crimes against the -State. Here again I desire to 
 appeal to the highest authorities for this source of constructive 
 treasons: for although the statute of Edward the Third had 
 expressly directed that nothing should be declared to be treason 
 but cases within its enacting letter, yet Lord Hale says, in his 
 Pleas of the Crown, page 83, that " things were so carried by 
 parties and factions, in the succeeding reign of Richard the 
 Second, that this statute was but little observed, but as this or 
 that party got the better. So the crime of high treason was 
 in a manner arbitrarily imposed and adjudged, to the disad- • 
 vantage of the party that was to be judged ; which, by various 
 
 34 
 
398 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 vicissitudes and revolutions, mischiefed all parties, first and last, 
 and left a great unsettledness and unquietness in the minds of 
 the people, and was one of the occasions of the unhappiness of 
 that King. 
 
 " All this mischief was produced by the statute of the 21st 
 of Richard the Second, which enacted, That every man that 
 compasseth or pursueth the death of the King, or to depose Mm, 
 or to render up his homage liege, or he that raiseth people, and 
 rideth against the King, to make war within his realm, and of 
 that be duly attainted and adjudged, shall be adjudged a traitor, 
 of high treason against the Crown. 
 
 *' This," says Lord Hale, " was a great snare to the subject, 
 insomuch that the statute, 1st of Henry Fourth, which repealed 
 it, recited that no man knew how he ought to behave himself, 
 to do, speak, or say, for doubt of such pains of treason; and 
 therefore wholly to remove the prejudice, which might come 
 to the King's subjects, the statute, 1st of Henry Fourth, chap. 
 10, was made, which brought back treason to the standard of the 
 2M of Edward the Third." 
 
 Now if we look to this statute of Richard the Second, which 
 produced such mischiefs — what are they? — As far as it re- 
 enacted the treason of compassing the King's death, and levy- 
 ing war, it only re-enacted the statute of Edward the Third, 
 but it went beyond it by the loose construction of compassing 
 to depose the King, and raising the people, and riding to make 
 war, or a compassing to depose him, terms new to the common 
 law. The actual levying of force, to imprison, or depose the King, 
 was already and properly high treason, within the second branch 
 of the statute ; but this statute of Richard the Second enlarged 
 only the crime of compassing, making it extend to a compass- 
 ing to imprison or depose, which are the great objects of an J 
 actual levying of war, and making a compassing to levy war, 
 on a footing with the actual levying it. It seems, therefore, 
 most astonishing, that any judge could be supposed to have de- 
 cided, as an abstract rule of law, that a compassing to imprison 
 or depose the King was high treason, substantively, without pre- 
 vious compassing of his death: since it was made so by this 
 statute, 21 St. of Richard the Second, and reprobated,- stigma- 
 tized, and repealed by the statute, 1st of Henry the Fourth, 
 chap. 10. " And so little effect," says Mr. Justice Blackstone, 
 " have over-violent laws to prevent any crime, that within two 
 years after this new law of treason respecting imprisonment 
 and deposing, this very prince was both deposed and murdered." 
 
 Gentlemen, this distinction, made by the humane statute of 
 Edward the Third, between treason against the King's natural 
 life, and rebellion against his civil authority, and which the act 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 399 
 
 of Richard the Second, for a season, broke down, is founded in 
 wise and sound policy. A successful attack may be made upon 
 the King's person by the malignity of an individual, without 
 the combination of extended conspiracy, or the exertions of re- 
 beUious force ; the law therefore justly stands upon the watch 
 to crush the first overt manifestation of so evil and detestable a 
 purpose. — Considering the life of the Chief Magistrate as infi- 
 nitely important to the pubfic security, it does not wait for the 
 possible consummation of a crime, which requires neither time, 
 combination, nor force to accompHsh, but considers the traitor- 
 ous purpose as a consummated treason : but the wise and hu- 
 mane policy of our forefathers extended the severity of the 
 rule, voluntas pro facto J no farther than they were thus impelled 
 and justified by the necessity; and therefore an intention to 
 levy war and rebellion, not consummated, however manifested 
 by the most overt acts of conspiracy, was not declared to be 
 treason, and upon the plainest principle in the world: The 
 King's REGAL capacity, guarded by all the force and authority 
 of the state, could not, like his natural existence, be over- 
 thrown or endangered in a moment, by the first machinations 
 of the traitorous mind of an individual, or even by the unarm- 
 ed conspiracy of numbers ; and therefore this humane and ex- 
 alted institution, measuring the sanctions of criminal justice 
 by the standard of civil necessity, thought it sufficient to 
 scourge and dissipate unarmed conspirators by a less vindictive 
 proceeding. 
 
 These new treasons were, however, at length all happily 
 swept away on the accession of King Henry the Fourth, which 
 brought the law back to the standard of Edward the Third ; 
 and, indeed, in reviewing the history of this highly favored 
 island, it is most beautiful, and, at the same time, highly en- 
 couraging to observe, by what an extraordinary concurrence 
 of circumstances, under the superintendence of a benevolent 
 Providence, the liberties of our country have been estab- 
 lished. Amidst the convulsions, arising from the maddest 
 ambition and injustice, and whilst the State was alternately 
 departing from its poise, on one side, and on the other, the 
 great rights of mankind were still insensibly taking root and 
 flourishing; — though sometimes monarchy threatened to lay 
 them prostrate, though aristocracy occasionally undermined 
 them, and democracy, in her turn, rashly trampled on them, 
 yet they have ever come safely around at last. — This awful 
 and sublime contemplation should teach us to bear with one 
 another, when our opinions do not quite coincide ; extracting 
 final harmony from the inevitable differences which ever did, 
 and ever must, exist amongst men, 
 
400 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 Gentlemen, the act of Henry the Fourth was scarcely made 
 when it shared the same fate with the venerable law which it 
 restored. — Nobody regarded it. — It was borne down by fac- 
 tions, and, in those days, there were no Judges, as there are 
 now, to hold firm the balance of justice amidst the storms of 
 state ; — men could not then, as the prisoner can to-day, look 
 up for protection to magistrates independent of the crown, and 
 awfully accountable in character to an enlightened world. As 
 fast as arbitrary constructions were abolished by one statute, 
 unprincipled Judges began to build them up again, till they 
 were beat down by another : to recount their strange treasons 
 would be tiresome and disgusting; but their system of con- 
 struction, in the teeth of positive law, may be well illustrated 
 by two lines from Pope : 
 
 " Destroy his fib and sophistry in vain, 
 The creature 's at his dirty work again." 
 
 The system, both judicial and parliamentary, became indeed 
 so intolerable, in the interval between the reign of Henry the 
 Fourth, and that of Philip and Mary, that it produced, in the 
 first year of the latter reign, the most remarkable statute that 
 ever passed in England, repeahng not only all former statutes 
 upon the subject, except that of Edward the Third, but also 
 stigmatizing, upon the records of Parliament, the arbitrary 
 CONSTRUCTIONS of Judgcs, and limiting them, in all times, to 
 every LETTER of the statute. I will read to you Lord Coke's 
 commentary upon the subject. In his third Institute, page 23, 
 he says, — " Before the act of the 25th of Edward the Third, 
 so many treasons had been made and declared, and in such 
 sort penned, as not only the ignorant and unlearned people, but 
 also learned and expert men, were trapped and snared, * * so 
 as the mischief before Edward the Third, of the uncertain- 
 ty of what was treason and what not, became so frequent 
 and dangerous, as that the safest and surest remedy was by 
 this excellent act of Mary to abrogate and repeal all, but only 
 such as are specified and expressed in this statute of Edward 
 the Third. By which law the safety of both the King and of 
 the subject, and the preservation of the common weal, were 
 wisely and sufficiently provided for, and in such certainty, that 
 nihil relictum est arbitrio judicis." 
 
 The whole evil, indeed, to be remedied and avoided by the 
 act of Queen Mary was, the arbitrium judicis, or judicial con- 
 struction beyond the letter of the statute. The statute 
 itself was perfect, and was restored in its full vigor ; and to sup- 
 pose, therefore, that when an act was expressly made, because 
 Judges had built treasons by constructions beyond the law, 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 401 
 
 they were to be left, consistently with their duty, to go on 
 building again, is to impute a folly to the Legislature, which 
 never yet was imputed to the framers of this admirable statute. 
 But this absurd idea is expressly excluded, not merely by the 
 statute, according to its plain interpretation, but according to 
 the direct authority of Lord Coke himself, in his commentary 
 upon it. For he goes on to say, " Two things are to be ob- 
 served, first, that the word expressed, in the statute of Mary, 
 excludes all implications or inferences whatsoever ; secondly, that 
 no former attainder, judgment, precedent, resolution, or opinion 
 of judges, or justices, of high treason, other than such as are 
 specified and expressed in the statute of Edward the Third, 
 are to be followed or drawn into example. For the words be 
 plain and direct ; that from henceforth no act, deed, or offence 
 shall be taken, had, deemed or adjudged to be high treason, but 
 only such as are declared and expressed in the said act of the 
 25th of Edward the Third, any act of Parhament or statute 
 after 25th of Edward the Third, or any other declaration or 
 matter, to the contrary notwithstanding." 
 
 Gentlemen, if the letter of the statute of Mary, when coupled 
 with Lord Coke's commentary, required further illustration, it 
 would amply receive it from the preamble, which ought to be 
 engraven on the heart of every man who loves the King, or who 
 is called to any share in his councils; for, as Lord Coke 
 observes, in the same commentary : It truly recites, that " the 
 state of a king standeth and consisteth more assured by the love 
 and favor of the subjects towards their Sovereign, than in the 
 dread and fear of laws, made with rigorous and extreme pun- 
 ishment; and that laws, justly made for the preservation of the 
 common weal, without extreme punishment or penalty, are 
 more often and for the most part better kept and obeyed, than 
 laws, and statutes made with extreme punishment." 
 
 But, Gentlemen, the most important part of Lord Coke's 
 commentary on this statute is yet behind, which I shall pres- 
 ently read to you, and to which I implore your most earnest 
 attention, because I will show you by it, that the unfortunate 
 man, whose innocence I am defending, is arraigned before you 
 of high treason, upon evidence not only wholly repugnant to 
 this particular statute, but such as never yet was heard of in 
 England upon any capital trial : — evidence which, even with 
 all the attention you have given to it, I defy any one of you, at 
 this moment, to say of what it consists; — evidence, which 
 (since it must be called by that name) I tremble for my boldness 
 in presuming to stand up for the life of a man, when I am con- 
 scious that I am incapable of understanding from it, even what 
 acts are imputed to him ; — evidence, which has consumed four 
 
 3 A 34* 
 
402 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 days in the reading ; — not in reading the acts of the prisoner, 
 but the unconnected writings of men, unknown to one another, 
 upon a hundred different subjects ; — evidence, the very hstening 
 to which has deprived me of the sleep which nature requires ; — 
 which has filled my mind w^ith unremitting distress and agita- 
 tion, and which, from its discordant unconnected nature, has 
 suffered me to reap no advantage from the indulgence, which I 
 began with thanking you for ; but which on the contrary, has 
 almost set my brain on fire, with the vain endeavor of collecting 
 my thoughts upon a subject never designed for any rational 
 course of thinking. 
 
 Let us, therefore, see how the unexampled condition I am 
 placed in falls in with Lord Coke upon this subject, whose 
 authority is appealed to by the Crown itself; — and let us go 
 home and burn our books, if they are to blazon forth the law 
 by eulogium, and accurately to define its protector, which yet 
 the subject is to be totally cut off from, when, even under the 
 sanction of these very authors, he stands upon his trial for his 
 existence. Lord Coke says in the same Commentary, page 12, 
 that the statute had not only accurately defined the charge, but 
 the nature of the proof on which alone a man shall be attainted 
 of any of the branches of high treason. — " It is to be observed," 
 says he, " that the word in the act of Edward the Third is 
 provablement : i. e. Upon direct and manifest proof, not upon 
 conjectural presumptions, or inferences, or strains of wit, but 
 upon good and sufficient proof. And herein the adverb prov- 
 ABLY hath a great force, and signifieth a DIRECT PLAIN 
 proof, which word the Lords and Commons in Parfiament did 
 use, for that the offence of treason was so heinous, and was so 
 heavily and severely punished, as none other the like and there- 
 fore the oflfender must be PROVABLY attainted, which words 
 are as forcible as upon direct and manifest proof. Note, the 
 word is not probably, for then commune argumentum might 
 have served, but the word is provably be attainted." 
 
 Nothing can be so curiously and tautologously labored as this 
 Commentary, of even that great prerogative lawyer Lord 
 Coke, upon this single word in the statute ; and it manifestly 
 shows, that so far from its being the spirit and principle of the 
 law of England, to loosen the construction of this statute, and 
 to adopt rules of construction and proof, unusual in trials for 
 other crimes, on the contrary, the Legislature did not even 
 leave it to the judges to apply the ordinary rules of legal proof 
 to trials under it, but admonished them to do justice in that 
 respect in the very body of the statute. 
 
 Lord Hale treads in the same path with Lord Coke, and 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 403 
 
 concludes this part of the subject by the following most remark- 
 able passage — vol. i. chap. xi. 86. 
 
 "Now although the crime of high treason is the greatest 
 crime against faith, duty, and human society, and brings with 
 it the greatest and most fatal dangers to the government, peace, 
 and happiness of a kingdom, or state ; and therefore, is deserv- 
 edly branded with the highest ignominy, and subjected to the 
 greatest penalties that the laws can inflict: it appears, j^rs/, how 
 necessary it was that there should be some known, fixed, 
 SETTLED boundary for this great crime of treason, and of what 
 great importance the statute of the 25th of Edward the Third 
 was, in order to that end. Second, How dangerous it is to 
 depart from the letter of that statute, and to multiply and 
 enhance crimes into treason by ambiguous and general words, 
 such as accroaching royal power, subverting fundamental 
 laws, and the like. And Third, how dangerous it is by con- 
 struction, and ANALOGY, to make treasons where the letter 
 of the law has not done it. For such a method admits of no 
 limits, or bounds, but runs as far and as wide as the wit and 
 invention of accusers, and the detestation of persons accused, 
 will carry men." 
 
 Surely the admonition of this supereminent judge ought to 
 sink deep into the heart of every judge, and of every juryman, 
 who is called to administer justice under this statute ; above all, 
 in the times, and under the pecuUar circumstances which 
 assembled us in this place. Honorable men, feeling as they 
 ought, for the safety of government, and the tranquillity of the 
 country, and naturally indignant against those who are sup- 
 posed to proceed with more abundant caution, lest they should 
 be surprised by their resentments or their fears, they ought to 
 advance in the judgments they form, by slow and trembling 
 steps ; — they ought even to fall back and look at everything 
 again, lest a false light should deceive them, admitting no fact 
 but upon the foundation of clear and precise evidence, and 
 deciding upon no intention that does not result with equal clear- 
 ness from the fact. This is the universal demand of justice in 
 every case criminal or civil ; — how much more then in this, 
 when the judgment is every moment in danger of being swept 
 away into the fathomless abyss of a thousand volumes ; where 
 there is no anchorage for the understanding ; where no reach 
 of thought can look round in order to compare their points; nor 
 any memory be capacious enough to retain even the imperfect 
 relation that can be collected from them ! 
 
 Gentlemen, my mind is the more deeply affected with this 
 consideration by a very recent example in that monstrous phe- 
 nomenon which, under the name of a trial, has driven us out of 
 
404 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 Westminster Hall for a large portion of my professional life. 
 No man is less disposed than I am to speak lightly of great 
 state prosecutions, which bind to their duty those who have no 
 other superiors, nor any other control ; last of all am I capable 
 of even glancing a censure against those who have led to or 
 conducted the impeachment, because I respect and love many 
 of them, and know them to be amongst the best and wisest men 
 in the nation — I know them indeed so well, as to be persuaded 
 that could they have foreseen the vast field it was to open, and 
 the length of time it was to occupy, they never would have 
 engaged in it; for I defy any man, not illuminated by the 
 Divine Spirit, to say, with the precision and certainty of an 
 Enghsh Judge deciding upon evidence before him, that Mr. 
 Hastings is guilty or not guilty : — for who knows what is before 
 him, or what is not ? — Many have carried what they knew to 
 their graves, and the Hving have hved long enough to forget it. 
 Indeed I pray God that such another proceeding may never 
 exist in England r' because I consider it as a dishonor to the 
 Constitution, and that it brings, by its example, insecurity into 
 the administration of justice. Every man in civilized society 
 has a right to hold his life, liberty, property, and reputation, 
 under plain laws, that can be well understood, and is entitled to 
 have some limited specific part of his conduct, compared and 
 examined by their standard ; but he ought not for seven years, 
 no, nor for seven days, to stand as a criminal before the highest 
 human tribunal, until judgment is bewildered and confounded, 
 to come at last, perhaps, to defend himself, broken down with 
 fatigue, and dispirited with anxiety, which indeed, is my own 
 condition at this moment, who am only stating the case of 
 another — What then must be the condition of the unfortunate 
 person whom you are trying? 
 
 The next great question is, how the admonitions of these 
 great writers are to be reconciled with what is undoubtedly 
 to be found in other parts of their works ; and I think I do 
 not go too far, when I say, that it ought to be the. inclination 
 of every person's mind who is considering the meaning of any 
 writer, particularly if he be a person of superior learning and 
 intelhgence, to reconcile as much as possible all he says upon 
 any subject, and not to adopt such a construction as necessarily 
 raises up one part in direct opposition to another. 
 
 The law itself, indeed, adopts this sound rule of judgment in 
 the examination of every matter which is laid before it, for a 
 sound construction ; and the Judges, therefore, are bound by 
 duty as well as reason to adopt it. 
 
 It appears to me then, that the only ambiguity which arises, 
 or can possibly arise, in the examination of the great authori- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 405 
 
 ties, and in the comparison of them with themselves, or with 
 one another, is, from not rightly understanding the meaning of 
 the term overt act as applied to this species of treason. The 
 moment you get right upon the true meaning and signification 
 of this expression, the curtain is drawn up, and all is light and 
 certainty. 
 
 Gentlemen, an overt act of the high treason charged upon 
 this record, I take, with great submission to the Court, to be 
 plainly and simply this : — the high treason charged, is the com- 
 passing or imagining (in other words, the intending or design- 
 ing) the death of the King; I mean his natural death; which 
 being a hidden operation of the mind, an overt act is anything 
 which legally proves the existence of such traitorous design 
 and intention — I say, that the design against the King's natural 
 life, is the high treason under the first branch of the statute ; 
 and whatever is evidence, which may be legally laid before a 
 Jury to judge of the traitorous intention, is a legal overt act ; 
 because an overt act is nothing but legal evidence embodied 
 upon the record. 
 
 The charge of compassing being a charge of intention ^ which, 
 without a manifestation by conduct, no human tribunal could 
 try ; the statute requires by its very letter (but without which 
 letter reason must have presumed) that the intention to cut off 
 the Sovereign should be manifested by an open act; and as a 
 prisoner charged with an intention, could have no notice how 
 to defend himself without the charge of actions from whence 
 the intention was to be imputed to him, it was always the prac- 
 tice, according to the sound principles of English law, to state 
 upon the face of the Indictment the overt act which the Crown 
 charges as the means made use of by the prisoner to effect his 
 traitorous purpose ; and as this rule was too frequently departed 
 from, the statute of the seventh of King William enacted, for 
 the benefit of the prisoner, that no evidence should even be 
 given of any overt act not charged in the Indictment. The 
 charge, therefore, of the overt acts in the Indictment is the 
 notice, enacted by statute to be given to the prisoner for 
 his protection, of the means by which the Crown is to sub- 
 mit to the Jury the existence of the traitorous purpose, 
 which is the crime alleged against him, and in pursuance of 
 which traitorous purpose the overt acts must also be charged to 
 have been committed. Whatever, therefore, is relevant or 
 competent evidence to be received in support of the traitorous 
 intention, is a legal overt act, and what acts are competent to 
 that purpose, is (as in all other cases) matter of law for the 
 Judges ; but whether, after the overt acts are received upon the 
 record as competent, and are established by proof upon the 
 
 * 
 
 ♦ 
 
406 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 trial, they be sufficient or insufficient in the particular instance, 
 to convince the Jury of the traitorous compassing or intention, 
 is a mere matter of fact, which, from its very nature, can be 
 reduced to no other standard than that which each man's own 
 conscience and understanding erects in his mind, as the arbi- 
 ter of his judgment. This doctrine is by no means new nor 
 peculiar to high treason, but pervades the whole law, and may 
 be well illustrated in a memorable case lately decided upon 
 writ of error in the House of Lords, and which must be in the 
 memory of all the Judges now present, who took a part in its 
 decision : — there the question was, whether, upon the establish- 
 ment of a number of facts by legal evidence, the defendant had 
 knowledge of a fact, the knowing of which would leave him de- 
 fenceless. To draw that question from the Jury to the Judges, I 
 demurred to the evidence, saying, that though each part of it was 
 legally admitted, it was for the law, by the mouth of the Judges, 
 to pronounce whether this fact of knowledge could legally be in- 
 ferred from it ; but the Lords, with the assent of all the Judges, 
 decided, to my perfect satisfaction, that such a demurrer to the 
 evidence was irregular and invalid ; that the province of the Jury 
 over the effect of evidence, ought not to he so transferred to the 
 Judges, and converted into matter of law ; — that what was rele- 
 vant evidence to come before a Jury, was the province of the 
 Court, — but that the conclusion to be drawn from admissible 
 evidence, was the unalienable province of the country. 
 
 To apply that reasoning to the case before us : — The matter 
 to be inquired of here is, the fact of the prisoner's intention, as 
 in the case I have just cited it was the fact of the defendant's 
 knowledge. The charge of a conspiracy to depose the King, 
 is therefore laid before you to establish that intention ; its com- 
 petency to be laid before you for that purpose, is not disputed ; 
 I am only contending with all reason and authority on my side, 
 that it is to be submitted to your consciences and understand- 
 ings, whether, even if you believed the overt act, you believe 
 also that it proceeded from a traitorous machination against 
 the life of the King. I am only contending that these two 
 beliefs must coincide to establish a verdict of Guilty. I am not 
 contending, that, under circumstances, a conspiracy to depose 
 the King, and to annihilate his regal capacity, may not be 
 strong and satisfactory evidence of the intention to destroy his 
 LIFE ; — but only that in this, as in every other instance, it is for 
 you to collect or not to collect this treason against the King's 
 life, according to the result of your conscientious belief and 
 judgment, from the acts of the prisoner laid before you ; and 
 that the establishment of the overt act, even if it were estab- 
 lished, does not establish the treason against the King's life, 
 
 #. 
 
 « 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 407 
 
 BY A CONSEQUENCE OF LAW ; but OR the Contrary, the overt act, 
 though punishable in another shape, as an independent crime, 
 is a dead letter upon this record, unless you believe, exercising 
 your exclusive jurisdiction over the facts laid before you, that it 
 was committed in accompHshment of the treason against the 
 natural life of the King. 
 
 Gentlemen, this particular crime of compassing the King's 
 death, is so complete an anomaly, being wholly seated in un- 
 consummated intention, that the law cannot depart from describ- 
 ing it according to its real essence, even when it is followed by 
 his death ; — a man cannot be indicted for kilHng the King, as 
 was settled in the case of the Regicides of Charles the First ; 
 after long consultation among all the Judges : — it was held that 
 the very words of the statute must be pursued, and that 
 although the King was actually murdered, the prisoners who 
 destroyed him could not be charged with the act itself, as high 
 treason, but with the compassing of his death ; the very act of 
 the executioner in beheading him, being only laid as the overt 
 act upon the record. There, though the overt act was so con- 
 nected with, as to be even inseparable from the traitorous in- 
 tention, yet they were not confounded because of the effect of 
 the precedent in dissimilar cases : and although the Regicides 
 came to be tried immediately on the restoration of the King, in 
 the day-spring of his authority, and before high prerogative 
 Judges, and under circumstances when, in any country but 
 England, their trial would have been a mockery, or their exe- 
 cution have been awarded without even the forms of trial ; yet 
 in England, that sacred liberty, which has for ever adorned the 
 constitution, refused to sacrifice to zeal or enthusiasm, either 
 the substance or the forms of justice. Hear what the Chief 
 Baron pronounced upon that occasion : — " These persons are 
 to be proceeded with according to the laws of the land, and I 
 shall speak nothing to you but what are the words of the law. 
 By the statute of Edward the Third, it is made high treason 
 to compass and imagine the death of the King; in no case 
 else imagination or compassing, without an actual effect, is 
 punishable by law." He then speaks of the sacred life of the 
 King, and speaking of the treason, says : — " The treason con- 
 sists in the wicked imagination which is not apparent: but 
 when this poison swells out of the heart, and breaks forth into 
 action, in that case it is high treason. The7i what is an overt 
 act of an imagination, or compassing of the King^s death ? Truly, 
 it is anything which shows what the imagination of the heart is." 
 
 Indeed, Gentlemen, the proposition is so clear, that one gets 
 confounded in the argument from the very simplicity of it ; but 
 still I stand in a situation which I am determined at all events 
 
 »* 
 
408 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 to fulfil to the utmost ; and I shall therefore not leave the mat- 
 ter upon these authorities, but will bring it down to our own 
 times, repeating my challenge to have produced one single au- 
 thority in contradiction. Lord Coke, in his third Institute, p. 
 11 and 12, says: — "The Indictment must charge that the 
 prisoner traitorously compassed and imagined the death and 
 destruction of the King." He says too, — " There must be a 
 compassing or imagination; for an act without compassing, 
 intent, or imagination, is not within the act, as appeareth by 
 the express letter thereof. Et actus non facit reum nisi mens 
 sit rea.^' Nothing in language can more clearly illustrate my 
 •proposition. — The Indictment, like every other indictment, must 
 charge distinctly and specifically the crime : that charge must 
 therefore be in the very words of the statute which creates the 
 crime : the crime created by the statute not being the perpetra- 
 tion of any act, but being, in the rigorous severity of the law, 
 the very contemplation, intention, and contrivance of a purpose, 
 directed to an act; that contemplation, purpose, and contrivance, 
 must be found to exist, without which, says Lord Ooke, there 
 can be no compassing : and as the intention of the mind cannot 
 be investigated without the investigation of conduct, the overt 
 act is required by the statute, and must be laid in the Indict- 
 ment and proved. It follows from this deduction, that upon 
 the clear principles of the English law, every act may be laid 
 as an overt act of compassing the King's death, which may be 
 reasonably considered to be relevant and competent to manifest 
 that intention ; for, were it otherwise, it would be shutting out 
 from the view of the jury, certain conduct of the prisoner, 
 which might, according to circumstances, lead to manifest the 
 criminal intention of his mind ; and as more than one overt 
 act may be laid, and even overt acts of different kinds, though 
 not in themselves substantively treason, the judges appear to be 
 justified in law, when they ruled them to be overt acts of com- 
 passing the death of the King; because they are such acts as 
 before the statute of King William, which required that the In- 
 dictment should charge all overt acts, would have been held to 
 be relevant proof; of which relevancy of proof the judges are 
 to judge as matter of law; and therefore being relevant proof, 
 must also be relevant matter of charge, because nothing can 
 be relevantly charged which may not also be relevantly ad- 
 mitted to proof. These observations explain to the meanest 
 capacity, in what sense Lord Coke must be understood, when 
 he says, in the very same page, that, " A preparation to depose 
 the King, and to take the King by force and strong hand, until 
 he has yielded to certain demands, is a sufficient overt act to 
 PROVE the compassing of the King's death." He does not say 
 
 ♦. 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY 409 
 
 AS A PROPOSITION OP LAW, that he who prepares to seize the King, 
 compasseth his death, but that a preparation to seize him is a 
 sufficient overt act to prove the compassing ; and he directly 
 gives the reason, " because of the strong tendency it has to that 
 end." This latter sentence destroys all ambiguity. I agree 
 perfectly with Lord Coke, and I think every Judge would so 
 decide, upon the general principles of law and evidence, without 
 any resort to his authority for it ; and for this plain and obvious 
 reason : — The Judges who are by law to decide upon the re- 
 levancy or competency of the proof, in every matter criminal 
 and civil, have immemorially sanctioned the indispensable ne- 
 cessity of charging the traitorous intention as the crime, before 
 it was required by the statute of King William. — As the crime 
 is in its nature invisible and inscrutable, until nianifested by 
 such conduct as in the eye of reason is indicative of the inten- 
 tion, which constitutes the crime ; no overt act is therefore held 
 to be sufficient to give jurisdiction, even to a jury, to draw the 
 inference in fact of the traitorous purpose, but such acts from 
 whence it may be reasonably inferred ; and therefore as the 
 restraint and imprisonment of a Prince has a greater tendency 
 to his destruction than in the case of a private man, such con- 
 spiracies are admitted to be laid as overt acts, upon this princi- 
 ple: that if a man does an act from whence either an inevitable 
 or a mainly probable consequence may be expected to follow, 
 much more if he persists deliberately in a course of conduct, 
 leading certainly or probably to any given consequence, it is 
 reasonable to believe that he foresaw such consequence, and by 
 pursuing his purpose with that foreknowledge, the intention to 
 produce the consequence may be fairly imputed. But then all 
 this is matter of fact for the Jury from the evidence, not matter of 
 law for the Court; further than it is the privilege and duty of 
 the Judge to direct the attention of the Jury to the evidence, and 
 to state the law as it may result from the different views the 
 jury may entertain of the facts ; and if such acts could not be 
 laid as overt acts, they could not be offered in evidence ; and 
 if they could not be offered in evidence, the mind of the pris- 
 oner, which it was the object of the trial to lay open as a clue 
 to his intention, would be shut up and concealed from the Jury, 
 whenever the death of the Sovereign was sought by circuitous 
 but obvious means, instead of by a direct and murderous ma- 
 chination. But when they are thus submitted, as matter of 
 charge and evidence to prove the traitorous purpose w^hich is 
 the crime, the security of the King and of the subject is equally 
 provided for : all the matter which has a relevancy to the crime, 
 is chargeable and provable, not substantively to raise from their 
 estabhshment a legal inference, but to raise a presumption in 
 
 3 B 35 
 
410 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 fact, capable of being weighed by the Jury with all the circum- 
 stances of the transaction, as offered to the Crown and the 
 prisoner ; their province being finally to say — not what was the 
 possible or the probable consequence of the overt act laid in 
 the Indictment, but whether it has brought them to a safe and 
 conscientious judgment of the guilt of the prisoner; i. e. of his 
 guilt in compassing the death of the King, which is the treason 
 charged in the Indictment. Lord Hale is, if possible, more 
 direct and explicit upon the subject. — He says, page 107, "The 
 words compass or imagine, are of a great latitude ; they refer 
 to the purpose or design of the mind or will, though the purpose 
 or design takes not effect : but compassing or imagining, singly 
 of itself, is an internal act, and, without something to manifest 
 it, could not possibly fall under any judicial cognizance but of 
 God alone ; and therefore this statute requires such an overt act 
 as may render the compassing or imagining capable of a trial 
 and sentence by human judicatures." Now can any man pos- 
 sibly derive from such a writing (proceeding too from an au- 
 thor of the character of Lord Hale,) that an overt act of com- 
 passing, might in his judgment be an act committed inadver- 
 tently without the intention? Can any man gather from it, that 
 a man, by falling into bad company, can be drawn in to be 
 guilty of this species of treason by rash conduct, while the love 
 of his Sovereign was glowing in his bosom ? Can there be any 
 particular acts which can entitle a Judge or Counsel to pro- 
 nounce as a matter of law, what another man intends ? or that 
 what a man intends is not a matter of fact ? Is there any man 
 that will meet the matter fairly, and advance and support that 
 naked proposition ? At all events, it is certainly not a proposi- 
 tion to be dealt with publicly ; because the man whose mind is 
 capable even of conceiving it, should be treasured up in a mu- 
 seum, and exhibited there as a curiosity, for money. 
 
 Gentlemen, all I am asking, however, from my argument, 
 and I defy any power of reason upon earth to move me from 
 it, is this : that the prisoner being charged with intending the 
 King^s death, you are to find whether this charge be founded or 
 unfounded ; and that therefore, put upon the record what else 
 you will, — prove what you will, — read these books over and 
 over again, — and let us stand here a year and a day in dis- 
 coursing concerning them, — still the question must return at last 
 to what YOU and you only can resolve — Is he guilty of that base 
 detestable intention to destroy the King ? Not whether you incline 
 to believe that he is guilty; not whether you suspect, nor 
 whether it be probable ; not whether he may be guilty ^^no, 
 but that PROVABLY HE IS GUILTY. If you cau say this upon the 
 evidence, it is your duty to say so, and you may, with a tran- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 411 
 
 quil conscience, return to your families : though by your judg- 
 ment the unhappy object of it must return no more to his. — 
 Alas ! Gentlemen, what do I say ? he has no family to return 
 to ; — the affectionate partner of his life has already fallen a 
 victim to the surprise and horror which attended the scene now 
 transacting. But let that melancholy reflection pass — it should 
 not, perhaps, have been introduced — it certainly ought to have 
 no effect upon you who are to judge upon your oaths. — I do 
 not stand here to desire you to commit perjury from compas- 
 sion ; — but at the same time my earnestness may be forgiven, 
 since it proceeds from a weakness common to us all. I claim 
 no merit with the prisoner for my zeal ; — it proceeds from a 
 selfish principle inherent in the human heart. — I am Counsel, 
 Gentlemen, for myself. In every word I utter, I feel that I am 
 pleading for the safety of my own life, for the lives of my chil- 
 dren after me, for the happiness of my country, and for the uni- 
 versal condition of civil society throughout the world. 
 
 But let us return to the subject, and pursue the doctrine of 
 Lord Hale upon the true interpretation of the term overt act, 
 as appKcable to this branch of treason. Lord Hale says, and 
 I do beseech most earnestly the attention of the Court and 
 Jury to this passage — " If men conspire the death of the King 
 and thereupon provide weapons, or send letters, this is an overt 
 act within the statute." Take this to pieces, and what does it 
 amount to ? — " If men conspire the death of the King,"^ that is 
 the first thing, viz. the intention, " and thereupon," that is, in 
 pursuance of that wicked intention, " provide weapons, or send 
 letters for the execution thereof," i. e. for the execution of that 
 destruction of the King, which they have meditated, " this is 
 an overt act within the statute." Surely the meaning of all 
 this is self-evident — If the intention be against the King's life, 
 though the conspiracy does not immediately and directly point 
 to his death, yet still the overt act will be sufficient if it be 
 something which has so direct a tendency to that end, as to be 
 competent rational evidence of the intention to obtain it. But 
 the instances given by Lord Hale himself furnish the best illus- 
 tration — " If men conspire to imprison the King hy force and a 
 strong hand until he has yielded to certain demands, and for 
 that purpose gather company, or write letters, that is an overt act 
 TO PROVE the compassing the King's death, as it was held in 
 Lord Cobham's case by all the Judges." In this sentence Lord 
 Hale does not depart from that precision which so eminently 
 distinguishes all his writings ; he does not say, that if men con- 
 spire to imprison the King until he yields to certain demands, 
 and for that purpose to do so and so, This is high treason — no, 
 nor even an overt act of high treason, though he might in legal 
 
412 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 language correctly have said so ; but to prevent the possibility 
 of confounding the treason with matter which may be legally 
 charged as relevant to the proof of it, he follows Lord Coke's 
 expression in the third Institute, and says, This is an overt act 
 to prove the compassing of the King's death : and as if by this 
 mode of expression he had not done enough to keep the ideas 
 asunder, and from abundant regard for the rights and liberties 
 of the subject, he immediately adds, " But then there must be an 
 overt act to prove that conspiracy ; and then that overt act to 
 PROVE such design, is an overt act to prove the compassing of the 
 death of the King." The language of this sentence labors in 
 the ear from the excessive caution of the writer ; — afraid that 
 his reader should jump too fast to his conclusion upon a subject 
 of such awful moment, he pulls him back after he has read that 
 a conspiracy to imprison the King is an overt act to prove the 
 compassing of his death, and says to him. But recollect that 
 there must be an overt act to prove, in the first place, that 
 conspiracy to imprison the King, and even then that intention 
 to imprison him, so manifested by the overt act, is but in its 
 turn an overt act to prove the compassing or intention to de- 
 stroy the King. Nor does the great and benevolent Hale rest 
 even here, but after this almost tedious perspicuity, he begins 
 the next sentence with this fresh caution and limitation, " but 
 then this must be intended of a conspiracy, forcibly to detain and 
 imprison the King" What then is a conspiracy forcibly to im- 
 prison the King ? — surely it can require no explanation : it can 
 only be a direct machination to seize and detain his person by 
 rebeUious force. Will this expression be satisfied by a con- 
 spiracy to seize speculatively upon his authority by the publi- 
 cation of pamphlets, which, by the inculcation of republican 
 principles, may in the eventual circulation of a course of years, 
 perhaps in a course of centuries, in this King's time, or in the 
 time of a remote successor, debauch men's minds from the 
 Enghsh constitution, and, by the destruction of monarchy, in- 
 volve the life of the monarch ? — Will any man say, that this is 
 what the law means by a conspiracy against the King's gov- 
 ernment, supposing even that a conspiracy against his govern- 
 ment were synonymous with a design upon his life 1 Can any 
 case be produced where a person has been found guilty of high 
 treason, under this branch of the statute, where no war has 
 been actually levied, unless where the conspiracy has been a 
 forcible invasion of the King's personal hberty or security? I 
 do not mean to say that a conspiracy to levy war may not, in 
 many instances, be laid as an overt act of compassing the 
 King's death, because the war may be mediately or immediately 
 pointed distinctly to his destruction or captivity ; and as Lord 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 413 
 
 Hale truly says, " small is the distance between the prisons and 
 graves of Princes." But multiply the instances as you will, 
 still the principle presents itself. The truth of this very maxim, 
 built upon experience, renders an overt act of this description 
 rational and competent evidence to be left to a jury of a design 
 against the King's life ; but it does not, therefore, change the 
 nature of the crime, nor warrant any Court to declare the 
 overt act to be legally and conclusively indicative of the trai- 
 torous intention ; because, if this be once admitted to be law, 
 and the jury are bound to find the treason upon their belief of 
 the existence of the overt act, the trial by the country is at an 
 end, and the Judges are armed with an arbitrary uncontrollable 
 dominion over the lives and liberties of the nation. 
 
 Gentlemen, I will now proceed to show you that the doc- 
 trines which I am insisting on have been held by all the great 
 Judges of this country, in even the worst of times, and that 
 they are, besides, not at all peculiar to the case of high treason, 
 but pervade the whole system of the criminal law. Mr. 
 Justice Forster, so justly celebrated for his writings, lays down 
 the rule thus : — It may be laid down as a general rule, that 
 " indictments founded upon penal statutes, ESPECIALLY 
 THE MOST PENAL, must pursue the statute so as to bring the 
 party within it.^' And this general rule is so expressly allowed 
 to have place in high treason, that it is admitted on all hands, 
 that an indictment would be radically and incurably bad, unless 
 it charged the compassing of the King's death, as the leading 
 and fundamental averment, and unless it formally charged the 
 overt act to be committed in order to effectuate the traitorous 
 purpose. Nobody ever denied this proposition ; and the present 
 indictment is framed accordingly. Now it is needless to say 
 that if the benignity of the general law requires this precision 
 in the indictment, the proof must be correspondingly precise, 
 for otherwise the subject would derive no benefit from the 
 strictness of the indictment ; the strictness of which can have 
 no other meaning in law or common sense, than the protection 
 of the prisoner; for if, though the indictment must directly 
 charge a breach of the very letter of the statute, the prisoner 
 could, nevertheless, be convicted by evidence not amounting to 
 a breach of the letter, then the strictness of the indictment 
 would not only be no protection to the prisoner, but a direct 
 violation of the first principles of justice criminal and civil, 
 which call universally for the proof of all material averments 
 in every legal proceeding. But Mr. Justice Forster expressly 
 adverts to the necessary severity of proof, as well as of charge 
 -^for he says, that " although a case is brought within the 
 reason of a penal statute, and within the mischief to be pre- 
 
 35* 
 
414 MR, ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 vented, yet if it does not come within the unequivocal lettei^ the 
 benignity of the law interposeth." If the law then be thus 
 severe in the interpretation of every penal proceeding, even 
 down to an action for the killing of a hare or a partridge, are 
 its constructions only to be enlarged and extended as to the 
 statute of high treason, ahhough the single object of passing it 
 was to guard against constructions? 
 
 Gentlemen, the reason of the thing is so palpably and invin- 
 cibly in favor of this analogy, that it never met with a direct 
 opposition. The Attorney General himself distinctly admits it 
 in one part of his address to you, though he seems to deny it in 
 another. I hope that when I state one part of his speech to be 
 in diametrical opposition to another, he will not suppose that I 
 attribute the inconsistency to any defect, either in his under- 
 standing or his heart; far from it — they arise, I am convinced, 
 from some of the authorities not being sufficiently understood. 
 
 In the beginning of his speech he admits that the evidence 
 must be satisfactory and convincing as to the intention ; but in 
 the latter part he seems, as it were, to take off the effect of that 
 admission. I wish to give you the very words. I took them 
 down at the time ; and if I do not state them correctly, I desire 
 to be corrected. " I most distinctly disavow," said my Hon- 
 orable Friend, " every case of construction. I most distinctly 
 disavow any Hke case of treason not within the letter of the 
 statute. I most distinctly disavow cumulative treason. I 
 most distinctly disavow enhancing guilt by parity of r§ason. 
 The question undoubtedly is, whether the proof be full and sat- 
 isfactory to your reasons and consciences that the prisoner is 
 guilty of the treason of compassing the King's death." Gen- 
 tlemen, I hope that this will always with equal honor be 
 admitted. Now let us see how the rest of the learned Gentle- 
 man's speech falls in with this. — For he goes on to say, that it 
 is by no means necessary that the distinct, specific intention 
 should pre-exist the overt act. " If the overt act," says he, 
 "be deliberately committed, it is a compassing." But how so, 
 if the intention be admitted to be the treason? What benefit is 
 obtained by the rigorous demand of the statute, that the com- 
 passing of the King's death shall be charged by the indictment 
 as the crime, if a crime diflferent, or short of it, can be substi- 
 tuted for it in the proof? And how can the statute of Richard 
 the Second be said to be repealed, which made it high treason 
 to compass to depose the King, independently of intention upon 
 his fife, if the law shall declare, notwithstanding the repeal, that 
 they are synonymous terms, and that the one conclusivei^^t 
 involves the other? 
 
 Gentlemen, if we examine the most prominent cases, which 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 415 
 
 have come in judgment before Judges of the most unques- 
 tionable authority, and after the constitution had become fixed, 
 you will find everything that I have been saying to you justified 
 and confirmed. 
 
 The first great state trial, after the Revolution, was the case 
 of Sir John Freind, a conspirator in the assassination plot. Sir 
 John Freind was indicted for compassing and imagining the 
 death of King William ; and the overt acts charged, and prin- 
 cipally relied on, were, first, the sending Mr. Charnock into 
 France to King James, to desire him to persuade the French 
 King to send forces over to Great Britain, to levy war against, 
 and to depose the King, and that Mr. Charnock was actually 
 sent ; and, secondly, the preparing men to be levied to form a 
 corps to assist in the restoration of the Pretender, and the 
 expulsion of King William, of which Sir John Freind was to 
 be colonel. — In this case, if the proofs were not to be wholly 
 discredited, and the overt acts were consequently established, 
 they went rationally to convince the mind of every man of the 
 pre-existing intention to destroy the King. The conspiracy 
 was not to do an act which, though it might lead eventually 
 and speculatively to the King's death, might not be foreseen or 
 designed by those who conspired together; — the conspiracy 
 was not directed to an event, probably leading to another, and 
 a different one, and from the happening of which second, a 
 third still different might be engendered, which third might 
 again lead in its consequences to a fourth state of things, which 
 might, in the revolution of events, bring on the death of the 
 King, though never compassed or imagined : — Freind's conspi- 
 racy, on the contrary, had for its direct and immediate object 
 the restoration of the Pretender to the throne, by the junction 
 of foreign and rebelUous force. In my opinion (and I am not 
 more disposed than others to push things beyond their mark in 
 the administration of criminal justice,) Sir John Freind, if the 
 evidence against him found credit with the jury, could have no 
 possible defence; since the evidence went directly to prove the 
 dispatch of Charnock to France, under his direction, to invite 
 the French King to bring over the Pretender into England, and 
 to place him on the throne. The intention, therefore, of Sir 
 John Freind to cut off" King William, was a clear inference 
 from the overt act in question ; not an inference of law for the 
 Court, but oi fact for the Jury, under the guidance of plain 
 common sense; because the consequence of the Pretender's 
 regaining the throne, must have been the attainder of King 
 William by act of Parliament. — Some gentlemen seem to look 
 as if they thought not — but I should be glad to hear the position 
 contradicted. I repeat, that if the Pretender had been restored, 
 
416 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 as King of England, the legal consequence would have been, 
 that King William would have been a traitor and an usurper, 
 and subject as such to be tried at the Old Bailey, or wherever 
 else the King, who took his place, thought fit to bring him to 
 judgment. From these premises, therefore, there could be no 
 difficulty of inferring the intention ; and therefore, if ever a case 
 existed, where, from the clearness of the inference, the province 
 of the Jury might have been overlooked, and the overt act con- 
 founded with the treason, it was in the instance of Freind ; but 
 so far was this from being the case, that you. will find, on the 
 contrary, everything I have been saying to you, since I began 
 to address you, summed up and confirmed by that most eminent 
 magistrate Lord Chief Justice Holt, who presided upon that 
 trial. 
 
 He begins thus : — " Gentlemen of the Jury, look ye, the 
 treason that is mentioned in the Indictment is conspiring, com- 
 passing, and imagining the death of the King. To prove the 
 conspiracy and design of the King's DEATH, two principal 
 overt acts are insisted on." He does not consider the overt 
 act of conspiracy and consultation to be the treason, but evi- 
 dence (as it undoubtedly was in that case) to prove the com- 
 passing the death. The Chief Justice then states the two overt 
 acts above mentioned, and sums up the evidence for and against 
 the prisoner, and leaves the intention to the Jury as matter of 
 fact. — For it is not till afterwards that he comes to answer the 
 prisoner's objection in point of law, as the Chief Justice in terms 
 puts it — " Tliere is another thing,'' said Lord Chief Justice Holt, 
 " he did insist upon, and that is matter of law. The statute 25th 
 Edward IIL was read, which is the great statute about trea- 
 sons, and that does contain divers species of treason, and 
 declares what shall be treason : one treason is the compassing 
 and imagining the death of the King ; another is the levying 
 war. Now says he" (i. e. Freind,) " Here is no war actually 
 levied.; and a bare conspiracy to levy war, does not come 
 within the law against treason." To pause here a little : 
 Freind's argument was this — Whatever my intentions might 
 be — whatever my object of leying war might have been — 
 whatever might have been my design to levy it — however the 
 destruction of the King might have been effected by my 
 conspiracy, if it had gone on — and however it might have 
 been my intention that it should, — it is not treason within the 
 25th of Edward IIL — to which Holt replied, a little incorrectly 
 in language, but right in substance — '^ Now for that I must tell 
 you, if there he only a conspiracy to levy ivar, it is not treason :" 
 i. e. it is not a substantive treason : it is not a treason in the 
 abstract. " But if the design and conspiracy be either to kill 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 417 
 
 the King, or to depose him, or imprison him, or put any force 
 or restraint upon him," i. e. fersonal restraint by force, " and 
 the way of effecting these purposes is by levying a war ; there 
 the conspiracy and consultation, to levy war for that purpose, 
 is high treason, though no war be levied : for such consultation 
 and conspiracy is an overt act PROVING the compassing the 
 death of the King." But what sort of war is it, the bare con- 
 spiracy to levy which is an overt act to prove a design against 
 the King's life, though no war be actually levied? Gentlemen, 
 Lord Holt himself illustrates this matter so clearly, that if I 
 had anything at stake short of the honor and life of the prisoner, 
 I might sit down as soon as I had read it : — for if one did 
 not know it to be an extract from an ancient trial, one 
 would say it was admirably and accurately written for the 
 present purpose. — It is a sort of prophetic bird's-eye view of 
 what we are engaged in at this moment : — " There may be 
 war levied (continues Lord Holt in Freincfs case) without any 
 design upon the King's person which, if actually levied, is high 
 treason, though purposing and designing such a levying of war 
 is not so. As for example : if persons do assemble themselves, 
 and act with force, in opposition to some law, and hope thereby 
 to get it repealed ; this is a levying war, and treason, though the 
 purposing and designing of it is not so. So w^ien they endeavor, 
 in great numbers, with force, to make reformation of their own 
 heads, without pursuing the methods of the law, that is a levy- 
 ing war, but the purpose and designing is not so. But if there 
 be, as I told you, a purpose and design to destroy the King, and" 
 (not or to depose him, but and to depose him) " to depose him 
 from his throne, which is proposed and designed to be effected 
 by war that is to be levied ; such a conspiracy and consulta- 
 tion to levy wd^vfor bringing this to pass" (i. e. for bringing the 
 King^s death to pass) " is an overt act of high treason. So that, 
 Gentlemen, as to that objection which he makes, IN POINT 
 OF LAW, it is of no force, if there be evidence sufficient to con- 
 vince you that he did conspire to levy war FOR SUCH AN 
 END." And he concludes by again leaving the intention ex- 
 pressly to the Jury. 
 
 It is the end therefore for which the war is to be levied, and 
 not the conspiracy to do any act which the law considers as a 
 levying of war, that constitutes an overt act of treason against 
 the King's life. The most rebelhous movements towards a 
 reform in government, not directed against the King's person, 
 will not, according to Lord Holt, support the charge before 
 you. — I might surround the House of Commons with fifty 
 thousand men, for the express purpose of forcing them, by 
 duress, to repeal any law that is offensive to me, or to pass a 
 
 3C 
 
418 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 bill for altering elections, without being a possible object of itds 
 prosecution. — Under the other' branch of the statute, I might 
 indeed be convicted of levying war, but not of compassing the 
 King's death ; and if I only conspired and meditated this rising 
 to repeal laws by rebelhon, I could be convicted of nothing but 
 a high misdemeanor. — I would give my friends the case upon 
 a special verdict, and let them hang me if they could. — How 
 much more might I give it them, if the conspiracy imputed was 
 not to effect a reform by violence, but, as in the case before us, 
 by pamphlets and speeches, which might produce universal 
 suffrage, which universal suffrage might ^at out and destroy 
 Aristocracy, which destruction might lead to the fall of Mon- , 
 archy, and, in the end, to the death of the King. — Gentlemen, t 
 if the cause were not too serious, I should hken it to the play ' 
 with which we amuse our children : This is the cow with the 
 crumpledy horn, which gored the dog, that worried the cat, 
 that ate the rat, &c. ending in the house which Jack built. 
 
 I do therefore maintain, upon the express authority of Lord i 
 Holt, that, to convict a prisoner, charged with this treason, it - 
 is absolutely necessary that you should be satisfied of his in- 
 tention against the King's life, as charged in the Indictment, and 
 that no design against the King's government will even be a 
 legal overt act to be left to a Jury as the evidence of such an 
 intention (much less the, substantive and consummate treason,) 
 unless the conspiracy be directly pointed against the person of 
 the King. The case of Lord George Gordon is opposed to 
 this as a high and modern decision ; and the Attorney General 
 descended indeed to a very humble and lowly authority, when 
 he sought to maintain his argument by my own speech, as 
 Counsel for that unfortunate person. The passage of it alluded 
 to lies at this moment before me ; and I shall repeat it, and re- 
 maintain it to-day. — But let it first be recollected, that Lord 
 George Gordon was not indicted for compassing or imagining the 
 King's death, under the first branch of the statute, but for 
 levying war under the second. It never indeed entered into 
 the conception of any man living, that such an indictment 
 could have been maintained, or attempted against him: I appeal 
 to one of your Lordships now present, for whose learning and 
 capacity I have the greatest and highest respect, and who sat 
 upon that trial, that it was not insinuated from the Bar, much 
 less adjudged by the Court, that the evidence had any hearing 
 upon the first branch of treason. I know that I may safely 
 appeal to Mr. Justice Buller for the truth of this assertion ; and 
 nothing surely in the passage from my address to the Jury, has 
 the remotest allusion to assimilate a conspiracy against the 
 King's government (collateral to his person) with a treason 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 419 
 
 against his life. My words were, " To compass, or imagine the 
 death of the King ; such imagination, or purpose of the mind, visi- 
 ble only to its great Author, being manifested by some open act ; 
 an institution obviously directed, not only to the security of his 
 natural person, but to the stability of the government ; the life 
 of the Prince being so interw^oven with the constitution of the 
 State, that an attempt to destroy the one, is justly held to be a 
 rebellious conspiracy against the other." 
 
 What is this but to say that the King's sacred hfe is guarded 
 by higher sanctions than the ordinary laws, because of its more 
 inseparable connexion with the pubhc security, and that an 
 attempt to destroy it is therefore made treason against the 
 State ? But the Attorney General is, I am sure, too correct in 
 his logic to say, that the converse of the proposition is therefore 
 maintained, and that an attack upon the King's authority, with- 
 out design upon his person, is affirmed by the same expression 
 to be treason against his life. His correct and enlarged mind is 
 incapable of such confusion of ideas. 
 
 But it is time to quit what fell from me upon this occasion, 
 in order to examine the judgment of the Court, and to clothe 
 myself with the authority of that great and venerable magis- 
 trate, w^hose memory will always be dear to me, not only from 
 the great services he rendered to his country in the adminis- 
 tration of her justice, but on account of the personal regard 
 and reverence I had for him when living. 
 
 Lord Mansfield, in delivering the law to the Jury upon Lord 
 George Gordon's trial (I appeal to the trial itself, and to Mr. 
 Justice Buller, now present, who agreed in the judgment) ex- 
 pressly distinguished between the safety provided for the King's 
 natural person, by the first branch of the statute, and the secu- 
 rity of his executive power under the second. That great Judge 
 never had an idea that the natural person of the King, and the 
 majesty of the King, were the same thing, nor that the treasons 
 against them were synonymous : he knew, on the contrary, for 
 he knew all that was to be known, that as substantive crimes 
 they never had been blended. I will read his own words : — 
 " There are two kinds of levying war: — one against the per- 
 son of the King ; to imprison, to dethrone, or to kill him ; or to 
 make him change measures, or remove counsellors : — the other, 
 which is said to be levied against the majesty of the King, or, 
 in other words, against him in his regal capacity; as when a 
 multitude rise and assemble to attain by force and violence 
 any object of a general public nature ; that is levying war against 
 the majesty of the King ; and most reasonably so held, because 
 it tends to dissolve all the bonds of society, to destroy property, 
 and to overturn government ; and, by force of arms, to restrain 
 
420 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 the King from reigning according to law." But then observe, 
 Gentlemen, the war must he actually levied ; and here again I 
 appeal to Mr. Justice Buller, for the words of Lord Mansfield, 
 expressly referring for what he said to the authority of Lord 
 Holt, in Sir John Freind's case, already cited : " Lord Chief 
 Justice Holt, in Sir John Freind's case, says : — If persons do 
 assemble themselves and act with force, in opposition to some 
 law which they think inconvenient, and hope thereby to get it 
 repealed, this is a levying war and treason. In the present case 
 it don't rest upon an implication that they hoped by opposition 
 to a law to get it repealed ; but the prosecution proceeds upon 
 the direct ground, that the object was, hy force and violence, to 
 compel the Legislature to repeal a law ; and therefore, without 
 any doubt, I tell you the joint opinion of us all, that, if this 
 multitude assembled with inteiit, hy acts of force and violence, to 
 compel the Legislature to repeal a law, it is high treason." 
 Let these words of Lord Mansfield be taken down, and then 
 show me the man, let his rank and capacity be what they may, 
 who can remove me from the foundation on which I stand, 
 when I maintain that a conspiracy to levy war for the objects 
 of reformation, is not only not the high treason charged by this 
 Indictment, when not directly pointed against the King's per- 
 son, but that even the actual levying it would not amount to 
 the constitution of the crime. But this is the least material 
 part of Lord Mansfield's judgment, as applicable to the present 
 question ; for he expressly considers the intention of the 
 prisoner, whatever be the act of treason alleged against him, to 
 be all in all. So far from holding the probable or even inevitable 
 consequence of the thing done as constituting the quality of the 
 act, he pronounces them to be nothing as separated from the 
 criminal design to produce them. Lord George Gordon as- 
 sembled an immense multitude around the house of Commons, 
 a system so opposite to that of the persons accused before this 
 commission, that it appears from the evidence they would not 
 even allow a man to come amongst them, because he had been 
 Lord George's Attorney. The Lords and Commons were 
 absolutely blockaded in the chambers of Parliament ; and if 
 control was the intention of the prisoner, it must be wholly 
 immaterial what were the deliberations that were to be con- 
 trolled ; whether it was the continuance of Roman Catholics 
 under penal laws, the repeal of the septennial act, or a total 
 change of the structure of the House of Commons, that was 
 the object of violence ; the attack upon the legislature of the 
 country would have been the same. That the multitude were 
 actually assembled round the Houses, and brought there by the 
 prisoner, it was impossible for me as his Counsel even to think 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 421 
 
 of denying, nor that their tumultuous proceedings were not in 
 effect productive of great intimidation, and even danger, to the 
 Lords and Commons, in the exercise of their authority ; — 
 neither did I venture to question the lav^^, that the assembling 
 the multitude for that purpose, was levying war within the 
 statute. Upon these facts therefore, applied to the doctrines 
 we have heard upon this trial, there would have been nothing 
 in Lord George Gordon's case to try ; he must have been in- 
 stantly, without controversy, convicted. But Lord Mansfield 
 did not say to the Jury (according to the doctrines that have 
 been broached here,) that if they found the multitude assembled 
 by the prisoner, were in fact palpably intimidating and con- 
 trolling the Parliament in the exercise of their functions, he 
 was guilty of high treason, whatever Ms intentions might have 
 been, — He did not. tell them that the inevitable consequence of 
 assembling a hundred thousand people round the Legislature, 
 being a control on their proceedings, was therefore a levying 
 war ; though" collected from folly and rashness, without the in- 
 tentiaa of violence or control. — If this had been the doctrine 
 of Lord Mansfield, there would (as I said before) have been 
 nothing to try ; for I admitted in terms, that his conduct was 
 the extremity of rashness, and totally inconsistent with his rank 
 in the country, and his station as a member of the House of 
 Commons. But the venerable magistrate never for a moment 
 lost sight of the grand ruHng principle of criminal justice, that 
 crimes can have no seat but in the mind ; and upon the prisoner's 
 intention, and upon his intention alone, he expressly left the whole 
 matter to the Jury, with the following directions, which I shall 
 read verbatim from the trial ; " Having premised these several 
 propositions and principles, the subject matter for your con- 
 sideration naturally resolves itself into two points : 
 
 " First, Whether this multitude did assemble and commit 
 acts of violence, with intent to terrify and compel the Legis- 
 lature to repeal the act called Sir George Saville's — If upon this 
 point your opinion should be in the negative, that makes an end 
 of the whole, and the prisoner ought to be acquitted : but if 
 your opinion should be, that the intent of this multitude, and the 
 violence they committed, was to force a repeal, there arises a 
 second point — 
 
 " Whether the prisoner at the bar incited, encouraged, pro- 
 moted, or assisted in raising this insurrection, and the terror 
 they carried with them, with the intent of forcing a repeal of 
 this law. 
 
 " Upon these two points, which you will call your attention 
 to, depends the fate of this trial ; for if either the multitude had 
 no such intent, or supposing they had, if the prisoner was no cause, 
 
 36 
 
422 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 did not excite, and took no part in conducting, counselling, or 
 fomenting the insurrection, the prisoner ought to be acquitted ; 
 and there is no pretence that he personally concurred in any 
 act of violence." 
 
 I therefore consider the case of Lord George Gordon, as a 
 direct authority in my favor. 
 
 To show that a conspiracy to depose the King, independently 
 of ulterior intention against his life, is high treason within the 
 statute, the Attorney General next supposes that traitors had 
 conspired to depose King William, but still to preserve him as 
 Stadtholder in Holland, and asks whether that conspiracy would 
 not be a compassing his death ; to that question I answer, that 
 it would not have been a compassing the death of King Wil- 
 liam, provided the conspirators could have convinced the Jury 
 that their firm and bond -fide intention was to proceed no further, 
 and that, under that belief and impression, the Jury (as they 
 lawfully might) had negatived by their finding the fact of the 
 intention against the King's natural existence. I have no doubt 
 at all, that, upon such a finding, no judgment of treason could 
 be pronounced : but the difficulty would be, to meet with a 
 Jury, who, upon the bare evidence of such a conspiracy, would 
 find such a vei'dict. There might be possible circumstances to 
 justify such a negative of the intention, but they must come 
 from the prisoner. In such a case the Crown would rest upon 
 the conspiracy to depose, which would be frima facie and co- 
 gent evidence of the compassing, and leave the hard task of 
 rebutting it, on the defendants : — I say the hard task, because 
 the case put is of a direct rebellious force, acting against the 
 King ; not only abrogating his authority, but imprisoning and' 
 expelling his person from the kingdom. I am not seeking to 
 abuse the reasons and consciences of Juries in the examination 
 of facts, but am only resisting the confounding them with ar- 
 bitrary propositions of law. 
 
 Gentlemen, I hope I have now a right to consider that the 
 existence of the high treason charged against the unfortunate' 
 man before you, is a matter of fact for your consideration upon 
 the evidence. To establish this point, has been the scope of all 
 that you have been hstening to, with so much indulgence and 
 patience. It was my intention to have farther supported my- 
 self, by a great many authorities, which I have been laboriously 
 extracting from the different books of the law ; but I find I 
 rtiust pause here, lest I consume my strength in this prehminary 
 part of the case, and leave the rest defective. 
 
 Gentlemen, the persons named in the Indictment are charged 
 with a conspiracy to subvert the rule, order, and government 
 of this country ; and it is material that you should observe 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 423 
 
 most particularly the means by which it alleges this purpose 
 was to be accomplished. The charge is not^of a conspiracy 
 to hold the Convention in Scotland, w^hich w*as actually held 
 there ; nor of the part they took in its actual proceedings ; but 
 the overt act, to which all the others are subsidiary and subor- 
 dinate, is a supposed conspiracy to hold a Convention in Eng- 
 land, which never in fact was held ; and consequently all the 
 vast load of matter which it has been decided you should hear, 
 that does not immediately connect itself with the charge in 
 question, is only laid before you (as the Court has repeatedly 
 expressed it) to prove that in point of fact such proceedings 
 were had, the quality of which is for your judgment ; and as 
 far, and as far only, as they can be connected with the prison- 
 er, and the act which he stands charged with, to be left to you 
 as evidence of the intention with which the holding of the sec- 
 ond Convention was projected. 
 
 Tms iNTEivTioN is therefore the whole cause — for the charge 
 is not the agreement to hold a Convention, which it is notorious, 
 self-evident, and even admitted that they intended to hold ; but 
 the agreement to hold it /or the purpose alleged, of assuming all 
 the authority of the state, and in fidfilment of the main intention 
 against the life of the KingJ' Unless, therefore, you can collect 
 this double intention from the evidence before you, the Indict- 
 ment is not maintained. 
 
 Gentlemen, the charge being of a conspiracy, which, if made 
 out in point of fact, involved beyond all controversy, and with- 
 in the certain knowledge of the conspirators, the lives of every 
 soul that was engaged in it ; the first observation which I shall 
 make to you (because in reason it ought to precede all others) 
 is, that every act done by the prisoners, and every sentence 
 written by them, in the remotest degree connected with the 
 charge, or offered in evidence to support it, was done and 
 written in the public face of the world : — the transactions which 
 constitute the whole body of the proof, were not those of a day, 
 but in regular series for two years together; they were not the 
 peculiar transaction of the prisoners, but of immense bodies of 
 the King's subjects, in various parts of the kingdomi, assembled 
 without the smallest reserve, and giving to the public, through 
 the channel of the daily newspapers, a minute and regular jour- 
 nal of their whole proceedings. Not a syllable have we heard 
 read, in the week's imprisonment we have suffered, that we had 
 not all of us read for months and months before the prosecution 
 w^as heard of; and which, if we are not sufficiently satiated, 
 we may read again upon the file of every coffee-house in the 
 kingdom. It is admitted distinctly by the Crown, that a reform 
 in the House of Commons is the ostensible purpose of all the 
 
424 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 proceedings laid before you ; and that the attainment of that 
 object only, is the grammatical sense of the great body of the 
 written evidence. It rests therefore with the Crown, to show 
 by LEGAL PROOF that this ostensible purpose, and the whole 
 mass of correspondence upon the table, was only a cloak to 
 conceal a hidden machination, to subvert by force the entire 
 authorities of the kingdom, and to assume them to themselves. 
 Whether a reform of Parliament be a wise or an unwise expe- 
 dient; whether, if it were accomplished, it would ultimately be 
 attended with benefits, or dangers to the country, I will not 
 undertake to investigate, and for this plain reason ; because it 
 is wholly foreign to the subject before us. — But when we are 
 trying the integrity of men's intentions, and are examining 
 whether their complaints of defects in the representation of the 
 House of Commons, be bona fide, or only a mere stalking-horse 
 for treason and rebellion, it becomes a most essential inquiry, 
 whether they be the first who have uttered these complaints ; — 
 whether they have taken up notions for the first time, which 
 never occurred to others ; and whether, in seeking to interfere 
 practically in an alteration of the Constitution, they have mani- 
 fested, by the novelty of their conduct, a spirit inconsistent 
 with affection for the government, and subversive of its au- 
 thority. Gentlemen, I confess for one (for I think the safest 
 way of defending a person for his life before an enlightened 
 tribunal, is to defend him ingenuously,) I confess for one, that 
 if the defects in the constitution of Parliament, which are the 
 subject of the writings, and the foundation of all the proceed- 
 ings before you, had never occurred to other persons at other 
 times, or if not new, they had only existed in the history of 
 former conspiracies, I should be afraid you would suspect, at 
 least, that the authors of them were plotters of mischief. — In 
 such a case I should naturally expect that you would ask your- 
 selves this question — Why should it occur to the prisoner at 
 the bar, and to a few others in the year 1794, immediately 
 after an important revolution in another country, to find fault, 
 on a sudden, with a constitution which had endured for ages, 
 without the imputation of defect, and which no good subject 
 had ever thought of touching with the busy hand of reforma- 
 tion ? I candidly admit that such a question would occur to the 
 mind of every reasonable man, and could admit no favorable 
 answer. — But surely this admission entitles me, on the other 
 hand, to the concession, that if, in comparing their writings, 
 and examining their conduct with the writings and conduct of 
 the best and most unsuspected persons in the best and most un- 
 suspected times, we find them treading in the paths which have 
 distinguished their highest superiors ; if we find them only ex- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 425 
 
 posing the same defects, and pursuing the same or similar 
 courses for their removal, — it would be the height of wicked- 
 ness and injustice to torture expressions, and pervert conduct 
 into treason and rebellion, which had recently lifted up others 
 to the love of the nation, to the confidence of the sovereign, 
 and to all the honors of the state. The natural justness of this 
 reasoning is so obvious, that we have only to examine the fact ; 
 and, considering under what auspices the prisoners are brought 
 before you, it may be fit that I should set out with reminding 
 you, that the great Earl of Chatham began and established the 
 •fame and glory of his life upon the very cause which my un- 
 fortunate clients were engaged in, and that he left it as an in- 
 heritance to the present minister of the Crown, as the founda- 
 tion of his fame and glory after him ; and his fame and glory 
 were accordingly raised upon it ; and if the Crown's evidence 
 had been carried as far back as it might have been (for the in- 
 stitution of only one of the two London Societies is before us,) 
 you would have found that the Constitutional Society owed its 
 earhest credit with the country, if not its very birth, to the la- 
 bor of the present minister, and its professed principles to his 
 Grace the Duke of Richmond, high also in his Majesty's present 
 Councils, whose plan of reform has been clearly estabhshed by 
 the whole body of the written evidence, and by every witness 
 examined for the Crown, to have been the type and model of 
 all the Societies in the supposed conspiracy, and uniformly act- 
 ed upon in form and in substance by the prisoner before you, 
 up to the very period of his confinement. 
 
 Gentlemen, the Duke of Richmond's plan was universal 
 suffrage and annual Parhaments ; and urged too with a bold- 
 ness, which, when the comparison comes to be made, will leave 
 in the back-ground the strongest figures in the writings on the 
 table. I do not say this sarcastically ; I mean to speak with 
 the greatest respect of his Grace, both- with regard to the 
 wisdom and integrity of his conduct; for although I have 
 always thought in politics with the illustrious person whose 
 letter w^as read to you ; although I think, with Mr. Fox, that 
 annual Parliaments and universal suffrage would be nothing 
 like an improvement' in the Constitution; yet I confess that I 
 find it easier to say so than to answer the Duke of Richmond's 
 arguments on the subject ; and I must say besides, speaking of 
 his Grace from a long personal knowledge, which began when 
 I was Counsel for his relation Lord Keppel, that, independently 
 of his illustrious rank, which secures him against the imputation 
 of trifling with its existence, he is a person of an enlarged 
 understanding, of extensive reading, and of much reflection ; 
 and that his book cannot therefore be considered as the effusion 
 
 3 D 36* 
 
426 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 of rashness and folly, but as the well-weighed, though perhaps 
 erroneous, conclusions drawn from the actual condition of our 
 affairs, viz. that without a speedy and essential reform in Par- 
 liament (and there my opinion goes along with him) the very 
 being of the country, as a great nation, would be lost. This 
 plan of the Duke of Richmond was the grand main-spring of 
 every proceeding we have to deal with ; — you have had a great 
 number of loose conversations reported from Societies, on 
 which no reliance can be had: sometimes they have been 
 garbled by spies, sometimes misrepresented by ignorance ; and 
 even, if correct, have frequently been the extravagances of* 
 unknown individuals, not even uttered in the presence of the 
 prisoner, and totally unconnected with any design ; for when- 
 ever their proceedings are appealed to, and their real object 
 examined, by living members of them, brought before you by 
 the Crown, to testify them under the most solemn obligations 
 of truth, they appear to have been following, in form and in 
 substance, the plans adopted within our memories^ not only by the 
 Duke of Richmond, but by hundreds of the most eminent men in 
 the kingdom. The Duke of Richmond formally published his 
 plan of reform in the year 1780, in a letter to Lieutenant 
 Colonel Sharman, who was at that time practically employed 
 upon the same object in Ireland; and this is a most material 
 part of the case ; because you are desired to believe that the 
 terms Conventioiv, and Delegates, and the holding the one, 
 and sending the other, w^ere all collected from what had 
 recently happened in France, and were meant as the formal 
 introduction of her republican constitution ; but they who desire 
 you to believe all this, do not believe it themselves ; because 
 they know certainly, and it has indeed already been proved by 
 their own witnesses, that Conventions of Reformers were held 
 in Ireland, and Delegates regularly sent to them, whilst France 
 was under the dominion of her ancient government. — They 
 knew full well that Colonel Sharman, to whom the Duke's 
 letter was addressed, vi^as at that very moment supporting a 
 Convention in Ireland, at the head of ten thousand men in 
 arms, for the defence of their country, without any commission 
 from the King, any more than poor Franklow had, who is now 
 in Newgate, for rogimenting sixty. These volunteers asserted 
 and saved the liberties of Ireland ; and the King would, at this 
 day, have had no more subjects in Ireland than he now has in 
 America, if they had been treated as traitors to the government. 
 It was never imputed to Colonel Sharman and the volunteers, 
 that they were in rebellion ; — yet they had arms in their hands, 
 which the prisoners never dreamed of having ; whilst a grand 
 general Convention was actually sitting under their auspices at 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 427 
 
 the Royal Exchange of DubHn, attended by regular Delegates 
 from all the counties in Ireland. — And who were these Dele- 
 gates 1 — I will presently tear off their names from this paper, 
 and hand it to you. — They were the greatest, the best, and 
 proudest names in Ireland ; — men who had the wisdom to 
 reflect (before it was too late for reflection) that greatness is 
 not to be supported by tilting at inferiors, till, by the separation 
 of the higher from the lower orders of mankind, every distinc- 
 tion is swept away in the tempest of revolution; but in the 
 happy harmonization of the whole community ; by conferring 
 upon the people their rights ; sure of receiving the auspicious 
 return of affection, and of insuring the stability of the govern- 
 ment, which is erected upon that just and natural basis. — Gen- 
 tlemen, they who put this tortured construction on conventions 
 and delegates, know also that repeated meetings of reforming 
 Societies, both in England and Scotland, had assumed about 
 the same time the style of Conventions, and had been attended 
 by regular delegates long before the phrase had, or could have, 
 any existence in France ; and that upon the very model of 
 these former associations, a formal Convention was actually 
 sitting in Edinburgh, with the Lord Chief Baron of Scotland in 
 the chair, for promoting a reform in Parliament, at the very 
 moment the Scotch Convention^ following its example, assumed 
 that title. 
 
 To return to this letter of the Duke of Richmond: — It was 
 written to Colonel Sharman, in answer to a letter to His Grace, 
 desiring to know his plan of reform, which he accordingly 
 communicated by the letter which is in evidence ; and which 
 plan was neither more nor less than that adopted by the 
 prisoners, of surrounding Parliament (unwilling to reform its 
 own corruptions,) not by armed men, or by importunate 
 multitudes, but by the still and universal voice of a whole 
 
 people CLAIMING THEIR KNOWN AND UNALIENABLE RIGHTS. This 
 
 is SO precisely the plan of the Duke of Richmond, that I have 
 almost borrowed his expressions. His Grace says, " The lesser 
 reform has been attempted w4th every possible advantage in its 
 favor ; not only from the zealous support of the advocates for a 
 more effectual one, but from the assistance of men of great 
 weight, both in and out of power. But with all these tempera- 
 ments and helps, it has failed. Not one proselyte has been 
 gained from corruption, nor has the least ray of hope been held 
 out from any quarter, that the House of Commons was inchned 
 to adopt any other mode of reform. The weight of corruption 
 has crushed this more gentle, as it would have defeated any 
 more efficacious plan in the same circumstances. From that 
 quarter, therefore, I have nothing to hope. It isfi^om the people 
 
428 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 at large that I expect any g-ootZ .•— and I am convinced, that the 
 only way to make them feel that they are really concerned in 
 the business, is to contend for their full, clear, and indisputable 
 rights of universal representation.^^ Now how does this doctrine 
 apply to the defence of the prisoner? — I maintain that it has 
 the most decisive application ; because this book has been put 
 into the hands of the Crown witnesses, who have one and all 
 of them recognized it, and declared it to have been, bona fide, 
 the plan which they pursued. 
 
 But are the Crown's witnesses worthy of credit ? — If they are 
 not, let us return home, since there is no evidence at all, and 
 the cause is over. — All the guilt, if any there be, proceeds from 
 their testimony; if they are not to be believed, they have 
 proved nothing ; since the Crown cannot force upon you that 
 part of the evidence which suits its purpose, and ask you to 
 reject the other which does not. The witnesses are either 
 entirely credible, or undeserving of all credit, and I have no 
 interest in the alternative. This is precisely the state of the 
 cause. — For, with regard to all the evidence that is written, let 
 it never be forgotten, that it is not upon me to defend my 
 chents against it, but for the Crown to extract from it the 
 materials of accusation. — They do not contend that the treason 
 is upon the surface of it, but in the latent intention; which 
 intention must, therefore, be supported by extrinsic proof; but 
 which is nevertheless directly negatived and beat down by 
 every witness they have called, leaving them nothing but com- 
 mentaries and criticisms against both fact and language, to 
 which, for the present, I shall content myself with replying in 
 the authoritative language of the Court in the earliest stage of 
 their proceedings : 
 
 " If there be ground to consider the professed purpose of any 
 of these associations, a reform in Parliament, as mere color, and 
 as a pretext held out in order to cover deeper designs — designs 
 against the whole constitution and government of the country ; 
 the case of those embarked in such designs is that which I have 
 already considered. Whether this be so, or not, is mere matter 
 of fact ; as to which I shall only remind you, that an inquiry 
 into a charge of this nature, which undertakes to make out that 
 the ostensible purpose is a mere veil, under which is concealed 
 a traitorous conspiracy, requires cool and deliberate examina- 
 tion, and the most attentive consideration ; and that the result 
 should be perfectly clear and satisfactory. In the affairs of 
 common life, no man is justified in imputing to another a mean- 
 ing contrary to what he himself expresses, but upon the fullest 
 evidence." — To this (though it requires nothing to support it, 
 either in reason or authority) I desire to add the direction of 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 42S 
 
 Lord Chief Justice Holt to the Jury, on the trial of Sir John 
 Perkyns : 
 
 " Gentlemen, it is not fit that there should be any strained or 
 forced construction put upon a mail's actions when he is tried 
 for his life. You ought to have a full and satisfactory evidence 
 that he is guilty, before you pronounce him so." 
 
 In this assimilation of the v^ritings of the societies to the 
 writings of the Duke of Richmond and others, I do not forget 
 that it has been truly said by the Lord Chief Justice, in the 
 course of this very cause, that ten or twenty men's committing 
 crimes, furnishes no defence for other men in committing them. 
 Certainly it does not ; and I fly to no such sanctuary ; but in 
 trying the prisoner's intentions, and the intentions of tho'se with 
 whom he associated and acted, if I can show them to be only 
 insisting upon the same principles that have distinguished the 
 most eminent men for wisdom and virtue in the country, it will 
 not be very easy to declaim or argue them into the pains of 
 death, whilst our bosoms are glowing with admiration at the 
 works of those very persons who would condemn them. 
 
 Gentlemen, it has been too much the fashion of late to over- 
 look the genuine source of all human authority, but more es- 
 pecially totally to forget the character of the British House of 
 Commons as a representative of the people ; — whether this has 
 arisen from that assembly's having itself forgotten it, would be 
 indecent for me to inquire into or to insinuate ; — but I shall 
 preface the authorities which I mean to collect in support of 
 the prisoner, with the opinion on that subject of a truly cele- 
 brated writer, whom I wish to speak of with great respect : I 
 should, indeed, be ashamed, particularly at this moment, to 
 name him invidiously, whilst he is bending beneath the pressure 
 of a domestic misfortune, which no man out of his own family 
 laments more sincerely than I do. — No difference of opinion 
 can ever make me forget to acknowledge the sublimity of his 
 genius, the vast reach of his understanding, and his universal 
 acquaintance with the histories and constitutions of nations ; I 
 also disavow the introduction of the writings, with the view of 
 involving the author in any apparent inconsistencies, which 
 would tend, indeed, to defeat rather than to advance my pur- 
 pose. — I stand here to-day to claim at your hands, a fair and 
 charitable interpretation of human conduct, and I shall not set 
 out with giving an example of uncharitableness. — A man may 
 have reason to change his opinions, or perhaps the defect may 
 be in myself, who collect that they are changed ; I leave it to 
 God to judge of the heart — my wish is, that Christian charity 
 may prevail ; — that the public harmony, which has been lost, 
 may be restored ; — that all England may reunite in the bonds 
 
430 MR, ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 of love and affection ; — and that, when the Court is broken up 
 by the acquittal of the prisoners, all heart-burnings and ani- 
 mosities may cease; — that, whilst yet we work in the light, we 
 may try how we can save our country by a common effort ; 
 and that, instead of shamelessly setting one half of society 
 against the other by the force of armed associations, and the 
 terrors of Courts of Justice, our spirits and our strength may 
 be combined in the glorious cause of our country. — By this, I 
 do not mean in the cause of the present war, which I protest 
 against as unjust, calamitous, and destructive ; but this is not 
 the place for such a subject — I only advert to it to prevent mis- 
 take or misrepresentation. 
 
 The 'history and character of the EngUsh House of Com- 
 mons, was formerly thus described by Mr. Burke : " The 
 House of Commons was supposed originally to be no part of 
 the standing government of this country, but was considered as a 
 control issuing immediately from the people, and speedily to be 
 resolved into the mass from whence it arose : in this respect it 
 was in the higher part of government what Juries are in the 
 lower. The capacity of a magistrate being transitory, and 
 that of a citizen permanent, the latter capacity, it was hoped, 
 would of course preponderate in all discussions, not. only be- 
 tween the people and the standing authority of the Crown, but 
 between the people and the fleeting authority of the House of 
 Commons itself. It was hoped, that, being of a middle nature, 
 between subject and government, they would feel with a more 
 tender and a nearer interest, everything that concerned the 
 people, than the other remoter and more permanent parts of 
 the legislature. 
 
 " Whatever alteration time and the necessary accommoda- 
 tion of business may have introduced, this character can never 
 be sustained, unless the House of Commons shall be made to 
 bear some stamp of the actual disposition of the people at 
 large: it would (among public misfortunes) be an evil more 
 natural and tolerable, that the House of Commons should be 
 infected with every epidemical frenzy of the people, as this 
 would indicate some consanguinity, some sympathy of nature 
 with their constituents, than that they should, in all cases, be 
 wholly untouched by the opinions and feelings of the people out 
 of doors. By this want of sympathy, they would cease to be 
 a House of Commons. 
 
 " The virtue, spirit, and essence of a House of Commons, 
 consists in its being the express image of the feelings of the na- 
 tion. It was not instituted to be a control upon the people, as 
 of late it has been taught, by a doctrine of the most pernicious 
 tendency, but as a control /o?^ the people." 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 431 
 
 He then goes on to say, that to give a technical shape, a 
 color, dress, and duration to popular opinion, is the true office 
 of a House of Commons. — Mr. Burke is unquestionably cor- 
 rect ; — the control upox the people is the King's Majesty, and 
 the hereditary privileges of the Peers ; — the balance of the state 
 is the control for the people upon both, in the existence of the 
 House of Commons ; — but how can that control exist for the 
 people, unless they have the actual election of the House of 
 Commons, which, it is most notorious, they have not ? — I hold 
 in my hand a state of the representation, which, if the thing 
 were not otherwise notorious, I would prove to have been lately 
 offered in proof to the House of Commons by an honorable 
 friend of mine now present, whose motion I had the honor to 
 second, where it appeared that 12,000 people return near a 
 majority of the House of Commons, and those, again, under 
 the control of about 200. But tliough these facts were admit- 
 ted, all redress, and even discussion, w^as refused. — What ought 
 to be said of a House of Commons that so conducts itself, it is 
 not for me to pronounce ; I will appeal, therefore, to Mr. Burke, 
 who says, " that a House of Commons, which in all disputes 
 between the people and administration presumes against the 
 people, which punishes their disorders, but refuses even to in- 
 quire into their provocations, is an unnatural, monstrous state 
 of things in the Constitution." 
 
 But this' is nothing : Mr. Burke goes on afterwards to give 
 a more full description of Parliament, and in stronger language 
 (let the Solicitor General take it down for his reply,) than any 
 that has been employed by those who are to be tried at present 
 as conspirators against its existence. — I read the passage to 
 warn you against considering hard words against the House 
 of Commons as decisive evidence of treason against the King. 
 — The passage is in a well-known work, called. Thoughts on 
 the Causes of the present Discontents ; and such discontents 
 will always be present whilst their causes continue. — The 
 word present will apply just as well noiu, and much better 
 than to the times when the honorable Gentlemen wrote his 
 book ; for we are now in the heart and bowels of another war, 
 and groaning under its additional burdens. I shall therefore 
 leave it to the learned Gentleman who is to reply, to show us 
 what has happened since our author wrote, which renders the 
 Parliament less liable to the same observations now. 
 
 " It must be always the wish of an unconstitutional states- 
 man, that a House of Commons, who are entirely dependent 
 upon him, should have every right of the people entirely de- 
 pendent upon their pleasure. For it was soon discovered that 
 
432 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 the forms of a free, and the ends of an arbitrary government, 
 were things not altogether incompatible. 
 
 " The power of the Crown, almost dead and rotten as pre- 
 rogative, has grown up anew, with much more strength and 
 far less odium, under the name of influence. An influence 
 which operated without noise and violence ; which converted 
 the very antagonist into the instrument of power ; which con- 
 tained in itself a perpetual principle of growth and renovation ; 
 and which the distresses and the prosperity of the country 
 equally tended to augment, was an admirable substitute for a 
 prerogative, that, being only the offspring of antiquated preju- 
 dices, had moulded in its original stamina irresistible principles 
 of decay and dissolution." 
 
 What is this but saying that the House of Commons is a set- 
 tled and scandalous abuse fastened wpon the people, instead of 
 being an antagonist power for their protection ; an odious in- 
 strument of power in the hands of the Crown, instead of a 
 popular balance against it? Did Mr. Burke mean that the pre- 
 rogative of the Crown, properly understood and exercised, was 
 an antiquated prejudice ? Certainly not ; because his attachment 
 to a properly balanced monarchy is notorious : — why then is it 
 to be fastened upon the prisoners, that they stigmatize mon- 
 archy, when they also exclaim only against its corrwptions? In 
 the same manner, when he speaks of the abuses of Parhament, 
 would it be fair to Mr. Burke to argue, from the strict legal 
 meaning of the expression, that he included, in the censure on 
 Parhament, the King's person or majesty, which is part of the 
 Parliament ? In examining the work of an author, you must 
 collect the sense of his expressions from the subject he is dis- 
 cussing ; and if he is writing of the House of Commons as it 
 aflfects the structure and efficacy of the government, you ought 
 to understand the word Parliament so as to meet the sense and 
 obvious meaning of the writer. — Why then is this common 
 justice refused to others ? Why is the word Parhament to be 
 taken in its strictest and least obvious sense against a poor 
 shoe-maker, or any plain tradesman at a Sheffield club, while 
 it is interpreted in its popular, though less correct acceptation, 
 in the works of the most distinguished scholar of the age ? 
 Add to this, that the cases are not at all similar : for Mr. Burke 
 uses the word Parliament throughout, when he is speaking of 
 the House of Commons ; without any concomitant words 
 which convey an explanation, but the sense of his subject; 
 whereas Parliament is fastened upon the prisoner as meaning 
 something beyond the House of Commons, when it can have 
 no possible meaning beyond it ; since from the beginning to the 
 end it is joined with the words representation of the people: — 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 433 
 
 the representation of the people in Parliament ! — Does not this 
 most palpably mean the House of Commons, when we know 
 that the people have no representation in either of the other 
 branches of the government? 
 
 A letter has been read in evidence from Mr. Hardy to Mr. 
 Fox, where he says their object was universal representation. 
 Did Mr. Fox suppose, when he received this letter, that it was 
 from a nest of repubhcans, clamoring publicly for an universal 
 representative constitution like that of France ? If he had, 
 would he have sent the answer he did, and agreed to present 
 their petition ? — They wrote also to the Society of the Friends 
 of the People, and invited them to send delegates to the Con- 
 vention : — the Attorney General, who has made honorable and 
 candid mention of that body, will not suppose that it would 
 have contented itself with refusing the invitation in terms of 
 cordiality and regard, if, with all the knowledge they had of 
 their transactions, they had conceived themselves to have been 
 invited to the formation of a body, which was to overrule and 
 extinguish all the authorities of the State : yet upon the perver- 
 sion of these twp terms, Parliament and Convention, against 
 their natural interpretation, against a similar use of them by 
 others, and against the solemn explanation of them by the 
 Crown's own witnesses, this whole fabric of terror and accu- 
 sation stands for its support : letters, it seems, written to other 
 people, are to be better understood by the Gentlemen round 
 this table, who never saw them till months after they were 
 written, than by those to whom they were addressed and sent ; 
 and no right interpretation, forsooth, is to be expected from 
 writings when perused in their regular series, but they are to 
 be made distinct by binding them up in a large volume, along- 
 side of others totally unconnected with them, and the very ex- 
 istence of whose authors was unknown to one another. 
 
 I will now. Gentlemen, resume the reading of another part 
 of Mr. Burke, and a pretty account it is of this same ParHa- 
 ment : " They who will not conform their conduct to the pub- 
 lic good, and cannot support it by the prerogative of the Crown, 
 have adopted a new plan. They have totally abandoned the 
 shattered and old-fashioned fortress of prerogative, and made a 
 lodgment in the strong-hold of Parliament itself. If they have 
 any evil design to which there is no ordinary legal power com- 
 mensurate, they bring it into ParKament. There the whole is 
 executed from the beginning to the end : and the power of 
 obtaining their object absolute ; and the safety in the proceeding 
 perfect ; no rules to confine, nor after reckonings to terrify. 
 ' For Parliament cannot, with any great propriety, punish others, 
 
 3E 37 
 
434 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 for things in which they themselves have been accomplices. 
 Thus its control upon the executory pov^er is lost." 
 
 This is a proposition universal. It is not that the popular con- 
 trol was lost under this or that administration, but, generally, 
 that the people have no control in the House of Commons. Let 
 any man stand up and say that he disbelieves this to be the 
 case ; I believe he would find nobody to believe him. Mr. Burke 
 pursues the subject thus : " The distempers of monarchy were 
 the great subjects of apprehension and redress in the last cen- 
 tury — in this, the distempers of Parhament." Here the word 
 Parhament, and the abuses belonging to it, are put in express 
 opposition to the monarchy, and cannot therefore comprehend 
 it ; the distempers of Parliament then are objects of serious ap- 
 prehension and redress. What distempers ? Not of this or that 
 year, but the habitual distempers of Parhament? And then 
 follows the nature of the remedy, which shows that the pris- 
 oners are not singular in thinking that it is by the voice of the 
 people only that Parliament can be corrected. " It is not in 
 Parhament alone," says Mr. Burke, " that the remedy for Par- 
 liamentary disorders can be completed ; and hardly indeed can 
 it begin there. Until a confidence in government is re-estab- 
 lished, the people ought to be excited to a more strict and 
 detailed attention to the conduct of their representatives. Stand- 
 ards for judging more systematically upon their conduct ought 
 to be settled in the meetings of counties and corporations, and 
 frequent and correct lists of the voters in all important ques- 
 tions ought to be procured. By such means something may be 
 done." 
 
 It was the same sense of the impossibility of a reform in 
 Parhament, without a general expression of the wishes of the 
 people, that dictated the Duke of Richmond's letter; all the 
 petitions in 1780 had been rejected by Parliament; — this made 
 the Duke of Richmond exclaim, that from that quarter no 
 redress was to be expected, and that from the people alone he 
 expected any good ; and he, therefore, expressly invited them to 
 claim and to assert an equal representation as their indubitable 
 and unalienable birthright : — how to assert their rights, w^hen 
 Parliament had already refused them without even the hope, as 
 the Duke expressed it, of hstening to them any more ? Could 
 the people's rights, under such circumstances, be asserted with- 
 out rebellion ? Certainly they might : for rebellion is, when 
 bands of men within a state oppose themselves, by violence, to 
 the general will, as expressed or implied by the public authority; 
 but the sense of a whole people, peaceably collected, and operat- 
 ing by its natural and certain effect upon the public councils, is 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 435 
 
 not rebellion, but is paramount to, and the parent of, authority 
 itself. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am neither vindicating, nor speaking, the lan- 
 guage of inflammation or discontent; — I shall speak nothing 
 that can disturb the order of the state ; I am full of devotion to 
 its dignity and tranquillity, and would not for worlds let fall an 
 expression in this or in any other place that could lead to dis- 
 turbance or disorder : — but for that very reason, I speak with 
 firmness of the rights of the people, and am anxious for the 
 redress of their complaints; because I believe a system of 
 attention to them to be a far better security and establishment 
 of every part of the government, than those that are employed 
 to preserve them. The state and government of a country rest, 
 for their support, on the great body of the people, and I hope 
 never to hear it repeated, in any Court of Justice, that peace- 
 ably to convene the people upon the subject of their own privi- 
 leges, can lead to the destruction of the King: — they are the 
 King's worst enemies who hold this language. — It is a most 
 dangerous principle, that the Crown is in jeopardy if the people 
 are acquainted with their rights, and that the collecting them 
 together to consider of them, leads inevitably to the destruction 
 of the sovereign.^-Do these gentlemen mean to say, that the 
 King sits upon his throne without the consent, and in defiance 
 of the wishes of the great body of his people, and that he is 
 kept upon it by a few individuals who call themselves his 
 friends, in exclusion of the rest of his subjects 1 — Has the 
 King's inheritance no deeper or wider roots than this? Yes, 
 Gentlemen, it has — it stands upon the love of the people, who 
 consider their own inheritance to be supported by the King's 
 constitutional authority : this is the true prop of the throne ; 
 and the love of every people upon earth will for ever uphold a 
 government, founded, as ours is, upon reason and consent, as 
 long as Government shall be itself attentive to the general 
 interests which are the foundations and the ends of all human 
 authority. — Let us banish then these unworthy and impolitic 
 fears of an unrestrained and an enlightened people ; — let us not 
 tremble at the rights of man, but, by giving to men their rights, 
 secure their affections, and, through their affections, their obe- 
 dience; — let us not broach the dangerous doctrine, that the 
 rights of kings and of men are incompatible. — Our government 
 at the Revolution began upon their harmonious incorporation ; 
 and Mr. Locke defended King WilHam's title upon no other 
 principle than the rights of man. It is from the revered work 
 of Mr. Locke, and not from the revolution in France, that one 
 of the papers in the evidence, the most stigmatized, most obvi- 
 ously flowed ; for it is proved that Mr. Yorke held in his hand 
 
436 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 Mr. Locke upon Government, when he delivered his speech on 
 
 the Castle Hill at Sheffield, and that he expatiated largely upon 
 it ; — well, indeed, might the witness say he expatiated largely, 
 for there are many well-selected passages taken verbatim from 
 the book; and here, in justice to Mr. White, let me notice the 
 fair and honorable manner in which, in the absence of the clerk, 
 he read this extraordinary performance. He dehvered it not 
 merely with distinctness, but in a manner so impressive, that, I 
 believe, every man in Court was affected by it. 
 
 Gentlemen, I am not driven to defend every expression; 
 some of them are improper undoubtedly, rash and inflam- 
 matory ; but I see nothing in the whole, taken together, even 
 if it were connected with the prisoner, that goes at all to an 
 evil purpose in the writer. But Mr. Attorney General has 
 remarked upon this proceeding at Sheffield (and whatever falls 
 from a person of his rank and just estimation, deserves great 
 attention,) he has remarked that it is quite apparent they had 
 resolved not to petition. — They had certainly resolved not at 
 that season to petition, and that seems the utmost which can be 
 maintained from the evidence. But supposing they had nega- 
 tived the measure altogether ; is there no way by which the 
 people may actively associate for the purposes of a reform in 
 Parliament, but to consider of a petition to the House of Com- 
 mons ? Might they not legally assemble to consider the state 
 of their liberties, and the conduct of their representatives? — 
 Might they not legally form Conventions or Meetings (for the 
 name is just nothing) to adjust a plan of rational union for a 
 wise choice of representatives when Parliament should be 
 dissolved ? — May not the people meet to consider their interests 
 preparatory to, and independently of, a petition for any specific 
 object ? — My friend seems to consider the House of Commons 
 as a substantive and permanent part of the Constitution ; — he 
 seems to forget that the Parliament dies a natural death; — that 
 the people then re-enter into their rights, and that the exercise 
 of them is the most important duty that can belong to social 
 man:— how are such duties to be exercised with effect, on 
 momentous occasions, but by concert and communion? — May 
 not the people assembled in their elective districts, resolve to 
 trust no longer those by whom they have been betrayed ? May 
 they not resolve to vote for no man who contributed by his 
 voice to this calamitous war, which has thrown such grievous 
 and unnecessary burdens upon them ? May they not say, 
 " We will not vote for those who deny we are their constitu- 
 ents ; nor for those who question our clear and natural right 
 to be equally represented?" — Since it is illegal to carry up 
 petitions, and unwise to transact any public business attended 
 
? 
 
 ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 437 
 
 by multitudes, because it tends to tumult and disorder, may 
 they not, for that very reason, depute, as they have done, the 
 most trusty of their societies to meet with one other to con- 
 sider, without the specific object of petitions, how they may 
 claim, by means which are constitutional, their imprescriptible 
 rights'? And here I must advert to an argument employed by 
 the Attorney General, that the views of the societies towards 
 universal suffrage, carried in themselves (however sought to be 
 effected) an implied force upon Parliament : — for that, supposing 
 by invading it with the vast pressure, not of the public arm, but 
 of the public sentiment of the nation, the influence of which 
 upon that assembly is admitted ought to be weighty, it could 
 have prevailed upon the Commons to carry up a bill to the 
 King for universal representation and annual Parliaments, His 
 Majesty was bound to reject it; and could not, without a 
 breach of his coronation oath, consent to pass it into an act; — 
 I cannot conceive w^here my friend met w^ith this law, or what 
 he can possibly mean by assertmg that the King cannot, con- 
 sistently with his coronation oath, consent to any law that can 
 be stated or imagined, presented to him as the act of the two 
 Houses of Parhament : — he could not, indeed, consent to a bill 
 sent up to him framed by a ConA'ention of Delegates assuming 
 legislative functions ; and if my friend could have proved that 
 the Societies, sitting as a Parliament, had sent up such a bill to 
 His Majesty, I should have thought the prisoner, as a member 
 of such a parliamicnt, was at least in a different situation from 
 that in which he stands at present : but as this is not one of the 
 chimeras whose existence is contended for, I return back to 
 ask, upon w^hat authority it is maintained, that universal repre- 
 sentation and annual Parliaments could not be consented to by 
 the King, in conformity to the wishes of the other branches of 
 the Legislature : — on the contrary, one of the greatest men that 
 this country ever saw considered universal representation to be 
 such an inherent part of the Constitution, as that the King 
 himself might grant it by his prerogative, even without the 
 Lords and Commons; and I have never heard the position 
 denied upon any other footing than the Union with Scotland. — 
 But be that as it may, it is enough for my purpose that the 
 maxim, that the King might grant universal representation, as 
 a right before inherent in the whole people to be represented, 
 stands upon the authority of Mr. Locke, the man, next to Sir 
 Isaac Newton, of the greatest strength of understanding that 
 England, perhaps, ever had; high too in the favor of King 
 WilKam, and enjoying one of the most exalted offices in the 
 state. — Mr. Locke says, book 2d, ch. 13, sect. 157 and 158 — 
 ' Things of this world are in so constant a flux, that nothing 
 
 37* 
 
438 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 remains long in the same state. Thus people, riches, trade, 
 power, change their stations, flourishing mighty cities come to 
 ruin, and prove, in time, neglected desolate corners, whilst other 
 unfrequented places grow into populous countries, filled with 
 wealth and inhabitants. But things not always changing 
 equally, and private interest often keeping up customs and 
 privileges, when the reasons of them are ceased, it often comes 
 to pass, that the governments, where part of the legislative con- 
 sists of representatives chosen by the people, that in tract of 
 time this representation becomes .very unequal and dispropor- 
 tionate to the reasons it was at first established upon. To what 
 gross absurdities the following of custom, when reason has left 
 it, may lead, we may be satisfied, when we see the bare name 
 of a town, of which there remains not so much as the ruins, 
 where scarce so much housing as a sheep-cote, or more inhab- 
 itants than a shepherd is to be found, sends as many representa- 
 tives to the grand assembly of law-makers, as a whole county, 
 numerous in people, and powerful in riches. This strangers 
 stand amazed at, and every one must confess needs a remedy," 
 " Salus popuU suprema lex, is certainly so just and funda- 
 mental a rule, that he who sincerely follows it, cannot danger- 
 ously err. If, therefore, the executive, who has the power of 
 convoking the legislative, observing rather the true proportion, 
 than fashion oi representation, regulates, not by old custom, but 
 true reason, the number of members in all places that have a 
 right to be distinctly represented, which no part of the people, 
 however incorporated, can pretend to, but in proportion to the 
 assistance which it affords to the pubhc, it cannot be judged to 
 have set up a new legislative, but to have restored the old and 
 true one, and to have rectified the disorders which succession 
 of time had insensibly, as well as inevitably introduced; for it 
 being the interest as well as intention of the people to have a 
 fair and equal representative, whoever brings it nearest to that, 
 is an undoubted friend to, and establisher of the government, 
 and cannot miss the consent and approbation of the community ; 
 prerogative being nothing but a power, in the hands of a Prince, 
 to provide for the public good, in such cases, which depending 
 upon unforeseen and uncertain occurrences, certain and unal- 
 terable laws could not safely direct ; whatsoever shall be done 
 manifestly for the good of the people, and the establishing the 
 government upon its true foundations, is, and always will be, 
 just prerogative. Whatsoever cannot but be acknowledged to 
 be of advantage to the society, and people in general, upon just 
 and lasting measures, will always, when done, justify itself; 
 and whenever the people shall choose their representatives upon 
 just and undeniably equal measures, suitable to the original 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 439 
 
 frame of the government, it cannot be doubted to be the will 
 and act of the society, whoever permitted or caused them so to 
 do." — But as the very idea of universal suffrage seems now to 
 be considered not only to be dangerous to, but absolutely 
 destructive of monarchy, you certainly ought to be reminded 
 that the book which I have been reading, and which my friend 
 kindly gives me a note to remind you of, was written by its 
 immortal author in defence of King Wilham's title to the 
 Crown; and when Dr. Sacheverel ventured to broach those 
 doctrines of power and non-resistance, which, under the same 
 establishments, have now become so unaccountably popular; 
 he was impeached by the people's representatives for denying 
 their rights, which had been asserted and established at the 
 glorious era of the Revolution. 
 
 Gentlemen, if I were to go through all the matter which I 
 have collected upon this subject, or which obtrudes itself upon 
 my mind, from common reading, in a thousand directions, my 
 strength would fail long before my duty was fulfilled : I had 
 very little Avhen I came into Court, and I have abundantly less 
 already ; I must, therefore, manage what remains to the best 
 advantage. I proceed, therefore, to take a view of such parts 
 of the evidence as appear to me to be the most material for the 
 proper understanding of the case ; I have had no opportunity 
 of considering it, but in the interval which the indulgence of the 
 Court, and your own, has afforded me, and that has been but 
 for a very few hours this morning; but it occurred to me, that 
 the best use I could make of the time given to me was (if pos- 
 sible) to disembroil this chaos ; to throw out of view everything 
 irrelevant, which only tended to bring chaos back again — to 
 take what remained in order of time — to select certain stages 
 and resting places — to review the effect of the transactions, as 
 brought before us, and then to see how the written evidence is 
 explained by the testimony of the witnesses who have been 
 examined. 
 
 The origin of the Constitutional Society not having been laid 
 in evidence before you, the first thing both in point of date, and 
 as applying to show the objects of the different bodies, is the 
 original address and resolution of the Corresponding Society 
 on its first institution, and when it first began to correspond 
 with the other, which had formerly ranked amongst its mem- 
 bers so many illustrious persons; and before we look to the 
 matter of this institution, let us recollect that the objects of it 
 were given without reserve to the pubhc, as containing the 
 principles of the association ; and I may begin with demanding, 
 whether the annals of this country, or indeed the universal 
 history of mankind, afford an instance of a plot and conspiracy 
 
440 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 voluntarily given up in its very infancy to Government, and 
 the whole public, and of which, to avoid the very thing that has 
 happened, the arraignment of conduct at a future period, and 
 the imputation of secrecy where no secret was intended, a 
 regular notice by letter was left with the Secretary of State, 
 and a receipt taken at the public office, as a proof of the publi- 
 city of their proceeding, and the sense they entertained of their 
 innocence. For the views and objects of the Society, we must 
 look to the institution itself, which you are, indeed, desired to 
 look at by the Crown; for their intentions are not considered 
 as deceptions in this instance, but as plainly revealed by the 
 very writing itself. 
 
 Gentlemen, there was a sort of silence in the Court — I do 
 not say an affected one, for I mean no possible offence to any 
 one, but there seemed to be an effect expected from beginning, 
 not with the address itself, but with the very bold motto to it, 
 though in verse : 
 
 " Unblest by virtue, Government a. league 
 Becomes, a circling junto of the great 
 To rob by law ; Religion mild, a yoke 
 To tame the stooping soul, a trick of State 
 To mask their rapine, and to share the prey. 
 Without it, what are senates, but a face 
 Of consultation deep and reason free, 
 While the determin'd voice and heart are sold } 
 What, boasted freedom, but a sounding name ? 
 And what election, but a market vile, 
 Of slaves self-barter'd V 
 
 I almost fancy I heard them say to me, What think you of 
 that to set out with ? — Show me the parallel of that. — Gentle- 
 men, I am sorry, for the credit of the age we live in, to answer, 
 that it is difficult to find the parallel ; because the age affords i 
 no such poet as he who wrote it: — these are the words of * 
 Thomson ; — and it is under the banners of his proverbial be- 
 nevolence, that these men are supposed to be engaging in plans 
 of anarchy and murder ; under the banners of that great and 
 good man, whose figure you may still see in the venerable ' 
 shades of Hagley, placed there by the virtuous, accomphshed, | 
 and public-spirited Lyttelton : — the very poem too, written un- 
 der the auspices of his Majesty's Royal Father, when heir- 
 apparent to the Crown of Great Britain, nay, within the very 
 walls of Carlton House, which afforded an asylum to matchless 
 worth and genius in the person of this great poet : it was un- 
 der the roof of a Prince of Wales that the poem of Liberty 
 was written ; — and what better return could be given to a 
 Prince for his protection, than to blazon, in immortal numbers, 
 the only sure title to the Crown he was to wear — the freedom 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 441 
 
 of the people of Great Britain 1 And it is to be assumed, forsooth, 
 in the year 1794, that the unfortunate prisoner before you was 
 plotting treason and rebellion, because, with a taste and feeling 
 beyond his humble station, his first proceeding was ushered 
 into view, under the hallowed sanction of this admirable person, 
 the friend and the defender of the British Constitution ; whose 
 countrymen are preparing at this moment (may my name de- 
 scend amongst them to the latest posterity !) to do honor to his 
 immortal memory. Pardon me. Gentlemen, for this desultory 
 digression — I must express myself as the current of my mind 
 will carry me. 
 
 If we look at the whole of the institution itself, it exactly 
 corresponds with the plan of the Duke of Richmond, as ex- 
 pressed in the letters to Colonel Sharman, and to the High 
 Sheriff of Sussex : this plan they propose to follow, in a public 
 address to the nation, and all their resolutions are framed for 
 its ac2ompUshment ; and I desire to know in what they have 
 departed from either, and what they have done which has not 
 been done before, without blame of censure, in the pursuance 
 of the same object. I am not speaking of the libels they may 
 have written, which the law is open to punish, but what part 
 of their conduct has, as applicable to the subject in question, 
 been unprecedented. — I have, at this moment in my eye, an 
 honorable friend of mine, and a distinguished mennber of the 
 House of Commons, who, in my own remembrance, I believe 
 in 1780, sat publicly at Guildhall, with many others, some of 
 them magistrates of the city, as a Convention of delegates, for 
 the same objects ; and, what is still more in point, just before 
 the Convention began to meet at Edinburgh, whose proceedings 
 have been so much relied on, there was a Convention regularly 
 assembled, attended by the delegates from all the counties of 
 Scotland, for the express and avowed purpose of ahering the 
 Constitution of ParHament ; not by rebellion, but by the same 
 means employed by the prisoner : — the Lord Chief Baron of 
 Scotland sat in the chair, and was assisted by some of the first 
 men in that country, and, amongst others, by an honorable 
 person to whom I am nearly allied, who is at the very head of 
 the Bar in Scotland, and most avowedly attached to the law 
 and the Constitution. These gentlemen, whose good intentions 
 never fell into suspicion, had presented a petition for the altera- 
 tion of election laws, which the House of Commons had reject- 
 ed, and on the spur of that very rejection they met in a Con- 
 vention at Edinburgh, in 1793: and the style of their first 
 meeting was, " A Convention of Delegates, chosen from the 
 Counties of Scotland, for altering and amending the Laws con^ 
 cerning Elections'^ — not for considering how they miajht be best 
 
 3P 
 
442 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 amended — not for petitioning Parliament to amend them ; but 
 for altering and amending the election laws. — These meetings 
 were regularly published, and I will prove, that their first reso- 
 lution, as I have read it to you, was brought up to London, and 
 delivered to the editor of the Morning Chronicle by Sir Thomas 
 Dundas, lately created a peer of Great Britain, and paid for 
 by him as a pubhc advertisement. Now, suppose any man had 
 imputed treason or sedition to these honorable persons, what 
 would have been the consequence ? They would have been 
 considered as infamous libellers and traducers, and deservedly 
 hooted out of civilized life : — why then are different construc- 
 tions to be put upon similar transactions ? — Why is everything 
 to be held up as bona fide when the example is set, and mala 
 fide when it is followed ? — ^Why have I not as good a claim to 
 take credit for honest purpose in the poor man I am defending, 
 against whom not a contumeHous expression has been proved, 
 as when we find the same expressions in the mouths of the 
 Duke of Richmond or Mr. Burke ? — I ask nothing more from 
 this observation, than that a sober judgment may be pronounced 
 from the quality of the acts which can be fairly established ; 
 each individual standing responsible only for his own conduct, 
 instead of having our imaginations tainted with cant phrases, 
 and a farrago of writings and speeches, for which the prisoner 
 is not responsible, and for which the authors, if they be crimi- 
 nal, are liable to be brought to justice. 
 
 But it will be said. Gentlemen, that all the constitutional priv- 
 ileges of the people are conceded : that their existence was 
 never denied or invaded ; and that their right to petition and 
 to meet for the expression of their complaints, founded or un- 
 founded, was never called in question ; these, it will be said, 
 are the rights of subjects ; but that the rights of man are what 
 alarms them : every man is considered as a traitor who talks 
 about the rights of man; but this bugbear stands upon the 
 same perversion with its fellows. 
 
 The rights of man are the foundation of all government, and 
 to secure them is the only reason of men's submitting to be 
 governed ; — it shall not be fastened upon the unfortunate prison- 
 er at the bar, nor upon any other man, that because these natu- 
 ral rights were asserted in France, by the destruction of a gov- 
 ernment which oppressed and subverted them, a process hap- 
 pily effected here by slow and imperceptible improvements, 
 that therefore they can only be so asserted in England, where 
 the government, through a gradation of improvement, is well 
 calculated to protect them. We are, fortunately, not driven in 
 this country to the terrible alternatives which were the unhappy 
 lot of France, because we have had a happier destiny in the 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 443 
 
 forms of a free Constitution : this, indeed, is the express lan- 
 guage of many of the papers before you, that have been com- 
 plained of; particularly in one alluded to by the Attorney 
 General, as having been written by a gentleman v^^ith whom I 
 am particularly acquainted ; and though in that spirited com- 
 position there are perhaps, some expressions proceeding from 
 warmth which he may not desire me critically to justify, yet I 
 will venture to affirm, from my own personal knowledge, that 
 there is not a man in Court more honestly public-spirited and 
 zealously devoted to the Constitution of King, Lords, and Com- 
 mons, than the honorable gentleman I allude to (Felix Vaughan, 
 Esq. barrister at law :) it is the phrase, therefore, and not the 
 sentiment expressed by it, that can alone give justifiable offence; 
 — it is, it seems, a new phrase commencing in revolutions, and 
 never used before in discussing the rights of British subjects, 
 and therefore can only be applied in the sense of those who 
 framed it ; — but this is so far from being the truth, that the very 
 phrase sticks in my memory, from the memorable application 
 of it to the rights of subjects, under this and every other es- 
 tablishment, by a gentleman whom you will not suspect of 
 using it in any other sense. The rights of man were consider- 
 ed by Mr. Burke, at the time that the great uproar was made 
 upon a supposed invasion of the East India Company's charter, 
 to be the foundation of, and paramount to all, the laws and or- 
 dinances of a state : — the ministry, you may remember, were 
 turned out for Mr. Fox's India Bill, which their opponents 
 termed an attack upon the chartered rights of man, or, in other 
 words, upon the abuses supported by a monopoly in trade. — 
 Hear the sentiments of Mr. Burke, when the NATURAL and 
 CHARTERED rights of men are brought into contest. Mr. 
 Burke, in his speech in the House of Commons, expressed him- 
 self thus : " The first objection is, that the bill is an attack on 
 the chartered rights of men. — As to this objection, I must ob- 
 serve that the phrase of ' the chartered rights of men,'' is full 
 of affectation ; and very unusual in the discussion of privileges 
 conferred by charters of the present description. But it is not 
 difficult to discover what end that ambiguous mode of expres- 
 sion, so often reiterated, is meant to answer. 
 
 "The rights of wen, that is to say, the natural rights of mankind, 
 are indeed sacred things ; and if any public measure is proved 
 mischievously to aflfect them, the objection ought to be fatal to 
 that measure, even if no charter at all could be set up against 
 it. And if these natural rights are further affirmed and de- 
 clared by express covenants, clearly defined and secured against 
 chicane, power, and authority, by written intruments and posi- 
 tive engagements, they are in a still better condition ; they then 
 
444 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 partake not only of the sanctity of the object so secured, but 
 of that solemn public faith itself, which secures an object of 
 such importance. Indeed, this formal recognition, by the sov- 
 ereign power, of an original right in the subject, can never be 
 subverted, but by rooting up the holding radical principles of 
 government, and even of society itself." 
 
 The Duke of Richmond also, in his public letter to the High 
 Sheriff of Sussex, rests the rights of the people of England 
 upon the same horrible and damnable principles of the rights 
 of man. Let Gentlemen, therefore, take care they do not pull 
 down the very authority which they come here to support ; — 
 let them remember, that His Majesty's family was called to the 
 throne upon the very principle, that the ancient Kings of this 
 country had violated these sacred trusts ; — let them recollect 
 too in what the violation was charged to exist ; — it was charged 
 by the Bill of Rights to exist in cruel and infamous trials ; in 
 the packing of juries; and in disarming the people, whose arms 
 are their unalienable refuge against oppression. — But did the 
 people of England assemble to make this declaration ? — No ! — 
 because it was unnecessary. — The sense of the people, against 
 a corrupt and scandalous government, dissolved it, by almost 
 the ordinary forms by which the old government itself was 
 administered. — King WiUiam sent his writs to those who had 
 sat in the former Parliament : but will any man, therefore, tell 
 me, that that ParHament reorganized the government without 
 the will of the people ? And that it was not their consent 
 which entailed on King William a particular inheritance, to be 
 enjoyed under the dominion of the law ? Gentlemen, it was 
 the denial of these principles, asserted at the Revolution in 
 England, that brought forward the author of the Rights of 
 Man, and stirred up this controversy which has given such 
 alarm to government : — but for this, the literary labors of Mr. 
 Paine had closed. — He asserts it himself in his book, and CA^ery 
 body knows it. It was not the French revolution, but Mr. 
 Burke's Reflections upon it, followed up by another work on 
 the same subject, as it regarded things in England, which 
 brought forward Mr. Paine, and which rendered his works so 
 much the object of attention in this country. Mr. Burke denied 
 positively the very foundation upon which the Revolution of 
 1688 must stand for its support, viz. the right of the people to 
 change their government; and he asserted, in the teeth of His 
 Majesty's title to the Crown, that no such right in the people 
 existed; — this is the true history of the Second Part of the 
 Rights of Man. — The First Part had little more aspect to this 
 country than to Japan ; — it asserted the right of the people of 
 France to act as they had acted, but there was Httle which 
 
 38 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 445 
 
 pointed to it as an example for England. — There had been a 
 despotic authority in France which the people had thrown 
 down, and Mr. Burke seemed to question their right to do so : 
 — Mr. Paine maintained the contrary, in his answer ; and hav- 
 ing imbibed the principles of republican government, during 
 the American revolution, he mixed with the controversy many 
 coarse* and harsh remarks upon monarchy as established, even 
 in England, or in any possible form. But this was collateral to 
 the great object of his w^ork, which was to maintain the right 
 of the people to choose their government ; — this was the right 
 which was questioned, and the assertion of it was most interest- 
 ing to many who were most strenuously attached to the Eng- 
 lish government. For men may assert the right of every people 
 to choose their government without seeking to destroy their 
 own. This accounts for many expressions imputed to the un- 
 fortunate prisoners, which I have often uttered myself, and shall 
 continue to utter every day of my life, and call upon the spies of 
 Government to record them : — I will say anywhere, without fear, 
 nay, I will say here, where I stand, that an attempt to interfere, 
 by despotic combination and violence, with any government which 
 a people choose to give to themselves, whether it be good or evil, is 
 an oppression and subversion of the natural and unalienable rights 
 of man ; and though the government of this country should counte- 
 nance such a system, it would not only be still legal for me to express 
 my detestation of it, as I have deliberately expressed it, but it ivould 
 become my interest and my duty. For, if combinations of des- 
 potism can accomplish such a purpose, who shall tell me, what other 
 nation shall not be the prey of their ambition ? — Upon the very 
 principle of denying to a people the right of governing them- 
 selves, how are we to resist the French, should they attempt 
 by violence to fasten their government upon us? Or, what in- 
 ducement would there be for resistance to preserve laws, which 
 are not, it seems, our own, but which are unalterably imposed 
 upon us?- The very argument strikes, as with a palsy, the arm 
 and vigor of the nation. I hold dear the privileges I am con- 
 tending for, not as privileges hostile to the Constitution, but as 
 necessary for its preservation; and if the French were to 
 intrude by force upon the government of our own free choice, 
 I should leave these papers, and return to a profession that, 
 perhaps, I better understand. 
 
 The next evidence relied on, after the institution of the Cor- 
 responding Society, is a letter written to them from Norwich, 
 dated the 11th of November 1792, with the answer, dated 26th 
 of the same month : — it is asserted, that this correspondence 
 shows, they aimed at nothing less than the total destruction of 
 the monarchy, and that they, therefore, veil their intention 
 
446 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 under covert and ambiguous language. I think, on the other 
 hand, and I shall continue to think so, as long as I am capable 
 of thought, that it was impossible for words to convey more 
 clearly the explicit avowal of their original plan for a consti- 
 tutional reform in the House of Commons. This letter from 
 Norwich, after congratulating the Corresponding Society on 
 its institution, asks several questions arising out of the proceed- 
 ings of other societies in different parts of the kingdom, which 
 they profess not thoroughly to understand. 
 
 The Sheffield people (they observe) seemed at first deter- 
 mined to support the Duke of Richmond's plan only, but that 
 they had afterwards observed a disposition in them to a more 
 moderate plan of reform proposed by the Friends of the People 
 in London; whilst the Manchester people, by addressing Mr, 
 Paine (whom the Norwich people had not addressed,) seemed 
 to be intent on repubUcan principles only ; they therefore put a 
 question, not at all of distrust, or suspicion, but bona fide, if 
 ever there was good faith betv/een men, whether the Corre- 
 sponding Society meant to be satisfied with the plan of the Duke 
 of Richmond ? or, whether it was their private design to rip 
 up monarchy by the roots, and place democracy in its stead ? 
 Now hear the answer, from whence it is inferred that this last 
 is their intention : they begin their answer with recapitulating 
 the demand of their correspondent, as regularly as a tradesman, 
 who has an order for goods, recapitulates the order, that there 
 may be no ambiguity in the reference or application of the 
 reply, and then they say, as to the objects they have in view 
 they refer them to their addresses. " You will thereby see that 
 they mean to disseminate political knowledge, and thereby en- 
 gage the judicious part of the nation to demand the recovery 
 of their lost rights in annual Parliaments ; the members of 
 these Parhaments owing their election to unbought suffrages." 
 They then desire them to be careful to avoid all dispute, and 
 say to them. Put monarchy, democracy, and even religion, 
 quite aside ; and " Let your endeavors go to increase the num- 
 bers of those who desire a full and equal representation of the 
 people, and leave to a Parliament, so chosen, to reform all ex- 
 isting abuses ; and if they don't answer, at the year's end, you 
 may choose others in their stead." The Attorney General says, 
 this is lamely expressed ; — I, on the other hand, say, that it is 
 not only not lamely expressed, but anxiously worded to put an 
 end to dangerous speculations. — Leave all theories undiscussed ; 
 — do not perplex yourselves with abstract questions of govern- 
 ment ; — endeavor practically to get honest representatives, — 
 and if they deceive you — then, what? — bring on a revolution? 
 — No •! — Choose others in their stead. They refer also to their 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 447 
 
 address, which lay before their correspondent, which address 
 expresses itself thus : " Laying aside all claim to originality, we 
 claim no other merit than that of reconsidering and verifying 
 what has already been urged in our common cause by the 
 Duke of Richmond and Mr. Pitt, and their then honest party." 
 
 When the language of the letter, which is branded as am- 
 biguous, thus stares them in the face as an undeniable answer 
 to the charge, they then have recourse to the old refuge of 
 mala fides ; all this they say is but a cover for hidden treason. 
 But I ask you. Gentlemen, in the name of God, and as fair and 
 honest men, what reason upon earth is there to suppose, that 
 the writers of this letter did not mean what they expressed ? 
 Are you to presume in a Court of Justice, and upon a trial for 
 life, that men write with dupHcity in their most confidential cor- 
 respondence, even to those with whom they are confederated 1 
 Let it be recollected also, that if this correspondence was cal- 
 culated for deception, the deception must have been understood 
 and agreed upon by all parties concerned ; for otherwise you 
 have a conspiracy amongst persons who are at cross purposes 
 with one another: consequently the conspiracy, if this be a 
 branch of it, is a conspiracy of thousands and ten thousands, 
 from one end of the kingdom to the other, who are all guilty, 
 if any of the prisoners are guilty : — upwards of forty thousand 
 persons, upon the lowest calculation, must alike be liable to the 
 pains and penalties of the law, and hold their lives as tenants 
 at will of the Ministers of the Crown. — In whatever aspect, 
 therefore, this prosecution is regarded, new difficulties and new 
 uncertainties and terrors surround it. 
 
 The next thing in order which we have to look at, is the 
 Convention at Edinburgh. It appears that a letter had been 
 written by Mr. Skirving, who was connected with reformers in 
 Scotland proceeding avowedly upon the Duke of Richmond's 
 plan, proposing that there should be a Convention from the 
 societies assembled at Edinburgh : — now you will recollect, in 
 the opening, that the Attorney General considered all the great 
 original sin of this conspiracy and treason to have originated 
 with the societies in London — that the country societies were 
 only tools in their hands, and that the Edinburgh Convention 
 was the commencement of their projects; and yet it plainly 
 appears that this Convention originated from neither of the 
 London societies, but had its beginning at Edinburgh, where, 
 just before, a Convention had been sitting for the reform in 
 Parfiament, attended by the principal persons in Scotland ; and 
 surely, without adverting to the nationality so pecuHar to the 
 people of that country, it is not at all suspicious, that, since they 
 were to hold a meeting for similar objects, they should make 
 
448 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 use of the same style for their association; and that their 
 deputies should be called delegates, when delegates had attended 
 the other Convention from all the counties, and whom they 
 were every day looking at in their streets, in the course of the 
 very same year that Skirving wrote his letter on the subject. 
 The views of the Corresponding Society, as they regarded this 
 Convention, and consequently the views of the prisoner, must 
 be collected from the written instructions to the delegates, 
 unless they can be falsified by matter which is collateral. If 1 
 constitute an agent, I am bound by what he does, but always 
 with this limitation, for what he does within the scope of his 
 agency : — if I constitute an agent to buy horses for me, and he 
 commits high treason, it will not, I hope, be argued that I am 
 to be hanged. — If I constitute an agent for any business that 
 can be stated, and he goes beyond his instructions, he must 
 answer for himself beyond their limits ; for beyond them he 
 is not my representative. — The acts done, therefore, at the 
 Scotch Convention, whatever may be their quahty, are evidence 
 to show, that, in point of fact, a certain number of people got 
 together, and did anything you choose to call illegal ; but, as 
 far as it concerns me, if I am not present, you are limited by 
 my instructions, and have not advanced a single step upon your 
 journey to convict me ; the instructions to Skirving have been 
 read, and speak for themselves; they are strictly legal, and 
 pursue the avow^ed object of the Society ; and it will be for the 
 SoHcitor General to point out in his reply, any counter or secret 
 instructions, or any collateral conduct, contradictory of the 
 good faith with w^hich they were written. The instructions are 
 in these words — " The delegates are instructed, on the part of 
 this Society, to assist in bringing forward and supporting any 
 constitutional measure for procuring a real representation of the ^ 
 Commons of Great Britain.'* What do you say, Gentlemen, to ■ 
 this language ? — how are men to express themselves who desire ' 
 a constitutional reform ? The object and the mode of eflfecting 
 it were equally legal — this is most obvious from the conduct of » 
 the Parhament of Ireland, acting under directions from Eng- i 
 land ; they passed the Convention Bill, and made it only a mis- I 
 demeanor, knowing that, by the law as it stood, it was no 
 misdemeanor at all. Whether this statement may meet with 
 the approbation of others, I care not ; I know the fact to be so, 
 and I maintain that you cannot prove upon the Convention 
 which met at Edinburgh, and which is charged to-day with 
 high treason, one thousandth part of what, at last, worked up 
 Government in Ireland to the pitch of voting it a^misdemeanor. 
 Gentlemen, I am not vindicating anything that can promote 
 disorder in the country, but I am maintaining that the worst 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 449 
 
 possible disorder that can fall upon a country is, when subjects 
 are deprived of the sanction of clear and unambiguous laws. — 
 If wrong is committed, Jet punishment follow according to the 
 measure of that wrong: — if men are turbulent, let them be 
 visited by the laws according to the measure of their turbu- 
 lency : — if they write hbels upon government, let them be pun- 
 ished according to the quality of those libels : — but you must 
 not, and will not, because the stabihty of the monarchy is an 
 important concern to the nation, confound the nature and 
 distinctions of crimes, and pronounce that the life of the sove- 
 reign has been invaded, because the privileges of the people 
 have been, perhaps, irregularly and hotly asserted ; — you will 
 not, to give security to government, repeal the most sacred laws 
 instituted for our protection, and which are, indeed, the only 
 consideration for our submitting at all to government. If the 
 plain letter of the statute of Edward the Third applies to the 
 conduct of the prisoners, let it in God's' name be applied ; — but 
 let neither their conduct, nor the law that is to judge it, be 
 tortured by construction; nor suffer the transaction, from 
 whence you are to form a dispassionate conclusion of intention, 
 to be magnified by scandalous epithets, nor overwhelmed in an 
 undistinguishable mass of matter, in which you may be lost and 
 bewildered, having missed the only parts which could have 
 furnished a clue to a just or rational judgment. 
 
 Gentlemen, this religious regard for the liberty of the subject, 
 against constructive treason, is well illustrated by Dr. Johnson, 
 the great author of our EngHsh Dictionary, a man remarkable 
 for his love of order, and for high principles of government, but 
 who had the wisdom to know that the great end of government, 
 in all its forms, is the security of liberty and life under the law. 
 This man, of masculine mind, though disgusted at the disorder 
 which Lord George Gordon created, felt a triumph in his 
 acquittal, and exclaimed, as we learn from Mr. Boswell, " I hate 
 Lord G. Gordon, but I am glad he was not convicted of this 
 constructive treason ; for, though I hate him, I love my country 
 , and myself." — This extraordinary man, no doubt, remembered 
 with Lord Hale, that when the law is broken down, injustice 
 knows no bounds, but runs as far as the wit and invention of 
 accusers, or the detestation of pdrsons accused will carry it. — 
 You will pardon this almost perpetual recurrence to these con- 
 siderations ; but the present is a season when I have a right to 
 call upon you by everything sacred in humanity and justice ; — 
 by every principle which ought to influence the heart of man, 
 to consider the situation in which I stand before you. — I stand 
 here for a poor, unknown, unprotected individual, charged with 
 a design to subvert the government of the country, and the 
 
 3G 38* 
 
450 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 dearest rights of its inhabitants ; — a charge which has collected 
 against him a force sufficient to crush to pieces any private 
 man; — the whole weight of the Crown. presses upon him; Par- 
 liament has been sitting upon ex-parte evidence for months 
 together ; and rank and property are associated, from one end 
 of the kingdom to the other, to avert the supposed consequences 
 of the treason. I am making no complaint of this; but surely 
 it is an awful summons to impartial attention ; — surely it 
 excuses me for so often calling upon your integrity and firmness 
 to do equal justice between the Crown, so supported, and an 
 unhappy prisoner, so unprotected. 
 
 Gentlemen, I declare that I am utterly astonished, on looking 
 at the clock, to find how long I have been speaking ; and that, 
 agitated and distressed as I am, I have yet strength enough 
 remaining for the remainder of my duty ; — at every peril of 
 my health it shall be exerted : for although, if this cause should 
 miscarry, I know I shall have justice done me for the honesty 
 of my intentions; yet what is that to the pubhc and posterity? 
 — What is it to them, when, if upon this evidence there can 
 stand a conviction for high treason, it is plain that no man can 
 be said to have a life which is his own ? — For how can he pos- 
 sibly know by what engines it may be snared, or from what 
 unknown sources it maybe attacked and overpowered? — Such 
 a monstrous precedent would be as ruinous to the King as to 
 his subjects. We are in a crisis of our aflfairs ; which, putting 
 justice out of the question, calls in sound policy for the greatest 
 prudence and moderation. At a time when other nations are 
 disposed to subvert their establishments, let it be our' wisdom to 
 make the subject feel the practical benefits of our own: let us 
 seek to bring good out -of evil : — the distracted inhabitants of 
 the world will fly to us for sanctuary, driven out of their coun- 
 tries from the dreadful consequences of not attending to sea- 
 sonable reforms in government ; — victims to the folly of suffering 
 corruptions to continue, till the whole fabric of society is dis- 
 solved and tumbles into ruin. Landing upon our shores, they 
 will feel the blessings of security, and they will discover in 
 what it consists : they will read this trial, and their hearts will 
 palpitate at your decision : — they will say to one another, and 
 their voices will reach to the ends of the earth ; May the Con- 
 stitution of England endure for ever! — the sacred and yet 
 remaining , sanctuary for the oppressed : — here, and here only 
 the lot of man is cast in security: — what though authority, 
 established for the ends of justice, may lift itself up against it; 
 • — what though the House of Commons itself should make an 
 ex-parte declaration of guilt ; — what though every species of 
 art should be employed to entangle the opinions of the people, 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 451 
 
 which in other countries would be inevitable destruction ; — yet 
 in England, in enlightened England, all this will not pluck a 
 hair from the head of innocence ; — the Jury will still look stead- 
 fastly to the law, as the great polar star, to direct them in their 
 course : — as prudent men they will set no example of disorder, 
 nor pronounce a verdict of censure on authority, or of appro- 
 bation or disapprobation beyond their judicial province ; — but, 
 on the other hand, they will make no political sacrifice, but 
 deliver a plain, honest man, from the toils of injustice. — When 
 your verdict is pronounced, this will be the judgment of the 
 world ; — and if any amongst ourselves are alienated in their 
 affections to Government, nothing will be so likely to reclaim 
 them : — they will say — Whatever we have lost of our control 
 in Parliament, we have yet a sheet-anchor remaining to hold 
 the vessel of the state amidst contending storms : — we have 
 still, thank God, a sound administration of justice secured to us, 
 in the independence of the Judges, in the rights of enlightened 
 Juries, and in the integrity of the Bar ; — ready at all times, and 
 upon every possible occasion, whatever may be the conse- 
 quences to themselves, to stand forward in defence of the 
 meanest man in England, when brought for judgment before the 
 laws of the country. 
 
 To return to this Scotch Convention. — Their papers were 
 all seized by Government. What their proceedings were they 
 best know : we can only see what parts they choose to show 
 us ; but, from what we have seen, does any man seriously be- 
 lieve, that this meeting at Edinburgh meant to assume and to 
 maintain by force all the functions and authorities of the State? 
 — Is the thing within the compass of human belief? — If a man 
 were offered a dukedom, and twenty thousand pounds a year 
 for trying to believe it, he might say he believed it, as what 
 will not man say for gold and honors ? but he never in fact 
 could believe that this Edinburgh meeting was a Parliament 
 for Great Britain : — how indeed could he, from the proceedings 
 of a few peaceable, unarmed men, discussing, in a constitutional 
 manner, the means of obtaining a reform in Parliament ; and 
 who, to maintain the club, or whatever you choose to call it, 
 collected a Kttle money from people who were well disposed to 
 the cause ; a few shillings one day, and perhaps as many pence 
 another ? — I think, as far as I could reckon it up, when the re- 
 port, from this great committee of supply, was read to you, I 
 counted that there had been raised, in the first session of this 
 Parliament, fifteen pounds, from which indeed you must deduct 
 two bad shillings, which are literally noticed in the account. — 
 Is it to be endured, Gentlemen, that men should gravely say, 
 that this body assumed to itself the offices of Parliament ? — 
 
452 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 that a few harmless people, who sat, as they profess, to obtain 
 a full representation of the people, were themselves, even in 
 their own imaginations, the complete representation which they 
 sought for? — Why should they sit from day. to day to consider 
 how they might obtain what they had already got ? — If their 
 object was an universal representation of the whole people, 
 how is it credible they could suppose that universal representa- 
 tion to exist in themselves — in the representatives of a few So- 
 cieties, instituted to obtain it for the country at large ? — If they 
 were themselves the nation, why should the language of every 
 resolution be that reason ought to be their grand engine for the 
 accomplishment of their object, and should be directed to con- 
 vince the nation to speak to Parliament in a voice that must be 
 heard ? The proposition, therefore, is too gross to cram down 
 the throats of the English people, and this is the prisoner's se- 
 curity. Here again he feels the advantage of our free admin- 
 istration of justice : this proposition, on which so much depends, 
 is not to be reasoned upon on parchment, to be delivered pri- 
 vately to magistrates for private judgment: no — he has the 
 privilege of appeahng loud, as he now appeals by me, to an en- 
 lightened assembly, full of eyes, and ears, and inteUigence, 
 where speaking to a Jury is, in a manner, speaking to a nation 
 at large, and flying for sanctuary to its universal justice. 
 
 Gentlemen, the very work of Mr. Paine, under the banners 
 of which this supposed rebellion was set on foot, refutes the 
 charge it is brought forward to support : for Mr. Paine, in his 
 preface, and throughout his whole book, reprobates the use of 
 force against the most evil governments; the contrary was 
 never imputed to him. — If his book had been written in pur- 
 suance of the design of force and rebellion, with which it is 
 now sought to be connected, he would, like the prisoners, have 
 been charged with an overt act of high treason ; but such a 
 proceeding was never thought of. Mr. Paine was indicted for 
 a misdemeanor, and the misdemeanor was argued to consist 
 not in the falsehood that a nation has no right to choose or 
 alter its government, but in seditiously exciting the nation, 
 without cause, to exercise that right. A learned Lord (Lord 
 Chief Baron Macdonald,) now on this Bench, addressed the 
 Jury as Attorney General upon this principle : his language 
 was this : — The question is not, what the people have a right to 
 do, for the people are, undoubtedly, the foundation and origin 
 of all government ; but the charge is, for seditiously calling 
 upon the people, without cause or reason, to exercise a right 
 which would be sedition, supposing the right to be in them : 
 for though the people might have a right to do the thing sug- 
 gested, and though they are not excited to the doing it by force 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 453 
 
 and rebellion, yet, as the suggestion goes to unsettle the State, 
 the propagation of such doctrines is seditious. There is no 
 other way, undoubtedly of describing that charge. I am not 
 here entering into the application of it to Mr. Paine, whose 
 Counsel I was, and who has been tried already. To say that 
 the people have a right to change their government, is indeed 
 a truism; everybody knows it, and they exercised the right, 
 otherwise the King could not have had his estabhshment 
 amongst us. If, therefore, I stir up individuals to oppose by 
 force the general will seated in the government, it may be trea- 
 son ; but to induce changes in a government, by exposing to a 
 whole nation its errors and imperfections, can have no bearing 
 upon such an offence — the utmost which can be made of it is a 
 misdemeanor, and that too depending wholly upon the judgment 
 which the Jury may form of the intention of the WTiter. — The 
 Courts, for a long time, indeed, assumed to themselves the 
 province of deciding upon this intention, as a matter of law, 
 conclusively inferring it from the act of publication : I say the 
 Courts assumed it, though it was not the doctrine of Lord 
 Mansfield, but handed down to him from the precedents of 
 Judges before his time : but even in that case, though the pub- 
 lication was the crime, not, as in this case, the intention, and 
 though the quality of the thing charged, when not rebutted, by 
 evidence for the defendant, had so long been considered to be 
 a legal inference, yet the Legislature, to support the province 
 of the Jury, and in tenderness for liberty, has lately altered the 
 law upon this important subject. If, therefore, we were not 
 assembled, as we are, to consider of the existence of high trea- 
 son against the King's life, but only of a misdemeanor for se- 
 ditiously disturbing his title and estabhshment, by the proceed- 
 ings of a reform in Parhament, I should think the Crown, upon 
 the very principle which, under the libel law, must now" govern 
 such a trial, quite as distant from its mark; because,- in my 
 opinion, there is no way by w^hich His Majesty's title can more 
 firmly be secured, or by w^hich (above all, in our times) its 
 permanency can be better estabhshed, than by promoting a 
 more full and equal representation of the people, by peaceable 
 means ; and by what other means has it been sought, in this 
 instance, to be promoted ? 
 
 Gentlemen, when the members of this Convention were 
 seized, did they attempt resistance ? — Did they insist upon their 
 privileges as subjects under the laws, or as a Parliament enact- 
 ing laws for others 1 — If they had said or done anything to 
 give color to such an idea, there needed no spies to convict 
 them ; — the Crown could have given ample indemnity for evi- 
 dence from amongst themselves: the Societies consisted of 
 
454 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 thousands and thousands of persons, some of whom, upon any 
 calculation of human nature, might have been produced : the 
 delegates, who attended the meetings, could not be supposed to 
 have met, with a different intention from those who sent them ; 
 and, if the answer to that is, that the constituents are involved 
 in the guilt of their representatives, we get back to the mon- 
 strous position which I observed you before to shrink back fi^om, 
 with visible horror, when I stated it; namely, the involving in the 
 fate and consequence of this single trial every man, who cor- 
 responded with these Societies, or who, as a member of Socie- 
 ties in any part of the kingdom, consented to the meeting which 
 was assembled, or which was in prospect; — but, I thank God, 
 I have nothing to fear from such hydras, when I see before me 
 such just and honorable men to hold the balance of justice. 
 
 Gentlemen, the dissolution of this Parliament speaks as strong 
 a language as its conduct when sitting. How was it dissolved ? 
 When the magistrates entered, Mr. Skirving was in the chair, 
 which he refused to leave : — he considered and asserted his 
 conduct to be legal, and therefore informed the magistrate he 
 must exercise his authority, that the dispersion might appear to 
 be involuntary, and that the subject, disturbed in his rights, 
 might be entitled to his remedy. — The magistrate on this took 
 Mr. Skirving by the shoulder, who immediately obeyed ; the 
 chair was quitted in a moment, and this great Parhament broke 
 up. What was the effect of all this proceeding at the time, 
 when whatever belonged to it must have been best understood ? 
 — Were any of the parties indicted for high treason ? — Were 
 they indicted even for a breach of the peace in holding the 
 Convention ? — None of these things. — The law of Scotland, ar- 
 bitrary as it is, was to be disturbed to find a name for their 
 offence, and the rules of trial to be violated to convict them : — 
 they were denied their challenges to their Jurors, and other 
 irregularities were introduced, so as to be the subject of com- 
 plaint in the House of Commons. — Gentlemen, in what I am 
 saying, I am not standing up to vindicate all that they pubhsh- 
 ed during these proceedings, more especially those which were 
 written in consequence of the trials I have just alluded to ; but 
 allowance must be made for a state of heat and irritation : — 
 they saw men whom they believed to be persecuted for what 
 they beheved to be innocent ; — they saw them the victims of 
 sentences which many would consider as equivalent to, if not 
 worse than, judgment of treason : sentences which, at all events, 
 had never existed before, and such as, I believe, never will 
 again with impunity. But since I am on the subject of inten- 
 tion, I shall conduct myself with the same moderation which I 
 have been prescribing ; I will cast no aspersions, but shall con- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 455 
 
 tent myself with lamenting that these judgments were produc- 
 tive of consequences, which rarely follow from authority dis- 
 creetly exercised. How easy is it then to dispose of as much 
 of the evidence as consumed half a day in the anathemas 
 against the Scotch Judges ! It appears that they came to vari- 
 ous resolutions concerning them ; some good, some bad, and 
 all of them irregular. Amongst others they compare them to 
 JefFeries, and wish that they, who imitate his example, maj^ 
 meet his fate. — What then? — Irreverend expressions against 
 Judges are not acts of high treason ! — If they had assembled 
 round the Court of Justiciary, and hanged them in the execu- 
 tion of their offices, it would not have been treason within the 
 statute. — I am no advocate for disrespect to Judges, and think 
 that it is dangerous to the public order; but, putting aside the 
 insult upon the Judges now in authority, the reprobation of 
 JefFeries is no libel, but an awful and useful memento to wicked 
 men. Lord Chief Justice JefFeries denied the privilege of Eng- 
 lish law to an innocent man. He refused it to Sir Thomas 
 Armstrong, who in vain pleaded, in bar of his outlawry, that 
 he was out of the realm when he was exacted — (an objection 
 so clear, that it was lately taken for granted, in the case of 
 Mr. Purefoy.) The daughter of this unfortunate person, a lady 
 of honor and quahty, came publicly into Court to supplicate for 
 her father; and what were the effects of her supplications, and 
 of the law in the mouth of the prisoner? " Sir Thomas Arm- 
 strong," said JefFeries, " you may amuse yourself as much as 
 you please with the idea of your innocence, but you are to be 
 hanged next Friday ;" — and, upon the natural exclamation of a 
 daughter at this horrible outrage against her parent, he said, 
 " Take that woman out of Court ;" which she answered by a 
 prayer, that God Almighty's judgments might hght upon him. 
 Gentlemen, they did light upon him; and when, after his death, 
 which speedily followed this transaction, the matter was brought 
 before the House of Commons, under that glorious Revolution 
 which is asserted throughout the proceedings before you, the 
 judgment against Sir Thomas Armstrong was declared to be a 
 murder under color of justice ! Sir Robert Sawyer, the Attor- 
 ney General, was expelled the House of Commons for his mis- 
 demeanor in refusing the writ of error, — and the executors of 
 JefFeries were commanded to make compensation to the widow 
 and the daughter of the deceased. These are great monu- 
 ments of justice ; — and, although I by no means approve of 
 harsh expressions against authority, which tend to weaken the 
 holdings of society, yet let us not go beyond the mark in our 
 restraints, nor suppose that men are dangerously disaffected to 
 the government, because they feel a sort of pride and exulta- 
 
456 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 tion in events, which constitute the dignity and glory of their 
 country. - 
 
 Gentlemen, this resentment against the proceedings of the 
 Courts in Scotland, was not confined to those who were the 
 objects of them; it was not confined even to the friends of a 
 reform in Parhament— a benevolent public, in both parts of the 
 island, joined them in the complaint; and a gentleman of great 
 moderation, and a most inveterate enemy to Parhamentary re- 
 form, as thinking it not an improvement of the government, but 
 nevertheless a lover of his country and its insuhed justice, 
 made the convictions of the delegates the subject of a public 
 inquiry ; — I speak of my friend Mr. WilHam Adam, who 
 brought these judgments of the Scotch Judges before the House 
 of Commons — arraigned them as contrary to law, and proposed 
 to reverse them by the authority of Parhament. Let it not 
 then be matter of wonder, that these poor men, who are the 
 immediate victims of this injustice, and who saw their brethren 
 expelled from their country by an unprecedented and question- 
 able judgment, should feel like men on the subject, and express 
 themselves as they felt. 
 
 Gentlemen, amidst the various distresses and embarrassments 
 which attend my present situation, it is a great consolation that 
 I have marked from the beginning, your vigilant attention and 
 your capacity to understand; it is, therefore, with the utmost 
 confidence that I ask you a few plain questions, arising out of 
 the whole of these Scotch proceedings. — In the first place, then, 
 do you believe it to be possible, that, if these men had really 
 projected the Convention as a traitorous usurpation of the au- 
 thorities of Parliament, they would have invited the Friends of 
 the People, in Frith Street, to assist them, when they knew that 
 this Society was determined not to seek the reform of the con- 
 stitution, but by means that were constitutional, and from whom 
 they could neither hope for support nor concealment of evil 
 purposes? — I ask you next, if their objects had been traitorous, 
 would they have given them, without disguise or color, to the 
 pubUc and to the government, in every common newspaper ? 
 And yet it is so far from being a charge against them, that they 
 concealed their objects by hypocrisy or guarded conduct, that 
 I have been driven to admit the justice of the complaint against 
 them, for unnecessary inflammation and exaggeration. — I ask 
 you farther, whether, if the proceedings, thus published and 
 exaggerated, had appeared to Government, who knew every- 
 thing belonging to them, in the light they represent them to 
 you to-day, they could possibly have slept over them with such 
 complete indifference and silence? For it is notorious, that 
 after this Convention had been held at Edinburgh ; after, in 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 457 
 
 short, everything had been said, written, and transacted, on 
 which I ann now commenting, and after Mr. Paine's book had 
 been for above a year in universal circulation, — ay, up to the 
 very day w^hen Mr. Grey gave notice, in the House of Com- 
 mons, of the intention of the Friends of the People for a reform 
 in Parliament, there was not even a single indictment on the 
 file for a misdemeanor ; but, from that moment, when it was 
 seen that the cause was not beat down or abandoned, the pro- 
 clamation made its appearance, and all the proceedings that 
 followed had their birth. — I ask you, lastly. Gentlemen, whether 
 it be in human nature, that a few unprotected men, conscious 
 in their own minds, that they had been engaged and detected 
 in a detestable rebelHon to cut off the King, to destroy the ad- 
 ministration of justice, and to subvert the whole fabric of the 
 government, should turn around upon tTieir country, whose ruin 
 they had projected, and whose most obvious justice attached on 
 them, complaining, forsooth, that their delegates, taken by ma- 
 gistrates' in the very act of high treason, had been harshly and 
 illegally interrupted in a meritorious proceeding ? The history 
 of mankind never furnished an instance, nor ever will, of such 
 extravagant, preposterous, and unnatural conduct ! No, no. 
 Gentlemen : all their hot blood was owing to their firm persua- 
 sion, dictated by conscious innocence, that the conduct of their 
 delegates had been legal, and might be vindicated against the 
 magistrates who obstructed them : — in that they might be mis- 
 taken ; — I am not arguing that point at present : if they are 
 hereafter indicted for a misdemeanor, and I am Counsel in that 
 cause, I will then tell you what I think of it : — sufficient for the 
 day is the good or evil of it, — it is sufficient, for the present one, 
 that the legality or illegality of the business has no relation to 
 the crime that is imputed to the prisoner. 
 
 The next matter that is alleged against the authors of the 
 Scotch Convention, and the societies which supported it, is 
 their having sent addresses of friendship to the Convention of 
 France. These addresses are considered to be a decisive proof 
 of republican combination, verging closely in themselves upon 
 an overt act of treason. — Gentlemen, if the dates of these ad- 
 dresses are attended to, which come no lower down than No- 
 vember 1792, we have only to lament, that they are but the acts 
 of private subjects, and that they were not sanctioned by the 
 State itself. — The French nation, about that period, under their 
 new Constitution, or under their new anarchy, call it which you 
 will, were nevertheless most anxiously desirous of maintaining 
 peace with this country — But the King was advised to withdraw 
 his Ambassador from France, upon the approaching catastrophe 
 of its most unfortunate Prince : — an event which, however 
 
 3H 39 
 
458 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 to be deplored, was no justifiable cause of offence to Great 
 Britain. France desired nothing but the regeneration of her 
 own government ; and if she mistook the road to her prosperity, 
 what was that to us ? — But it was alledged against her in Par- 
 liament, that she had introduced spies amongst us, and held 
 correspondence with disaffected persons, for the destruction of 
 our constitution : this was the charge of our Minister, and it 
 was therefore held to be just and necessary, for the safety of 
 the country, to hold France at arm's-length, and to avoid the 
 very contagion of contact with her at the risk of war. — But, 
 Gentlemen, the charge against France was thought by many, 
 to be supported by no better proofs than those against the 
 prisoner. — In the public correspondence of the Ambassador 
 from the French King, and upon his death, as a Minister from 
 the Convention, with His Majesty's Secretary of State, docu- 
 ments which lie upon the table of the House of Commons, and 
 which may be made evidence in the cause, the Executive 
 Council repelled with indignation all the imputations, which to 
 this very hour are held out as the vindications of quarrel. " If 
 there be such persons in England," says Monsieur Chauvelin — 
 "has not England laws to punish them? — France disavows 
 them — such men are not Frenchmen." — The same correspond- 
 ence conveys the most solemn assurances of friendship, down 
 to the very end of the year 1792 — a period subsequent to all 
 the correspondence and addresses complained of. — Whether 
 these assurances were faithful or otherwise, — whether it would 
 have been prudent to have depended on them or otherwise, — 
 whether the war was advisable or unadvisable, — are questions 
 over which we have no jurisdiction ; — I only desire to bring to 
 your recollection, that a man may be a friend to the rights of 
 humanity, and to the imprescriptible rights of social man, 
 which is now a term of derision and contempt, that he may 
 feel to the very soul for a nation beset by the sword of despots, 
 and yet be a lover of his own country and its constitution. 
 
 Gentlemen, the same celebrated person, of whom I have had 
 occasion to speak so frequently, is the best and brightest illus- 
 tration of this truth. Mr. Burke, indeed, went a great deal 
 further than requires to be pressed into the present argument ; 
 for he maintained the cause of justice and of truth, against all 
 the perverted authority and rash violence of his country, and 
 expressed the feelings of a Christian and a patriot in the very 
 heat of the American war ; boldly holding forth our victories 
 as defeats, and our successes as calamities and disgraces. " It 
 is not instantly," said Mr. Burke, " that I can be brought to re- 
 joice, when I hear of the slaughter and captivity of long lists 
 of those names which have been familiar to my ears from my 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 459 
 
 infancy, and to rejoice that they have fallen undei' the sword 
 of strangers, whose barbarous appellations I scarcely know 
 how to pronounce. The glory acquired at the White Plains by 
 Colonel Railkf has no charms for me ; and I fairly acknowledge, 
 that I have not yet learned to delight in finding Fort Kniphausen 
 in the heart of the British dominions." If this had been said 
 or written by Mr. Yorke at Sheffield, or by any other member 
 of these societies, heated with wine at the Globe Tavern, it 
 would have been trumpeted forth as decisive evidence of a 
 rebellious spirit, rejoicing in the downfall of his country; yet 
 the great author whose writings I have borrowed from, ap- 
 proved himself to be the friend of this nation at that calamitous 
 crisis, and had it pleased God to open the understandings of 
 our rulers, his wisdom might have averted the storms that are 
 now thickening around us. We must not, therefore, be too 
 severe in our strictures upon the opinions and feelings of men 
 as they regard such mighty public questions. — The interests of 
 a nation may often be one thing, and the interests of its govern- 
 ment another ; but the interests of those who hold government 
 for the hour. is at all times different from either. At the time 
 many of the papers before you were circulated on the subject 
 of the war with France, many of the best and wisest men in 
 this kingdom began to be driven by our situation to these 
 melancholy reflections; and thousands of persons, the most 
 firmly attached to the principles of our constitution, and who 
 never were members of any of these societies, considered, and 
 still consider. Great Britain as the aggressor against France ; 
 — they considered, and still consider, that she had a right to 
 choose a government for herself, and that it was contrary to 
 the first principles of justice, and, if possible, still more repug- 
 nant to the genius of our own free constitution, to combine 
 with despots for her destruction : and who knows but that the 
 external pressure upon France may have been the cause of 
 that unheard-of state of society which we complain of? — who 
 knows, but that, driven as she has been to exertions beyond the 
 ordinary vigor of a nation, it has not been the parent of that 
 unnatural and giant strength which threatens the authors of it 
 with perdition ? These are melancholy considerations, but 
 they may reasonably, and at all events, be lawfully entertained, 
 — We owe obedience to Government in our actions, but surely 
 our opinions are free. 
 
 Gentlemen, pursuing the order of time, we are arrived at 
 length at the proposition to hold another Convention, ivhich, ivith 
 the supposed support of it by force, are the only overt acts of high 
 treason charged upon this record. — For, strange as it may appear, 
 there is no charge whatever before you of any one of those 
 
 ^4 
 
460 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 acts or writings, the evidence of which consumed so many days 
 in reading, and which has already nearly consumed my strength 
 in only passing them in review before you. — If every line and 
 letter of all the writings I have been commenting upon were 
 admitted to be traitorous machinations, and if the Convention 
 in Scotland was an open rebeUion, it is conceded to be foreign 
 to the present purpose, unless as such criminality in them 
 might show the views and objects of the. persons engaged in 
 them : — on that principle only the Court has over and over 
 again decided the evidence of them to be admissible ; and on 
 the same principle I have illustrated them in their order as 
 they happened, that I might lead the prisoner in your view up 
 to the very point and moment when the treason is supposed to 
 have burst forth into the overt act for which he is arraigned 
 before you. 
 
 The transaction respecting this second Convention, which 
 constitutes the principal, or moje properly the only overt act 
 in the Indictment, lies in the narrowest compass, and is clouded 
 with no ambiguity. I admit freely every act which is imputed 
 to the prisoner, and listen not so much with fear as with 
 curiosity and wonder, to the treason sought to be connected 
 with it. 
 
 You will recollect that the first motion towards the holding 
 of a second Convention, originated in a letter to the prisoner 
 from a country correspondent, in which the legality of the for- 
 mer was vindicated, and its dispersion lamented : — this letter 
 was answered on the 27th of March 1794, and was read to 
 you in the Crown's evidence in these words ; 
 
 " March 27, 1794. 
 " Citizen, 
 
 "I am directed by the London Corresponding Society to 
 transmit the following Resolutions to the Society for Constitu- 
 tional Information, and to request the sentiments of that Society 
 respecting the important measures which the present juncture 
 of affairs seems to require. 
 
 " The London Corresponding Society conceives that the 
 moment is arrived, w^hen a full and explicit declaration is 
 necessary from all the friends of freedom — whether the late 
 illegal and unheard-of prosecutions and sentences shall determine 
 us to abandon our cause, or shall excite us to pursue a radical 
 reform, with an ardor proportioned to the magnitude of the 
 object, and with a zeal as distinguished on our parts as the 
 treachery of others in the same glorious cause is notorious. The 
 Society for Constitutional Information is therefore required to 
 determine whether or no they will be ready, when called upon, 
 to act in conjunction with this and other societies to obtain a fair 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 461 
 
 representation of the PEOPLE — whether they concur with us in 
 seeing the necessity of a speedy Convention, for the purpose of 
 obtaining, in a constitutional and legal method, a redress of those 
 grievances under which we at present labor, and which can only 
 be effectually removed by a full and fair representation of the 
 people of Great Britain. The London Corresponding Society 
 cannot but remind their friends that the present crisis demands 
 all the prudence, unanimity, and vigor, that may or can be 
 exerted by MEN and Britons ; nor do they doubt but that 
 manly firmness and consistency will finally, and they believe 
 shortly, terminate in the full accompHshment of all their wishes. 
 
 " I am, Fellow-citizen, 
 
 " (In my humble measure,) 
 
 " A friend to the Rights of Man, 
 
 (Signed) " T. Hardy, Secretary." 
 
 They then resolved that there is no security for the continu- 
 ance of any right but in equality of laws; not in equality oi prop- 
 erty, the ridiculous bugbear by which you are to be frightened 
 into injustice ; — on the contrary, throughout every part of the 
 proceedings, and most emphatically in Mr. Yorke's speech, so 
 much relied on, the beneficial subordinations of society, the 
 security of property, and the prosperity of the landed and com- 
 mercial interests, are held forth as the very objects to be 
 attained by the reform in the representation which they sought 
 for. 
 
 In examining this first moving towards a second Convention, 
 the first thing to be considered is, what reason there is, from 
 the letter I have just read to you, or from anything that appears 
 to have led to it, to suppose that a different sort of Convention 
 was projected from that which had been before assembled and 
 dispersed. The letter says another British Convention ; and it 
 describes the same objects as the first — compare all the papers 
 for the calling this second Convention with those for assembling 
 the first, and you will find no difference, except that they mixed 
 with them extraneous and libellous matter, arising obviously 
 from the irritation produced by the sailing of the transports 
 with their brethren condemned to exile. These papers have 
 already been considered, and separated, as they ought to be, 
 from the charge. 
 
 I will now lay before you all the remaining operations of this 
 formidable conspiracy up to the prisoner's imprisonment in the 
 Tower. Mr. Hardy having received the letter just adverted to, 
 regarding a second Convention, the Corresponding Society 
 wrote the letter of the 27th of March, and w^hich was found in 
 his hand- writing, and is published in the first Report, page U. 
 
 39* 
 
462 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 This letter, inclosing the Resolutions they had come to upon the 
 subject, was considered by the Constitutional Society on the 
 next day, the 28th of March, the ordinary day for their meeting, 
 when they sent an answer to the Corresponding Society, 
 informing them that they had received their communication, 
 that they heartily concurred with them in the objects they had 
 in view, and invited them to send a delegation of their mem- 
 bers to confer with them on the subject. 
 
 Now, what were the objects they concurred in, and what 
 was to be the subject of conference between the Societies by 
 their Delegates ? Look at the letter, which distinctly expresses 
 its objects, and the means by which they sought to effect them : 
 — had these poor men (too numerous to meet all together, and 
 therefore renewing the cause of Parliamentary Reform by 
 delegation from the Societies) any reason to suppose, that they 
 were involving themselves in the pains of treason, and that they 
 were compassing the King's death, when they were redeeming 
 (as they thought) his authority from probable downfall and 
 ruin ? Had treason been imputed to the Delegates before ? — 
 Had the imagining the death of the King ever been suspected 
 by anybody? — Or when they were prosecuted for misde- 
 meanors, was the prosecution considered as an indulgence 
 conferred upon men whose hves had been forfeited ? — And is it 
 to be endured, then, in this free land, made free too by the 
 virtue of our forefathers, who placed the King upon his throne 
 to maintain this freedom, that forty or fifty thousand people, in 
 the different parts of the kingdom, assembling in their little 
 Societies to spread useful knowledge, and to diffuse the princi- 
 ples of liberty, which the more widely they are spread, the 
 surer is the condition of our free government, are in a moment, 
 without warning, without any law or principle to warrant it, 
 and without precedent or example, to be branded as traitors, 
 and to be decimated as victims for punishment ! — The Consti- 
 tutional Society having answered the letter of the 27th of 
 March, in the manner I stated to you : — Committees, from 
 each of the two Societies, were appointed to confer together. 
 The Constitutional Society appointed Mr. Joyce, Mr. Kidd, 
 Mr. Wardle, and Mr. Holcroft, all indicted ; and Mr. Sharpe, 
 the celebrated engraver, not indicted, but examined as a 
 witness by the Crown:— five were appointed by the Corre- 
 sponding Society to meet these gentlemen, viz. Mr. Baxter, Mr. 
 Moore, Mr. Thelwall, and Mr. Hodgson, all indicted, and Mr. 
 Lovatt, against whom the bill was thrown out. These gentle- 
 men met at the house of Mr. Thelwall on the 11th of April, and 
 there pubHshed the resolutions already commented on, in con- 
 formity with the general objects of the two Societies, expressed 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 463 
 
 in the letter of the 27th of March, and agreed to continue to 
 meet on Mondays and Thursdays for further conference on the 
 subject. The first Monday was the 14th of April, of which we 
 have heard so much, and no meeting was held on that day ;— 
 the first Thursday was th& 17th of April, but there was no 
 meeting; — the 21st of April was the second Monday, but there 
 was still no meeting ; — the 24th of April was the second Thurs- 
 day, when the five of the Corresponding Society attended, but 
 nobody coming to meet them from the other, nothing of course 
 was transacted ; — on Monday, the 28th of April, three weeks 
 after their first appointment, this bloody and impatient band of 
 conspirators, seeing that a Convention bill was in projection, 
 and that Hessians were landing on our coasts, at last assem- 
 bled themselves : — and now we come to the point of action. — 
 Gentlemen, they met ; — they shook hands with each other : — 
 they talked over the news and the pleasures of the day ; — they 
 wished one another a good evening, and retired to their homes ; 
 — it is in vain to hide it, they certainly did all these things. — 
 The same alarming scene was repeated on the three following 
 days of meeting, and on Monday, May the r2th, would, but 
 for the vigilance of Government, have probably again taken 
 place : — but on that day Mr. Hardy was arrested, his papers 
 seized, and the conspiracy which pervaded this devoted country' 
 was dragged into the face of day. To be serious, gentlemen, 
 you have literally the whole of it before you, in the meetings 
 I have just stated ; in which you find ten gentlemen, appointed 
 by two peaceable Societies, conversing upon the subject of a 
 constitutional reform in Parhament, pubUshing the result of 
 their deliberations, without any other arms than one supper- 
 knife ; which, when I come to the subject of arms, I will, in 
 form, lay before you. — Yet for this, and for this alone, you are 
 asked to devote the prisoner before you, and his unfortunate 
 associates, to the pains and penalties of death, and not to death 
 alone, but to the eternal stigma and infamy of having conceived 
 the detestable and horrible design of dissolving the government 
 of. their country, and of striking at the life of their Sovereign, 
 who had never given offence to them, nor to any of his subjects. 
 Gentlemen, as a conspiracy of this formidable extension, 
 which had no less for its object than the sudden annihilation of 
 all the existing authorities of the country, and of everything 
 that supported them, could not be even gravely stated to have 
 an existence, without contemplation of force to give it effect; 
 it was absolutely necessary to impress upon the public mind, 
 and to estabhsh, by formal evidence, upon the present occasion, 
 that such a force was actually in preparation. — This most 
 important and indispensable part of the cause was attended 
 
464 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 with insurmountable difficulties, not only from its being 
 unfounded in fact, but because it had been expressly negatived 
 by the whole conduct of government : — for although the motions 
 of all these Societies had been watched for two years together ; 
 though their spies had regularly attended, and collected regular 
 journals of their proceedings ; yet when the first Report was 
 finished, and the Habeas Corpus Act suspended upon the 
 foundation of the facts contained in it, there was not to be 
 found, from one end of it to the other, even the insinuation of 
 arms ; I believe that this circumstance made a great impression 
 upon all the thinking, dispassionate part of the pubhc, and that 
 the materials of the first Report were thought to furnish but a 
 slender argument to support such a total eclipse of liberty. No 
 wonder, then, that the discovery of a pike, in the interval 
 between the two Reports, should have been highly estimated. 
 I mean no reflections upon Government, and only state the 
 matter, as a man of great wit very publicly reported it; — 
 he said that the discoverer, when he first beheld the long- 
 looked-for pike, was transported beyond himself with enthusi- 
 asm and delight, and that he hung over the rusty instrument 
 with all the raptures of a fond mother, who embraces her first- 
 born infant, " and thanks her God for all her travail past.'^ 
 
 In consequence of this discovery, whoever might have the 
 merit of it, and whatever the discoverer might have felt upon 
 it, persons were sent by Government (and properly sent) into 
 all corners of the kingdom to investigate the extent of the mis- 
 chief; the fruit of this inquiry has been laid before you, and I 
 pledge myself to sum up the evidence which you have had 
 upon the subject, not by parts, or by general observations, but 
 in the same manner as the Court itself must sum it up to you, 
 when it lays the whole body of the proof with fidelity before 
 you. — ^Notwithstanding all the declamations upon French an- 
 archy, I think I may safely assert, that it has been distinctly 
 proved, by the evidence, that the Sheffield people were for uni- 
 versal representation in a British House of Commons. This 
 appears to have been the general sentiment, with the exception 
 of one witness, whose testimony makes the truth and bond fides 
 of the sentiments far more striking; the witness I allude to 
 (George Widdison,) whose evidence I shall state in its place, 
 seems to be a plain, blunt, honest man, and by the by, which 
 must never be forgotten of any of them, the Crown's witness. 
 — I am not interested in the veracity of any of them, for (as 1 
 have frequently adverted to) the Crown must take them for 
 better, for worse ; — it must support each witness, and the whole 
 body of its evidence throughout. — If you do not believe the 
 whole of what is proved by a witness, what confidence can 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 465 
 
 you have in part of it, or what part can you select to confide 
 in? — If you are deceived in part, who shall measure the 
 boundaries of the deception ? — This man says he was at first 
 for universal suffrage ; Mr. Yorke had persuaded him, from all 
 the books, that it was the best ; but that he afterwards saw 
 reason to think otherwise, and was not for going the length of 
 the Duke of Richmond : but that all the other Sheffield people 
 were for the Duke's plan; a fact confirmed by the cross-exam- 
 ination of every one of the witnesses. — You have, therefore, 
 positively and distinctly, upon the universal authority of the 
 evidence of the Crown, the people of Sheffield, who are 
 charged as at the head of a repubUcan conspiracy, proved to 
 be associated on the very principles which, at different times, 
 have distinguished the most eminent persons in this kingdom ; 
 and the charge made upon them with regard to arms, is cleared 
 up by the same universal testimony. 
 
 You recollect that, at a meeting held upon the Castle-hill, 
 there were two parties in the country, and it is material to at- 
 tend to what these two parties were. — In consequence of the 
 King's proclamation, a great number of honorable, zealous 
 persons, who had been led by a thousand artifices to beheve 
 that there was a just cause of alarm in the country, took very 
 extraordinary steps for support of the magistracy. — The pub- 
 licans were directed not to entertain persons who were friendly 
 to a reform of Parliament; and alarms of change and revolu- 
 tion pervaded the country, which became greater and greater, 
 as our ears were hourly assailed with the successive calamities 
 of France. — Others saw things in an opposite hght, and con- 
 sidered that these calamities were made the pretext for extin- 
 guishing British liberty; — heart-burnings arose between the 
 two parties ; and some, I am afraid a great many, wickedly, 
 or ignorantly interposed in a quarrel which zeal had begun. — 
 The Societies were disturbed in their meetings, and even the 
 private dwellings of many of their members were illegally 
 violated. — It appears by the very evidence for the Crown, by 
 which the cause must stand or fall, that many of the friends of 
 reform were daily insulted, — their houses threatened to be 
 pulled down, and their peaceable meetings beset by pretended 
 magistrates, without the process of the law. — These proceed- 
 ings naturally suggested the propriety of having arms for self- 
 defence, the first and most unquestionable privilege of man, in 
 or out of society, and expressly provided for by the very letter 
 of English law. — It was ingeniously put by the learned Coun- 
 sel, in the examination of a witness, that it was complained of 
 amongst them, that very little was sufficient to obtain a war- 
 rant from some magistrates, and that therefore it w^as as well 
 
 31 
 
466 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 to be provided for those who might have w^arrants as for those 
 who had none. Gentlemen, I am too much exhausted to pursue 
 or argue such a difference, even if it existed upon the evidence, 
 because if the Societies in question (however mistakenly) con- 
 sidered their meetings to be legal, and the warrants to disturb 
 them to be beyond the authority of the magistrate to grant, 
 they had a right, at the peril of the legal consequences, to 
 stand upon their defence ; and it is no transgression of the law, 
 much less high treason against the King, to resist his officers 
 when they pass the bounds of their authority. So much for 
 the general evidence of arms ; and the first and last time that 
 even the name of the prisoner is connected with the subject, is 
 by a letter he received from a person of the name of Davison. 
 I am anxious that this part of the case should be distinctly un- 
 derstood, and I will, therefore, bring back this letter to your 
 attention. The letter is as follows : 
 
 " Fellow-Citizen, 
 
 " The barefaced aristocracy of the present administration 
 has made it necessary that we should be prepared to act on the 
 defensive, against any attack they may command their newly 
 armed minions to make upon us. A plan has been hit upon, 
 and, if encouraged sufficiently, will, no doubt, have the effect 
 of furnishing a quantity of pikes to the patriots, great enough 
 to make them formidable. The blades are made of steel, tem- 
 pered and polished after an approved form. They may be 
 fixed into any shafts (but fir ones are recommended) of the 
 girt of the accompanying hoops at the top end, and about an 
 inch more at the bottom. 
 
 " The blades and hoops (more than which cannot properly 
 be sent to any great distance) will be charged one shilling. 
 Money to be sent with the orders. 
 
 " As the institution is in its infancy, immediate encourage- 
 ment is necessary. 
 
 " Orders may he sent to the Secretary of the Sheffield Constitu- 
 tional Society. [Struck out.'] 
 
 " Richard Davison. 
 " Sheffield, April 24, 1794." 
 
 Gentlemen, you must recollect (for, if it should escape you, 
 it might make a great difference) that Davison directs the an- 
 swer to this letter to be sent to Robert Moody at Sheffield, to 
 prevent post-office suspicion ; and that he also incloses in it a 
 similar one, which Mr. Hardy was to forward to Norwich, in 
 order that the Society at that place might provide pikes for 
 themselves, in the same manner that Davison was recommend- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 467 
 
 ing, through Hardy, to the people of London. Now what fol- 
 lowed upon the prisoner's receiving this letter ? — It is in evi- 
 dence, by this very Moody, to whom the answer was to be sent, 
 and who was examined as a witness by the Crown, that he 
 never received any answer to the letter ; and, although there was 
 an universal seizure of papers, no such letter, nor any other, 
 appeared to have been written ; and, what is more, the letter 
 to Norwich, from Dauison, inclosed in his letter to Hardy, 
 was never forwarded, but was found in his custody when he 
 was arrested, three wrecks afterwards, folded up in the other, 
 and unopened, as he received it. — Good God ! what is become 
 of the humane sanctuary of English justice — where is the 
 sense and meaning of the term provahly in the statute of King 
 Edward — if such evidence can be received against an Enghsh 
 subject, on a trial for his life ? — If a man whites a letter to me 
 about pikes, or about anything else, can I help it? — And is it 
 evidence (except to acquit me of suspicion) when it appears 
 that nothing is done upon it ? — Mr. Hardy never before corre- 
 sponded with Davison — he never desired him to write to him. — 
 How indeed could he desire him, when his very existence was 
 unknown to him ? — He never returned an answer ; — he never 
 forwarded the inclosed to Norwich ; he never even communi- 
 cated the letter itself to his own Society, although he was its 
 Secretary, which showed he considered it as the unauthorized, 
 officious correspondence of a private man ; — he never acted 
 upon it at all, nor appears to have regarded it as dangerous or 
 important, since he neither destroyed nor concealed it. Gentle- 
 men, I declare I hardly know in what language to express my 
 astonishment, that the Crown can ask you to shed the blood 
 of the man at the bar upon such foundations. — Yet this is the 
 whole of the written evidence concerning arms: for the re- 
 mainder of the plot rests, for its foundation, upon the parole 
 evidence, the whole of which I shall pursue with precision, and 
 not suffer a Hnk of the chain to pass unexamined. 
 
 William Camage was the first witness : he swore that the 
 Sheffield Societies were frequently insulted, and threatened to 
 be dispersed ; so that the people in general thought it necessary 
 to defend themselves against illegal attacks ; — that the justices 
 having officiously intruded themselves into their peaceable and 
 legal meetings, they thought they had a right to be armed ; but 
 they did not claim this right under the law of nature, or by 
 theories of government, but as English subjects, under the 
 government of England ; for they say in their paper, which 
 has been read by the Crown that would condemn them, that 
 they were entitled by the Bill of Rights to be armed. Gen- 
 tlemen, they state their title truly. — The preamble of that 
 
468 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 statute enumerates the offences of King James the Second ; 
 amongst the chief of which was, his causing his subjects to be 
 disarmed, and then our ancestors claim this violated right as 
 their indefeasible inheritance. Let us therefore be cautious 
 how we rush to the conclusion, that men are plotting treason 
 against the King, because they are asserting a right, the viola- 
 tion of which has been adjudged against a King to be treason 
 against the people ; and let us not suppose that Enghsh subjects 
 are a banditti, for preparing to defend their legal liberties with 
 pikes, because pikes may have been accidentally employed in 
 another country to destroy both liberty and law. Camage says 
 he was spoken to by this Davison about three dozen of pikes — 
 What then? He is the Crown's witness, whom they offer to 
 YOU AS the witness OF TRUTH, and he started with horror at 
 the idea of violence, and spoke with visible reverence for the 
 King ; saying, God forbid that he should touch him ; but he, 
 nevertheless, had a pike for himself Indeed, the manliness 
 with which he avowed it, gave an additional strength to his 
 evidence. — " No doubt," says he, " I had a pike, but I would 
 not have remained an hour a member of the Society, if I had 
 heard a syllable, that it was in the contemplation of anybody 
 to employ pikes or any other arms against the King or the 
 Government. We meant to petition Parliament, through the 
 means of the Convention of Edinburgh, thinking that the 
 House of Commons would Hsten to this expression of the gen- 
 eral sentiments of the people ; for it had been thrown out, he 
 said, in Parliament, that the people did not desire it them- 
 selves." 
 
 Mr. Broomhead, whose evidence I have already commented 
 upon, a sedate, plain, sensible man, spoke also of his affection 
 to the Government, and of the insults and threats which had 
 been offered to the people of Sheffield : he says, *' I heard of 
 arms on the Castle-hill, but it is fit this should be distinctly ex- 
 plained : a wicked hand-bill, to provoke and terrify the multi- 
 tude, had been thrown about the town in the night, which caused 
 agitation in the minds of the people ; and it was then spoken 
 of, as being the right of every individual, to have arms for 
 defence ; but there was no idea ever started of resisting, much 
 less of attacking, the Government. I never heard of such a 
 thing. I fear God," said the witness, "and honor the King; 
 and w^ould not have consented to send a delegate to Edinburgh 
 but for peaceable and legal purposes." 
 
 The next evidence, upon the subject of arms, is what is 
 proved by Widdison, to which I beg your particular attention, 
 because, if there be any reliance upon his testimony, it puts an 
 end to every criminal imputation upon Davison, through whom, 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 469 
 
 in the strange manner already observed upon, Hardy could 
 alone be criminated. 
 
 This man, Widdison, who was both a turner and hair-dresser, 
 and who dressed Davison's hair, and was his most intimate 
 acquaintance, gives you an account of their most confidential 
 conversations upon the subject of the pikes, when it is impossi- 
 ble that they could be imposing upon one another ; and he de- 
 clares, upon his solemn oath, that Davison, without even the 
 knowledge or authority of the Sheffield Society, thinking that 
 the same insults might be offered to the London Societies, wrote 
 the letter to Hardy, of his own head, as the witness expressed it, 
 and that he, Widdison, made the pike-shafts, to the number of 
 a dozen and a half. Davison, he said, was his customer ; he 
 told him that people began to think themselves in danger, and 
 he therefore made the handles of the pikes for sale, to the 
 number of a dozen and a half, and one likewise for himself, 
 without conceiving that he offended against any law. " I love 
 the King," said Widdison, " as much as any man, and all the 
 people I associated with did the same : I would not have staid 
 with them if they had not : — Mr. Yorke often told me privately, 
 that he was for universal representation, and so were we all — 
 the Duke of Richmond's plan was our only object This was the 
 witness who was shown the Duke's letter, and spoke to it as 
 being circulated, and as the very creed of the Societies. — 
 This evidence shows, beyond all doubt, the genuine sentiments 
 of these people, because it consists of their most confidential 
 communications with one another ; and the only answer, there- 
 fore, that can possibly be given to it is, that the witnesses, who 
 deliver it, are imposing upon the Court. But this (as I have 
 wearied you with reiterating) the Crown cannot say ; for, in 
 that case, their whole proof falls to the ground together, since 
 it is only from the same witnesses that the very existence of 
 these pikes and their handles comes before us ; and, if you sus- 
 pect their evidence in part, for the reasons already given, it 
 must be m toto rejected. My friend is so good as to furnish 
 me with this further observation ; that Widdison said he had 
 often heard those who called themselves Aristocrats say, that 
 if an invasion of the country should take place, they would 
 begin with destroying their enemies at home, that they might 
 be unanimous in the defence of their country. 
 
 John Hill w^as next called : he was a cutler, and was em- 
 ployed by Davison to make the blades for the pikes ; he saw the 
 letter which was sent to Hardy, and knew that it was sent, 
 lest there should be the same call for defence in London against 
 illegal attacks upon the Societies ; for that at Sheffield they 
 were daily insulted, and that the opposite party came to his 
 
 40 
 
470 Mil. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 own house, fired muskets under the door, and threatened to 
 pull it down ; he swears that they were, to a man, faithful to the 
 King, and that the reform proposed was in the Commons House 
 of Parliament. 
 
 John Edwards was called, further to connect the prisoner 
 with this combination of force, but so far from establishing it, 
 he swore, upon his cross-examination, that his only reason for 
 going to Hardy's was, that he wanted a pike for his own de- 
 fence, without connexion with Davison, or with Sheffield, and 
 without concert or correspondence with anybody. He had 
 heard, he said, of the violences at Sheffield, and of the pikes 
 that had been made there for defence; that Hardy, on his ap- 
 plication, showed him the letter which, as has appeared, he 
 never showed to any other person. — This is the w^hole sum 
 and substance of the evidence which applies to the charge of 
 pikes, after the closest investigation, under the sanction, and 
 by the aid of Parliament itself; evidence which, so far from 
 establishing the fact, would have been a satisfactory answer 
 to almost any testimony by which such a fact could have been 
 supported : for in this unparalleled proceeding the prisoner's 
 Counsel is driven by his duty to dwell upon the detail of the 
 Crown's proofs : because the whole body of it is the com- 
 pletest answer to the Indictment which even a free choice 
 itself could have selected. — It is further worthy of your atten- 
 tion, that, as far as the evidence proceeds from these plain, 
 natural sources, which the Crown was driven to, for the neces- 
 sary foundation of the proceedings before you, it has been 
 simple, — uniform, — natural, and consistent ; and that whenever 
 a different complexion was to be given to it, it was only through 
 the medium of spies and informers, and of men, independ- 
 ently of their infamous trade, of the most abandoned and 
 profligate characters. 
 
 Before I advert to what has been sworn by this description 
 of persons, I w411 give you a wholesome caution concerning 
 them, and, having no eloquence of my own to enforce it, I will 
 give it to you in the language of the same gentleman whose works 
 are always seasonable, when moral or political lessons are to 
 be rendered delightful. Look then at the picture of society, 
 as Mr. Burke has drawn it, under the dominion of spies and 
 informers : I say under their dominion, for a resort to spies 
 may, on occasions, be justifiable, and their evidence, when 
 confirmed, may deserve impHcit credit ; but I say under the 
 dominion of spies and informers, because the case of the Crown 
 must stand alone upon their evidence, and upon their evidence, 
 not only unconfirmed, but in direct contradiction to every witness^ 
 not an informer or a spy, and in a case too where the truth, 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 471 
 
 whatever it is, lies within the knowledge of forty or fifty 
 thousand people. Mr. Burke says — I believe I can remember 
 it without reference to the book. 
 
 " A mercenary informer knows no distinction. Under such 
 a system, the obnoxious people are slaves, not only to the gov- 
 ernment, but they Hve at the mercy of every individual ; they 
 are at once the slaves of the whole community, and of every 
 part of it ; and the worst and most unmerciful men are those on 
 whose goodness they most depend. 
 
 *' In this situation, men not only shrink from the frowns of 
 a stern magistrate, but are obliged to fly from their very 
 species. The seeds of destruction are sown in civil intercourse 
 and in social habitudes. — The blood of wholesome kindred is 
 infected.— The tables and beds are surrounded with snares. 
 All the means given by Providence to make life safe and com- 
 fortable, are perverted into instruments of terror and torment. 
 — This species of universal subserviency, that makes the very 
 servant who waits behind your chair, the arbiter of your life 
 and fortune, has such a tendency to degrade and abase man- 
 kind, and to deprive them of that assured and liberal state of 
 mind which alone can make us what we ought to be, that I 
 vow to God, I would sooner bring myself to put a man to 
 immediate death for opinions I disliked, and so to get rid of 
 the man and his opinions at once, than to fret him with a 
 feverish being, tainted with the jail distemper of a contagious 
 servitude, to keep him above ground, an animated mass of 
 putrefaction, corrupted himself, and corrupting all about him." 
 
 Gentlemen, let me bring to your recollection the deportment 
 of the first of this tribe, Mr. Alexander, — who could not in 
 half an hour even tell where he had lived, or why he had left 
 his master. — Does any man beheve that he had forgotten these 
 most recent transactions of his life ? Certainly not — but his 
 history would have undone his credit, and must therefore be 
 concealed. He had hved with a Unen-draper, whose address 
 we could scarcely get from him, and they had parted because 
 they had words : — What were the words ? We were not to 
 be- told that. — He then went to a Mr. Killerby's, who agreed 
 with him at twenty-five guineas a year. — Why did he not stay 
 there ? — He was obliged, it seems, to give up this lucrative 
 agreement, because he was obliged to attend here as a witness. 
 — Gentlemen, Mr. Killerby lives only in Holborn, and was he 
 obliged to give up a permanent engagement with a tradesman 
 in Holborn, because he was obliged to be absent at the Old 
 Bailey for five minutes in one single day ? I asked him if he 
 had told Mr. White, the SoHcitor for the Treasury, who would 
 not have been so cruel as to deprive a man of his bread, by 
 
472 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 keeping him upon attendance which might have been avoided 
 by a particular notice. — The thing spoke for itself — he had 
 never told Mr White : but had he ever told Mr. Killerby ? For 
 how^ else could he know that his place was inconsistent with 
 his engagement upon this trial? — No, he had never told him ! 
 — How then did he collect that his place was inconsistent with 
 his duty here ? — This question never received any answer. — 
 You saw how he dealt with it, and how he stood stammering, 
 not daring to lift up his countenance in any direction, — con- 
 fused, — disconcerted, — and confounded. 
 
 Driven from the accusation upon the subject of pikes, and 
 even from the very color of accusation, and knowing that 
 nothing was to be done without the proof of arms, we have got 
 this miserable, solitary knife, held up to us as the engine which 
 was to destroy the Constitution of this country; and Mr. i 
 Groves, an Old Bailey Sohcitor, employed as a spy upon the 
 occasion, has been selected to give probability to this mon- 
 strous absurdity, by his respectable evidence. I understand that 
 this same gentleman has carried his system of spying to such a 
 pitch as to practise it since this unfortunate man has been 
 standing a prisoner before you, proffering himself, as a friend, 
 to the committee preparing his defence, that he might discover 
 to the Crown the materials by which he meant to defend his 
 life. I state this only from report, and I hope in God I am 
 mistaken; for human nature starts back appalled from such 
 atrocity, and shrinks and trembles at the very statement of it. 
 But as to the perjury of this miscreant, it will appear palpable 
 beyond all question, and he shall answer for it in due season. 
 He tells you he attended at Chalk Farm ; and that there, for- 
 sooth, amongst about seven or eight thousand people, he saw ^ 
 two or three persons with knives : — he might, I should think, i 
 have seen many more, as hardly any man goes without a knife " 
 of some sort in his pocket. He asked, however, it seems, 
 where they got these knives, and was directed to Green, a j 
 hair-dresser, who deals besides in cutlery ; and accordingly this I 
 notable Mr. Groves went (as he told us) to Green's, and asked 
 to purchase a knife; when Green in answer to him said, 
 " Speak low, for my wife is a damn'd Aristocrat." — This 
 answer was sworn to by the wretch, to give you the idea that 
 Green, who had the knives to sell, was conscious that he kept 
 them for an illegal and wicked purpose, and that they were not 
 to be sold in pubHc. The door, he says, being ajar, the man 
 desired him to speak low, from whence he would have you 
 understand that it was because this aristocratic wife was 
 within hearing. — This, Gentlemen, is the testimony of Groves, 
 and Green himself is called as the next witness ; and called by 
 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 473 
 
 whom ? Not by me — I know nothing of him : he is the Crown's 
 own witness. — He is called to confirm Grove's evidence ; but not 
 being a spy, he declared solemnly upon his oath, and I can con- 
 firm his evidence by several respectable people, that the knives 
 in question lie constantly, and lay then in his open shop- 
 window, in what is called the show-glass, where cutlers, like 
 other tradesmen, expose their ware to public view ; and that 
 the knives differ in nothing from others publicly sold in the 
 Strand, and every other street in London ; — that he bespoke 
 them from a rider, who came round for orders in the usual 
 way; that he sold only fourteen in all, and that they were made 
 up in little packets, one of which Mr. Hardy had, who was to 
 choose one for himself, but four more were found in his posses- 
 sion, because he was arrested before Green had an opportunity 
 of sending for them. 
 
 Gentlemen, I think the pikes and knives are now completely 
 disposed of; but something was said also about guns ; let us, 
 therefore, see what that amounts to. — It appears that Mr. 
 Hardy was applied to by Samuel WilHams, a gun-engraver, 
 who was not even a member of any Society, and who asked 
 him if he knew anybody who wanted a gun — Hardy said he 
 did not; and undoubtedly upon - the Crown's own showing, it 
 must be taken for granted that if at that time he had been 
 acquainted with any plan of arming, he would have given a 
 different answer, and would have jumped at the offer : — about a 
 fortnight afterwards, however (Hardy in the interval having 
 become acquainted with Franklow,) WilHams called to buy a 
 pair of shoes, and then Hardy recollecting his former apphca- 
 tion, referred him to Franklow, who had in the most public 
 manner raised the forty men, who were called the Loyal Lam- 
 beth Association: — so that, in order to give this transaction 
 any bearing upon the charge, it became necessary to consider 
 Franklow's Association as an armed conspiracy against the 
 Government ; — though the forty people who composed it were 
 collected by pubhc advertisement ; — though they were enrolled 
 under public articles; — and though Franklow himself, as appears 
 from the evidence, attended publicly at the Globe Tavern in his 
 uniform, whilst the cartouch-boxes and the other accoutre- 
 ments of these secret conspirators lay openly upon his shop- 
 board, exposed to the open view of all his customers and 
 neighbors. This story, therefore, is not less contemptible than 
 that which you must have all heard concerning Mr. Walker, 
 whom I went to defend at Lancaster, where that respectable 
 gentleman was brought to trial upon such a trumped-up charge, 
 supported by the solitary evidence of one Dunn, a most infamous 
 witness ; but what was the end of that prosecution 1 — I recollect 
 
 3 K 40* 
 
474 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 it to the honor of my friend, Mr. Law, who conducted it for the 
 Crown, who, knowing that there were persons whose passions 
 were agitated upon these subjects at that moment, and that 
 many persons had enrolled themselves in societies to resist con- 
 spiracies against the government, behaved in a most manful and 
 honorable manner, in a manner, indeed, which the public ought 
 to know, and which I hope it never will, forget : he would not 
 even put me upon my challenges to such persons, but withdrew 
 them from the pannel : and when he saw the complexion of the 
 affair, from the contradiction of the infamous witness whose 
 testimony supported it, he honorably gave up the cause. 
 
 Gentlenien, the evidence of Lynam does not require the same 
 contradiction which fell upon Mr. Groves, because it destroys 
 itself by its own intrinsic inconsistency ; — I could not, indeed, 
 if it were to save my hfe, undertake to state it to you. — It 
 lasted, I think, about six or seven hours, but I have marked 
 under different parts of it, passages so grossly contradictory, 
 matter so impossible, so inconsistent with any course of con- 
 duct, that it will be sufficient to bring these parts to your view, 
 to destroy all the rest. But let us first examine in what manner 
 this matter, such as it is, was recorded. — He professed to speak 
 from notes, yet I observed him frequently looking up to the 
 ceiling whilst he was speaking ; — when I said to him, are you 
 now speaking from a note ? Have you got any note of what 
 you are now saying? he answered; Oh no, this is from recol- 
 lection. — Good God Almighty ! recollection mixing itself with 
 notes in a case of high treason ! — He did not even take down 
 the words— nay, to do the man justice, he did not even affect to 
 have taken the words, but only the substance, as he himself 
 expressed it — O excellent evidence! — The substance of 
 
 WORDS TAKEN DOWN BY A SPY, AND SUPPLIED, WHEN DEFECTIVE, 
 
 BY HIS MEMORY. But I must not Call him a spy ^ for it seems he 
 took them bona fide as a Delegate; and yet hona fide as an 
 informer ;— what a happy combination of fidelity ! faithful to 
 serve, and faithful to betray ! — correct to record for the busi- 
 ness of the Society, and correct to dissolve and to punish it ! — 
 What after all do the notes amount to ? I will advert to the 
 parts I alluded to— they were, it seems, to go to Frith Street, 
 to sign the Declaration of the Friends of the Liberty of the 
 Press, which lay there already signed by between twenty and 
 thirty Members of the House of Commons, and many other 
 respectable and opulent men, and then they were to begin civil 
 confusion, and the King's head, and Mr. Pitt's, were to be 
 placed on Temple Bar. Immediately after which we find them 
 resolving unanimously to thank Mr. Wharton for his speech to 
 support the glorious revolution of 1688, which supports the 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 475 
 
 very throne that was to be destroyed ! which same speech they 
 were to circulate in thousands for the use of the Societies 
 throughout the kingdom. Such incoherent, impossible matter 
 proceeding from such a source, is unworthy of all farther 
 concern. 
 
 Thus driven out of everything which relates to arms, and 
 from every other matter which can possibly attach upon life, 
 they have recourse to an expedient, which, I declare, fills my 
 mind with horror and terror: it is this — The Corresponding 
 Society had (you recollect,) two years before, sent Delegates to 
 Scotland, with specific instructions, peaceably to pursue a 
 Parliamentary Reform ; — when the Convention which they 
 were sent to was dispersed, they sent no others — for they were 
 arrested when only considering of the propriety of another 
 Convention. It happened that Mr. Hardy was the Secretary 
 during the period of these Scotch proceedings, and the letters 
 consequently written by him, during that period, were all 
 official letters from a large body, circulated by him in point of 
 form. When the proposition took place caUing for a second 
 Convention, Mr. Hardy continued to be Secretary, and, in 
 that character, signed the circular letter read in the course 
 of the evidence, which appears to have found its way, in the 
 course of circulation, into Scotland. This single circumstance 
 has been admitted as the foundation of receiving in evidence 
 against the prisoner, a long transaction imputed to one Watt, 
 at Edinburgh, whose very existence was unknown to Hardy. — 
 This Watt had been employed by Government as a spy, but at 
 last caught a Tartar in his spyship ; for, endeavoring to urge 
 innocent men to a project, which never entered into their 
 imaginations, he was obliged to show himself ready to do what 
 he recommended to others; and the tables being turned upon 
 him, he was hanged by his employers. This man Watt read 
 from a paper designs to be accomplished, but which he never 
 intended to attempt, and the success of which he knew to be 
 visionary. — To suppose that Great Britain could have been 
 destroyed by such a rebel as Watt, would be, as Dr. Johnson 
 says, to expect that a great city might be drowned by the 
 overflowing of its kennels. But whatever might be the peril of 
 Watt's conspiracy, what had Hardy to do with it? The 
 people with Watt were five or six persons wholly unknown to 
 Hardy, and not members of any Society of which Mr. Hardy 
 was a member ; I vow to God, therefore, that I cannot express 
 what I feel, when I am obfiged to state the evidence by which 
 he is sought to be aflfected. — A letter, viz. the circular letter 
 signed by Hardy for caHing another Convention is shown to 
 George Ross, who says he received it from one Stock, who 
 
476 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 belonged to a Society which met in Nicholson Street in Edin- 
 burgh, and that he sent it to Perth, Strathaven, and Paisley, and 
 other places in Scotland; and the single unconnected evidence 
 of this pubHc letter, finding its way into Scotland, is made the 
 foundation of letting in the whole evidence which hanged Watt, 
 against Hardy, who never knew him. Government hanged its 
 own spy in Scotland upon that evidence, and it may be suffi- 
 cient evidence for that purpose : I will not argue the case of a 
 dead man, and above all, of such a man ; but I will say, that 
 too much money was spent upon this performance, as I think it 
 cost Government about fifty thousand pounds. M'Ewen says, 
 that Watt read from a paper to a committee of six or seven 
 people, of which he, the witness, was a member, that gentlemen, 
 residing in the country, were not to leave their habitations, 
 under pain of death ; that an attack was to be made in the 
 manner you remember, and that the Lord Justice Clerk, and 
 the Judges, were to be cut off* by these men in buckram ; and 
 then an address was to be sent to the King, desiring him to 
 dismiss his Ministers and to put an end to the war, or that he 
 might expect bad consequences. What is all th^s to Mr. 
 Hardy ? — How is it possible to affect him with any part of this ? 
 Hear the sequel, and then judge for yourselves. — Mr. Watt 
 said {i. e. the man who is hanged said,) after reading the paper, 
 that he. Watt, wished to correspond with Mr. Hardy in a safe 
 manner; — so that because a ruffian and a scoundrel, whom I 
 never saw or heard of, chooses, at the distance of four hun- 
 dred miles, to say, that he wishes to correspond with me, I am to 
 be involved in the guilt of his actions ! It is not proved or 
 insinuated that Mr. Hardy ever saw, or heard of, or knew, that 
 such men were in being as Watt or Downie :— nor is it proved, 
 or asserted, that any letter was, in fact, written by either of 
 them to Hardy, or to any other person. No such letter has 
 been found in his possession, nor a trace of any connexion 
 between them and any member of any English Society :— the 
 truth I believe is, that nothing was intended by Watt but to 
 entrap others to obtain a- reward for himself, and he has been 
 amply and justly rewarded. Gentlemen, I desire to be under- 
 stood to be making no attacks upon Government, — I have 
 wished, throughout the whole cause, that good intentions may 
 be imputed to it, but I really confess, that it requires some 
 ingenuity for Government to account for the original existence 
 of all this history, and its subsequent application to the present 
 trial. They went down to Scotland, after the arrest of the 
 prisoners, in order, I suppose, that we might be taught the law 
 of high treason by the Lord Justice Clerk of Edinburgh, and 
 that there should be a sort of rehearsal to teach the people of 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 477 
 
 England to administer English laws ; for, after all this expense 
 and preparation, no man was put upon his trial, nor even 
 arraigned under the special commission in Scotland, but these 
 two men ; one for reading this paper, and the other for not 
 dissenting from it when it was read ; and with regard to this 
 last unfortunate person, the Crown thought it indecent, as it 
 would indeed have been indecent and scandalous, to execute 
 the law upon him ; as a gentleman upon his Jury said, he would 
 die rather than convict Downie without a recommendation of 
 mercy, and he was only brought over to join in the verdict, 
 under the idea that he would not be executed, and, accordingly, 
 he has not suffered execution. If Downie, then, was an object 
 of mercy, or rather of justice, though he was in the very room 
 with Watt, and heard distinctly the proposition, upon what 
 possible ground can they demand the life of the prisoner at the 
 bar, on account of a connexion with the very same individual, 
 though he never corresponded with him, nor saw hirn, nor heard 
 of him, — to whose very being he was an utter stranger ? 
 
 Gentlemen, it is impossible for me to know what impression 
 this observation makes upon you, or upon the Court ; but I de- 
 clare I am deeply impressed with the apphcation of it. How 
 is a man to defend himself against such implications of guilt ? 
 — Which of us all would be safe, standing at the bar of God 
 or man, if he were even to answer for all his own expressions, 
 without taking upon him the crimes or rashness of others 1 This 
 poor man has, indeed, none of his own to answer for : yet how 
 can he stand safely in judgment before you, if, in a season of 
 alarm and agitation, with the whole pressure of government 
 upon him, your minds are to be distracted with criminating 
 materials brought from so many quarters, and of an extent 
 which mocks all power of discrimination? — I am conscious 
 that I have not adverted to the thousandth part of them ; — yet 
 I am sinking under fatigue and weakness — I am at this moment 
 scarcely able to stand up whilst I am speaking to you, deprived 
 as I have been, for nights together, of everything that deserves 
 the name of rest, repose, or comfort. I therefore hasten, 
 whilst yet I may be able, to remind you once again of the 
 great principle into which all I have been saying resolves 
 itself. 
 
 Gentlemen, my whole argument then amounts to no more 
 than this, that before the crime of compassing the King's 
 DEATH can be found hy you, the Jury, whose province it is to 
 judge of its existence, it must be helieved by you to have existed 
 in point of fact. — Before you can adjudge a fact, you must be- 
 lieve it — not suspect it, or imagine it, or fancy it, — but believe 
 IT — and it is impossible to impress the human mind with such 
 
478 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 a reasonable and certain belief, as is necessary to be impressed 
 before a Christian man can adjudge his neighbor to the smallest 
 penalty, much less to the pains of death, without having such 
 evidence as a reasonable mind will accept of as the infallible 
 test of truth. And what is that evidence ?— Neither more nor 
 less than that which the Constitution has established in the 
 Courts for the general administration of justice ; namely, that 
 the evidence convinces the Jury, beyond all reasonable doubt 
 that the criminal intention, constituting the crime, existed in 
 the mind of the man upon trial, and was the main-spring of his 
 conduct. The rules of evidence, as they are settled by law, 
 and adopted in its general administration, are not to be over- 
 ruled or tampered with. They are founded in the charities of 
 reiigion— m the philosophy of nature— in the truths of history, 
 and in the experience of common life ; and whoever ventures 
 rashly to depart from them, let him remember that it will be 
 meted to him in the same measure, and that both God and man 
 will judge him accordingly. These are arguments addressed 
 to your reasons and consciences, not to be shaken in upright 
 minds by any precedent, for no precedents can sanctify injus- 
 tice ;— if they could, every human right would lon^ a^o have 
 been extinct upon the earth. If the State Trials in bad times 
 are to be searched for precedents, what murders may you not 
 commit ;--what law of humanity may you not trample upon ; 
 —what rule of justice may you not violate ;— and what maxim 
 ot wise policy may you not abrogate and confound ?-— If pre- 
 cedents in bad times are to be implicitly followed, why should 
 we have heard any evidence at all?~You might have convict- 
 ed without any evidence, for many have been so convicted, 
 and m this manner murdered, even by acts of Parliament. If 
 precedents in bad times are to be followed, why should the 
 Lords and Commons have investigated these charges, and the 
 Crown have put them into this course of judicial trial ?— since, 
 without such a trial, and even after an acquittal upon one — 
 they might have attainted all the prisoners by act of Parlia- 
 ment ;— they did so in the case of Lord Strafford.— There are 
 precedents, therefore, for all such things ;— but such precedents 
 as could not for a moment survive the times of madness and 
 distraction, which gave them birth, but which, as soon as the 
 spurs of the occasions were blunted, were repealed, and exe- 
 crated even by Parliaments which (little as I may think of the 
 present) ought not to be compared with it : Parliaments sitting 
 in the darkness of former times,— in the night of freedom,— 
 before the principles of government were developed, and be- 
 lore the Constitution became fixed. The last of these prece- 
 dents, and all the proceedings upon it, were ordered to be taken 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 479 
 
 off the file and burnt, to the intent that the same might no 
 longer be visible in after ages ; an order dictated, no doubt, by 
 a pious tenderness for national honor, and meant as a charit- 
 able covering for the crimes of our fathers. — But it v^^as a sin 
 against posterity ; it v^as a treason against society, — for, in- 
 stead of commanding them to be burnt, they should rather 
 have directed them to be blazoned in large letters upon the 
 w^alls of our Courts of Jus.tice, that, like the characters deci- 
 phered by the prophet of God, to the eastern tyrant, they might 
 enlarge and blacken in your sights, to terrify you from acts of 
 injustice. 
 
 In times, v^^hen the v^^hole habitable earth is in a state of 
 change and fluctuation, — when deserts are starting up into civ- 
 ilized empires around you, — and when men, no longer slaves 
 to the prejudices of particular countries, much less to the 
 abuses of particular governments, enlist themselves, like the citi- 
 zens of an enlightened world, into whatever communities where 
 their civil liberties may be best protected ; it never can be for 
 the advantage of this country to prove, that the strict, unex- 
 tended letter of her laws, is no security to its inhabitants. — On 
 the contrary, when so dangerous a lure is everywhere holding 
 out to emigration, it will be found to be the wisest policy of 
 Great Britain to set up her happy Constitution, — the strict let- 
 ter of her guardian laws, and the proud condition of equal free- 
 dom, which her highest and her lowest subjects ought equally 
 to enjoy ; — it will be her wisest policy to set up these first of 
 human blessings against those charms of change and novelty 
 which the varying condition of the world is hourly displaying, 
 and which may deeply affect the population and prosperity of 
 our country. — In times, when the subordination to authority is 
 said to be everywhere but too little felt, it will be found to be 
 the wisest policy of Great Britain, to instil into the governed 
 an almost superstitious reverence for the strict security of the 
 laws ; which, from their equality of principle, beget no jeal- 
 ousies or discontent ; — which, from their equal administration, 
 can seldom work injustice; and which, from the reverence 
 growing out of their mildness and antiquity, acquire a stability 
 in the habits and affections of men, far beyond the force of 
 civil obligation : — whereas severe penalties, and arbitrary con- 
 structions of laws intended for security, lay the foundations of 
 alienation from every human government, and have been the 
 cause of all the calamities that have come, and are coming 
 upon the earth. 
 
 Gentlemen, what we read of in books makes but a faint im- 
 pression upon us, compared to what we see passing under our 
 eyes in the living world. I remember the people of another 
 
480 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 country, in like manner, contending for a renovation of their 
 Constitution, sometimes illegally and turbulently, but still de- 
 voted to an honest end ;— I myself saw the people of Brabant 
 so contending for the ancient Constitution of the good Duke 
 of Burgundy ;— hovv^ was this people dealt by ?— All, who were 
 only contending for their own rights and privileges, were sup- 
 posed to be of course disaffected to the Emperor : — they were 
 handed over to Courts constituted for the emergency, as this 
 is, and the Emperor marched his army through the country till 
 all was peace; — but such peace as there is in Vesuvius, or 
 iEtna, the very moment before they vomit forth their lava, and 
 roll their conflagrations over the devoted habitations of man- 
 kind :— when the French approached, the fatal effects were 
 suddenly seen of a government of constraint and terror ; — the 
 well-affected were dispirited, and the disaffected inflamed into 
 fury. — At that moment the Archduchess fled from Brussels, 
 and the Duke of Saxe-Teschen was sent express to oflfer the 
 joyeuse entree so long petitioned for in vain : but the season of 
 
 concession was past ; — the storm blew from every quarter, 
 
 and the throne of Brabant departed for ever from the House 
 of Burgundy.— Gentlemen, I venture to affirm, that, with other 
 councils, this fatal prelude to the last revolution in that coun- 
 try, might have been averted :— if the Emperor had been ad- 
 vised to make the concessions of justice and aflfection to his 
 people, they would have risen in a mass to maintain their 
 prince's authority, interwoven with their own liberties ; and the 
 French, the giants of modern times, would, like the giants of 
 antiquity, have been trampled in the mire of their own ambi- 
 tion. In the same manner a far more splendid and important 
 
 Crown passed away from His Majesty's illustrious brows : 
 
 THE IMPERIAL Crown OF AMERICA. — The pcoplc of that country 
 too, for a long season, contended as subjects, and often with 
 irregularity and turbulence, for what they felt to be their rights: 
 and, O Gentlemen ! that the inspiring and immortal eloquence 
 of that man, whose name I have so often mentioned, had then 
 been heard with effect ! — what was his language to this coun- 
 try, when she sought to lay burdens on America, — not to sup- 
 port the dignity of the Crown, or for the increase of national 
 revenue, but to raise a fund for the purpose of corruption ; — a 
 fund for maintaining those tribes of hireling skipjacks, which 
 Mr. Tooke so well contrasted with the hereditary nobility of 
 England ! — Though America would not bear this imposition, 
 she would have borne any useful or constitutional burden to 
 support the parent state.-—" For that service, for all service," 
 said Mr. Burke ; " whether of revenue, trade, or empire, my 
 trust is in her interest in the British Constitution. My hold of 
 
 I 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 481 
 
 the colonies is in the close affection which grows from common 
 names, from kindred blood, from similar privileges, and equal 
 protection. These are ties which, though hght as air, are as 
 strong as hnks of iron. Let the colonies always keep the idea 
 of their civil rights associated with your governments, they 
 will chng and grapple to you, and no force under heaven will 
 be of power to tear them from their allegiance. But let it be 
 once understood, that your government may be one thing, and 
 their privileges another ; that these two things may exist with- 
 out any mutual relation ; the cement is gone ; the cohesion is 
 loosened ; and everything hastens to decay and dissolution. As 
 long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority 
 of this country as the sanctuary of hberty, the sacred temple 
 consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race 
 and sons of England worship freedom, they will turn their 
 faces toward you. The more they multiply, the more friends 
 you will have ; the more ardently they love liberty, the more 
 perfect will be their obedience. Slavery they can have any- 
 where. It is a weed that grows in every soil. They may 
 have it from Spain, they may have it from Prussia. But until 
 you become lost to all feeling of your true interest and your 
 natural dignity, freedom they can have from none but you. 
 This is the commodity of price, of which you have the mo- 
 nopoly. This is the true act of navigation, which binds to you 
 the commerce of the colonies, and through them secures to 
 you the wealth of the world. Is it not the same virtue which 
 does everything for us here in England ? Do you imagine, then, 
 that it is the land-tax act which raises your revenue ? that it is 
 the annual vote in the Committee of Supply,* which gives you 
 your army ? Or that it is the Mutiny Bill which inspires it with 
 bravery and discipline? No ! surely no ! It is the love of the 
 people : it is their attachment to their government, from the 
 sense of the deep stake they have in such a glorious institution, 
 which gives you your army and your navy, and infuses into 
 both that liberal obedience, without which your army would be 
 a base rabble, and your navy nothing but rotten timber." 
 
 Gentlemen, to conclude — My fervent wish is that we may 
 not conjure up a spirit to destroy ourselves, nor set the example 
 here of what in another country we deplore. — Let us cherish 
 the old and venerable laws of our forefathers. — Let our judicial 
 administration be strict and pure ; and let the Jury of the land 
 preserve the life of a fellow-subject, who only asks it from 
 them upon the same terms under which they hold their own 
 lives, and all that is dear to them and their posterity for ever. 
 Let me repeat the wish with which I began my address to you 
 
 3L 
 
482 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH ON HARDY'S TRIAL. 
 
 and which proceeds from the very bottom of my heart ; — may 
 it please God, who is the Author of all mercies to mankind, 
 whose providence, I am persuaded, guides and superintends 
 the transactions of the world, and whose guardian spirit has 
 for ever hovered over this prosperous island, to direct and for- 
 tify your judgments. I am aware I have not acquitted myself 
 to the unfortunate man, who has put his trust in me, in the 
 manner I could have wished ; — yet I am unable to proceed any 
 further ; exhausted in spirit and in strength, but confident in the 
 expectation of justice. 
 
J\m. ERSKINFS SPEECH, 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, MAY 26, 1797, IN FAVOR OF A 
 REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 
 
 I RISE to second the motion of my honorable friend ; and 
 though I might content myself with saying, that I do so, rest- 
 ing upon the reasons and principles which he has so ably de- 
 tailed, and which have always been mine also ; yet I cannot, at 
 this awful and momentous crisis, with propriety pursue that 
 course. The principles, upon which we maintain the cause of 
 the people of England, and indeed the universal liberties of 
 mankind, have been so frequently and scandalously misrepre- 
 sented, that I owe it to my country, and to myself, to state 
 distinctly the motives of my conduct. I will do it with firm- 
 ness, and with a most fixed determination to follow up by my 
 actions all that I shall profess. I desire, with my honorable 
 friend, to remove from the consideration of this momentous 
 question all vain speculations on theories of government. I 
 recommend a reform in Parhament, simply upon the footing of 
 the practical advantages which it is obviously calculated to 
 produce, and its consistency with the genuine principles and 
 practice of the British constitution. There are two questions 
 for consideration, arising out of the motion which has been 
 made : First, whether the house of commons in its present 
 frame and constitution fulfils the ends of its office in the British 
 government, so as to render any change in it inexpedient 1 By 
 the house of commons I desire not to be supposed to speak of 
 this, or of those long past, or that yet may be elected, but of 
 any possible house of commons in its present frame and con- 
 stitution. Secondly, whether, supposing a reform of Parhament 
 to be expedient, the present moment is seasonable for entertain- 
 ing it? This last point is, indeed, a matter of the highest 
 importance. 
 
 The present is no common period, and pregnant with no 
 common events. We are in a crisis of unexampled difficulty 
 and danger ; and we stand answerable to God and man for that 
 singleness of conduct which alone can avert our ruin. I observe 
 that this state of things is not only admitted, but loudly returned 
 to me as a censure on the rashness of the proposition before 
 the house: but I undertake to demonstrate, that, if you would 
 avert the calamities which threaten to overwhelm you, you 
 
484 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 have not a moment to lose in adopting the motion which has 
 been made. Indeed, I am convinced this is the last moment 
 that may be ever given you for deliberation. If you do not 
 come to vote this very night, v^^hich sanctions at least the prin- 
 ciples of a reform in Parliament, you will find that you have 
 neglected an opportunity never to be recalled. You will find 
 it come back to you in a shape which may disrobe you of the 
 power of deliberation, when concession will have lost its charm, 
 and authority its dignity, and when the voice of wisdom and 
 deliberation can be no longer heard. This, however, is out of 
 its place : I shall arrive at it in its order. For the present, I will 
 pursue my course. 
 
 I will offer what I have to say on each of these points in a 
 very few words. In examining whether the present constitu- 
 tion of the House fulfils its offices in the government, it is ne- 
 cessary to reflect, what the office and character of the house 
 of commons really is, in genuine theory, and in original prac- 
 tice. Its office is to balance the other branches of the govern- 
 ment, to watch with jealousy over the executive power, which 
 for the ends of good and active government ought to be strong 
 and powerful ; and to protect the popular prvileges against the 
 encroachments of aristocratic influence and authority. Unless 
 the house of commons be sufficient to maintain this character 
 in its full vigor and purity, the popular branch of the constitu- 
 tion is cut oflf to every practical effect. The genuine principle 
 of the government is lost, and the people have no more politi- 
 cal existence than slaves who groan under the scourges of 
 despotic power. That the house of commons once fulfilled this 
 office, is certain. That all our liberties were secured and es- 
 tabHshed by its constant energy, is acknowledged. We recol- 
 lect with pride and triumph the glorious exertions of our fathers 
 within these walls, where tyranny was, century after century, 
 combated and defeated, and the Hberties of England and the world 
 established. It may be asked, wherefore it is, that when the 
 house of commons, in its present frame, has so balanced the 
 crown and so reared up the British government from infancy 
 to maturity, we are called upon to restore a house of commons 
 to its original purity and vigor, elected as it is like afl former 
 ones in the happiest eras? it may be asked, why we stir upon such 
 a subject, even in this crisis of dismay, when every moment teems 
 with the most portentous events — when every succeeding day 
 makes the evils of the former one appear like security and blessing 
 — when perhaps we have not much longer to remain in a state 
 of regular government ? [A cry of order, order ! from the Trea- 
 sury Bench] Sir, I am not to be deterred by clamor from ex- 
 pressing the sentiments which press upon my understanding 
 
IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 485 
 
 and my heart. Whatever the house may think of this language, 
 I shall not be condemned for it by the people who gave it its 
 authority. This is a moment when to conceal, or even to 
 tamper with the truth, from the affectation of delicacy or pru- 
 dence, is to betray the country. Why is it then, that in such 
 a moment, the disgrace and danger of which no man can give 
 adequate utterance to, do I stand up to require you to alter 
 the frame of the house of commons thus admitted to have ful- 
 filled for ages the purposes of its institution? The answer is 
 plain and easy. The circumstances of our situation are no 
 longer the same. Whilst the people of England were engaged 
 in a struggle for their liberties against a powerful and arbitrary 
 executive, acting by prerogative, and not by influence and 
 corruption, it was enough that there was a house of commons. 
 Whoever sent the members, they had, when assembled, a 
 common interest with the whole body of the nation. Common 
 danger united them against the crown, and they had nothing to 
 buy off individuals from the performance of their duty to the 
 whole. When the crown could not buy this House, it was 
 driven to curb its privileges. This made the house as one man, 
 and the representatives of ten or of ten thousand had the same 
 interests on all political objects. 
 
 ^ If a principle so obvious required proof or illustration, we 
 have only to look back to the struggles of the house of com- 
 mons during the reigns of the Stuarts. We there behold it in 
 its genuine office and character, reflecting the image of the 
 constituent body, partaking all its feelings, and contending with 
 wisdom and firmness against every encroachment of the crown. 
 But human establishments are not made for immortality : they 
 must change with the insensible changes in human affairs, or 
 must perish by violence. The revolution of 1688 was a glorious 
 era in the constitution of England : it established the true prin- 
 ciples of all political constitutions in maintaining the immuta- 
 ble right of the people to correct its government ; but, unfortu- 
 nately, too little care was taken to guard against abuses in the 
 government so corrected. The formidable prerogatives of the 
 sovereign were, indeed, reduced within the bounds of a just 
 executive authority, and limited by the strict letter of the laws. 
 But the terror and jealousy of the people were quieted by this 
 victory, and the mild and seducing dominion of influence stole 
 upon us insensibly in its stead, bestowing a greater and more 
 fatal authority than ever existed in the most arbitrary periods 
 of the government. The gradual creation of a mighty revenue, 
 rising up amidst the glory and prosperity of the empire, under- 
 mined in a few years that nicely-poised constitution which 
 unjust power, though exerted for centuries, had only served to 
 
 41 
 
486 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 strengthen and confirm. The crown, instead of being balanced 
 and curbed in this house, has, during the greatest part of this 
 century, erected its standard within these walls, and thrown 
 the privileges of the people into the scale of the prerogative 
 to govern the nation at pleasure without any control at all. So 
 far indeed is the house of commons from being a control upon 
 the crown, that it is the great engine of its power. The crown 
 by appearing to act with the consent of the people through their 
 representatives, though in fact by its own influence, is enabled 
 to carry on a system which the most absolute prince could not 
 have fastened upon England for centuries past. Taking this 
 proposition in the abstract, who shall now be found to question 
 it ? The most celebrated commentators upon our laws have 
 been compelled to lament it publicly in their writings on the 
 constitution ; and Mr. Justice Blackstone, with all his leanings 
 to the crown, has fairly confessed that such a system could not 
 have been intended by our patriot ancestors, who had struggled 
 to curb the prerogative, but by an unaccountable want of fore- 
 sight, had established a principle most dangerous in its stead. 
 So said the illustrious Lord Chatham, the virtuous Sir G. Saville, 
 and the learned Lord Camden. So, lastly, said the right hon- 
 orable gentleman himself, and he would not have said so in 
 vain, had he honorably persev^ered in that glorious course 
 which was the nurse of his fame, and the pledge and promise 
 of his youth to his country, and to the universe. I do not bring 
 this to the memory of the house for the purpose of personal 
 insult or mortification, but to add the authority of his under- 
 standing to the other great ones I have cited. It may be 
 said, however, that these great authorities were all reformers ; 
 and we know that the wisest men are sometimes seduced by 
 their prejudices and opinions to push their observations beyond 
 the mark. Let me look, therefore, for a witness without excep- 
 tion — a witness to whose competency the present ministers can 
 take no exception, and who, as he abhorred reform, must be 
 supposed to have disclosed unwillingly the disgraces of Parlia- 
 ment. Hear his opinion upon the office of Parlianient, and the 
 shameful departure from it in practice ; and then let every man 
 look into the glass of his own conscience, and let the house, 
 if it can bear the picture, say, whether it be like us at this 
 hour. 
 
 " Whatever alterations time and the necessary accommoda- 
 tions of business may have introduced, this character can never 
 be sustained, unless the house of commons shall be made to 
 bear some stamp of the actual disposition of the people at large. 
 It would be an evil more natural and tolerable, that the house 
 of commons should be infected with every epidemical frenzy 
 
IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 487 
 
 of the people, as this would indicate some consanguinity, some 
 sympathy of nature with their constituents, than that they 
 should, in all cases, be wholly untouched by the opinions and 
 feelings of the people out of doors. By this want of sympathy 
 they would cease to be a house of commons ; for it is not the 
 derivation of the power of that house from the people, which 
 makes it in a distinct sense their representative ; for the King 
 is the representative of the people, so are the Lords, and so are 
 the Judges ; for they all are trustees for the people, as well as 
 the commons ; because no power is given for the sole sake of the 
 holder ; and although government is certainly an institution of 
 divine authority, yet its forms and the persons who administer 
 it, all originate from the people. 
 
 A popular origin cannot therefore be the characteristical dis- 
 tinction of a popular representative, which belongs equally to 
 all parts of government and in all forms. The virtue, spirit, 
 and essence of a House of Commons consist in its being the 
 express image of the feeHngs of the nation. It was not insti- 
 tuted to be a control upon the people, as of late it has been 
 taught, by a doctrine of the most pernicious tendency, but as a 
 control for the people. Other institutions have been formed 
 for the purpose of checking popular excesses ; and they are I 
 apprehend fully adequate to their object; if not, they ought to 
 be made so. But the House of Commons, as it was never in- 
 tended for the support of peace and subordination, is miserably 
 appointed for that service ; having no stronger weapon than its 
 mace, and no better officer than its serjeant-at-arms which it 
 can command of its own authority. A vigilant and jealous 
 eye over executory and judicial magistracy ; an anxious care 
 of public money ; an openness approaching towards facility, to 
 public complaint ; — these seem to be the true characteristics of 
 a House of Commons. But an addressing House of Com- 
 mons, and a petitioning nation ; a House of Commons full of 
 confidence, when the nation is plunged in despair ; in the utmost 
 harmony with ministers, whom the people regard with the utmost 
 abhorrence; who vote thanks, when the public opinion calls 
 upon them for impeachments ; who are eager to grant, when 
 the general voice demands reckoning and account ; who in all 
 disputes between the people and administration, presume against 
 the people ; who punish their disorders, but refuse even to in- 
 quire into the provocations to them. This is an unnatural, a 
 monstrous state of things in this Constitution. Sir, this is, in 
 plain English, the degraded disgraceful state of this assembly 
 at this moment. There was a time, and it has undergone no 
 improvement since, when the right honorable gentleman ad- 
 mitted this to be the truth. He admitted during the American 
 
488 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 war, what he denies to maintain his own war. Does any man 
 now doubt that the constitution of this house was the cause of 
 war with America, of the dism.emberment of the empire which 
 followed it, and of all the portentous consequences which have 
 since crowded in its train? It has been often said that the 
 American war was at first the war of the people. No doubt 
 it was, as every act of government will be popular which does 
 not proceed merely from the Crown, but begins with the gene- 
 ral sanction of the people's representatives. The Crown secures 
 all the men of influence, property, and consideration in Parha- 
 ment ; and they carry the people with them, until they are at 
 last brought to their senses by calamity and impending ruin. 
 My proposition therefore is, that with the management of our 
 mighty revenue in the hands of the Crown, and taking into 
 consideration the manner in which the members of the house 
 are elected, the House of Commons has totally lost its original 
 office and character as a balance against the Crown. 
 
 Sir, it is often, perhaps always, by the concurrence of acci- 
 dents rather than by the operation of permanent causes, that 
 the great events of the world are brought to pass. The seeds 
 of reformation, which had been scattered in the ground by 
 these great men, came up at first but slowly ; but they were 
 carefully gathered, and resown by the right honorable gentle- 
 man himself. In the fullness of time, they grew up into strength ; 
 and but for his own fatal efforts, would have then ripened into 
 a glorious harvest. But that which a man soweth, that shall 
 he reap. — It was in vain that the right honorable gentleman, at 
 the head of a corrupt government, endeavored to repress the 
 doctrines which he had propagated himself. He sought in vain 
 to extinguish the popularity of a reform in Parhament, without 
 which he had himself solemnly and deliberately maintained 
 within these walls, that the liberties of this nation were undone. 
 Unfortunately, however, he made the attempt, aided by the 
 very corruptions, to the baneful effects of which he had himself 
 opposed the reform, which he now persecuted. It was from 
 this unprincipled opposition, and not from any repubUcan con- 
 tagion, that the spirit of the reformers acquired new energy, 
 and force. This was the source of all that bitterness with 
 which they accused and reviled the late House of Commons. 
 For this cause they despised, and for this cause they therefore 
 libelled the late Parhament, because they saw it struggling to 
 maintain its own corruptions under the auspices of the very 
 minister who had solemnly declared them to be wholly incom- 
 patible with the very being of an upright administration. I do 
 not overlook the danger of such a state of things. I feel as 
 much as any man the inevitable Tuin of every government, 
 

 IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 489 
 
 which is suffered to fall into contempt and disregard with the 
 people. But knowing that no such loss of authority ever hap- 
 pened from the beginning of the world, but when governments 
 fell off from the ends of their institution, I feel in common 
 with my excellent and enlightened friend who has moved the 
 proposition, that the only cure for the evils which alarm gov- 
 ernment for its safety is, to make it what it has been in the days 
 of our fathers, when it preserved the freedom of the people, 
 and was crowned with the people's love and veneration. Upon 
 that sound principle Mr. Grey brought forward his former mo- 
 tion in the year 1793, which I then seconded, as I am now 
 doing the motion of to-night. We thought that the surest an- 
 tidote against those visionary and dangerous theories which 
 constantly spring up from the heat of revolutionary movements, 
 was to hold out to the people the real advantages which the 
 British Constitution in its native simplicity and purity was cal- 
 culated to bestow. To raise a standard, around which the 
 lovers of English liberty might proudly rally, to which all 
 wanderers from it might return, and which would secure alle- 
 giance not by terror, which always fails in the moment of peril, 
 but by the enjoyment of solid and substantial happiness ; by the 
 return of mild laws, of personal security, and the enjoyment 
 of the fruits of their own industry, which are now squeezed to 
 the very husks by the grinding machinery of a crushing and 
 overwhelming revenue. This proposition was, however, reject- 
 ed, and not merely rejected, but rejected with insult and con- 
 tempt. The right honorable gentleman, not contented with 
 apostatizing from the principles he once professed, resisted them 
 in a spirit and language of the loftiest pride and arrogance, 
 which have since received their just rebuke in disgrace and 
 humihation. The cause of reform was to be, at all events, 
 pulled down ; and all who maintained it were to be stigmatized, 
 persecuted and oppressed. This is the clue to every measure 
 of government from that time to the present. The reformers 
 had mixed with their cause an enthusiasm for the liberties of 
 France, and for that reason the liberties of France were to be 
 crushed. But the insolence with which the mighty changes of 
 the rising world were denounced within these walls, is an aw- 
 ful lesson to mankind. It has taught us, that there is an arm 
 fighting against the oppressors of freedom, stronger than any 
 arm of flesh ; and that the great progressions of the world, in 
 spite of the confederacies of power, and the conspiracies of 
 corruption, move on with a steady pace, and arrive in the end 
 at a happy and glorious consummation. I have always thought 
 alike concerning the French revolution, and I have not now to 
 assume that tone in the moment of adversity in which France 
 
 3 M 41* 
 
490 MK. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 must now be spoken to by those, who, from their vain defiances, 
 have invested her with portentous strength. The object of 
 ministers was, it seems, to maintain the subordination of the 
 laws, to uphold public credit, and to maintain, as they styled it, 
 the regular system of things. What has been the consequence ? 
 In the pursuit of this new mode of supporting monarchical es- 
 tablishments, they have absolutely changed, and are hourly 
 changing, into repubhcan establishments, the whole face of the 
 earth. In support of pubHc credit, they have broke the Bank ; 
 and in pursuit of public order, and in maintenance of what they 
 call the Constitution they are driving Ireland, as America was 
 formerly driven, to seek for emancipation in the arms of France; 
 and if the present system be pursued longer, I maintain that 
 what Ireland is at this moment, England will shortly be. All 
 this portentous scene is chargeable on the last Parhament. No 
 minister of the Crown could have accomplished the ruin of the 
 country, without a compliant and corruptly devoted infatuated 
 House of Commons. I maintain, that if upon the day that our 
 former motion for a reform v^as rejected, which was about the 
 beginning of the career of his Majesty's ministers ; I maintain, 
 that if the most arbitrary and rapacious tyrant that ever af- 
 flicted mankind by his ambition, had invaded and conquered 
 England, he could not, consistently with common policy or 
 prudence, in the disposition of what he had subjugated and ap- 
 propriated, had leaned so heavily upon all the springs of na- 
 tional industry, or so dried up the resources of posterity for 
 ages to come, as the last Parliament has done under the title 
 of guardians of our prosperity. I maintain, that Zengiskhan, 
 would in wisdom have refrained from raising two hundred mil- 
 lions sterling upon this conquered island in the space of four 
 years ; and I maintain that he could not be so besotted as to 
 have stirred up the conquered to revolt against his authority by 
 arbitrary laws, by pubhc bankruptcy, and a total proscription 
 of that character of freedom which had for ages belonged to a 
 people ; and I maintain, lastly, that I believe the country would 
 have died to a man rather than have submitted to what they 
 are now sinking under, amidst that stupefaction and prostration 
 of strength and energy which the baseness of corruption never 
 failed to produce in the declines of nations from the beginning 
 of the world. But the government which rests on no other 
 basis, is not made for stability or duration. It interests no 
 passion or affections, and is connected by no permanent prin- 
 ciple with the feelings or interests of mankind. It stands for a 
 season upon the mass of national subjection, shaken from time 
 to time by irritated and indignant feelings, which terror may 
 suppress but never can subdue or extinguish, till the moment 
 
IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 491 
 
 of explosion arrives, which suddenly overwhelms it in ruin : for 
 know, that, in some new form or other, the original rights of 
 mankind will surely be reassumed, and the monuments of tyr- 
 anny and injustice be overthrown. [Here there was a loud cry 
 from the Treasury Bench of " order."] Gentlemen seem to be 
 dissatisfied at the language I have employed, and at the catas- 
 trophe I have pointed out ; but they should recollect, that it is 
 the progress of their own system I have described. I deprecate 
 the events to which it leads, and labor, therefore, to warn them 
 while yet it is time to shun the precipice to which they are so 
 madly rushing. I can take no interest in a new order of things. 
 All the fruits of a life of almost unexampled labor, are involved 
 in the fate of the country under its present system. The se- 
 curity of all I possess is connected with the stabihty of the 
 Constitution ; and this is the best pledge of my sincerity. The 
 disgraceful and living examples of many with whom I once 
 ought not to have compared myself, have nearly destroyed all 
 other trust. 
 
 The second point and certainly the most momentous, now 
 stands in its order, viz. Is the present a fit moment for making any 
 alteration, however beneficial, in the Constitution of the Govern- 
 ment ? — My opinion is, that it is, — that it is singularly and criti- 
 cally seasonable ; and that those who seize upon the time as a 
 foundation for objection, would lay the same hold on pros- 
 perity, if it were proposed on the return of peace. To try 
 this, let us suppose that our situation was reversed, that com- 
 merce was flourishing, that our pubHc credit was beginning to 
 re-establish itself; that the winter of our affairs had passed 
 away, and the summer was beginning to reappear — would it 
 not then be said to the proposers of reform. What but mis- 
 chief can be your object? No sooner are the springs of in- 
 dustry again put in motion — no sooner are the sources of com- 
 merce unlocked, and are pouring forth the riches of the coun- 
 try in every direction — no sooner has returning confidence in 
 a reanimated government given a new impulse to every exer- 
 tion of skill, and new directions to labor and ingenious indus- 
 try, than you agitate your question of reform to set men mad 
 upon theories of government, instead of supporting it by the 
 peaceable enjoyment of its practical blessings, checking the 
 rising prosperity of peace, and plunging us back into all the 
 dangers and difficulties from which we had almost miracu- 
 lously emerged. In this way the friends of reform would 
 again be clamored down, and stigmatized with new topics of 
 reproach, enforced by all the new corruptions which peace 
 would furnish, and in which the seeds of other wars would 
 again be certainly deposited and ripened. Depend upon it, the 
 
492 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 enemies of reform are unalterable enemies to it upon principle, 
 and will find no time seasonable for its adoption. 
 
 That which men are determined to oppose, from a corrupt 
 intei^est in abuse, they will oppose at all times and upon all oc- 
 casions, though dissimilar times and occasions, as they happen 
 accidentally to shift, will be alternately made use of as pre- 
 tences. But it is farther said, in objection to the time, that 
 there is at this moment a dangerous disaffection prevalent in 
 the minds of men to the government of this country, and that 
 pestilent and destructive theories have poisoned public opinion 
 against all monarchical Constitutions. There may, sir, be 
 many persons disaffected to government. [Hear, Hear, from 
 the opposite side.] I put the case which the gentlemen on the 
 other side are so loud to give assent to, and, though the exist- 
 ence of disaffection may be true concerning all government in 
 all times, yet I deny it to be true in the degree which has in 
 this house been so repeatedly asserted. But admitting, for the 
 sake of argument, that the imputation of wide-spread disaffec- 
 tion is just, how is the evil to be remedied? If despair of ob- 
 taining any moderate reform has driven any considerable num- 
 bers to republicanism, to whom is the fault to be imputed ? 
 Will any man deny that the foundation of this spirit, whatever 
 may be its extent, was laid in the declarations of the right hon- 
 orable gentleman himself, who affirmed that it was impossible 
 an upright or useful administration could exist whilst the house 
 was constituted as it is, and who has unanswerably illustrated 
 the truth of his position by the evidence of his own? Did he 
 imagine that he could plant the root, and prevent the shoots 
 from springing up ? Does the right honorable gentleman think, 
 that he can extinguish in the minds of the people that distrust 
 of the present system of government which he himself has 
 taught them to entertain ? Or does he think, by coercion, to make 
 them tamely submit to those abuses which he himself was the 
 foremost to expose ? Does he think to guard the Constitution 
 from violence by persecuting those who would peaceably re- 
 form it ? Does he think to silence the voice of complaint by a 
 sullen refusal to remedy the grievance ? This road may be 
 pursued for a season ; but the end thereof is Death. 
 
 Instead of inflaming by persecution, let me advise you to 
 conciliate by seasonable concession. The system of terror can 
 neither remove nor silence a deep-rooted and well-founded 
 discontent. Let me remind you of the opinion of Mr. Burke 
 upon this subject. Much as I now differ from that great man, 
 much as I lament that he has mis-employed his extraordinary 
 talents to render prevalent those errors which have entailed 
 such frightful consequences, it is impossible not to admire that 
 
IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 493 
 
 profound wisdom which formerly distinguished his efforts in the 
 cause of humanity and justice. In the fatal contest with 
 America, he most luminously marked out the great duties and 
 interests of government in moments of emergency, and has 
 shown them to be inseparable. " If there be one criterion," 
 said Mr. Burke, "which more than all the rest distinguishes a 
 wise and prudent Government from an administration weak 
 and improvident, it is this, well to know when and in what 
 manner to yield what it is impossible to keep. Early reformat 
 tions are amicable compromises with a friend in power — Late 
 reformations are terms imposed upon a conquered enemy. 
 Early reformations are made in cool blood. — Late reformations 
 are made in a state of inflammation. In such a state, the 
 people see in government nothing respectable. They will look 
 at the grievance, and they will look at nothing else. Like a 
 furious populace provoked by the abuses of a house of ill-fame, 
 they no longer think of regulation — they go to work the shortest 
 way — they abate the nuisance — they pull down the house." — 
 This is a sort of epitome of universal history ; above all, of the 
 history of the times we live in. From the proud rejection of 
 these maxims of poKcy and prudence, the governments of 
 Europe are one after another tumbling into ruin by sudden 
 violence instead of being insensibly altered by peaceable reform- 
 ation. To this cause the original independence of America is 
 to be ascribed. In the beginning she sought only the reasonable 
 privileges of a dependent community. It was the refusal that 
 gave birth to her independence. We refused to look at her 
 grievances whilst they were curable. 
 
 The same procrastinating spirit prevailed at that period 
 which prevails now, and the same delusion as to the effects of 
 terror and coercion. Lord Chatham's warning voice was 
 rejected. " Give satisfaction to America," said that great 
 statesman — "Concihate her affection — Do it to-night — Do it 
 before you sleep." But we slept and did it not, and America 
 was separated from us for ever. 
 
 Ireland in the same manner obtained a sudden and unsought 
 for independence, and has been brought to her present state of 
 alarming hostility to this country. We refused to see what 
 stared us in the face in characters reddening into blood ; but 
 the light broke in upon us at last, not through well constructed 
 windows, but through the yawning chasms of our ruin. We 
 were taught wisdom through humiliation — I am afraid we 
 have much more to learn in that useful but melancholy school. 
 The identical system by which America was lost to Great 
 Britain, ministers are now acting over again with regard to 
 Ireland at this moment. They refuse to redress her grievances : 
 
 42 
 
494 MR. ERSKINE'S SPEECH 
 
 They listen not to her complaints : what America was, Ireland, 
 perhaps England itself, will shortly be, if you obstinately refuse 
 to adopt that system of conciliation which alone can bring back 
 affection and obedience to any government which has lost it. 
 
 I can have no interest, sir, in painting my country in such 
 dismal colors — I can have no desire to see the land I hve in, 
 and in which I inherit so many comforts and advantages, 
 involved in confusion and blood. My only wish is to see a 
 happy, powerful, disinterested union, which may save from 
 destruction the Constitution of our fathers. But whatever is 
 to be done, must be done quickly. If discontent arises, and 
 what is now petitioned for is brought forward as an imperious 
 demand, you are disrobed of all choice and deliberation. Think 
 of this awful conjuncture, whilst thinking is of any use. For 
 my own part, I solemnly declare that I think there is no alter- 
 native between an immediate reform by which the nation may 
 be made happy, and a revolution by which it will be involved in 
 blood and ruin. I may be told that bad men may avail them- 
 selves of a moderate reform to compass the utter overthrow of 
 the Constitution. But if there really be those whom no con- 
 cession can satisfy, yet by the very attempt you will add to the 
 number of those who will feel new attachment to the Constitu- 
 tion, and new ardor in its defence. You will separate those 
 who are sincerely attached to the genuine principles of the 
 Constitution, from those who may secretly wish to destroy it. 
 You will unmask those whose views go beyond reform : you 
 will deprive them of that pretence which gives effect to their 
 animosity; and you will furnish the government with new 
 strength to resist their machinations. Let ministers instantly 
 forego that fatal system of coercion which forced America from 
 her connexion with us into the arms of France, and which is, 
 at this very moment, driving Ireland to seek the same protec- 
 tion. Let them relinquish the insane attempt to retain the 
 affection of that country by the point of the bayonet, which is 
 hourly tearing out of the hearts of Irishmen those feelings of 
 kindness and love for England upon which the permanence of 
 the union between the two countries can alone be established. 
 This fatal system of coercion and terror, which ministers seem 
 resolved to persevere in, has made half Europe submit to the 
 arms of France, and has given the air of romance or rather of 
 enchantment to the career of her conquests. Now in Holland 
 — now on the Rhine — almost at the same moment overturning 
 the states of Italy, and overawing the empire at the gates of 
 Vienna. Without meaning to under-rate the unexampled 
 energies of a mighty nation repelling the atrocious combinations 
 of despotism against her liberties, the nations with which she 
 
IN FAVOR OF A REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 495 
 
 contended had no privileges to fight for, nor any governments 
 worth preserving ; they felt therefore no interest in their pre- 
 servation. Whilst the powers of such governments remained, 
 their subjects were drawn up in arms, and appeared to be 
 armies; but when invasion had silenced the power which 
 oppressed them, they became in a moment the subjects and the 
 soldiers of their invaders. Take warning from so many exam- 
 ples — the principles of revolution are eternal and universal. 
 
 Let me conclude with repeating again, that the condition of 
 this country renders a reform most critically seasonable. The 
 nation stands in the most perilous predicament. Government 
 is forced to call upon the people for greater exertions than at 
 former times ; burdens which appeared impracticable even in 
 speculation, are now to be carried into practical effect. This 
 must be done either by affection or coercion ; and this is the 
 moment for the choice. Give the people the blessings of the 
 Constitution, and they will arm with ardor in its defence : raise 
 within these walls a standard which was never before raised, 
 around which the friends of the Constitution may rally, and to 
 which the people will be attracted by the feehngs of confidence 
 and attachment ; and it will give general satisfaction; it will 
 unite all who are divided, and create a general spirit to bear up 
 against the calamities by which we are surrounded. 
 
SPEECH OF MR MINTOSH, 
 
 (SINCE, SIR JAMES M'INTOSH,) 
 
 IN THE COURT OF KING'S BENCH, FEBRUARY 21, 1803, ON THE 
 
 TRIAL OF M. PELTIER FOR A LIBEL ON THE 
 
 FIRST CONSUL OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury, 
 
 The time is now come for me to address you on behalf of 
 the unfortunate gentleman who is the defendant on this record. 
 
 I must begin with observing, that though I know myself too 
 well to ascribe to anything but to the kindness and good nature 
 of my learned friend the attorney general, the unmerited praises 
 which he has been pleased to bestow on me, yet I will venture 
 to say, he has done me no more than justice in supposing that 
 in this place, and on this occasion, where I exercise the func- 
 tions of an inferior minister indeed, but a minister of justice 
 still, I am incapable of lending myself to the passions of any 
 client, and that I will not make the proceedings of this court 
 subservient to any political purpose. 
 
 Whatever is respected by the laws and government of my 
 country shall, in this place, be respected by me. In considering 
 matters that deeply interest the quiet, the safety, and the liberty 
 of all mankind, it is impossible for me not to feel warmly and 
 strongly; but I shall make an effort to control my feelings 
 however painful that effort may be, and where I cannot speak 
 out, but at the risk of offending either sincerity or prudence, I 
 shall labor to contain myself and be silent. 
 
 I cannot but feel, gentlemen, how much I stand in need of 
 your favorable attention and indulgence. The charge which I 
 have to defend is surrounded with the most invidious topics of 
 discussion ; but they are not of my seeking. The case and the 
 topics which are inseparable from it, are brought here by the 
 prosecutor. 
 
 Here I find them, and here it is my duty to deal with them, 
 as the interests of M. Peltier seem to me to require. He, by 
 his choice and confidence, has cast on me a very arduous duty, 
 which I could not decline, and which I can still less betray. 
 He has a right to expect from me, a faithful, a zealous, and a 
 fearless defence; and this his just expectation, according to the 
 measure of my humble abilities shall be fulfilled. I have said 
 
 1 
 
M'INTOSH'S SPEECH ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 497 
 
 a fearless defence. Perhaps that word was unnecessary in the 
 place where I now stand. Intrepidity in the discharge of pro- 
 fessional duty is so common a quality at the English bar, that 
 it has, thank God, long ceased to be a matter of boast or praise. 
 If it had been otherwise, gentlemen, if the bar could have been 
 silenced or overawed by power, I may presume to say, that an 
 English jury would not this day have been met to administer 
 justice. Perhaps I need scarce say that my defence shall be 
 fearless, in a place where fear never entered any heart but that 
 of a criminal. But you will pardon me for having said so 
 much, when you consider who the real parties before you are. 
 
 Gentlemen, the real prosecutor is the master of the greatest 
 empire the civihzed world ever saw. The defendant is a de- 
 fenceless proscribed exile. He is a French royalist, who fled 
 from his country in the autumn of 1792, at the period of that 
 memorable and awful emigration when all the proprietors and 
 magistrates of the greatest civilized country of Europe were 
 driven from their homes by the daggers of assassins ; when our 
 shores were covered, as with the wreck of a great tempest, 
 with old men, and women, and children, and ministers of 
 religion, who fled from the ferocity of their countrymen as 
 before an army of invading barbarians. 
 
 The greatest part of these unfortunate exiles, of those I 
 mean who have been spared by the sword, who have survived 
 the effect of pestilential climates or broken hearts, have been 
 since permitted to revisit their country. Though despoiled of 
 their all, they have eagerly embraced even the sad privilege of 
 being suffered to die in their native land. 
 
 Even this miserable indulgence was to be purchased by com- 
 pliances, by declarations of allegiance to the new government, 
 which some of these suffering royalists deemed incompatible 
 with their consciences, with their dearest attachments, and their 
 most sacred duties. Among these last is M. Peltier. I do not 
 presume to blame those who submitted, and I trust you will not 
 judge harshly of those who refused. You will not think un- 
 favorably of a man who stands before you as the voluntary 
 victim of his loyalty and honor. If a revolution (which God 
 avert) were to drive us into exile, and to cast us on a foreign 
 shore, we should expect, at least, to be pardoned by generous 
 men, for stubborn loyalty, and unseasonable fidehty to the laws 
 and government of our fathers. 
 
 This unfortunate gentleman had devoted a great part of his 
 life to literature. It was the amusement and ornament of his 
 better days. Since his own ruin, and the desolation of his 
 country, he has been compelled to employ it as a means of sup- 
 port. For the last ten vears he has been engaged in a variety 
 " 3N 42* ' 
 
498 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 of publications of considerable importance ; but, since the 
 peace, he has desisted from serious political discussion, and 
 confined himself to the obscure Journal which is now before 
 you ; the least calculated, surely, of any publication that ever 
 issued from the press, to rouse the alarms of the most jealous 
 government ; which will not be read in England, because it is 
 not written in our language ; which cannot be read in France, 
 because its entry into that country is prohibited by a power 
 whose mandates are not very supinely enforced, nor often 
 evaded with impunity ; which can have no other object than 
 that of amusing the companions of the author's principles 
 and misfortunes, by pleasantries and sarcasms on their victori- 
 ous enemies. There is, indeed, gentlemen, one remarkable 
 circumstance in this unfortunate publication : it is the only, or 
 almost the only, journal, which still dares to espouse the cause 
 of that royal and illustrious family, which but fourteen years 
 ago was flattered by every press, and guarded by every tribu- 
 nal in Europe. Even the court in which we are met affords 
 an example of the vicissitudes of their fortune. My learned 
 friend has reminded you, that the last prosecution tried in this 
 place, at the instance of a French government, was for a libel 
 on that magnanimous princess, who has since been butchered 
 in sight of her palace. 
 
 I do not make these observations with any purpose of ques- 
 tioning the general principles which have been laid down by 
 my learned friend. I must admit his right to bring before you 
 those who Hbel any government recognized by his majesty, and 
 at peace with the British empire. I admit that whether such a 
 government be of yesterday, or a thousand years old, whether 
 it be a crude and bloody usurpation, or the most ancient, just, 
 and paternal authority upon earth, we are here equally bound 
 by his majesty's recognition to protect it against libellous 
 attacks. I admit that if, during our usurpation. Lord Claren- 
 don had published his history at Paris, or the Marquis of Mon- 
 trose his verses on the murder of his sovereign, or Mr. Cowley 
 his Discourse on Cromwell's government, and if the Enghs'h 
 ambassador had complained, the President de Moli, or any 
 other of the great magistrates who then adorned the parliament 
 of Paris, however reluctantly, painfully, and indignantly, might 
 have been compelled to have condemned these illustrious men 
 to the punishment of libellers. I say this only for the sake of 
 bespeaking a favorable attention from your generosity and 
 compassion to what will be feebly urged in behalf of my un- 
 fortunate client, who has sacrificed his fortune, his hopes, his 
 connexions, his country, to his conscience ; who seems marked 
 out for destruction in this his last asylum. 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 499 
 
 That he still enjoys the security of this asylum, that he has 
 not been sacrificed to the resentment of his powerful enemies, 
 is perhaps owing to the firmness of the king's government. If 
 that be the fact, gentlemen ; if his majesty's ministers have re- 
 sisted apphcations to expel this unfortunate gentleman from 
 England, I should publicly thank them for their firmness, if it 
 were not unseemly and improper to suppose that they could 
 have acted otherwise — to thank an English government for not 
 violating the most sacred duties of hospitahty ; for not bringing 
 indehble disgrace on their country. 
 
 But be that as it may, gentlemen, he now comes before you, 
 perfectly satisfied that an Enghsh jury is the most refreshing 
 prospect that the eye of accused innocence ever met in a hu- 
 man tribunal ; and he feels with me the most fervent gratitude 
 to the Protector of empires, that, surrounded as we are with 
 the ruins of principalities and powers, we still continue to meet 
 together, after the manner of our fathers, to administer justice 
 in this her ancient sanctuary. 
 
 There is another point of view in which this case seems to 
 me to merit your most serious attention. I consider it as the 
 first of a long series of conflicts between the greatest power in 
 the world, and the only free press remaining in Europe. No 
 man living is more thoroughly convinced than I am, than my 
 learned friend, Mr. Attorney General, will never degrade his 
 excellent character ; that he will never disgrace his high magis- 
 tracy by mean compliances, by an immoderate and unconscien- 
 tious exercise of power ; yet I am convinced by circumstances 
 which I shall now abstain from discussing, that I am to con- 
 sider this as the first of a long series of conflicts, between the 
 greatest power in the world, and the only free press now re- 
 maining in Europe. Gentlemen, this distinction of the Enghsh 
 press is new ; it is a proud and melancholy distinction. Before 
 the great earthquake of the French revolution had swallowed 
 up all the asylums of free discussion on the continent, w-e en- 
 joyed that privilege, indeed, more fully than others ; but we 
 did not enjoy it exclusively. In great monarchies the press 
 has always been considered as too formidable an engine to be 
 intrusted to unhcensed individuals. But in other continental 
 countries, either by the laws of the state, or by long habits of 
 liberality and toleration in magistrates, a liberty of discussion 
 has been enjoyed, perhaps sufficient for most useful purposes. 
 It existed, in fact, where it was not protected by law ; and the 
 wise and generous connivance of governments was daily more 
 and more secured by the growing civilization of their subjects. 
 In Holland, in Switzerland, in the imperial towns of Germany, 
 the press was either legally or practically free. Holland arid 
 
500 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 Switzerland are no more ; and since the commencement of this 
 prosecution, fifty imperial towns have been erased from the list 
 of independent states, by one dash of the pen. Three or four 
 still preserve a precarious and trembling existence. I will not 
 say by what comphances they must purchase its continuance. 
 I will not insult the feebleness of states whose unmerited fall I 
 do most bitterly deplore. 
 
 These governments were in many respects one of the most 
 interesting parts of the ancient system of Europe. Unfor- 
 tunately for the repose of mankind, great states are compelled, 
 by regard to their own safety, to consider the military spirit 
 and martial habits of their people as one of the main objects of 
 their poHcy. Frequent hostilities seem almost the necessary 
 condition of their greatness; and, without being great, they 
 cannot long remain safe. Smaller states, exempted from this 
 cruel necessity ; a hard condition of greatness, a bitter satire 
 on human nature ; devoted themselves to the arts of peace, to 
 the cultivation of literature, and the improvement of reason. 
 They became places of refuge for free and fearless discussion ; 
 they were the impartial spectators and judges of the various 
 contests of ambition, which from time to time disturbed the 
 quiet of the world. They thus became peculiarly quahfied to 
 be the organs of that public opinion which converted Europe 
 into a great republic, with laws which mitigated, though they 
 could not extinguish ambition ; and with moral tribunals to 
 which even the most despotic sovereigns were amenable. If 
 wars of aggrandizement were undertaken, their authors were 
 arraigned in the face of Europe. If acts of internal tyranny 
 were perpetrated, they resounded from a thousand presses 
 throughout all civilized countries. Princes on whose will there 
 were no legal checks, thus found a moral restraint which the 
 most powerful of them could not brave with absolute impunity. 
 They acted before a vast audience, to whose applause or con- 
 demnation they could not be utterly indifferent. The very 
 constitution of human nature, the unalterable laws of the mind 
 of man, against which all rebelhon is fruitless, subjected the 
 proudest tyrants to this control. No elevation of power, no 
 depravity, however consummate, no innocence, however spot- 
 less, can render man wholly independent of the praise or blame 
 of his fellow-men. 
 
 These governments were in other respects one of the most 
 beautiful and interesting parts of our ancient system. The per- 
 fect security of such inconsiderable and feeble states, their 
 undisturbed tranquiUity amidst the wars and conquests that 
 surrounded them, attested beyond any other part of the Euro- 
 pean system, the moderation, the justice, the civilization to 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 501 
 
 which Christian Europe had reached in modern times. Their 
 weakness was protected only by the habitual reverence for 
 justice, which, during a long series of ages, had grown up in 
 Christendom. This was the only fortification which defended 
 them against those mighty monarchs to whom they offered so 
 easy a prey. And till the French revolution this was sufficient. 
 Consider, for instance, the situation of the republic of Geneva. 
 Think of their defenceless position in the very jaws of France ; 
 but think also of her undisturbed security, of her profound 
 quiet, of the brilliant success with which she applied to industry 
 and Hterature, while Louis XIV. was pouring his myriads into 
 Italy before her gates. Call to mind, if ages crowded into 
 years have not efiaced them from your memory, that happy 
 period when we scarcely dreamt more of the subjugation of the 
 feeblest republic of Europe, than of the conquest of her 
 mightiest empire, and tell me if you can imagine a spectacle 
 more beautiful to the moral eye, or a more striking proof of 
 progress in the noblest principles of true civilization. 
 
 These feeble states, these monuments of the justice of Europe, 
 the asylum of peace, of industry, and of Hterature, the organs 
 of public reason, the refuge of oppressed innocence and perse- 
 cuted truth, have perished with those ancient principles which 
 were their sole guardians and protectors. They have been 
 swallowed up by that fearful convulsion, which has shaken the 
 uttermost corners of the earth. They are destroyed and gone 
 for ever. 
 
 One asylum of free discussion is still inviolate. There is still 
 one spot in Europe where man can freely exercise his reason 
 on the most important concerns of society, where he can 
 boldly publish his judgment on the acts of the proudest and 
 most powerful tyrants. The pi-ess of England is still free. It 
 is guarded by the free constitution of our forefathers. It is 
 guarded by the hearts and arms of Englishmen, and I trust I 
 m.ay venture to say, that if it be to fall, it will fall only under 
 the ruins of the British empire. 
 
 It is an awful consideration, gentlemen. Every other monu- 
 ment of European liberty has perished. That ancient fabric 
 which has been gradually reared by the wisdom and virtue of 
 our fathers still stands — It stands, thanks be to God ! solid and 
 entire — but it stands alone, and it stands amidst ruins. 
 
 In these extraordinary circumstances, I repeat that I must 
 consider this as the first of a long series of conflicts between 
 the greatest power in the world and the only free press remain- 
 ing in Europe. And I trust that you will consider yourselves 
 as the advanced guard of liberty, as having this day to fight the 
 first battle of free discussion against the most formidable enemy 
 
502 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 that it ever encountered. You will therefore excuse me, if on 
 so important an occasion I remind you, at more length than is 
 usual, of those general principles of law and policy on this 
 subject, which have been handed down to us by our ancestors. 
 
 Those who slowly built up the fabric of our laws, never 
 attempted anything so absurd as to define by any precise rule 
 the obscure and shifting boundaries which divide libel from 
 history or discussion. It is a subject which, from its nature, 
 admits neither rules nor definitions. The same words may be 
 perfectly innocent in one case, and most mischievous and 
 libellous in another. A change of circumstances, often appar- 
 ently slight, is sufficient to make the whole difference. These 
 changes, which may be as numerous as the variety of human 
 intentions and conditions, can never be foreseen nor compre- 
 hended under any legal definitions, and the framers of our law 
 have never attempted to subject them to such definitions. They 
 left such ridiculous attempts to those who call themselves 
 philosophers, but who have, in fact, proved themselves most 
 grossly and stupidly ignorant of that philosophy which is con- 
 versant with human affairs. 
 
 The principles of the law of England on the subject of poli- 
 tical libel are few and simple, and they are necessarily so broad, 
 that, without an habitual mild administration of justice, they 
 might encroach materially on the liberty of political discussion. 
 Every publication which is intended to vilify either our own 
 government, or the government of any foreign state in amity 
 with this kingdom, is, by the law of England, a libel. To pro- 
 tect political discussion from the danger to which it would be 
 exposed by these wide principles, if they were severely and 
 literally enforced, our ancestors trusted to various securities ; 
 some growing out of the law and constitution, and others 
 arising from the character of those public officers whom the 
 constitution had formed, and to whom its administration is 
 committed. They trusted in the first place to the moderation 
 of the legal officers of the crown, educated in the maxims and 
 imbued with the spirit of a free government ; controlled by the 
 superintending power of parhament, and peculiarly watched in 
 all political prosecutions by the reasonable and wholesome 
 jealousy of their fellow subjects. And I am bound to admit, 
 that since the glorious era of the revolution, making due allow- 
 ance for the frailties, the faults, and the occasional vices of 
 men, they have, upon the whole, not been disappointed. I know 
 that in the hands of my learned friend, that trust will never be 
 abused. But, above all, they confided in the moderation and 
 good sense of juries, popular in their origin, popular in their 
 feelings, popular in their very prejudices, taken from the mass 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 503 
 
 of the people and immediately returning to that mass again. 
 By these checks and temperaments they hoped that they should 
 sufficiently repress malignant libels, without endangering that 
 freedom of inquiry which is the first security of a free state. 
 They knew that the offence of a political Ubel is of a very 
 peculiar nature, and differing in the most important particulars 
 from all other crimes. In all other cases the most severe 
 execution of law can only spread terror among the guilty ; but 
 in political libels it inspires even the innocent with fear. This 
 striking peculiarity arises from the same circumstances which 
 make it impossible to define the limits of libel and innocent 
 discussion ; which make it imjpossible for a man of the purest 
 and most honorable mind, to be always perfectly certain, 
 whether he be within the territory of fair argument and honest 
 narrative, or whether he may not have unwittingly overstepped 
 the faint and varying line which bounds them. But, gentlemen, 
 I will go further. This is the only offence where severe and 
 frequent punishments not only intimidate the innocent, but deter 
 men from the most meritorious acts, and from rendering the 
 most important services to their country. They indispose and 
 disqualify men for the discharge of the most sacred duties which 
 they owe to mankind. To inform the public on the conduct of 
 those who administer public affairs, requires courage and con- 
 scious security. It is always an invidious and obnoxious office ; 
 but it is often the most necessary of all pubhc duties. If it is 
 not done boldly, it cannot be done effectually, and it is not from 
 writers trembling under the uphfted scourge, that we are to 
 hope for it. 
 
 There are other matters, gentlemen, to which I am desirous 
 of particularly calling your attention. These are the circum- 
 stances in the condition of this country, which have induced 
 our ancestors, at all times, to handle, with more than ordinary 
 tenderness, that branch of the liberty of discussion which is 
 applied to the conduct of foreign states. The relation of this 
 kingdom to the commonwealth of Europe, is so pecuhar, that 
 no history, I think, furnishes a parg^llel to it. From the moment 
 in which we abandoned all projects of continental aggrandize- 
 ment, w^e could have no interest respecting the state of the 
 continent, but the interests of national safety, and of commer- 
 cial prosperity. The paramount interest of every state, that 
 which comprehends every other, is security. And the security 
 of Great Britain requires nothing on the continent but the uni- 
 form observance of justice. It requires nothing but the invio- 
 lability of ancient boundaries, and the sacredness of ancient 
 possessions, which, on these subjects, is but another form of 
 words for justice. A nation which is herself shut out from 
 
504 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 the possibility of continental aggrandizement, can have no in- 
 terest but that of preventing such aggrandizement in others. 
 We can have no interest of safety but the preventing of those 
 encroachments, which, by their immediate effects, or by their 
 example, may be dangerous to ourselves. We can have no in- 
 terest of ambition respecting the continent. So that neither 
 our real, nor even our apparent interests can ever be at va- 
 riance with justice. 
 
 As to commercial prosperity, it is, indeed, a seconcjary, but 
 it is still a very important branch of our national interests, 
 and it requires nothing on the continent of Europe, but the 
 maintenance of "peace, as far as the paramount interest of se- 
 curity will allow. 
 
 Whatever ignorant or prejudiced men may affirm, no war 
 was ever gainful to a commercial nation. Losses may be less 
 in some, and incidental profits may arise in others. But no 
 such profits ever formed an adequate compensation for the 
 waste of capital and industry which all wars must produce. 
 Next to peace, our commercial greatness depends chiefly, on 
 the affluence and prosperity of our neighbors. A commercial 
 nation has, indeed, the same interest in the wealth of her 
 neighbors, that a tradesman has in the wealth of his customers. 
 The prosperity of England has been chiefly owing to the gen- 
 eral progress of civilized nations in the arts and improvements 
 of social life. Not an acre of land has been brought into cul- 
 tivation in the wilds of Siberia, or on the shores of the Missis- 
 sippi, which has not widened the market for English industry. 
 It is nourished by the progressive prosperity of the world, and 
 it amply repays all that it has received. It can only be em- 
 ployed in spreading civilization and enjoyment over the earth, 
 and by the unchangeable laws of nature, in spite of the impo- 
 tent tricks of government, it is now partly applied to revive 
 the industry of those very nations who are the loudest in their 
 senseless clamors against its pretended mischiefs. If the blind 
 and barbarous project of destroying English prosperity could 
 be accomplished, it could have no other effect, than that of 
 completely beggaring the very countries who now stupidly as- 
 cribe their own poverty to our wealth. 
 
 Under these circumstances, gentlemen, it became the Obvious 
 policy of the kingdom, a pohcy in unison with the maxims of 
 a free government, to consider with great indulgence even the 
 boldest animadversions of our political writers, on the ambitious 
 projects of foreign states. 
 
 Bold, and sometimes indiscreet, as these animadversions 
 might be, they had at least the effect of warning the people of 
 their danger, and of rousing the national indignation against 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 505 
 
 those encroachments, which England has almost always been 
 compelled in the end to resist by arms. vSeldom, indeed, has 
 she been allowed to wait, till a provident regard to her own 
 safety should compel her to take up arms in defence of others. 
 For as it was said by a great orator of antiquity, that no man 
 ever was the enemy of the republic who had not first declared 
 war against him, so I may say, with truth, that no man ever 
 meditated the subjugation of Europe, who did not consider the 
 destruction, or the corruption of England as the first condition 
 of his success. If you examine history, you will find that no 
 such project was ever formed in which it was not deemed a 
 necessary preliminary, either to detach England from the com- 
 mon cause, or to destroy her. It seems as if all the conspira- 
 tors against the independence of nations, might have sufiiciently 
 taught other states that England is their natural guardian and 
 protector ; that she alone has no interest but their preservation ; 
 that her safety is interwoven with their own. When vast pro- 
 jects of aggrandizement are manifested, when schemes of 
 criminal ambition are carried into effect, the day of battle is 
 fast approaching for England. Her free government cannot 
 engage in dangerous wars, without the hearty and affectionate 
 support of her people.. A state thus situated cannot, without 
 the utmost peril, silence those public discussions, which are to 
 point the popular indignation against those who must soon be 
 enemies. In domestic dissensions, it may sometimes be the 
 supposed interest of government to overawe the press. But it 
 never can be even their apparent interest, when the danger is 
 purely foreign. A King of England who, in such circum- 
 stances, should conspire against the free press of this country, 
 would undermine the foundations of his own throne ; he would 
 silence the trumpet which is to call his people round his 
 standard. 
 
 Our ancestors never thought it their poHcy to avert the re- 
 sentment of foreign tyrants, by enjoining English writers to 
 contain and repress their just abhorrence of the criminal enter- 
 prises of ambition. This great and gallant nation, which has 
 fought in the front of every battle against the oppressors of 
 Europe, has sometimes inspired fear, but, thank God, she has 
 never felt it. We know that they are our real, and must soon 
 become our declared foes. We know that there can be no 
 cordial amity between the natural enemies and the independ- 
 ence of nations. We have never adopted the cowardly and 
 short-sighted policy of silencing our press, of breaking the 
 spirit and palsying the hearts of our people, for the sake of a 
 hollow and precarious truce. We have never been base enough- 
 to purchase a short respite from hostilities, by sacrificing the 
 
 10 43 
 
506 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 first means of defence ; the means of rousing the public spirit 
 of the people, and directing it against the enemies of their 
 country and of Europe. 
 
 Gentlemen, the pubhc spirit of a people, by which I mean 
 the whole body of those affections which unite men's hearts 
 to the commonweahh, is in various countries composed of va- 
 rious elements, and depends on a great variety of causes. In 
 this country, I may venture to say, that it mainly depends on 
 the vigor of the popular parts and principles of our govern- 
 ment ; and that the spirit of liberty is one of its most important 
 elements. Perhaps it may depend less on those advantages of 
 a free government, which are most highly estimated by calm 
 reason, than upon those parts of it which delight the imagina- 
 tion, and flatter the just and natural pride of mankind. Among 
 these we are certainly not to forget the political rights which 
 are not uniformly withheld from the lowest classes, and the 
 continual appeal, made to them, in public discussion, upon the 
 greatest interests of the state. These are undoubtedly among 
 the circumstances which endear to Englishmen their govern- 
 ment and their country, and animate their zeal for that glorious 
 institution which confers on the meanest of them a sort of dis- 
 tinction and nobility unknown to the most illustrious slaves, 
 who tremble at the frown of a tyrant. Whoever were un- 
 warily and rashly to abolish or narrow these privileges, which 
 it must be owned are liable to great abuse, and to very specious 
 objections, might perhaps discover, too late, that he had been 
 dismantling his country. Of whatever elements public spirit 
 is composed, it is always and everywhere the chief defensive 
 principle of a state. It is perfectly distinct from courage. 
 Perhaps no nation, certainly no European nation, ever perished 
 from an inferiority of courage. And undoubtedly no consider- 
 able nation was ever subdued, in which the pubhc affections 
 were sound and vigorous. It is pubhc spirit which binds to- 
 gether the dispersed courage of individuals, and fastens it to 
 the commonwealth. It is, therefore, as I have said, the chief 
 defensive principle of every country. Of all the stimulants 
 which rouse it into action, the most powerful among us is cer- 
 tainly the press ; and it cannot be restrained or weakened with- 
 out imminent danger, that the national spirit may languish, and 
 that the people may act with less zeal and affection for their 
 country in the hour of its danger. 
 
 These principles, gentlemen, are not new — they are genuine 
 old Enghsh principles. And though in our days they have 
 been disgraced and abused by ruffians and fanatics, they are 
 in themselves as just and sound as they are liberal ; and they 
 are the only principles on which a free state can be safely gov- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 507 
 
 erned. These principles I have adopted since I first learnt the 
 use of reason, and I think I shall abandon them only with life. 
 
 On these principles I am nov; to call your attention to the 
 libel with which this unfortunate gentleman is charged. I 
 heartily rejoice that I concur with the greatest part of what has 
 been said by my learned friend, Mr. Attorney General, who 
 has done honor even to his character by the generous and 
 liberal principles which he has laid down. He has told you that 
 he does not mean to attack historical narrative. He has told 
 you that he does not mean to attack political discussion. He has 
 told you also that he does not consider every intemperate word 
 into which a writer, fairly engaged in narration or reasoning, 
 might be betrayed, as a fit subject for prosecution. The essence 
 of the crime of libel consists in the malignant mind which the 
 pubhcation proves and from which it flows. A jury must be 
 convinced, before they find a man guilty of libel, that his inten- 
 tion was to libel, not to state facts which he believed to be true, 
 or reasonings which he thought just. My learned friend has 
 told you that the liberty of history includes the right of pub- 
 lishing those observations which occur to intelligent men when 
 they consider the affairs of the world, and I think he will not 
 deny that it includes also the right of expressing those senti- 
 ments which all good men feel on the contemplation of extra- 
 ordinary examples of depravity or excellence. 
 
 One more privilege of the historian, which the Attorney 
 General has not named, but to which his principles extend, it is 
 now my duty to claim on behalf of my client ; I mean the right 
 of republishing, historically, those documents, whatever their 
 original malignity may be, which display the character, and 
 unfold the intentions, of governments, or factions, or individ- 
 uals. I think my learned friend will not deny, that an historical 
 compiler may innocently republish in England the most insolent 
 and outrageous declaration of war ever published against his 
 majesty by a foreign government. The intention of the original 
 author was to vilify and degrade his majesty's government; 
 but the intention of the compiler is only to gratify curiosity, or 
 perhaps to rouse just indignation against the calumniator whose 
 production he republishes. — His intention is not libellous — his 
 republication is therefore not a hbel. Suppose this to be the 
 case with Mr. Peltier. Suppose him to have republished Kbels 
 with a merely historical intention. In that case it cannot be 
 pretended that he is more a libeller than my learned friend Mr. 
 Abbott, who read these supposed libels to you when he opened 
 the pleadings. Mr. Abbott republished them to you, that you 
 might know and judge of them — Mr. Peltier, on the supposition 
 
508 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 I have made, also republished them that the public might know 
 and judge of them. 
 
 You already know that the general plan of Mr. Peltier's 
 publication was to give a picture of the cabals and intrigues, of 
 the hopes and projects, of French factions. It is undoubtedly a 
 natural and necessary part of this plan to repubHsh all the 
 serious and ludicrous pieces which these factions circulate 
 against each other. The ode ascribed to Chenier or Ginguen^ 
 I do really believe to have been written at Paris, to have been 
 circulated there, to have been there attributed to some one of 
 these writers, to have been sent to England as their work, and 
 as such to have been republished by Mr. Peltier. But I am not 
 sure that I have evidence to convince you of the truth of this. 
 Suppose that I have not ; will my learned friend say that my 
 client must necessarily be convicted ? I, on the contrary, con- 
 tend, that it is for my learned friend to show that it is not an 
 historical republication. Such it professes to be, and that pro- 
 fession it is for him to disprove. The profession may indeed be 
 " a mask ;" but it is for my friend to pluck off the mask, and 
 expose the libeller, before he calls upon you for a verdict of 
 guilty. 
 
 If the general lawfulness of such republications be denied, 
 then I must ask Mr. Attorney General to account for the long 
 impunity which Enghsh newspapers have enjoyed. I must 
 request him to tell you why they have been suffered to republish 
 all the atrocious, official and unofficial libels which have been 
 pubHshed against his majesty for the last ten years, by the 
 Brissots, the Marats, the Dantons, the Robespierres, the Bar- 
 reres, the Talliens, the Reubels, the Merhns, the Barrases, and 
 all that long line of bloody tyrants who oppressed their own 
 country, and insulted every other which they had not the power 
 to rob. What must be the answer? That the English pub- 
 lishers were either innocent if their motive was to gratify 
 curiosity, or praiseworthy if their intention was to rouse indig- 
 nation against the calumniators of their country. If any other 
 answer be made, I must remind my friend of a most sacred part 
 of his duty — the duty of protecting the honest fame of those 
 who are absent in the service of their country. Within these 
 few days, we have seen in every newspaper in England, a 
 publication, called the report of Colonel Sebastiani, in which a 
 gallant British officer is charged with writing letters to procure 
 assassination. The pubHshers of that infamous report are not 
 and will not be prosecuted, because their intention is not to 
 libel general Stuart. On any other principle, why have all our 
 newspapers been suffered to circulate that most atrocious of all 
 libels against the King and people of England, which purports 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. . 509 
 
 to be translated from the Moniteur of the 9th of August, 1802 ; 
 a Kbel against a prince who has passed through a factious and 
 stormy reign of forty-three years, without a single imputation 
 on his personal character; against a people who have passed 
 through the severest trials of national virtue with unimpaired 
 glory, who alone in the world can boast of mutinies without 
 murder, of triumphant mobs without massacre, of bloodless 
 revolutions and of civil wars unstained by a single assassination. 
 That most impudent and malignant libel, which charges such a 
 king of such a people not only with having hired assassins, but 
 with being so shameless, so lost to all sense of character, as to 
 have bestowed on these assassins, if their murderous projects 
 had succeeded, the highest badges of public honor, the rewards 
 reserved for statesmen and heroes, the order of the garter ; the 
 order which was founded by the heroes of Cressy and Poictiers ; 
 the garter which was worn by Henry the Great, and by Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus, which might now be worn by the hero, who 
 on the shores of Syria, the ancient theatre of Enghsh chivalry, 
 has revived the renown of English valor and of English 
 humanity; that unsullied garter, which a detestable libeller 
 dares to say is to be paid as the price of murder. 
 
 If I had now to defend an EngUsh publisher for the republi- 
 cation of that abominable libel, what must I have said in his 
 defence ? I must have told you that it was originally pubhshed 
 by the French government in their official gazette ; that it was 
 republished by the Enghsh editor to gratify the natural 
 curiosity, perhaps to rouse the just resentment of his Enghsh 
 readers. I should have contended, and, I trust, with success, 
 that his repubhcation of a libel was not libellous ; that it was 
 lawful, that it was laudable. All that would be important, at 
 least all that would be essential in such a defence, I now state 
 to you on behalf of Mr. Peltier ; and if an English newspaper 
 may safely republish the libels of the French government 
 against his majesty, I shall leave you to judge whether Mr. 
 Peltier, in similar circumstances, may not, with equal safety, 
 repubhsh the libels of Chenier against the first consul. On the 
 one hand, you have the assurances of Mr. Peltier in the context 
 that this ode is merely a repubhcation — you have also the 
 general plan of his work, with which such a republication is 
 perfectly consistent. On the other hand, you have only the 
 suspicions of Mr. Attorney General that this ode is an original 
 production of the defendant. 
 
 But supposing that you should think it his production, and 
 that you should also think it a libel — even in that event, which 
 I cannot anticipate, I am not left without a defence. The 
 question will still be open, " Is it a libel on Buonaparte, or is it 
 
 43* 
 
510 . MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 a libel on Chenier or Ginguene." This is not an information 
 for a libel on Chenier ; and if you should think that this ode 
 was produced by Mr. Peltier, and ascribed by him to Chenier 
 for the sake of covering that writer with the odium of jacobin- 
 ism, the defendant is entitled to your verdict of not guilty. Or 
 if you should believe that it is ascribed to Jacobinical writers 
 for the sake of satirizing a French Jacobinical faction, you must 
 also in that case acquit him. Butler puts seditious and immoral 
 language into the mouth of rebels and fanatics ; but Hudibras is 
 not for that reason a hbel on morahty or government. Swift, 
 in the most exquisite piece of irony in the world (his argument 
 against the abolition of Christianity) uses the language of those 
 shallow, atheistical coxcombs whom his satire was intended to 
 scourge. The scheme of his irony required some levity and 
 even some profaneness of language. But nobody was ever so 
 dull as to doubt whether Swift meant to satirize atheism or 
 religion. In the same manner Mr. Peltier, when he wrote a 
 satire on French jacobinism, was compelled to ascribe to 
 jacobins a Jacobinical hatred of government. He was obliged 
 by dramatic propriety, to put into their mouths those anarchical 
 maxims which are complained of in his ode. But it will be 
 said, these incitements to insurrection are here directed against 
 the authority of Buonaparte. This proves nothing, because 
 they must have been so directed, if the ode were a satire on 
 jacobinism. French jacobins must inveigh against Buonaparte, 
 because he exercises the powers of government. The satirist 
 who attacks them must transcribe their sentiments, and adopt 
 their language. 
 
 I do not mean to say, gentlemen, that Mr. Peltier feels any 
 affection, or professes any allegiance to Buonaparte. If I were 
 to say so, he would disown me. He would disdain to purchase 
 an acquittal by the profession of sentiments which he disclaims 
 and abhors. Not to love Buonaparte is no crime. The ques- 
 tion is not whether Mr. Peltier loves or hates the first consul, 
 but whether he has put revolutionary language into the mouths 
 of jacobins, with a view to paint their incorrigible turbulence, 
 and to exhibit the fruits of Jacobinical revolutions to the detest- 
 ation of mankind. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, we cannot give a probable answer to this 
 question without previously examining two or three questions 
 on which the answer to the first must very much depend. Is 
 there a faction in France which breathes the spirit, and is likely 
 to employ the language of this ode 1 Does it perfectly accord 
 with their character and views? Is it utterly irreconcilable 
 with the feelings, opinions, and wishes of Mr. Peltier? If these 
 questions can be answered in the affirmative, then I think you 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 511 
 
 must agree with me, that Mr. Peltier does not in this ode speak 
 his own sentiments, that he does not here vent his own resent- 
 ment against Buonaparte; but that he personates a jacobin, 
 and adopts his language for the sake of satirizing his principles. 
 
 These questions, gentlemen, lead me to those political discus- 
 sions, which, generally speaking, are in a court of justice 
 odious and disgusting. Here, however, they are necessary, 
 and I shall consider them only as far as the necessities of this 
 cause require. 
 
 Gentlemen, the French revolution — I must pause, after I 
 have uttered words which present such an overwhelming idea. 
 — But I have not now to engage in an enterprise so far beyond 
 my force as that of examining and judging that tremendous re- 
 volution. I have only to consider the character of the factions 
 which it must have left behind it. 
 
 The French revolution began with great and fatal errors. 
 These errors produced atrocious crimes. A mild and feeble 
 monarchy was succeeded by bloody anarchy, which very 
 shortly gave birth to military despotism. France, in a few 
 years, described the whole circle of human society. 
 
 All this was in the order of nature. When every principle 
 of authority and civil discipline, when every principle which 
 enables some men to command and disposes others to obey, 
 was extirpated from the mind by atrocious theories, and still 
 more atrocious examples ; when every old institution was 
 trampled down with contumely, and every new institution cov- 
 ered in its cradle with blood ; when the principle of property 
 itself, the sheet-anchor of society, was annihilated; when in 
 the persons of the new possessors, whom the poverty of lan- 
 guage obhges us to call proprietors, it was contaminated in its 
 source by robbery and murder, and it became separated from 
 that education and those manners, from that general presump- 
 tion of superior knowledge and more scrupulous probity which 
 form its only liberal titles to respect ; when the people were 
 taught to despise everything old, and compelled to detest every- 
 thing new ; there remained only one principle strong enough to 
 hold society together, a principle utterly incompatible, indeed, 
 with liberty, and unfriendly to civilization itself, a tyrannical 
 and barbarous principle ; but, in that miserable condition of 
 human affairs, a refuge from still more intolerable evils. I 
 mean the principle of military power, which gains strength from 
 that confusion and bloodshed in w^hich all the other elements of 
 society are dissolved, and which, in these terrible extremities, 
 is the cement that preserves it from total destruction. 
 
 Under such circumstances, Buonaparte usurped the supreme 
 power in France. I say usurped, because an illegal assumption 
 
512 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 of power is a usurpation. But usurpation, in its strongest moral 
 sense, is scarcely applicable to a period of lawless and savage 
 anarchy. The guilt of military .usurpation, in truth, belongs to 
 the author of those confusions which sooner or later give birth 
 to such a usurpation. 
 
 Thus, to use the words of the historian ; " by recent as well 
 as all ancient example, it became evident that illegal violence, 
 with whatever pretences it may be covered, and whatever ob- 
 ject it may pursue, must inevitably end at last in the arbitrary 
 and despotic government of a single person." But though the 
 government of Buonaparte has silenced the revolutionary fac- 
 tions, it has not and it cannot have extinguished them. No 
 human power could reimpress upon the minds of men all those 
 sentiments and opinions which the sophistry and anarchy of 
 fourteen years had obliterated. A faction must exist, which 
 breathes the spirit of the ode now before you. 
 
 It is, I know, not the spirit of the quiet and submissive ma- 
 jority of the French people. They have always rather suffer- 
 ed, than acted, in the revolution. Completely exhausted by 
 the calamities through which they have passed, they yield to 
 any power which gives them repose. There is, indeed, a de- 
 gree of oppression which rouses men to resistance ; but there 
 is another and a greater, w^hich wholly subdues and unmans 
 them. It is remarkable that Robespierre himself was safe, till 
 he attacked his own accomplices. The spirit of men of virtue 
 was broken, and there was no vigor of character left to destroy 
 him, but in those daring ruffians who were the sharers of his 
 tyranny. 
 
 As for the wretched populace who were made the blind and 
 senseless instrument of so many crimes, whose frenzy can now 
 be reviewed by a good mind with scarce any moral sentiment 
 but that of compassion ; that miserable multitude of beings, 
 scarcely human, have already fallen into a brutish forgetfulness 
 of the very atrocities which they themselves perpetrated. 
 They have already forgotten all the acts of their drunken fury. 
 If you ask one of them, who destroyed that magnificent monu- 
 ment of religion and art ? or who perpetrated that massacre ? 
 They stupidly answer, the jacobins ! though he who gives the 
 answer was probably one of these jacobins himself; so that a 
 traveller, ignorant of French history, might suppose the jaco- 
 bins to be the name of some Tartar horde, who, after laying 
 waste France for ten years, were at last expelled by the native 
 inhabitants. They have passed from senseless rage to stupid 
 quiet. Their delirium is followed by lethargy. 
 
 In a word, gentlemen, the great body of the people of France 
 have been severely trained in those convulsions and proscrip- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 513 
 
 tions which are the school of slavery. They are capable of 
 no mutinous, and even of no bold and manly political senti- 
 ments. And if this ode professed to paint their opinions, it 
 would be a most unfaithful picture. But it is otherwise with 
 those who have been the actors and leaders in the scene of 
 blood. It is otherwise with the numerous agents of the most 
 indefatigable, searching, multiform and omnipresent tyranny 
 that ever existed, which pervaded every class of society, which 
 had ministers and victiais in every village in France. 
 
 Some of them, indeed, the basest of the race, the sophists, 
 the rhetors, the poet-laureates of murder, who were cruel only 
 from cowardice and calculating selfishness, are perfectly will- 
 ing to transfer their venal pens to any government that does 
 not disdain their infamous support. These men, repubhcans 
 from servility, who published rhetorical panegyrics on massa- 
 cre, and who reduced plunder to a system of ethics, are as 
 ready to preach slavery as anarchy. But the more daring, I 
 had almost said the more respectable, ruffians cannot so easily 
 bend their heads under the yoke. These fierce spirits have not 
 lost " the unconquerable will, the study of revenge, immortal 
 hate." They leave the luxuries of servitude to the mean and 
 dastardly hypocrites, to the Belials and Mammons of the infer- 
 nal faction. They pursue their old end of tyranny under their 
 old pretext of liberty. The recollection of their unbounded 
 power renders every inferior condition irksome and vapid, and 
 their former atrocities form, if I may so speak, a sort of moral 
 destiny which irresistibly impels them to the perpetration of 
 new crimes. They have no place left for penitence on earth. 
 They labor under the most awful proscription of opinion that 
 ever was pronounced against human beings. They have cut 
 down every bridge by which they could retreat into the society 
 of men. Awakened from their dreams of democracy, the 
 noise subsided that deafened their ears to the voice of humanity; 
 the film fallen from their eyes which hid from them the black- 
 ness of their own deeds ; haunted by the memory of their in- 
 expiable guilt ; condemned daily to look on the faces of those 
 whom their hands made widows and orphans, they are goaded 
 and scourged by these real furies, and hurried into the tumult 
 of new crimes, which will drown the cries of remorse, or if 
 they be too depraved for remorse, will silence the curses of 
 mankind. Tyrannical power is their only refuge from the just 
 vengeance of their fellow-creatures. Murder is their only 
 means of usurping power. They have no taste, no occupation, 
 no pursuit but power and blood. If their hands are tied, they 
 must at least have the luxury of murderous projects. They 
 
 3P 
 
514 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 have drunk too deeply of human blood ever to relinquish their 
 cannibal appetite. 
 
 Such a faction exists in France. It is numerous ; it is pow- 
 erful ; and it has a principle of fidelity stronger than any that 
 ever held together a society. They are banded together by 
 despair of forgiveness, by the unanimous detestation of man- 
 kind. They are now restrained by a severe and stern govern- 
 ment. But they still meditate the renewal of insurrection and 
 massacre ; and they are prepared to renew the worst and most 
 atrocious of their crimes, that crime against posterity and 
 against human nature itself, that crime of which the latest 
 generations of mankind may feel the fatal consequences — the 
 crime of degrading and prostituting the sacred name of liberty. 
 
 I must own, that however paradoxical it may appear, I 
 should almost think not worse, but more meanly of them if it 
 were otherwise. I must then think them destitute of that 
 which I will not call courage, because that is the name of a 
 virtue ; but of that ferocious energy which alone rescues ruf- 
 fians from contempt. If they were destitute of that which is 
 the heroism of murderers, they would be the lowest as well as 
 the most abominable of beings. 
 
 It is impossible to conceive anything more despicable than 
 wretches who, after hectoring and bullying over their meek 
 and blameless sovereign, and his defenceless family, whom 
 they kept so long in a dungeon trembhng for their existence, 
 whom they put to death by a slow torture of three years, after 
 playing the republican and the tyrannicide to women and 
 children, become the supple and fawning slaves of the first 
 government that knows how to wield the scourge with a firm 
 hand. 
 
 I have used the word republican because it is the name by 
 which this atrocious faction describes itself. The assumption 
 of that name is one of their crimes. They are no more re- 
 publicans than royalists. They are the common enemies of 
 all human society. God forbid, that by the use of that word, 
 I should be supposed to reflect on the members of those re- 
 spectable republican communities which did exist in Europe 
 before the French revolution. That revolution has spared 
 many monarchies, but it has spared no republic within the 
 sphere of its destructive energy. One republic only now exists 
 in the world — a repubhc of English blood, which was origin- 
 ally composed of republican societies, under the protection of 
 a monarchy, which had therefore no great and perilous change 
 in their internal constitution to effect, and of which, I speak it 
 with pleasure and pride, the inhabitants even in the convulsions 
 of a most deplorable separation, displayed the humanity as 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 515 
 
 well as valor, which, I trust I may say they inherited from 
 their forefathers. 
 
 Nor do I mean by the use of the word " republican," to 
 confound this execrable faction with all those who, in the lib- 
 erty of private speculation, may prefer a republican form of 
 government. I own, that after much reflection, I am not able 
 to conceive an error more gross than that of those who believe 
 in the possibility of erecting a republic in any of the old 
 monarchical countries of Europe, who believe that in such 
 countries an elective supreme magistracy can produce anything 
 but a succession of stern tyrannies and bloody civil wars. It 
 is a supposition which is belied by all experience, and which 
 betrays the greatest ignorance of the first principles of the 
 constitution of society. It is an error which has a false ap- 
 pearance of superiority over vulgar prejudice ; it is therefore 
 too apt to be attended with the most criminal rashness and 
 presumption, and too easy to be inflamed into the most im- 
 moral and antisocial fanaticism. But as long as it remains a 
 mere quiescent error, it is not the proper subject of moral dis- 
 approbation. 
 
 If then, gentlemen, such a faction, falsely calling itself re- 
 publican, exists in France, let us consider whether this ode 
 speaks their sentiments, describes their character, agrees with 
 their views. Trying it by the principle I have stated, I think 
 you will have no difficulty in concluding, that it is agreeable to 
 the general plan of this publication, to give an historical and 
 satirical view of the Brutuses and brutes of the republic — of 
 those who assumed and disgraced the name of Brutus, and 
 who, under that name, sat as judges in their mock tribunals 
 with pistols in their girdles, to anticipate the office of the exe- 
 cutioner on those unfortunate men whom they treated as rebels, 
 for resistance to Robespierre and Couthon. 
 
 I now come to show you that this ode cannot represent the 
 opinions of Mr. Pekier. He is a French royalist. He has 
 devoted his talents to the cause of his King. — For that cause 
 he has sacrificed his fortune and hazarded his life. For that 
 cause he is proscribed and exiled from his country. I could 
 easily conceive powerful topics of royalist invective against 
 Buonaparte ; and if Mr. Peltier had called upon Frenchmen 
 by the memory of St. Louis and Henry the Great, by the 
 memory of that illustrious family which reigned over them for 
 seven centuries, and with whom all their martial renown and 
 literary glory are so closely connected ; if he had adjured them 
 by the spotless name of that Louis XVI. the martyr of his love 
 for his people, which scarce a man in France can now pro- 
 nounce but in the tone of pity and veneration ; if he had Urns 
 
516 " MR. M'lNTOSirS SPEECH 
 
 called upon them to change their useless regret and their bar- 
 ren pity into generous and active indignation ; if he had re- 
 proached the conquerors of Europe with the disgrace of being 
 the slaves of an upstart stranger; if he had brought before 
 their minds the contrast betv^^een their country under her an- 
 cient monarch, the source and model of refinement in manners 
 and taste, and since their expulsion the scourge and the oppro- 
 brium of humanity ; if he had exhorted them to drive out their 
 ignoble tyrants, and to restore their native sovereign ; I should 
 then have recognized the voice of a royalist. I should have 
 recognized language that must have flowed from the heart of 
 Mr. Peltier, and I should have been compelled to acknowledge 
 that it was pointed against Buonaparte. 
 
 These, or such as these, must, have been the topics of a 
 royalist, if he had published an invective against the first 
 consul. But instead of these, or similar topics, what have we 
 in this ode ? On the supposition that it is the invective of a 
 royalist, how is it to be reconciled to common sense ? What 
 purpose is it to serve ? To whom is it addressed ? To what 
 interests does it appeal ? What passions is it to rouse ? If it be 
 addressed to royalists, then I request, gentlemen, that you will 
 carefully read it, and tell me whether on that supposition it 
 can be anything but the ravings of insanity, and whether a 
 commission of lunacy be not a proceeding more fitted to the 
 author's case, than a conviction for a libel. On that supposition 
 I ask you whether it does not amount, in substance, to such an 
 address as the following ? " Frenchmen, royalists, I do not call 
 upon you to avenge the murder of your innocent sovereign, the 
 butchery of your relations and friends, the disgrace and 
 oppression of your country ! I call upon you by the hereditary 
 right of Barras, transmitted through a long series of ages, by 
 the beneficent government of Merlin and Reubel, those worthy 
 successors of Charlemagne, whose authority was as mild as it 
 was lawful — I call upon you to revenge on Buonaparte the 
 despotism of that Directory who condemned the far greater 
 part of yourselves to beggary and exile, who covered France 
 with Bastiles and scaffolds ; who doomed the most respectable 
 remaining members of their community, the Pichegrues, the 
 Barbe Marbois, the Barthelemis, to a fingering death in the 
 pestilential wilds of Guiana — I call upon you to avenge on 
 Buonaparte the cause of those councils of five hundred, or of 
 two hundred, of elders or of youngsters, those disgusting and 
 nauseous mockeries of representative assemblies ; those miser- 
 able councils which sycophant sophists had converted into 
 machines for fabricating decrees of proscription and confisca- 
 tion, which not only proscribed unborn thousands, but, by a 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 517 
 
 refinement and innovation in rapine, visited the sins of the 
 children upon the fathers and beggared parents, not for the 
 offences but for the misfortunes of their sons. I call upon you 
 to restore this Directory and these Councils, and all this 
 horrible profanation of the name of a republic, and to punish 
 those v^^ho delivered you from them. I exhort you to reverence 
 the den of these banditti as " the sanctuary of the laws,^^ and to 
 lament the day in which this intolerable nuisance was abated 
 as " an unfortunate day.^^ Last of all, I exhort you once more 
 to follow that deplorable chimera — the first lure that led you to 
 destruction — the sovereignty of the people — though I know, 
 and you have bitterly felt, that you never were so much slaves, 
 in fact, as since you have been sovereigns in theory !" 
 
 Let me ask Mr. Attorney General, whether, upon his suppo- 
 sition, I have not given you a faithful translation of this ode ; 
 and I think I may safely repeat, that if this be the language of 
 a royalist addressed to royalists, it must be the production of a 
 lunatic. But on my supposition, everything is natural and con- 
 sistent. You have the sentiments and language of a jacobin. — 
 It is therefore probable, if you take it as an historical republica- 
 tion of a jacobin piece — It is just, if you take it as a satirical 
 representation of jacobin opinions and projects. 
 
 Perhaps it will be said, that this is the production of a roy- 
 alist writer, who assumes a republican disguise to serve royalist 
 purposes; but if my learned friend chooses that supposition, I 
 think an equal absurdity returns upon him in another shape. 
 We must then suppose it to be intended to excite republican 
 discontent and insurrection against Buonaparte. It must then 
 be taken* as addressed to republicans. — ^Would Mr. Peltier, in 
 that case, have disclosed his name as the publisher? Would he 
 not much rather have circulated the ode in the name of Chenier, 
 without prefixing his own, which was more than sufficient to 
 warn his Jacobinical readers against all his counsels and exhor- 
 tations? If he had circulated it under the name of Chenier 
 only, he would indeed have hung out republican colors ; but by 
 prefixing his own, he appears without disguise. You must 
 suppose him then to say : " Republicans ! I, your mortal enemy 
 for fourteen years, whom you have robbed of his all, whom 
 you have forbidden to revisit his country under pain of death, 
 who from the beginning of the revolution unceasingly poured 
 ridicule upon your follies, and exposed your crimes to detesta- 
 tion, who in the case of my unhappy sovereign braved your 
 daggers for three years, and who escaped almost by miracle 
 from your assrssins in September, who has since been con- 
 stantly employed in warning other nations by your example, 
 and in collecting the evidence upon which history will pro- 
 
 44 
 
518 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 nounce your condemnation; I who at this moment deliberately 
 choose exile and honorable poverty, rather than give the 
 slightest mark of external compliance with your abominable 
 institutions; I your most irreconcilable and indefatigable 
 enemy, offer you counsel which you know can only be a snare 
 into which I expect you to fall, though by the mere publication 
 of my name I have sufficiently forewarned you that I can have 
 no aim but that of your destruction." 
 
 I ask you again, gentlemen, is this common sense? Is it not 
 as clear from the name of the author that it is not addressed 
 to jacobins, as from the contents of the publication that it is 
 not addressed to royalists 1 It may be the genuine work of 
 Chenier, for the topics are such as he would employ. It may 
 be a satire on jacobinism ; for the language is well adapted to 
 such a composition — But it cannot be a royahst's invective 
 against Buonaparte, intended by him to stir up either royalists 
 or repubHcans to the destruction of the first consul. 
 
 I cannot conceive it to be necessary that I should minutely 
 examine this poem to confirm my construction. There are 
 one or two passages on which I shall make a few observations. 
 The first is the contrast between the state of England and that 
 of France, of which an ingenious friend has favored me with a 
 translation, which I shall take the liberty of reading to you. 
 
 Her glorious fabric England rears 
 
 On law's fix'd base alone ; 
 Law's guardian pow'r while each reveres, 
 England ! thy people's freedom fears 
 
 No danger from the throne. 
 
 For there, before almighty law, 
 
 High birth, high place, with pious awe. 
 
 In reverend homage bend : 
 There man's free spirit, unconstrain'd 
 Exults, in man's best rights maintain'd, 
 Rights which, by ancient valor gain'd. 
 
 From age to age descend. 
 
 Britons, by no base fear dismay'd. 
 
 May power's worst acts arraign. 
 Does tyrant force their rights invade 1 
 They call on law's impartial aid, 
 
 Nor call that aid in vain. 
 
 Hence, of her sacred charter proud, 
 With every earthly good endow'd, 
 
 O'er subject seas unfurl'd, 
 Britannia waves her standard wide, 
 Hence, seas her freighted navies ride 
 Up wealthy Thames' majestic tide, 
 
 The wonder of the world. 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 519 
 
 Here at first sight, you may perhaps think that the consistency 
 of the jacobin character is not supported, that the repubhcan 
 disguise is thrown off, that the royahst stands unmasked before 
 you ; but, on more consideration, you will find that such an 
 inference would be too hasty. The leaders of the revolution 
 are now reduced to envy that British constitution which, in the 
 infatuation of their presumptuous ignorance, they once rejected 
 with scorn. They are now slaves, as they themselves confess, 
 because twelve years ago they did not believe Englishmen to 
 be free. They cannot but see that England is the only popular 
 government in Europe ; and they are compelled to pay a re- 
 luctant homage to the justice of Enghsh principles. The praise 
 of England is too striking a satire on their own government to 
 escape them ; and I may accordingly venture to appeal to all 
 those who know anything of the political circles of Paris, 
 whether such contrasts between France and England as that 
 which I have read to you be not the most favorite topics of the 
 opponents of Buonaparte. — But in the very next stanza, 
 
 Cependant, encore affligee 
 Par I'odieuse heredite, 
 Londres de titles surchargee, 
 Londres n'a pas VEgalite. 
 
 You see, that though they are forced to surrender an unwilhng 
 tribute to our liberty, they cannot yet renounce all their fantas- 
 tic and deplorable chimeras. They endeavor to make a com- 
 promise between the experience on which they cannot shut 
 their eyes, and the wretched systems to which they still chng. 
 Fanaticism is the most incurable of all mental diseases ; be- 
 cause in all its forms, religious, philosophical, or political, it is 
 distinguished by a sort of mad contempt for experience, which 
 alone can correct the errors of practical judgment. And these 
 democratical fanatics still speak of the odious principle of 
 " hereditary government." They still complain that we have 
 not " equality.''' They know not that this odious principle of 
 inheritance is our bulwark against tyranny ; that if we had 
 their pretended equality, we should soon cease to be the objects 
 of their envy. These are the sentiments which you would 
 naturally expect from half-cured lunatics. But once more I 
 ask you, whether they can be the sentiments of M. Peltier ? 
 Would he complain that we have too much monarchy, or too 
 much of what they call aristocracy? If he has- any prejudices 
 against the English government, must they not be of an entirely 
 opposite kind ? 
 
 I have only one observation more to make on this poem. It 
 relates to the passage which is supposed to be an incitement to 
 
520 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 assassination. In my way of considering the subject, M. Pel- 
 tier is not answerable for that passage, whatever its demerits 
 may be. It is put into the mouth of a jacobin ; and it will not, 
 I think, be affirmed, that if it were an incitement to assassinate, 
 it would be very unsuitable to his character. Experience, and 
 very recent experience, has abundantly proved how widely the 
 French revolution has blackened men's imaginations, what a 
 daring and desperate cast it has given to their characters, how 
 much it has made them regard the most extravagant projects 
 of guilt as easy and ordinary expedients ; and to what a hor- 
 rible extent it has familiarized their minds to crimes which be- 
 fore were only known among civihzed nations by the history 
 of barbarous times, or as the subject of poetical fiction. But, 
 thank God, gentlemen, we in England have not learned to 
 charge any man with inciting assassination, not even a mem- 
 ber of that atrocious sect who have revived political assassi- 
 nation in Christendom, except when we are compelled to do so 
 by irresistible evidence. Where is that evidence here? In 
 general it is immoral because indecent to speak with levity, still 
 more to anticipate with pleasure, the destruction of any hu- 
 man being. But between this immorality and the horrible crime 
 of inciting to assassination, there is a wide interval indeed. 
 The real or supposed author of this ode gives you to under- 
 stand that he would hear with no great sorrow of the destruc- 
 tion of the first consul. But surely the publication of that sen- 
 timent is very different from an exhortation to assassinate. 
 
 But, says my learned friend, why is the example of Brutus 
 celebrated ? Why are the French reproached with their base- 
 ness in not copying that example ? Gentlemen, I have no judg- 
 ment to give on the act of Marcus Brutus. I rejoice that I 
 have not. I should not dare to condemn the acts of brave and 
 virtuous men in extraordinary and terrible circumstances, and 
 which have been, as it were, consecrated by the veneration of 
 so many ages. Still less should I dare to weaken the authority 
 of the most sacred rules of duty, by praises which would be 
 immoral even if the acts themselves were in some measure jus- 
 tified by the awful circumstances under which they were done. 
 I am not the panegyrist of " those instances of doubtful public 
 spirit at which morality is perplexed, reason is staggered, and 
 from which affrighted nature recoils." 
 
 But whatever we may think of the act of Brutus, surely my 
 learned friend will not contend that every allusion to it, every 
 panegyric on it, which has appeared for eighteen centuries, in 
 prose and verse, is an incitement to assassination. From the 
 conspicucE divina Philippica famcB down to the last schoolboy 
 declamation, he will find scarce a work of literature without 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 521 
 
 such allusions, and not very many without such panegyrics. I 
 must say that he has construed this ode more like an attorney 
 general than a critic in poetry. According to his construction, 
 almost every fine v^^riter in our language is a preacher of 
 murder. 
 
 Having said so much on the first of these supposed libels, I 
 shall be very short on the two that remain — the verses ascribed 
 to a Dutch patriot and the parody of the speech of Lepidus. In 
 the first of these, the piercing eye of Mr. Attorney General has 
 again discovered an incitement to assassinate — the most learn- 
 ed incitement to assassinate that ever was addressed to such 
 ignorant ruffians as are most likely to be employed for such 
 nefarious purposes ! An obscure allusion, to an obscure and 
 perhaps fabulous part of Roman history, to the supposed mur- 
 der of Romulus, about which none of us know anything, and 
 of which the jacobins of Paris and Amsterdam probably never 
 heard. But the apotheosis! Here my learned friend has a little 
 forgotten himself He seems to argue as if apotheosis always 
 presupposed death. But he must know that Augustus and even 
 Tiberius and Nero were deified during their fives, and he can- 
 not have forgotten the terms in which one of the court poets 
 of Augustus speaks of his master's divinity — 
 
 Prsesens divus habebitur 
 
 Augustus adjectis Britannis 
 Imperio. — 
 
 If any modern rival of Augustus should choose that path to 
 Olympus, I think he will find it more steep and rugged than 
 that by which Pollux and Hercules climbed to the ethereal 
 towers, and that he must be content with purpling his lips with 
 Burgundy on earth, as he has very little chance of purpling 
 them with nectar among the gods. 
 
 The utmost that can seriously be made of this passage is, 
 that it is a wish for a man's death. I repeat that I do not con- 
 tend for the decency of publicly declaring such wishes, or even 
 for the propriety of entertaining them : but the distance be- 
 tween such a wish and a persuasive to murder, is immense. 
 Such a wish for a man's death is very often little more than a 
 strong, though, I admit, not a very decent way of expressing 
 detestation for his character. 
 
 But without pursuing this argument any further, I think my- 
 self entitled to apply to these verses the same reasoning which 
 I have already applied to the first supposed libel on Buonaparte. 
 If they be the real composition of a pretended Dutch patriot, 
 Mr. Peltier may repubfish them innocently. If they be a satire 
 on such pretended Dutch patriots, they are not a libel on Buo- 
 
 3 Q 44* 
 
522 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH «S 
 
 naparte. Granting, for the sake of argument, that they did 
 entertain a serious exhortation to assassinate, is there anything 
 in such an exhortation inconsistent with the character of these 
 pretended patriots ? 
 
 They who were disaffected to the mild and tolerant govern- 
 ment of their flourishing country, because it did not exactly 
 square with all their theoretical whimsies ; they who revolted 
 from that administration as tyrannical, which made Holland one 
 of the wonders of the world for protected industry, for liberty 
 of action and opinion, and for a prosperity which I may venture 
 to call the greatest victory of man over hostile elements ; they 
 who c^ll in the aid of the fiercest tyrants that Europe ever saw, 
 who served in the armies of Robespierre, under the impudent 
 pretext of giving liberty to their country, and who have, finally, 
 buried in the same grave its liberty, its independence, and per- 
 haps its national existence, they are not men entitled to much 
 tenderness from a poHtical satirist, and he will scarcely violate 
 dramatic propriety if he impute to them any language, however 
 criminal and detestable. They who could not brook the 
 authority of their old, lazy, good-natured government, are not 
 likely to endure with patience the yoke of that stern domination 
 which they have brought upon themselves, and which, as far as 
 relates to them, is only the just punishment of their crimes. 
 They who call in tyrants to establish liberty, who sacrifice the 
 independence of their country under pretence of reforming its 
 internal constitution, are capable of everything. 
 
 I know nothing more odious than their character, unless it 
 be that of those who invoke the aid of the oppressors of Swit- 
 zerland to be the deliverers of Ireland ! Their guilt has, indeed, 
 peculiar aggravations. In the name of liberty they were willing 
 to surrender their country into the hands of tyrants, the most 
 lawless, faithless, and merciless that ever scourged Europe; 
 w^ho, at the very moment of their negotiation, were covered 
 with the blood of the unhappy Swiss, the martyrs of real inde- 
 pendence and of real liberty. Their success would have been 
 the destruction of the only free community remaining in 
 Europe — of England, the only bulwark of the remains of 
 European independence. Their means were the passions of an 
 ignorant and barbarous peasantry, and a civil war, which 
 could not fail to produce all the horrible crimes and horrible 
 retaliations of the last calamity that can befall society — a 
 servile revolt. They sought the worst of ends by the most 
 abominable of means. They labored for the subjugation of the 
 world, at the expense of crimes and miseries which men of 
 humanity and conscience would have thought too great a price 
 for the deliverance of mankind. 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 523 
 
 The last of these supposed libels, is the parody on the speech 
 of Lepidus, in the fragments of Sallust. It is certainly a very 
 ingenious and happy parody of an original, attended with some 
 historical obscurity and difficulty, which it is no part of our 
 present business to examine. This parody is said to have been 
 clandestinely placed among the papers of one of the most 
 amiable and respectable men in France, M. Camille Jordan, in 
 order to furnish a pretext for involving that excellent person in 
 a charge of conspiracy. This is said to have been done by a 
 spy of Fouche. Now, gentlemen, I take this to be a satire on 
 Fouche, on his manufacture of plots — on his contrivances for 
 the destruction of innocent and virtuous men — and I shall admit 
 it to be a libel on Fouche if it were possible^ to libel him. I own 
 that I should like to see Fouche appear as a plaintiff, seeking 
 reparation for his injured character, before any tribunal safe 
 from his fangs, w^here he had not the power of sending the 
 judges to Guiana or Madagascar. It happens that we know 
 something of the history of Mr. Fouche from a very credible 
 witness against him — from himself You will perhaps excuse 
 me for reading to you some passages of his letters in the year 
 1793, from which you will judge, whether any satire can be so 
 severe as the portrait he draws of himself. 
 
 " Convinced that there are no innocent men in this infamous 
 city, but those who are oppressed and loaded with irons by the 
 assassins of the people, we are on our guard against the tears 
 of repentance ! nothing can disarm our severity. They have not 
 yet dared to solicit the repeal of our first decree for the anni- 
 hilation of the city of Lyons! but scarcely anything has yet been 
 done to carry it into execution." (Pathetic!) " The demolitions 
 are too slow. More rapid means are necessary to repubhcan 
 impatience. The explosion of the mine, and the devouring 
 activity of the flames, can alone adequately represent the 
 omnipotence of the people." (Unhappy populace, always the 
 pretext, the instrument, and the victim of political crimes !) 
 Their will cannot be checked hke that of tyrants. It ought to 
 have the effects of thunder !" The next specimen of this worthy 
 gentleman which I shall give, is in a speech to the Jacobin Club 
 of Paris, on the 21st of December, 1793, by his worthy 
 colleague in the mission to Lyons, Collot d'Herbois : 
 
 "We are accused" (you, gentlemen, will soon see how, 
 unjustly) " of being cannibals, men of blood : but it is in coun- 
 ter-revolutionary petitions, hawked about for signature by 
 aristocrats, that this charge is made against us. They examine 
 with the most scrupulous attention how the counter-revolu- 
 tionists are put to death, and they affect to say, that they are 
 not killed at one stroke." (He speaks for himself and his 
 
524 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 colleague Fouch^, and one would suppose that he was going to 
 deny the fact — but nothing like it.) " Ah ! Jacobins, did Chalier 
 die at the first stroke, &c. ? A drop of blood poured from 
 generous veins goes to my heart," (humane creature !) " but I 
 have no pity for conspirators. (He however proceeds to state 
 a most undeniable proof of his compassion.) We caused two 
 hundred to be shot at once, and it is charged upon us as a 
 crime !" (Astonishing ! that such an act of humanity should be 
 called a crime!) " They do not know that it is a proof of our 
 sensibility ! When twenty criminals are guillotined, the last of 
 them dies twenty deaths : but these two hundred conspirators 
 perished at once. They speak of sensibility, we also are full of 
 sensibility! The Jacobins have all the virtues! They are com- 
 passionate, humane, generous /" (This is somewhat hard to be 
 understood, but it is perfectly explained by what follows.) 
 " But they reserve these sentiments for the patriots who are 
 their brethren, which the aristocrats never will be." 
 
 The only remaining document with which I shall trouble you, 
 is a letter from Fouche to his amiable colleague Collot d'Her- 
 bois, which, as might be expected in a confidential communi- 
 cation, breathes all the native tenderness of his soul. " Let us be 
 terrible, that we may run no risk of being feeble or cruel. Let 
 us annihilate in our wrath, at a single blow, all rebels, all con- 
 spirators, all traitors," (comprehensive words in his vocabulary) 
 " to spare ourselves the pain, the long agony, of punishing hke 
 kings !" (Nothing but philanthropy in this worthy man's heart.) 
 " Let us exercise justice after the example of nature. Let us 
 avenge ourselves like a people. Let us strike like the thunder- 
 bolt; and let even the ashes of our enemies disappear from the 
 soil of liberty ! Let the perfidious and ferocious English be 
 attacked from every side. Let the whole repubHc form a vol- 
 cano to pour devouring lava upon them. May the infamous 
 island which produced these monsters, who no longer belong to 
 humanity, be for ever buried under the waves of the ocean ! 
 " Farewell, my friend ! Tears of joy stream from my eyes," 
 (we shall soon see for what) " they deluge my soul." 
 
 [Then follows a little postscript, which explains the cause of 
 this excessive joy, so hyperbolical in its language, and which 
 fully justifies the indignation of the humane writer against the 
 " ferocious English," who are so stupid and so cruel as never to 
 have thought of a benevolent massacre, by way of sparing 
 themselves the pain of punishing individual criminals.] 
 
 " We have only one ivay of celebrating victories.- — We send this 
 evening two hundred and thirteen rebels to be shot!^' 
 
 Such, gentlemen, is M. Fouche, who is said to have pro- 
 cured this parody to be mixed with the papers of my excellent 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 525 
 
 friend, Camille Jordan, to serve as a pretext for his destruction. 
 Fabricated plots are among the most usual means of such 
 tyrants for such purposes ; and if Mr. Peltier intended to libel 
 (shall I say?) Fouche by this composition, I can easily under- 
 stand both the parody and the history of its origin. But if it 
 be directed against Buonaparte to serve royalist purposes, I 
 must confess myself wholly unable to conceive why Mr. Peltier 
 should have stigmatized his work and deprived it of all au- 
 thority and power of persuasion, by prefixing to it the infamous 
 name of Fouche. 
 
 On the same principle, I think one of the observations of my 
 learned friend, on the title of this pubhcation, may be retorted 
 on him. He has called your attention to the title " L'Ambigu, 
 ou Varietes atroces et amusantes." Now, gentlemen, I must 
 ask, whether, had these been Mr. Peltier's own invectives 
 against Buonaparte he would himself have branded them as 
 " atrocious !" — But if they be specimens of the opinions and 
 invectives of a French faction, the title is very natural, and the 
 epithets are perfectly intelligible. Indeed I scarce know a more 
 appropriate title for the whole tragic comedy of the revolution 
 than that of " atrocious and amusing varieties." 
 
 My learned friend has made some observations on other 
 parts of this publication, to show the spirit which animates the 
 author ; but they do not seem to be very material to the question 
 between us. It is no part of my case that Mr. Peltier has 
 spoken with some unpoliteness, with some flippancy, with more 
 severity than my learned friend may approve, of factions and 
 of administrations in France. Mr. Peltier cannot love the re- 
 volution, or any government that has grown out of it and 
 maintains it. The revolutionists have destroyed his family, 
 they have seized his inheritance, they have beggared, exiled, 
 and proscribed himself. If he did not detest them he would 
 be unworthy of living, and he would be a base hypocrite if he 
 were to conceal his sentiments. But I must again remind you, 
 that this is not an information for not sufficiently honoring the 
 French revolution, for not showing sufficient reverence for the 
 consular government. These are no crimes among us. Eng- 
 land is not yet reduced to such an ignominious dependence. 
 Our hearts and consciences are not yet in the bonds of so 
 wretched a slavery. This is an information for a libel on Buo- 
 naparte, and if you believe the principal intention of Mr. Pel- 
 tier to have been to repubhsh the writings or to satirize the 
 character of other individuals, you must acquit him of a libel 
 on the first consul. 
 
 Here, gentlemen, I think I might stop, if I had only to con- 
 sider the defence of Mr. Peltier. I trust that you are already 
 
526 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 convinced of his innocence. I fear I have exhausted your 
 patience, as I am sure I have very nearly exhausted my ov\rn 
 strength. But so much seems to me to depend on your ver- 
 dict, that I cannot forbear from laying before you some con- 
 siderations of a more general nature. 
 
 Believing as I do, that we are on the eve of a great struggle; 
 that this is only the first battle betv^een reason and power ; 
 that you have now in your hands, committed to your trust, the 
 only remains of free discussion in Europe, now confined to 
 this kingdom ; addressing you, therefore, as the guardians of 
 the most important interests of mankind ; convinced that the 
 unfettered exercise of reason depends more on your present 
 verdict than on any other that was ever delivered by a jury, I 
 cannot conclude without bringing before you the sentiments 
 and examples of our ancestors in some of those awful and 
 perilous situations by which Divine Providence has in former 
 ages tried the virtue of the English nation. We are fallen 
 upon times in which it behoves us to strengthen our spirits by 
 the contemplation of great examples of constancy. Let us seel 
 for them in the annals of our forefathers. 
 
 The reign of queen Elizabeth may be considered as the 
 opening of the modern history of England, especially in its 
 connexion with the modern system of Europe, which began 
 about that time to assume the form that it preserved till the 
 French revolution. It was a very memorable period, of which 
 the maxims ought to be engraven on the head and heart of 
 every Englishman. Philip II., at the head of the greatest em- 
 pire then in the world, was openly aiming at universal domina- 
 tion, and his project was so far from being thought chimerical 
 by the wisest of his contemporaries, that in the opinion of the 
 great Due de Sully he must have been successful, "if, by a 
 most singular combination of circumstances, he had not at the 
 same time been resisted by two such strong heads as those of 
 Henry IV. and queen Elizabeth." To the most extensive and 
 opulent dominions, the most numerous and disciplined armies, 
 the most renowned captains, the greatest revenue, he added 
 also the most formidable power over opinion. He was the 
 chief of a religious faction, animated by the most atrocious 
 fanaticism, prepared to second his ambition, by rebellion, anar- 
 chy, and regicide, in every Protestant state. Elizabeth was 
 among the first objects of his hostility. That wise and mag- 
 nanimous princess placed herself in the front of the battle for 
 the liberties of Europe. Though she had to contend at home 
 with his fanatical faction, which almost occupied Ireland, 
 which divided Scotland, and was not of contemptible strength 
 in England, she aided the oppressed inhabitants of the Nether- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 527 
 
 lands in their just and glorious resistance to his tyranny ; she 
 aided Henry the Great, in suppressing the abominable rebellion 
 which anarchical principles had excited and Spanish arms had 
 supported in France, and after a long reign of various fortune, 
 in which she preserved her unconquered spirit through great 
 calamities, and still greater dangers, she at length broke the 
 strength of the enemy, and reduced his power within such 
 Hmits as to be compatible with the safety of England, and of 
 all Europe. Her only effectual ally was the spirit of her peo- 
 ple, and her policy flowed from that magnanimous nature 
 which in the hour of peril teaches better lessons than those of 
 cold reason. Her great heart inspired her with a higher and 
 a nobler wisdom — which disdained to appeal to the low and 
 sordid passions of her people, even for the protection of their 
 low and sordid interests, because she knew, or rather she felt, 
 that these are effeminate, creeping, cowardly, short-sighted 
 passions, which shrink from conflict even in defence of their 
 own mean objects. In a righteous cause she roused those 
 generous affections of her people which alone teach boldness, 
 constancy, and foresight, and which are therefore the only 
 safe guardians of the lowest as well as the highest interests of a 
 nation. In her memorable address to her army, when the in- 
 vasion of the kingdom was threatened by Spain, this woman 
 cf heroic spirit disdained to speak to them of their ease and 
 their commerce, and their wealth, and their safety. No ! She 
 touched another chord — She spoke of their national honor, of 
 their dignity as Englishmen, of " the foul scorn that Parma or 
 Spain should dare to invade the borders of her realms." She 
 breathed into them those grand and powerful sentiments which 
 exalt vulgar men into heroes, which lead them into the battle 
 of their country, armed with holy and irresistible enthusiasm ; 
 which even cover with their shield all the ignoble interests that 
 base calculation and cowardly selfishness tremble to hazard, 
 but shrink from defending. A sort of prophetic instinct, if I 
 may so speak, seems to have revealed to her the importance of 
 that great instrument for rousing and guiding the minds of 
 men, of the effects of which she had no experience ; which, 
 since her time, has changed the condition of the world ; but 
 which few modern statesmen have thoroughly understood or 
 wisely employed ; which is no doubt connected with many ri- 
 diculous and degrading details, which has produced, and which 
 may again produce, terrible mischiefs ; but of which the influ- 
 ence must after all be considered as the most certain effect and 
 the most eflicacious cause of civilization, and which, whether 
 it be a blessing or a curse, is the most powerful engine that a 
 politician can move — I mean the press. It is a curious fact, 
 
528 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 that in the year of the Armada, queen Elizabeth caused to be 
 printed the first gazettes that ever appeared in England ; and 
 I own, when I consider that this mode of rousing a national 
 spirit was then absolutely unexampled, that she could have no 
 assurance of its efficacy from the precedents of former times, 
 I am disposed to regard her having recourse to it as one of the 
 most sagacious experiments, one of the greatest discoveries of 
 political genius, one of the most striking anticipations of future 
 experience, that we find in history. I mention it to you, to 
 justify the opinion that I have ventured to state, of the close 
 connexion of our national spirit with our press, even our pe- 
 riodical press. I cannot quit the reign of Elizabeth, without 
 laying before you the maxims of her policy, in the language of 
 the greatest and wisest of men. — Lord Bacon, in one part of 
 his discourse on her reign, speaks thus of her support of Hol- 
 land : *' But let me rest upon the honorable and continual aid 
 and relief she hath given to the distressed and desolate people 
 of the Low Countries ; a people recommended unto her by 
 ancient confederacy and daily intercourse, by their cause so 
 innocent, and their fortune so lamentable !" In another passage 
 of the same discourse, he thus speaks of the general system of 
 her foreign policy; as the protector of Europe, in words too 
 remarkable to require any commentary. " Then it is her gov- 
 ernment, and her government alone, that hath been the sconce 
 and fort of all Europe, which hath lett this proud nation from 
 overrunning all. If any state be yet free from his factions 
 erected in the bowels thereof; if there be any state wherein 
 this faction is erected that is not yet fired with civil troubles ; 
 if there be any state under his protection that enjoyeth mode- 
 rate liberty, upon whom he tyrannizeth not; it is the mercy of 
 this renowned queen that standeth between them and their mis- 
 fortunes !'' 
 
 The next great conspirator against the rights of men and of 
 nations, against the security and independence of all European 
 states, against every kind and degree of civil and religious 
 liberty, was Louis XIV. In his time the character of the 
 EngHsh nation was the more remarkably displayed, because it 
 was counteracted by an apostate and perfidious government. 
 During great part of his reign, you know that the throne of 
 England was filled by princes who deserted the cause of their 
 country and of Europe, who were the accomphces and the 
 tools of the oppressor of the world ; who were even so unmanly, 
 so unprincely, so base, as to have sold themselves to his ambi- 
 tion ; who were content that he should enslave the continent, if 
 he enabled them to enslave Great Britain. These princes, 
 traitors to their own royal dignity and to the feelings of the 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 529 
 
 generous people whom they ruled, preferred the condition of 
 the first slaves of Louis XIV. to the dignity of the first freemen 
 of England; yet even under these princes, the feehngs of the 
 people of this kingdom were displayed on a most memorable 
 occasion towards foreign sufferers and foreign oppressors. The 
 revocation of the edict of Nantz, threw fifty thousand French 
 Protestants on our shores. They were received, as I trust the 
 victims of tyranny ever will be in this land, which seems chosen 
 by Providence to be the home of the exile, the refuge of the 
 ojppressed. They were welcomed by a people high-spirited as 
 well as humane, who did not insult them by clandestine charity; 
 w^ho did not give alms in secret lest their charity should be 
 detected by the neighboring tyrants ! No ! They were publicly 
 and nationally welcomed and relieved. They were bid to raise 
 their voice against their oppressor, and to proclaim their 
 wrongs to all mankind. They did so. They were joined in the 
 cry of just indignation by every Enghshman worthy of the 
 name. It was a fruitful indignation, w^hich soon produced the 
 successful resistance of Europe to the common enemy. Even 
 then, when Jeffries disgraced the bench which his lordship now 
 adorns, no refugee was deterred by prosecution for libel from 
 giving vent to his feelings, from arraigning the oppressor in the 
 face of all Europe. 
 
 During this ignominious period of our history, a war arose 
 on the continent, which cannot but present itself to the mind on 
 such an occasion as this ; the only war that was ever made on 
 the avowed ground of attacking a free press. I speak of the 
 invasion of Holland by Louis XIV. The liberties which the 
 Dutch gazettes had taken in discussing his conduct, were the 
 sole cause of this very extraordinary and memorable war, 
 which was of short duration, unprecedented in its avowed 
 principle, and most glorious in its event for the liberties of man- 
 kind. That republic, at all times so interesting to Enghshmen — 
 in the worst times of both countries our brave enemies ; in their 
 best times, our most faithful and valuable friends, was then 
 charged with the defence of a free press against the oppressor 
 of Europe, as a sacred trust for the benefit of all generations. 
 They felt the sacredness of the deposit, they felt the dignity of 
 the station in which they were placed, and though deserted by 
 the un-Enghsh government of England, they asserted their 
 own ancient character, and drove out the great armies and 
 great captains of the oppressor with defeat and disgrace. Such 
 was the result of the only war hitherto avowedly undertaken to 
 oppress a free country because she allowed the free and public 
 exercise of reason. And may the God of justice and liberty 
 grant that such may ever be the result of wars made by tyrants 
 
 3R 45 
 
530 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 against the rights of mankind, especially against that right 
 which is the guardian of every other. 
 
 This war, gentlemen, had the effect of raising up from 
 obscurity the great prince of Orange, afterwards King William 
 III., the deliverer of Holland, the deliverer of England, the 
 deliverer of Europe ; the only hero who was distinguished by 
 such a happy union of fortune and virtue that the objects of his 
 ambition were always the same with the interests of humanity; 
 perhaps the only man who devoted the whole of his life exclu- 
 sively to the service of mankind. This most illustrious bene- 
 factor of Europe, this " hero without vanity or passion," as he 
 has been justly and beautifully called by a venerable prelate, 
 who never made a step towards greatness without securing or 
 advancing liberty, who had been made Stadtholder of Holland 
 for the salvation of his own country, was soon after made King 
 of England for the deHverance of ours. When the people of 
 Great Britain had once more a government worthy of them, 
 they returned to the feelings and principles of their ancestors ; 
 and resumed their former station and their former duties as 
 protectors of the independence of nations. The people of 
 England, delivered from a government which disgraced, 
 oppressed, and betrayed them, fought under Wilham as their 
 forefathers had fought under Elizabeth, and after an almost 
 uninterrupted struggle of more than twenty years, in which 
 they were often abandoned by fortune, but never by their own 
 constancy and magnanimity, they at length once more defeated 
 those projects of guilty ambition, boundless aggrandizement, and 
 universal domination, which had a second time threatened to 
 overwhelm the whole civilized world. They rescued Europe 
 from being swallowed up in the gulf of extensive empire, 
 which the experience of all times points out as the grave of 
 civilization, where men are driven by violent conquest and 
 military oppression into lethargy and slavishness of heart, 
 where, after their arts have perished with the mental vigor 
 from which they spring, they are plunged by the combined 
 power of effeminacy and ferocity into irreclaimable and hope- 
 less barbarism. Our ancestors estabhshed the safety of their 
 own country by providing for that of others, and rebuilt the 
 European system upon such firm foundations, that nothing less 
 than the tempest of the French revolution could have shaken it. 
 
 This arduous struggle was suspended for a short time by the 
 peace of Ryswick. The interval between that treaty and the 
 war of the succession enables us to judge how our ancestors 
 acted in a very peculiar situation, which requires maxims of 
 policy very different from those which usually govern states. 
 The treaty which they had concluded was in truth and sub- 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 531 
 
 Stance only a truce. The ambition and the power of the ene- 
 my were such as to render real peace impossible. And it was 
 perfectly obvious that the disputed succession of the Spanish 
 monarch would soon render it no longer practicable to preserve 
 even the appearance of amity. It was desirable, however, not 
 to provoke the enemy by unseasonable hostility ; but it was 
 still more desirable, it was absolutely necessary, to keep up the 
 national jealousy and indignation against him who was soon to 
 be their open enemy. It might naturally have been apprehend- 
 ed that the press might have driven into premature war a 
 prince who not long before had been violently exasperated by 
 the press of another free country. I have looked over the po- 
 litical publications of that time w^ith some care, and I can ven- 
 ture to say, that at no period were the system and projects of 
 Louis XIV. animadverted on with more freedom and boldness 
 than during that interval. Our ancestors and the heroic prince 
 who governed them, did not deem it wise policy to disarm the 
 national mind for the sake of prolonging a truce. They were 
 both too proud and too wise to pay so great a price for so 
 small a benefit. 
 
 In the course of the eighteenth century, a great change took 
 place in the state of political discussion in this country. I speak 
 of the multiphcation of newspapers. I know that newspapers 
 are not very popular in this place, which is, indeed, not very 
 surprising ; because they are known here only by their faults. 
 Their publishers come here only to receive the chastisement 
 due to their offences. With all their faults, I own, I cannot 
 help feeling some respect for whatever is a proof of the in- 
 creased curiosity and increased knowledge of mankind ; and I 
 cannot help thinking, that if somew^hat more indulgence and 
 consideration were shown for the difficulties of their situation, 
 it might prove one of the best correctives of their faults, by 
 teaching them that self-respect, which is the best security for 
 liberal conduct towards others. But however that may be, it 
 is very certain that the multiplication of these channels of pop- 
 ular information has produced a great change in the state of 
 our domestic and foreign poKtics. At home, it has, in truth, 
 produced a gradual revolution in our government. By increas- 
 ing the number of those who exercise some sort of judgment 
 on public affairs, it has created a substantial democracy, infi- 
 nitely more important than those democratical forms which 
 have been the subject of so much contest. So that I may ven- 
 ture to say, England has not only in its forms the most demo- 
 cratical government that ever existed in a great country, but 
 in substance, has the most democratical government that ever 
 existed in any country ; if the most substantial democracy be 
 
532 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 that state in which the greatest number of men feel an interest 
 and express an opinion upon poHtical questions, and in which 
 the greatest number of judgments and wills concur in influ- 
 encing public measures. 
 
 The same circumstances gave great additional importance 
 to our discussion of continental politics. That discussion was 
 no longer, as in the preceding century, confined to a few pam- 
 phlets, written and read only by men of education and rank, 
 which reached the multitude very slowly and rarely. In news- 
 papers an almost daily appeal was made, directly, or indirect- 
 ly, to the judgment and passions of almost every individual in 
 the kingdom, upon the measures and principles not only of his 
 own country, but of every state in Europe. Under such cir- 
 cumstances, the tone of these publications in speaking of for- 
 eign governments became a matter of importance. You will 
 excuse me, therefore, if, before I conclude, I remind you of the 
 genera] nature of their language, on one or two very remark- 
 able occasions, and of the boldness with which they arraigned 
 the crimes of powerful sovereigns, without any check from the 
 laws and magistrates of their own country. This toleration, 
 or rather this protection, was too long and uniform to be ac- 
 cidental. I am, indeed, very much mistaken, if it be not 
 founded upon a policy which this country cannot abandon 
 without sacrificing her liberty and endangering her national 
 existence. 
 
 The first remarkable instance which I shall choose to state 
 of the unpunished and protected boldness of the English press, 
 of the freedom with which they animadverted on the policy of 
 powerful sovereigns, is the partition of Poland in 1772: an act 
 not perhaps so horrible in its means, nor so deplorable in its 
 immediate effects, as some other atrocious invasions of nation- 
 al independence which have followed it ; but the most abomi- 
 nable in its general tendency and ultimate consequences of any 
 political crime recorded in history, because it was the first 
 practical breach in the system of Europe, the first example of 
 atrocious robbery perpetrated on unoffending countries, which 
 has been since so liberally followed, and which has broken 
 down all the barriers of habit and principle which guarded de- 
 fenceless states. The perpetrators of this atrocious crime 
 were the most powerful sovereigns of the continent, whose 
 hostility it certainly was not the interest of Great Britain wan- 
 tonly to incur. They were the most illustrious princes of their 
 age, and some of them were doubtless entitled to the highest 
 praise for their domestic administration, as well as for the 
 brilliant qualities which distinguished their characters. But 
 none of these circumstances, no dread of their resentment, no 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 533 
 
 admiration of their talents, no consideration for their rank, 
 silenced the animadversion of the English press. Some of you 
 remember, all of you know, that a loud and unanimous cry of 
 reprobation and execration broke out against them from every 
 part of this kingdom. It v^as perfectly uninfluenced by any 
 considerations of our own mere national interest, which might 
 perhaps be supposed to be rather favorably affected by that 
 partition. It was not, as in some other countries, the indigna- 
 tion of rival robbers, who were excluded from their share of 
 the prey. It was the moral anger of disinterested spectators 
 against atrocious crimes, the gravest and the most dignified 
 moral principle which the God of justice has implanted in the 
 human heart, that of which the dread is the only restraint on 
 the actions of powerful criminals, and of w^hich the promulga- 
 tion is the only punishment that can be inflicted on them. It is 
 a restraint which ought not to be weakened. It is a punishment 
 which no good man can desire to mitigate. 
 
 That great crime was spoken of as it deserved in England. 
 Robbery was not described by any courtly circumlocutions. 
 Rapine was not called policy ; nor was the oppression of an 
 innocent people termed a mediation in their domestic diflfer- 
 ences. No prosecutions, no criminal informations, followed the 
 liberty and the boldness of the language then employed. No 
 complaints even appear to have been made from abroad, much 
 less any insolent menaces against the free constitution wtiich 
 protected the English press. The people of England were too 
 long known throughout Europe, for the proudest potentate to 
 expect to silence our press by such means. 
 
 I pass over the second partition of Poland in 1792. You all 
 remember what passed on that occasion, the universal abhor- 
 rence expressed by every man and every writer of every party, 
 the succors that were publicly preparing by large bodies of in- 
 dividuals of all parties for the oppressed Poles. I hasten to the 
 final dismemberment of that unhappy kingdom, which seems to 
 me the most striking example in our history of the habitual, 
 principled, and deeply rooted forbearance of those who admin- 
 ister the law towards political writers. 
 
 We were engaged in the most extensive, bloody, and danger- 
 ous war that this country ever knew, and the parties to the dis- 
 memberment of Poland were our allies, and our only powerful 
 and effective allies. We had every motive of policy to court 
 their friendship. Every reason of state seemed to require that 
 we should not permit them to be abused and vilified by EngKsh 
 writers. What was the fact ? Did any Enghshman consider 
 himself at liberty, on account of temporary interests, however 
 urgent, to silence those feelings of humanity and justice which 
 
 45* 
 
534 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 guard the certain and permanent interests of all countries? 
 You all remember that every voice, and every pen, and every 
 press in England were unceasingly employed to brand that 
 abominable robbery. You remember that this was not confined 
 to private writers, but that the same abhorrence was expressed 
 by every member of both houses of parliament who was not 
 under the restraints of ministerial reserve. No minister dared 
 even to blame the language of honest indignation which might 
 be very inconvenient to his most important political projects ; 
 and I hope I may venture to say, that no English assembly 
 would have endured such a sacrifice of eternal justice to any- 
 miserable interest of an hour. Did the law officers of the 
 crown venture to come into a court of justice to complain of 
 the boldest of the publications of that time ? They did not. I 
 do not say that they felt any disposition to do so. I believe 
 that they could not. But I do say that if they had ; if they 
 had spoken of the necessity of confining our political writers 
 to cold narrative and unfeeling argument; if they had informed 
 the jury, that they did not prosecute history, but invective ; that 
 if private writers be at all to blame great princes, it must be 
 with moderation and decorum, the sound heads and honest 
 hearts of an English jury would have confounded such sophis- 
 try, and declared by their verdict, that moderation of language 
 is a relative term, which varies with the subject to which it is 
 applied ; that atrocious crimes are not to be related as calmly 
 and coolly as indifferent or trifling events ; that if there be a 
 decorum due to exalted rank and authority, there is also ft much 
 more sacred decorum due to virtue and to human nature, 
 which would be outraged and trampled under foot, by speaking 
 of guilt in a lukewarm language, falsely called moderate. 
 
 Soon after, gentlemen, there followed an act, in comparison 
 with which all the deeds of rapine and blood perpetrated in 
 the world are innocence itself — the invasion and destruction of 
 Switzerland, that unparalleled scene of guilt and enormity; that 
 unprovoked aggression against an innocent country, which had 
 been the sanctuary of peace and liberty for three centuries ; 
 respected as a sort of sacred territory by the fiercest ambition; 
 raised, like its own mountains, beyond the region of the storms 
 which raged around on every side; the only warlike people 
 that never sent forth armies to disturb their neighbors ; the only 
 government that ever accumulated treasures without imposing 
 taxes, an innocent treasure, unstained by the tears of the poor, 
 the inviolate patrimony of the commonwealth, which attested 
 the virtue of a long series of magistrates, but which at length 
 caught the eye of the spoiler, and became the fatal occasion of 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 535 
 
 their ruin! Gentlemen, the destruction of such a country, "its 
 cause so innocent, and its fortune so lamentable !" made a deep 
 impression on the people of England. I will ask my learned 
 friend, if we had then been at peace with the French repubhc, 
 whether we must have been silent spectators of the foulest 
 crimes that ever blotted the name of humanity! w^hether we 
 must Hke cowards and slaves have repressed the compassion 
 and indignation with which that horrible scene of tyranny had 
 filled our hearts? Let me suppose, gentlemen, that Aloys 
 Reding, who has displayed in our times the simpHcity, magna- 
 nimity, and piety of ancient heroes, had, after his glorious 
 struggle, honored this kingdom by choosing it as his refuge ; 
 that after performing prodigies of valor at the head of his 
 handful of heroic peasants on the field of Margarten, where his 
 ancestor, the Landamman Reding, had, five hundred years 
 before, defeated the first oppressors of Switzerland, he had 
 selected this country to be his residence, as the chosen abode 
 of liberty, as the ancient and inviolable asylum of the oppressed ; 
 would my learned friend have had the boldness to have said to 
 this hero, " that he must hide his tears" (the tears shed by a 
 hero over the ruins of his country !) " lest they might provoke 
 the resentment of Reuhel or Rapinat ! that he must smother the 
 sorrow and the anger with which his heart was loaded ; that 
 he must breathe his murmurs low, lest they might be overheard 
 by the oppressor !" Would this have been the language of my 
 learned friend ? I know that it would not. I know, that by 
 such a supposition I have done wrong to his honorable feelings, 
 to his honest Enghsh heart. I am sure that he knows as well 
 as I do, that a nation which should thus receive the oppressed 
 of other countries, would be preparing its own neck for the 
 yoke. He knows the slavery which such a nation would 
 deserve, and must speedily incur. He knows that sympathy 
 with the unmerited sufl?erings of others, and disinterested anger 
 against their oppressors, are, if I may so speak, the masters 
 which are appointed by Providence to teach us fortitude in the 
 defence of our own rights ; that selfishness is a dastardly 
 principle, which betrays its chai^ge and flies from its post; and 
 that those only can defend themselves with valor, who are 
 animated by the moral approbation with which they can survey 
 their sentiments towards others, who are ennobled in their own 
 eyes by a consciousness that they are fighting for justice as 
 well as interest ; a consciousness which none can feel, but those 
 who have felt for the wrongs of their brethren. These are the 
 sentiments which my learned friend would have felt. He would 
 have told the hero : " Your confidence is not deceived : this is 
 
536 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 still that England, of which the history may, perhaps, have 
 contributed to fill your heart with the heroism of liberty. Every 
 other country of Europe is crouching under the bloody tyrants 
 who destroyed your country. We are unchanged ; we are 
 still the same people which received with open arms the victims 
 of the tyranny of Philip II, and Louis XIV. We shall not 
 exercise a cowardly and clandestine humanity ! Here we are 
 not so dastardly as to rob you of your greatest consolation. 
 Here, protected by a free, brave, and high-minded people, you 
 may give vent to your indignation; you may proclaim the 
 crimes of your tyrants, you may devote them to the execration 
 of mankind ; there is still one spot upon earth in which they are 
 abhorred, without being dreaded !" 
 
 I am aware, gentlemen, that I have already abused your 
 indulgence ; but I must entreat you to bear with me for a short 
 time longer, to allow me to suppose a case which might have 
 occurred, in which- you will see the horrible consequences of 
 enforcing rigorously principles of law, which I cannot coun- 
 teract, against political writers. We might have been at peace 
 with France during the whole of that terrible period which 
 elapsed between August 1792 and 1794, which has been usually 
 called the reign of Robespierre! The only series of crimes, 
 perhaps, in history, which, in spite of the common disposition 
 to exaggerate extraordinary facts, has been beyond measure 
 underrated in public opinion. I say this, gentlemen, after an 
 investigation, which I think entitles me to affirm it with confi- 
 dence. Men's minds were oppressed by atrocity and the mul- 
 titude of crimes ; their humanity and their indolence took refuge 
 in scepticism from such an overwhelming mass of guilt ; and 
 the consequence was, that all these unparalleled enormities, 
 though proved not only with the fullest historical, but with the 
 strictest judicial evidence, were at the time only half believed, 
 and are now scarcely half remembered. When these atrocities 
 were daily perpetrating, of which the greatest part are as little 
 known to the public in general as the campaigns of Genghis 
 Khan, but are still protected from the scrutiny of men by the 
 immensity of those voluminous records of guilt in which they 
 are related, and under the mass of which they will be buried, 
 till some historian be found with patience and courage enough 
 to drag them forth into light, for the shame indeed, but for the 
 instruction of mankind. When these crimes were perpetrating, 
 which had the pecyliar malignity, from the pretexts with which 
 they were covered, of making the noblest objects of human 
 pursuit seem odious and detestable ; which have almost made 
 the names of liberty, reformation, and humanity, synonymous 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 537 
 
 with anarchy, robbery, and murder ; which thus threatened not 
 only to extinguish every principle of improvement, to arrest the 
 progress of civiUzed society, and to disinherit future generations 
 of that rich succession which they were entitled to expect from 
 the knowledge and wisdom of the present, but to destroy the 
 civilization of Europe, which never gave such a proof of its 
 vigor and robustness, as in being able to resist their destructive 
 power; when all these horrors were acting in the greatest 
 empire of the continent, I will ask my learned friend, if we had 
 then been at peace with France, how English writers were to 
 relate them so as to escape the charge of libelling a friendly 
 government ? 
 
 When Robespierre, in the debates in the national convention 
 on the mode of murdering their blameless sovereign, objected 
 to the formal and tedious mode of murder called a trial, and 
 proposed to put him immediately to death, " on the principles 
 of insurrection," because to doubt the guilt of the king would 
 be to doubt of the innocence of the convention ; and if the king 
 were not a traitor, the convention must be rebels ; would my 
 learned friend have had an English writer state all this with 
 " decorum and moderation ?" Would he have had an English 
 writer state, that though this reasoning was not perfectly 
 agreeable to our national laws, or perhaps to our national 
 prejudices, yet it was not for him to make any observations on 
 the judicial proceedings of foreign states ? 
 
 When Marat, in the same convention, called for two hundred 
 and seventy thousand heads, must our EngHsh writers have 
 said, that the remedy did, indeed, seem to their weak judgment 
 rather severe ; but that it was not for them to judge the conduct 
 of so illustrious an assembly as the national convention, or the 
 suggestions of so enUghtened a statesman as M. Marat ? 
 
 When that convention resounded with applause at the news 
 of several hundred aged priests being thrown into the Loire, 
 and particularly at the exclamation of Carrier, who communi- 
 cated the intelligence, "What a revolutionary torrent is the 
 Loire !" when these suggestions and narrations of murder, 
 which have hitherto been only hinted and whispered in the most 
 secret cabals, in the darkest caverns of banditti, were triumph- 
 antly uttered, patiently endured, and even loudly applauded by 
 an assembly of seven hundred men, acting in the sight of all 
 Europe, would my learned friend have wished that there had 
 been found in England a single writer so base as to deliberate 
 upon the most safe, decorous, and poKte manner of relating all 
 these things to his countrymen ? 
 
 When Carrier ordered five hundred children under fourteen 
 
 3S 
 
538 MR. M'INTOSH'S SPEECH 
 
 years of age to be shot, the greater part of whom escaped the 
 fire from their size, when the poor victims ran for protection to 
 the soldiers and were bayoneted chnging round their knees ! 
 would my friend — but I cannot pursue the strain of interroga- 
 tion. It is too much. It would be a violence which I cannot 
 practise on my own feelings. It would be an outrage to my 
 friend. It would be an insult to humanity. No ! Better, ten 
 thousand times better, would it be that every press in the world 
 were burnt, that the very use of letters were abolished, that we 
 were turned to the honest ignorance of the rudest times, than 
 that the results of civilization should be made subservient to the 
 purposes of barbarism, than that literature should be employed 
 to teach a toleration for cruelty, to weaken moral hatred for 
 guilt, to deprave and brutalize the human mind. I know that 
 I speak my friend's feelings as well as my own, when I say, 
 God forbid that the dread of any punishment should ever 
 make an Englishman an accomplice in so corrupting his coun- 
 trymen, a pubhc teacher of depravity and barbarity ! 
 
 Mortifying and horrible as the idea is, I must remind you, 
 gentlemen, that even at that time, even under the reign of 
 Robespierre, my learned friend, if he had then been Attorney 
 General, might have been compelled by some most deplorable 
 S necessity, to have come into this court to ask your verdict 
 against the libellers of Barrere and Collot d'Herbois. Mr. 
 Peltier then employed his talents against the enemies of the 
 human race, as he has uniformly and bravely done. I do not 
 believe that any peace, any political considerations, any fear 
 of punishment, would have silenced him. He has shown too 
 much honor, and constancy, and intrepidity, to be shaken by 
 such circumstances as these. 
 
 My learned friend might then have been compelled to have 
 filed a criminal information against Mr. Peltier, for " wickedly 
 and maliciously intending to vihfy and degrade Maximilian 
 Robespierre, president of the committee of public safety of the 
 French RepubHc !" He might have been reduced to the sad 
 necessity of appearing before you, to bely his own better feel- 
 ings ; to prosecute Mr. Peltier for pubHshing those sentiments 
 which my friend himself had a thousand times felt, and a 
 thousand times expressed. He might have been obhged even 
 to call for punishment upon Mr. Peltier for language which he 
 and all mankind would for ever despise Mr. Peltier if he were 
 not to employ. Then indeed, gentlemen, we should have seen 
 the last humiliation fall on England ; the tribunals, the spotless 
 and venerable tribunals of this free country, reduced to be the 
 ministers of the vengeance of Robespierre ! What could have 
 
ON THE TRIAL OF M. PELTIER. 539 
 
 rescued us from this last disgrace ? The honesty and courage 
 of a jury. They would have delivered the judges of this 
 country from the dire necessity of inflicting punishment on a 
 brave and virtuous man, because he spoke truth of a monster. 
 They would have despised the threats of a foreign tyrant, as 
 their ancestors braved the power of oppression at home. 
 
 In the court where we are now met, Cromwell twice sent 
 a satirist on his tyranny to be convicted and punished as a li- 
 beller ; and in this court, almost in sight of the scaflbld stream- 
 ing with the blood of his sovereign, within hearing of the clash 
 of his bayonets which drove out parliament with contumely, 
 two successive juries rescued the intrepid satirist from his 
 fangs, and sent out with defeat and disgrace the usurper's at- 
 torney general from what he had the insolence to call his court. 
 Even then, gentlemen, when all law and liberty were trampled 
 under the feet of a military banditti ; when those great crimes 
 were perpetrated on a high place and with a high hand against 
 those who were the objects of public veneration, which, more 
 than anything else, break their spirits and confound their moral 
 sentiments, obliterate the distinctions between right and wrong 
 in their understanding, and teach the multitude to feel no longer 
 any reverence for that justice which they thus see triumphantly 
 dragged at the chariot-wheels of a tyrant ; even then, when 
 this unhappy country, triumphant indeed abroad but enslaved 
 at home, had no prospect but that of a long succession of 
 tyrants wading through slaughter to a throne — even then, I 
 say, when all seemed lost, the unconquerable spirit of English 
 liberty survived in the hearts of English jurors. That spirit is, 
 I trust in God, not extinct; and if any modern tyrant were, in 
 the drunkenness of his insolence, to hope to overawe an Eng- 
 lish jury, I trust and I believe that they would tell him : " Our 
 ancestors braved the bayonets of Cromwell ; we bid defiance 
 to yours. Contempsi CatalincE gladios — non periimescam tuos /" 
 
 What could be such a tyrant's means of overawing a jury ? 
 As long as their country exists, they are girt round with im- 
 penetrable armor. Till the destruction of their country no 
 danger can fall upon them for the performance of their duty, 
 and I do trust that there is no EngHshman so unworthy of life 
 as to desire to outlive England. But if any of us are con- 
 demned to the cruel punishment of surviving our country — if, 
 in the inscrutable counsels of Providence, this favored seat of 
 justice and liberty, this noblest work of human wisdom and 
 virtue, be destined to destruction, which I shall not be charged 
 with national prejudice for saying would be the most dangerous 
 wound ever inflicted on civilization ; at least let us carry with 
 
540 SPEECH ON THE TRIAL M. PELTIER. 
 
 US into our sad exile the consolation that we ourselves have 
 
 not violated the rights of hospitality to exiles — that we have 
 not torn from the altar the suppliant who claimed protection as 
 the voluntary victim of loyalty and conscience ! 
 
 Gentlemen, I now leave this unfortunate gentleman in your 
 hands. His character and his situation might interest your 
 humanity ; but, on his behalf, I only ask justice from you. I 
 only ask a favorable construction of what cannot be said to be 
 more than ambiguous language, and this you will soon be told 
 from the highest authority is a part of justice. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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