Part III. . . . . Eeport for 1903. Social and Industrial Condition OF THE Negro in Massachusetts. [From the Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics OF Labor, pp. 215-32,0.] BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1904. CONTENTS. SooAL AND Industrial Condition of the Negro in Massachusetts. Cities canvassed for occupations and social statistics, . Cities and towns canvassed for births, marriages, and deaths, Early history and laws, .... Population, First Census taken in Massachusetts, Population: 1790-1900, . Negi-o population for cities and towns : 1900, . Negro population for cities : 1875-1900, . Ages of negro population : 1900, Place of birth of native-born negroes : 1900, Conjugal condition of negroes : 1900, Occupations, Occupations of negroes : 1890 and 1900, . Occupations of negroes : by sex. Occupations in detail, .... Place of birth of negroes. Conjugal condition of negi'oes. Length of residence in Massachusetts of negroes, N umber of voters, .... Recapitulation, Negroes in gainful occupations : 1900, Births, marriages, and deaths. Births of negroes : 1900-1902, . Marriages of negroes : 1900-1902, . Deaths : 1880, 1890, and 1900, . Death rates per thousand of total male and female popula- tion, white and colored : 1880, 1890, and 1900, Deaths of negroes : 1900-1902, Causes of death : 1890, 1900, . Causes of death in 37 cities and towns, Kducation, School attendance, .... School attendance of negroes : 1890 and 1900, UHloracy of negro and white population, .. .«•.••• • iVouclri^ii on 3rd page of cover.) Pag« 217 — 217 218-229 229-241 230-232 232, 233 234-236 236. 237 237. 238 238 239-241 241-261 242 243-245 245-249 249-253 258-255 255-257 257. 258 258. 259 269-261 261-270 261, 262 262-264 264 264-266 266-268 268. 269 269. 270 270-276 271,272 272-274 274-276 APR 8 1904 n. ftf n. / Social and Industrial Condition OF THE Negro in Massachusetts. [215] / / /^i Social and Industrial Condition OF THE Negro in Massachusetts. In response to various inquiries concerning the negro race in Massachusetts, the data on the following pages are presented as the result of special investigation of the subject. The fol- lowing cities, in which the negro population in 1900 was 14,140, were canvassed: Boston, Brockton, Chelsea, Fitch- burg, Quincy, AValtham, Woburn, and Worcester, and the occupations and social statistics obtained for 8,335 persons, or over one-half of that number. A canvass for births, mar- riages, and deaths included the following cities and towns : Amherst, Attleborough, Boston, Brockton, Brookline, Cam- bridge, Chelsea, Everett, Fall River, Great Barrington, Ha- verhill, Hyde Park, Lawrence, Lee, Lenox, Lowell, Lynn, Maiden, Medford, Melrose, New Bedford, Newbury port, New- ton, North Adams, Northampton, Pittsfield, Plymouth, Salem, Somerville, Springfield, Stockbridge, Taunton, Wareham, Wil- liamstown, Winchester, Woburn, and Worcester. The negro population of these cities and towns in 1900 was 26,932, or 84.23 per cent of the total negro population of the State. The various subjects treated in this Part are the early his- tory and condition of the negro in Massachusetts, population, occupations, vital statistics, ownership of farms and homes, pauperism and crime, education, and churches and social organ- izations, together with data regarding a recent conference at Tuskegee, Alabama. The presentations are purely statistical in their nature, with only such editorial comment as will serve to introduce or explain the tables. We do not feel that it is [217] •21.S STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. witliiii the priiNiiui' of this Department to treat of the social et|iuiti()ri of the wiiite and black races, and, therefore, leave to students ol' nuial conditions the opportunity to make their own dctluctions. Earhj Hixlonj and Laivs. The earlv history of the netjro in Massachusetts and the sub- ject of slavery arc so intimately related that it would be diificult t«i write of one without trenching in some respects upon the other. Slavery of the Indian began soon after settlement, and that of the negro followed. At the very birth of the foreign commerce of New England, the African slave trade became a regular business, and the ships which took cargoes of staves and lish to ^ladeira and the Canaries were accustomed to touch on the coast of Guinea " to trade for neo;roes," who were carried uenerallv to Barbados or the other Enodish islands in the West Indies, the demand for them at home being but small. ^ Com- })aratively few were kept in Boston and surrounding towns, most of them being house and body servants. It would, however, be a misinterpretation of history to con- sider that the early settlers of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay were connnon slave holders and dealers in slaves. From their [)oint of view, they were the elect of God to whom were given this continent and its treasures and its people as an in- heritance, and being stern men and fanatics, believing them- selves the favorites of the Divine Onmipotence, a chosen people, their acts — harsh and uncompromising as they appear to us now — were committed under the sanction of religious conviction. In making war upon the Indian, making him cap- tive, and selling his women and children into slavery, they considered that they were but entering into the possession of their iK^ritage, and disposing of their own.^ In reviewing this portion of our subject Ave shall touch briefly on the early colonial history and laws governing slaves, which comprised Indians taken captive in battle, negroes imported (obtained • Hildretli's History of the Unitud Si:ites, Vol. I., p. 282. ' TJio iiivoluMtary servitude of Indians and negroes in the several colonies origi- iiHti'd under ;i law not pronniltcated by legisliition, and rested upon prevalent views of universal jurisprudenee, or the /((/'.' <>/ ixttious, sui^ported by the express or im- plied authority of the home government. —ioio of Freedom and Bondage, ^ 216, I., 225. No. 15.] TIIK \K(iKO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 219 • by purchase or exchangv), and criminals condemned to a cer- tiiin slavery as a punishment for ott'ences committed. The first mention of negroes brought to America is found in the instructions given by the Spanish Court to Ovando, in the year 1501, by which negro slaves " born in the power of Clu'istians" were allowed to be sent to the Indies. ^ In 1619, twenty African slaves, the first in America, were landed and sold in Jamestown, Virginia, from a Dutch man-of-war. This was the beo-innino- of negro slaveholding throughout the Southern Colonies. 2 In 1637, Hugh Peter of Salem wrote to Jolm Win- throp that he had heard of women and children being distributed among the i)eople of Boston for servants and stated that he and Mr. Endecott would be glad to share in the division and ' ' re- ceive a young woman or girl and a boy." This was the begin- ning of the colonial slave trade, and the disposition of captive Indians w^as in accordance with the custom and, evidently, the previous practice of the authorities. It is certain that during the Pequot War they took many prisoners, ^nd according to Winthrop^ they were disposed of among the persons about Boston, and those who ran away and were recaptured w^ere> "branded on the shoulder." In July, 1637, Winthrop says, " AYe had now slain and taken, in all, about seven hundred. We sent fifteen of the boys and two women to Bermuda, by Mr. Pierce."* Under date of 1638, it appears that this " ]Mr. Pierce in the Salem ship, the Desire, returned from the West Indies after seven months. He had been at Providence [Bahamas] and brought some cotton, and tobacco, and negroes."^ In 1641, the "Body of Liberties," or "code of fundamentals," distinctly recognized the lawfulness in Massachusetts of Indian and negro slavery, as well as approved of the African slave trade, ^ anticipating by about 20 years the statutes of Virginia or Maryland in this regard. The Puritans insisted, however, that the traffic be confined to captives in war and slaves in Africa. This section ' The Conquerors of the New "World, Vol. I., p. 170. 2 The Colonies. Reuben Gold Thwaites, p. 74. ^ Winthrop's New England, Vol. I., p. 232. * Ibid., p. 234. = Ibid., p. 254. « Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. I., p. 278. 220 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. of the Body of Liberties, which was the first statute establish- ing slavery in America, reads as follows : "There shall never be an}' bond slaverie, villinage or CaiDtivitie amongst us unles it be lawfull Captives taken in just warres, and such strangers as willingly selle themselves or are sold to us. And these shall have all the liberties and Christian usag-es which the law of grod established in Israeli concerning such persons doeth morally require. Tliis exempts none, from servitude who shall l^e Judged thereto by Authoritie."'' Emanuel Downing, brother-in-law of John Winthrop, wrote in 1G45 : "A war with the Narragansett is verie considerable to this plantation, ftbr I doubt whither yt be not synne in us, having power in our hands, to sufter them to maynteyne the worship of the devill, which their paw wawes often doe ; 21ie, if upon a Just warre the Lord should deliver them into our hands, we might easily have men, women, and children enough to exchange for Moores, which will be more gaynful pilladge for us than wee conceive, for I doe not see how wee can thrive untill wee gett into a stock of slaves sufficient to doe all our business, for our children's children will hardly see this great continent filled with people, soe that our servants will still desire freedom to plant for themselves, and will not stay but for verie great wages. And I suppose you know verie well how wee shall maynteyne twenty Moores cheaper than one English servant." 2 In 1()()8, the instructions from the Crown to Gov. Andros re- quired him to pass a law restraining inhuman severity Avhich might be used by bad masters or overseers towards Christian servants and slaves, and the punishing by death for the wilful killing of Indians and negroes. The law of 1()98 forbade trading with any " Indian, molato, or negro servant," and whipping was the prescribed punishment. In 1 701 , the representatives of the town of P>oston were " desired to promote the encouraging the bringing of Avhite servants, and to put a period to negroes being slaves," 3 but in 170P), a law Avas passed in restraint of ' Mass. Hist. Coll., III., VIII., p. 231. ^ In Josselyn's " Account of Two Voyages to New England," published in Lon- don in Ifilit, ill speaking of tlie people of Boston he said: " Tliey are well accom- modated Willi servants . . . some are Englisli, others negroes," p. 182. " Mass. Hist. Coll., II., VIII., 184. No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACTIISETTS. 221 the " manumission, discharge, or setting free of molatto or negro slaves." In ITOo, Indian, negro, and nmlatto servants or slaves were prohibited from being abroad after nine o'clock. In 1705, " for the better preventing of a spurious and inixt issue" provision was made for punishing negroes and nudattoes for improper intercourse with the whites, by selling them to persons outside of the Province. The law also provided for the punishment by whii)i)ing of any negro for striking a Chris- tian, and prohibited the marriage of Christians with negroes or mulattoes, imposing a penalty of fifty i)ounds upon the i)erson performing the ceremony. It provided also against unreason- able denial of marriage to negroes with those of the same race. In 1786, the legislature passed an "Act for the orderly solemnization of Marriage" in wliich it was enacted "that no person authorized bv this Act to marry shall loin in niarriao-e any Avhite person with any negro, Indian, or mulatto, under penalty of fifty pounds ; and all such marriages shall be ab- solutely null and void." This prohibition continued until 1848, when it was repealed by a special Act relating to marriages between individuals of certain races. The statute of 1705 provided an impost duty of four pounds per head on every negro brought into the Province after May 1, 1706. A penalt}' of doul)le the amount was imposed for refusal or neglect to make the prescril:>ed entry ; a drawback was allowed on exportation, and a like advantage allowed to the purchaser of an}^ negro mIio died within six weeks after importation. In 1727, "the traific in slaves appears to have been more an object in Boston than at any period before or since." ^ More stringent regulations were adopted in 1728 and 1739, the latter placing the time for the drawback on the death of negroes at six months after importation. This law expired by limitation in 1749. Free negroes were not allowed in the militia, and in 1707 an Act was passed requiring them to perform certain services on the highways and streets as an equivalent, and tlie same Act prohibited them from entertaining servants of their own color in their homes unless Avith the permission of the masters of the slaves. ' Drake's Hist, of Boston, p. 574. 222 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. AVith respect to the early laws of taxation in Massachusetts, slaves were undoubtedly rated as polls, the owners being called upon to pay for them as for other servants and children as " such as take iu)t wao-es." This condition continued until 1(592 when '■ ' every male slave of sixteen years old and upwards " was rated "at twenty i)ounds estate." In 1694, "all negro's, mo- lattoes, and Indian Servants, as well male as female, of 16 years old and upwards, at the rate of l'2d per poll same as mother polls." In 1(595, males were taxed at " 14 years of age and upwards at the rate of -20/ estate, and females at 14/ ■estate, unless disabled by infirmity." They were subsequently i-ated "as other personal estate," which mode was continued in 1G96, 1697, and 1698, in the latter year "according to the sound judgment and discretion of the Assessors, not including faculties." 1 There was but slight variation in these laws dur- ing the entire colonial period. In 1716, Judge Sewall endeavored to prevent the rating 'of negroes with live stock without avail, but in 171alth. The history of that law has well convinced the Connnittee that no measure (which they could devise) would bi' attended with the smallest good consequence. That it would have been a matter of satisfac^tion and congratulation to the Committee if they had succeeded in framing a law, which . . . should have promised to check and finally to overcome ' House Journals, Vol. XLIf., p. f«2, et seq. No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 225 an evil upon which they have never been a])le lo h)ok with un- concern. But a law, which should produce that effect, would entirely depart from that love of humanity, that respect for hospitality and for the just rights of all classes of men, in the constant and successful exercise of which the inhabitants of jNIassachusetts have been singularly conspicuous.''^ The committee recommended the repeal of the Act of 1788, and later made another report in which they agreed that " it does not comport Avitli the dignitv of this State to withhold that brief statement of facts, to be found in its annals, con- cerning the abolition of this trade in ^Massachusetts — a state- ment which Avill prove both highly honorable, and in perfect accordance with the remarkable spirit of wholesome and rational libertj^ by which this Commonwealth has been greatly distin- guished from the earliest period." It gave an account of the existence of slavery in the State and said, " these slaves were procured in several ways — either from the Dutch, in New York, from the Southern provinces in North America. . . . Few came by a direct trade." Another Act was passed in 1825, but without changing the provision against the negroes, and this statute continued on the law book of the Commonwealth until March 29, 1834, Avhon it was repealed b}^ the general repealing section of an Act relating to Gaols and Houses of Correction. The political status of the negro in ^Massachusetts ^vas not definitelj^ determined as late as 1795. Dr. Belknap was of the opinion that the Constitution did not disqualify him either from electing or being elected, provided he had all the other necessary qualifications required by the law. He asserted that some negroes had voted for officers of the State and federal o-overnments and instanced the election of one negro to the office of a town clerk in one of the country towns. '-^ The first article of the Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and reported to the constitutional convention, in 1779, was as follows : Art. I. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer- tain natural, essential, and unalienaVjle rights: among which may be ^ Notes on the Hist, of Slavery in Mass., p. 238. " Mass. Hi.st. Coll. I., IV., 208. 22G STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. reckoned the right of enjo3-ing and defending their lives and liberties ; that of af(]nirlng, possessing, and protectiiTg tlieir property ; in fine, that of seeking and ol)taining their safety and Iiappiness. Only slii>:ht verbal changes were made by the convention in this declaration, but it was always a matter of discussion and of various opinions as to tlie " natural" freedom of the negro, ■whether he had the right to \'ote or be voted for, and Daniel AVebster to within a few years of his death had not been able to determine the question as to when and under what circum- stances slavery ceased to exist in Massachtisetts.^ Upon this question, at that time, hinged the matter of elections. In 1: of a Life. Alex, (iniydoii, p. 131. No. 1").] I UK xi<:(;ro in massaciu si^:tts. 2-2u Accordiiiii' to the dc'scri})tivo I'Ksts of ciilistiiu'iits at the Boston Navy Yard, the nuinbei- of iieiiToey enUsted in the Navy from April 2, l.Sdl, to April 14, ISi;'), was IjodO. From the regi- mental records in the Adjutant (Jcnerafs Department, wc find 5,878 negroes credited to the (Vnnmonwealth of IVhissachusetts, as follows: r)4tli regiment, \,VSf), of this number, 92 were transferred to the r)r)th regiment, leaving 1,843; f)5th regi- ment, including those transferred from the f) 4th, 1,1()8; fifth regiment, Massachusetts Cavalry, 1,413; United States colored troops credited to Massachusetts, 1,954, making the total for the State, 5,878. In the history of Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 18(M-()5, by Wnu F. Fox, Lt. Col., U. S. V.,i the total number of colored troo})s who served in the Army is given as 178,975. Of this number, 99,337 were recruited in the Southern States. The author states that there were 166 regi- ments of colored troops organized during the war. In a vol- ume entitled A Brave Black Regiment, History of the 54th Regiment, M. V., 18(53-65, by Luis F. Fmilio,'^ it is stated that "in September, 1862, General Butler began organizing the Louisiana Native Guards from free negroes. General Saxton, in the Department of the South, formed the First South Caro- lina from contrabands in October of the same year, and Colonel James Williams, in the sunmier of 1862, recruited the First Kansas Colored. After these regiments next came in order of oro-anization the 54th Massachusetts, which was the first raised in the Northern States east of the Mississippi River. Thenceforward the recruiting of colored troops North and South was ra})idly pushed. As a result of the measure, 1(57 organizations of all arms, embracing 186,097 enlisted men of African descent, were mustered into the United States service." Populatio)i. EdAvard Randol})h, in answer to certain incjuiries on the sub- ject made in 167(5, reported that there were not above 200 slaves in the colony, and these were brought from Guinea and Mada- gascar. In 1(580, Governor Bradstreet stated that "There hath been no Compan}^ of blacks or Slaves brought into the Country » Pp. 5o2, 533. - Pp. 1,2.. 230 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. since the beginning of this phmtation, for the space of Fifty yeares, onely one small Yesscll about two yeares since, after twenty months' voyage to Madagasca, brought hither betwixt Forty and fifty Negro's, most women and Children. Sold here for 10/, 15?, and 20/ apiece, which stood the merchants in neer 40/ apiece one with another: Now and then, two or three Neirro's are brouirht hither from Barliados and other of his Majesties plantations, and sold here for about twent}^ pounds apiece. So that there may bee Avithin our Government about one hundred or one hundred and twenty." ^ Judffe Sewall referred to the " numerousness " of the slaves in the Province in 1700. Governor DudUy reported to the Board of Trade in 1708, giving 400 as the number in Boston, one-half of whom were born there ; and in one hundred other towns and villages, 150 more. From January 24, 1()1)8, to December 25, 1707, there arrived in Boston about 200 negroes. Governor Shute Avrote to the Lords of Trade on Februar}' 17, 1720, and gave the number of slaves in Massachusetts as 2,000, including a few Indians. He added that during the same year 37 male and IG female negroes were imported, the same as "for seven years last past."' In 1735, there were 2,600 negroes in the Province according to the first volume of the British Dominions in North America, as (juoted by Dr. Holmes, and in 1742, Douglas estimated that there Avere 1,514 in Boston alone. On November 19, 1754, the legislature ordered that the assessors of the several towns and districts Avithin the Province "send into the Secretary's office the exact number of negro slaves, both males and females, 16 years old and upwards." This Avas the first Census taken in Massachusetts. Many of the original papers are missing, so that it is impossible to give the exact figures, but such as are in existence indicate that there were 1,501 males above 1(5 years of age and 857 females, the total, hoAvever, being given as 2,717, a difference of 351). Joseph B. Felt, in 1845, endeavored to mani])ulate these figures so as to arrive at some reasonable conclusion. ^ He says, "The sums of the lines for males and females fall ' Miiss. Hist. Coll. III., VIII., :VM. ^ Coll. American Stati.stical Association, Vol. I., p. 208. No. 15.] THE .\KGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2:U short of the sum of the totals. ... If vvc add to the total of 2,717 the proportion for slaves uiulcr 1(), beini>- about 1,132, the whole number of slaves, aocordiiig to the returns, would be 3,841*. If, for the many towns whence no reports were made, or if so, not preserved, we add ()4(), the ju-obable num- ber of slaves in them, we have 4,481)." The second Census, which in reality Avas the first general enumeration of the popu- lation, was taken in 1764-5, in one of the stormiest periods of our history, and this Census places the number of negroes at 5,312. Mr. Felt says: "The manuscript previously quoted gives the number of blacks for the same Census, 5,214; males, 2,998, and females, 2,216. Williamson supposes that those of Maine [then a part of Massachusetts] , not returned, amounted to 332. For Newbury, Newburyport, Dracut, and Hanover, whence no specific returns appear to have been made, we may add 135 more. These two numbers, with the above total of 5,312, would allow 5,779." ^ In 1776, the census of blacks as contained in the several counties totalized to 5,249. These figures are probably far from absolute but with those for 1784 (4,377) and 1786 (4,371) are "put down, according to the generally allowed returns, without allowances for such . . . as may have been either deficient or not made at all."^ Besides enjoying the honor of having taken the first Census of negro slaves, Massachusetts also enjoys the distinction of appearing in the first Census of the United States (1790) Avith- out any slaves among her population. The ^Marshal of the ]Mas- sachusetts District had charge of the enumeration and when he inquired for slaves, most people answered " none ; " if any said he had one, the Marshal would ask him if he meant to be sin- gular, and declared that no other person had given in any. The ansAver was then, "If none are given in, I Avill not be singular ; " and thus the list AA'^as completed Avithout any num- ber in the column for slaves. ^ Dr. Belknap's account of this Census AA'as to the effect that the schedule sent out on that occasion contained three columns for free Avhites of scA^eral descriptions, a fourth for "all other free persons," and a fifth for "slaves." There being none put into the last column, it became necessary to put the blacks and the Indians into the ' Ibid., p. 213. = Ibid., p. 214. ^ Life of Belkuap, pp. 164, 165. 232 8TATISTKVS OF LABOll. [Pub. Doc. Iburlh column.' The iiuni))er .so returned was (i,0()l. The Census of 1800 95 2,749 1.50 1,947 118 1,312 The State — Con. Hamiisliirc, Middlesex, . Nantui-ket, Norfolk, . PlVllKiUtll, Sutfolk, . Worcester, 173 3,380 10 346 619 6,2,'<9 878 217 3,879 36 388 513 6,119 941 3SH) 7,259 46 7:i4 1,132 12,408 1,819 The counties containing the largest number of negroes are Suffolk, with 12,408, and Middlesex, with 7,259. If we di.s- 234 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. tributo the negro population into the cities and towns which contain on an aggregate 2,500 or more persons of all races, we obtain the following table : Negro Popxdation for Cities and Towns: 1900 • Cities and Towxs. Males Females Both Sexes Cities asd Towns. Males Females Both Sexes Abinjjtou, . 1 4 5 Fairhaven, 21 20 41 Adams, '.) 9 18 Fall River, . lis 206 324 Agawain, . 3 8 Ward 1, 11 14 25 Aim'slmry, 8 15 23 Ward 2, 5 10 15 Ainherst," . SO 119 199 Ward 3, 14 17 31 Aiidover, . 44 54 98 Wani 4, 6 10 16 Arliiiirton, . 31 44 75 Ward 5, 6 7 13 Atliol, 5 4 9 ^Vard 7, 18 42 60 Attleborougli, 57 54 111 Ward 8, 36 80 116 Barnstable, 37 51 88 AVard 9, 22 26 48 Belmont, . 1 3 4 Falmouth, . 39 40 79 Bkvkkly, . ■23 27 50 FiTCHBUKG, . 33 32 65 Billerica, . 17 20 37 Foxborougli, 8 4 12 Boston, . 5,!»04 5,687 ll,5i»I Framingliani, . 18 20 38 Wani 1, 16 11 27 Franklin, . 2 4 6 Ward 2, 26 20 46 Gardner, . 26 27 53 Ward :i, 26 24 50 Gloucester, . 21 18 39 Ward 4, 88 100 188 Grafton, . 9 4 13 Ward r,. 74 12 86 Great Barriugton, . 60 78 138 Ward (J, 46 16 62 Greenfield, " . 8 9 17 Ward 7, 272 156 428 Hardwick, 1 - 1 Ward .^, 282 292 574 Haverhill, . 181 192 373 Ward It, 658 603 1,261 Hiiigham, . 35 50 85 Ward 10, !)32 772 1,704 HOLVOKE, 15 25 40 Ward 11, 1,045 984 2,029 Hopkiuton, - 2 2 Ward 1-2, 539 638 1,177 Hudson, 5 6 11 Ward 13, 20 11 31 Hyde Park, 67 49 116 Ward U, 68 23 91 Ipswicii, 3 14 17 Ward 15, 8 11 19 Lawrence, 47 40 87 Ward l(i. 31 32 63 Ward 1, 7 4 11 Ward 17, 304 335 639 Ward 2, 4 2 6 Wani is. 1,111 1,139 2,250 Ward 3, 8 10 18 Wani lil, te 45 78 AVard 4, 11 5 16 AVani -20, 40 72 112 Ward 5, 11 14 25 Wani -21, 20 49 69 Ward 6, 6 5 11 AVani '22, 123 182 305 Lee, . . . . 41 42 83 Wani '2;i, 20 23 43 Leicester, . - 1 1 Ward -24, 17 40 57 Lenox, 37 46 &3 Ward -2-), 105 97 202 Leominster, 32 43 75 Braintree, . 14 s 22 Lexington, 3 10 13 Bridirt'water, 40 12 52 Lowell, . . . 67 69 136 l$KO( KTON, 154 156 310 Ward 1, 5 1 6 Brook field. 2 2 4 Ward 3, 6 5 11 Brookliiie, . 43 118 161 Ward 4, 5 5 10 CAMKUIIMiK, 1,845 2,043 3,888 Wani 5, 22 21 43 Wani 1, 283 343 626 Ward 6, 3 9 12 Wani 2, 811 849 i,6(;o Ward 7. ■ . 13 12 25 Wani 3, 10 3 13 Ward 8, 11 11 22 Wani 4, 561 648 1,209 Wai-3r) Negro Population for Cities and Toivns: 1900 — Coneliided. Cities and Towns. Males Females Both Sexes Cities and Towns. Males Females Kotli Sexes Miildlehorough, •27 33 60 Spencer, . <■> 3 5 JNUlford, . 11 13 '24 SPKINGKIKLI), . 44.^> 576 1,0J1 Rlillliurv, . 1 1 2 Wanl 1, -} 8 10 Miltou, " 3;$ 31 64 Ward 2, 14 10 24 Monson, ■24 IS 42 Ward 3, 101 69 170 Montague, . _ 1 1 Ward 4, 26 44 70 Nantucket, 10 36 46 Ward 5, KMi 164 270 Natick, '29 •23 52 Wanl (;, 82 112 194 Needhani, . . ' . 13 6 19 Ward 7, 39 65 104 New Beufoud, 7Slfi 889 1,685 Ward 8, 7.') 104 179 Ward 1, li) 10 29 Stonehani, . 9 12 21 Ward -2, 3") 46 81 Stoughton, 5 4 9 Ward 3, 181 '237 418 Sutton, 1 2 3 Ward 4, •2Hi 305 537 Swanipscott, 17 27 44 Ward 5, 312 277 589 Taunton,. 149 77 226 Ward ti, 17 14 31 Tenipleton, 8 3 11 Newburyport, 30 67 97 Tewksbury, 23 20 43 Newton, . 191 314 505 Uxbridge,'. 7 7 14 North Adam!<, 34 56 90 Wakefield, 6 19 7? Northampton, 44 64 108 Walpole, . 7 4 11 North Andover, 1 ( 8 Wai.tiia.m, 20 31 51 North Attlelwrough, •27 32 59 Warehani, . 150 37 1S7 North bridge, 2 2 4 Warren, 11 7 18 North Hrooklield, . 7 8 15 Watertown, 18 35 5;i Norwood, . 10 9 19 Webster, . 19 13 32 Orange, 1 1 Wellesley, . 5 12 17 Oxfoi-d, 14 12 26 Wustborbugh, 16 10 '26 Pahner, 1-2 17 29 Westlicld, . 40 41 85 Peabody, . 16 22 38 Westford, . - 1 1 Pepperell, . 8 1 15 Westport, . '22 2 •24 Pittskiel:>, . 136 141 277 West Springfiel 1, • 4 12 16 Pljmouth, . 67 79 146 Weymouth, 21 19 40 Provincetown, . '28 26 54 Whitman, . '20 18 38 QUINCY, . 8 19 27 AVilliamstown, 55 83 138 Randolph, . 1 1 2 Winchendou, 4 4 8 Reading, . 2 4 6 Winchester, 57 83 140 Revere, 20 23 43 Winthrop. . 16 27 43 Rooliland, . 2 4 6 WOBirRN, . 131 130 261 Rockport, . 3 1 4 Worcester, 507 597 1,104 Salem, 68 88 156 Ward 1, 170 202 372 Saugus, 13 14 27 Ward 2, 96 114 210 SOMERVILLE, . 68 72 140 Ward 3, 33 30 63 Ward 1, 9 3 12 Ward 4, 2 — o Ward 2, 10 6 16 Ward 5, 3 3 6 Ward 3, 4 1 5 Ward 6, 5 4 9 Ward 4, 4 1 5 Ward 7, 132 172 3(H Ward 5, 6 8 14 Ward 8, 66 72 138 AVard C, 8 23 31 Wrenlham, 13 10 23 Ward 7, 27 30 57 29 Other towns, 1,093 1,014 2,107 Southl)ridge, 10 19 South Iladley, . 3 3 Totals, . 15,.591 16,383 31,974 In the cities and towns each of which in IDOO contained 2,500 or more persons there were 29,8(57 negroes, and in towns containing less than 2,500 persons there were 2,107 negroes. In the citv of Boston there were ll,5i)l negroes, the largest numbers being found in wards 18, 11, 10, 9, and 12, respectively. Cambridge had a negro population of 3,888, and the concentrations of numbers occurred in wards 2 and 4. Fall River had 324, with nearly one-half in ward 8 and none in Avard H. Lynn had 784, wdth over two-thirds in ward 3. In New Bedford there were 1,685 negroes, and wards 3, 4, and 236 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 5 contained the largest numbers, 418, 537, and ;"):M) The next table shows the negro population in cities of the Commonwealth having an aggregrate jiopulation of 2."), 000 or more, by native and foreign parentage. Nexjro Pojndation of Cities of 25,000 or more : 1000. Negro Population Cities. Negro Population CiTiEa. Of Na- Of For- Of Na- Of For- tive Par- eign i-ar- Totals tive Par- eign Par- Totals entage entage entage entage Boston, . 9,646 1,945 11,591 Lynn, 359 425 784 Brockton, ■281 29 310 Maklen, . 325 121 446 Cunibridj^e, . 3,058 KW 3,888 New Ik'ill'ord, 1,084 001 1,685 Chelsea, . 443 288 731 Newton, . 4(it; 39 505 Fall River, . M5 9 324 Salem, 113 43 156 Fitcbburu-, 51 14 65 Sonierville, 114 20 140 Gloueester, . 31 8 39 Sin'inj^tielcl, . 957 (U 1,021 Haverhill, 349 24 373 Taunton, 81 145 226 Ilolyoke, Lawrence, 38 80 2 40 Worcester, 1,045 59 1,104 Lowell, . 126 10 136 Totals, . 18,962 4,689 23,651 By persons of foreign parentage is meant all persons, whether of native or foreign birth, who have one or both parents foreign born. Of course, persons of native parentage are those hav- ing both parents native born. On this basis, there were 18,9(52 persons of native parentage in the 20 cities considered and 4,089 persons of foreign parentage, the latter forming 19.8o per cent of the total number of negroes in the cities under consideration. The following table shows the conjugal condition of the negi'O population : Conjiiga I Condition of Negroes • 1000. Conjugal Condition AOGRE- Age Fkriods. Single Married Widowed Divorced Unknown Males. 8,906 5,936 60(5 36 107 15,591 Under 15 vears, 3,589 - - - 1 3,590 15 to 19 years, .... 1,212 2 1 - 3 1,218 20 to 24 vears, .... 1.433 342 5 - 14 1,794 25 to 29 years, .... 1,071 941 21 8 14 2,055 30 to 34 years, .... 602 1,004 49 I a 1,667 35 to 44 years 602 1,694 137 8 19 2,460 45 to 54 vears, .... 231 1,153 164 11 9 ],.T(>8 55 to 64 vears, .... i i 508 111 1 4 701 65 years" and over, . 31 258 114 1 406 Age unknown, .... 58 34 4 ~ 36 132 Females. 8,354 5,851 2,035 60 83 16,383 Under 15 years. 4,011 - - - 1 4,012 15 to 19 years 1,286 119 5 - 4 1,414 20 to 24 vears, .... 1,303 825 42 9 12 2,191 25 to 29 years 725 1,229 118 11 12 2,095 30 to 34 vears, .... 345 9:}4 151 !) 1 1,446 35 to 44 years, .... 45 to 54 years, .... 379 1,515 446 21 13 2,3i4 177 793 519 t 12 1,508 240 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Conjugal Condition of Negroes : 1900 — Concliuled. CoNJUGAi- Condition Aggre- gates Age rERioD3. Single Married Widowed Divorced Unknown Females — (On. 6") to G4 years, .... 56 '296 308 3 4 727 65 years ami oyer, . 49 114 36'2 - 3 528 Age uiikiioxyn, .... •23 ■Hi •24 - 15 88 Both Sexes. 17,-260 11,787 •2,641 96 190 31,974 Under 15 years, 7,600 „ _ _ 2 7,602 15 to 19 years ■2,498 121 6 - J 2,632 •2(1 to -24 years, .... '2,736 1,167 47 9 %\ 3,985 '25 to '29 years, .... 1,796 '2,170 139 19 26 4,150 30 to 34 years, .... 947 1,938 '200 16 1-2 3,113 35 to 44 years, .... 981 3,'209 583 '29 3'2 4,834 45 to .54 years 408 1,946 (!83 18 21 3,076 55 to 64 years 133 804 479 4 8 1,4-28 65 years and oyer, . 80 37-2 476 1 5 '.'34 Age unknown 81 60 28 - 51 220 Between the ages of 20 and 24 years we find 2,736 single per- sons, 1,433 males and 1 ,303 females ; between the ages of 25 and 29 years, 1,071 males and 725 females ; in the age period 30- to 34 years, (502 males as against 345 females. There are 552 more male persons single than females, and 85 more married males than females. There are 1,429 more widows than widowers, and the divorced number 24 more women than men. In the age })eriod 15 to 19 only two married males appear, as against 119 females. The married males (i5 years of age and over number 258, as against 114 females, while the widowed males of the same age period number 114, as aiiaiiist 3()2 femaU'S. It may be interesting to eom])are the conjugal condition of white jiersoiis of native and foreign l)irth Avith that of the ne- groes. The figures are presented in the following table : Nativity. All Classes: 1900. Classification. Males. Natiye wliite — native parents, Native wliite — foreign parents, Foreign white, .... "Colored,* Negro, Females. Native white — native parents, Native white — foreign parents. Foreign white ^Coloreil,* Negro Sint;le Married 781, '206 266,7(i2 3.53,936 149,l(i5 •2,137 8,906 777,850 267,087 350,519 151,732 1.58 8,354 529,015 210,782 80,031) •231,171 1,090 5,936 5^24,9'22 196,.596 94,107 228,^259 109 5,851 Widuwud Di- vorced Un- known 48,;!69 2,451 6,433 21,889 4,804 21,049 21 i,(;95 ■290 426 4 3,712 671 1,890 53 606 36 107 1'2S,176 3,930 2,994 .5! 1,734 2,498 1,50!) 11,888 602 533 54,485 768 869 :!4 2 - 2,035 GO 83 Totals 1,367,474 .504,840 439,737 404,001 3,305 15,591 1,437,872 .527, 1^24 ■157,6-19 43(i,113 303 16,383 ♦ Includes only Chinese, .liqianese, and Indians. No. 1;-).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIirSETTS. 241 The persons eiiuiuertited uikUm- " SiiiiiU^'" ure miiiiv ol' llieiii below the niiiiTUig'eahU' age, unci will not he reierred to here. Of the married males, !')-2\),i)]!') in munlx'r, 21(),7S-2, or.'i'.I.St per cent, are native white with nati\c parents ; 80, ();>(!, or 15.13 per cent, are native white with eithei- one or both pai- ents foreign born ; 281,171, or 43.70 per cent, are foreign-born white; 1,0!I0, tu- 0.21 per cent, are either Chinese, Japanese, or Indians; and 5,93G, ov 1.12 per cent, are negroes. Of the married females, 524,!)22 in number, li)(),r)iK), or 37.4;") per cent, are native white with both parents native born ; 94,107, or 17.93 per cent, are native white with either one or both parents foreign born; 228,259, or 43.48 per cent, are foreign- born white; 109, or 0.02 per cent, are either Chinese, Japan- ese, or Indians; and 5,851, or 1.12 })er cent, are negroes. In order to exhibit, l)v percentages, the relati\e proportions of the single, married, widowed, and divorced negroes in com- parison with the native and foreign-born white, the following table is presented : Nafivitj/. All Classes. Percentages. 1900. Males Fkmales Classification. Single ^ar- Wid- owed di- vorced Single Mar- Wid- owed Di- vorced Native white — native parents, Native wliite — foreiKii i)aieiils Foreign wiiite, Colored,* Negro, 52.84 80.49 37.00 64.66 57.12 41.75 18.20 57.22 32.98 38.07 4.34 1.09 5.21 0.64 3.89 0.34 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.23 50.64 76.59 34.79 .52.15 50.99 37.27 20.56 .52.34 35.97 35.71 11.33 2.60 12.49 11.22 12.42 0.47 0.13 0.18 o.e« 0.37 Totals 57.13 38.69 3.54 0.18 .54.10 36.51 8.91 0.27 * Includes only Chinese, .lapanese, and Indians. Of the 15,591 male negroes, 8,90(;, en- 57.12 per cent, are single; 5,930, or 38.07 per cent, are married; (!0(), or 3.89 per cent, are widowed ; and 36, or 0.23 per cent, are divorced. Of the 16,383 female negroes, 8,354, or 50.99 per cent, are single ; 5,851, or 35.71 per cent, are married ; 2,035, or 12.42 per cent, are widowed ; and 60, or 0.37 per cent, are divorced. Occupafion.^. More than one-half of the males and nearly nine-tenths of the females among the negro })opulation in Mas.sachusetts are found in the occupations classed as Domestic and Personal 242 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pull. Doc. Service. Unfortunately, there are no data which will show the particular branches followed by the negro immediately after the close of the Civil War, and for this reason comparisons with the present day cannot be made. The following table, however, gives a comparison, by consolidated classes of occu- pations, for the years 1890 and U)0() : Occupations of Negroes : 1890 and 1900. I890 1900 Classified Occupations. Males Females Both Sexes Males Females Botli Sexes The State. Agriculture, fisheries, and mining, . Professional service, Domestic and personal service. Trade and transportation, .... Manufactures and mechanical industries. 7,593 (iOl 162 4,-296 1,402 1,132 3,435 4 57 2,914 34 4-26 11,0-28 605 219 7,210 1,436 1,5.58 10,864 705 '278 6,039 2,325 1,517 5,747 6 98 5,012 99 .532 16,611 711 376 11,0.51 2,4-24 2,049 The gain in 1900 over 1890 in the number of negroes 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was 5, .^88, or ,30. (53 per cent. The number of males increased 3,271, or 43.08 per cent, and the females 2,312, or ()7.31 per cent. The number of persons of both sexes in each class of occupations increased, the percentages ranging from 17.52 in Ao-riculture, Fisheries, and Mining, to 71.G9 in Professional Service. In Domestic and Personal Service the males show an increase in 1900 as against 1890 of 40. ")7 per cent, and the females a gain of 72 per cent. In 1890, about 57 out of every one hundred males and S^y out of every one hundred females were found in this class. In 1900, males fell to about 56 in each one hundred, while females rose to about 87. In our special invcstigatit)n of the negroes in Massachusetts, the occupations of S,335 persons were ascertained. Classifying these persons, we find that <*),(')23, or 79. 4() per cent, were en<»-ai'ed in iitiees, . 10 'l'i';ul(!, ,570 Cliildren at work. 18 Transportation, . . 577 Af^riculturc, 14 Total, . c . G,r,2;] No. 15.] THE NE(niO IN MASSACHUSETTS. Wd In the next table the occupations followed by the 8,38') ne- groes are classified, and are presented by the number of males, females, and both sexes, with the relative pro})orti()ns of the sexes. Occiipafions of Ne(/roes :■ Btj Sex. Occupations. Gori'v II incut. National jroverumeiit, . State government, City and town government, Army Kavy Prvfessional . Religion, Law, Medicine, Literature, Art, . Music, Amusements Education, Science, . Domestic Service. Boarding and lodging, Domestic service {private I'.iinilies), Personal Service. Personal service Traile. Mercliants and dealers, Salesmen and saleswomen, Accountants, bookkeepers, clerks, etc.. Agents, bankers, brokers, etc., . Messengers, porters, etc., . Transportation. Carriers on roads, .... CaiTiers on steam railroads, Carriers on seas and rivers. Agriculture. Agriculture, Tlie Fisheries. The Fisheries, Manufactures. Arms and ammunition. Artisans' tools, Awnings, sails, tenis, etc., . Boots an 2 42 30 17 6 2,410 1,409 1,001 1,.523 1,523 576 60 30 114 17 3.55 577 258 261 58 14 14 3 3 668 1 4 4 62 1 1,54 18 1 3 194 •2 1 1 5 5 13 27 Proportions of THE Sexes Males 93.18 100.00 100.(10 86. (i7 100.00 100.00 73.05 100.00 100.0(1 81.25 (>6.67 100.00 66.67 70.00 17.65 100.00 ,58.96 82.11 26.37 43.34 43.34 97.05 i)6.67 iW.OO 95.61 82.35 98.87 98.4-J 100.00 99.23 87.93 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 68.71 100.00 100.00 75.00 87.10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 33.33 1.55 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 84.62 96.30 Females 6.82 13.33 26.95 18.75 33.33 .S;i.33 30. (Kl 82.35 41.04 17.89 73.63 .56. (W .56.66 2.95 3.33 10.00 4.39 17.65 1.13 1..56 0.77 12.07 31.29 25.00 12.90 66.67 98.45 15.38 3.70 L'44 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Occupations of Negroes : B>/ iSex — Concluded. Oc'CirpATIONS. Afaiui/acturex — Com. Glass, Hair work (animal und human), Hose: nibbur, lineu, etc Leather, Liquors: malt, distilled, and fermented, Lmnher, ]\Iaehines and machinery, . Metals and metallic j,''o 4S 71«) TSil I 12'.t 38 74 •2 Both Sexes 1 1 36 •2 ;{ .31 1 3 1 6 7 4 •27 .■j 1 2 3 1 569 31 48 4ii0 10 10 18 18 1,48-2 l,4.il 31 •230 lt)8 4 63 Proportionr ok THE SKXES 100.00 .^0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OO 88.33 85.71 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 80.00 61.11 61.11 46. iO 45.(1-2 77. 4^2 43.01 30.1)1 31.48 .50.00 76.10 Males Females .50.00 16.67 14. -29 100.00 ■20.00 '20.00 38.89 38.89 ,53.71 ,54.38 •2^2..58 .56.09 69.09 68.. 5-2 .50.(10 '23.81 1! F.CAPITl LAT1<» Proportions op Botli THE Sexks Classes of Oi i itations. Males Females Sexes Males Females Government, 8-2 (i 88 93.18 6.82 Professional 1-2-2 45 167 73.05 26.95 Domestic service, . J, 42 1 989 2,410 .58. 9(; 41.04 Personal service, . . 6()0 8()3 L.5-23 43., 34 .56.(;(; Trade, . . . . ,5.59 17 576 '.)7.05 2.95 Transportation, 568 ;) 577 98.44 1..56 AgriciUtiire 14 - 14 100.00 - Tlut Fisheries, : 3 - 3 100.00 - Manufactures, 450 '200 668 68.71 31. '29 Laborers, .... .569 - 569 100.00 - Ap))reiitices, .... 8 '2 10 80.00 •20.00 Children at work, . 11 i 18 61.11 38., '^9 Scholars and students. 1 6.86 796 1,482 4 6. -2!) .53.71 Not gainful, etc., . 1)1 l-2',» '230 43.91 5(i.09 Totals 5,-263 3,072 8,335 63.11 36.86 No. i.").] Tin-: xk{;r() in Massachusetts. 215 The proi)cr luothod ot" reading this tabk' is as foUows : There were 4o [)ersons employed by city or town governiiients. Of this number, o!.), or Sllj!? per eent, wi're males, and six, or 13.33 per eent, Avere females. Other lines may be read in a similar manner. The next table shows occupations in detail for the .S,33') negroes. Occupations of Negroes. Government. Branches of Occu- pations. Males Fe- males Both Sexes Branches of Occu- pations. Males Fe- ' males j Both Sexes Army (men), 1 _ 1 Lightliouse service, . 3 > _ 3 City " iiud town service Navy (men), 2 - 2 (clerks), .... 1 - 1 Navy yard service, . 6 - 6 City ami town service Patrolmen, .... 3 - 3 (employes), . .3 - 3 Police department ser- County service (clerks), . 3 _ 3 vice, - 1 1 Custom house service. '2 _ 2 Postal clerks, . 13 - 13 Fire department service. •2 _ 2 Postal service, . 3 - 3 Hospital service, 1 3 4 State department service. 2 - 2 Janitors (public build- ' State government (em- ings), .... 16 2 18 ployes), .... 3 - 3 Janitors (school). y - 9 lyamplighters, . 4 _ 4 Totals, 82 6 88 Letter can-iers, . 5 - 5 I Professional. Actors, .... ir. 6 21 Musicians, .... 1.5 1 16 Artists, .... •2 _ 2 Physicians, . * . 16 5 21 Baseball players, 1 - 1 Reporters, .... 1 - 1 Chemists, .... 1 - 1 Sextons, .... 2 - 2 Clairvoyants, . 1 - 1 Showmen, .... 1 - 1 Clergymen, 18 - 18 Singers, .... 6 4 10 Court officers, . 1 _ 1 Teachers (cooking), . - 1 1 Dentists, .... ) i - i Teachers (dancing), . 1 - 1 Drauglitsmeu, . •> _ 2 Teachers (instrumental). 3 3 6 Editors 1 1 2 Teachers (physical cul- Elocutionists, . 1 3 4 ture), . . . . 1 - 1 Engineers (civil), •2 - 2 Teachers (private school). - 3 3 Governesses, - 1 1 Teachers (public s(;hool), - 9 9 Horse trainers, . 2 _ 2 Teachers (vocal), 1 2 3 Inventors, .... 1 _ 1 Teachers, n. s., . 4 4 8 Janitors (churches). 2 - 2 Theatrical agents, . 1 - 1 Journalists, Lawyers, .... 1 1 2 9 Veterinary surgeons. •> - 2 \f Lecturers, .... 1 - 1 Totals, 122 45 167 Midwives, .... - 1 1 Domestic Service. Bell boys 8S _ 88 Lodging-house kee|)ers, . 65 66 Boarding-house keepers, . 1 4 5 Nurse girls. - 9 9 Butlers, .... 68 — 68 Pantry girls. 2 3 Chambennaids, . _ 49 49 Parlor maids, . 9 9 Clerks (hotel), . . . 2 - 2 Porters 51 - 51 Coachmen, 101 - 101 Restaurant keepers, . 2 8 Cooks, 136 170 306 Saloon keepers, . -' 1 Errand boys, t - 7 .Second girls. 4 4 Footmen, " . 1 - 1 Servants 27 5(>0 587 Grooms 10 _ 10 Stable employes. - 9 Housekeepers, . - 2,5 25 Stewards, . . . . - 7 Housemaids, _ 9 9 Waiters 844 29 S73 Hotel keeiiers, . Kitchen girls, . Ladies' maids, . .> 1 11 •2 9 3 Employes, ». •«., 58 18 76 ^ 3 Totals, ! 1,421 989 2,410 Laundry work, . - 22 22 ' 246 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Occupations of Negroes— Continued. Personal Service. Branches of Occu- pations. Malcs Fe- males Botli Sexes Branches of Occu- pations. Males Fe- males Botli Sexes Rarbcrp, . . . . 154 154 Janitors 233 21 254 Har U'liders, 18 13 Laundrv work, . 4 271 275 Bill posters, 1 1 Matrons, . " . - 2 2 HiHiatil room scrvict ', .1 5 Nurses, .... 1 27 28 Uootblacks, i 3() _ 36 Personal service. ti 32 38 Carpet sewers, . _ S 8 Proprietors (laundrv), . 2 3 5 Caterers, - . 31 - 31 Proprietors (liilliard Cleansers, . 24 - 24 room) 3 - 3 Clerks, 6 2 8 Servants, - 5 5 Club bouse servl(^e, 25 1 26 Steuosrraphers, 5 1 fi Copyists, . 2 - 2 Stewards, . 2 - 2 Drivers, 3 - 3 Typewriters, 1 - 1 Einplov6s, . 6 11 17 Va ets. 2 - 2 Eniplovment oftice ser- Undertakers, 3 _ 3 vice, . 2 - 2 Waiters, 30 3 33 Engineers, . 24 - 24 Washerwomen, - 183 183 Firemen, . ,') - 5 Watcbmen, 12 - 12 Hair dressers, . House cleaners. 17 2 13 280 30 282 Totals, 660 863 1,523 Trade. Agents, Bank em])loyes, Bookkeepers, Brokers, Bundle boys, Butchers, " . Canvassers, Carpet layers, . Cash boys, . Clerks (bankers, brokers etc.), ... Clerks (retail stores), Clerks (shipping), . Clerks, n. s., Coal lieavers. Collectors, . Costumers, . Dealers (retail). Elevator tenders. „ 4 1 5 5 3 8 1 - 1 1 _ 1 2 - 2 . 2 2 12 - • 12 1 - 1 ! 11 1 12 69 _ 69 15 - 15 t 3 10 15 - 15 1 - 1 1 - 1 44 1 45 70 - 70 Errand boys. Foremen, ' . Messengers, Newsboys, . Office boys, Packers, Peddlers, . Porters, Salesmen (retail), Salesmen (traveling). Salesmen (wholesale), Speculators, Telephone operatives, Traders and shippers, Treasurers, Weighers and gaugers, Totals, 24 1 1 4 11 4 13 201 22 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 559 1 2 4 11 4 13 201 24 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 Transportation . Baggage masters, Brakenien, . Captains, , Clerks, Conductors, Cooks and steward^ Drivers, Engineers, . Exjiress servici-, Ferry lioat service, Firemen, Freight laborers, 2 _ 4 _ 1 _ 1 1 "^ _ 2 1 1 2 3 26 - 26 - 1 _ 7 - 1 _ 4 - 4 1 Livery stable service, Mariners, n. s., . Messengers, Railroad service (steam) Steamboat service, . Street railway service. Teamsters, . " . Wliarf service, . Yachtsmen, TOTALS, 95 14 234 29 1 131 2 1 568 95 14 7 236 34 1 131 2 i Oil Agriculture. Farmers and gardeners, . 14 14 Totals, 14 14 The Fisheries. The Fisheries, . 3 - 3 Totals, 3 - 3 No. la.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 247 Occupations of Negroes — Continued. 3f((niif(ict)ires. Branches of Occu- pations. Males Awning makers, Bakers, Bu'vcle makers, Bla'ckers (leather), . Blacksmiths, Boiler makers, . Boot and shoe operatives Bottlers (li(iiior), Bushellers, . Cabinet makers. Carpenters, Carriage makers. Cigar makers, . CoDblers, . Compositors, Corset makers, . Curriers, Dial makers. Dressmakers, Drug makers. Dye works operatives. Electricians, Engravers (metals). Envelope makers. Firemen (lumber), . Ga slitters, . Glaziers, Harness makers. Heelers (shoe), . Hose makers (rubber), .Jewelry makers, Lasters, Leather handlers, Leather workers, Locksmiths, Machine operatives (sew ins:),. Macliinists, Manufacturers, . Masons (brick). Masons (stone), Masons' helpers. Milliners, . Moulders (iron). Opticians, . 3 4 13 3 10 1 I r> 2y 6 .5 H 8 15 3 1 3 r 3 •2 2 "«l'), Painters (sign), Pai>c'r hangers, . Paper mill operatives. Pavement makers, . Photographers, . Plasterers, . Polishers (furniture). Polishers (metal), . Polishers (i)ianos), . Polishers (pistol), . Plumbers, . Printers (job), . Printers (music). Printers (newspaper), Razor makers, . Rope makers. Shank makers, . Skate makers, . Slipper makers, Splitters (leather;, . Steamtitters, Stitchers (shoe), Stove makers, . Stuffera (leather), Tailors, Tanners, Tile makers. Tin workers. Tool makers, Turners (wooden), . Umbrella makers, Upholstei'ers, Watchmakers, . Whitewashers, . Wig makers, Wire workers, . Woodworkers, . Woollen mill operatives- Employes, n. s., Totals, I 27 4 10 2 2 6 5 2 2 1 4 9 •2 6 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 2 7 1 it 4 3 17 1 28 1 4 11 1 14 459 11 37 209 1 10 2 1 4 9 2 6 ] 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 3 13 7 1 3 4 3 37 18 1 28 2 4 11 1 15 668 Laborers. Arms and ammunition, . Boxes (paper and wood- en) Brooms, brushes, and mops, . . . . Building Carriers on roads, . Carriers on steam rail- roads City and town govern- ment service, . Electrical apparatus and appliances, Farms, . . . . Food preparations, . Furniture, . . . . Gardens, . . . . Laborers and helpers in stores, . . . . 1 - 1 2 - 2 2 5 10 - 2 5 10- :k - 33 73 - 73 1 29 5 2 2 - 1 29 5 2 2 53 - 53 Leather, .... Liijuors and beverages, . Longshoremen, Lumber, .... Machines and machinerv, Metals and metallic goods. National government ser- vice, Printing, publisliing, and bookbinding, . . Railroad construction and equipment, Stevedores, Tallow, candles, soap, and grease. Wooden goods, . Laborers, n. s Totals, 1 1 _ 37 _ 20 - 1 - 3 - 1 - 1 - 1 _ 17 - 1 _ 1 - 266 - 569 - 1 1 37 20 1 3 266 569 24S STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Occupations of Negroes — Coucluded. Apirrentices. Branchks of Occu- pations. Males Fe- males Both Sexes Branchks of Occd- PAIIOX8. Males Fe- males Both Sexes (Jarpentert:, I)ivssiii:iki'i-s, iMacliiiiists, >Ii'talKau(l nielallicgoods. 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 J 1 1 Tailors Tinsmiths, .... Apprentices, ii. s., . Totals, 1 1 1 1 1 1 Personal servici', I'liotographs and photo- graphic materials, 8 2 10 Children at Work. At work only, . 11 7 18 Totals, 11 7 18 Scholars mid Students. Scholars, .... Students, .... 662 24 789 'l,4.il 7 31 Totals, 686 796 1,482 Not Gainf'd, etc. Retired Dejiendents, Not gainful. 17 34 2 38 .'iS 74 108 2 4 Unemplovcd, Totals, 48 15 63 101 129 230 RF.CArTTI'LATION. Classes of Occupations. Males Females Both Sexes Government, . Professional, . domestic, service, . Personal service, . Trade, Tnmsport.ition, Agricultui'e, . The Fisheries, Manufactures, Laborers, Apprentices, . Chihlren at work, . Scholars and students. Not gainful, etc., . Totals, . 82 122 1,421 660 hn'.) 568 14 3 4.59 569 8 U 686 101 5,263 6 45 989 863 17 9 209 2 7 796 129 3,072 88 167 2,410 1,.523 576 577 14 3 668 569 10 18 1,482 230 8,335 I'ERCENIAGKS * Males Females ], 2 31, 14, 12, 12, 0, 0, 10, 12, 0, 0, 100.00 0.28 2.10 46.06 40.20 0.79 0.42 9.73 0.09 0.33 100.00 Proportions of THK SkXES Males Females 93, 73. .58. 43. 97. 98. 100. 100, 68. 100, 80, 61, 46, 43, 63.14 6.82 26.95 41.04 56.66 2.95 1..56 31.29 20.00 3S.S9 .53.71 .56.09 36.86 * Based upon total males and' females gainfully employed. Omitting for the ])urposc of analysis the classes Scholars and Students, and Not Gainful, etc, we find that the males, numbering 4,47(5, form 07.58 per cent of the total number employed in gainful occupations. Of this number, ,'>1.75 per cent are engaged in Domestic Service ; 14.74 per cent in Per- sonal Service; 12.49 per cent in Trade; 12.69 per cent in Transportation; 10.25 per cent in Manufactures; 12.71 per No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MASSACIirSlOTTS. •2l\) cent aro Laborers ; and 5.o7 per cent an^ distributed among the other chisses. The females form o2.42 })er cent of the entire number of persons engaged in gainful occupations, and of these 4(i.()(> per cent are engaged in Domestic Service ; 40.20 j)er cent in Personal Service; U.TA [)vi' cent in Manufactures; and 4.01 })er cent in the other (dasscs, exce])t those for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Laborers in which they are not i-epresentcd. Of the aggregate number of persons engaged in Domestic Service, 58.96 per cent are males and 41.04 per cent are fe- males, and of those employed in Personal Service, 43.34 per cent are males and 5{).66 percent, females. Of those engaged in Manufactures, ()8.71 per cent are males and 31.29 per cent, females. The females outnumber the males in but one class, name!}', that of Personal Service. The following table shows, by classes of occupations, the place of birth of the 8,335 negroes under consideration, classified by sex and State or country of birth, as Massachu- setts, Southern States, other United States, and Foreign Countries : Place of Birth of Negroes. OCCCPATIONS. Government. Nittional government, . State government, . City and town government, Army, . ; . . Navy Professii}nal. Religion, . Law, Medicine, liiterature. Art, . Music, Amusements, . Education, Science, . Domestic Service. Boarciing and lodging, . Domestic service (private fami- lies) Personal Service. Personal service, " . Trade. Merchants and dealers, Salesmen and saleswomen, . Males _!-'■: Mas^ sachu- setts •26 1-3 ■z 11 •23 1 •2 4 1 2 1 70 74 74 134 5 5 South- ern States It* 4 2 4 28 (! 3 8 1 2i)C •245 .)1 131 131 8.') 8 6 Other United States 9 4 23 1 Gl 14 5 11 1 1 12 12 1 4 92o 762 163 37S 378 297 40 15 For- eign Coun- tries 10 1 3 2 1 3 107 80 43 Females Mas- sachu- setts 23 no 27 83 108 108 12 South- Other ern United States States For- eign Ooun tries - 2 - 2 - 18 - 3 - 4 3 8 186 564 46 153 140 411 166 478 166 478 - 5 - - 129 26 103 111 111 250 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Place of Birth of Negroes — Continued. Occupations. Males Mas- sachu- setts Trade — Con. Accounlants, book k c o \> c r s , cli'rk.s, etc Agents, bankers, brokers, etc., . Messengers, porters, etc., . Trunsportation . Carriers on roads, Carriers on steam railroads, Carriers on seas and rivers, A griculturc. Agriculture, The Fisheries. The Fisheries Manufactures. Arms and ammunition. Artisans' tools, .... Awnings, sails, tents, etc., . Boots and shoes, .... Brick, tiles, and sewer pipe. Building, Carriages and wagons, Chemical preparations (com- pounded), Clocks, watches, and iewehy, . Clothing, Concrete walks, paving, etc.. Cooking, lighting, und heating- apparatus, ..... Cordage and twine. Drugs and medicines, . Electrical apparatus and appli- ances, Food preparations. Furniture Glass Hair work (animal and human), Hose: rubber, linen, etc., . Leather, Liciuors: malt, distille(l, and fer- mented, TiUinlier, Machines and macliinery, . Metals anal)<)rers (manufactures), . J-i!iborers, other and ap. 21) 5 1)0 4.-) 18 4 2 2 79 1 1 l.T 22 3 CO 4 () 50 South- I Other ern j United States States For- eign Coun- tries IH 111) 41 m 9 5 ,5 9 1 .•52 4 :i 3 88 1S2 297 134 149 14 .•) 237 4 2 23 78 6 1 1 3 (i 13 1 1 31 1 1 14 16 320 k; 3.') 275 9 4 24 38 23 24 3 3 t>8 22 5 89 8 4 77 Females Mas- sachu- setts South- ern States Other United Slates For- eign Coun- tries 63 1 .56 30 95 1 88 19 Xo.!').] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIirSETTS. 251 Place of Birth of Xt't/roes — ConeliidtHl. Occupations. Apprentices. Apprentices, . Children at ir«c/,-. At work only, Scliohira iiiiil Sliu/enta Scliolars .StuilentB, .... Xot (iiiiii/iil, etc. Retired, . Dependents, . Not gainful, . Unenii)loyeil, . Males Mas- sachu- setts Soutli- crn States 4 4 10 10 452 44ti 6 18 65 5 14 ■2 3 9 Other United States 3 3 1 1 13S 129 9 10 18 •> 28 For- eign Coun- tries 2(! 22 "4 11 Fbmaleh Mas- sacliu- setts .'■)()2 498 4 23 8 14 South- ern Stutea Other ei>.„ United (jijun- States tries - - 3 3 3 3 92 i{;3 91 un 1 •> 22 7(; 8 20 11 43 _ 3 11 1 1 .'i'.l 39 Recapitulation. Males. Mas- sacliu- South- ern Other United Foreign Coiin- I'EUCESTAGES* Classes of Occu- Mas- South- Other Foreipn pations. setts States States tries saelm- setts ern States United States Coun- tries Government, 2(! 13 37 6 4.54 1.53 1.44 1.22 Professional, 23 28 61 11> 4.02 3.31 2.38 2.04 Domestic services 93 296 925 107 16.26 34.95 36.03 21.84 Personal service. 74 131 378 t i 12.94 15.47 14.73 15.71 Trade, . . . . 134 85 297 43 23.43 10.03 11. .57 8.78 Transportation, Agricnlture, 07 2 119 5 297 5 85 2 11.71 0.35 14.05 0.59 11. .57 0.19 17.35 0.41 0.61 13.88 Tlie Fisheries. . Muniifactiires, . 79 75 237 3 68 13.81 8.85 9.23 Laljorers, . . . • GO 94 326 89 10.49 11.10 12.70 18.16 Apprentices, 4 1 3 - 0.70 1.75 0.12 0.12 0.04 ~ Children at work, . 10 - 1 - ~ ~ Scholars and students, . 452 70 138 26 - - ~ ~ Not gainful, etc.. 18 14 ■58 11 ~ " " " Totals, 1,042 931 2,763 527 100.00 1(H). 00 100.00 100.00 Recapitulation. Females. Mas- sacliu- setts South- em States Otlier United States Foreign Coun- tries Pekckntage.s* Classes of Occu- pations. Mas- saelui- setts South- ern States Otiier United States Foreign Coun- tries Government, . Professional, . Domestic service, . Personal service. Trade, .... Transportation, Manufactures, . Apprentices, Children at work, . Scholars and students, . Not gainful, etc.. 3 23 110 108 12 3 ' 63 2 502 23 186 166 32 3 92 22 2 18 5t)4 478 5 5 95 3 163 76 1 4 129 111 1 19 1 39 8 0.93 7.10 .33.95 33. ;« 3.70 0.93 19.44 0.62 48.06 42.89 8.27 0.78 0.17 1..54 4.V.20 40.85 0.43 0.4:^ 8.12 0.26 0.38 1..50 48.49 41.73 0.:58 7.14 0.38 Totals, 849 501 1,409 313 100.00 100.00 100.00 KKI.OO * Based upon total males and females gainfully employed. 252 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Of the male negroes born in Massachusetts nearly one-quarter are engaged in branches of occupations classified under the head of Trade, the dettiils of which are found in the table on page 24(). Of those born in the Southern, States the largest per- centage, more than one-third, is in Domestic Service. The same is true of those born in the other United States, and about one- tifth of those born in foreign countries are to be found also in this class. Of the male negroes, those born in Massachusetts lead in Government, Professional, and Trade, as well as sup- plying the larger number of Apprentices and Children at Work. They rank second in Manufactures, those born in foreign countries leading by a fractional percentage. Of the females born in Massachusetts about one-third are in Domestic Service, one-third in Personal Service, and one-third in the other classes. Of those born in the Southern States, nearly one-half arc in Domestic Service, more than four-tenths in Personal Service, and the remainder in Manufactures and Children at Work. Of those born in other United States, nearly one-half are in Domestic Service, four-tenths in Per- sonal Service, and about one-tenth in the other classes, and practically the same proportions obtain for those born in foreign countries. The following table shows briefly the number of negroes by sex and place of birth, the percentages of males and females born iu the respective places, and the relative proportions of the sexes : Plaoe of Birth. 31ales Females ISoth Sexes Percentages Phoportions of THE Sexes Males Females Males Females Mass.Mchusctts, .... Southern Stales, .... Other United .stat -s, Foreign Cijiintries, 1,042 931 2,763 .'•V27 5,2(i3 K49 f)01 1,409 313 3,072 1,S91 1,432 4,172 .S40 19. SO 17.69 ii2..'iO 10.01 27.64 16.31 4.5.86 10.19 .W.IO 65.01 66.23 62.74 44.90 34.99 33.77 37.26 Totals, . . . , . 100.00 100.00 63.14 36.86 Of the total immbcr of males, 19.80 per cent were born in Massachusetts, 17. T)!! per cent in Ihc Southern States, 52.50 per cent in the other United States, and 10.01 per cent in for- eign countries. Of those born in Massachusetts about 55 per cent were males and 45 per cent females, while of those born in No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN ArASSACIIUSETTS. 253 the Southern States and in other United States, nearly two- thirds were niah's and one-third females, and in forciirn coun- tries, five-eighths males and three-eighths females. The next table exhibits the conjugal condition of negroes by classes of occupations, age periods, and sex. Conjugal Condition of Negroes. Males Fkmai.es Classks of Occu- 1 60 years and over 60 years and over pations AND Conjugal Condition. Under 20 yuars 80 to »!» years 40 to years Aggre- gates Under 30 years SO to 30 years 40 to 59 years Aggre- gates Government. 1 41 31 9 82 - 3 3 _ t; Single Married Widowed, 1 21 19 1 3 26 2 8 1 25 53 4 - 1 2 1 - 4 2 Professional. 4 85 27 6 122 5 31 6 3 45 Single Married, .... Widowed, 4 42 42 1 6 20 1 1 3 2 65 4 5 26 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 35 6 4 Domestic Service. (53 1,095 248 15 1,421 110 671 182 26 989 Single, .... Married, .... Widowed, Divorced, 62 1 680 394 21 68 162 18 2 10 3 812 567 42 108 *> 475 130 61 5 54 36 92 9 1 16 646 169 169 5 Personal Service. oo 377 223 38 660 47 485 272 .59 863 Single, .... Married, .... Widowed, Divorced, '22 150 218 9 45 162 16 3 25 10 220 405 35 45 1 1 181 225 76 3 46 91 134 1 9 11 39 281 328 2.'>0 4 Trade. 92 334 114 19 .559 6 7 2 2 17 Single Married, .... Widowed, 92 160 171 3 21 79 14 13 6 273 263 23 6 4 2 1 1 1 2 11 3 3 Transportiitlon. 14 376 162 16 5()8 - 4 3 ■2 9 Single, .... Married, .... Widowed, Divorced, 13 1 164 202 10 25 125 11 1 13 3 202 U\ 24 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 i> 3 1 5 Agriculture. - 9 3 2 14 - - - - - Single Married, .... Widowed, - 6 2 1 1 2 k> 7 i; 1 _ _ _ - - The Fisheries. - 2 1 - 3 _ - - - - Single, .... Married - 1 1 1 - 1 2 - - ~ - ~ Mamifactures. 23 283 138 15 459 17 151 38 3 1 Single IMarried Widowed, Divorced, 23 127 152 3 1 22 104 12 1 9 5 173 265 20 1 16 1 90 49 11 1 8 8 22 3 117 58 33 1 Laborers. 21 319 198 31 569 - - - - - Single, .... Married, .... Widowed, 21 137 168 10 4 46 129 21 2 1 22 7 1 205 319 38 7 - - - ; ; Apprentices. 8 - - - 8 2 - - - 2 Single 8 - - - 8 2 " " 2 254 STATISTICS OF LABOR. fPub. Doc. Conjugal Condition of Negro'^s — Concluded. Recapitulatiox. Number. Males Femalks CoNJnoAL Con- dition. Under SO years 20 to 39 years 40 to 59 years 60 years and over Aggre- gates Under ao years 2Ot0 39 years 40 to 59 years 00 years and over Aggre- gates .Single, . JIarrietl, Widowed, Divorced, 923 ■2 1,.520 1,384 60 5 247 834 100 3 13 125 46 1 2,703 2,345 206 9 975 4 1 803 419 154 9 123 145 267 1 36 15 120 1,937 583 542 10 Totals, . 926 2,969 1,184 185 5,263 980 1,385 536 171 3,072 Recapittlation. Pekcextaoes. Rec A PiTU I- a tt( )n . Percenta ges . Males Females Conjugal Con- dition. Under 20 years ao to 39 years 40 to 39 years CO years and over Aggre- gates Under ao years aoto 39 years 40 to 59 years 60 years and over Aggre- gates Single, . . . IMai-ried, Widowed, Divorced, ',K).78 0.22 51.20 46.61 2.02 0.17 20.86 70.44 8.45 0.25 7.03 67.57 24.86 0..54 51.36 44.56 3.91 0.17 99.49 0.41 0.10 .57.98 30.25 11.12 0.65 22.95 27.05 49.81 0.19 21.05 8.77 70.18 63.05 18.98 17.64 0.33 Totals, . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Xo. i:..] THE XE(iH() I\ MASSACIirSF/rTS. 255 Of the 8,335 negi'oes considered, 4,(540 were single, 2,!»28 married, 74S widowed, and U) divorced. Over four-tenths of the males and nearly one-fifth of the females were mai-ricd. Of the married males, nearly ()0 per cent were l)etween 20 and 39 years of age, and nearly 3() per cent were between 40 and 51) years of age. Of the married females, seven-tenths Avere be- tween 20 and 39 A'ears of age, and nearly one-(|narter between 40 and 59 years. About one-third of the single males and slightly more than one-half of the single females were under 20 years of age. The next table shows the length of residence in Massachu- setts of negroes em})loyed in the various classes of occupations by periods of years as follows : Under one year, one but under 10 years, 10 but under 20 years, and 20 years and over. The last two classes. Scholars and Students and Not Gainful, etc., for obvious reasons, are omitted from this consideration. Length of Residence in MassacJiusefts of Negroes. Occupations. Males Lesral Voters Under 1 vear Government . National government, Sfcite government, City and town government, Ariny, Navy, Professional. Religion, Law, Medicine, Literature Art Music Amusements, . . . . Education Science, Domestic Service. Boarding and lodging, Domestic service (private fami- lies), Personal Service. Personal service, . . . . Trade. Merchants and dealers. Salesmen and saleswomen. Accountants, boolikeepers, clerks, etc., . . . . Agents, Imnkers, Ijrokers, etc.. Messengers, porters, etc., . 26 8 S7 I 4 104 •21 10 22 3 25 14 3 6 ,195 977 218 570 570 443 55 23 81 12 272 Femalrs 1 but under lO vears I O but under 20 jears 30 years "and over 47 40 15 15 11 13 15 3 3 ,5 5 10 1 1 .39 28 8 lii 5 3 5 1 () 6 8 5 1 o 797 304 669 250 128 54 220 172 220 172 183 178 19 11 17 6 32 1 120 37 o 116 54 22 8 24 .50 9 5 7 2 1 13 7 3 3 273 198 75 253 253 187 20 10 37 11 109 Ibut 10 but 20 Under under under vears 1 lO 30 and year years years over 9 58 28 28 2 - 2 : 6 12 1 - 3 1 1 5 5 2 486 213 90 1 t 396 136 296 219 296 219 2 6 - 1 1 1 2 " 3 6 .) 10 223 76 147 320 320 9 2 256 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. LenqtJt of Residence in Massachusetts o/^e{/?'oes — Continued. Le^al Males Females 1 but 1 but ao 1 but 10 but 20 Occupations. Voters Under under under years Under under under years 1 lO 80 and 1 lO 20 and year years years over year years years over Trmisportatioii. 470 IS 235 144 171 - 3 1 5 Carriers on roads, 204 , s 86 64 100 - - - - Carriers on steam railroads, •2:i3 8 ■ 131 68 .'i2 - - - o Carriers on seas and rivers, .S.S 2 18 12 19 - 3 1 3 Agneiilture. 10 2 4 i o 6 - - - - Agriculture 10 .> 4 ' 2 C - - - - The Flalieries. 1 - 3| - - - - - - The Fisheries 1 - 3 - - - - - - Manufactures. 3,^4 12 166 100 172 10 65 46 88 Arms and ammunition. 1 - 1 - - - - - - Artisans' tools, .... 4 - -2 9 - - - - Awnings, sails, tents, etc.. ;i - i 1 1 - - 1 - Boots and shoes, .... :^8 .7 16 18 18 - 1 3 4 Brick, tiles, and sewer piiie. 1 - 1 - - - - - - Building 1-24 4 .58 27 6.T - - - - Carriages and wagons. i;i 1 3 a 1) - - - - Chemical preparations (com- pounded), - - - 1 - - - - - Clocks, watches, and jewelry, . 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 1 Clothing - - .> 1 - i) 62 38 82 Concrete walks, iiaying, etc., . 2 - .^ - - - - - - Cooking, lighting, and lieating ai)paratus, 1 - 1 - - - - - - Cordage and twine, . 1 - - - 1 - - - - Drugs and medicines. 4 _ 1 3 1 - - - - Electrical apparatus and .Miiiili- ances, 4 - 3 - 2 - - - - Food preparations, .T 1 6 .> 2 1 - 1 - Furniture 24 2 .") .T 14 - 1 - - Glass, 1 _ - 1 - - - - - Hair work (animal and liumaii), 1 _ - - 1 - - 1 - Hose: rubljer, linen, etc., . 1 _ - - 1 - - - Leather, 31 1 21 s (i - - _ Liquors: malt, distilled, and fermented, 1 _ 1 1 - - - - Lumber, •2 _ 2 - 1 _ - - - Machines and machinery, . 20 - 6 6 10 - - - - Metals and metallic goods, 24 1 6 12 12 - - - - Models, lasts, and patterns. 1 _ - - 1 - - - - Musical Instruments and mate- rials 3 _ 1 1 1 - - - - Paints, colors, and crude cliemi- cals, 1 _ _ - 1 - - - - Paper and paper goods, 4 - 2 .) 1 - - 1 - Photographs and photogra|>hic materials, . . . . ,5 - 2 2 i> - - - 1 Polishes ani. 431 l.") 2;^o 134 liK) _ - _ - Laborers (agriculture). 20 1 13 >< '.) ^ _ _ - Laborers (manul.'ictiires), 40 1 10 14 23 ^ - _ - Laborci's, other .... 371 13 207 112 l.\S - - - - Apprp)iticcs. - - 4 4 - - - .> - Aiiprentices, .... - - 4 4 - - - .> - f'lii/i/rrii III Work. - 1 1 !t _ 1 ,■■. 1 - At work only, .... - 1 1 !) - 1 5 1 - No. 1').] TIIIC XK(ai{) IN MASSACHUSETTS. L>r)7 Length of Residence in Massachusetts of Negroes — Concluded. Recapitulation. Mai.ks. Percentaok.s ■ 1 but under 10 10 but under 20 20 years and Classes or occupationji. 1 vear Under I but under lObut under 20 vcars years years over 1 year 10 years 20 years and over Government, .... 13 15 54 15.85 18.^20 65.86 Professional, n 39 •28 50 4.10 31.97 •22.95 40.98 Domestic service. 47 797 304 ■273 3.31 .'■)6.09 21.39 19.21 Personal service, . 1.-) •2-20 17-2 •253 •2. -27 33.33 •26.06 38.34 Trade, . 11 183 17S 187 1.97 32.74 31.84 33.45 Transportation, . Ls •235 144 171 3.17 41.37 •25.35 30.11 Agriculture, . 2 4 •) 6 14.^29 '28.57 14. '29 42.85 The Fisheries, - 3 _ _ _ 100.00 Manufactures, 12 166 109 17-2 '2.61 36. 17 23.75 37.47 Laborers, l.T •230 134 190 •2.64 40.42 23.. 55 .3.?.:{9 Avtprentices, - 4 4 - - .50.00 .50.00 Children at work. 1 1 9 - 9.09 9.09 81.82 - Totals, . • l-2ti 1,895 1,099 I,3.i6 •2.82 42.34 •24., 55 30. -29 Rfx'apitulatiox. Females. Percentages Under 1 year 1 but under lO lObut under 20 20 years and Classes of Occupations. Under Ibiit under 10 but under 20 vears years years over 1 lO 20 and year years years over Government, .... 2 4 ;k..33 66.67 Professional, 2 6 12 •25 4.44 13.33 •26.07 .55.. 56 Domestic service, 67 486 213 223 6.77 49.14 •21.. 54 •22.. 55 Personal service, . 28 •296 219 320 3. '24 34.30 •25.38 37.08 Trade, . _ 2 () 9 _ 11.77 35. '29 .52.94 Transportation, . - 3 1 5 _ 33.33 11.11 .55.. 56 Manufactures, 10 65 46 88 4.78 31.10 22.01 42.11 Apprentices, . - _ _ _ 100.00 Children at work, 1 i> i - 14. -29 71.42 14. -29 - TOTAL8, . 108 865 500 674 5.03 40.^29 ■23. -29 31.39 Of the males, 2.82 per cent, and of the females, 5.03 per cent ha\e lived in the State less than one year. A])out four- tenths of either sex have lived in Massachusetts over one year but under 10 years ; nearly one-quarter of both males and females have lived in Mas.sachusetts at least 10 years but under 20 years, and about three-tenths have lived in the State 20 years or more. It may be of interest to the student to note the length of residence in Massachusetts of both males and females engaged in Agriculture, Manufactures, Trade, and other occupations as set forth in the preceding table. We next present the number of voters and the percentages of voters and non-voters by classes of occupations. 258 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Legal Voters- Classes of Occupation s. Government, Professional, Domestic service, Personal service, Trade, Transportation, Agriculture, Tlie Fisheries, . Manufactures, . Laborers, . Apprentices. C'liildreu at work. Scholars and students, Isot gainful, etc., Totals, Nnmber of Males 82 111 1,4-21 G60 bm 508 14 3 459 569 8 11 686 101 5,-263 Number of Legal Voters 76 104 1,195 570 443 470 10 1 354 431 15 3,74-2 Percentages Voters 9-2.68 85.25 84.10 86.36 79. '25 82.75 71.43 33.33 77.12 75.75 2.19 72. -28 (1.10 Non- Voters 7.32 14.75 15.90 13.64 20.75 17.25 28.57 66.67 -22.88 •24.25 97.81 -27.72 -28.90 Percentage of Voters in each Class 2.03 2.78 31.93 15.23 11.84 12.56 0.27 0.03 9.4« 11.. 52 0.40 1.95 100.00 The largest percentage of voters is found in the class Do- mestic Service and the smallest in The Fisheries. Of the 5,263 male negroes, 71.10 per cent were legal voters. Refer- ring to the table on conjugal condition on page 254 we find that 82.42 per cent of the total number of males were over twent}' years of age. To recapitulate : In this special investigation, the industrial condition of 8,385 negroes is shown. Of this number, five- ciffhths were males, and three-eighths were females. Males only are employed in 213 branches of occupations and females in 30 branches, while both sexes are employed in 54 branches. Of the males, 20 in each one hundred were born in Massachu- setts, 18 in the Southern States, 52 in other Tnited States, and 10 in foreion countries. Of tlie females, 28 in each one hun- dred were born in Massachusetts, ll! In the Soutliern States, 4() in other United States, and 10 in foreign countries. In other words, of the two sexes, more than one-half of those born in Massachusetts were males, and nearly two-thirds of those born in Southern States and in the other United States were also males, while of those born in foreign countries five-eighths were males. Four-tenths of the males were married and five- eiiihths of the females were sinole. More than one-half of all the negroes were between 20 and ,')'.» years of age. Three- tenths of the males engaged in gainful occupations had resided in the State for 20 v^ears or more, and four-tenths of the females, No. 1.5. ] THE \K(;K() IX MASSACIirSKTTS. 2r>[) one year but under 10 ^^'ars. Seven-tenths of the mules were lejial voters. In order to show thai in our speeiul invcstiiratioii thr Icadin^j: oceupations of the negroes of the Statt" were fuiily covered, wo elose with a table which gives details of oceupations for 1 !)()(). These figures have been supplied by the T'nited States Bureau of the Census in advance of publication in the Federal report. yegroes in. Gainful Occupations : 1900. Occupations. Males males Both Sexes All Oeeiipntiona. Agkicultukai- I'uk SUITS. A^riculturul laboivrs, . Furiners, i)lanter8, and overseers, . Gardeners, llorists, nurseryiucii, etc., lannliermen and rafts- men, .... Stock raisers, herders, and drovers. Wood choppers, . Professional Seu- VICE. Actors, professional sl)ownien, etc., . Architects, desijrners, draughtsmen, etc., . Artists and teacliers of art Clergymen, . Dentists, Electricians, . Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors, . Journalists, . Lawyers, Literary anil scientiflc persons. Musicians and teachers of music. Officials (government). Physicians and sur- geons, .... Teachers and profess- ors in colleges, etc., . Other professional ser- vice Domestic and Per- sonal Service. Barbers and hairdress- ers, . . . . l?art€nders, . Boarding and lodging house keepers, . Hotel keepers. Housekeepers and stewards, . Janitors an I'UK- suiT.s — Con. T^iunhcr and its lie- inanu/acturcs. Cabinetmakers, . Coopers, .... Saw and plai\ing mill employes, . Other woodworkers, . Metals and .Vital I'rod- ucts other than iron and Steel. Brass workers. Clock and watch mak- ers and repairers. Gold and silver work- ers Tinplate and tinware makers. Other metal workers, . Paper and Printing. Bookbinders, Box makers (paper), . Paper and pulp niill operatives, . Printers, lithographers, and pressmen, . Textiles. Bleachery and dye works operatives. Cotton mill operatives. Hosiery and knitting mill operatives, . Silk mill operatives. Woollen mill opera- tives, . . . . Other textile mill oper- atives, . . . . Dressmakers, Hat and cap makers, . Milliners, Seamstresses, Shirt, collar, and cuff makers, Tailors and tailoresses, Other textile workers. Miscellinimiis /ii das- tries. Broom and brush mak- ers, . . . . Charcoal, coke, and lime burners. Engineers and liremen (not locomotive), Manufacturers and otli- cials, etc., . Photograjdiers, . Rul)l)er factory oi)era- tives, . . . . Tobacco and cigar fac- tory oi)erative8, Upholsterers, Otlier miscellaneous in- dustrii's. (il 3 10 12 3ti 9 48 3 1 8 36 148 13 22 32 3 1 1 379 KKS 17 6 14 8 25 192 26 5 11 3 416 1 12 1 s 259 1 13 91 1 23 3 34 1 Both Sexes 64 3 10 12 39 29 6 1 5 8 9 74 8 12 11 43 564 14 34 1 2 40 2.59 4 14 92 1 95 4 413 3 7 108 17 7 15 9 26 No. lo.] THE NEGRO IX MASS.U'IirSF/rrS. 2t;i Negroes in Gainful Occupations: 1900 — Concluded. llECAlMTII.A 1 ION. Males Female.s H.itli Sexes Perckntac.k.s Occupations. Males Females All oocui'ATioN.s. Agricultural pursuits, .... Professional service, Domestic and personal si-rvice, Trade and transportation, Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. 10,864 667 •278 6,039 2,3-25 1,.5.55 5,747 (i 98 5,012 99 .532 16,611 673 376 11,051 2,424 2,087 100.00 6.14 2., 56 .55.59 21.40 14.31 10(1. 00 0.10 1.71 87.21 1.72 9.26 Unfortunately there are no stiitisties in existence which will show for a period of years the births, marriages, and deaths of the negroes in Massachusetts separate from those of other races. They are important elements in sociological study, but the expense necessary to secure such data would be too great for this Department to undertake at this time. We have, however, been able to tabulate the records of 37 cities and towns in which 84.23 per cent of the aggregate negro popu- lation of the State resided in 1900, and present the data for bu'ths for the years 1900, 1901, and 1902, in the following table : Births of Negroes: 1900-1902. CiTlKS AND Tl>WNS. Amherst, . Attleborough, BO( 1(1 12 6 4 10 1 1 2 *•> **> 4 1 2 3 _ 2 2 - *4 4 I 1 1 3 4 i - 1 1 •> _ 2 1 _ 1 _ - - 1 1 1 1 _ 1 _ •J 2 2 2 13 6 19 13 4 17 12 12 24 6 7 13 8 9 17 13 10 23 6 4 10 3 3 6 1 3 4 1 1 2 - 2 2 1 3 4 14 12 26 13 6 19 i 11 8 19 3 1 4 3 2 5 1 3 3 6 *7 6 13 8 3 11 t 12 9 21 2 1 3 2 1 3 - - - 1 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 6 3 9 5 4 9 6 5 11 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 * Includes one pair twins. '2^2 STATISTIC S OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Births of Xeqroes: 1900-1902 — ConQ.hidea. 1900 1901 1902 CiTiKs AND Towns. Males Fe- males Both Sexes Males Fe- males Both Sexes Males Fe- males Both Sexes Sai-KM somkkvili.k, . spkingkielu, . Stockbridge, Tauxton, .... Wareliain, .... Willianistowii, . Winchester, AVOUUKN, .... WOUCESTEK, . 1 1-2 •2 1 4 1-2 1 12 1 to 1 ■2 1 17 1 1 *-24 1 o 7 1 6 6 2il •2 4 16 1 .) IS 1 •2 14 2 2 4 16 3 6 30 1 •2 4 6 34 4 1^ 1 1 9 22 12 14 6 3 24 1 •> 4 1 13 .36 Totals, 367 3,53 720 34S 329 677 380 33.'i 715 * Tncludes two pairs twius (nue pair male, one i)air male and female). f Includes one jiair twins. In lltOO, the number of births of negro children Ava.s 720. Of the.se, o()7, or oO.DT i)er cent, were males. In 1!K)1, the total births were ()77, of which 348, or 51.40 per cent, were males. In 1*102, the total births were 71f), of which 380, or 53.15 per cent, were males. The aggregate number of births decreased in 1901 and 11102 as compared with 1900. More than one-half of the births occurr(>d in the cities of Boston and Cambridge in which 48.41 per cent of the total negro popula- tion of the State in 1900 was found. The next table shows for the 37 cities and towns the num- ber of marriatres durins: the years 1900, 1901, and 1902. Marriaqes of Xe'/roes : 1900-1902. 1900 1901 1902 Mixed Mixed Mixed Cities and Tow.ns. Ne- Wliite Negro To- Me- White Negro To- Ne- White Negro To- gro Groom Necrro Groom White tals gro Groom Negro Groom White tals gro Groom Negro Groom Wliite tals Bride Bride 3 Bride Bride Bride Bride Amherst, 1 1 •) 3 2 2 Attleborough, 4 - - 4 3 _ - 3 •) - - 2 Bo.sTox, 176 3 30 209 174 - 30 204 166 4 2,5 19,5 BKOCKTON, . 3 - _ 3 3 - - 3 2 - 1 3 IJrooklinc, _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ i> _ - - - Camhkidoe, . 74 2 4 80 74 - - 74 92 - - 92 C'lIEL.'iEA, • H _ _ 8 6 _ _ 6 18 - - 18 EVKKKTT, 10 - - 10 22 - _ 22 18 - 4 22 Fall Hiveu, 1 J _ 8 8 _ 1 9 9 - 1 10 (Jre.'it IJarrington, i - _ 4 3 - _ 3 2 - - 2 Havekiiii.i,, 4 _ _ 4 9 - _ 9 2 1 - 3 FIvd<- I'ark, . - _ - 2 - - 2 2 - - 2 Lawke.nce, . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 - - 3 Lee, _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ 3 1 - - 1 Lenox, . 2 _ _ 2 1 _ 1 - - - - I>owem., 1 - 1 2 6 - 6 1 - 1 2 I.VN.V, . 6 2 - 8 18 - 2 20 12 - 2 14 Mai.de.n, 8 — 2 10 16 ~ ~ 16 8 — "* 8 No. I,-).] THE NEGRO L\ MASSACHUSETTS. 2(;;{ Marriages of Neyroes: 1900-1902 — Concliuk'd. 1900 1901 1002 Cities and Towns. Mixed Mixed Mixed Nc- White Negro To- Ne- White Nc>;ni To- Ne- Wliito Nfftro To- yro Groom Np),'ro Bride Groom White Bride tals gro Groom Ncs-To Bride Groom White Bride tals gro Groom Ni'k'ro Bride Groom White Bride tals Medfokd, . 4 4 R 6 4 4 Melkose, 6 - - () 4 _ _ 4 2 _ _ 2 New Beufoku, . y - 2 U lit '1 t4 24 8 1 1 10 Newburvfokt, . 11) _ _ 10 _ _ _ 4 _ _ 4 Newton, 6 - - (i 4 - - 4 10 - - 10 North Adams, . 2 - - 2 3 tl _ 4 1 _ 1 2 Northampton, . 1 - - 1 2 - •> - - - - PITTSFIELIJ, . a _ - 3 1 _ 1 ■> 1 _ _ 1 Plymouth, - 1 - 1 2 - - 2 - - - Salem, . s - - v; o - - 2 •) - - 2 SOMERVILLE, •> - _ •> - _ - - _ - - - Springfield, '.) _ _ 11 11 _ 1 12 11 §1 - 12 Stockbridge, . _ - _ - 1 - - 1 _ - - Taunton, . .> - 1 3 - - - - 3 - - 3 Warebaiii, .) - I 3 ,> _ - 4 - - 4 Williamstown, 1 _ _ 1 - - - - 2 - - 2 Winchester, . 1 - - 1 _ _ 1 - _ 1 WOBURN, 1 _ - 1 3 - 1 4 •) - - •> Worcester, 384 - 1 lU 43(i 12 - •> 14 13 - - 13 Totals, . i) 43 4;^3 •> 42 477 40S 7 36 451 * Indian groom. f 1 Indian bride. X Italian groom. § Chinese groom. The imiiiber of iiiamages in the 37 cities and towns in I'JOO was 4o(i. (Jf these, 384, or 88.07 })er cent, were negro grooms and brides, and b'2^ or 11.03 per cent, mixed races. Of the 52 mixed marriages, 43 Avere negro grooms and white brides, and nine were white STOoms and negro brides. In litOl, the aofSfreoate nmiiber of marriaii'es was 477, of whieli 433, or 5>0.78 per cent, were of negroes, and 44, or 'd.'I'l per cent, of mixed races. Of the latter, one Avas an Indian groom and negro bride, one an Italian groom and negro bride, one a neoro gfroom and Indian bride, and 41 neoro grooms and white brides. In 1902, the ajrarejiate number of marriages Avas 451, of Avhich 408, or i)0.47 })er cent, Avere of negroes, and 43, or 1).53 per cent, of mixed races. Of the latter, one Avas a Chinese groom and negro bride, six Avere Avhite grooms and negro brides, and 36 Avere neo-ro otooiiis and Avhite brides. The mixed marriages decreased eight in 1901, and nine in 1902, as com})ai-ed Avith 1900, and decreased one in 1902 as compared Avith the previous year. ^lore than one-half of the niurriages occurred in the cities of Boston and Cambridge in which 48.41 per cent of the negro 2(14 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. po})ulation of tlu' State resided, and the majority of the mixed marriaii'es occurred in the .same citie.s in each of the years. For statistics relatini^- to the deaths of negroes in Massachu- setts Ave are enabled to pn-sent comparisons taken from tlie United States Censuses of LSSO, 1,S!)0, and 1900. The first ta1)h' shov;s the number of deaths of colored persons for the thi'ee Census y(>ars. The figures given include Chinese, Japan- ese, and Indians, but the}^ are of such relatively slight impor- tance numerically as to warrant the assunn)tion that the data may be considered as referring exclusively to negroes. Deaths: 1880, 1890, and 1900. JiALES Fejlalks Ar,E Periods. 1880* 1890* 1900* 1880* 1890* 1900* All A<:i;s. 231 325 3()7 198 305 328 Under 1 year, .... 74 7'.i 68 46 64 63 1 year 24 36 24 23 2;i 17 2 years, 9 5 13 j 8 1 13 .S years, 2 '^ i I ;• 6 4 years, 3 3 4 1 1 ') 3 6 Under 5 years 115 125 117 ! 86 112 105 5 to 9 years, .... 10 10 13 j 6 17 10 10 to 14 year.s, .... _ 10 •' 1 5 12 9 l.i to 19 years 5 13 12 8 17 10 •20 to 24 years, .... <) 21 IS 13 IS 25 25 to 29 years, .... 12 12 24 12 11 24 .30 to 34 years s 24 30 i ~ 17 3.1 to 39 years 15 15 24 ,s 14 15 40 to 44 years, .... 9 1(! .17 s 11 18 4.T to 49 years, .... 5 19 18 4 15 24 .')() to .54 years 6 i 22 3 15 14 ah to .59 years 7 is 17 5 6 12 60 to 04 years, .... 7 5 15 ■> 12 4 65 to •)') years, .... ,s s 9 6 6 11 70 to 74 years, .... .5 il 10 .5 6 8 75 to 79 vcars, .... 1 5 5 7 6 80 to S4 "years, .... - •> 4 4 11 8 S5 to SO years, .... 1 •i 2 3 .> 3 !K) to 94 years, .... 1 •2 _ 5 4 4 95 years ami over, •> _ 1 3 1 1 Unknown - - 4 - * Includes Chinese, Japanese, ami Indians. The aggregate number of deaths in 1S(S() was 33, 14i), of which 32,720 were Avhites, 420 negroes, and nine Indians. In 12 136.09 37., 56 36.46 9.09 81.. 59 6.40 6.77 10.01 11.27 10.42 7.87 26.. 59 273., 50 189.. 54 28. '.(3 42.45 14.85 109.91 16.93 12.47 10.25 14.17 11. ,34 6.67 19. w; 160.71 ,57.05 40.88 20.07 20.83 67.48 7.42 7.40 6.93 11.28 11.37 11.58 * Includes Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 2»iii STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Death Rates per 1,000 of Total Female Population, White and Colored . 18S0, 1890, and 1900 — Conc\ude(\. AOE Pbbiods. White 1880 1890 All Ages— Cou. 35 to 39 years, . 40 to 44 years, . 45 to 49 years, . 50 to 54 years, . 55 to 59 years, . 60 to 64 years, . 85 to H9 years, . 70 to 74 years, . 75 to 79 years, . 80 to 84 years, . 85 to 89 years, . 90 years' and ovt"r, Uuknown, . 10.85 10.33 11.84 13.11 19.23 •23.00 38. -23 .'iO.94 83.79 122. .57 196.31 268.69 11.02 12.01 13.85 15.99 22.33 28.37 41.40 57.86 87.27 134.08 215.30 298.55 21.75 1900 8-.6;i 10.29 12.09 17-12 23.81 30.67 46.23 68.. 58 104.22 1.51.16 228.. 51 3,51.76 16.25 COLOEKD * 1880 1890 10.35 14.16 9.26 6.85 18.87 8.23 40.27 4S.54 74.63 74.07 142.86 t 13.97 13.91 24.27 35.21 21.05 50.42 32.26 ,51.28 93.33 214.29 68.97 277.78 1900 11.02 17.22 28.37 20.35 28.30 12.31 .54,46 ,53.33 ,57,69 1.50,94 103.45 333.33 * Includes Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. t I'oinilation of this age period reported as five, deatlis eight. For the yoiirs 1890 and liJOO, the death rates per thousand for those under one year are based upon the number of births foi- those years. For 1880, they are necessaril}^ based upon tlie population of the same age, births not being presented separately by color for that Census. It will be noted that in each year the death rates for males under one year of ao-e were i^reater amono^ the colored than the whites. This is generally true for all the age periods as well for females as for males. In some instances the death rates for colored females exceed those for colored males. The death rates for all })ersons and all colors and races were, in 1880, 18.o!> per thousand; in 1890, 20.15 per thousand; and in 1900, 17.74 })er thousand. Comparing these figures with those shown in the tables for males and females, white and colored, we note that the rate for white females only is lower than the general av'crage in each year. For the 37 cities and towns, containing 84.23 per cent of the negro population in 1900, and for which the number of births and marriages has already been given, we present the corre- sponding figures for deaths. The first table gives the totals for each city and town. No. 15.] THE XK(ai() IX MASSACHUSETTS. ■2i\: Deaths of Negroes : 1 900-1 902. 1»00 lOOl 1002 Cities and Towns. 1 ( Males Fe- Both IVItilcs Ke- Both Males Fe- Both males Sexes malcs Sexes males Sexes Amherst, .... 2 2 4 3 4 7 1 5 6 Attleboroimli, . 1 2 3 - - - - 3 3 Boston, ■; . . . *209 tl57 366 181 147 328 180 157 337 Brockton, 1 1 2 5 5 10 1 1 2 Brookliue, .... - 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 Cambridue, . 51 73 124 55 58 113 42 ,'-)4 96 Chelsea, .... 5 3 8 7 4 11 .') 5 10 Everett, .... 7 7 14 9 7 16 10 12 22 Fall Rivek, . 3 5 8 3 2 5 4 2 6 Great Barriniitoii, . - 3 3 2 •> 4 - 3 3 ■ Haverhill, . 6 3 9 1 4 5 t« 5 11 Hyde Park, - - - - 1 1 - 1 - Lawrence, 6 1 1 - - - O 4 6 Lee, I 2 3 1 1 2 .3 - 3 I^enox, . . . . - - - - - - - - - Lowell 2 - '2 1 - 1 1 2 3 Lynn, . . . . 2 9 11 11 7 18 9 15 24 Malden, . . . . 6 1 7 5 6 11 4 5 9 ]>[EDF0K1), - 3 3 4 - 4 - 4 4 Melrose _ 1 1 2 3 5 - 1 1 New Bedford, 24 24 48 29 32 61 21 27 48 Newburypokt, 4 1 5 4 1 5 3 2 5 Newton, . . . . 5 O i •2 i 9 5 6 11 North Adams, 1 •> i 3 i - 1 1 - 1 Northampton, 1 3 i> 5 3 - 3 1 1 .) PITTSFIELD, . 11 4 15 3 . i> 8 i 4 11 Plymouth, . . . . 1 1 2 - 1 1 - - - Salem 2 2 4 - 2 2 1 2 3 Somerville, . - - - 1 2 3 6 5 11 Springfield, . 10 11 21 11 15 26 21 12 33 Stockbridge, - 4 4 1 - 1 - - - Taunton, . . . . _ 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 Wareham _ _ - 3 - 3 4 2 6 AVilliamstown, . 1 • 1 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 Winchester, 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 - 1 WOBURN, . . . . 6 4 10 3 .3 6 3 2 5 Worcester, . IG 20 3fi 11 S 19 13 6 19 Totals, 389 .355 744 366 333 699 357 350 707 * Includes 30 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 mixed. t Includes 1 Chinese, 1 mulatto, 1 mixed. \ Includes 2 nuilattoes. It will be observed that the aggregate number of deaths for 1900 in these cities and towns exceeds the number as shown by the Census which covered all the cities and towns of the Com- monwealth, but this is accounted for by the fact that the Census year ended in June, while in the case of the city and town records the calendar year ending in December was taken. There were 744 deaths in 1900, (599 in 1901, and 707 in 1902, the largest number in each instance occurring in Boston. The next table of this series shows the total number of deaths in these cities and towns by age periods. '2{\S STATrSTT(\>=; OF LABOR. Dtaths of Negroes: 1900-1902. [Pub. Doc. 1900 1 1901 laoa Agk Periods. 3VIales Fe- Both ]yiales Fe- Both jVIaies Fe- Both males Sexes males Sexes males .Sexes Under 1 vear, . 84 79 163 79 79 158 83 64 147 1 to 4 vears, . 49 46 95 fy.^ 41 94 50 51 101 5 to y vears, . 8 9 17 10 16 10 14 24 10 to 14 vears, . S 10 IS 4 5 9 5 i 12 15 to in vears, . u 17 2S i 15 2-2 6 9 15 •JO to ->4 vears, . •i4 IS 42 ■21 •24 45 28 '24 52 •J5 to -Ji) vears, . '23 IS 41 22 ■20 42 26 21 47 ») to S4 vears, . ■21 22 43 18 13 31 19 26 45 35 to 3!! vears, . 2-2 16 38 '21 20 41 16 i>.) 3S 40 to 44 vears, . 27 19 46 19 10 29 16 17 33 45 to 4!) vears, . 20 16 36 20 12 32 15 19 34 .'iO to 54 vears, . 20 16 36 30 17 47 17 16 33 ."i5 to 5!t vears, . 21 9 30 15 6 21 18 •21 39 «;0 to 64 vears, . 20 10 30 19 22 41 10 8 18 65 to 69 vears, . 11 10 21 10 14 24 9 5 14 70 to 74 vears, . 5 17 2-2 11 8 19 6 5 11 75 to 79 vears, . 5 7 12 6 7 13 13 9 •).) ISO to S4 vears, . 6 5 11 3 2 5 5 3 8 S5 to S9 vears. ') i 9 1 3 4 o 5 7 90 to 94 vears. . 1 3 4 - 3 3 _ 1 1 95 vears and over, . *1 1 2 _ •-} 2 _ l|3 3 ITiikiiown, .... - - - 1 - 1 3 3 Totals, t 389 1355 744 366 333 699 §3.57 3.50 7U7 * 107 years. t Tneludes 30 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 mixed. X Includes 1 Chinese, 1 niiUatto, 1 mixed. § Includes i mulattoes. II 1 — 102 years, 11 months. In each year i\\o deaths were about one-half male and one- half female, the variations beini*; but fractional and sli<>:htlv in excess for the males. The lari>-est number of deaths for l)()th sexes is shown for those under five years of age. From the Census volumes for 1890 and 1900 we present a table showing the causes of death for the colored males and females. Causes of Death : 1S90, 1900. Causes of Death. 1890* Males Measles, Scarlet fever Diphtlieria and croup, . Whoopinjr coiiiih, .... Mal.irial lever, .... Inllucn/.a, Typhoid fever Diarrheal diseases, (^o)isamplion, Cancer and tumor, Heart disease and dropsy, . I'neunionia, . . . " . Oiseases of tlie liver. Diseases of the nervous syst.'ni, Dise.'ises of the urin.ary oi-frans, . Affections connccti'd with prcunam Olda^e, Still-born Unknown All other causes Totals, 3 14 82 4 32 37 1 27 10 3 79 325 Females 9 ■21 80 5 29 27 2 2.3 9 67 305 1900* Males Females 10 4 4 5 20 86 2 i^ 40 3 31 15 4 2 1V2 367 16 71 8 30 31 15 3 5 as * Includes Clunese, Japanese, and Indians. No. 15.] TIIK XKCJKO 1\ AI.VSS.VCIirsi^yiTS. 2(;9 Throat and lun<>- troubles seem to ailect the nci>Toes to a greater extent than other diseases. 'Phis point is brought out quite fully in the next table in which the colored persons are compared with white persons, both native and foreign born. Causes of Death : By Percentages. 1890,1000. Pbrckntages — 1890 Percentages— 190O Native Native White, Native Parents Native Causks of Death. Col- ored * Native Wliito, Native Parents Wliite, One or Both Par- ents Foreign For- eign White Col- ored* White, One or Until I'ar- ents Foreipn F<>ri,Mj,'n Wliite Measles, 0.21 0.35 0.09 0.29 0.36 1.31 0.18 Scarlet lever, O.Ki 0.46 0.75 0.08 - 0.74 1.55 0.12 Diphtheria and croui). 1.4:^ 4.. 53 8.95 1.^9 2.. 30 2.17 5.22 0.43 Whooping' couiili, 1.9U 0.68 1..56 0.12 1.15 0.60 1..57 0.08 INIalarial fever, . 0.64 0.28 0.16 0.28 - 0.17 0.12 0.15 Influenza, - _ _ - 0.86 3.00 0.87 2.69 Tvphoid lever, . 1.90 1.40 1.40 3.17 1.73 1.22 0.90 1.83 Diarrheal diseases, . .5.56 6.33 14.63 3.72 5.18 6.18 14.90 2.59 Consunijition, 25.71 9.95 12.47 19.25 22.59 6.82 11.03 14.45 Cancer and tumor. 1.43 4.74 0.03 4.55 1.44 4.84 1.09 6.37 Heart disease and dropsv. 9.68 9.44 2.83 10.80 8.34 10.40 3.70 12.11 Pneumonia, . 10. 16 8.25 7.32 11..52 11.37 9.66 10.87 11.48 Diseases of the liver, . 0.48 1.(12 0.47 1.65 0.43 1.04 0..52 1..52 Diseases of the ner- vous svstem, . 7.94 14.62 10.07 9.95 9.35 14.76 10.25 11.91 Diseases of the uri- nary organs. 3.02 3.94 1.31 4.30 4.32 5.78 2.44 6.02 Affections connected with pregnancv, . 0.51 0.47 1.13 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.94 Old age, . ■. 1.43 3.74 0.13 4.43 1.29 4.73 0.19 4.62 Still-born, 4.60 4.32 8.25 - - - - - Unknown, . 0.79 1.25 1.09 1.20 0..58 0.83 0.63 0..59 All other causes, 23.17 24.33 27.16 22.37 28.35 26.27 32.4.3 21.92 Totals, 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OO 100.00 * Includes Chinese, .Japanese, and Indians. In 1900, among the causes of death specitied, it is seen that the largest percentage against any single cause, 22.59, is for colored persons dying from consumption. Xo other nation- ality as given approaches this figure by over eight per cent, the next largest percentage (14.45) being found among foreign white. Of the deaths among native white persons having one or both parents foreign born, 14.00 per cent were caused by diarrheal diseases, and 14.70 per cent of the deaths of native white persons of native parents were caused l)y " diseases of the nervous system." We append, as a matter of record, the causes and number of deaths in 37 cities and towns for 1902 for negroes exclusively. L>7() STATISTTCJ^ OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Causes of Death in 37 Cities and Tokens. Causes of Death. 1902 Males Females Both Sexes 5 13 - 3 8 19 5 9 3 8 8 19 14 15 6 14 55 1-23 3 11 5 1 • 'J 1 4 10 19 6 8 •27 66 1-2 •29 1 4 o 4 .) 6 ^ 4 9 15 1 1 11 •20 7 13 10 12 13 •20 4!) 98 8 16 - o •) 11 _ 3 6 8 5 19 4 51 69 Awident, Alcoholism, .... Apoplexy HIoihI iioisdiiinjf, Hrighl's disi'iise, Brouchitis Cancer, ..... Cholera iut'antuin, Cousiimptioii Convulsions Oebilitj-, ..... Diarrhea Diphtheria, Diseases of the bowels, . Diseases of the brain, Diseases of the heart. Diseases of the kidneys, . Diseases of .the liver, Diseases of the spine. Diseases of the stomach, . Homicide, Marasmus, Measles Meningitis, Old age Paralysis, Peritonitis, Pneumonia, .... Premature t)irth. Smallpox, Still-born, Suicide, Typlioid fever Varioloid Whooping cough, Unknown or illdclineil causes. Totals, .... 8 3 11 4 5 11 1 8 68 8 5 3 3 9 o 39 17 3 2 4 4 (i 9 6 49 ,5 9 3 2 14 1 18 7117 The causes of death In the al>()ve tabk^ are presented somewhat more in detail than those of the Census, but, as in the j)re\ ious ta])les, it is seen that consumption and pneumonia arc the ))rincipal causes, and that throat and luno- troubles are ])rimarily responsiWe for tlie death of both males and females. Education. Under a nearly jx^rfect s^'stem of instruction in Massachu- setts, education is pro\ idcd lor all children upon an eijual footinji;, no distinction in i'c<>ai'd to races or creeds beini>- made and no separate schools for negroes being maintained. Of the total p()i)ulati()n of school age in litOO, 382,236 were males and 31)4, 87 1 females. Of the males, 3,702, or 0.97 per cent, were negroes, and of the females, 4,294, or l.Oi) ]iercent, were nciifroes. Of the total number attendino; school in ISIK), 99.09 j)er cent were white, 0.88 per cent were negro, and 0,03 No. I.-).] TIIH NK(;K() in MASSAClil'SK'lTS. 271 per cent were Chinese, fFapanese, and Indians. In 11)00, 91). 0() per cent were white, O.lH per eent were negro, und 0.03 per eent were Cliinese, ,Iapanesc, and Indians. Of the aji'greo-ate nunil)er of colored children attendinii; school in 1S80, 48.28 per cent were males and ")1.72 })er cent, females. In 1890, of the total nuniher of negroes attending school, 17.0(! per cent were males and r)2. 94 per cent, females, and in 1900, 47.84 per cent were males and r)2.(!() j)er ceiil, females. The following table shows school attendance by sex for the years 18:)0, ISr.O, 1S70, 1S90, and 1900 for both white and negro : School Attendance. School Population Percentages OF Increase Attkndance as Compared with 1M5U in — YKAiiS AND Sex. Wliite Negro ♦ White Negro School Attendance Population 1 White Negro White 1 Negro 1850,* Males, . 11-2,210 726 484,093 4,424 - - - - Females, 108,571 713 501,357 4,640 - - - - 1860,* Males, . T25,294 800 592,231 4,469 11.66 10.19 22.34 1.02 Females, . 122,384 815 629,201 5,133 12.72 14.31 25.50 lo.6:i 1870, Males, . 143,779 941 696,925 6,702 28.13 29.61 43.97 .51.49 Females, 141,755 907 746,231 7,245 30.. 56 27.21 48.84 56.14 18!(0, Males, . Females, 187,663 1,571 1,075,611 10,879 67.24 116.39 122.19 145.91 187,314 1,767 1,139,762 11,265 72.. 53 147.83 127.34 142.78 ISIOO, Males, . 230,440 2,015 1,348,578 15,591 105.36 177.. 55 178.58 2.52.42 Females, . 233,475 2,241 1,421,186 16,383 115.04 214.31 183.47 2,53.08 * The flg-ures for 18.50 and 1860 inchule Chinese, .Tapanese, and Indians; those for ls70, 1890, and 19(HI are for nejtroes only. The figures for school attendance for l.S.")0 and isr.O itulude Chinese, Japanese, and Indians, but those for the other years are for negroes only. The Chinese, Japanese, and Indians which were separately reported for IS 70 formed but 1.2 i)er cent of tlu^ total colored school attendance for that 3'ear, the number being but 28 out of a total of 1,.S71, so that for all practical purposes it may be considered that the figures t'ov the two earlier years are for negroes also. Confining our remarks to the year 1900, we find from the preceding table that the male population of negroes was 15,591, the number having increased 252.42 i)er cent since 1850. The school attendance of negro males in ll'OO was 2,015, an increase of 177.55 per cent as compared with 1.S50. For females, the negro population shows an increase of 258.08 272 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc, per cent since 1850 and school attendance an increase of 214.31 per cent. For each year as shown in the table, except 1870, (ho percentage of increase in the school attendance of neoroes is greater for females than for males. Below is given by age periods the number of negroes of ])otli sexes attending school for the years 1890 and IHOO Avith per- eentaijes. Agk Periods. All A 6 Months or less Montlis .Vloiitlis or ni.ire or less Months Months or more All I'eusons, 204 79 91 2,964 3,338 6.11 2.37 2.73 88.79 .Males, . Oil 37 43 1,392 1,571 6.30 2.35 2.74 88.61 Females, 105 42 48 1,.572 1,767 5.94 2.38 2.72 88.96 Untlrr 10 i/fitrs, 05 46 38 1,0.58 1,237 7.68 3.72 3.07 85.. 53 Males, . 44 19 17 .503 ,583 7.55 3.26 2.91 86.28 Kemales, 51 27 21 5.55 6.54 7.80 4.13 3.21 84.86 70 to 14 years. 78 14 ^\ 1,441 1,576 4.95 0.89 2.73 91.43 Males, . 34 3 .>.) 68;^ 742 4.. 58 0.40 2.97 92.05 Females, 44 11 21 758 834 5.27 1.32 2.. 52 iier cent from four to five months, and S.S.79 per cent, six months or more. For the age pei'iod No. 15.] TIIK NEGRO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 278 10 to 14 years, 91.43 per cent attended school six nioiilhs or more, while for the higher age period, 1.") years and over, 88.57 per cent attended school for a shnilar length of time. A table for 1900 follows. School Attendance of Negroes : 1900. Number of Negroes Attending rEUCEXTAQKS Age Pkriods School AND Skx. I Month 2 to 3 4 to 5 6 Months 1 Month a to 3 4to.'S 6 Months or less Months Months or more or less Months Months or more ALL Persons, 14 5'2 60 4,130 4,256 0.33 1.22 1.41 97. (H Males, . 3 29 27 1,956 2,015 0.15 1.44 1.34 97.07 Females, 11 23 33 2,174 2,241 0.49 1.03 1.47 97.01 Under 10 years, 7 27 29 1,500 1,563 0.45 1.73 1.85 95.97 Males, . •2 12 14 723 751 0.27 1.60 1.86 S)6.27 Females, 6 15 15 1 1 i 812 0.61 1.85 1.85 95.69 1 to 14 years, 5 15 20 1,!)26 1,966 0.25 0.76 1.02 97.97 Males, . 1 11 7 905 ^24 0.11 1.19 0.76 97.94 Females, 4 4 13 1,021 1,042 0.38 0.38 1.25 97.99 7.-> i/ear.i and urer, . o 10 11 704 727 0.27 1.38 1.51 96.84 Males, . _ 6 6 328 340 - 1.77 1.77 9,917 4,5,8:i'5 5.28 385,,5M 0.;VJ lli;i,37!l 2,42:{ 1.25 297,974 41,l;i7 1:5.81 9,281 1,501 1(1.17 943,095 05,009 0.90 409,392 1,955 0.48 205,134 3,070 1..50 328,5(>9 00,.578 18.44 1S,255 2,607 14.28 1,820,012 111,442 0. 12 794,9,50 4,228 0..53 398,513 5,499 1.38 G20,,543 101,715 10.23 1900 Males Females Both Sexes 13,018 1,207 9.27 1,081,343 57,353 5.30 411,8.54 2,200 0..54 277,002 3,107 1.12 392,427 ,52,040 13.20 13,.5.55 1,040 12.14 1,1.55,084 72,908 0.31 4.35,4.57 1,70(; 0.39 295,840 3,720 1.20 424,381 07,542 15.92 26,573 2,853 10.74 2,237,027 130,321 5.83 847,311 3,912 0.46 572,908 0,827 1.19 810,808 119,.582 14.64 Considering the line for negroes, it is seen that illiterate males and females for 1900 constitute 9.27 and 12.14 per cent, respectively, of all the negro males and females 10 years of age and ()\ci' ill ihat year. The ])roportion of illiterate females is larger tliuii that of llic males in both 1890 and 1900, and the same fact is noted for each clement of the population with the No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MA88A(TiUSETTS. 275 exception of the native white of imtive p!irentiiij:e for which the [xTceiitairc of illiterate males is sliiihtly in excess. The next table exhibits the nimiber ol' illitenite negroes by age periods and sex for 1870, 1880, 18!)0, and lOOO. lllittraci/: B;i A STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. The largest miiulx'r of illik'ratcs of both sexes, 284, or 56.01 per cent, is found in the classes Domestic and Personal Ser- vice, Among the females in these two classes is found 34.23 and 51.15 per cent of th(> illiteracy, respectively, while the classes shoM'ino- the lariiest percentaiie of illiteracy among the males are Laborers, 33.61 i)er cent, and Transportation, 14.08 per cent. Oioiers/iip of Farms ami Homes. The value of property owned b}^ individual negroes cannot be ascertained with an}^ degree of accuracy, owing to the fact that in Massachusetts the assessors are not required to make distinction as to color or race. The only information obtain- able is from the Censuses of 1890 and 1900, and is shown in the following table : Ownership of Farms (dkI Homes. Classification. Totiil negro i)oiuil;itiou Negroes owning farms or homes, . Free, Encumbered, Unknown, Total white i)opulation, Whites owning farms or homes, . Free, . Encumljered, Unknown Total Inilian iiopulation, Uidians owning farms or liomes, . Free, . Eneumberert, Total Chinese anil Japanese population, . (Jliinese and .lajianese owning farms or homes, Free Encumbered, Aggregate, all races and colors, . Aggregate owning farms or homes. Free, Encumbered Unknown, 1890 Xiimber •22,144 84« 479 369 ■2,-215,3-3 174,133 10SV271 424 65 53 12 1,002 1 (i 2,238,943 175,053 108,804 66,249 Percent- ages 3.83 56.49 43.51 7.86 62.18 37.82 15.09 81.54 18.46 0.70 14.29 85.71 7.82 6-2.15 37.85 1900 Number 31,974 1,094 468 602 24 2,769,764 204,936 108,224 92,877 3,8;?o 587 86 65 21 3,021 11 9 2 2,805,346 206,127 108,766 93,502 3,859 Perreiit- aL'os 3.42 42.78 55.03 2.19 7.40 .52.81 45.32 1.87 14.65 75.. 5S 24.42 0.36 81.82 18.18 7.35 .52.77 45.36 1.87 In 1890, 848 negroes, or 3.83 per cent of the total negro pojnilation of the State, owned farms or homes; 479, or 5(5.49 ])er eeiit, of these farms or homes were owned free, and 369, or 43.51 ])ei' cent, were eneiimbered. In 1900, 1,094 negroes, or 3.42 per cent oi' the total negro })()j)ulation of the State, owned their farms or homes ; 468, or 42.78 })er cent of these homes were owned free, 602, or 55.03 per cent, were encum- No. 15.] THE NKGKI) IX MASSAClirSKTTS. 'Zi i bered, and for 24, or 2.19 per cent, the fliet of absolute owner- ship AV'as not definitely determined. Il nuiy })r()Vt' of" interest to make comi)aris()n with the other raees, and tlic fiiiiires are therefore given in the tahh' lor whites, Chinese and rlai)anes(', and Indians. In the next table, we show the facts of negro ownership and tenanc}^ for 1 Church extension. $2.00 Collected for support of Sundav Current expenses. $3,484.35 schools, $.5SS.45 Charitable purposes, . $311.04 ^ For mission fund. $16. 00 Loans and donations, . $30.00 Educational fund, . $.30.00 Mite missionary boxes. $5.00 Sunday .school union. $3.00 Minute money $14.00 Church extension, . $2.. 50 Sunday school union, . $10.09 Total collected by Sundav P. H. and F. mission fund. $29.00 scliools, $397.88 Easter day, $68.45 Value of Sunday school prop Endowment da V, . . . . $22.40 ert\- $1,380.00 I'ayne Theological .School, . $26.00 IndelHedness .$97.41 Otlier educational monev, . $75.00 Balance in Sunday school treas- Contingent money. $111.57 ury, $43.78 Allen Day $24.29 Number of missionary societies, 6 Episcopal residence, . $18.80 Auxiliary societies, 19 Pastors' salaries, . . . . $5,288.29 Senior C. E. societies, . 6 Presiding elder's support, . $454.41 Junior C. E. societies, . 5 Repairs or purchases of church Reviews taken 19 property, $3,442.13 Recorders taken, . . . . 47 T^alance, .Steward's treasury. $1.75 Southern Recorders, . 9 Balance, Trustee's treasury. $79.85 Voice of Missions, :w The next table, relating to the Zion churches, is taken from the minutes of the Fifty-ninth Annual Session of the New England Conference of the A. M. E. Zion Church, held at Bridgeport, Conn., May G-11, 1903, and includes churches in Boston, Cam- bridge, Great Barrington, Worcester, Clinton, Leomin.ster, New Bedford, Maiden, Attleborough, and Northampton. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church — Massachusetts. 1903. Classification. Number of churches, . Probable value, . . . . Number of parsonages. Probable value, . . . . Value of other church property. Paid on mortgage, Paid on floating indebtedness, . Paid for repairs, . . . . Current expenses. Amount in treasury for building and repairing, . . . . Pastors' salaries, . . . . Presiding elder's salary, Amount raised on general fund, Special assessment, Number and Amounts 6 $43,000.00 1 $2,000.00 $8,254.00 $1,56.10 S920.40 $208.00 $3,355.30 $2,311.00 $3,690.. 53 $299.70 $345.10 $165.00 Classification. Children's day, Ea,ster day Women's day. For the poor For charitalile i)urposes, For support of annual confer ence For other purposes. Total amount raised for all pur DO'^PB . • • • Balance in treasury for current expenses, .... Whole number of members, Incre.a.se over 1902, Number of conversions. Number and Amounts $94.51 $40.15 $1.(H) $161.72 $114.87 $18.0(> $1,50.00 $10,405.79 $257.08 698 105 280 STxVTISTlCS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church — Massachusetts. 1903 — Concladed. Number Number Classification. and Classification. and Amounts Amounts Received on probation, 00 Amount raised for mission I'robatioiHTS taken in lull con- schools, $,s.oo lU'ction ffi Number of V. V.. K. societies, . 5 Keceiveil l)v eerlilicale, XJ Active members 246 I.ocal preat'liers and exliorters, !» Associate memljers. 32 Local ( ;eacons ami elders, . 1 Honorary members. 5 In liaptised cliildren's classes, . 111 Active and honorary members Number ol v>rol)ationers, . 35 not members of church, . 27 Dismissed bv certilicate, . .') Number of junior societies. O Number witlidrawii, . 1 Members, 75 Nnml)er of deaths, 17 Whole numlier in senior and Children baptised. '29 .lunior, 301 Adults baptised, .... 6 Increase over 1902, 41 Number of Sunday schools, 7 Amount raised bv senior and olHcers, . SO junior societies, .... $86.22 scholars. 553 For missions, .... $14.. 50 Number in Sundaj- schools. 626 Sent treasurer of union. $12.00 Increase over 190-2, »1 Numlier of W. II. and F. M. so- onicers and teachers who are cieties, 1 church members, 89 Number of active members. 5 Number of the school converted. 24 Amount raised, .... $24.. 50 Sermons pi-eached bv pastor to Amount sent vice-president, $10.00 S. S. children, .... 23 Amount sent mission board. $12.00 Times catechised bv pastor. 42 Subscribers to Star of Zion, 9 Books in library, .... 710 Subscribers to Quarterly Review, 7 Lesson helps from publishing Subscribers to Varick Endeav- house, 647 orer, Subscribers to Zion Trumpet, . 7 Amount raised for S. S. purposes, $.■535.32 3 The next table relates to the Baptist churches for negroes, the inforiiuition being taken from the Baptist Year Book for 1902. The followino- arc the names of the churches and the date of organization : St. Paul, Boston, LSOo : Twelftli, Boston, 1845 ; Third, Springfield, 1872; Ebenezer, Boston, 1S..')7 l'nlili<'alion society, $10.-.>5 Mass. Haptisi. foiiNi'iilioii, . 3{;.r.() Home missionary society, . •21.. {5 Aged iiiiuisUM-s, .... 2.00 Woman's liomi' niibsion society, a.'26 t-uarita))lo socictv, 3.,')0 Missionary union, 5.50 H. S. benevok'iict', .... 7f<.I0 \\ oniau's loreij?n mission so- Yoinisi rcoiile's socii'tv, 57.17 ciety, 2.25 PMiu-ational socii-tv, . •2.50 Otiier ol)jccts 87.00 Newton Tlieolo.nical Inst., . 4.50 Among other independent ehiirehes, not reported in the Baptist Year Book, are the followinringfield, (i5 32 28 125 Rented (hall) Rented (hall) $2,.500 *$7,200 Iiulelitrd- ness * $2,200 for parsonage. St. Augustine's Church, Boston, has opened Avithin the last four years two missions in the poorest sections of the South End, called St. Martin's House and St. Martin's ^Mission, for religious and educational work. They have several classes in industrial work, such as basket making, rug making, physical culture, sloyd work, etc. These classes meet evenings during the week and have been Avell attended, showing that the colored people are interested in the work. Certain evenings during the winter are set aside for socials, lectures, and concerts. The classes are open to colored men, women, and children, and are free of expense to them. 282 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. St. AiiiiiLstino's Children's Farm was established July 10, lUOO, at Foxborouii'h, on the old Plartzell estate and covers about 180 acres of land. It was founded as a home for i)oor and neglected colored girls, also as a home for convalescents. The children are sent to the i)ublic school and receive training in housework at the farm. At the age of 14 or 15 years, they are given employment in ditferent fanulies and receive wages from $1 to $3 per week according to their ability. The house will acconunodate 12 in winter and 40 in sunmier, and is supported entirely by contril)utions. The following information has been supplied in regard to social and beneficiary organizations : Odd FeUowK. The first lodo-e was orjj-anized in the State in 1846 and called the Ba^^ State. There are iiow 11) lodges with a total membership of 720. It is both a social and beneficial order with a sick and death benefit. Each lodije determines its own sick and death benefit, according to size and wealth. Household of Unth. An auxiliary order of the Odd Fellows for the wives of the meml)ers ; or^^anized about LSIiT. There are 12 lodges in Massachusetts with (i")0 members. The dues are 25 cents a month and death benefit of $50. Sick benefit of $4 a week for the first six weeks and |3 a week for the next six Aveeks. Fenude Benevolent Firm. This society was founded in 1850, and is a beneficial organization, composed of 28 members. Benefits derived are, in case of sickness, $3 a week for five weeks and after that $2 a week for five weeks more; death benefit $25. Admission fee is $(S ; dues, 25 cents a month. Persons are eligible between the ages of 18 and 55 years. United Damjlders of Zion. This society was organized Nov. (i, 1845, and is the oldest organization of its kind among the colored people in Massachusetts. Its object is to encourage friendship, promote thrift, and provide for its members in case of sickness and death. Has about 35 members. Any person is eligible between the ages of IS and 50 years. The sick benefits are $3 a week for five weeks and $1.50 a week for five weeks thereafter. If, at the expiration of that time, the mem- ber is still in straitened circumstjinces, a sum is voted by the members. Death benefit is $25 ; dues are 25 cents a month. No. If).] TIIK XK(rR() IN MASSACHUSICTTS. ^S'^ Ijtdejjendenf Order of Sf. Luke. Fir.st lodiic in Massa- chusetts organized in IHOO ; j)urely a benevolent and social order. Three lodges in this State with 2()() members. Dues are 25 cents a month. Sick benetils of $4 a week for six- weeks, $3 for the next six weeks ; death benefit of $50, jSfational Grand United, Order of lirolJiius (iiid jSisters <>/ Love and Oharifi/. This is a beneficial and social ortU'r. The first lodge started May, 1(S()3, and there are now IHiO members. Both a death and sick benefit, d(>ath benefit of $100, sick benefit of $") for six consecutive weeks. Dues are 25 cents a month. Maso)is. The first lodge of colored Masons established in this country received its charter in Boston, started with 15 members, Sept. 1784, and was called the African Lodge. There are now 13 lodges in Massachusetts with a membership of 571. The Masons are mainly a social order, and the benefits are determined by the different lodges. T/te Womans Era Clah. Founded in Boston in 1892 by Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin who held the office of presi- dent for 10 consecutive years. Mrs. Xellie Gray was the first recording secretary and Mrs. F. Y. Ridley the first correspond- ing secretary. The object of the club is stated in its constitu- tion — Its object shall be the furtherance of the interests of the race generally and our women particularly ; not only through the collecting of facts which shall show our true position to the world ))V endeavoring to create sentiment against the proscrip- tion under which we suffer, and by co-operating to aid in our general advancement, but also to awaken in our women an active interest in the events of the day, and giving to them througli such an organization an opportunity of hearing and participating in the discussion of current topics. — The club meets twice a month, the first meeting is given up to business, the second meeting is literary and social. Lecturers on the vital ([uestions of the day speak for the members at their meet- in(TS. Joined ]Massachusetts State Federation of Women's Clubs in 1.S94 and the General Federation of Women's Clubs in 1900. The club has 60 members, many of whom are actively engaged in philanthropic and educational work aside from their club life. At the election in June, 1903, Mrs. 284 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. II. C. Smith was elected president, Mrs. J. St. Pierre Ruffin, honorary president, Mrs. M. C. Simpson, recording secretary, Mrs. K. T. Moore, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. E. M. Cotten, treasurer. T//P Eufh Circle of Iiinf/s Daur/hters and Sons. Founded in l.Sit;] by Mrs. Lydia Oales of Philadelphia and Mrs. A. liatchelor. Its object is to develop spiritual life, and to stinmlatc christian activities. It has over one hundred mem- bers, Mrs, Charlotte K. France being the present president. The Lend a Hand (Jlrde of Kings Dangliters and Sons. Organized in 17, and reorganized and chartered in 1902. The l)urpose of the association is j'or the mutual benefit of all, educationally, industrially, and morally. The old and sick who are in need are liel})ed ; worthy students who are strug- alino; for an education are assisted : and southern school work is aided. Along these lines the association endeavors to be useful. Afternoon meetings of a religious and literary nature No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 285 are held every Sunday for the nionil and inteUectual elevation of the masses. Membership 40 ; a board of trustees of nine members ; also several honorary members. Church Expan^iiou Settlement Moveineut. This movement has been exploited principally in the press. Its expressed object was an attemi)t to solve the negro problem in the South by furnishing employment in the North for those who could be induced to emigrate. It was stated that 450 had been fur- nished with work between March and -July of 11»03, l)ut no authentic information regarding it could be obtained. Life Inmrance. In answer to the incjuiry "Is it true that negroes are not as a rule insured by insurance companies, under endowment or ordinary life policies, and that whenever they are insured it is only under most stringent conditions," the result of an investigation shows that there is no de,terniined discrimination of this kind and no reason why a colored man of o-ood habits and family history should not be insured as well as those of any other race or nationality. Generally speaking, however, insurance companies do not seek their patronage, since their lack of knowledge concerning their fiimilj^ histories and the liability of the race to pulmonary trouble makes them undesirable risks. Nevertheless, there are many negroes that have been insured by the regular companies. Trades Unions. There appears to he no discrimination shown by the trades unions in regard to meml)ership of the negro. Many constitutions expressly forbid any distinction as to race, color, or creed. Application was made to trades unions in the States as to their attitude, and the generally expressed opinion was that no discrimination was made. Trained Parses. In the field of trained nursing there are not many negroes, either male or female. There are none in the City Hospital, and none connected with the Nurses Club. Several applications to the latter have been received, but after examination were rejected. At the New England Hospital for Women and Children it was stated that they have only had on their list for the last five or six years for educa- tion and service about 16 applicants ; have none now. At the Nurse's Registration and Directory the statement was made that several applications had hecn made, but have now only 286 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. two on their books who are Avell trained. At the other hos- pitals in the citj the general report was " Have had no colored nurses and no applications." Defective Social and Phy.'iical Conditions. The latest availa])le statistics covering the defective classes are those for the Census of 189'), the figures for the 1900 Census not being pul^lished at the present writing. During the month of September, 1908, however, an investigation of the institutions of the State was made, and the number of male and female negro inmates was found to have been as follows : Negro Occupants of Bisfitutiovs, September, 1903. Name of iNSTiiunoN. Males Females Both Sexes Boston Almshouse, Lony Isljiiid, Boston Insane Hospital, Brockton City Farm Camljridge Almshouse, City Almshouse, Lawrence, City Farm, Haverhill Daiivers Insane Hospital, Fall River Almshouse, Friend Society, Salem Home for Aged Colored Women, Boston, Home for Friendless Women and Children, Springtield, Hospital Cottages for Children, Baldwinville, House of Mercy Hospital, Pittsfleld House of Reformation, Boston, Lyman School for Boys, Westborough Lynn Almshouse, Mass. Home for Intemperate AVonien, Boston, Mass. Hospital for Epileiitics, Monson, .... Mass. Infant Asylum, Boston, Medliclcl Insane'Asyhim, Middii'scx County Truant School, No. Chelmsfurd, New I'.edfoid Alnishouse, . New I'>edforrist()l, and Plymouth Countv Truanl Si IkkiI, Walpolc. . . ." . . . " . Norllianipton Insane Asylum, Parent.'il Scliool, Boston Pealioitvllonie for Crii>pled Children Pittslield Almslionse, Phminicr Farm Scliool of Reform for I'.oys, S;ilciii, Poor Karni, Charlestown, ....... Salem .Aliiisliousc, Scliool lor F»H'l)lt'-Mindc(l (Baldwinville), School lor Keeble-Miiidi'd (Waltham), .... Spriii^rlicM ( 'ity Almshouse, State .A liMshouse, Tcwksbiiry, State Kanii, I'.rid^^ewater (insane) State Farm, IJridtrewatei' (paupers) State hidiistrial Scliool for Girls, Lancaster, Taunton .XInisliouse, Taunton Insane Hospital, Westboiounh Insane Asylum, Woi'cestcr (dunty Tni.'iiit School, Oakdale, . Wonx'stcr 1 nsa lie Asylum. Worccstci Insane Hosjiitai, Boys jilaced out from the Lyman School, Dependent and ncfrlected children boarded oul, . Minor wards lioarded out, J'au|)ers boarded out TOTAL.S, 3 7 10 1 5 6 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 - 1 4 3 i - 1 1 1 1 2 - IS 18 3 1 4 _ 2 2 1 - 1 6 - 6 k; - 16 1 _ 1 - 1 1 3 4 1! 9 9 11 11 22 4 - 4 2 .» 4 _ .> 2 - 3 3 1 _ 1 3 3 6 5 - ^ 1 - 1 I - 1 1 _ 1 _ 1 1 1 1 2 .') - 5 *,s ('> 14 - 1 1 IS l:i 37 •-'1 - 21 •> - >> _ I.^i 15 1 _ 1 12 ,~) 17 i; :^ 11 2 - 2 (i 12 8 .'■) 13 'JS - 28 31 24 .'55 lis 12S 246 • > - 2 {4(i 2ST ti33 Includes 3 liavin": .n white mother. No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIIUSEITS. 287 Separating the 633 persons into different defective classes uiul by conjugal condition, age periods, and place of" birth, we present the following table : Conjugal Condition, Ages, and Place of Birth of Defective Classes. Classification. Paupers Homeless Miuurs Epileptic Feelile- Miiulcd Insane Totals Both Sexes, .... 80 408 9 20 116 633 Males, 32 222 5 14 73 346 Females, . 48 186 4 (i 43 287 Conjugal condition: Males, 32 222 5 14 73 346 Single, . 13 222 4 14 54 307 Married, 9 - 1 - 16 26 Widowed, . 10 - - - 3 13 Females, . 48 186 4 6 43 287 Single, . 18 186 3 6 15 228 ISIarried, 5 - 1 - 18 24 Widowed, . 25 - - - 10 35 Ages: Males, 32 222 5 14 73 346 Under 20 years, . - 218 2 9 1 230 20 to 49 years. 11 4 2 5 .'iO 72 50 years and over. 21 - 1 - 22 44 Females, . 48 186 4 6 43 287 Under 20 years, . - 186 I 4 2 193 20 to 49 years, . 16 - 3 o 26 47 50 years and over. 32 - - - 15 47 Place of birth: Males, 32 222 5 14 73 346 Massachusetts, . 7 161 4 8 25 205 Soutliern States, 15 20 - 2 27 64 other United States, 6 35 1 4 14 60 Foreign countries. 4 6 - - 7 17 Females, . 48 186 4 6 43 287 Massachusetts, . 16 141 3 3 12 175 Southern States, 16 18 - 1 18 53 Other United States, 10 19 1 2 4 36 Foreign countries, . 6 8 9 23 Of the 346 males shown in the above table, 307 were single, 26 married, and 13 Avidowed ; 230 were under 20 years of age, 72, 20 to 49 years, and 44 were 50 years or over. There were 205 born in Massachusetts, 64 in the Southern States, 60 in other United States, and 17 in foreign countries. Of the 287 females, 228 were single, 24 married, and 35 widowed. As to ages, 193 were under 20 years of age, 47, 20 to 49 years, and 47 were 50 years and over. Considering the place of bu'th, 175 were born in Massachusetts, 53 in the Southern States, 36 in other states of the Union, and 23 in foreign countries. Of the 346 males, 32 were paupers, 222 homeless minors, five were epileptics, 14 feeble-minded, and 73 were insane. Of the 287 females, 48 were paupers, 186 homeless minors, four were epileptics, six feeble-minded, and 43 were msane. 288 STATISTK\S OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Ill this connection we reproduce from previous Censuses figures for negro paupers and homeless minors as follows : Classification. 1870 1880 1890 Paupers, lloiueless minors, 73 59 The above figures represent the number of paupers and home- less minors found in institutions in the years 1870, 1880, and 1890. Those shown in the table which follows for 1895 include not only inmates of institutions but those found boarding in private families, and are given by age periods for both negro and white : Paupers and Homeless Minors: 1895. — Paupers Homeless Minors Skx and Age Periods. Negro White Negro White Males. 87 5,542 103 3,166 Under 1 year _ _ 4 40 1 to 4 years, . - - 13 841 5 to 9 years, . _ - 27 929 10 to 14 years, . _ - 42 1,312 15 to 19 years, . _ _ 15 519 20 to 21 years, . _ - 2 17 21 to 29 years, . 21 621 _ 30 to 39 years, . 15 1,009 - _ 40 to 49 years, . 17 1,049 - - 50 to 59 years, . 8 934 _ _ 60 to 79 years, . 23 l,.i89 _ _ SO years and over. 3 324 - _ Age unknown, . - 16 - 8 Females. 79 5,343 61 2,094 Under 1 year, _ _ 2 52 1 to 4 years, . _ _ 8 280 5 to 9 years, . _ _ 8 671 10 to 14 years, . _ - 19 694 15 to 19 years, . - 18 355 20 to 21 years, . _ _ 3 34 21 to 29 years, . 12 .532 - - 30 to 39 years, . 17 8;i7 - - 40 to 49 years, . 17 1,037 - - 50 to 59 years, . 7 971 - - 60 to 79 years, . 18 1,,593 - - 80 years and over, 6 349 - - Age unknown, . ■> 24 3 8 Both Sexes 16(; 10,885 l 12 8 - 1 - m to 59 years, 4 •24 3 13 - 3 1 60 to 79 years, 1 26 4 14 - 4 - 80 years and oyer. - 5 - — ~ ~ ~ Age l^nkno^yn, - - - ~ ~ " Females. 23 73 6 35 «> 12 6 Under 1 year. - - - - - - - 1 to 4 Tears, - - - 1 — 1 2 5 to 9 years. - 1 1 2 — 10 to 14 years, v> 3 1 - 2 2 1 15 to 19 years, 2 4 - 1 1 1 20 to '29 years. 4 9 1 3 - 30 to 39 years, 4 14 1 6 — 2 ~ 40 to 49 years. 4 12 - 2 - 1 1 ~ 50 to 59 years. 3 14 - 5 ~ ~ 60 to 79 years, 3 16 2 S 1 2 1 1 1 80 years and over. 1 - - 2 ~ Age unknown, . " 290 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Defective Physical Conditions of Negroes : 1895— Continued. Sex and Age Periods. Acute Chronic Maimed Diseases Diseases ^^"^-^^ mL iP^'-'^'ytic Epileptic Both Sexes Umier 1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to y years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to r.) years, 20 to 2it years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 "years, 60 to 79 years, SO years and over, Age unknown. 'S. 38 172 27 87 4 23 - 1 3 : 2 — _ 1 4 1 6 1 1 .> {) 1 8 - 3 o i 1 2 1 1 9 18 5 9 1 1 (i 24 8 8 - 3 6 •24 2 10 - o 7 38 3 18 - 4 4 42 6 22 1 6 > 1 5 - o - 1 "" " ~ " " 1 18 Defective Physical Conditions of Negroes: 1895 — Concluded. 8kx and Agk Pekiods. Males. Under 1 year, . 1 to 4 years, . 5 to 9 years, . 10 to 14 years, . 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over. Age unknown, Females. Under 1 year, . 1 to 4 years, . 5 to 9 years, . 10 to 14 years, . 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over, Age unknown, Both Sexes Under 1 year, . 1 to 4 years, . 5 to 9 years, . 10 to 14 years, . 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 4{t to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over. Age unknown. Insane 45 13 6 13 4 9 43 (i 12 12 5 6 o 88 19 18 25 9 15 2 Idiotic Deaf Deaf and Dumb Blind 13 21 11 10 1 32 24 1 3 11 3 1 56 2 1 5 4 8 11 17 5 1 Other Defective Physical Conditions 10 1 1 1 All persons arc presented who were found in institutions and in private families sulicring from acute diseases without No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2!ll reirivrd to whether any or all of them were also lame, ixiralytic, blind, or otherwise atHicted ; or whether they were defective socialh/ (that is, prisoners, convicts, or homeless minors) as well as physically. A person with more than one (lefcctivc physical condition is considered in more than one column, and duplications necessarily occur for all i)ersons who were re- turned as having more than a single defect. Owing to these dui)licati()ns, the columns must be considered by themselves. While the aggregate of each represents correctl}" the number of persons afflicted with the particular defect to Avhich the column relates, the whole number of persons physically defec- tive in the State is, of course, materially less than the aggre- gate of the columns combined. Under the designation " lame" are included all persons who are crippled by natural deformities, by disease, or by accident, but who have not lost a limb or an organ, the persons thus excepted being included under the designation of " maimed." As indicating causes of poverty among certain races, we present a table of percentages based upon a tabulation of 7,225 specific cases reported to the Associated Charities of Boston and other cities.* The table is in three sections, the lines numbered one, two, and three totalizing to one hundred, and the subdivisions thereunder adding to the percentage line of each section. The first section indicates poverty caused by misconduct and has details of five causes which resulted in the poverty of the persons considered ; the second indicates misfortune, Avith three main causes, each being subdivided into direct causes which could be classified under each head ; and third, miscel- laneous, or causes which were of a nature not readily classifi- able under either misconduct or misfortune. * Warner's American Charities, pp. 47, 48. 292 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Causes of Poverty. Percentages Classitication. Ameri- can Negro German Irish English All Other Totals 1. I ndicatiug misconduct, . 37.35 13.76 16.67 30.43 38.01 18.64 35.11 Drink 15. IH 6.24 7.75 23.62 16.93 8.27 15.28 Immorality o.m 0.92 0.12 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.44 !S li i f 1 1 e s"s n e s s and ineffi- ciency, 9.19 5.69 7.39 5.78 7.12 7., 52 7.52 Crime and dishonesty, . 0.74 0.73 0.47 0.38 1.11 1.05 0.68 Roving disposition, 1.63 0.18 O.M 0.38 2.. 53 1.50 1.19 2. Indicating misfortune, 69.58 83.31 78.64 67.55 69.46 79.11 72.03 A. Lack of normal support, C.04 4.06 .5.17 7.04 0.33 S.12 6.32 Imprisonment of bread- winner, .... 0.67 0.37 0.12 1.20 1.27 0.60 0.76 Orphans and abandoned children, 0.37 0.37 - 0.38 0.63 0.30 0.35 Neglected by relatives, . 0.89 1.28 0.82 0..3S 1.27 1.96 0.91 Noniale support, . 4.11 2.94 4.23 5.08 3.16 5.26 4.. 30 B. Matters of employment, . Lack of emp oyment, . 33.40 27.1.^ 3S. 73 26.14 30. So 3 4.. 50 31.60 •24.57 17.43 28.40 18.88 24.68 25.87 23.17 Insufficient employ- ment, .... 6.64 8.62 7.51 6.38 4.75 5.11 6.52 Poorly paid employ- ment, .... 2.08 0.92 2.58 0.82 1.42 3.61 1.81 Unhealthy and danger- ous employment, C. Matters or personal in- 0.11 0.18 0.24 0.06 _ _ 0.10 capacity. 30.14 ,51.20 34.74 34.37 32.28 36.40 34.11 Ignorance of English, . - - 0.47 0.06 - 3.76 0.42 Accident 2.67 1.47 3..V2 3.11 2.69 3.46 2.86 Sickness or death in family, .... 20.31 39.63 22.65 19.80 22.94 21.66 22.27 Physical defects, . 3.41 5.51 4.70 3.49 1.74 4., 51 3.70 Insanity, .... 0.93 - 0.70 0.93 1.27 0.90 0.86 Old age 2.82 4.59 2.70 6.98 3.64 2.11 4.00 3. Miscellaneous 3.07 3.93 4.69 2.03 3.53 8.35 3.86 Large family, .... 0.52 0.,')5 1.17 0.87 0.79 0.75 0.73 Nature of aliode. 0.07 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.47 0.15 0.12 Other, or unknown. 2.48 2.20 3.40 1.09 1.27 1.35 2.01 Confining our analysis to the column devoted to negroes, we find that, all causes considered, 13.76 per cent of the poverty was due to misconduct, 83.31 per cent to misfortune in some guise, and 2.93 per cent to unclassified causes. Of those indi- cating misconduct, nearly one-half were caused by drink. Of those indicating misfortune, about six-tenths were the result of matters of personal incapacity, and of these the greatest cause was ascribed to sickness or death in the family. Cr'ime. As in the case of defective conditions, there are no later figures published than those contained in the Decennial Census of 1895. ^riic following table, drawn from previous Censuses, shows the number of prisoners for 1870, 1880, and 1890. No. 15.] THE NEGRO L\ MASSACHUSETTS. ■2%] Prisoners : 1870-1890. Color and Race. 1870 1880 I890 White, Colored, Negroes Chinese Indians, 2,387 *139 3,473 103 1(C2 1 5,057 170 161 1 8 * Includes all colors except white; races not given prior to 1870. The next table shows for 1895 the number of prisoners and convicts. By " prisoners " are meant those persons who are awaiting trial for an alleged oftence ; held as witnesses ; serv- ing time in lieu of fines, etc. By " convicts " are meant those })ersons who have been tried, convicted, and sentenced to im- prisonment for a specified term, or to sufier the death penalty. For purposes of comparison, the figures for both white and negro are ffiven. Prisoners and Convicts: 1895. Sex and Age Pkkiods. Prisoners Negro Males. 10 to 14 years, . 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over, . Age unknown, . Females. 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over, . Both Sexes. 10 to 14 years, . 15 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, . 50 to 59 years, . 60 to 79 years, . 80 years and over, . Age unknown, . 10 1(1 31 6 12 11 White 1,173 o 70 400 369 207 98 27 174 1 49 69 27 22 6 1,347 •) 71 449 438 234 120 33 Negro Convicts ■\Vliite 180 39 73 41 22 *5 23 3 9 8 3 203 42 82 49 25 5 5,018 16 544 1,924 1,288 754 364 126 1 1 820 60 303 238 136 55 27 1 5,838 16 604 2,227 1,526 8'. Ml 419 153 2 1 The total number of prisoners in 1895 was 1,878, of Avhom 31, or 2.25 per cent, were negroes, and of convicts, (i,041, of whom 203, or 3.36 per cent, were negroes. 294 STATISTKVS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc, 111 the following table we show the number of negroes, by SOX, committed * during the three years ending Sei)tember 30, 1900, 1901, and 1902. The first section of "the table shows negroes born in Massachusetts, the proper method of reading it being as follows : In 1900, there were 197 males conmiitted, of Avhom 130 Avere single and 67 married. Of the single negroes, 31 were under 20 years of age, 92 were 20 but under 50 3^ears, and seven were 50 years of age or over. Of the married, 63 were 20 but under 50 years of age, and four were 50 years or over. Of the single persons, 20 were committed for crimes against the person, 45 for crimes against property, and 65 for crimes against public order, etc. The largest num- ber of commitments in each case was for those 20 but under 50 years of age. Other lines and sections may be read in a similar manner. COMMITMENTS OF NEGROES : 1900-1902. Born in Maftsachusetfs. Single JlAERIED Aggregates Sex, Years, and Offenses. Under 20 years of age 20 but under .50 years 50 years and over Under 20 years of age [ 20 but under 50 years 30 years and over Single Mar- ried Males. 1900. 31 92 7 - 63 4 130 67 Against the person, . Against property, Against pul)lic order, etc., .S 21 7 17 24 51 7 : 11 19 33 1 3 20 45 65 12 19 36 190I. 35 100 1 2 69 7 136 78 Against tlie i)erson, Against i)r<)i)ert>-, Against pulilic order, etc., 6 11) 10 15 33 52 1 1 1 12 16 41 1 6 21 .52 63 13 17 48 1902. 28 81 9 - 70 9 118 79 Against tiie person, Against property, Against public order, etc., 1 20 12 26 43 9 ~ 18 15 37 2 13 46 59 20 15 44 Fkmalks. 1900. 1.5 20 - 4 27 '> 35 33 Against the person, . Against proi)erty, Against i)ul)]ic order, etc.. 3 12 2 f) 12 - 4 9 18 2 2 9 24 13 20 1901. 3 13 3 - 19 1 19 20 Against the person, Against iiroperty, Against piiljlic onler, etc.. 3 1 4 8 3 - 3 16 1 1 4 14 3 17 1902. 9 17 - - 24 2 26 26 Against the person, . Against property. Against public order, etc.. 4 5 1 16 - - 1 3 20 2 5 21 1 3 22 * The word commMcd does not mean sevfcjiced; the table is intended to show how many times commitments were made and does not necessarily mean cither prisoners or convicts, as explained on page 293 for 1895. No. 1.3.] THE M^CJKO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 205 Born in Other New England Staiea. Sex, Years, and Offenses. Males. 1900. Against the person, Against property, Against public order, etc., 1901. Against tlie person. Against proi)erty. Against public "order, etc., 1903. Against the person, Against property. Against public order, etc.. Females. 1900. Against the person, Against property. Against public order, etc., . 1901. Against the person. Against prov>erty. Against pulilic order, etc., . 1903. Against the person. Against proijerty, Against public order, etc., . Single Under „_ . ^ 50 20 I 20 but .ga„ years of, "'"If '•»0 ami age years 19 8 11 1 ].-) 1-2 •2 4 Married Under -»/» k » '* 20 ^f ""' voars years nf '""'''•'• -^O •and age ^cars „y,,p 17 4 ■21 •2 11 8 1.5 •2 ■.i 10 Aggregates Single 22 1 10 11 33 1 17 I.') 13 11 Mar- ried 18 4 7 7 22 2 U u 16 2 3 11 Born in Middle and Western States. Males. 1900. 9 36 2 1 28 3 47 32 Against the person, . Against property. Against public order, etc., . 2 3 4 10 13 13 1 1 1 4 5 19 1 2 13 16 18 6 6 21 1901. 3 .50 2 - 26 4 55 30 Against the person. Against property. Against public order, etc., . 1 2 14 29 2 : 6 6 14 4 t 15 33 6 6 18 1902. a 38 2 3 35 10 45 48 Against the person. Against iiroperty. Against public order, etc., . 1 -2 2 6 8 24 1 1 3 9 12 14 10 8 10 27 9 15 24 Females. 1900. - S - - 10 - 8 16 Against the person. Against property, Against public order, etc., . " 1 1 : : 2 6 8 _ 1 7 2 6 8 1901. 2 12 ' - - 9 - 14 9 Against the person. Against pro))erty. Against public order, etc., . 1 1 1 4 „ - 4 5 - 2 5 7 4 5 1908. 2 1 - - 8 - 9 8 Against the person, Against property, Against public order, etc., . 1 1 1 .5 1 - 1 1 7 - 2 6 1 1 7 •2d6 STATISTICS OF LABOK. [Pul.. Doc. Born 1)1 Sof(ther7i States. Single Married Aggregates Sex, Ykars, and Offknses. Under 20 years of age 20 hut under 50 years ."iO years "and over Under 20 years of age 20 but under 50 years SO years and over Single Mar- ried Males. 1900. 40 164 15 2 134 17 219 153 Against the person, Against property, Against public order, etc., . 5 •20 15 40 44 80 2 13 1 1 37 27 70 ■2 13 47 64 108 39 30 84 1901. 16 1.57 7 1 112 13 180 1'26 Against tlic person. Against property, Against public order, etc., . 3 8 5 38 48 71 t 1 34 •25 53 4 1 8 41 56 83 38 26 62 1902. •20 IDf) 11 1 1^24 10 2-26 135 Against the person, Against property. Against public order, etc., . fi 10 4 42 103 11 1 40 31 53 2 8 56 52 118 42 31 62 Females. 1900. 48 1 1 52 2 54 55 Against the person, Against property, Against public order, etc., . 1 2 2 3 18 27 1 1 1 10 35 2 5 20 29 7 11 37 1901. 8 49 - - 32 4 57 36 Against the person. Against property. Against public order, etc., . 3 3 4 16 29 - _ 5 •20 2 2 7 18 32 7 7 22 1902. 4 27 - - 31 - 31 31 Against the person. Against property. Against public order, etc., . 3 1 4 16 - - 1 10 •20 - 4 10 17 1 10 20 Born in Foreign Countries. MALES. 1900. 3 16 •27 1 19 28 Against the p*irs(in, Against pro iierty, Against public order, etc., . •> 1 6 4 6 _ - 9 9 9 1 6 6 7 9 9 10 1901. 3 S - 1 •20 1 11 22 Against the person. Against property, Against public order, etc., . 2 1 2 3 3 _ 1 6 6 8 1 2 5 4 6 7 9 1902. 3 11 - - •26 - 17 26 Against the person. Against property. Against public order, etc., . i i i; - _ 9 7 10 - 4 3 i 9 7 10 Females. 1900. - 3 - - 4 - 3 4 Against the jiorson, Against property. Against public order, etc., . '_ 3 - - 1 1 2 - 3 1 1 2 1901. 1 3 - - 8 1 4 9 Against the per.'son. Against proijerty, Against public order, etc., . 1 1 2 : „ o .3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 1002. 1 5 - - 4 - 6 4 Against the |)erHon, Against proi)erty. Against public order, etc., . 1 5 - - 4 - 1 5 4 No. 15. J THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 297 Recapitulatton. Single Markied Aggregates Sex, Years, and Ol'FKNSES. Under 20 years of age 20 hut unrtor.'iO years SO years and over Under 20 years of age 20 hut under 30 years .to years and over Single Mar- ried Males. 1000. 86 3-27 24 3 269 '26 437 298 Against t\w person, Against jiroporty. Against publii; "order, etc., 11 48 •27 73 93 161 3 21 1 65 67 137 4 2 20 87 141 '209 69 71 158 1901. 60 343 12 4 '248 '2(; 416 278 Agfiinst the person, Against jiroperty. Against public order, etc., 1) 3-2 1!) 63 113 167 12 2 2 60 64 124 5 1 20 72 145 198 65 67 146 1902. 51) 334 26 4 270 30 419 304 Against the person, . Against property, Against public order, etc.. S ;i4 17 75 79 180 1 25 3 1 78 68 124 4 '26 84 113 '222 82 71 151 Females. 1900. •20 80 1 5 108 4 101 117 Against the person, Against property, Against public order, etc.. 1 5 14 5 •25 50 1 5 10 29 69 4 7 30 64 10 34 73 1901. 15 82 3 - 73 6 100 79 Against the person, . Against property. Against public order, etc.. 4 4 7 7 '26 49 3 : 9 20 44 3 3 11 30 59 12 20 47 1902. 17 iJ9 1 - 70 2 77 72 Against the person, . Against property, Against public order, etc., 1 7 5 13 41 1 - 3 13 54 2 6 22 49 3 13 .56 In the three 3^ears considered, there were 2,(i97 comniit- iiients. Those of ncirroes born in Massachusetts nunibered 7(57, or 28.44 per cent, and those born in Southern States numbered 1,303, or 48.31 per cent of the aggregate number of commit- ments. In order to show whether environment or education has any appreciable efiect on the negro born in this State as compared with the negro born in the South under difterent social con- ditions, the following tal)le is presented showing negro persons committed for crimes of the same character during the year 1902 : Commitments for Specijied Crimes: 1902. Crime's. Adultery, . Assault, Assault and battery, . Breaking and entering, Negroes Born in ■ Massachusetts Southern States 3 5 25 12 13 20 59 19 Percentages Massachusetts 1.21 2.01 10.04 4.82 Southern States 3.07 4.73 13.95 4.49 298 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Commitments for Specified Crimes: 1902 — Concluded. Crimes. Nkcroes Bokn in- Massachusetts Common night-walker, Disorderly house, keeping Disturbing the peace, Drunkenness, Fornication, House ol' ill-fame, keeping Idle and disorderly, . Indecent exposure, . Larceny, .... Lewd cohabitation, . Ijcwdness, .... Liquor law, violating Lord's day, violating Manslaughter, . Murder, .... Rape, Robbery, .... Vagrancy and vagabondage, Other crimes. Totals, 6 3 11 74 11 4 5 2 .56 1 1 •_) 1 7 11 '24!» Southern States 10 13 1 101 11 5 8 77 3 1 10 6 4 2 *> 13 15 26 423 Percentages Massachusetts 2.41 1.21 4.42 29.72 4.42 1.60 2.01 O.SO 22.49 2.81 0.40 O.SO 0.40 0.80 0.40 2.81 4.42 100.00 Southern States 2.36 3.07 0.24 23.88 2.60 1.18 1.89 0.95 18.20 VI 0.24 2.36 1.42 0.95 0.47 0.47 3.07 3.55 6.15 100.00 In 11 out of 23 instances the percentages are higher for negroes born in the South than for those born in ^Massachusetts, although the difference in many cases is but fractional. The following table exhibits the occupations of all the negroes committed during the three years, 1900, 1901, and 1902: Occupations of Negroes Committed During the Three Yews Ending September 30. Occupations. 1900 1901 1903 Occupations. 1900 1901 1902 All Commitments. 953 872 872 All COMMITMENTS-Con. Males. 735 693 723 Males — Con. Actors, . . . . 2 8 3 Butlers, . . . . 4 6 _ Agents 2 - - Carpenters, 3 *> 4 Agents, real estate . - - 1 Carpet layers, . - 1 2 Artists 2 1 - Carriage washers, _ - 1 Athletes, . . . . - - 3 Carvers, 1 _ _ Axe makers. 1 _ - Caterers, . _ _ 3 Rakers _ 1 1 Calkers, 1 _ Barl)erfl, . . . . 29 23 26 Chimney sweeps. - 1 _ Bartenders, 1 1 - Cigar makers, . 2 _ - Beef cutters. _ _ 1 Clergymen, Cler is. _ _ 1 Bell hoys 3 2 3 5 13 5 Blacksmiths, 3 1 2 Clerks, drug 1 - _ Blacksmiths' heliiers. - 1 _ Clock makers, . _ 1 _ Boatmen, . . . . I{()(jkbin(iers, - - 1 Coachmen, . 4 6 1 1 - 1 Coal heavers. 1 2 5 Bookkeepers and waiters, Bootljlacks, - 1 _ Coal stagers, - _ 1 18 9 10 Collectors, . 2 — 1 Bottlers, . . . . 1 - _ Concreters, - 1 _ Box makers. i _ 2 Cooks, . 52 42 48 Brass llnishers, . 1 - - Cooks and waiters. 1 _ - Bricklayers, 1 1 1 Coopers, 1 - - Brickinakers, - - 1 Curriers, 2 - 1 Bronzers _ 1 _ , Dancers, 1 _ _ Butchers, . . . . - 5 9 1 Dentists, - 1 No. 1.^.] THE NECniO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 299 Occu2)ations of Negroes Committed During the Three Years Ending Se2)tember 30 — ConcliKk'd. Occupations. 1900 1901 1902 Occupations. 1900 1901 190% All Commitments-Cou. All COMMITMKNTS-C'on. Males — Con. yfah's — Con. Drovers, . . . . _ _ 1 Polishers, . . . . _ 1 _ Doiiiestk- servants, _ 2 - Porters, . . . . 24 17 10 Elc'<'trii'i;iiis, - 2 - Pressmen 1 - 1 Electroiilaters, . - 1 - Printers, . . . . 1 4 t Elevator lioys, . 4 1 1 Psychologists, . 1 - - Elevator men, . Eug-iiRsers, . - 3 - Pugilists - 1 - »> G 2 Quarrymen, 1 - - Engineers, railroad I - - Restaurant keepers, . 1 1 - Errand boys, - 1 - Hoofers, . . . . 1 - 2 Ex-clergymen, . - 1 - Rope makers. - - 1 Expressiiien, - 4 - Sailors 10 8 4 Farmers, 6 11 13 Salesmen, . . . . - - 1 Farm hands, - ■> G Scholars 1 2 2 Firemen, G 6 3 Servants, . . . . - 1 - Fishermen, - - 2 Shippers, . . . . 3 - - Florists, I - - Shipwrights, - - 1 Foremen, . .) 1 - Shoe cutters, 1 - - Furniture dealers. 1 _ _ Shoe makers. 4 2 8 Gardeners, . - - 4 Shoe stitchers, . - - 1 Gasfltters, . - - Singers, . . . . .> 3 .1 Harness makers. 1 _ - Slipper makers, 1 - - Hatters, _ _ 1 Steamboat hands. 1 - - Hostlers, :v:, IS 41 Steam drill operators, - - 1 Hostlers and sailors, 1 _ - Steamfitters, 2 1 - Hotel keepers, . - 5 - Stewards, . . . . 3 3 2 Housekeepers, . - - 1 Stokers, . . . . - - i Ice dealers, - 1 - Stone cutters. 1 - - Iron workers, . _ _ 1 Stone polishers. 1 " - Janitors, 07 \i 10 Store keepers, . - 1 - Jobbers, - - 1 Stove repairers, 1 - - Jockeys, 1 _ 1 Students, . . . . - 1 ~ Junk dealers, . .> 2 4 Tailors 1 - 2 Kalsomlners, _ _ 1 Tailors and barbers. - 1 Kitchen helpers, _ 1 1 Tanners, . . . . - - 1 Laborers, . •2:.8 223 248 Teamsters 32 5.1 46 Lasters, 2 1 .7 Tin platers. - 1 - Letter carriers, . 3 1 _ Tinsmiths - 3 - Linemen, . 1 _ _ Tool sharpeners, 1 - - Longshoremen, . _ _ 2 Traders - 1 - Machine opei-ators, _ - 1 Truckmen, . . . . - - 1 Machinists, 1 _ Upholsterers, 1 - - Managers, . _ -, 1 Veterinaries, assistant . - 1 - Managers of bowlin g all Waiters, . . . . 77 77 80 lies, . _ - Waiters and engineers, . - 1 - Manufacturers, . 1 _ _ AV'atchmen, - 1 - Marble workers. 1 _ _ Whitewashers, . 4 4 1 Masons, A I 1 Wood linisliers, . - 1 - INIasons, stone . 1 1 _ Wood turners, . 1 - - Masons' tenders, _ _ 1 Not given, . . . . 32 3,T 23 ]Meat cutters, _ I 1 Merchants, . - - 1 Females. 218 17St 119 Messengei's, — .') 2 Messengers, express - 1 Actresses, . . . . 2 - 1 Mill hands, - .> — Can%'assers, - - I Miners, 1 1 Chambermaids, . 1 1 - Molders, 1 _ 3 Cooks, 13 G 5 Molders, iron -. 1 Domestic servants, . S« 73 58 Musicians, . 1 '2 4 Dressmakers, 1 - 2 Newsboys, . _ 1 Housekeepers, . n 11 2 Newsdealers, _ _ 1 Housewives, 2") 14 12 Nickel platers, . 1 _ _ Housework, 3G 34 36 Nurses, _ 1 Laundresses, IS 12 8 Opticians, . 1 1 - Lodging-house keepers, . - 1 - Painters, . ".) (! 4 Jlusic teachers, . 1 1 - Paper hangers, . _ - 2 Nurses, . . . . 2 1 - Pattern cutters, _ 1 - Seamstresses, . - •> 1 Pavers, 1 _ - Singers, . . . . Tailoresses, 1 - - Peddlers, . 3 _ 8 - - 1 Plasterers, . 1 1 3 Waitresses, C ») 4 Plumbers, . 1 _ - Washerwomen, . - 1 2 Plumbers' helpers. 1 - Not given, . . . . 19 20 IG ,300 STATISTIC\S OF LABOR. [Pub. Doe Of the males, the largest number appears in each year against the line laborers, and among the females against domes- tie servants. In order to make comparison of the commitments of negroes and those of other races, Avith the })()pulation in 1900, we pre- sent the following table : Negroes and Others Committed During the Year Ending September 30, 1900. Crimes. Negroes Males Fe- males Against the I'l'ruoii. Abandoning chihl, Abuse of female child, Assault Assault, felonious Intimidation, Libel, .... Maiming, Manslaughter, Murdei' Rape Rape, aiding to commit Robl)ery, Threats" Totals, Agatnxt rropertii. Arson, BreakiTig and entering, Breaking glass, Burglars' tools, having Burglary, Burning buildings, Common thief, Concealing bankrupt iiroiierty from tinistees. Conspiracy to defraud, Embezzlement, Evading fare, Exploding gunpowder to destroy mill, . Exposing poison to horse Fraud, ". Larceny, Larceny of contents of letter, . . . . Maliciously burning a manufactory. Malicious inischief, Misappliciition of moneys, funds, and ci-e(lit, Hcceiving stolen goods, Removing baggage, Selling or concealing mortg.aged or leased property, Setting lire in woods, stealing a ride Stolen goods, concealing and aiding Trespass U. S. mail, stealing U. 8. mail, using to defraud . . . . Unlawful taking Totals, Agaivst /'iililii- Orilcr, etc. Abduction Aliortioii, Adultc^ry, Affray," Bathing, unlawfully . . . . r2s •2 6 15 156 55 •2 111 2li Ki 1 14 Gl 1 (>4 Others Males Fe- males 4 1,'270 85 2 1 1 9 4 13 IS 36 1,443 1 307 67 1 1 11 -2 i 1 21) 34 1 1 34 •2,025 1 65 1 37 1 13 1 3 3 lid 3 1 42 2,S78 1 2 39 3 2 46 3 1 1 53 94 2S Totals Males Fe- males 4 1,398 88 •2 i 1 11 6 19 33 36 1,599 1 362 69 1 2 13 2 1 1 29 34 1 1 34 1,166 1 1 65 1 43 1 13 1 3 3 193 4 1 43 3,09{) 55 3 2 60 3 2 138 158 35 No. If).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIIUSE'nS. m\ Negroes and Others Committed During the Year Ending September oO, 1900 — Conliiiuea. Crimes. Against Piiblir Order, etc. — C lionlire, makinjr .... Carryiiif? weapons, City "oniinance or town hy-lawB, violatin Committing a nuisance, Common beggar, .... Common bi'awler, Common niglit-wallier. Common nuisance, Concealing deatli of cliilit. Contempt of court. Counterfeiting, .... Cruelty to animals, Disorderly conduct, . Disorderly house, keeping Disorderly in pul)lic conveyan<'L', Disturbing meeting, . Disturbing school. Disturbing the peace, . Dog laws," violating . Drunkenness, .... Escape and attempt, . Exhibition, unlawful . Express law, violating False fire-alarm, giving Fast driving, .... Fish laws, violating . Forgery and uttering, Fornication, Gaming, and present at, . Garbage laws, violating . Giving liquor to prisoner, . Health laws, violating Highway, obstructing House of ill-fame, keeping Idle and disorderly, . Illegal measures, using Illegal registration, . Illegal voting, .... Immoral show, giving Incest, Indecent exposure, Junk laws, violating . Lewd cohabitation, . Lewdness Liquor laws, violating Loitering, Loitering around railroad station. Lord's Day, violating Lottery, advertising, etc., . Neglect of family. Obscene language, using . Obscene literature. Officer, assuminor to be Officer, obstructing . Opium laws, violating Park laws, violating . Pawnbroker, unlicensed . Peddling, unlicensed . Perjury, Physician, unregistered . Polygamy, Profanity Railroad laws, violating . Railroad signal, tampering witli Refusing to aid officer. Refusing to work, Rescue, Riding bicycle on sidewalk. Selling papers, unlicensed, Setting fire, Sidewalk, obstructing Negroes Males 10 3 1 170 1 6 12 13 15 \2 Fe- males 43 13 •2 IG 16 Others Males 2 G 85 1 1 3 5 15 37 3 26 14 19 10 7 2 460 8 16,534 24 1 1 .5 1 5 35 41 37 9 3 1 2 5 122 7 1 4 1 2 43 4 14 58 141 5 5 4 5 190 4 4 3 1 1 3 1 22 11 1 13 21 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 II l\- iimlea 1 7 96 4 1 1 1 .56 88 1,982 2 86 •> i 1 17 89 17 .58 55 Totals Males 6 94 1 1 3 5 17 39 3 26 14 29 10 7 2 463 9 16,704 24 1 1 5 1 6 41 53 49 9 3 1 2 20 134 7 1 4 1 2 51 4 17 59 147 5 5 4 10 197 6 4 3 1 1 3 1 22 ii 1 16 28 6 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 11 Fe- males 1 1 123 4 •2 1 I 57 88 2,025 2 99 4 1 1 33 105 19 63 57 302 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Negroes and Others Committed Daring the Year Endiyig Sejitember SO, iSC^^) — Concluded. Crimes. Against Public Order, etc. — Con. Sodomy, Steamboat law, violating Stoning train, Street car, obstructing Street, obstructing Stubbornness Tainted flsli, selling Throwing missiles Tramps, Unnatural act, Vagabonds Vagrants Wiiiking on railroad, Witness, dissuading from appearing in court Totals Negroes Others Totals Males Fe- males Males Fe- males Maes Fe- males 1 1 . 2 _ _ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ - - 1 - _ _ 2 _ o - - - 2 - 2 - 2 1 42 7 44 8 _ _ 1 - 1 - 2 _ 2 _ 4 - 9 _ 119 - 128 - - - 5 - 5 - _ _ 11 _ 11 - 24 - 763 70 787 70 11 - 234 - 245 - - - - 1 - 1 367 137 19,355 2,681 19,722 2,818 Recapitulation . Negroes Others Totals Crimes. Males Fe- males Males Fe- males Males Fe- males Against the person Against property, Against public o'rder, etc. 156 212 367 17 64 137 1,443 2,878 19,355 53 94 2,681 i,.ii;9 3,090 19,722 70 158 2,818 Totals 735 218 23,676 2,828 24,411 3,046 In the year 1900 there were 27,457 commitments. Of this number, 953 were of negroes and 2(3,504 other races. On the basis of jiopulation, therefore, 2.98 commitments were made for every one hundred negroes, and 0.96 commitments for every one hundred of the white and other population. Tlie next table shows the principal crimes with the commit- ments of negroes and those of other races expressed in num- bers and percentages. Principal Crimes: 1900. Number of Commitments Percentages Crimes. Negroes Others Negroes Others Against the person Assault, Flajie, ItoDbery, Other crimes, .... 173 142 6 15 10 1,496 1,316 13 18 149 10.37 9.74 31.58 45.45 6.29 89.63 9().2(i 68.42 54.55 93.71 No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 303 Principal Crimes: 1900 — Couchuled. Ndmber of Commitmknts Percentageb CltlMBS. Negroes Others Negroes Others Against j)rojierty Breaking ami" t'literiiif^. Larceny Other crimes Against public order, etc.. Adultery Common night-walker. Disorderly house, keeping . Drunkenness Fornication House of ill-fame, keeping . Idle and disorderly, . Indecent exposure, Lewd cohabitation. Lewdness, Jjiquor laws, violating Neglect of family, Polygamy, Profanity, Tramps, Vagrants, Other crimes, . . . . 270 56 202 18 504 23 27 11 213 25 31 28 8 5 8 7 8 8 9 24 68 2,972 307 2,102 503 22,030 07 101 75 18,516 127 22 211 43 31 110 190 191 10 26 119 833 1,340 8.50 15.43 8.77 3.10 2.24 25.60 21.09 12.79 1.14 10.45 58.49 11.72 15.09 13.89 4.92 3.92 3.. 54 15.79 23.53 7.03 2.80 4.81 91.50 84.57 91.23 96.90 97.76 74.44 78.91 87.21 98.86 83.55 41.51 88. 2S 84.31 86.11 95.08 90.08 96.46 84.21 76.47 92.97 97.20 95.19 Total Crimes, . ... 953 20,504 3.47 96.53 Of crimes against the person, 10.37 per cent were committed by negroes, and 89,63 per cent by others. Of crimes against property, 8,50 per cent were committed by negroes, and 91.50 per cent by others. Of crimes against public order, etc., 2.24 per cent were committed by negroes, and 97.7(5 jier cent by otliers. The negro forms 1.14 per cent of the total population of the State, as shown on page 232, and on the basis of aggre- gate negro population the commitments for crime are shown to be nearly tlu'ce in every one hundred. Negro Conference at Taskegee. In the following pages we present, ])riefly, data relating to the persons attending the negro conference at Tuskegee, Ala- bama, on Fel)ruary 18, 1903. The number shown here is 503, although the asrsfrecrate attendance was in excess of that num- ber, many arriving on horseback after the session had begun and leaving immediately at its close. The cold weather kept many of the poorer members away, it being their custom to attend the conference in their ox carts and to camp on llu- grounds, but the conditions were unfavorable. The following statement of Dr. Booker T. AVashington gives the reason for calling the annual conferences of negroes at the Tuskegee Institute : 304 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Soon after the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was established it was impressed upon my mind that much good might be accomplished by some move- ment which would interest the older people and inspire them to work for their own elevation. I think I first came to think of this when I had occasion to notice re- peatedly the unusual amount of common sense displayed by what is termed the ignorant colored man of the South. In my opinion the uneducated black man in the South, especially the one living in the country districts, has more natural sense than the uneducated ignorant class of almost any other race. This led me to the conclusion that any people, who could see so clearly into their own condition, and describe it so vividly as can the common farming class of colored people in the South, could be led to do a great deal towards their own elevation. This caused me to call the first session of what is now known as the Tuskegee Negro Conference. At first I sent invitations to about seventy-five farmers, meclianics, school teachers, and ministers to come and spend a day at Tuskegee, talking over their condition and needs. I was very careful to tell all who were invited that I did not want them to come prepared with any address or cut-and-dried speech. I very often find that when the average man is asked to prepare an address, too much time is spent in giving attention to rhetoric and too little sense is put into the address ; so I was very careful to impress upon all who were invited that we wanted no formal address, but wanted them to come and talk about their conditions and needs very much as they would do around their own firesides. To my surprise there came to this first conference four hundred men and women of all grades and conditions. The bulk of the people were farmers and mechanics, with a scattering of teachers and ministers. The morning of the day was spent in telling in a plain and simple manner what the conditions were along indus- trial lines. We had each delegate, as far as he could, tell the number of men in his community who owned their farms, the number who rented land, the number who lived in one-room log cabins, and the number who mortgaged their crops. We also had them tell about the educational conditions in their communities. We gave attention to the moral and religious life of the community, and had them tell what kind of a minister they had. From the very first we have been surprised at the frankness and directness of these reports. In the afternoon we heard from these same people what, in their opinion, would bring about remedies for the evils which they had described. It was very encouraging to see how clearly the people saw into their own condition, and how often they were able to suggest the needed remedies. It was found that in what is known as the "Black Belt" of the South at least four-fiftlis of the Negro people in many counties were living in one-room cabins, on rented land, were mortgaging their crops for food on which to live, and were paying a rate of interest on those mortgages which ranged from fifteen to forty per cent per annum. The schools, in most cases, extended but three months, and were taught, as a rule, in the churches, in broken down log cabins, or in a brush arbor. Of the total number of persons attending the 1903 con- ference, the enumerators were unable to register more than one-third. This was due to the fact that persons came late and went away early, being there only long enough to hear the speeches and discussion. Roscoe Conkling Bruce, Director of the Academic Department of the Tuskegee In.stitute, states that the members answered the inquiries propounded by the enumerators in a very frank manner, and from his knowledge of the conditions of the people he is of the opinion that these No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 305 answers approximate the truth very closely, lie further states that he is unable to offer any data to show the effect of these conferences upon the various agricultural connnunitie.s reached, "but there is no doubt whatever that they have disseminated information as to fertilizers, rotation of crops, imi)roved ma- chinery, etc., among thousands of larmers in the lower South." The first table presented exhibits the number of persons at- tending the 1903 conference and registering Avith the enumera- tors, by sex and relation to head of family. Sex and Relationship of Negroes Attending Tuskegee Conference, 1903. Sex and Relationship. Males. Heads of families, . Sons, . . . . Brothers, . Grandsons, Not given, . Females Heads of families, . Wives, Number of Persons 353 297 45 3 2 6 150 27 64 Sex and Relationship. Females — Con Mothers, . Sisters, Daughters, (adopted), (step), . (grand), Cousins, . Wards, Not given, . Number of Persons 2 5 46 1 1 1 1 2 1 The total number of persons making return was 503, includ- ino- 353 males and 150 females. There were 297 male heads of families and 27 female heads, the relationship of the others beino- shown in the table. The following table gives the num- ber of males and females by age periods : Age Periods. Age Pemods. Males Fe- males Both Sexes Age Periods. Males Fe- males Both Sexes Heads of Families. 297 27 324 Jndiriditats — Con. 20 to 29 years. 38 2 40 60 to 69 years. - 1 1 30 to 39 years, 70 4 74 70 to 79 years. - 3 3 40 to 49 years. 90 7 97 Not given, . 3 5 8 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 62 20 4 5 66 25 Totals. 3.-53 150 503 70 to 79 years, 10 3 13 2 10 to 19 years, 16 26 43 80 to 89 years. 2 - 20 to 29 years. 68 51 119 90 years and over, - 2 30 to 39 years, 76 24 100 Not given, . 3 2 5 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years. 91 62 23 i 114 69 Individuals. 66 123 179 20 6 26 10 to 19 years. 16 26 42 70 to 79 years. 10 6 16 20 to 29 years. 30 49 79 80 to 89 years. 2 ~ 2 30 to 39 years. 6 20 26 90 years and over, 2 — 2 40 to 49 years, 1 16 17 Not given, . 6 7 13 50 to 59 years. ' 3 3 306 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Considering the total number of persons, it is seen that the greatest number, 119, is found in the age period 20 to 29 years. The ages of 333, the majority of those attending the conference, ranged from 20 to 49 years. The place of birth for the 503 members appears as follows : Place of Birth. Statbs. lales Females Both Sexes Percentages 353 150 503 100.00 •228 114 342 67.99 54 17 71 14.11 _ 1 1 0.20 2 _ 2 0.40 3 _ 3 0.60 1 1 2 0.40 5 _ 6 0.99 1 - 1 0.20 18 1 19 3.78 1 2 3 0.60 1 _ 1 0.20 14 3 17 3.38 4 1 5 0.99 9 3 12 2.38 12 I 19 3.78 Place of ISirth. Alabama, Georj,^ia, Kansas. Keutucfey, . Louisiana, . Maryland, . Mississippi, . New York, . Nortli Carolina, . Ohio Pennsylvania, South Carolina, . Tennessee, . \'iri;inia, Not given, . Naturally, the majority of the members were born in Ala- bama, Nearly all of the Southern States were represented, however, and Kansas, New- York, and Pennsylvania each sent one, and Ohio three members. The conjugal condition is shown by age periods in the next table. Gonjtirial Condition. Age Pemods. Heads of Families. 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, 80 to 89 years, . 90 years and over. Not given, . Indiriditals. 10 to 19 years, . 20 to 29 years, 30 to .■i9 years, 40 to 49 years, . 50 to .59 "years, CO to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, Not given, . Conjugal Condition Afales Single Mar- ried 38 10 23 5 269 33 64 84 55 17 10 1 2 3 Wid- owed Di- Not voreed Given 15 () 6 Single 41 22 19 Females Mar- ried Wid- owed Di- vorced 66 1 21 20 IG 3 2 3 22 1 3 6 4 4 3 Not Given 12 3 7 No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 307 Conjugal Condition — Concluded. Age Teriods. Totals 10 to 1!) years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 yeiirs, 70 to 79 years, 80 to 89 years, 90 years and over, Not given, . Conjugal Condition Malei Single Mar- ried 46 10 27 9 271 33 65 85 55 17 10 1 2 3 Wid- Di- owed vorced 18 2 1 5 6 3 Not Given Females Single Mar- ried 42 22 19 68 1 22 21 16 3 Wid- owed Di- vorced 25 2 3 6 4 5 4 Not Given 12 3 There were 88 persons single, 339 married, 43 widowed, four divorced, and 29 for whom the conjugal condition was not stated. Of the males, 220 had been married once, (34 twice, and six three times ; 73 females had been married once, 22 twice, and one three times. Of the 43 persons reported widowed, 11 had been married twice and one three times, while of the four divorced one had been previously married twice. The young- est head of a family Avas 21 years old and the oldest 96 years. The next table shows the number of mothers, the number of children born, and the number of children living. Children and Children Living. NuMBKR OF Children and Childrkn Living. 1 child, 1 living, . 2 children, . 1 living, . 2 living, . 3 children, . None living, 1 living, . 2 living, . 3 living, . 4 children, . 1 living, . 3 living, . 4 living, . 5 children, . 2 living, . 3 living, . 4 living, . 5 living, . 6 children, . 3 living, . 5 living, . 6 living, . 7 children, . 3 living, . 4 living, . 7 living, . Number of Mothers 15 15 11 2 9 12 1 1 2 8 9 1 1 7 8 1 1 1 5 8 3 1 4 3 1 1 1 NCMBEK or Children and Children LrviNG. Number of Motlu-rs 8 children, 4 living, 8 living, 9 children, 2 living, 5 living, 9 living, 10 children, 3 living, 7 living, 11 children, 11 living, 12 children, 5 living, 9 living, 16 children, 3 living, Recapitulation, Number of mothers, Number of children, Living, Not living, . 80 ;«8 274 84 308 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. All the married women are not included in the preceding ta,ble, there being some for whom the number of children was not re- turned, but, of the 80 mothers who answered this inquiry, it ap- pears that they had in all oo8 children, of whom 274 were living. There were 15 mothers who returned one child each, all of whom Avere living, and the largest number of children returned by an}' one mother was 1(>, of whom only three were living. The next table shows, under the Census method of classilica- tion, the occupations of all those attending the conference for whom data were obtained. Occupations. Classes of Occupations. Males Females Both Sexes Percentages Heads of Families. Government, Professional, Domestic service, Personal service. Trade Transportation, . Agriculture, Manufactures, Laborers At home, .... Not stated, .... Indiciduals. Professional, Domestic service, I'ersonal service. Trade, Agriculture, ^Manufactures, Scholars, .... Students, .... Not stated Totals. Government, Professional, Domestic service. Personal service. Trade Transportation, . Agriculture, Manufactures, lia borers Scholars Students At home, .... Not stilted ■297 1 48 1 1 4 1 212 17 10 56 8 1 1 4 31 3 1 7 3.53 1 5(; 2 2 H 1 243 20 2 1 14 1 123 14 30 11 4i) 3 1 1.5 150 14 38 15 63 3 1 15 324 1 48 9 5 4 1 226 17 2 1 10 179 22 31 12 4 80 6 1 1 22 503 1 70 40 17 8 1 306 23 2 1 1 1 32 100.00 0.31 14.81 2.78 1.54 1.23 0.31 69.75 5.25 0.62 0.31 3.09 100.00 12.29 17.32 6.70 2.24 44.69 3.35 (1.56 0.56 12.29 100.00 0.20 13.92 7.95 3.38 1.59 0.20 60.83 4.57 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20 6.36 It is seen that Agriculture forms the leading occupation, nearly (51 out of every one hundred being classed under that head ; the class ranking second is Professional, in which nearly 14 persons out of every one hundred are found ; and the third is Domestic Service, in which nearly eight out of every one hundred are found. No. If).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 309 Presenting the occupations in detail, we show for males and females the branches of occupations and the amount of salaries or wages earned by the persons enumerated, those occupations only being shown for which wages or salaries were returned. Wages and Salaries : Males. Occupations and Amodnts Paid. Num- bei of Pel sons Attorneys. $65.00 mouth Barbers. $.t0.00 month lUacl-smiths. $-2.00day — 6.00 week 2.75 day — 13.50 week — 54.00 montli, . Blacksmiths and Farmers. $50.00 month, Bookkeepers. $40.00 month, liricklayers. $2.50 day — 12.00 week, . Business Managers. $40 month Carpenters. $0.80 day, 1.00 day 1.50 day 2.00 day, 11.10 week — 44.40 month, . 60.00 month Carpenters, Fanners, Engineers, and Machinists. $1.25 day — 7. 50 week, . Choremen. $0.60 day Clerks. $50.00 month, SO. 00 month Contractors and Bxdlders. $50.00 month, Directors {Ginnery Companies). $83.06 month, Drtigs and Heal Estate. $125.00 month Elders. $60.00 month, 70.00 month, Errand Boys. $0 . 25 day — 1 . 50 week — 6 . 00 month , Occupations and Amounts Paid. Farmers. SO. 35 dav, .... 0.40 day 0.45 day, .... 0..50 day, .... 0.,50 — 0.75 day, 0.55 day 0.75 day, ... 2.50 day,* 0..50 day — 10.00 month, 0.50 day — 12.00 month, 0.75 day — 15.00 month, 0.40 day— 2.00 week 0.. 50 day 0.50day — O.eOday- l.OOdav — l.OOday — 2.00 week - 8.00 month, 8.3.Smonth, 12.00 montli, 14.40 month. 3.00 week — 3.00 week — 3.60 week — 6 . 00 week — 15 . 00 month 6.00 week— 24.00nionth, - 8.00 month, . 2..50 week— 10.00 month, . 3.00 week— 12.00 month, . 5.00 week— 20.00 month, . 2.00 month 3.00 month, 4.00 month H.OO month, t 7.00 month, 7. .50 month, 8.00 month, 8.50 month, 9.00 month, 10.00 inontl 11.00 — 20. 00 month, . . . . 11., 50 month 12.00 month, 12. .50 month, 13.00 month, 15.00 month 17.00 month, 18.00 month, 20.00 month 26.00 month, 40.00 month, 45.00 month, 48.00 month .50.00 month, 60.00 month, 80.00 month, 100.00 month, 250.00 month, Num- ber af Per- sons Farmers and Carpenters. $1.25 day, . 10.00 month. Farmers and Cross Tie Men. $1.. 50 day, Farmers and Draymen. $125.00 month Farmers and Loggers. $1.25 day I2;i 1 5 1 16 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 G 3 3 1 6 1 3 14 1 1 7 2 1 Rents tean^Si I And^oara (J), 310 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Wages and Salaries: Males — Concluded. Occupations and Amounts Paid. Farmers and Preachers. $0.r>()dav 0. Co (lav, 7.0() iiioiitli, .... 8.00 month, .... 45.00 month, .... 4,50.00 vcar Fnrmcrs ttiiil S/url- /iiiinrrs. $20.00 month, . . . . I'armrrx, lilackumiths, a in/ Car- pent em. f 1.00 clay, Farmers, Ddiri/nini, am/ Stnre- keejierK. $0.35day — 2.00 week — 8.00 mouth, . Firemen. ;().00 week, $0.50 (lay, . 0.00 month, 3.07 hour. Gardeners. Janitors. Mechanical Directors (Schoo/s). $50.00 month yrerchants. $40.00 month, 175.00 month. Mercliants, Farmers, Ki/itors, Poul- try Dealers, and Secretai-ies. $100.00 month, Ministers. $12.00 montli, 15.00 moutli, 25.00 montli, oO. 00 month, 48.00 month, CO. 00 month, 05.00 montli, SO. 00 month, K2.00 month, '.10.00 month, loo. no month, Ministers am/ I'rincijia/s (Sc/too/s). $75.00 inontli, .... 80.00 month Missionaries {Snndai/ S<-liools). $06.00 montli, .... /'hotof/raphers. $3.00day— 15.00 week— (jO.oo month, J'hj/siciuns. $1,800.00 yt'ar $60.00 Mioiilh, I'lasterers. I'/asterers (tin/ Fanners. $1.00 (lay Num- ber ofPer sons Occupations and Amounts Paid. Num- ber of I'er- sons Preachers and Presidents ( Co/leges) . $100.00 month, I'residcnts {American Beneflcial Society). $160.00 month Presidents {Institutes) . $100.00 month, .... Principals ( Institutes). $60.00 month, .... 75.00 montli, .... J'orters. $28.00 month. Puhlisliers. $70.00 month, Itailroading. $30.00 month, . Secretaries { Missions) . $125.00 month, . . Shoenia/.-ers. $2.00 day, . 85.00 month. Sunday School Field irorkers. $75.00 month, Superintendents ( Industrial Schools) . $60.00 month, Teacliers. $1.50 day — 9.00 week— 35.0O month, . 30.00 month 40.00 month 41.00 month, .... .50.00 month, 60.00 month, 62. .50 month,* '. 65.00 montli, 75.00 month '. ' 05.00 month, 100.00 month 1,100.00 year, Teachers and Farmers. $1..50 (lay —7.50 week — 30.00 month, 30.00 month, .... 35. (H) month, .... 50.00 month, . 300.00 year. Teachers and /'reachers. $.35.00 month, 1 12. .50 month. Treasu rcrs { SclKml.t) . $75. (Ml month, .... JFel/ Dif/i/ers. $17.00 month, . ". " . Wood Cutters. $0.50 day, . 3.50 week, ith home. No. If).] THE NKCJRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. ;;il Wages and Saluries : Females. Occupations and AMonNTs Paid. Num- ber of Per- sons Assistant Secretaries. $30.00 montli Bourdinghouse Keepers. $60.00 month, ('Itiiiiiheniiiiiils. $8.00 month, ( \iok-s. $0.75 week, 1.00 week, Cools, Formers, and Peddlers. $4.00 month, Cotton Pickers. $0.30 day — 1 .!i0 week — 6.00 month, Farmers. $0.25 day, 0.35 day, 0.40 day, 0.45 day CW day 0.60 day, 1.50 day, 0.40 dav — 2.40 week — 9.60 month, 1.00 day— 6.00 week, . 3.00 week — 12. 00 month, . 2.00 month, 2. .50 month, 3.00— 6. 00 month 5.00 month, 6.00 month, 8.00 month, Hoiisekee2)ers. $2. ,50 week, 8.00 month 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 1 3 3 2 4 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 Occupations and Amounts 1'aid. Housework. $0.40 day, . 0.,50daV, . 8.00 month, $0.50 0.25 0.30 0.35 0..50 0.50 0.60 1.25 2.00 5.00 4.25 5.00 Laundresses. lifiy. day— 1.50 week— 6. 00 month, day — 1.80 week — 7.20 iiiiiiitli, day —2.10 week — 8.40 month, day — 2.50 week — lO.OOmonth, day — 2.(M) month, . day — 3.60 week —14.40 month, week — 5.00 month, week, week, month, month, Literary Writers. $8.00 week, Nurses. $10.00 month, 15.00 month, Sewing Girls. $0.40 day Stewardesses. $10.80 mouth, . Teachers. $3.00 montli, 10.00 month, 20.00 month, 25.00 month, 27.50 month, 54.00 month, Ninn- l.er ofPei-- 8UI18 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 2 6 1 1 There are, of course, many difterent occupations represented in the above presentation which account for the various amounts noted as being received by the same individual. In the case of persons for whom more than one occupation is given, it is to be inferred that the first mentioned is the prin- cipal one. The teacher who had a trade at which he worked in his vacation would state his teacher's salary at so much i)er month, and his Avages as carpenter or whatever trade he was employed at, at so much per day or week ; and the farmer, who had a trade at which he worked when his crop was ' ' laid by" or at some other lull in the farming season, would state his wages at such trade by the day and week and month. These wages are only indicative, much depending upon how 312 STATISTIC S OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. the individual divided his time between two or more occupa- tions. The followinir table shows for the heads of femilies the nuiii- ber living in rented homes, the number owning their own homes, and also other houses and lands, and the value of the same with the amount of encumbrance : Otoners1ii20 of Homes, etc. Classification. Number and Amounts Classification. Number and Amounts 9Iales. Living in rented homes, Number of homes owned, . Aggregate value,* . Average value Number mortgaged, Amount of mortgage, t . Number owning other land or houses Aggregate value. Number of mortgages, Amount of mortgages,! 297 168 129 $96,065.00 $750.51 2 $275.00 118 $U5,7.'53.00 9 $1,573.00 Females. Living in rented homes, Number of homes owned, . Aggregate value, Average value, .... Number owning other land or houses, Aggregate value, 27 21 6 $3,i550.00 $1591.67 4 $1,530.00 * Value of one home not returned. t Amount of mortgage on one home not returned. X Amount of two mortgages not returned. The male heads of families who reported homes owned num- bered 129, and of these 128 reported the value which amounted in the aggregate to $96,065, or an average value of $750.51 ; two reported that their homes were mortgaged but only one returned the value of mortgage, $275. There are 118 male heads who reported owning other lands or houses, the total value of which was $145,753, and seven reported encumbrances on this property to the amount of $1,573, although two others stated that there were mortgages on their property but failed to note the amount. Of the 27 female heads, six reported owning their own homes valued on an average at $591.67 each, and four stated that they owned other lands and houses valued in total at $1,530. There were 168 male heads Avho reported living in rented houses and 21 female. The lenirth of time homes have been owned and the classi- tied values arc shown in the followinff table : No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. HI 3 Classified Values of Homes and Length of Time Oioned. Classifikd Vai.ite of Homes. Length OF Time of Ow NKR8HIP OF HOMKS Heads of Kiiini- Under lto4 5 to 9 10tol4 15 to 19 80 to 2412.5 years lics 1 year years years years years years and over Homes Males. 4 38 26 31 8 11 11 129 UnrlfT $inO, .... $10(1 but under $'200, . $■200 liut under SiiOO, . $.500 hut under $1,000, $1,0(10 but under $-2,()00, $•2,000 but under $5,000, . $5,000 and over, . 8 1 3 B 7 8 11 2 2 3 5 9 4 3 2 3 5 11 8 2 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 5 2 3 1 10 18 26 35 30 H 1 Not given - 1 - - - - - 1 Females. - 1 2 - 1 1 1 6 $100 but under $200, . $'200 but under $50(t, . $500 but under $1,000, $2,000 but under $5,000, - 1 1 1 - 1 I 1 2 1 2 1 Both Sexes. 4 39 28 31 9 12 12 1.35 Under $100 $100 but under $200, . $200 but under $r)00, . $500 but under $1,0(X), $1,000 but under $2,000, $2,000 Init under $5,000, $5,000 and over, . Not given, .... 3 1 3 6 8 11 3 1 2 4 6 9 4 3 2 3 5 11 8 i 2 5 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 6 2 3 1 10 20 27 37 30 9 1 1 There are 37 heads of families owning homes valued at from $500 to $1,000, 11 of which had been OAvned from 10 to 14 3^ears ; nine from five to nine years ; eight, one to four years ; five, 15 to 19 years; three, 20 to 24 years, and one under one year. The next table shows the number and kind of live stock owned and the heads of families owning same. Live Stock. Classification. Number of Animals Owned Horses, . Mules, Oxen, Cows, Goats, Beef cattle, Swine, . Stiecp, Chickens, Turkeys, Geese, Ducks, . Guinea hens. 196 319 85 652 8 1.59 1,145 4 7,423 5.53 179 134 119 Families Owning Live Stock Male Heads Female Heads Total Families 125 116 33 174 2 30 172 1 240 64 19 10 12 19 3 1 129 121 34 182 2 31 179 1 2iW 67 20 10 14 Considering the crops owned and raised by the heads of families the following table is presented : 314 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Cnrps Cultivated. Number of Acres of Crops Families Cultivating Chops Classification. Cultivated Male Heads Female Heads Total Families Cotton 8,4()7'/2 215 15 230 Wheat, . 128 13 1 14 Corn, 4,723 207 12 219 Oats, any. 92 2 94 Rye . . ^V2 7 7 Irish potatoes, 54% 55 4 59 Sweet potiitoL'B, •257% 156 10 166 Apples, . 29% 39 2 41 rea<'he8, . 113^8 71 2 73 Fruit trees, . 45y2 6 6 Hay, 354V4 35 _ 35 Sugar cane, . 153 127 7 134 Cow peas, i,m-iw^ 125 8 133 Peas, r)43Vi 11 1 12 Ground peap, 13Vi 4 _ 4 Speclile peas, 2 1 _ 1 Wliite peas, . % 1 _ 1 Sorghum, 7iy2 52 2 54 Millet, . V2 1 1 Peanuts, 40Vi 31 1 32 Grapes, . In 1 1 Green cabbages. Vi 1 1 There were 8,4071/^ acres of cotton cultivated during the year by 215 male heads and 15 female heads, and 4,723 acres of corn by 207 male and 12 female heads. These were the principal crops so far as acreage is concerned. For the heads of families the following table -exhibits the size and composition : Size and Com'positioii of Families. Size and Composition Male Fe- male Heads Total 1 Size and Composition Male Fe- Total OF Families. Heads Families OF Families. Heads male Heads Families 1 in family, 8 4 12 7 in family. 25 25 1 in, 8 - 8 1 m 6 f, 1 _ 1 If,. . - 4 4 2 m 5 f, 3 _ 3 2 in family. 37 7 44 3 111 4 f , 9 _ 9 1 m 1 f, . 36 5 41 4 in 3 f , 10 _ 10 2 III, 1 _ 1 5 m 2 f , 1 _ 1 2 f, . . 2 2 6 m 1 f, 1 _ 1 3 in fainilv, 39 2 41 8 in famih , 24 - 24 1 ni 2 f , . 19 21 1 111 7 1, 2 - 2 2 111 1 f , . 20 _ 20 2 m 6 f, 2 - 2 4 in family, 40 5 45 3 m 5 f , 5 - 5 lin3f,'. 13 3 16 4 m 4 f , 7 - 7 2 111 2 f, . 17 1 18 5 m 3 f, 6 - 6 3 m 1 f, . 9 1 10 6 m 2 f , 2 - 2 4 m, 1 1 9 in lainil\ » 29 1 30 5 in family, 1 m 4 f, ". 2 m 3 f, . 3 111 2 f, . 4 m 1 f, . 27 7 12 7 1 3 1 1 1 30 8 13 8 1 2 111 7 f , 3 ni 6 f , 4 m 5 f , 5 11! 4 f, 6 111 3 f, 7 111 2 f , 1 (> 11 7 2 2 1 2 6 11 7 2 2 6 In family. 24 2 26 10 in famih 14 2 16 1 m 5 1, . - 1 1 3 111 7 f, 3 1 4 2 m 4 f, . 7 - ( 4 111 6 I', 1 1 2 3 in 3 f , . 10 1 11 5 111 5 f. 8 8 4 III 2 f, . 6 - 6 6 m 4 f , 1 5 m 1 f , . 1 ~ 1 8 m 2 f , 1 - No. 15.] TIIK NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 315 Size and Composition of Families — Coucluded. Size and Cdmi'Osition OF FaMILIKS. Male Heads Fe- male Heads Total Families Size and Composition OF Families. Male Heads Fe- iiiale Heads Total Families 11 in faniil}', 4in7f, . 5 111 ti f, . 6 111 5 f , . 7 111 4 f, . 9 III 2 f , . 12 in family, 4 m 8 f , . 5 111 7 f, . 6 m 6 f , . 7m5f, . 8 m 4 f , . 9 in 3 f , . 13 in family, (i in 7 f , . 14 in family, 4 m 10 f, 5 in 9 f , . 7 m 7 f , . 8m6f, . 9 3 i 2 1 1 9 3 2 10 17 in family, 8 111 9 f, . 18 in family, 8 111 10 f, 9 111 9 f , . Not given, . Totals, 1 1 2 1 1 3 - 1 1 2 1 1 3 297 27 324 Recapitulation. Aggregate number of families, Number of persons Males, Females Average persons to a lamilj-, . Males, . . . . " . Females 324 l,8(il 884 977 5.80 2.76 3.04 The smallest family among the male heads consisted of one member and the largest of 18. Of the former there were eight families of one male each, and of the latter there were two families, one containing eight males and 10 females, and one with nine males and nine females. Of the female heads of families, the smallest family consisted of one member and the laro-est of 12. Of the former there were four families of one female each, and of the latter there was one family composed of four males and eight females. For three of the families the composition by sex was not reported, but the 321 families for which data were given aggregated 1,861 persons, of whom 884 were males and 977 were females. The average number of persons to a family was 5.80. The next table shows the size of families and the number of rooms to a family for male and female heads. Rooms to a Family. Familibs Occupying Dwellings of Specified Number OF Rooms — Total Size of Families. 1 a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 Not Given Families Male Heads 1 in family, 2 in family, 3 in family, 4 in family, 5 in family, 6 in family, 7 in family. 19 1 1 5 5 2 1 2 89 1 16 12 11 6 5 4 66 2 7 9 8 6 6 6 39 3 4 6 5 4 31 5 3 5 3 3 4 20 1 2 3 3 2 15 2 3 1 2 3 7 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 6 4 1 297 8 37 39 40 27 24 25 316 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. Rooms to a Family — Concluded. Famiues Occopting Dwellings of Specified Number OF KOOMS — Total Families Size of Families. 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 1 » 11 13 Not Given Male Heads — Con. 8 in family, 9 in family, 10 in family, 11 in family, 12 in I'amily, 13 in family, 14 in family, 17 in family, 18 in family. Not given, . Female Heads. 1 in family, 2 in family, 3 in family, 4 in family, a in I'amily, 6 in family, 9 in family, 10 in family, 12 in family. Total Families. 1 in family, 2 in family, 3 in family, 4 in family, 5 in family, t) in family, 7 in family, 8 in family, 9 in family, K) in family, 11 in family, 12 in family, 13 in family, 14 in family, 17 in family, 18 in family. Not given, . 1 1 f) 1 2 1 1 24 2 3 6 2 2 2 1 1 12 8 6 4 1 1 o 9 2 2 2 1 1 1 98 3 18 12 13 6 5 4 12 9 7 4 .> 1 3 10 3 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 70 3 8 9 9 7 6 6 3 10 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 •> i 44 4 .5 8 6 2 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 \ 2 1 1 33 5 3 3 3 4 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 21 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 >) 1 1 2 1 l.T 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (; 4 1 1 24 29 14 9 9 1 5 1 2 3 27 4 7 2 5 3 2 1 2 1 324 12 44 41 45 30 26 25 24 30 16 9 10 1 5 1 2 3 From thi.s table it Avill be seen that 24 families occu})ied dwellings containing one room each. Two of these families comprised one person each ; tliree, two persons each ; six, three persons each ; five, four persons each ; two, five persons each; two, six persons each; two, seven persons each; one, eight persons ; and one, nine persons. The largest number of families, 98, occupied dwellings containing two rooms each, and the smallest number of families, one, occui)ied a dwellino- which contained 12 rooms. Ill the aggregate 1,855 persons were reported occupying 1,115 rooms, or an average of 1 .60 persons to a room. Among the males, the largest number of rooms occupied was 12 which were occupied by one family of 10 persons, and among the females one family of five persons occupied 11 rooms. No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 17 The final tabic in this series relates to the literacy of those attendinir the (Conference. Literacy. Age Periods. Read and Write Kead Write Neitlier Read nor Write Not Given Totals Heads of Families. Males. 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 years ami over, Not given Females. 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, 50 years and over. Not given, . Individuals. Males. 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, Not given, . Females. 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, . 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, 50 years and over. Not given, . Total Persons. Males. 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, . 40 to 49 years, ,50 years and over, Not given, . Females. 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 years and over. Not given, . 135 130 23 42 39 2.'i 1 88 33 8 21 4 55 12 31 223 163 8 44 46 39 25 1 60 12 33 9 5 1 17 13 1 7 5 25 13 8C 77 8 12 17 39 1 1 i 1 35 30 1 6 6 6 4 121 82 4 9 12 17 39 1 39 1 6 7 7 13 5 85 76 7 15 27 26 1 47 17 3 8 2 ] 3 30 10 12 3 3 1 1 132 93 3 15 17 28 26 4 39 10 12 5 6 5 1 324 297 38 70 90 96 3 2 4 i 12 179 56 16 30 1 3 123 26 49 20 16 7 5 503 353 16 68 76 91 96 6 150 26 51 24 23 19 It is unfortunate that for a large number of the members the facts as to literacy were not (i'iven, 132 out of 508 persons not reporting upon this point. Of those making return, how- ever, it is found that more than one-half of the males and females can both read and write. White and Negro Population of the United States — 1900. We close this consideration of the negro l)y presenting a table which shows by States and Territories the white and 318 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. noo-ro ])0])ulation under and over 21 years of age, by sex, as taUen ironi the United States Census for 1900. White and Negro Population: 1900. MALES FEMALES States Under 2 1 Years 21 Yeaks and over Under 81 Years 21 Years and AND TEEKITOKIES. White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro North Atlantic Di- vision, Maine, . 132,930 225 216,856 445 131,069 262 211,371 387 New Hampshire, 74,2S3 97 130,648 230 74,615 112 131,245 223 Vermont, 66,614 165 108,027 289 64,519 165 103,611 207 Massaehusetls, . 518,529 5,135 830,049 10,4.56 529,384 5,815 891,802 10,.568 Rhode Island, . Sl.SSl 1,.525 124,001 2,765 83,049 1,671 130,169 3,131 Connecticut, 171,227 2,671 275,126 4,576 171,905 3,006 274,166 4,973 New York, . 1,413,0.19 15,193 2,145,057 31,425 1,441,036 18,045 2,1,57,729 34,569 New Jersey, 373,793 12,271 532,750 21,474 379,424 13,767 526,3.50 22,332 Pennsylvania, . 1,358,822 27,680 1,763,482 51,668 1,350,044 30,,574 1,669,316 46,923 South Atlantic Di- vision, Delaware, . 32,894 7,242 45,.592 8,.3'74 32,061 7,229 43,430 7,8.52 Maryland, . 212,140 55,211 260,979 60,406 212,375 57,931 266,9,30 61,516 Dist. Columbia, . 32,879 15,276 60,318 23,072 34,195 18,048 64,140 30,306 Virginia, 300,617 177,337 301,379 146,122 293,687 181,957 297,172 155,306 West Virginia, . 240,884 10,.381 233,129 14,786 231,425 9,2,35 209,795 9,097 No. Carolina, 342,892 176,510 289,263 127,114 333,791 181,190 297,657 139,655 So. Carolina, 1.50,772 230,766 130,375 1.52,860 145,924 236,889 130,736 161,806 Georjjia, 315,632 286,796 277,496 223,073 310,590 298,146 277,-576 226,798 Florida, 76,766 58,782 77,962 61,417 74,696 59,869 67,909 50,662 North Central Divi- sion, Ohio, . 871,6.53 18,750 1,180„599 .31,2.35 8(!0,093 19,620 1,147,859 27,296 Indiana, 5.53,617 11,515 701,761 18,186 .541,488 11,928 661,636 15,876 Illinois, 1,0,55,904 15,359 1,370,209 29,762 1,0.52,975 15,623 1,2.55,785 24,334 Michigan, . 524,8.53 3,027 712,245 5,193 ,516,964 3,074 644,,501 4,.522 Wisconsin, . 494,393 412 ,567,213 1,006 488,042 425 508,263 699 Minnesota, . 422,467 668 502,384 2,168 412,498 718 399,687 1,405 Iowa, . 519,002 2,4:M 630,665 4,441 ,507,187 2,461 .561,813 3,3.57 Missouri, 704,180 34,788 809,797 46,418 694,458 35,776 736,408 44,2,52 North Dakota, 80,439 58 93,237 115 76,479 .57 61, .5.57 .56 South Dakota, . 98,.585 88 107,353 184 94,088 83 80,688 110 Nebraska, . 261,.522 1,070 297,817 2,298 2,54,647 1,133 242,.540 1,768 Kansas, 342,370 11,847 398,.552 14,695 332,172 11,961 343,225 13,500 South Central Divi- sion, Kentucky, . 478,842 67,345 469,206 74,728 467,120 68.873 447,141 73,760 Tennessee, . 407,6.56 126,1.52 375,046 112,236 394,310 127,161 3f«,174 114,694 Alabama, . 275,084 227,766 232,294 181,471 267,075 230,489 226,699 187,,581 Mississiiipi, . 176,180 255,448 1,50,,530 197,936 171,393 258,167 143,097 196,079 Louisiana, . 193,2(^4 17.5,316 177,878 147,348 189,8;30 178,896 1(;8,C40 149,244 Texas, . 667,709 173,260 599,961 136,875 650,056 176,749 508,943 133,838 Indian Territory, 85,818 10,001 77,865 9,146 81,148 10,247 .57,849 7,459 Oklahoma, . 97,400 4,682 101, .543 4,827 92,872 4,974 75,709 4,.348 Arkansas, . 263,273 98,185 226,597 87,1.57 2.56,091 101,604 198,619 79,910 Western Division, Montana, 44,266 201 94,873 711 42,0,58 1,\3 45,086 428 Wyomiii;^, . 19,,581 150 36,2(!2 481 17,205 124 16,003 185 Colorado, 107,874 1,2,58 181,616 3,215 106,165 1,360 133,391 2,737 New Mexico, 45,232 248 .50,804 775 44,234 248 39,937 339 Arizona, 20,319 279 34,911 1,084 19,142 179 18,,531 306 Utah, . 73,718 96 6.5,205 358 73,163 >^{\ 60,379 132 Nevada, 6,6(!6 12 14,6.52 70 6,203 10 7,884 42 Idaho, . .38,135 36 .50,328 1.30 36,1,56 47 29,876 80 Washinfiton, 104,648 359 183,999 1,230 100,307 308 107,.3.50 617 Oregon, 86,222 117 131,261 560 83,992 123 93,107 305 California, . 265,602 2,055 1 489,.545 3,711 262,661 2,079 384,919 3,200 No. 15.] THE NECiKO IN MASSACHUSETTS. ai!! Recapitulation. POPDLATION BY DIVISIONS Sex and Age Periods. Niirtli Atlantic South Atlantic Ncirth Central South Central Western Totals White Population. Males Under 21 years. Over 21 years, . Females Under 21 years. Over 21 years, . Negro Population. Males Under 21 years. Over 21 years, . Females Under 21 years. Over 21 years, . 20,637,888 10,317,084 4,1111,088 6,125,996 1(I,320,.S04 4,225,045 6,095,759 385,020 188,290 (i4,962 123,328 196,730 73,417 123,313 6,706,058 3,381,969 1,705,476 1,676,493 3,324,089 1,668,744 1,655,345 3,729,017 1,835,525 1,018,301 817,224 1,893,492 1,050,494 842,998 25,775,870 13,300,817 5,928,985 7,371,832 12,475,053 5,831,091 6,643,962 495,751 255,717 100,016 155,701 240,034 102,859 137,175 9,815,912 5,056,146 2,645,226 2,410,920 4,759,766 2,569,895 2,189,871 4,193,952 2,089,879 1,138,155 951,724 2,104,073 1,157,160 946,913 3,873,468 2,145,719 812,263 1,333,456 1,727,749 791,286 936,463 30,254 17,136 4,811 12,325 13,118 4,747 8,371 * 66,809,196 34,201,735 15,283,038 18,918,697 32,607,461 15,086,061 17,521,400 t 8,833,994 4,386,547 2,326,245 2,060,302 4,447,447 2,388,677 2,058,770 * Not including 181,592 i)ersons in Alaska, Hawaii, and stationed abroad, t Not including 6,795 persons iu Alaska, Hawaii, and stationed abroad. It will be understood, of course, that the negroes in Mas- sachusetts form but a small part of the population of the State, and their importance in the social fabric is relatively slight. In the light of recent events, however, this study of their number, intelligence, occupation, and adaptaliility as affected by the better environment and higher educational advantages of the North has been thought to be well worth the space de- voted to it, and to those interested in the advancement of the race much opportunity to draw their own conclusions is afforded. Contents — Concluded. Page Ownership of farms and homes, 276, 277 Churches, social organizations, etc., 278-286 Defective social and physical conditions, 286-292 Negro occupants of institutions, Sept. 1903, .... 286 Conjugal condition, ages, place of birth, and defective con- ditions, 287,288 Paupers and homeless minors : 1895, 288, 289 Defective physical conditions of negroes : 1895, . . . 289-291 Causes of poverty, 291, 292 Crime, 292-303 Commitments of negroes : 1900-1902, 294-297 Commitments for specified crimes : 1902, .... 297, 298 Occupations of negroes committed : 1900-1902, . . . 298-300 Negroes and others committed : 1900, 300-302 Principal crimes : 1900, 302, 303 Negro conference at Tuskegee, 303-317 White and negro population of the United States — 1900, . . 317-319 Approyed by thb Statb Board of Publication. Ceuaua of 189S. [The Decennial Census of 1895 comprises eerven volumes. j Vol. I. Out of print. Vol. II. Population and Social Statistics, cloth (57 c.) Vol. in. Population and Social StAtistics, cloth (24 < .). Vol, rv. Population and Social Statistics, cloth (43 c). Vol. V. Manufactures, cloth (26 c). Vol. VI. The Fisheries, Commerce, and Agriculture, cloth (33 c). Vol. VII. Social Statistics and General Summaries, cloth (16 c). Special Beports. A Manual of Distributive Co-operation — 1885 (6 c). Report of the Annual Convention of the National Association of Oflicials of Bureaus of Labor Statistics in the United States — 1902 (5 c.) ; 1903 (5 c). Iiaboi* Bulletins, No. 10, April, 1S99, Labor Legislation of 1898 — Trade Unionism in Massachusetts prior to 1880 — Contracts with Workingmen upon Public Work — Foreign Labor Disturbances in 1897 — Quarterly Review of Employment and Earnings : Ending April, 1899 — Editorial, (4 c.). No. 11, JuLT, 1S99. Certain Tenement Conditions in Boston — Quarterly Review of Employment and Earnings : Ending July, 1899 (4 c.). No. 14, Mat, 1900. Free Public Em- ployment Offices — Employment and Unem- ployment in the Boot and Shoe and Paper Industries — Legielation affecting Hours of Labor — Quarterly Review of Employment and Earnings: Ending April 30, 1900 — Sta- tistical Abstracts (3c.). No. 15, August, 1900. Household Ex- penses — Comparative Occupation Statistics for the Cities of Fall River, New Bedford, and Taimton — List of Subjects pertaining to Labor considered in the Latest Reports of American Statistical Bureaus — MasoachueettB Labor Legislation In 1900 — Quarterly Review of Employment and Earnings : Ending July 30, 1900 (5 c.). No. 17, February, 1901. Occupations of Residents of Boston: By Districts — Un- employment In Boston Building Trades — Conjugal Condition of Women employed in Restaurants — Comparative Earnings In Five Leading Industries — Resident Pupils in Pub- lic and Private Schools in Boston — Statistical Abstracts (5 c). No. 21, February, 1902. Physically De- tective Population in Massachusetts in Relation to Industry — Distribution of the Industrial Population of Massachusetts — Compulsory Arbitration in New South Wales — Quarterly Record of Strikes — Statistical Abstracts (5 c.). No. 22, May, 1902. Rates of Wages in City Employment — Progress of Co-operation in Great Britain — Review of Employment and Earnings : Six months ending April 30, 1902 — Quarterly Record of Strikes — Statisti- cal Abstracts (3 c,). No. 25, February, 1903. Chinese in Massachusetts — Unemployed for a Year — Retired with a Competency — Dependents upon Public or Private Charity — Quarterly Recoid of Strikes — Strikes and Lockouts In Massachusetts for 20 years — Statistical Ab- stracts (3 c.). No. 26, May, 1903. Trade and Technical Education in Massachusetts — Laws relating to Child Labor — Review of Employment and Earnings : Six months ending April 30, 1903 — Quarterly Record of Strikes — Recent Legal Labor Decisions — Statistical Abstracts (4 c). No. 27, August, 1903. Aliens in Industry — Immigration Act of the United States — Labor Day — Labor Legislation in 1903 — Quar- terly Record of Strikes — Statistical Abstracts (4 c.). No. 28, November, 1908. Aliens and Citizenship — Industrial Studies — Industrial Agreements — Proportional Earnings and Pro- duction — Review of Employment and Earn- ings—Quarterly Record of Strikes — Labor Legislation in Other States and Foreign Coun- tries — Recent Legal Labor Decisionw — Statis- tical Abstracts — Index to Bulletins Nos. 1 to 28 (5 c.). No. 29, Jakuart, 1904. Eight-hour Day — Licensing of Barbers — Early Closing and Half -holiday Laws of Australasia — Indus- trial Studies, Proprietors — Palaces for the People — Quarterly Record of Strikes (6 c). Ijabor and Industrial Cbronoloiry. [Since 1899 those parts of the reports on the Statistics of Labor and Statistics of Manufac- tures relating to these subjects have been bound together in response to a demand for same. The following cloth bound copies are in print and will be mailed upon receipt of amount noted for postage.] 1901 — 8 cents. 1902 — 6 cents. LB^V'05