REVIEW DIAGRAMS OK- i United States History, Civil Government, Geography, I Grammar, Reading, Arithmetic, Physiology, I and Penmanship. BY J. W. 'hUNIPHRKY Principal Wayland Union Schools. PRIGK KIKTY CENTS. ADDRESS: J. c^ L. D. CHAPRLK, WAYLAND, MICH. MICHIGAN School Moderator, OE OF THE FOUR WEEKLY EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. MicMgan TeacJiers do not need to go out of their own State for a Live Journal. It is endorsed hy all the Leading Educators of the State, and is constardly making additional friends. Teachers need it ! Pupils need it ! It should be in every Home ! Read the notices of commendation, and do not doubt longer, but subscribe at once : From C F. R. Bellows, Professor Mathematics, State Normal School: I desire to congratulate you upon your success in publishing an educational paper. I am very much pleased with The Moderator. It is gratifying that Michigan has again a school journal, and I congratulate the teachers of the state upon the fact. I trust you will receive a most hearty and general co-opera- tion from the hands and the hearts of the school men of the state, from the school women of the state, too, from everybody interested in tlie educational work of the state. From C B. Thomas, Sup't FuMic Schools, Saginaw: It should be a matter of pride that there is published In the state so good an educational journal as The Moderator. Given a liberal support by the teachers of the state, I am confident Its conductors will make it a source of strength and added efficiency to every subscriber. The editors will do their part; let the teachers give their subscriptions and our state will have a journal worthy her educational rank. From W. H. Payne, Professor of Pedagogics, State Vniversity : I am glad you are meeting with success. You deserve it, and I hope it will I come to you in large measure. You should have the moral and material sup- I port of alJ our teachers. From Lucy BeMes, Sparta Center. As I lay aside The Moderator after an eager perusal, I can quite appreciate the happy after-dinner condition of the model Englishman. As long as The Moderator continues you have my hearty sympathy and subscription. We also have viinusu.al facilities for furnistiiing Report Cards, Certificates of Promotion, Teacliers' Contracts, etc. Also, Calling Cards in great variety. We will do yoxa good if you give us a chance. ADDRESS: WAIvBRIDOH: & PALN/[I"rKR, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. R EVIEW DIAGRAMS OF- U. S. History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, Reading, Arithmetic, Physiology, and Penmanship. BY J. W. HUIMLPHRKY, Fr*inoip>ELl ■Wa.yla.nci XJnion. Solaools. ^ MAY 23 1883', WAYLAND, MICH.: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1883. V^A^l \ COPYRIGHTED, 1883. BT JAMES W. HUMPHREY. I PREFACE. This book is intended for the use of those who desire to reviefvv, and, at the same time, to offer to the young teacher blackboard work which, if intelligently handled, cannot fail of good results. The " Diagrams" have grown out of the belief that "illustration is the basis of successful teaching," and that what is seen is best understood. They were prepared for my own class work, but, by the request of many of my fellow teach- ers and pupils, I have consented to have them published, with the hope that they may assist in making the recitation hour both pleasant and profitable. PKINTED BY D. C. HENDERSON A CO , Publishers Journal and Tribune. ALLEGAN. MICH. 1883. United States History, PERIODS— Aboriginal, to 986. Voyage and discovery, 986 to 1607. Colonial, 1607 to 1775. Revolutionary and (Jonfederation, 1775 to 1789. National, 1789 lo 1883. ABORIGINAL, to 986— Mound Builders— Indians— Esquimaux. Name. Origin. Tribe. Customs. Language. Implenjents. Writing. Number. VOYAGE AND DISCOVKRV, ijb6 to i::o7— Norsemen. Spanish. English. French. Dutch. NORSEMEN— Herjulfson, 986. Leif Erickson, looi. Thorwald Erickson, 1002. Thorslein Erickson, 1005. Thorfinn Karlsefne, 1007. SPANISH— Columbus, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502. Vespucci, 1499, 1 50 1. 6 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Ponce de Leon, 15 12. De Balboa, 15 13. Cortez, 1519-1521. Magellan, 1520. De Solo, 1541- ENGLISH— The Cabots, 1494-1497. Drake, 1579. Gilbert, 15H3. Raleigh, 1584. Gosnold, 1602. Pring, 1603. I'RKNCH— Dduys, 1506. Verrazzani, 1524. Carder, 1534. DUrCH— Henry Hudson, 1609. COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. SPANISH— Isdmuis of Darien, 15 10. St. Augustine, 1565. S;uua Fe, 1582. San Diego, 1769. ENGLISH - Jamestown, 1607. Plymouth, 1620. Salem, 1629. Rhode Island, 1636. I'RENCH— Port Royal, 1605. Quebec, 1608. Detroit, 1701. DUICH— New York, 1623. Ft. Orange or Albany. 1624, UNITED STATES HISTORY. FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 1689 to 1697. CAUSE— English Revolution of 1688-1689 : King William versus Louis XIV., and James IT. EVENTS— Dover, N. H., massacre, June 27, 1689; Schenectady, N. v., massacre, Feb. 9, 1690; Salmon Falls, Maine, massacre, March 28, 1690; Casco Bay, Maine, massa- cre, May 21, 1690; Nova Scotia expedition, May, 1690; Canada expedition, October, 1690; Oyster River, N. H., massacre, July 25, 1694; Haverhill, Mass., massacre, March 25, 1697. RESULT— Confirmation of King William to English throne ; Territory in U. S. to remain unchanged; Treaty of Ryswick, Sept. 2c, 1697. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 1702 to 1713. CAUSE— Spanish Succession ; England versus France ; Queen Anne versus Louis XIV. EVENTS— St. Augustine expedition. May, 1702; Appalacliian expedition, December, 1702; Attack against Charles- ton, 1706; Tuscaroras war, 17 12; Yamdsses war, 1715 ; Port Royal expedition, 1710; Canada expedition, 171 1. RESULT— Confirmation of Philip V. to the Spanish throne ; Acadia ceded to England ; treaty of Utrecht, April II, 1713- KING GEORGE'S WAR. 1744 to 1748, CAUSE— Austrian Succession; England versus France; George II. versus Louis XV. 8 UNITED STATES HISTORY. EVENTS— Capture of Louisburg, 1745 ; D'Arville expedition, 1746. RESULT— Confirmation of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne; territory in U. S. restored; treaty of Aix la Chapelle. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1754 to 1763. CAUSK— I'erritoria! dispute; Cieorge II. and Colonies versus Louis XV. KVKN IS— Washington's journey, 1753; Ft. Du Quesne buiU, 1754; Battle of Great Meadows, 1754; Ft. Necessity captured, July 4, 1754; Braddock's defeat, July 9, i7^55 j Shirley's expedition, 1755; battle of Lake George, 1755; capture of Oswego, 1756; capture of Ft. VVni. Henry, 1757; capture of Louisburg, 1758; capture of Ft. Du Quesne, 1758; capture of Quebec, Sept. 18, 1759; Pontiac war, 1763. RESULr— Treaty of Paris, in which France cedes all territory east of Mississippi to England — west of Mississippi to Spain ; Spain cedes Florida to England. OFFICERS. British. French. Wolfe, Braddock, Washington, Shirley, Johnson, Abercroin- bie, Winslow. Montcalm, Dieskaw, Jumon- ville, Villiers, St. Pierre, Pontiac, M. Levi. COLONIAL UNIONS. UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 1643. ORGANIZED— May 29, 1643. UNITED STATES HISTORY. PLACES OF MEETING— Boston, Hartford, Ne»v Haven, Plymouth. LASTED— Forty years. OBJECT— Protection against Dutch, French, Indians. COLONIES— Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Plaven, Connecticut. representation- Two from each colony ; qualification, church member- ship. ASSEMBLY OF NEW YORK. 1690. ME r IN— New York ; lasted seven years. OBJECT— Protection against P^rench and Indians. COLONIES— New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut. COLONIAL CONGRESS. 1765- MET IN— New York, October 7-24, 1765. CAUSE— Stamp act. COLONIES— New York. New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts. PROCEEDINGS— Petition to King and Parliament. RESULT— Repeal of Stamp Act. 10 UNITED STATES HISTORY. FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 1774. MET IN— Philadelphia, September 5 to October 26. CAUSES— Mutiny Act; Revenue Act on Teas, etc.; British troops in Boston ; Boston Massacre ; Boston Port Bill. COLONIES — All except Georgia PROCEEDINGS— Declaration of rights ; petition to King and Parliament; agreement not to use British imports; agreed upon another Congress, to meet in May, 1775. SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 1775- MET IN— CAUSE- Philadelphia, May Dec. 12, 1776. l^rilish aggression. August I, Sept. 5, 1775, and COLONIES— New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Conneclicut, Massachusetts, Virginia. North Carolina, New Hamp- shire, Georgia. PROCEEDINGS— Voted to raise an army of 20,000 ; chose Washington commander in-chief, June 15, 1775 ; authorized an is- sue of $300,000 ; organized P. O. department, July 26, 17755 appointed committee to draft Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation, June 11, 1776; Declar-^.tion of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776. CONTINENTAL PRESIDENTS— Peyton Randolph, Henry Middleton, John Hancock, Henry Laurens, John Jay, Samuel Huntington, Thomas UNITED STATES HISTORY. 11 McKean, John Hanson, Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mif- flin, Richard Henry Lee, Nathaniel Gorham, Arthur Si. Clair, Cyrus Griffin. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CAUSE— Taxation without representation ; obstinacy of King; growth of Colonies ; bad Royal Governors; remote- ness of Colonies ; love of liberty. BATTLES— 1775 — Lexington, April 19; Bunker Hill, June 17; Crown Point, May 12; Quebec, Dec. 31, 1776 — Boston, March 17; White Plains, Oct. 28; Tren- ton, Dec. 26. 1777 — Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, Sept. 11; Saratoga, Oct. 17. 1778 — Monmouth, June 28 ; Wyoming, July 3. 1779 — Flamboro, Sept. 23; Savannah, Oct. 9. 1 780 — Hanging Rock, Aug. 6 ; King's Mountain, Oct 7. 1781 — Cowpens, Jan. 17; Hobkirk's Hill, April 25 ; York town, Oct. 19. RESULT— Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. PRESIDENTS OE UNITED STATES. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Virginia. 1789-1797 — 8 Years. Born February 22, 1732; Died December 14, 1799. VICE-PRESIDKNT— John Adams. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Ran- dolph, and Timothy Pickering; Secretaries of Treas- ury, Alexander Hamilton and Oliver Wolcott; Secreta- 12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. ries of War and Navy*. Henry Knox, Timothy Pick- ering and James McHenry; Attorneys-General, Ed- mund Randolph, Wm. Bradford and Charles Lee; Post- niasters-Generalf, Samuel Osgood, Timothy Pickering and Joseph Habersham. IMPORTANT EVENTS— First national bank; Genet trouble; whisky insurrec- tion ; capital selected ; treaty with Spain ; first census, 3,929,214. STATES ADMITTED- Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, INVENTIONS- Cotton gin by Eli Whitney. 1796. JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts. 1797-1801 — 4 Years. Born October 30, 1735 -' ^^^^^ ^i^^y 4, 1826. VICE-PKESIDENT— Thomas Jefferson. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering and John Mar- shall; Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Wolcott and Samuel Dexter; Secretaries of War, James McHenry, Samuel Dexter and Roger Griswold; Secretaries of Navy, George Cabot and Benjamin Stoddert; Attor- ney-General, Charles Lee; Poiftmaster-General, Joseph Habersham. LM PORT A NT EVENTS— Alien and sedition laws; capital moved to \V'ashington; , death of Patrick Henry; quasi French war; navy de- partment established; death ot Washington; 12th amendment. THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia. 1801-180Q — 8 Years. Bo7yi 1743; Diec^ 1826. =^The War Department, as created by Act of Congress, August 7. 1789. had also the superintendence ot Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 1798, when a >Javy Department was established. I From the organization of the Government down to 1829 the Postmasters-Gen- eral were not recognized as members of the Cabinet, but are herein printed as such for the sake of uniformity. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 13 YU'E-PKESIDEXTS— Aaron Burr; George Clinton. (A [31 NET— Secretary of State, James Madison; Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel Dexter and Albert Gallatin; Secre- tary of War, Henry Dearborn; Secretaries of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith and Jacob Crown- inshield; Attorneys-General, Theophilus Parsons, Levi Lincoln, Robert Smith, John Breckenridge and Cajsar A. Rodney; Postmasters-General, Joseph Habersham and Gideon Granger. LMPORTANT EVENTS- Louisiana purchase, ($15,000,000); Hamilton shot; Webster's dictionary; war with Tripoli. STATES ADMITTED- Ohio, 1 8c 2. INVEXriOXS- Steamboat by Robert Fulton, 1807. JAMES MADISON, Virginia. 1 809-1 8 1 7— 8 Years. Born 1 751; Died \^T,6. VirE-PIlESIDENTS- Cieorge Clinton ; Elbridge Gerry. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Robert Smith and James Monroe; Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, George W. Campbell and Alexander J. Dallas; Secretaries of War, Wm. Eusiis, John Armstrong, James Monroe and Wm. H. Crawford; Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamilton, William Jones and Benjamin W. Crowninshield ; At- torneys-General, Caesar A. Rodney, Wm. Pinkney and Richard Rush; Postmasters-General, Gideon Granger and Return J. Meigs. STATES ADMITTED- Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Fiist savings bank; war of 18] 2; Hartford conven- 14 UNITED STATES HISTORY. orders in council; Aui Mich., 13; off . 18; tion ; treaty of Ghent; Algerine war; first ocean steamer. War of 1812-1814. — 22 Years. CAUSES— Impressment of American seamen Milan decree; embargo. events- Battles OF i8t2 — Land: Brownstown, Mich 5 ; Queenstown, Canada, Aug. 9 ; Frenchtown, Oct. 13. Naval: Off Newfoundland, Aug. Massachusetts, Aug. 19; near Canary islands, Oct off San Salvador, Dec. 29. Battles of 1813 — Land: York, Canada, April 27; Fort Meigs, May 5 ; Sackett's Harbor, May 29 ; 'I'hames, Canada, Oct. 5; Chrysler's Field, Nov. 11. Naval: Off Demarra, Feb. 24; Massachusetts Bay, June I ; Coast of Maine, Sept. 5 ; Lake Erie, Sept. 10. Battles OF 1 8 14 — Land: Chippewa, July 4; Lundy's Lane, July 25*; Fort Erie, Aug. 15 ; Plattsburg, Sept. 11; Fort McHenry, Sept. 13 Naval: Off coast of Florida, April 29; near Africa, Sept. i; Lake Cham- plain, Sept. II ; Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. RESULTS- Permanent treaty of Ghent, Feb. 18 of American naval power. recognition JAMES MONROE, Virginia. 1817-1825— 8 Years. Bom 1758; Died 1831. VICE-PRESIDENT— D. D. I'ompkins. CABINET- Secretary of State, John Q. Adams; Secretary of Treasury, William H. Crawford; Secretaries of War, Isaac Shelby and John C. Calhoun; Secretaries of Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, Smith Thompson, John Rogers, and Samuel L. Southard; Attorney-General, William Wirt ; Postmasters-General, Return J. Meigs and John McLean. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Florida purchase; Missouri compromise; Monroe UNITED STATES HISTORY. 15 doctrine; visit of La Fayette ; election of J. Q. Adams by House of Representatives. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Massachusetts, 1825-1829 — 4 Years. Born ijG'j ; Vied 1848. VICE-PRESIDENT- John C. Calhoun. CABIXET- Secretary of State, Henry Clay; Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush ; Secretaries of War, James Barbour and Peter B. Porter; Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. South- ard; Attorney-General, William Wirt; Postmaster- General, John McLean. STATES ADMITTED— None. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Erie Canal ; American Tract Society; death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on the fiftieth anniver- sary of Independence; protective tariff. INVENTIONS- Railroad by George Stephenson. ANDREW JACKSON, Tennessee. 1829-1837 — 8 Years. Born 1767 ; Z>ied 1845. VICE-PRESIDENTS- John C. Calhoun ; Martin Van Buren. (WBINET— Secretaries of State, Martin Van Buren, Edward Liv- ingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth; Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, Louis McLane, Wil- liam J. Duane, Roger B. Taney and Levi Woodbury; Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton and Lewis Cass; Secretaries of Navy, John Branch, Levi Woodbury and Mahlon Dickerson; Attorneys General, John M. Ber- rien, Roger B. Taney and Benjamin F. Butler; Post- masters-General, William T. Barry and Amos Kendall. STATES ADMITTED- Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. 16 UNITED STATES HISTORY. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Black Hawk war; first asylum for blind; abolition of U. S. bank; fifth census (12,856,165); Clay's tariff compromise. MARTIN VAN BUREN, New York. 1837-1841— 4 Years. Born 1773; Died 1862. VICE-PRESIDENT— Richard M. Johnson. CABINET— Secretary of State, John Forsyth; Secretary of Treas- ury, Levi Woodbury; Secretary of War, Joel R. Poin- sett; Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson and James K. Pauldmg; Attorneys-General, Benjamin F. Butler, Felix Grundy and Henry D. Gilpin; Postmas- ters-General, Amos Kendall and John M. Niles. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Financial panic; Osceola captured; Lovejoy murdered by mob; first secession; sub-treasury bill. WILLIAM H. HARRISON, Ohio. 1841 — I Month. Born 1782 ; Died April \, 1841. VICE-PRESIDENT- John Tyler. CABINET— Secretary of Suate, Daniel Webster; Secretary of Treas- ury, 'Thomas Ewing:; Secretary of War, John Bell; Secretary of Navy, George E. Badger; Attorney-Gen- eral, John J. Crittenden; Postmaster- General, Francis Granger. JOHN TYLER, Virginia. 1841-1845 — 3 Years 11 Months, Born 1790; Died 1862. CABINET- Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, Hugh S. Legare, Abel P. Upshur, John Nelson and John C. Calhoun ; UNITED ST A TES HI ST OR F. 1 7 Secretaries of Treasury, Walter Forward, John C. Spen- cer and George M. Bibb; Secretaries of War, John Bell, John C. Spencer, James M. Porter and William Wilkins; Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, Abel P. Upshur, David Henshaw, Thomas W. Gilmer and John Y. Mason; Attorneys-General, John J. Critten- den, Hugh S. Legare and John Nelson; Postmasters- General, Francis Granger and Charles A. Wickliffe. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Anti-Mormon excitement; treaty of Washington ; Free Soil party; bankrupt law. STATES ADMITTEO- Texas, 1845; Florida, 1845. INVEXTIOXS— Magnetic telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse; vulcan- ized rubber by Charles Goodyear. JAMES K.POLK, Tennessee. 1 845- 1 849 - 4 Years. Bom 1795; Z>;W/ 1849. VICE ITIESl DENT - George M. Dallas. CABINET— I Secretary of State, James Buchanan; Secretary of j Treasury, Robert J. Walker; Secretary of War, Wm. I L. Marcy ; Secretaries of Navy, George Bancroft and j John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, John Y. Mason, i Nathan Clifford and Isaac Toucey; Postmaster-Gener- j al. Cave Johnson. I I M PO RT A N r E V EN TS— j Mexican war; naval academy established; Smithson- ian institute; independent treasury; gold discovered in California; department of interior established; slav- ery prohibited in territories. STATES ADMITTED— Iowa, 1846; Wisconsin, 1848. INVENTIONS- Sewing machine by Elias Howe, jr. 18 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Mexican War — 1845-1848. CAUSE- Annexation of Texas. EVENTS- Taylor's campaign, April, 1846, to February, 1847; Fremont's conquest of California, March, 1846, to January, 1847; Kearney's conquest of New Mexico, June to August, 1846; Doniphan's expedition, New Mexico, November, 1846, to June, 1847; Scott's cam- paign in Mexico, March, 1847, to September, 1848. RESULT8- Annexation of New Mexico, Utah, and California; treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. ZACHARY TAYLOR, Louisiana. 1849 — I Year 4 Months. Born 1784; Died 1850. VICE IMIESIDEXT- Millard Fillmore. CABINET- Secretary of State, John M. Clayton; Secretary of Treasury, William M. Meredith; Secreiary of War, (jco. W.Crawford; Secretary of Navy, William H. Preston; Secreiary of Interior, Thomas Ewing; Postmaster- General, Jacob Collamer; Altorney-General, Reverdy Johnson. IMPOIMWNT EVEN TS- Squatter sovereignty; death of Calhoun; Clay's omni- bus bill; Nashville secession convention. MILLARD FILLMORE, New York. 1850-1853 — 2 Years 8 Months. Born 1800; Died 1874. CABIN ET- Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster and Edward Ever- ett; Secretaryof Treasury, Thomas Corwin; Secretaries of War, Winheld Scott, ad interim^ and Charles M. Conrad; Secretaries of Navy, William A. Graham and John P. Kennedy; Secretary of Interior, Alexander H. H. Stuart; Postmasters-General, Nathan K. Hall and UNITED STATES HISTORY. 19 Samuel D. Hubbard; Attorney-General, John J. Crit- tenden. IMPORTANT EVEXTS- Fugitive slave law; Kane's Arctic exhibition; death of Clay; death of Webster. FRANKLIN PIERCE, New Hampshire. 1853-1B57— 4 Years. Bom 1804; Died 1869. VICE-PRESIDEXT- William R. King. Died April 18, 1853. CABINET- Secretary of State, William L. Marcy; Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie; Srcretary of War, Jefferson Davis; Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dobbin; Secretary of Interior, Robert McClelland; Postmaster-General, James Campbell; Attorney-General, Caleb Gushing. IMPORTANT EVEN FS- Knovv-Nothing party; Gadsden purchase ($10,000,000); second Kane expedition; Kansas-Nebraska bill; dis- ruption of American party; Sumner assaulted by Brooks; Republican party organized; Martin Koszta affair; treaty with Japan. JAMES BUCHANAN, Pennsylvania. 1857-1861 — 4 Years. Bom 1 791; Died 1S6S. yiCE-PRESlDEXr- J. C. Breckenridge. (\VBlNEr- Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass and Jeremiah S. Black; Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, Philip F. Thomas and John A. Dix; Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd and Joseph Holt; Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucey; Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson; At- torneys-General, Jeremiah S. Black and Edwin M. Stanton; Postmasters-General, Aaron V. Brown, Jo- seph Holt and Horatio King. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Dred Scott decision; treaty of Denmark; war with Brigham Young; execution of John Brown; secession begun; seceded states — South Carolina Dec. 20, i860, 20 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Mississippi, Jan, lo, 1861, F'orida, Jan. 10, 1861, Ala- bama. Jan. II, 1861, Georgia, Jan. 18, 1861, Louisi- ana, Jan. 26, 1861, Texas, Feb. i, 1861 ; Crittenden compromise; southern confederacy. STATES ADMITTED— Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861 ; ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Illinois. 1861-1865— 4 Years, i Month. Bom 1809; Died 1865. yiCE-PKESIDENTTS- Hannibal HamHn ; Andrew Johnson. CABINET- Secretary of State, WilHain H. Seward ; Secretaries of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fessenden and Hugh McCuUoch; Secretaries of War. Simon Camer- on and Edwin M. Stanton; Secret.iry of Navy, Gideon Welles; Secretaries of Interior, Caleb B. Smith and John P. Usher; Postmasters-General, Montgomery Blair and William Dennison; Attorneys-General, Ed- ward Piates and James Speed. STATES A DM I PTED- West Virginia, 1863; Nevadn, 1864. I M PO R T A X I' E V E \ Ts - Civil .var, 1861-1865 ; secession completed — Virginia, April 17, 1861, Arkansas, May 6, 1861, North Caroli- na, May 20, 1861, Tennessee, June 8, 1861 ; confeder- acy recognized by England, May )3, i86r, France, June 10, 1861, Spain, June 17, 1861, Portugal, July 29, 1861 ; legal tender act; Lee surrendered, April 9, 1865 ; Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865. Civil War. CAUSE- EVENTS Slavery, 1861: Surrender of Ft. Sumter, April 13; president calls for 75,000 volunteers, April 15; Baltimore mob, April 19; Ellsworth shot, April 24; president calls for 82,748 volunteers, May; Rich Mountain, July 11; Bull Run, July 21; president calls for 500,000 volunteers; Trent affair, November 8. 1862: Ft. Henry, Tennessee, captured, E'ebruaryC: UNITED STATES HISTORY. 21 Ft Donelson, Tennessee, captured, February i6; Nash- ville, Tennessee, February 23 ; battle of Shiloh, April 6-7; Yorktovvn, Virginia, taken May 4; Memphis cap- tured. June 6 ; president calls for 300,000 volunteers, July; president calls for 300,000 volunteers, August; second Bull Run, August 29; Antietam, September 17, 1863: Emancipation proclamation, January i ; presi- dent calls for 100,000 volunteers, June; Gettysburg, July 1-3; surrender of Vicksburg, July 4; Chickamau- ga, September 19-20; president calls for 300,000 vol- unteers, October; amnesty proclamation, December 8. 1864: President calls for 200,000 men, February ; pres- ident calls for 200,000 men, March; president calls for 85,000 men, April; Atlanta campaign. May 5 to September 2; pre.-iident calls for 500,000 men, July ; Nashville campaign, C^ctober i to December 20; Sher- man's march to the sea, November 17 to December 17; pre.^'ident calls for 300,000 men, December. 1865: Surrender of Lee to Grant, April q; Lincoln assassinated l\v Booth, April 14; Jeff Davis captured at Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10; army disbanded, Au- gust I. RESULTS- Slavery abolished; union restored. Strength of U. S. Army During Rebeiiion. Date of call April 15, 1S6I Mays. 1^6l July 22 ana 25, 1861 . May and June. I8d2 July 2. 1862 August 4. 1832 - June 15, 186S October 17 1863 February 1,1864 March li 1834 April 28 1861 July 18 1864 December ly 1861 .. Total ISUMBEK No. CALLED. OBT*D 75 000 93,326 Si. '48 / 500 OJj i 714,231 15,007 300 000 431,958 HUO 000 87 588 lon.ono 16 361 300 000 ( 200,('00 \ 374,807 200 000 284,021 85.000 83,652 500.008 384.882 300.000 204 568 2 942,748 2,690,401 Length of service. Three months. Three Years. Three months. Three yeais. Nine months. Jfix months. Two years. Three years. One hundred days. One, two, or three years. ANDREW JOHNSON, Tennessee. I865-1869— 3 Years 11 Months. Born 1808; Died 1875. CABINET— Secretary of State, William H. Seward; Secretary of 22 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Treasury, Hugh McCulloch ; Secretaries of War, Ed- win M. Stanton* and John M, Schofield ; Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles ; Secretaries of Interior, James Harlan and O. H. Browning; Postinaster-General, Al- exander W. Randall; Attorneys-General, James Speed, H. F. Stanbery and William M. Evarts. IMPORTANT EVENTS- International ocean telegraph; amnesty proclamation; thirteenth amendment (prohibiting slavery) ; civil rights bill; impeachment; department of education; bank- ruptcy act ; fourteenth amendment; Alaska purchased ($7,200,000). STATES ADMITTED- Ncbraska, 1867. ULYSSES S. GRANT, Illinois. 1869-1877— 8 Years. Born 1822, VICEPKESIDEXrS- Schuyler Colfax; Henry Wilson. CABINET— Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish; Secretaries of Treasury, G. S. Boutwell, W. A. Richardson and Lot M. Morrill: Secretaries of War, J. A. Rawlins, W\ W. Belknap and James D. Cameron; Secretaries of Navy, Adolph E. Borie and G. W. Kobeson ; Secretaries of Interior, J. D. Cox, C. Delano and Zachariah Chand- - ler; Postmasters-General, J. A. J. Creswell, Marshall Jewell and James N. Tyner; Attorneys-General, E. R. Hoar, A. T. Ackerman, G. H. Williams and A. Taft. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Pacific railroad-, reconstruction completed; fifteenth amendment; ku-klux klan ; Chicago tire; Alabama claims ($15,500,000); centennial exposition. STATES ADM ITTED- Colorado, 1876. '"Suspended August 12, 1837, anl Gen. U. S. Grant appointed ad interim; but, bv order of the S^n;ite. Mr. dtanton was reinstated In the War Office, January 14, 1838. February 21 1858, Mr. Stinton was removed from office, and Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, the adjutant General, was appointed Secretary of War ad interim: but the Senate did not concur, and Mr. Stanton continued in office. May 26, 1868, the Senate, as a Court of Impe:ichment, having failed, Mr. Stanton voluntarily retired from the War Office UNITED STATES HISTORY. 28 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, Ohio. 1877-1881 — 4 Years. Born 1822. VICErRP:siDKNT— William A. Wheeler. (CABINET— Secretary of State, William M. Evarts; Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman; Secretary of War, George W. McCrary ; Secretary of Navy, Richard M. Thomp- son ; Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz ; Postmaster- General, David M. Key; Attorney-General, Charles Devens. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Railroad strike; remonetization of silver; resumption act; yellow fever epidemic; resumption of specie payment. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Ohio. 1881—6 Months, 15 Days. Born 1831 ; Died 1881. VI(T:-PHh:slI)ENT— Chester A. Arthur. CAHlN%r- Secretary of State, James G. Blnine ; Secretary of Treasury, William Windom ; Secretary ot War, Rob- ert T. Lincoln; Secretary of Navy, William H. Hunt; Secretary of Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood; Postmas- ter-Cicneral, Thomas L. James; Attorney-General, Wayne McVeagh. IMI»OUrANr EVENTS— Civil service reform ; president assassinated by C. J. Guiteau, July 2; death of President Garfield, Sept. 19. CHESTER A. ARTHUR, New York. 1881. Born 1830. ( ABINET— Secretary of State, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen ; Sec- retary of Treasury, Charles J. Folger ; Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln; Secretary of Navy, William E. Chandler; Secretary of Interior, Henry M. Teller; Postmasters-General, 'Fimothy (). Howe and Walter Q. Gresham ; Attorney- General, Benjamin H. Brewster. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Trial of C. J. Guiteau, November 17, 1881, to Janu- 24 UNITED STATES HISTORY. ary 25, 1882; execution of C. J. Guiteau, June 30 , 1882 ; river and harbor bill. CO W H < H c/3 Q W H D W H o C/D h 2 W Q CO W Oh w 00 ^rH ci— ■ uiirs 3CiriGC30.aca6 ^oo cc "^ -# •* 30 1^ J = :t ^- 1.' ". :;^ -^-5 • OC C3C 30 -^ 3D ■ »-» ^. C». t»i >> t-v c»-. >» Xrt--^C^'-t*«IC3D' UOJIBJ nShKiii t^L-JuxGootacococQc'SsoSSaDooxSjcoBoo -II S' 1 L- :a^^s p^^ M^.= -;?-o3 ^^ = = i!i =p~ c ^ti=E o ; _; tc ; o o 2 < 9 3 rt O C =^2 t- 53 a3 H :fflS '•^•? i • — a^ «■ ?P.S==^?.=1 V. X « 1" ^ c ;s?«?€^: 1-" 'sT --s H >^ >^ 1-5 <: S s^ ! t& 1-^ ■<; -"i: ,^ 2: i-j o i-iiMirs^ia! UNITED STATES HISTORY. 25 Acquisition of Territory of United States. Namk. Area. dow obtaine 1. From whom. England. France. Spain. England Mexico. Russia. Cost. Thirteen states Louisiana Fluridrt Northern boundary 820 680 899 578 66.9' 11 308,052 318.000 522,955 45,535 577.390 3 559,091 1776 1803 1819 1846 1846 1847 18.^3 1867 Revolution. By purchase By treaty. By annexation. By conquest. By purchase. S15,000 000 5,0C0.0l0 Te.xas New Mexico and California 7,500,000 18 000.000 10 000,000 Alasica .... 7,200,000 Total S62 700.000 AMERICAN WARS. Dutch war, 1673; King Philip's war, 1675; Bacon's rebel- lion, 1676; King William's war, 1689; Queen Anne's war, 1702 : King George's \var, 1744; French and Indian war, 1754; Pon- tiac's war, 1763 ; .American revolution, 1775; Shay's rebellion, 1787; Whisky insurrection, 1794; Indian war, 1794; Barbary war, 1803; Tecumseh war, 1804; War of 1812, 1812 ; Algerine war, 1815 ; First Seminole war, 1817; Second Seminole war, 1835 ; Toledo war, 1835 ; Patriot war, 1837 ; Dorr's rebellion, 1842; Mexican war, 1846; The Great Rebellion. 1861. SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. STATES. SETTLED. Where. By whom. President. Virginia I^ew Yorlc MiissH(;h!isetts .. Vt-w Hampshire Mineettcut Mar>land Rliode Is'aad... Delitware North Carolina.. New Jer'^ey South Carolina. Pennsylvania — Georgia Vermont Kentuclcy Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi. Illinois Alabama Maine .-. Missouri — Jamestown New Yorli. Plymouth. Little Harbor. Windsor. St. Mary's. Providence. Wilmington. Chowan River Elizabeth Ashley River. Philadelphia. Savannah. Kcrt Dummer. Boonesboro. 1757 Fort Loudon. 1788 Marietta. 16i»9 Iherville. 1730 Vincenues. 1716 Natchez. 1682 Kaslcasliia. 1711 Mobile. 1625 Bristol. 1764 St. Louis. 1607 1614 16:!() 1623 1633 163i 1636 16.38 1650 1664 1670 1682 1733 1724 1775 English. Dutch English. Swedes English, butch. English. French. 1791) 1792 y 1796 i 1803 181? I 1816 f 18171 1818 1 1819 :- 1820 1 1821 J Washington. Jefferson. Madison. Monroe. 26 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES— Continued. STATES. Arkansas Michigan Florida- Texas Iowa Wisconsin — California Minnesota Oregon Kansas West Virginia Nevada Nebraska — . Colorado SETTLED. 16^5 1670 1.565 Where. Arkansas POit. Detroit. St. Augustine. 1692 j San Antonio. 18:^31 Burlington. 166')i(7reen Bay. 1769 1846 1811 1774 1850 San Diego. St. Paul. Astoria. Wheeling. Genoa. By whom. French. Spaniards. English. French Spaniards. Americans English Americans 1836 1 1837 \ 184.5 1845/ 1846 '- 1848^ 185(t 1858/ 1859 ' 1861 \ 1863/ 1864 \ 1867 1876 President. Jackson. Tyler. Polk. Filimorp. Buchanan. Lincoln. Johnson. Grant. Civil Government Kinds of Government. PATRIAKCIIAL. THEOCRATIC. MONARCHY— Absolute; limited; hereditary; elective, ARISTOCRACY. DEMOCRACY— Pure democracy; republic. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Constitution Ratified^ July 26, 1788. DEPARTMENTS— ExecuUve; legislative; judicial. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 27 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. President. TEHM- P'our Years. El.KilHII.lTY— Natural-born citizen; thirty-five years of age; four- teen years a resident of the United States. now ELECTED— Electors; house of representatives. OATH. IMPEA(UI.\1KXT. .SALARY- $50,000. POWERS AND DU II ES— Military: {a) Army and navy; {/f) Militin. Civil: (^) Cabinet; (Z') Reprieves ; pardons; (c) Treaties- (d) Appointments; {e) Messages; (/) Leg- islative; (^^) Convene or adjourn congress; (//) Re- ceive foreign ministers ; (/) Execute the laws ; (/) Com- mission U. S. officers. Vice-President. TEKM- Four years. ELIGIlilLlTY- Natural born citizen; thirty-five years of age ; fourteen years a resident of United States. now ELECTED— Electors; senate. OAT[L IMPEACILUEXT. SALARY- 'S. 000. POWERS AND DUTIES— President of senate ; President of United States. Cabinet. COMPOSED OF— Secretary of State ; Secretary of the Treasury ; Secre- 28 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. tary of War; Secretary of the Navy; Secretary of the Interior; Postmaster-General; Attorney-General. SALARY OF EACn- $8,000 per annum. CONGRESS. COMPOSED OF— Senate and House of Representatives. MEETS- First Monday in December each year. Senate. COMPOSED OF— Two members from each State. FLIGIBILITY- Thirty years of age ; citizen of the United Slates nine yearii ; inhabitant of State. TERM- Six years. ELECTED- By legislatures of the several states. VACAxXClES FILLED- By Governor; legislatures. POWERS AND duties- Legislative: With house. Elective: (^r) Officers ; (/>») Vice-President ; try impeachments ; executive. SALARY— $5,000 per annum; mileage, twenty cents per mile each way, and $125 for stationery. House of Representatives. COMPOSED OF— Three hundred and twenty-five members. EJ.lGlBlLm^— Twenty-five years of age ; citizen of the United States seven years; inhabitant of State. APPORTIONED— One for ever 134,000 persons; each state one. 'iERM- Begins March 4 ; lasts two years. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 29 ELECTED- By the people; first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. VACANCIES FILLED— By special election, POWERS AND duties- Legislative : (a) With senate ; (^) Revenue ; im- peachment. Elective: (a) Officers; (^) President. SALARY— Same as in senate Expressed Powers of Congress. financial- Raising money: [c?] Taxes; [/^] Duties ; [^] Imposts ; [c/] Excises; [e] Borrow. PUKPOSES- [a] Payment of United States debts; [/?] Common de- lense ; [c] General welfare. RE(U LAPE ( OMXJEUOE- Foreign nations ; among States ; Indians. NATURALIZATION AND BANKRUPTCY. COMMERCIAL— Coin money. Regulate VALUE : [^z] Domestic ; [^] Foreign. Fix standard of weights and measures. CRIMINAL— To DEFINE AND PUNISH : [a] Piracies ; [/^] Felonies on high seas ; [c] International ofi'enses. To PROVIDE FOR PUNISHMENT OF COUNTERFEITING : U. S. securities; U. S. coin. ESTABLISH POST OFFICES AND POST-ROADS. GRANT— Copyrights; patents. ESTABLISH INFERIOR COURTS. RELATIVE TO VVAR- Declaration; letters of marque and reprisal ; rules of capture ; raise and support armies ; provide and main- tain navy; make rules for army and navy. Call out militia : [a] To execute laws ; [d} Suppress insurrections; [c] Repel invasions. 30 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Control militia: [a] Organize; [/^] Arm; [c] Disci- pline ; [<'/] Govern — when in U. S. Service. EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION OVER- Dislrict of Columbia ; forts, magazines, etc. Judicial Department. VESTED IX— One supreme court; inferior courts. JUDGES— Appointed by president and senate; tenure of office during good behavior. Salaries: [«;] Chief justice, $10,500; \/?] Associate justices, $10,000; [»] Emolument; [rJOffice; [^/] Title. CRIMINAL— Bill of attainder; ex-post facto law. On States. COMMERCIAL- Import duties; export duties; tonnage duties; law im- pairing contracts. CRIMINAL- Bill of attainder; ex-post facto law. MONEY— Coin; bills of credit; legal tender. WAR- Letters of marque and reprisal; troops or war vessels; engage in war. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. SI NOBILITY. CENSUS OF TflE UNITED STATES- 151,1790,3,929,328; 2cl, 1800, 5,305.925; 3^1, 18 10, 7,239,814; 4th, 1820, 9,638,131; 5th, 1830, 12,866,- 026; 6th, 1840, 17,069,453; 7th, 1850, 23,191,876; 8th, i860, 31,443,321; 9th, 1870, 38,558,371; loth, 1880, 50,152,866. Time for Holding State and Territorial Elections. States and Territories Alabama. Arizona Territory AiKHiisas CHliforma..- Colorado Goiiiieclicut Dakota Twirilory .... Delaware Florida (ieorglri Idaho Territory Illinois Indiana Indian Territory ... . Iowa Kansas .- Kentucky - Louisiana.- Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississipui -- Missouri — Montana Territory... Nebraska Nevada — New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Territory New York... North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Territory Vermont Virginia Washington Territory West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory... 000 61 500 ,000 000 000 600 000 50( ,000 ,G(0 .000 ,000 ,G00 .too ,00' ,000 000 .00 ,500 000 oeo 800 ,000 000 ,600 ,500 000 000 ,000 ,600 ,000 000 ,000 500 ,000 000 500 000 ,000 ,6u0 000 000 oOO 70 000 600 Time of General Election. First Monday in August. Tuesday after tirst Monday in November. First Tuesday in September. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Tuesday in October. Tuesday after tirst Alonday in November. First Wednesday in October ruesday after first Monday in November. Second Tuesday in October. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Monday in August First Monday in November. Second Monday in September. Tuesday after first Monday in November. Second Tuesday in October. First Monday in June. Tuesday after first Monday in November. F^irst Wednesday in April. Tuesday after first Monday in November. F'irst Monday in August. F^irst Tuesday in September. Tuesday after first Monday in November. Second Tuesday in October. Tuesday after first Monday in November. 32 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. DIPLOMATIC M1NI8TERS- To France, German Empire, Great Britain, Russia, salary $17,500; to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, salary $12,000; Chili, Peru, Central American States, salary $10,000; Argentme Republic, Belgium, Columbia, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Norway and Sweden, Netherlands, Turkey, Venezuela, salary $7,500; Bolivia, Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay and Uruguay, Portugal, salary $5,000; Liberia, salary $4,000. Pay of the Army and Navy of the United States. ARMY. (Jeneral - - S13 500 fjeiiteiiuiit (Jeiieral-- 11 000 JlH.iorGer!er;il 7 5(10 B^i|^;llli^^r-(ieI!^rdl . "^ "" ' Colonel Lleuteruitit-Ooloiiel M;tj»mmudurf 5 0(lO 350iOaptain 4.fO(» :-{()0>)!Oomiiiaiid<-r 8 500 2 501] Lieutenant C.»mmander- 2 800 2.000 l.ieuteiiaiit 2.4ro Cdptain (not iiioiinttd) 1 W id; Master HetcimHiital Adjutant 1 800 E Regim^-ntal Q'iarternri,>tt'r 1 800 Iht Lieutenant (njounte.o) 1 WO 1st Lieutenant (not mounted) l.f^OO 2d Lienteiiant (niounted) 1500 2.1 l.ieutetiant (not mounted) l.4iHi Chaplain l/.OO *igi J, 800 1.200 Chaplain 2 500 Suigeon 2800 Paymaster 2.8i)0 AssistariJ-Surg»0'i . 1.700 viid.shipmen l.too (Tuniitrs . 1 200 The Electoral Vote. Alabama - K Arkansas 7 California 8 Colorado 3 Connecticut .- - 6 Delaware -. 3 Florida 4 (ireorgia 12 Illinois 22 Indiana 15 Iowa 13 Kansas - 9 Kentucky 13 Louisiana 8 Maine P Massachusetts U Maryland 8 Michigan 13 Mississippi 9 Missouri- l(i Minnesota ... 7 New Hampshife - 4 Nebraska -. 5 Nevada--- 3 New .Jersey 9 New York .--- 3fi North Carolina -.- 11 Ohio -. 23 Oregon 3 Pennsjlvania 30 Rhode Island 4 "^outh Carolina- 9 Tennessee 12 Texas -.- 13 Vermont - 4 Virginia 12 West Virginia 6 Wisconsin . - 11 Total 401 Necessary to a choice, 201. ANNUAI. SAL.VRIR.S- Emperor of Russia, $8,250,000; sultan of Turkey, $6,- 000,000; emperor of Austria, $4,000,000; emperor of Germany. $3,000,000; Queen Victoria (G. B.), $2,- 200,000; president of the United States, $50,000. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 33 CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MICHIGAN. DEPARTMENTS. EXECUTIVE- Governor; assistants. LE(JI8LAT1VE- Senate, 32; house of representatives, 100. JUDICIAL- Supreme court; inferior courts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Governor. ELIGIBILITY- Age 30 years; citizen of tlie United States five years; of state, two years. SALARY— $1,000. Assistant State Officers. ELECTIVE- Secretary of State, salary $800; State Treasurer, sal- ary $1,000; Auditor-General, salary $1,000; Commis- sioner of Land Office, salary $800; Attorney-General, salary $800; Superintendent of Public Instruction, sal- ary $1,000. Other State Officers and Clerks. Title. 1 Title. Secretary Board of Agriculture State Librarian $1,000 1,(00 1.200 2,000 1,200 2,500 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 Deputy Sup't of Public Instruction Private Secretary of Governor Draughtsman State Land Office ..- Bookkeeber State Land Office. Bookkeeper State Treasurer's Office Bookkeeper Aud.-General's Office. . Clerk or Attorney-General $1,800 800 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 LOGO 1,000 1,000 Swamp Land State Road Com'r...- Commissioner of Insurance Deputy Commissioner of Insurance Railroad Com raissioner. Deputy State Treasurer Deputy Auditor-General Cl'ks of Aud. Gen., tour, each Cl'ks of Sec. of State Deputy Secretary of State Deputy Com'r of Land Office Cl'ks of Com'r of Land Office 1 34 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Senate. HOWCOMPOSED- One from each district. ELIGIBILITY— Citizen of United States; qualified elector; inhabitant of county or district. NUMBER OF MEMBER8- Thirty-two. BY WHOMELECTED- The people. WHEN ELECTED- Tuesday following first Monday in November of every even year. SALARY— $3 per day during regular session and for first twenty days of extra session, and nothing thereafter; also ten cents mileage each way, and $5 for stationery. QUORUM - Majority of members, but a lesser number may ad- journ from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. SENATE POWERS— Legislative — with house; judicial — impeachment; elec- tive — senate officers; executive. House of Representatives. HOVVCOMPOSED- One from each legislative district. ELIGIBILITY- Citizen of United States; qualified elector; inhabitant of district. NUMBER. OF MEMBERS- One hundred. BY WHOM ELECTED— The people. WHENELECTED- Tuesday following first Monday in November of every even vear. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 35 SAJ.ARY- Same as in senate. QUORUM- Same as in senate. HOUSE POWERS- Legislative — witii senate; inquisitorial — impeachment; elective house officers. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Supreme Court. CHIEF JLJSTlCh:- Benjamin F. Graves,* term expires Dec. 31, 1883. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES— Thomas M. Cooley, term expires Dec. 31, 1885. James V. Campbell, term expires Dec. 31, 1887. Isaac Marston,t term expires Dec. 31, 1889. SALARY— $4,000. OFFICERS ANO THEIR SALARIES— Clerk, fees; reporter, $1,500 and expenses, and a sum not to exceed $600 per year for clerk hire; attorney- general, $800; crier, $2 per day and fees-, sheriff, fees; attorneys, fees. TE RMS- Four annually, commencing on first Tuesday after first Monday in January, April, June, and October. COUNTY. EXECUTIVE— Sheriff, fees; clerk, salary and fees; treasurer, salary and fees; register of deeds, fees; prosecuting attorney, salary; surveyor, $4 per day and fees; coroners (2), fees; school examiners [3], $4 per day; superinten- dents of poor [3], salary fixed by board of supervisors. JUDICIAL— Circuit judges, $2,500; circuit court commissioners, *To be succeeded by John W. Champlln. tResigned, and Thomas R. Shersvood elected to fill vacancy. 36 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. fees; probate judge, salary according to population of county. LEGISLATIVE- Board of supervisors, $3 per day and mileage six cents each way. TOWNSHIP. EXECUTIVE- Supervisor, $2 per day and fees; clerk, $1.50 per day and fees; treasurer, percentage; school inspectors [2], $2 per day; highway commissioner, $1.50 per day; drain commissioner, $2 per day; overseers of highway, $1 per day; constables [4J, fees; fence viewers, $1 per day. JUDICIAL- Justices of the peace. LEUISL ATIVE- Township meeting. ELECTI0X8- March — Dates variously fixed in the different villages ; April — First Monday each year; November — Tuesday following first Monday, even years. Election. March April . I r November -1 I Officers. Village officers Judges of Supreme Court-.. Judges of Circuit Court Townsliip and city officers .. Justices of the Peace Drain Commissioners State E'cecutlve officers — f State Legislature ; County officers — L Probate JudgP Derm of Office. One year. Eight years. Six years One year. Four years. Two years. Two years. Four years. Governors of Michigan. TERRITORIAL— William Hull, 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Porter, 1832; Stevens T. Mason, 1834; John S. Hor- ner, 1835; Stevens T. Mason, 1835. STATE- Stevens T. Mason, 1837-40; William Woodbridge, 1840-41; J.Wright Gordon [acting], 1841-42; John S. Barry, 1842-46; Alpheus Fclch, 1846-47; William GEOGRAPHY. 87 S. Greenlv [acting], 1847-48; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1848-50/ John S. Barry, 1850-52; Robert McClel- land, 1852-53; Andrew Parsons [acting], 1853-55; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855-59; Moses Wisner, 1859- 61; Austin Blair, 1861-65; Henry H. Crapo, 1865-69 ; Henry P. Baldwin, 1869-73; John J. Bagley, 1873-77; Charles M. Croswell, 1877-81; David H. Jerome, 1881-83; Josiah W. Begole, 1883. Geography, DEFINITIONS— Geography shape NATIJ NATU mathematical, political, physical; earth, of earth, distance from sun, sphere or globe, diameter, circumference, axis; poles — north, south; revolutions — annual, diurnal; circles — great, small; degree, equator, parallels; latitude— north, south, 90 degrees; tropics— Cancer, Capricorn; polar circles- Arctic, Antarctic; meridian circles, meridian; longitude —east, west, 180 degrees; hemispheres— east, west, north, south ; zones — north and south temperate, each 43 degrees, torrid 47 degrees, and north and south frigid, each 23^ degrees; earth's surface — land, water. HAL DIVISIONS OF LAND— Continent; islands — continental, oceanic; peninsula, isthmus, cape, promontory, mountain, hill ; volcanoes — active, extinct; lava, crater, range or chain, peak or summit; valleys — longitudinal, transverse; base, slopes, crest, pass or passage, mountain-knot, trend, earth- quake, plain, prairies or savannas, llanos or pampas, selvas, steppes, table-land or plateau, desert, oasis, swamp. liAL DIVLSIOXSOF WATER- Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, fiord, harbor, haven or port, 88 GEOGRAPHY. road or roadstead, strait, channel, sound; lakes — salt, fresh; pond, archipelago, river, estuary, delta, river basin, river system, icebergs, glaciers, water-shed, rap- ids, canon, falls, lagoon; reef — fringing, barrier, encir- cling; springs, artesian wells, firth, canal, atoll. ISOTHERMAL LINES— Horizon, equinoxes, solstices, ecliptic. TIDES— Flood, ebb, spring, neap. CURRENTS— Temporary, periodical, constant. MAP. CLIMATE, DEPENDS UPON— Latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, ocean currents, distance from sea. QUADRANT. TOPICS FOR GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY— Boundaries, latitude, longitude, surface, mountains, plains, islands, capes, bodies of water, rivers, climate, soil, natural curiosities, productions, exports, imports, square miles, population, race, state of society, capital, chief towns, internal improvements, education, relig- ion, government, manners, customs, language, history, science, literature, arts. North America. COUNTRIES AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT— Danish America, colony; British' America, colony; Do- minion of Canada, colony; United States of America, republic; Mexico, republic; Central America, five re- publics, one colony. MOUNTAINS— Rocky, Hecla [volcano], St. Elias [volcano]. Fair- weather [volcano]. Cascade, Coast Range, Sierra Ma- dre. Sierra Nevada, Popocataped [volcano], Mt. Hood, Appalachian, Fremont's Peak, Mt. Washington, Long's Peak, Pike's Peak. RIVERS- Yukon, Mackenzie, Snake, Savannah, Slave, Sangue- GEOGRAPHY. 39 nay, Ohio, Ottawa, Athabasca, Churchill, Nelson, Sev- ern, Saskatchaw-in, Columbia., Colorado, Gila, Mis- souri, Hudson, James, Mississippi, Arkansas, St. Law- rence, Rio Grande. GULFS AND BAV6- . Baffin, Hudson, James, St. Lawrence, California, Hon- duras, Campeachy, Mexico, Chesapeake, Delaware. ISLANDS CAPES- Arctic archiuelago. Disco, Kodiak, Sitka, Queen Char- lotte, Vancouver, West Indies, Bahama, Bermuda, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Greenland. Farewell, Bathurst, Chudleigh, Barrow, Flattery, Men- docino, St. Lucas, Corrientes, Sable, Hatteras, bandy Hook, Cod, Race. ciTH^:s- Kevkiavik, Upernavik, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, Sit- ka,'Chicago, New York, Boston, Halifax, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, St. Louis. Vera Cruz, Mexico, San Francisco, Havana. South America. COUN IKIES. Brazil Form of Gov't. Emperor. Argentine Republic Bolivia Ecuador Chili Venezuela U. S. ot Columbia.. Peru Uuruguay Paraguay Patagonia Empire. Republic Guiana Colonies. Dom Pedro II. President. Jules A. Roca. Nicholas Campero. Jose de Vintimilla. Anibal Pinto. Guyzraan Blanco R. Nunez. M. I. Prado. F. A. Vidal. H. Uiiarte. ( British. -I French. ( Dutch. O 1831 1880 1880 1876 1876 1879 1880 1876 1880 1877 Andes, Parima, Pacaraima, Acarai, Geral Brazilian An- 40 GEOGRAPHY. des, Aconcagua [volcano], Cotopaxi [volcano], Pich- incha [volcano], Mt. Chimborazo, RIVERS— Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, La Plata, Uruguay, Parana, St. Francisco, Paraguay. GULFS AND BAYS- Darien, Panama, St. George, Venezuela, St. Matthias, Choco. ISLANDS- Terra Del Fuego, Joannes or Marajo, Chiloe, Falkland, Trinidad. CAPES— crriES- Gallinas, St. Roque, Blanco, Horn, Frio, Corrienies, St. Antonio, Aguja. Rio Janeiro, Bahia, l.ima, Bogota, Sucre, La Paz, Quito, Buenos Ayres, Santiago.* Europe. Countries. Russia -- - .- Turkey Austria - .. (iermany Spain Portugal (Jreat Britain Italy --- Holland Belgium Denmark Sweden and Norway. Greece - Servia Roumania -.. Montenegro France Switzerland. Form of Gov't. Ruler. h Empire. Alexander III 1881 Abdul Hamid Khan. 1876 '•• Fratiz Joseph I. 184H Wilhelm I 1871 Kingdom Alfonso XII. 1874 Luis I. 1861 '• Victoria 1. 1887 Humbert 1. 1878 '» William III. 1849 Leopold n. 1865 " Christian IX. 186:-1 ' Oscar II. 1872 " George I. 1863 Milan 0. Ovitch. !■• Karl I. 1866 President. ^1 §2 Republic. F. J. V. Grevy. 1879 B. Hammer. 1879 MOUNTAINS- Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Carpathian, Balkan, Cau- casus, Ural, Auvergne, Cevennes, Doorefield, Kiolen, GEOGRAPHY, 41 Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian, Sierra Morena, Sierra Es- trella, Mt. Blanc, Find us. RIVEKS-- Ural, Volga, Don, Ebro, Pruth, Dnieper, Dniester, Drave, Dwina, Duna, Onega, Douro, Vistula, Danube, Oder, Guadina, Elbe, Rhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Po, Tagus, Weser, Save. SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— White, Baltic, North, Irish, Adriatic, Azof, Mediter- ranean, Marmora, Black, Caspian, Bothnia, Finland, Riga, Biscay, Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, Dantzic. STRAITS— Gibraltar, Otranto, Dover, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Yenikale, Cattegat, Skager-Rack, English Channel, St. George's Channel. ISLANDS- Lofoden, Faroe, Shetland, Orkney, British, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian, Candia, Cy- prus. CAPES— North, Clear, Land's End, St. Matthew, Finisterre, St. Vincent, Ortegal, Matapan. CITIES— St. Petersburg, Archangel, Odessa, Astrakhan, Mos cow, Hainmerfest, Berlin, Christiana, Stockholm, The Hague, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, Berne, Rome, Naples, Madrid, I/isbon, Athens, Constantinople, Gettinge, Bu- charest. Asia. Countries. Form of Gov't. Ruler. 1*" Siberia Colony. Empire. Kingdom. Despotism. Empire. Colony. Despotism Kwong Shu. Metsu Hlto. Abdul Hamid Khan. Inendoonnien. Chan Ta Chule Long Korn Tu Due. Nassr-ed-Deen. Yakob Khan. Mir J^asa Khan. China Japan 1875 1876 Turkey Burmah 1876 Slam Anam -. Arabia Persia British India-. Eastern Turkestan 1848 Afghanistan. - beloochistan 42 GEOGRAPHY. MOUXTAINS- Himalaya, Yabloui, Altai, Kin Gan, Nanling, Hindoo Koosh, Kara, Korum, Western Gauts, Eastern Gauts, Elburz, Taurus. Mt. Sinai, Mt. Ararat, Mt. Everest, Thian Shan, Fujigama [volcano], Vindhya. RIYERS- Lena, Yenisei, Obi, Irtish, Angara, Sihon, Amoo, Amoor, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-Kiang, Brahmapootra, Cambodia, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, Euphrates. SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS- Kara, Arabian, China, Blue, Yellow, Japan, Okhotsk. Behring, Red, Aral, Obi, Persian, Aden, Bengal, Siam, Tonquin. STRAITS- Behring, Channel of Tartary, Corea, Formosa, Malac- ca, Ormus, Bab-el Mandeb. ISLANDS- Nova Zembla, New Siberia, Kurile, Saghalien, Yezo, Hondo-Lin-Kin, Shikoku, Kinshin, Formosa, Japan, Hainan, Ceylon, Cyprus, Laccadive, Maldive, Bahrein. CAPES- North East, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Co- morin. CITIES- Pekin, Lassa, Seoul, Kashgar, Hue, Bankok, Manda- lay, Calcutta, Colombo, Cabul, Teheran, Riad, Muscat, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tinmen, Barnaul, Irkoutsk, Kiva, Bokhara, Smyrna, Damascus, Jerusalem. Africa. COUNTRIES— Barbary States — Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoh; Fezzan, Egypr, Nubia, Soudan, Abyssinia, Zanguebar, Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Lower Guinea, Barca, Mozambique, Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free States, Senegambia, Liberia, Sahara. MOUNTAINS— Atlas, Kong, Crystal, Snow, Great Karroo, Kondi, Mt. Kenia, Mt. Killamandjaro, Cameroon, GEOGRAPHY. 48 RIVERS— Nile, White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara, Zambesi, Orange, Congo, Niger. GULFS AND BAYS - Sidea, Cabes, Guinea, False, Algoa, Delgora. ISLANDS— St. Helena, Canary, Princess, St. Thomas, Madagas- car, Comoro, Zanzibar, Socotra. capes- Bow, Spartel, Blanco, Verde, Palmas, Lopez, Negro, Frio, Good Hope, Agulhas, Corrientes, Delgado, Am- ber, Guardafui, St. Mary. CITIES— Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, Goudar, Antalo, Ankobar, Zanzibar, Tananarivo, Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria, Monrovia, Fez, Free Town, Morocco, Algiers, Constantine, Oran, Tu- nis, Tripoli, Mourzouk, Bengazi, Timbuctoo, Kam, So- koto, Kuka. Oceanica. DIVISIONS- Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia. MOUNTAINS- Blue, Darling, Australian Alps, South Alps, Ashbur- ton, Egmont (volcano), E^dgecombe (volcano), Mt. Ophir, Mt. Kosciusko, Hawaii (volcano). RIVERS- Murray, Darling, Victoria, Lachlan, Ashburton, Cooper. SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS- Botany, Coral, Carpentaria, Spencer, Java, Celebes, Cambridge, Arafura. STRAITS— Bass, Cook, Sunda, Torres, Molucca, Macassar. ISLANDS- Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Cele- bes, Molucca, Philippine, Singapore, Sandwich, New Zealand, Friendly, Society, Feejee, Tasmania, Solo- mon. Banca. 44 GEOGRAPHY. CAPES CITIES- York, Sandy, Howe, Wilson. Leeuwin, North West, Datu, FarevveJl, West, East, iMaria. Acheen, Bencoolen, Batavia, Manila, Victoria, Wel- lington, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide. Races and Religions. RACES- Caucasian, 600,000,000 ; Mongolian, 600,000,000; Af- rican, 250,000,000; Malay, 4,000,000; American, 8,- 000,000. Estimated to speak over 3,000 different lan- guages. RELIGIONS— Pagans, 676,000,000; Christians, 320,000,000; Mo- hammedans, 140,000,000; Jews, 14,000,000. Profess about 1,000 different forms of religion. Population of Some of the Principal Cities of the World. London, 3,814,511; Paris, 1,988,806; Pekin, 1,650,- 000; Canton, 1,500,000; New York, 1,206,299; Ber- lin, 1,049,663; Vienna, 1,020,770; Philadelphia, 847,- 170; Tokio, 811,510; St. Petersburg, 667,963. Ten Principal Cities of the United States. New York, 1,206,299; Philadelphia. 847,17c: Brook- lyn, 566,663; Chicago, 503,185; Boston, 362,839; St. Louis, 350,518; Baltimore, 332,313; Cincinnati, 255,- 139; San Francisco, 233,959; New Orleans, 216,090. Highest Mountains in the World. Old World. Feet. Mount Everest - 29 000 Hindoo Koosh- 20.000 Elburz 18,572 Ararat 16,960 Mount Blanc- - 15.780 Monte Rosa 15.223 Pic Anethoux.— - 11.168 Killamaudjaro 20.065 Kosciusko- 7,176 New World. Feet. Nevada de Sorato 25,000 Aconcagua 24,422 Chiniborazo 21,414 Popocatauetl --..17.784 Orizba 17.897 Mount Whitney 15,000 Uncompaghre 14.587 Gray's Peak ....14.295 St. Ellas 14,970 GEOGRAPHY. 45 Length of the Principal Rivers of the World. New World. Miles. Mississippi 4,200 Amazon %750 Missouri 3.100 La Plata ....2.300 Mackenzie 2.300 Si. Lawrence 2.000 Saskatchewan 1,900 Yukon 1,600 Orinoco 1 550 San Francisco .1.550 Rio Grande Del Norte 1.500 Columbia 1,020 Colorado 1,000 Alabama 650 Susquehanna 400 < onnecticut. 350 Hudson 330 Old World. Miles. Nile 4,000 Yenisei -... 3,400 Yang-tse-Kiang... 3,320 Obi 3 000 Niger 3,000 Lena. 2.700 Amoor 2.650 Brahmapootra 2.300 Volga... 2,000 Indus 1,850 Danube 1.800 Euphrates 1,750 Ganges.. ...1,600 Zambesi 1,600 Murray ...1.500 Rhine 880 Elevation of Lakes. Feet. Pirikol (Source of Amoo river)... 15,600 Manasarowar 15,(00 Rawan Rhud (Sourcp ot: Sutlege liver) 15,000 Titicaca (South America) 12 846 Aullagas (Salt— South America) ...12,257 Yellowstone (Wyoming) 7.780 Great SaU Lake (Utah) 4 200 Itasca (Minnesota) 1 575 Superior 6r0 Michigan 585 Huron 585 Erie 565 Ontario 231 Sea of Aral (Salt) 36 Depression of Lakes. Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites (Salt), 1,312 Lake Tiberias 7£5 Caspian Sea (Salt) 83 SEVEN WONDERS OF TEIE VVORLD- The pyramids, temples and hanging gardens of Baby- lon, statue of Jupiter Olympus, temple of Diana at Ephesus, mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Pharos, the colossus of Rhodes. 46 GRAMMAR. Comparative Table of Islands. In the following table Michigan, with an area of 56 500 square miles, is taken as the unit. ISLANDS. Area in square miles. P a Australia Borneo.- 3,000.000 300,000 275 500 200,000 130,000 106.000 84.000 70.000 51,E0{) 46,000 40 200 35.000 32 500 28,000 26,200 24,500 6.500 6.000 5 000 4,800 53.09 5.30 New Guinea ... . .. .. . . 4 09 Madagascar 3 53 Sumatra 2 47 New Zealand .. 1 87 Great Britain Celebes 1.50 1 23 Java .. 91 Cuba .81 Newfoundland 71 Iceland .61 Ireland .67 Hayti ,49 Tasmania .46 Ceylon New Caledonia .43 .11 Jamaica 10 Timor . . .. .t8 Bahamas .08 Grammar. ORTFIOGRAPIIY. ETYMOLOGY. SYNTAX. PROSODY^ ORTHOGRAPHY. DEFINITIONS- Elementary sound, letter, vowel, diphthong, diagraph, triphthong, triagraph, consonant, mute, semi-vowel, la- GRAMMAR. 47 bial, palatal, lingual, dental, sub-vocal, aspirate, word, syllable, monosyllable, dissyllable, trissyilable, polysyl- lable, prefix, suffix. ETYMOLOGY. DEFINITIONS— Parts of speech, noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, ad- verb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, participle, declension, comparison, conjugation, parsing, inflec- tion, synopsis. Nouns. COMMON- Class; abstract; collective; verbal. PROPER. PROPERTIES— Gender — masculine, feminine, common, neuter; per- son — first, second, third; number — singular, plural; case — nominative, possessive, objective, absolute. GENDER OF NOUNS DETERMINED— By termmation; by different words; by prefixes or suffixes. PLURA.L OF NOUNS FORMED— By inflection; by radical change. Pronouns. ANTECEDENT. CONSEQUENT. PERSONAL- Simple; compound. POSSESSIVE. RELATIVE— Simple; compound. INTERROGATIVE. Adjectives. DESCRIPTIVE- Common; proper; participial. DEFINITIVE- Articles; pronominals; numerals. 48 GRAMMAR. Verbs. USE- Transitive; intransitive; copulative; principal; auxil- iary; unipersonal. FORM— Regular; irregular; redundant; defective. NATURE— Active; passive; neuter. PROPERTIES- Voice — active, passive; mode — indicative, subjunctive, potential, imperative,, infinitive; tense — present, pres- ent perfect, past, past perfect, future, future perfect; number and person — same as subject. Adverbs. Time; place; cause; degree; manner; interrogative; conjunctive; modal; adverbial phrase. Prepositions. Simple; complex. Conjunctions. Co-ordinate; subordinate. MEANINCi- Copulative; disjunctive; correlative. USE- SYNTAX. Simple, Complex, Compound. ELEMENTS- Principal — [^] subject; [/»] predicate; [<:J object; sub- ordinate — adjective, adverbial. PHRASES— Classes — [a] substantive; [/?] adjective; [c] adverbial; [tf] independent. Function — [a] simple; [/?] com- pound; [c] transitive; [d] intransitive; [e~] principal; [/] auxiliary; [g] complex; [//] mixed. Form — [a] prepositional; [d] infinitive; [V] participle; [d] nominal. CLAUSES- Subject; predicate; relative; appositive; interrogative; objective; adverbial. GRAMMAR. 49 SENTENCES— Function — [a] declarative; perative; [^/] exclamatory, complex; [c] compound. FIGURES OF SPEECH— Etymology — [a] apheresis; [<^] prosthesis; [r goge; [^] syncope; [e] apocope; [/] tmesis; eresis; \/i\ syneresis. Syntax — [a\ pleonasm; lipsis; [c] parenthesis; [^] enallage; [e] zeugma; f/] syllepsis; [g] hyperbaton. Rhetoric — [^] simile; |^] metaphor; [^] allegory; [d] metonymy; [^] synecdoche; [y] ecphonesis; [g] antithesis; [/;] irony; [/] interro- gation; [y] hyperbole; \^k] vision; [/] apostrophe; [w] personification ; \/i] erotesis; [^] climax; [/)] epi- [^] litotes; [rj catachresis. [/^] interrogative; [r] im- Form — [a] simple; [d] para- .-1 di- l^] el- gram PROSODY. Punctuation, Versification, Stanza. DISCOURSE— Prose; poetry — (a) rhyme; (l?) blank verse; (c) feet — iambus, trochee, spondee, pyrrhic, anapest, dactyl, amphibrach ; (d) accent. POETIC PAUSES- Final ; caesural. Reading, DEFINITIONS- Pronunciation, orthoepy, modulation, emphasis, slur, syllabication, punctuation, transition, inflection, enun- ciation, monotone, person2tion. METHODS OF TEACHING— Phonetic, alphabetic, word. Pronunciation. ARTICULATION— Vowels, diphthongs, consonants. ACCENT— Primary, secondary. Punctuation. PAUSES, USE OF— To mark division of sense, indicate the nature of the sentence, and denote unusual construction. PAUSES, KINDS OF- Grammatical, representative, rhetorical. Modulation. PITCH- High, middle, low. QUALITY— Pure tone, orotund, aspirated, guttural, trembling. FORCE- Subdued, moderate, energetic; impassioned — free and suppressed. READING. 51 RATE- Slow, moderate, quick. INFLECTION— Rising, falling, circumflex. SYLLABICATION^— Monosyllable, dissyllable, trissyllable, polysyllable. EMPHASrS- Absolute, antithetic. PERSONATION— Persons, things. Diacritical Marks. Mark. Name. Where used. Macron. Over a, e, i, o, u, y, oo, g, under e and u. Breve. Over a, e, i, o, u, y, and oo. Dieresis. Over a, and i, under a, o, and u. Period. Over a, o, g, under a, o, and u. Caret. Over a, e, o, and u. Tilde. Over e, i, and u. Cedilla Under c. Inverted t. Under s and x. Bar. Across c. Arithmetic DEFINITIONS— A unit, a number, unit of a number, an interger, a con- crete number, an abstract number, unity, a solution, a problem, an example, an analysis, a rule, digits, cipher or zero, period, simple value, local value, axiom. Notation. ROMAN— Letters, value, principles. ARABIC— Figures, periods, principles. NUMERATION— Periods, principles, rule. Addition. DEF1N1TI0N8- Sum or amount, parts, like numbers. SIGNS- Addition, equality. PRINCIPLES— One, two, three. RULE Subtraction. DEFINITIONS- Minuend, subtrahend, difference or remainder. SIGNS. principj.es— One, two. RULE. ARITHMETIC. 53 Multiplication. DEFINITIONS— Multiplicand, multiplier, product, factors. SIGN. THEOREMS- Either factor for multiplier product same name as mul- tiplicand; multiplier always abstract. PRINCIPLES- One, two, three, four. RULES. Division. DEFINITIONS- Dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder. SIGNS— One, two, three. THEOREMS- Quotient an abstract number; dividend and divisor like numbers; remainder same name as dividend. PRINCIPLES- One, two, three. RULES. Properties of Numbers. DEFINITIONS- Interger, exact divisor, common divisor, greatest com- mon divisor, prime numbers, composite numbers, even number, odd number, factoring, multiple, common multiple, least common multiple, cancellation. PRINCIPLES— One, two, three, four. RULES FOR- Multiples, divisors, prime factors. Fractions. DEFINITIONS- Unit of a fraction, fractional unit, denominator, numer- 54 ARITHMETIC. ator, terms, value, analysis, proper, improper, simple, complex, compound, similar fractions, dissimilar frac- tions, common denominator, least common denomin ator, mixed number, reciprocal. REDUCTION- Fraction to a number, number to a fraction, higher terms to lower terms, lower terms to higher terms, compound to simple, dissimilar to simple. ADDITION- Like denominators, unlike denominators. SUBTllACTIOX- Like denominators, unlike denominators. MULTIPLICATION— Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, fraction by a fraction. DIVISION— Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, fraction by a fraction. THEOREMS- Common denominator a common multiple; least com- mon denominator, least common multiple. PRINCIPLES- One, two, three, four. RULES. Decimals. DEFINITIONS- Decimal point, mixed number, pure decimal number, complex decimal, notation, numeration, reduction, deb- it and credit, debtor, creditor, an account, balance, bill of goods, footing of bill, item, receipting a bill. REDUCTION— Prefixing a cipher, annexing a cipher. ADDITION. SUBTRACTION. MULTIPLICATION- Number of decimal places in product. ARITHMETIC. 55 DIVISION- Number of decimal places in quotient. RULES. Denominate Numbers. DEFINITIONS— Concrete number, abstract number, simple, compound, standard unit, scale, money, coin or specie, paper money, reduction — ascending and descending, weight, measures of— length, surface and solid, time. TABLES— Linear measure, square measure, surveyor's square measure, cubic measure, board measure, liquid meas- ure, apothecaries' liquid measure, dry measure, avoir- dupois weight, troy weight, apothecaries' weight, measures of time. IIULES. Percentage. DEFINITIONS- Per cent., sign, percentage, base, rate, amount, difter- ence, interest, principal, legal interest, compound in- terest, usury, promissory note, per annum, annual in- terest, partial payment, indorsement, maker or drawer, payee, holder, indorser, face of a note, negotiable note, non-negotiable note, discount, net price, cash value, true discount, present worth, bank discount, check, proceeds or avails, maturity, profit and loss, commission, agent, consignment, consignor, consignee, tax, real estate, personal property, assessor, assess- ment roll, duties or customs, tare, leakage, breakage, custom-house, company, charter, capital stock, share, certificate, par value, market value, installment, bond, coupon, broker, brokerage, insurance, policy, exchange, set of exchanges, partnership, capital, resources, lia- bilities, deficit. Ratio. DEFINITIONS- Terms of ratio, antecedent, consequent, sign, couplet. PRINCIPLES- One, two, three. 56 ARITHMETIC. Proportion. DEFINITIONS— Simple, compound, sign, antecedents, consequents, ex- tremes, means, direct, inverse. PlilNCIPLES- One, two, three. Involution. DEFINITIONS- Power. PRINCIPLES. Evolution. DEFINITIONS- Root, radical sign, perfect power, imperfect power, square root, cube root. PRINCIPLES. Progression. DEFINITIONS— Progression — arithmetical and geometrical; series- cending and descending. RULES. -as- Mensuration. DEFINITIONS- Line — straight and curved; parallel lines, plane sur- face, curved surface; angle — right, obtuse, acute; ver- tex, triangle, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle, polygon, circle, circumference, radius, diameter, base, altitude, diagonal, perimeter, area, solid or body, prism, parallelopipedon, cylinder, pyramid, cone, frus- trum, sphere, diameter, radius, convex surface, volume of a body, extension, square, cube, trapezoid. ARITHMETIC. 57 Values of Foreign Coins According to Secretary of Treasury, January 2, 1882. COUNTRY. Austria Belgium Bolivia- Brazil British possessions in No. America Chili Cuba - - Denmark . Ecuador Egypt France Great Britain - Greece - German Empire Hayti ludia Italy- - - Japan Liberia -.. Mexico -. Netherlands- Norway Peru Portugal - - Russia — Sandwich Islands Spain - Sweden Switzerland Tripoli Turkey - --- ... U. S. of Colombia Venezuela Monetary unit. Florin. Franc. Bolivians. Milreis of 1000 reis. Dollar. Preso. Preso. Crown. Preso. Piaster. Franc. Pound sterling. Drachma. Mark. Gourde. Rupee of 16 anas. Lira. Yen. Dollar. Dollar. Florin. Crown. Sol. Milreis of 1000 reis. Rouble of 100 copecks, Dollar. Peseta of 100 centimes, Crown. Franc. Mahbub of 20 plasters, Plaster. Peso. Bolivar. Standard. Silver. Gold and silver. Silver. Gold. Gold. Gold and silver. Gold and silver. Gold. Silver. Gold. (lOld and silver. Gold. Gold and silver. Gold. (iold and silver. Silver. Gold and silver. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold and silver. Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold and silver. Gold. GolH. (iold and silver. Silver. (iold. Silver. Gold and silver. c o ct . $ .106 .193 .823 .546 1.00 .912 .932 .268 .823 .049 .193 4 866I/2 .193 .;38 .965 .39 .193 .887 1.00 .894 .402 .268 .823 1.08 .658 1.00 .193 .268 .193 .743 .044 .823 .193 Physiology, Bones. USES- Protection, levers, shape. COA^ERING- Periosteum. COMPOSITION- Animal matter, mineral matter. PKOPERTIES- Porosity, weight, hardness, strength, color. NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION— Head — [a] cranium, 8; [^J face, 14; [c] ears, 6. Trunk — [a] spine, 26; [d] ribs, 24; [c] hyoid, i; [//] stern- um, I ; [e] hip bones, 2. Upper limbs — \a] shoulders, 4; [d] arms, 6; [c] hands, 54. Lower limbs — [ 20 & 22 MONROE STREET, GrSLTidL Rapids, IMiclnigan. ! We take pride in extending to all strangers while in our city an invitation to visit our store. Ours is the largest house of the kind in the state, , and we have one of the finest stores in the country. We especially invite teachers to make our store a ! resort while in town. ! School Supplies and Furnishing Township Libraries i A SPKCIALvTTY.