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THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO THE I'EOPLE OF 
 THE SOUTH BY THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY. 
 WHOSE INTERESTS ARE IDENTICAL WITH THOSE OF 
 THE STATES TRAVERSED BY ITS LINES. 
 
 By Transfer 
 
 NOv' 21 1915 
 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1898 
 
 BY W. A. TURK, GEN'L PASS. AGENT 
 SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
"^f/-* 
 
 
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 0COCX»0C00O0O5000^0, 
 
 ■Ye5TERDAY,TODAY^0M0RROW 
 
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 T 
 
 HE advance of the Empire of the South has been one of the grandest and most note- 
 worthy movements in the industrial and commercial history of the world. It has 
 
 annulled the force of the adage, 
 has destroyed for all time the theory of 
 political economists that emigration fol- 
 lows isothermal lines. 
 
 Considered in general, the develop- 
 ment of the South in all avenues of human 
 activity has been coincident and parallel 
 to the growth of the country at large. 
 When, however, this great region is con- 
 sidered by itself, or in connection with 
 individual sections of the United States, 
 a basis of comparison is presented which 
 brings out with startling clearness and in 
 incontrovertible figures the majesty and 
 rapidity of its unparalleled progress. 
 
 That the record of its growth, and 
 
 the wholesome and steady development 
 
 of that portion of the South stretching 
 
 from the Atlantic on the east to 
 
 the Mississippi on the west, and 
 
 'Westward the course of empire takes its way," and 
 
 bounded on the north by the Ohio and the Potomac rivers, and on the south 
 by the Gulf of Mexico, may be properly set forth, is the raison 
 d'etre of this volume. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the States included in this area form 
 an empire of a half million square miles. It is four times 
 greater than England, Ireland and Scotland, and more 
 than seven times larger than the combined area of the 
 New England States. Within its borders could be placed 
 sixty-four States the size of Massachusetts, and five hun- 
 dred the size of Rhode Island. It has so generous a 
 supply of natural and material wealth, that, if the bal- 
 ance of the world should be swept out of existence, it 
 could prosper and support itself through the ages to 
 come. Raw materials exist or are successfully grown 
 in every part of the South in such prodigal abundance 
 that transportation from mine, and field to factory is 
 a minor item. It has a system of intercommunication 
 and connection with the outside world by water and rail 
 which limits the boundaries of its trade and commerce 
 only as civilization is limited. It has a genial climate and 
 
prolific soil, and in all avenues, industrial, com- 
 mercial, agricultural, and intellectual, offers its 
 own citizens, and those who may in the future 
 become such, every advantage and inducement 
 to be found in any portion of the United States. 
 The magnitude of the South's growth can 
 best be told in comparative figures Between 
 1880 and *i89o the true valuation of real and 
 personal property in the South in- 
 creased from $6,448,000,000 to 
 $9,621,000,000, again of $3,1 73,- 
 000,000, or 51 per cent., while 
 the New England and Middle 
 States combined gained only 
 $3,900,000,000, or an in- 
 crease of but 22 per cent. 
 The per capita wealth of 
 the South increased 
 during the same 
 period 22 per 
 cent., while the 
 increase in New 
 England forthe 
 same period 
 was but 1.8 
 per cent. , and 
 in the Middle 
 States but 3 
 per cent. 
 The value of 
 farm prop- 
 erty in the 
 South in 
 18S0 wa,. 
 $2,314,000,- 
 000; in 1890 
 $3, 182,000,- 
 000, a gain 
 of 37 per cent. .,^ 
 The increase in "^ 
 farm values in all 
 other sections was 
 about 30 per cent. The 
 total value of farm products 
 in the South in 1880 was $666,000,000, against 
 $1,550,000,000 for the remainder of the country. 
 In 1890 the South produced $773,000,000, a gain 
 of 16 per cent., while the gain of the rest of the 
 country was only 9 per cent. A comparison of 
 these figures discloses the fact that in the South 
 
 ♦Where figures for 1890 are given it has been impossible to 
 secure authoritative figures of a later date than the last U. S. 
 Census reports. 
 
 there was a gross revenue of 24.1 per cent, on 
 the capital invested in farm interests, while 
 in all other sections of the country the gross 
 revenue was 13. i per cent. In i88o the South 
 had $257,244,000 invested in manufacturing. 
 In 1890 she had $657,288,000, a gain of 156 per 
 cent., while the gain of the entire country was 
 about 121 per cent. The value of the manu- 
 factured products of the South in 1880 
 was $457,454,000. In 1890 it was 
 $917,589,000, a gain of 100 per cent. 
 In 1880 the factory hands alone in 
 the South received $75,917,000 in 
 wages. In i8go they received 
 .S222, 1 18,000. In 1880 the South 
 had invested in cotton manufac- 
 turing $21,976,000; in 1890, $61,- 
 100,000; and now about $125,- 
 000,000. In 1880 the South had 
 $3,500,000 invested in the 
 cotton-seed oil indus- 
 try. It has now 
 more than $30,- 
 000,000 so invest- 
 The rail- 
 road mileage of 
 the South has 
 been increas- 
 ed since 1880 
 more than 
 twenty-five 
 thousand 
 miles, at 
 a cost in 
 building 
 new roads 
 and in the 
 mprovement 
 f old ones 
 over $1,000, - 
 ..■:. 000,000. In 1880 
 the South made 
 289,816 tons of pig 
 iron. In 1897 it made 
 1,796,712 tons. In i8So the value of the product 
 was $7,269,050. In 1897 its estimatedvalue was 
 $26,592. 7'9- In 1880 the South's output of coal 
 was 3,756, 144 tons. Last year it was 32,852,630 
 tons, and has exceeded 25,000,000 each year 
 since iSgi. The resources of the national 
 banks of the South increased from $29,337,700 
 in 1880 to $287,594,604 in 1897, and the amount 
 
of individual deposits from $69,846,50010 $160,- 
 875,309 in the same period. These figures are 
 exclusive of savings banks, the deposits in which 
 increased proportionately. 
 
 No section is better adapted to the manu- 
 facturing industry than the South. It has all 
 needed raw materials in the greatest abundance 
 and of the best quality. Its iron-ore -fields 
 are practically inexhaustible, and they embrace 
 all varieties of ores, and many of thein are of 
 surpassing richness. It has coal enough to last 
 for generations, even with the most prodigal 
 use. It has limestone for reducing its ores, and 
 every facility for making a first-class quality of 
 pig iron as cheaply as can be done in any part of 
 the world. It has also been demonstrated that 
 steel making is quite as easy and equally profit- 
 able as iron production. It has extensive for- 
 ests of timber, with varieties suited to every 
 kind of wood-working industry, and these for- 
 ests in addition produce immense quantities of 
 tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin. 
 
 In building stones it has granite, marble 
 and sandstone, all of excellent quality and in 
 unlimited quantities, as well as clays for pottery 
 and earthenware, porcelain and brick clays, 
 glass sand, and ocher for paint, etc. 
 
 Besides its larger industries, many smaller 
 ones are constantly being developed by cheap 
 and rapid transportation. Fish and oysters from 
 the South Atlantic and Gulf States reach ever- 
 increasing markets in the interior. Early fruits 
 and vegetables are sent in enormous quantities 
 as far north as Canada and the Lakes, and tax 
 the capacity of the railroads in their 
 season, formerly the dullest of the year. 
 Dried and canned fruits are shipped by 
 the trainload, and the Florida orange is 
 crossing the ocean to England after run- 
 ning the Mediterranean fruit off this 
 continent in its season. 
 
 It is within bounds to say that, 
 taking into consideration the extent and 
 variety of material, the possible powers 
 of production from the soil and their 
 values, the mineral and forest wealth, 
 the advantages from climatic condi- 
 tions — temperature, rainfall and length 
 of growing season — the dynamic forces 
 of coal and water power and the advan- 
 tages given by proximity of interde- 
 pendent resources, and by geographical 
 position, the natural foundation of the South is 
 four times as great as that of the North. Or, 
 stated in another way, the Southern area, fully 
 developed, is capable of sustaining, in equal 
 prosperity and in greater comfort, four times as 
 large a population as can be sustained in the 
 Northern area under the same conditions. 
 
 Much has already been achieved by the 
 
 South in the creation and accumulation of 
 
 wealth, and in the appliances for carrying on 
 
 the work still further. In her towns and cities, 
 
 her railways and other means 
 
of transportation and the ton- 
 nage they carry; in the value 
 of her farms; in mines in 
 operation and their prod- 
 ucts; in furnaces, mills and 
 factories, and their output; 
 in active capital in the shape 
 of money, credit and or- 
 ganization, in skill in 
 the arts, and in ways 
 and means generally, 
 all considered to- 
 gether, the result of . 
 the South's progress has 
 been phenomenal. 
 
 With twenty millions of people, and thirty 
 odd thousand miles of railroad in operation, 
 with cotton and other crops of great value, with 
 mountains of coal and ore, with manufactures 
 now large and rapidly growing, with an annual 
 production of iron more than twice as great as 
 that of the United States up to 1865, and over 
 one-third the world's production up to i860, a 
 good start has been made. 
 
 Projected through the center of the half 
 million square miles composing that section of 
 the vSouth east of the Mississippi River is a 
 mountainous region of more than one hundred 
 thousand square miles, extending southwest- 
 wardly seven hundred miles from the Pennsyl- 
 vania line into Alabama and Georgia, and having 
 an average width of one hundred and fifty miles. 
 
 The northwestern side of this Appalachian 
 region is a continuous, unbroken coal 
 field, embracing forty thousand square 
 miles, and containing forty times 
 the quantity of coal, available to 
 economical mining, which the coal 
 
 fields of Great Britain held 
 
 V before a pick was struck into 
 
 the ground. This region is 
 - cool and healthy, heavily 
 timbered, and has a soil 
 fairly productive, susceptible 
 of easy improvement, and has 
 the added advantage of a 
 general elevation of two 
 thousand feet above sea level. 
 Along its southeastern 
 side, from end to end, lies a 
 valley strip of almost equal 
 area, with a general eleva- 
 tion of one thousand feet above 
 sea level, fertile, heavily timbered, the 
 most abundantly and beautifully watered 
 region in the world, rich in a broad and contin- 
 uous belt of fos ^_^ sil ores along its 
 northwestern rim .-,!i^ near the coal fields. 
 At the foot of the 
 mountain 
 ranges, which 
 wall it on the 
 southwestern 
 side, is anoth- 
 er bordering ' 
 belt of brown 
 ores, and be- 
 tween them 
 the marbles, 
 limestones, 
 clays, and 
 other min- 
 erals. 
 
 South- 
 east of the valley there is another strip of 
 almost equal area of very high mountainous 
 country, ranging from two thousand to sixty, 
 five hundred feet above sea level, very heavily 
 timbered, full of water power, and rich in 
 slates, fine clays, the crystalline marbles, mag- 
 netic and specular (Bessemer) ores, copper, 
 talc, mica, corundum, and other minerals. The 
 wealth of iron matches the wealth of coal. 
 Everywhere, from one end of this region to the 
 other, its interdependent resources, lying in 
 parallel strips, are connected by natural channels 
 worn by innumerable interlacing streams. Upon 
 this field has been made the remarkable develop- 
 ment of the South in the past decade, but what 
 has been done has been but the faint scratching 
 
 / 
 
on the outcrop. 
 Around this 
 great mound of 
 wealth piled up 
 in the center of 
 the South, form- 
 ing a natural 
 workshop and a maga- i 
 zine of resources twenty 
 times as great as Great 
 Britain's, lies more than 
 
 half a million square miles of rich, fertile lands. 
 "This mountain region alone can furnish 
 permanent employment, when fully developed, 
 for a population twice as great as that of the 
 United States to-day. Standing alone it has 
 combined wealth of soil, climate, minerals, 
 forests and dynamic forces, to sustain and em- 
 ploy a dense population, incomparably greater 
 than the resources of any other region of like 
 area. Its own powers are increased by the 
 varied resources of the Southern and Central 
 Northern States surrounding it. With a popu- 
 lation as dense as that of Massachusetts it would 
 contain about twenty- eight millions of people. 
 As dense as that of England and Wales, fifty 
 millions. Compared with Belgium, fifty-three 
 millions. With Saxony, fifty-five millions. The 
 relative inferiority of natural foundation in the 
 countries named will suggest itself to every 
 mind. About it, on all sides, is a country need- 
 ing the surplus wealth which such population 
 could produce, and able to give back products 
 needed in exchange. The only limit to the 
 growth of wealth, whether in its amount or the 
 rapidity with which it can be created, is the 
 profitable exchange of surplus products between 
 people employed in different work. Distance 
 is the friction — the lost power — of commerce. 
 The nearer to each other that various resources 
 
 I 
 
 can be worked 
 up for exchange, 
 the smaller the 
 loss. Compact 
 growth is con- 
 centrated work. 
 With the prox- 
 imity of inexhaustible interde- 
 pendent resources which Nature has 
 given to the South, it has the greatest 
 advantage over the Old World countries, 
 hampered by the long haul of food products 
 and raw materials. They will be less and less 
 competitors as Southern foundations are per- 
 fected and industries established. Here, then, 
 is a field for profitable work and investment 
 governed only by the one plain and inflexible 
 law of permanent growth- — symmetry. Com- 
 pared with it, in magnitude of advantages any 
 other field in the world is small." 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Southland has ever been strong agri- 
 culturally, and even before i860, with only one- 
 third of the population of the United States, it 
 produced more than one-half the farm products 
 of the entire nation. Nature has endowed it 
 with lavish hand in the requisites precedent to 
 successful agrarian development. Its climate 
 is as near perfection as it is possible to attain. 
 Its soil is of such varied constituency that intelli- 
 ent cultivation makes it possible to produce a 
 variety and wealth of crops unequaled anywhere 
 in the world. It invites the farmer, the planter, 
 stockman, dairyman, truck gardener and florist, 
 and ofi^ers the promise of a generous reward for 
 the labor bestowed. There need be no elbowing 
 for room in the South. 
 
No re 
 V i e w o f 
 what the 
 South has 
 accom- 
 plished 
 in the 
 past and 
 of her pres- 
 ent condi- 
 tion in agricu 
 ture, pure and 
 simple, would be just 
 without taking into se- 
 rious consideration the 
 conditions which have 
 operated against her. 
 For many years wealth 
 and the brawn and nius 
 cle of Eastern States, as well 
 as a large percentage of the 
 immigration from foreign shores, 
 have poured into the West, peopled 
 its States and built its towns and cities. 
 Thousands passed her greater oppor- 
 tunities by to fight out a sterner ex- 
 istence in the prairie States. It has 
 only been during a comparatively recent 
 period that the tide of settlement has 
 turned southward. What, therefore, has 
 been accomplished has been mainly the result 
 of the energy of her own people, without the added stim 
 ulus of increased capital and wholesome competition. 
 But she is fast learning the wisdom of diversified ;.| 
 crops. It is true the South produces all the rice and .; 
 cotton grown in this country, as well as seventy- 
 five per cent, of all the tobacco and ninety-three 
 per cent, of the sugar, and a large proportion of the '.> 
 corn, but she has found out that she can successfully 
 grow wheat and a great variety of other forms of cereals 
 
 and products, and marketable fruits and vegetables. She has 
 a generous soil, a kindly sun, balmy air and plenteous 
 showers, excellent transportation facilities by water and 
 rail, good homes and nearby outside markets. 
 
 What else could be needed to make a successful 
 agricultural region. The garden-truck industry, which 
 employs an army of laborers, stretches from the 
 Chesapeake to the Gulf, and has grown to such propor- 
 tions that it affects commerce and transportation, and 
 the Southern States last season, after supplying the 
 home demand, shipped vegetables and small fruits 
 north to the value of over $15,000,000. The 
 fruit-growing industry has been the counter- 
 part of truck gardening in rapid develop- 
 ment, and the few isolated vineyards and 
 orchards of a score of years ago have 
 grown into enormous acreage under prof- 
 itable cultivation. The Honorable Charles 
 W. Dabney, formerly Assistant Secretary 
 of Agriculture for the United States, 
 and now President of the Univer- 
 sity of Tennessee, admirably 
 sums up the agricultural advan- 
 tages of the South in its cli- 
 matic aspect. After stating 
 that climate is as much a re- 
 source of any section as its 
 minerals or soil, he adds: 
 " We have in the South- 
 
 ern 
 
 States, owing to the 
 existence of all the 
 important life- 
 zones in broad 
 belts running 
 down the east 
 and up the 
 west side of 
 the Allegha- 
 nies, a coun- 
 try capa- 
 ble of 
 
producing the greatest variety of agricultural 
 and horticultural products — all those, in fact, 
 belonging to the temperate zone, reaching from 
 apples to oranges, from barley to rice. 
 
 "The Southern farmer has from sixty to 
 ninet}^ days more in each year in which to work, 
 and during which the sun is working for him, 
 than his Northern countryman. 
 
 "While this is true, we have a climate of 
 great equability — not subject to the extremes of 
 either heat or cold. Neither hot waves nor 
 blizzards occur so frequently in the Southeastern 
 States as they do in other sections of our coun- 
 try. The rainfall is as abundant as in the most 
 favored lands on the globe, and is well distributed 
 throughout the growing season, giving sufficient 
 moisture to growing crops even in the warmest 
 months when their demands are greatest. Gen- 
 eral droughts are rare, and hot winds are 
 not known." 
 
 No region in the world offers the large 
 or small farmer better opportunities for 
 a competency than the South, and a study 
 of the statistics of the various States shows 
 the tremendous progress being made in 
 agricultural development. 
 
 There are thousands of broad acres 
 along the line of the Southern Railway 
 awaiting intelligent development and cul- 
 tivation. As demonstrating this fact the 
 most recent authentic statistics give the 
 following figures showing the population 
 per square mile in the countries of the 
 world, compared to the Southern States: 
 
 Germany 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Baden 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Great Britain and 
 
 land 
 
 Italy 
 
 Austria-Hungary . . 
 
 Ire- 
 
 .237 
 . i8g 
 .223 
 .285 
 -606 
 •541 
 ■ 379 
 
 ■315 
 .270 
 .171 
 
 France iSS 
 
 Russian Poland lOS 
 
 Denmark 148 
 
 Greece 88 
 
 Turkey in Europe 80 
 
 Russia in Europe (ex- 
 cept Poland) 52 
 
 United States of Amer- 
 ica 21 
 
 The Southern States. . . 9 
 
 The area of the German Empire is 211,108 
 square iniles, a little more than one-fourth as, 
 great as that of the South. Its population is 
 49,421,064. If the South were as densely settled 
 it would have more than 190,000,000 people. 
 
 Austria-Himgary has an area of 201,591 
 square miles, and its population is 41,827,700. 
 With the same number of people to the square 
 mile the South would have 169,000,000. 
 
 The area of the united kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland is 120,973 square miles, and 
 its population is now more than 38,000,000. If 
 the South were as densely settled it would have 
 256,000,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The kingdom of Italy embraces an area of 
 110,665 sqtiare miles, and its population is 
 29,699,000. If the South had as many people 
 to the square mile its inhabitants would number 
 219,000,000. 
 
 The area of the Netherlands is 12,680 
 square miles; the population is 4,450,870. If 
 the South were as densely populated it would 
 have 287,000,000 people living within its bor- 
 ders. 
 
 Belgium has an area of 11,373 square miles, 
 and its population is 6,030,043. If the South 
 had as many people to the square mile as 
 
 'i-'^^ 
 
 Belgium its population would be inore than 
 430,000,000. 
 
 These figures, however, are likely to be 
 changed during the next decade so far as they 
 relate to the South at least, for the march of 
 emigration is making a wide sweep toward 
 milder climates, and men and women are fleeing 
 from regions of half winter half summer to a 
 more equable zone. They are beginning to dis- 
 cover that it is an immense waste of energy and 
 money to spend so large a proportion of their 
 time in the mere effort to keep warm and com- 
 fortable, when they may have that condition for 
 nothing. 
 
 To the man of limited means no section 
 holds forth such favorable inducements. Lands 
 are low in price and transportation facilities 
 are of the best. All the grain and vegetable 
 
THE NAXTAHALLA KIVER — LAND OK THE SKY 
 
products that will grow in the West grow much 
 more abundantly in the South, and there is a 
 wide range of products that are indigenous to 
 the South that can only be raised there and 
 cannot be transplanted to the higher latitudes. 
 Rates of living are cheaper than in any other 
 
 section, because of the mild climate, requiring 
 less fuel, and the greater variety of products 
 available for supplying the necessities of the 
 family. Of the families owning farms, the 
 percentage owning subject to incumbrance, the 
 average incumbrance and the average interest 
 charge are shown in the following table for the 
 whole country and for several Southern States: 
 Farms Occupied by their Owners, which 
 ARE Incumbered. 
 
 Average Average int. 
 
 Percentage, incumbrance. charge. 
 
 United States... 28.22 81,224 $87 
 
 Alabama 4.35 609 54 
 
 Georgia 3. 38 681 57 
 
 Kentucky 4.06 1,069 7' 
 
 Mississippi 7.70 619 61 
 
 North Carolina.. 4.S8 722 57 
 
 South Carolina. . 8.00 930 80 
 
 Tennessee 3.21 667 41 
 
 Virginia 3.16 1,308 79 
 
 The logic of the agricultural situation 
 is, therefore, that as a class the Southern 
 farmer has the better end of the financial 
 proposition. The man now living on a 
 rented farm in the overcrowded portions of 
 the North or West has great difficulty in 
 getting a "farm of his own," while if he goes 
 South it is within the power of almost every 
 one to secure a place and be in position to build 
 up and enjoy a home, leaving something for 
 his children to inherit. This is emphasized by 
 the official figures, which show that in the nine 
 
 seaboard Northern States, with a population of 
 105 to the square mile, and with 51.81 per 
 cent, of the population urban, there is one 
 pauper for every 559 inhabitants. In the eight 
 seaboard Southern States, with a density of s^, 
 and with 16.03 per cent, of the population 
 urban, there is one pauper for every 1,093. 
 
 The vast movements in industrial and 
 mining operations in the South have to a 
 great extent overshadowed the quieter agri- 
 cultural pursuits, but, nevertheless, tremen- 
 dous strides were made, as will be seen by 
 the following comparative figures: 
 
 18S0. 1897. 
 
 Farms 1,726,480 2,562,127 
 
 Acres under crops 54,679,145 93,611,017 
 
 Value of all farm products.$6ii, 699,145 $1,006,476,800 
 Number of live stock. . . 39,448,360 53,211,613 
 
 Value §360,066,883 $516,872,714 
 
 !* It is little understood among emigrants 
 
 that the South presents advantages far supe- 
 ,_,. rior to those of the great West. The climate 
 is much better ; the number of towns spring- 
 ing up all over the South bring in their train 
 nearer markets and better prices; the soil and 
 seasons are so admirable that crop failures are 
 rare; the farmer can raise a greater variety of 
 products with the certainty that he can find 
 profitable and convenient markets for them. 
 The small farmer in the South is immensel}' 
 better situated than one of similar circumstan- 
 ces in the West, 
 and the pos- 
 sibilities 
 
 * 
 TT 
 
 :■■ r-i5JF^>« ",.«?w\Ti'" 
 
 in grain-growing in the South were illustrated 
 recently when a South Carolina farmer won the 
 prize offered by the American Agriculturist for 
 the largest yield of corn per acre, in competition 
 with the most progressive farmers in every sec- 
 tion of nearly every State in the Union. 
 
'Y:\\& Manufacturers' Record, of Baltimore, has 
 shown that the South's population-supporting 
 power has scarcely been trenched upon. Accord- 
 ing- to the figures, it is possible for the Southern 
 Slates alone to support a population of upward 
 of 88,000,000 of souls, basing the estimate upon 
 conditions existing in Pennsylvania to-day. 
 The latest census statistics, however, show that 
 not one of the Southern Scales, with the excep- 
 tion of Maryland, is populated to the extent of 
 one-fifth of the density of Massachusetts or 
 Rhode Island. Under the circumstances, it 
 will at once be perceived 
 that the fear of over- 
 crowding the South is 
 groundless. The South 
 can stand an immense 
 tide of immigration and 
 yet its power of absorp- 
 tion will remain compar- 
 atively unimpaired. The 
 farmer will participate 
 most largely in 
 the pros- 
 
 business. Nearly every portion of the South- 
 land is well watered and produces nutritious 
 grasses in abundance. Certain sections, as in 
 Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and Georgia, 
 have long been famous for the quality of the 
 cattle and horses produced, but as a whole the 
 stock-raising interests of the South are still 
 imdeveloped and offer the greatest opportunity 
 for capital and enterprise. 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 The manufacturing interests of the South 
 are by no means confined 
 to iron, steel and cotton, 
 although these are entitled 
 to first rank. The practi- 
 cally unlimited water 
 power of the hundreds of 
 streams affords a wealth 
 of opportunities for suc- 
 cessful establishments. 
 The great altitude of the 
 mountain regions 
 above the 
 lower 
 
 perity that will 
 follow. Already he is 
 finding out the value of the 
 "intensive system" of farming, which by high 
 manuring produces more on a single acre than 
 he formerly got from four, and he has also begun 
 to feel the beneficial effects of the great indus- 
 trial population which he is called upon to sup- 
 ply with the products of his farm. As that class 
 increases in numbers the demands made for 
 farm products will increase accordingly, and 
 thus prosperity of the one will react upon the 
 other, and the whole section will be benefited. 
 All the advantages which make in favor of 
 agriculture in the South apply with equal force 
 to its allied industry, the dairy and stock-raising 
 
 ands, both to 
 the east and west, 
 develops an almost unlim- 
 ited natural power, which may be used either 
 direct or transmitted, as is now done success- 
 fully at many places along the Southern Rail- 
 way, by electricity. Along the James, Rappa- 
 hannock and Dan Rivers in Virginia; the Cape 
 Fear, Catawba, Broad, Yadkin and Santee in 
 the Carolinas; the Savannah and other rivers 
 in Georgia; the Chattahoochee, Coosa, Talla- 
 poosa and others in Alabama; the Tennessee, 
 Holston, Cumberland, Pigeon and other rivers 
 in Tennessee; the Kentucky and others in 
 Kentucky, and many other streams, there 
 are hundreds of undeveloped sites for the 
 
utilization of this 
 enormous power. No 
 other section of the 
 country has such a 
 wealth of opportunities for 
 varied manufacturing at the 
 minimum of cost. Labor 
 is cheap and strikes un- 
 known, power may be had 
 at nominal cost, and raw 
 materials exist in prodigal 
 abundance almost at the 
 
 door of the factory. To enumerate the variety 
 of products manufactured in the South would 
 be to make a list covering nearly all the needs 
 and uses of mankind, but the great increase 
 in value of manufactured products from 
 $315,924,794 in 1880 to $760,425,300 in 1897 
 tells an eloquent story of progress. With raw 
 materials close at hand, and the additional 
 advantages of cheap power and competent 
 labor, with a ready home market and unexcelled 
 transportation offered by the Southern Rail- 
 way to the centers of wholesale foreign and 
 domestic trade, there is no doubt but that the 
 South is admirably adapted to compete suc- 
 cessfully with any section of the country. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Cotton has been the great staple of the South 
 for a hundred years, and such it will doubtless 
 continue to be through the coming century. This 
 is simply saying that the causes for cotton's 
 leadership in the nineteenth century will be 
 operative in the twentieth. As these causes are 
 climate and civilization, to doubt their continu- 
 ance would be like placing a time limit on the law 
 of gravitation. Climate produces the supply of 
 cotton; civilization creates the demand; together 
 they constitute the factors of the leading ele- 
 ment of Southern prosperity. 
 
 The cotton production of the South for 
 the year ending August 31, 1897, as estimated 
 by Mr. Henry G. 
 Hester, Secre- 
 tary of the New 
 Orleans Cotton 
 Exchange, was 
 8,757.964 bales, 
 and the value of 
 the crop $321,- 
 924,834. For the 
 
 past six years the commercial crop has 
 been as follows : 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Value. 
 
 iSgi-qa. 
 
 ■9.035.379 
 
 $338,826,712 
 
 iSg2-93. 
 
 ..6,700,365 
 
 284,765,512 
 
 1893-94. 
 
 • .7.549.817 
 
 283,118,137 
 
 1894-95. 
 
 . .9,901,251 
 
 297.037.530 
 
 1895-96. 
 
 ■7.157.346 
 
 294,095,347 
 
 1896-97. 
 
 ■ *S,757,964 
 
 321,924,834 
 
 * The crop grown in iSq/ (mar- 
 keted in 1S07-98J is estimated at ii,- 
 ' ^0,000 bales. 
 
 The total production 
 for these six years has 
 been 49, 1 02, 1 1 2 bales, and the value has reached 
 the stupendous aggregate of $1,819,768,072. 
 This does not include the value of the cotton 
 seed, which as at present utilized adds $35,000, 000 
 annually to the resources of the South. The 
 growing number of cotton-seed oi! luills, which 
 increased from twenty-five in 1870 to almost 
 three hundred in 1S97, is every year changing a 
 constantly enlarging proportion of this potential 
 value into actual value. To every bale of 500 
 pounds there are generally about 800 pounds of 
 seed, and a ton of this seed yields about thirty- 
 five gallons of oil, valued at forty to fifty cents 
 per gallon. This part of the industry has 
 sprung into existence only in the past ten years, 
 but it is already an enormous business. In 1889 
 the export of cotton-seed oil amounted to 
 6, 250,000 gallons, and in the next year it reached 
 14,324,000 gallons. In 1896 over 1,200,000 tons 
 of cotton seed were crushed and about 42,000,000 
 gallons of oil were obtained. Besides furnishing 
 oil, the cotton seed, after it has been crushed, 
 supplies the cattle with good food in the form of 
 meal and cake, which is claimed to be only a 
 little less nourishing than corn. 
 
 Of the world's cotton four-fifths is produced 
 in the Southern States. For the year ending 
 June 30, 1897, they exported 6,176,365 bales, 
 having a value of $230,890,971. Their produc- 
 tive capacity is limited only by demand, and the 
 latter is dependent on the progress of civiliza- 
 tion. Every sav- 
 age won to the 
 ways of light 
 means another 
 consumer of cot- 
 ton. To be sure, 
 his immediate 
 wants are slight, 
 very likely but a 
 
 ■' ^smw^ '- 
 
sack with holes in it for head and arms. But 
 he marks the beginning of a line of shirt wearers. 
 His descendants will want six apiece with 
 starched bosoms. So the demand for cotton 
 grows with enlightenment the world over. 
 
 Edward Atkinson has estimated that it 
 would require a crop of fifty million bales to 
 raise the world's standard of consumption to the 
 present standard of the principal nations. At 
 the present rate of increase in the world's con- 
 sumption there will be by 1920 a demand on the 
 South for sixteen million bales annually, nearly 
 double her present production. At the existing 
 per capita production — about three hundred 
 pounds — the cotton States will require a popu- 
 lation of 26,600,000 to supply the demand of 
 1920. This means that the South must add 
 eleven million to her population in the next 
 twenty years in order to prodtice the raw cotton 
 that the world will need. 
 
 It will be interesting to look for a moment 
 from what the coming years ask the South to do, 
 to what the past years have actually seen her 
 do. In the past will be found an earnest for the 
 future. During the thirty-two j'ears preceding 
 1897 the South produced cotton aggregating in 
 
 value $8,999,403,391. How vast this sum is can 
 be best shown by comparison. The world's 
 production of gold for five hundred years, from 
 1380 to 1S80, was $7,240,000,000, which is 
 $1,759,403,391 less than the value of cotton the 
 South produced in thirty-two years. How like 
 a romance these figures read! What a story 
 they tell of material progress and development ! 
 The voyage for the golden fleece seems more 
 probable; but fact is ever stranger than fiction. 
 In producing this vast aggregate of value 
 the South has barely indicated what she is 
 capable of doing. The United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture is authority for the state- 
 ment that, so far as climatic conditions and soil 
 are concerned, there is no limit to the amount 
 of cotton that can be produced b}^ the South 
 until the annual crop is at least ten times what 
 it is at present. If progress be continued in 
 the way of more careful farming, as it doubt- 
 less will be, having proved highly profitable, 
 even this estimate will not bound the limit of 
 production. As to the cost of raising cotton, 
 and the many economies experience has taught, 
 much will be found in the succeeding chapters 
 devoted to the various States. 
 
In what has thus far been said, cotton has 
 been considered only as a raw material, but 
 when it leaves the field it has only begun its 
 beneficent mission in the world. From the gin 
 it goes to the railway, the factory, the store, 
 the consumer. Besides the army of cotton 
 pickers, the new crop gives employment to 
 thousands of sailors, captains of steamers and 
 trading vessels, merchants and their clerks, 
 truckmen in the city, and lightermen and long- 
 shoremen, and many others. It is estimated 
 that before the cot- 
 ton reaches the 
 cotton factories it 
 has given employ- 
 ment to nearly 
 300,000 people in 
 Europe and this 
 country, and that 
 it costs from fifty 
 to sixty millions 
 to harvest a crop. 
 Until recent years 
 the South has con- 
 tented herself with 
 the production of 
 the raw material. 
 Now she is paying 
 much heed to its 
 manufacture. She 
 has learned that 
 the fabrication of 
 raw materials close 
 to the place of pro- 
 duction helps to 
 create that variety 
 in industry which 
 makes a country 
 populous and rich. 
 But the South has 
 not been alone in 
 
 her learning; the Northern cotton manufac- 
 turer has learned that a factory near a cotton 
 field, where he can have cheap coal, cheap 
 labor, and cheap cotton, as he can have in the 
 South, means a decrease in the cost of produc- 
 tion and an increase in profits. This knowledge 
 has resulted in the cotton factories of the South 
 increasing from almost nothing forty years ago 
 to 482 to-day, with 3,851,991 spindles, and 
 representing an investment of $125,000,000. 
 Seventy per cent, of these humming spindles 
 
 that are transforming the South ir o a mighty 
 industrial center are in the immediate territory 
 traversed by the Southern Railway and its 
 branches, as are 66,561 of the 90,168 looms of 
 the South. 
 
 That there is no danger of overdoing the 
 cotton manufacturing business of the South 
 may be seen from the fact that there are in the 
 world about 85,000,000 spindles, representing an 
 investment of about $2,000,000,000, and of this 
 vast industry the United States has a little 
 
 more than one-fifth 
 in capital invested, 
 or more than $400,- 
 000,000, and only 
 about one-fifth of 
 the total number of 
 spindles, or 17,300,- 
 000, notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that 
 the South produces 
 eighty per cent, of 
 the world's cotton 
 crop. It is a note- 
 worthy fact that 
 while the spindles 
 at work in the 
 United States have 
 increased from 10,- 
 679,000 in 1880 to 
 17,300,000 in 1897, 
 the spindles in the 
 South have in- 
 creased from 584,- 
 000 to 3,851,991 in 
 the same period. 
 For one hundred 
 years the South has 
 been raising the 
 cotton, shipping it 
 to New England 
 and to Europe, and permitting the manu- 
 facturers to grow rich by turning it into the 
 finished product. As shown, there is practically 
 no limit to the power available for mill purposes, 
 and there is no limit to the cotton available, and 
 as New England can employ 14,000,000 spindles, 
 the continent of Europe 27,000,000 and England 
 45,000,000, there is noreason why the mills in the 
 South should not continue to multiply for many 
 years to come. Of all the vast wealth of 
 material with which the South has been so 
 
abundantly blessed there is no other element, 
 not even iron, equal to cotton in its possibili- 
 ties of wealth creation for this section. The 
 $300,000,000 a year which the cotton crop brings 
 to the South would be trebled if it could be man- 
 ufactured at home. 
 
 The consumption for 
 1897 of the 482 Southern 
 cotton mills was 1,042,671 bales, an increase 
 of 137,970 bales over the preceding year. This 
 vi'as double the consumption of Southern mills 
 in 1890, the consumption of Northern mills 
 remaining almost stationary. While the in- 
 crease in the number of spindles in Southern 
 mills from 667,000 in 1880 to nearly 4,000,000 
 in 1897 was taking place, the increase in the rest 
 of the country was from 9,986,000 to 13,000,000, 
 the gain in the South being about five hundred 
 per cent, and in the whole country outside of 
 the South about thirty per cent. In 1880 the 
 vSouth had one-fifteenth of the number of 
 spindles in the country; now it has nearly one- 
 fourth of the number. Nothing could illustrate 
 in a more striking way the shift that is being 
 made in the seat of American cotton manufac- 
 ture from North to South than do these deeply 
 significant comparisons. As Secretary Hester 
 of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange says in his 
 1897 report: " The inevitable result of the sharp 
 competition between the North and South will 
 be the certain and steady removal of the cotton 
 manufacturing industry nearer to the source of 
 production of the raw material, as it is but 
 natural that cotton mills should be erected near 
 cotton fields as flour mills are built in wheat- 
 producing sections. It is an economic struggle, 
 
 with the odds in favor of the South, and the 
 superiority of capital with the North. The final 
 outcome is certain. The natural protection of 
 location must in the end triumph over the con- 
 stant drain necessary to maintain competition 
 imder less favorable conditions. This, in fact, 
 is a truism, and the statement is made in no 
 sectional spirit, but as a self-evident proposition. " 
 
 In the very center of the Northern mill 
 industry. Fall River, Mass., Mr. Joseph Healey, 
 a far-sighted New England manufacturer, 
 said recently that in the item of labor cost 
 alone the South had an advantage of twenty- 
 five to forty per cent, over New England. A 
 recent report made by a committee of the Ark- 
 wright Club of Boston upon the conditions of 
 Southern competition in cotton manufacturing, 
 and the best practical mode of meeting it, says: 
 " The vSoutherner finds that with the advantage 
 he possesses he can make these goods at a cost 
 which will allow him to undersell our mills and 
 still leave him a margin of profit which is suffi- 
 cient to induce the investment of capital. And 
 now, what are these advantages ? First, that 
 cotton is conveniently near and that freight on 
 it can be saved; second, that water power is 
 abundant if you care to utilize it, and that coal 
 is cheap if you prefer to run by steam; third, 
 that labor is abundant and cheap and not in- 
 clined to organize against the employers; fourth, 
 that the enactment of restrictive labor laws is 
 not liable to trouble manufacturers for many 
 years. " 
 
 And Edward Atkinson gave the weight of 
 his great authority to the following statement, 
 in a report for the United States Census, show- 
 ing that New England mills, in cotton manu- 
 facture, had an advantage of §3. 50 per bale 
 over the mills of Great Britain: "It may be 
 said that this proves too much, and that the 
 cotton spinners of the Southern States will have 
 the same relative advantage over New England. 
 Let this be freely admitted. If Georgia and 
 the Carolinas have twice the advantage over 
 Lancashire that New England now possesses, it 
 will only be the fault of the people of these 
 States if they do not reap the benefit of it. " That 
 they have marked advantages New 
 England no longer denies; that they 
 are reaping the benefit of them 
 all the world knows. 
 
 Some of the determininj;- ^^ _^^ 
 
factors in the movement of the great cotton 
 industry to the South are: 
 
 Abundant and cheap water power and coal. 
 
 An abundant supply of native American 
 operatives. 
 
 Low labor cost because of low cost of living-. 
 
 Cotton supply immediately at hand. 
 
 Cheap and abundant transportation to the 
 markets of the world. 
 
 These advantages must inevitably draw the 
 factories to the cotton fields. To say that the 
 South will meet the world's increasing needs, 
 not with bales of cotton, but with bolts of cloth, 
 is merely to say that effect will follow cause. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 In the making of 
 iron the South has eas- 
 ily the advantage of 
 any other portion of 
 the United States. 
 Her rapid development 
 in this direction has 
 been the phenomenon 
 of the commercial 
 world during the last 
 decade. Not only has 
 she compelled recog- 
 nition in the markets 
 of this country, but 
 she is now shipping 
 large amounts of foun- 
 dry iron of the highest 
 quality to Europe, 
 South America and 
 India. Shipments of 
 enormous quantities to 
 Japan, vsrhere 5,000 tons recently went in a 
 single week, signify that the limits of her trade 
 are to be confined only to the bounds of civili- 
 zation itself. When Alabama can undersell 
 English iron four dollars per ton, and make 
 money for the producers, and can underbid 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio furnaces and sell iron 
 imder their very eaves, the future of this 
 Southern industry is in a good condition to 
 take care of itself. 
 
 The history of iron-making in the South 
 can practically be covered by a span of the last 
 twenty years. The most striking progress has 
 been made during the last decade. Up to 1870 
 the industry south of the Ohio and Potomac 
 
 rivers was limited to a few charcoal blast 
 furnaces in Tennessee, Virginia and the Caro- 
 linas. The annual output may have reached 
 to 75, 000 tons in the best years, or less by 
 twenty-five per cent, than the amount shipped 
 to Europe alone from the South the past year. 
 A month's output of any of the modern 
 furnaces in Alabama would more than equal the 
 year's production of the best of those earlier 
 plants. In the beginnings of the early-day 
 development Northern ironmasters were loath 
 to believe that any serious competition would 
 result from the introduction of Southern iron on 
 the market. They prophesied that the industry 
 could not last sufficiently long to become a 
 
 disturbing element in the market. How much 
 of a factor it has developed into may be gained 
 from the statistics which show that in 1870 the 
 South made six per cent, of the whole country's 
 product of pig iron ; in 1880 fourteen per cent. ; 
 in 1S90 sixteen per cent., and in 1896, out of 
 the total aggregate of pig iron produced, the 
 South made 1,850,000 tons, or over twenty 
 per cent. In 1870 the South had $4,516,710 
 invested in the iron business; in 1897 over 
 $30,000,000, producing an output for the year 
 of 2,250,000 gross tons. Only three European 
 countries make more pig iron than the South — 
 Great Britain, Germany and France. The South 
 is now far in the lead of Austria - Hungary, 
 
IIMNEV ROCK — LAND Ol- THE SKY 
 
Belgium, Russia and Sweden. As showing the 
 advantages of the home market, it may be 
 stated that the consumption of iron in the 
 United States annually is 320 pounds for each 
 inhabitant, 280 pounds in Great Britain, 205 
 pounds in Germany and 186 pounds in France. 
 
 There were mined in Ala- 
 bama alone last year over 
 2,000,000 tons of ii'on ore, 
 and this State is now the 
 third in the Union in the 
 production of iron ore, 
 and the fourth in the 
 manufacture of pig 
 iron. Michigan and 
 Minnesota only sur- 
 pass her ore product, 
 and Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio and Illinois in 
 pig-iron oiitput. Ala- 
 bama, east Tennessee 
 and Georgia have not 
 only ore but vast beds 
 of coking coal and of 
 limestone in the 
 same localities, and 
 in prodigal quanti- 
 ties. Of late the 
 production of basic 
 pig iron for steel 
 by the open-hearth 
 method has been 
 increasing in Ala- 
 bama, and so great 
 an impetus has 
 been given to the steel- 
 making industry by the 
 success already attained, 
 that great progress will 
 undoubtedly be made 
 during the next few 
 years. 
 
 There have been es- 
 tablished a great many 
 foundries, rolling mills, 
 stove works and manufactories along the line 
 of the Southern Railway, using Southern iron 
 exclusively, for while it was formerly supposed 
 that no product could supplant "Scotch pig" 
 for smooth castings, it has been successfully 
 demonstrated that Alabama iron is its equal 
 in every particular, and the foreign product 
 
 has practically been driven from the markets. 
 The Southern foundry trade is a large item 
 in the list of her industries. It has grown 
 rapidly since 1880, especially in gas and water 
 pipe production, planes, and castings for engi- 
 neering. No statistics of the melting capacity as 
 a whole are obtainable, but good judges place 
 the consumption of pig and scrap iron in these 
 concerns at more than 600,000 tons annually. 
 The largest tonnage goes into pipes and 
 stoves, with agricultural implements and 
 machines second. The most extensive 
 works of this character are at Richmond, 
 Chattanooga, Louisville, Birmingham, 
 and Columbus, Ga. 
 
 The furnace "practice" in the 
 South, according to an eminent author- 
 ity, is equal, for obtaining the best 
 results and economizing expenses, to 
 that of the leading regions of Pennsyl- 
 vania and Ohio. The superior con- 
 struction of stacks, more complete 
 utilization of heat, etc., enables 
 Southern masters to make 
 more iron than they made 
 ten years ago, though they 
 now operate fewer plants 
 than they did then. 
 
 Southern iron 
 furnaces have been 
 running full time 
 when those of the 
 North and West 
 have been shut 
 down from time to 
 time. The reason 
 for this is that the 
 Southern furnaces, 
 as a rule, are most 
 economically situa- 
 ted as regards their 
 supply of coke, ore 
 and limestone. 
 Northern and West- 
 ern furnaces buy 
 their ore from the Lakes and their coke from 
 Connellsville or Pocahontas. The Southern 
 furnaces own their coal mines, coke ovens, ore 
 mines and limestone quarries, and themselves 
 mine all their raw material. They pay no profits 
 to coal miners, ore miners or coke makers. 
 They have also another advantage. While the 
 
Northern furnaceman ships his ore from the 
 Lakes to Pennsylvania, and the Western fur- 
 naceman ships his coke from Connellsville or 
 Pocahontas, in either event at a great cost for 
 transportation, the Southern furnaceman mines 
 all his coal, ore and limestone, and makes his 
 own coke, within a radius of less than ten miles 
 from the furnace. All the raw materials are 
 found in the valleys together — the coal on one 
 side, the ore on the other side, and the limestone 
 between the two, frequently not more than four 
 miles from the coal to the ore. Hence Southern 
 iron can be exported at good profit, while the 
 Northern and Western iron cannot. It costs 
 from $3 to $4 less to make a ton of pig iron in 
 the South than it does in the most favored dis- 
 tricts of the North and West. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Mining in 
 the South, not- 
 withstanding 
 the enormous 
 production, is as 
 yet practically 
 in its infancy, 
 and the extent 
 of the coal fields 
 and the magni- 
 tude of their 
 possible produc- 
 tion are but dim- 
 ly appreciated. 
 It has been esti- 
 mated that the 
 
 area of profitable production of the coal fields 
 of the vSouth is over four and one-half times 
 that of Great Britain, while the coal is all of 
 excellent quality. The importance and value 
 of this coal region is greatly increased owing 
 to its close proximity to the ores and lime- 
 stones entering into the production of pig iron. 
 The coal has, however, outside of this use, other 
 possibilities. The Southern Railway is shipping 
 coal to Brunswick, there to be distributed to 
 Europe, ^Mexico, South America and India. 
 When the immense coast that can be cheaply 
 reached is considered, and the fine Mexican and 
 South American trade that lies all undeveloped 
 and waiting, it will be perceived that the great 
 coal treasures of the South can find a ready 
 market — a market the greatness of which at the 
 
 present time the most sanguine of Southern 
 enthusiasts scarcely realizes. 
 
 In 1880 the Southern States mined 3,756, 144 
 tons, while in 1896 there were mined in five 
 vStates alone, all reached by the Southern Rail- 
 way, 13,238,547 tons, valued at §10,973,277, as 
 shown by the following table: 
 
 1887. 1889. 1892. 1896. 
 
 Virginia 795.263 816,375 637,986 1,254.723 
 
 Kentucky 1,933. 1S5 2.399.755 1,231,110 3.333.478 
 
 Tennessee- 1,900,000 1,967,297 2,092,064 2,663,106 
 
 Georgia.. 313.715 180,000 215,498 238,546 
 
 Alabama t.()5o,ooo 2,900,000 5,529,312 5,748,696 
 
 Total 6,892,163 8,263,427 9,705,970 13,238,549 
 
 Coincident with the coal-mining industry is 
 that of the manufacture of coke, and an article 
 on the coal interests of a section would be 
 incomplete without a mention of the sister and 
 
 dependent indus- 
 try — the manu- 
 facture of coke. 
 In this respect 
 "^ ■■-■**|^^f' the Southern 
 
 pyiiWV, ; States have 
 
 made strides 
 ^ . ^ mm equal to, if not 
 
 ■■^ ^ exceeding, the 
 
 remarkable de- 
 velopment of 
 fT^^HBk their coal mines. 
 SB , Coke-making be- 
 ''' ' -"^^^f g3i^ in most of 
 
 the States be- 
 tween 1875 and 
 1 880. Compare 
 the latter year 
 with the record ui 1S96 and observe what has 
 been done. Alabama's output of coke increased 
 from 60,781 tons in 1880 to 1,479,437 tonsin 1896, 
 more than twenty-four times; Tennessee's prod- 
 uct, 1S96, was two and one-half times that of 
 1880; and Kentucky's six times. There was no 
 coke made in Virginia in 1880; in 1896 the ovens 
 yielded 268,081 tons. The total production of 
 coke in the five coke-producing States reached by 
 the Southern Railway was almost ten times that 
 of 1880. The history by half decades, as shown 
 in the Chattanooga Tradesman, is as follows: 
 18S0. 1885. 1890. 1S96. 
 
 Virginia 49,i39 165,847 268,081 
 
 Georgia 38,041 70,669 102,233 53.673 
 
 Alabama 60,781 301,180 1,072,942 1,479,437 
 
 Tennessee 130.609 218,842 348,728 339,202 
 
 Kentucky 4.250 2,704 12,343 27,107 
 
 Total 233,681 642,534 1,702,093 2,167,500 
 

 mi- 
 
 %>a4r: 
 
 ^'"% 
 
 Tradition has it that one stormy 
 night there were gathered at the 
 ]\Iermaid Inn, London, bkiff old Ben Jonson, 
 Shakespeare, Beaumont, and a half dozen 
 other genial spirits, when in walked Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, and throwing down on the table some 
 pipes and tobacco, invited them all to smoke 
 and showed them how. Shakespeare is said to 
 have remarked that it was anticipating things 
 a little to smoke in this world, but Jonson, he 
 of ready tongue, after the first pipeful ex- 
 claimed: "Tobacco, I do assert without fear 
 of contradiction from yon Avon skylark, is the 
 most soothing sovereign and precious weed that 
 ever our dear mother earth did tender to the use 
 of man. Let him who would contradict that 
 mild but sincere assertion look to his undertaker. 
 Sir Walter, your health ! " 
 
 From the earliest days of the settlement of 
 the South, tobacco has been one of the main 
 agricultural crops. It was long the chief source 
 of wealth, and for nearly two hundred years the 
 principal currency, of the Colonies, and the first 
 loan ever negotiated by the L^nited States 
 Government was made payable in it. Upon 
 tobacco all other values were based, and because 
 of the greater profit in growing it the other 
 agricultural interests were neglected. Prior to 
 the Revolutionary War exports of tobacco had 
 rapidly increased with each year, but during 
 that period its culture in other countries attained 
 considerable proportions, and when peace was 
 restored the foreign market presented a new 
 element of competition, and American tobacco 
 
 exports have not since that time increased in 
 nearly so great a ratio as before. Its cultivation, 
 however, has extended over all of the Southern 
 States, some growing small and others 
 large quantities. Since 1870 Virginia, 
 which had been up to that time the 
 greatest producer, has ranked second, 
 Kentucky taking the lead. 
 
 A cursory review of the history of 
 tobacco-growing presents many points 
 of interest. Probably the first mention 
 ' if it was made by Columbus on his first 
 \'oyage, in , 1492, when he found the 
 natives using it, and later, on his 
 second voyage, in 1494, Friar Pane, 
 who accompanied him, spoke of its 
 use for both chewing and as snuff. 
 Columbus told further that these natives 
 chewed and smoked an herb having a pun- 
 gent yet aromatic smell and bitter taste, called 
 cogiaba or cohiba. In 1503 the Spaniards found 
 the natives of Paraguay using it, and in 1519 
 or 1520 it is mentioned as tobasco. In 1559 
 some leaves were sent from San Domingo to 
 Europe by Hernandez de Toledo, and a little 
 later Jean Nicot, envoy from the court of France 
 to Portugal, sent to Queen Catherine de Medicis 
 some seed. Through this circumstance it was 
 named Herba Regina, and, in honor of the 
 minister, Nicotina. Still later, in 1565, Sir 
 John Hawkins carried some leaf from Florida to 
 England, and in 15S4 a member of Sir Richard 
 Granville's expedition, which, under the auspices 
 of Sir Walter Raleigh, discovered Virginia in 
 1585, told of the herb, saying that the natives 
 called it ' ' uppowac," but that in the West Indies 
 the Spaniards called it "tobacco." He goes on 
 to say that the "leaves thereof being dried and 
 brought to powder, they (the natives) used to 
 take the fume or smoke thereof, by sucking it 
 through pipes made of clay into their stomache 
 and head." 
 
 In 1 610 the first secretary of the Virginia 
 colony wrote: " Here is a great store of tobacco 
 which the savages call apooke, howbeit, it is not 
 of the best kind; it is but poor and weak, and of 
 a byting taste. . . . The savages here dry 
 the leaves of the apooke over the fier, and some- 
 times in the sun, and crumble it to powder — 
 stalks, leaves and all — taking the same in pipes 
 of earth, which tliey very ingeniously can make. " 
 In 1585, when Sir Richard Grenville returned 
 
to England, he carried with him both pipes and 
 tobacco, as did also Sir Ralph Lane, who was 
 sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh as the first 
 governor of the colony, and returned to England 
 in 1586. 
 
 The first efforts at cultivating the plant 
 appear to have been made in 1612, by John 
 Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas. So successful 
 was he that tobacco cultivation became a mania 
 with the colonists, and in a short time little else 
 was grown or thought of. In 1617, Captain 
 Samuel Argall, the new governor, says that all 
 the public works and buildings in Jamestown 
 had fallen to decay; "the market place, streets 
 and other spare places planted 
 with tobacco and the colony dis- 
 persed all about, as every man 
 could find the properest place and 
 best conveniency for planting." 
 
 About this time, because of 
 much complaint among the col- 
 onists, most of whom were young 
 unmarried men, and the return 
 of a number of them to England, 
 a shipment of ''ninety respect- 
 able young women " was made 
 to supply them with wives and 
 induce a permanent residence; 
 each man who selected a wife 
 paying one hundred and twenty 
 pounds of tobacco for her trans- 
 portation. 
 
 Among the products of the 
 Southland the tobacco plant stands second in 
 value only to cotton. The greatest producing 
 States are all traversed by the Southern Rail- 
 way, and the leading markets are tributary to 
 its lines. Danville, Va. , the largest loose to- 
 bacco market in the world, Richmond, the 
 home of the cigarette and the "Mixtures" 
 smoking tobaccos, Durham, N. C, Reidsville, 
 Lynchburg, Winston-Salem, Asheville, Greens- 
 boro, Raleigh, Louisville and others are all 
 located on the line of the Southern Railway. 
 
 The combination of soil and climate seems 
 to be a perfect one in the South for the produc- 
 tion of tobacco, and in many sections, notably 
 the tidewater region of Virginia, the Cuban and 
 Latokia varieties are being successfully grown, 
 while the "bright" varieties flourish and are 
 profitably produced in the Piedmont region of 
 Virginia and in North and South Carolina. 
 
 Kentucky leads all the Southern States in the 
 total amount of its production, with Virginia, 
 North Carolina and Tennessee next in order 
 named. 
 
 In 1S96 the tobacco crop of the country 
 amounted to 403,004,320 pounds, produced on 
 594,749 acres, and was valued at $24,258,070. 
 This is about forty dollars an acre. Of the 
 total production 306,445,030 pounds were grown 
 in the eight States traversed by the Southern 
 Railway. North Carolina tobaccos average 
 higher than those of any other State save Con- 
 necticut, where the tobacco produced is almost 
 exclusively adapted to cigar making. 
 
 Some idea of the magnitude of the tobacco 
 business may be had from the annual report of 
 the United States Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue. It shows that during the past year 
 there were manufactured 4,048,463,306 cigars 
 from 75,938,866 pounds of cigar leaf; 4,967,- 
 444,232 cigarettes, 153,397,907 pounds of plug 
 tobacco, 1 1,761,690 pounds of fine-cut chewing 
 tobacco, 83,548,984 pounds of smoking tobacco, 
 and 12,708,919 pounds of snuff. 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 The Southern States contain at present the 
 largest amount of marketable timber standing 
 in any section of this continent, and 39.5 per 
 cent, of her area is wooded, as against 18.2 per 
 cent, for the entire country. 
 
 Although larger amounts are claimed as 
 standing on the Pacific coast, these are, by 
 

 reason of the distance from places of consumption, practically for 
 the most part out of the market, and are being decimated by reckless 
 lumbering and fires so rapidly that even in amount they 
 will soon be less than the Southern resources. Prof. 
 B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division of the 
 i U. S. Geological Survey, says the South contains 
 not only the largest amount and the greatest variety 
 of hard woods, but it also contains in the greatest 
 abundance and perfection that most important class 
 of timber which furnishes three-quarters 
 of our lumber consumption — the pine and 
 its coniferous substitutes like the cypress, 
 cedar, spruce and hemlock. The import- 
 ance of this fact will appear more strik- 
 ingly in a few years, when the white pine 
 supplies of the Northern States will have 
 been decimated and brought to a subordi- 
 p-nate condition. At present, of the nearly 
 thirty billion feet of pine and other conifer- 
 ous lumber used in the United States, the 
 Northern States furnish the bulk, the 
 Southern States a little over one-quarter. 
 But presently the white pine of the North, 
 which now reaches an annual output of 
 eight to twelve billion feet of material, will 
 gradually decrease, in fact it has already 
 begun to decrease, and in the same pro- 
 portion the output of Southern pine must 
 increase. Northern lumbermen are in- 
 vesting in Southern pine rapidly, and in 
 : a few years the center of lumber produc- 
 ■ tion will be found south of the Ohio and 
 Potomac rivers. 
 
 The vSouthern pine belt, stretching 
 with a width varying from loo 
 to 200 miles along the Atlantic 
 and Gulf coasts, and contain- 
 ing nearly one hundred and 
 fifty million acres, contains not 
 less probably than twenty-five 
 million acres of unculled virgin 
 pine, and altogether probably over two 
 hundred billion feet 
 The quality of this 
 novvned, especially that of the Longleaf, 
 Yellow or Georgia varieties, and their 
 ssociates the Cuban pines, which for strength 
 and durability excel all other pines of the 
 market. It is the material for heavy con- 
 struction /'itr excellence, while the Shortleaf 
 and Loblolly pines furnish excellent finishing 
 material. 
 
 of standing pine, 
 pine is world re- 
 
In addition to the wood, these pineries 
 furnish annually from seven to eight million 
 dollars' worth of naval stores, rosin and spirits 
 of turpentine; and, as investigations of the 
 Division of Forestry of the United States Agri- 
 cultural Department have lately shown, without 
 impairing the value of the wood. 
 
 A most excellent and pleasing substitute 
 for white pine in house finishing is furnished by 
 the bald cypress, the Big Tree of the South, 
 which haunts the swamps along the rivers. Its 
 lasting qualities in contact with the soil, or in 
 the shape of shingles on a roof, have long given 
 it foremost rank among durable woods. 
 
 The mountains of Georgia, Tennessee and 
 North Carolina contain considerable though 
 scattered areas of the northern conifers, white 
 pine and spruce, while hemlock skirts the moun- 
 tain streams. But the features which have made 
 these mountain forests famous are the big tulip 
 trees and magnificent development of oak and 
 other hard woods. Trees of diameters over five 
 and six feet, and one hundred feet to the first limb, 
 are not uncommon. This large-sized material, 
 to be sure, is not found spread over the whole 
 mountain range, but occurs in coves and small 
 areas here and there. Being to a degree secluded 
 and distant from means of transportation, it has 
 been waiting for enterprise and development, 
 which woiild justify the extension of railroads 
 into its territory. 
 
 The States of Kentucky and Tennessee and 
 the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama and 
 Mississippi participate in this wonderful hard- 
 wood growth, especially along the many river 
 courses, the Mississippi and Yazoo deltas con- 
 taining the largest continuous areas of hard 
 woods, being particularly rich in oaks. The 
 variety of woods and the size to which Northern 
 species develop here are astonishing. 
 
 More than two hundred species may be 
 found as constituting the Southern hard-wood 
 forest, of which at least forty-five are of high 
 economic value at present, while others will be 
 better appreciated when necessity arises. Among 
 the most important are several species of white 
 and red oaks, attaining sizes of four to five feet, 
 with clear trunks fifty to si.Kty feet; the chestnut 
 oak, furnishing best tanning materials for the 
 leather industry; tulip poplar, five to six feet 
 and more in diameter, towering over 150 feet 
 above the rest of creation; ash and hickory of 
 
 excellent dimensions and quality; red gum, 
 vying in size with the tulip trees, only a few 
 years ago despised, now a well-established 
 article; chestnut, beech, elm and hackberry, 
 not to forget black walnut and cherry, of which 
 the South still claims available supplies. 
 
 If the center of pine lumber production is 
 soon to be in the South (766,429,000 feet were 
 cut in 1S96 in the States reached by the 
 Southern Railway), the center of hard-wood 
 lumber production has for some time been 
 located there. 
 
 STONE AND MINERALS. 
 
 The South has an opulence of building 
 material both above and below groimd. The 
 forests with their giant trunks for joist and 
 rafter find a complement in the quarries of 
 granite, marble and other building stone for 
 foundation, wall and ornamentation. Without 
 a single ship from Tarshish or a cedar from 
 Lebanon the South could duplicate the temple 
 of Solomon, drawing every needed material 
 from within her own rich borders, even to the 
 gold for the candle-sticks and the precious gems 
 to sparkle from the altar. 
 
 The marbles of East Tennessee are second 
 only to those of Carrara. There are over two 
 hundred varieties of them, each distinct from 
 the others. The exquisite tints and varie- 
 gated beauty of one variety are the admiration 
 of every visitor to the Capitol and the new Con- 
 gressional Library at Washington, and other 
 State and national buildings throughout the 
 Union. The output of the Tennessee quarries 
 reaches into millions of dollars. In North Caro- 
 lina and every State reached by the Southern 
 Railway there is found building stone of the 
 highest quality and in an abundance that makes 
 quarrying profitable. 
 
 In several of these States, moreover, there 
 are precious metals in paying amounts, notably 
 in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. Sur- 
 prising as it may seem to those who have come 
 to look upon the far West and the far North as 
 the only gold regions, the South has produced 
 over $45,000,000 worth of the yellow metal, 
 more than $3,000,000 having come from a sin- 
 gle North Carolina mine. The Government 
 mints report that from the beginning of the 
 century to the present time the amount of 
 gold produced in Virginia has been $3,203,000; 
 
North Carolina, -$21,700,000; South Carolina, 
 $3,581,000; Georgia, $16,101,000; Alabama, 
 $420,000, and Tennessee, $166,000. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Aside from developing her material inter- 
 ests the people of the South have always taken 
 a most earnest interest in the things which make 
 for better citizenship, notably in the direction 
 of the education of her young. During the past 
 thirty years, five hundred and thirty million 
 dollars have, according to the most competent 
 
 1 
 
 estimates, been •". 
 
 expended in the • 
 South in the build- 
 ing and maintenance of the 
 schools and colleges. There is 
 not a community in all the 
 South where there are not am- 
 ple common school facilities, and in all the 
 States there are universities of high rank, and 
 numerous denominational and non-sectarian col- 
 leges, seminaries and academies. Many technical 
 and industrial schools have been established 
 and are in flourishing condition, and education 
 for the hands as well as the head is provided. 
 
 The South now has 100,115 teachers at 
 work, four times as many as in 18S0; and has 
 4,932,476 children in attendance at its public 
 and private schools. It is spending $1 9,876,464 
 a year for public education, or nearly four times 
 as much as it did seventeen years ago. 
 
 This good work has been done without 
 increasing the tax rate or the indebtedness of 
 the South. As a matter of fact, that indebted- 
 ness has been materially reduced, and now 
 represents mainly the investment of the educa- 
 tional, charitable and other funds of the State. 
 
 PORTS. 
 
 The Southern Railway meets the sea at 
 Norfolk, Va , where it has extensive wharf 
 facilities at Pinner's Point and West Point, Va. , 
 and at Brunswick, Ga. At each of these places 
 it transfers to the coastwise and foreign-bound 
 ships the products in raw and finished materials 
 from the mine and mill, and enormous quanti- 
 ties of cotton, grain and fruit. 
 
 Baltimore, with its great maritime inter- 
 ests, is also brought into touch with the 
 Southern Railway system by the Baltimore, 
 Norfolk and Richmond Steam- 
 boat Company, which is owned 
 by the railway, and which oper- 
 ates a line of high-class steamers 
 between Baltimore, West Point 
 and Norfolk. At Richmond the 
 Southern Railway connects with 
 the various river lines and the 
 Old Dominion Line for New 
 York. To the westward its water 
 gateways are at Cincinnati and 
 Louisville on the Ohio River, 
 and Memphis, Tenn. , and Green- 
 ville, Miss., on the Mississippi. 
 
 The Eastern harbors are 
 much nearer the wheat, grain 
 and meat producing districts 
 than any of the North Atlantic 
 ports. St. Louis, for instance, 
 is 850 miles, air line distance, 
 from New York, 750 from Nor- 
 folk and West Point, Va., and 650 from 
 Brunswick, Ga. In the adjustment of future 
 transportation problems these distances will be 
 leading factors, the Southern Railway having 
 the additional advantage of never being blocked 
 b}^ snow or ice. Already the exportation to 
 Europe of Western grain and meat products 
 has grown to impres- 
 sive figures through 
 Norfolk and Bruns- 
 wick, and it has 
 been established r 
 that there is 
 no commercial 
 reason why 
 the movement 
 may not grow 
 to enormous 
 dimensions. 
 
The growth of shipping to and from the 
 Southern ports has been the marvel of the 
 maritime world. One port showed a gain in 
 exports of breadstuffs alone in the year 1897 
 over 1S96 of 137 per cent., another 171 per cent. 
 The latest figures of the statistical department 
 of the United States Treasury Department show 
 that the increase of exports of this class at 
 the four chief Northern ports in 1897 over 1896 
 amounted to $7,019,540, or 74 percent., while 
 the increase from the four chief Southern ports 
 was $7,944,151, or 163 per cent. 
 
 While these figures cover but one line of 
 goods, the increase in other products was equalh' 
 great, the variety of exports being greater 
 with each succeeding year. 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 No other mountain region is to be in any 
 way compared with the magnificent section in 
 the western portion of North Carolina and east- 
 ern Tennessee poetically called "The Land of 
 the Sky." Here are forty-three distinct peaks 
 higher than Mount Washington, eighty which 
 are more than five thousand feet in altitude, 
 and countless scores exceeding four thousand. 
 From one of these "fortresses of nature " seven 
 different States may be seen and the eye may 
 bring within its span fifty thousand square 
 miles, a wild billowy area where range after 
 range of forest-clad peaks follow each other as 
 waves chase up a beach. 
 
 The Appalachians, as the various mountain 
 ranges are called which constitute the great 
 eastern border mountains of North America, 
 and reach their highest altitudes in western 
 North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, origi- 
 nated ages ago in processes of upheaval and 
 
 were completed just after the close of the car- 
 boniferous period. They are composed of great 
 masses of sedimentary rock which once lay be- 
 neath the sea. Their history is a long one, and 
 to the geologist and physiographer one of great 
 interest. The arrangement of narrow valleys 
 and linear ridges presented in this mountain 
 system is such as to make a type of topography 
 which is nowhere else on earth so characteristi- 
 cally and extensively developed. The Appa- 
 lachians have a generally southwesterly and 
 northeasterly trend for over one thousand miles, 
 and extend from southern New York through 
 the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, A'irginia, 
 Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina, 
 terminating in northern central Alabama. 
 
 In Pennsylvania the range reaches an eleva- 
 vation of 2,000 feet above the sea, or 1,000 to 
 1,500 feet above the adjacent Cumberland Val- 
 ley. At Harper's Ferry the historic eminences 
 of Maryland Heights and Loudon Heights 
 overlook the Potomac at an elevation of 800 
 feet. Southward through Virginia, however, 
 the range becomes broader and higher. Forty- 
 five miles below the Potomac is Mount Mar- 
 shall, 3,150 feet high, and a short distance 
 farther, near Luray, Stony Man and Hawk's 
 Bill, 4,031 and 4,066 feet, respectively. These 
 are the highest summits of the Blue Ridge north 
 of North Carolina. 
 
 The Piedmont Plain in Virginia, which the 
 main line of the Southern Railway traverses, 
 extends along the southeastern base of the 
 Appalachian iVIountains. Its surface has a gen- 
 tle eastward slope from an altitude of about 
 1,000 feet at the western edge to 250 or 300 
 feet on the east, where it merges into the 
 Coastal Plain. 
 
 Through Virginia, North and South Caro- 
 lina and part of Georgia the western limit of 
 the Piedmont Plain is along an irregular line in 
 which the gentle slope of the etched plain 
 changes to the steeper slopes of the Blue 
 Ridge. 
 
 The most striking characteristic of this 
 range is the great difference in slope of its 
 opposite sides. The streams heading in the 
 gaps upon the divide flow westward in broad, 
 smoothly rounded and drift-filled valleys for 
 miles before entering the narrow rock - cut 
 gorges of their lower courses. Those flowing 
 eastward, on the other hand, plunge immediately 
 
downward in a series of cas- 
 cades, falling several thousand 
 feet in a distance of a few miles. 
 They have no valleys, onl)' V- 
 shaped gorges, until they reach 
 nearly to the level of the Pied- 
 mont Plain. This difference in 
 slope is admirably shown on 
 the line of the Southern Railway 
 from Salisbury, N. C, to Ashe- 
 ville. From Asheville eastward 
 the road ascends the valley of 
 the Swannanoa with an easy 
 grade, making directly for the 
 gap. Passing the divide it de- 
 scends upon the headwaters of 
 the Catawba by an intricate 
 series of loops, winding back 
 and forth upon the mountain 
 side. Reaching the level of the 
 Catawba at an altitude of 1,400 
 feet, the road again follows a 
 broad valley with an easy grade 
 down to the Piedmont Plain, 
 which it reaches fifty miles to 
 the eastward, at an elevation of 
 1,000 feet. 
 
 Compared with the Blue 
 Ridge, the Unaka Range, in 
 western North Carolina and 
 eastern Tennessee ("The Land 
 of the Sky "), reaches a consid- 
 erably greater average altitude, 
 and contains most of the higher 
 peaks in the Southern Appa- 
 lachians. While the former 
 contains only four points above 
 5,000 feet in altitude, the 
 Unakas have a large number 
 above 5, 000, and about two score 
 are above 6,000. Not only are " 
 
 they higher, but their slopes are 
 steeper and their outlines more angular and 
 rugged. The mountains are equally steep on 
 both sides, and slopes with a descent from crest 
 to stream of 4,000 feet are not uncommon. 
 Many high spurs leave the central chain, and 
 between them are deep V-shaped ravines. 
 
 From any commanding point along the 
 Unaka Range there may be seen stretching to 
 the east and south a great sea of peaks, ridges 
 and domes. There is no dominating range. 
 
 but most of the peaks reach Tieari'jt. the same 
 altitude, and appear like the waves on a choppy 
 sea, range after range growing less and less dis- 
 tinct, until their outlines are barely distinguish- 
 able from the blue sky at the horizon. The 
 cultivated valleys are generally hidden from 
 view, and except for an occasional clearing on 
 the mountain sides, and the grassy "balds" on 
 a few of the higher domes, the whole region 
 appears to be covered with a forest mantle. 
 
Only rarely does a ledge of naked rock appear 
 through the vegetation, so that the slopes are 
 smoothed and softened and the landscape lacks 
 the rugged character of unforested mountain 
 regions. The atmospheric effects also tend to 
 produce the same result. The blue haze, which 
 is almost never absent from this region, and 
 which is recognized in the names of both the 
 Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky Mountains, 
 softens the details of objects comparatively 
 near at hand, and gives the effect of great dis- 
 tance to peaks but a few miles away. By 
 reason of this atmospheric effect these moun- 
 tains of only moderate altitude often afford 
 more impressive views than heights and dis- 
 tances two or three times as great in the clear 
 air of the West. 
 
 A very large number of the interior sum- 
 mits reach altitudes between 4,000 and 5,000 
 feet, and a few are over 6,000. The Black 
 Mountains, a few miles north of Asheville, 
 contain the highest peaks in the Appalachian 
 Mountains. Mount Mitchell, altitude 6,711 feet, 
 is the highest point east of the Mississippi, 
 being 425 feet higher than Mount Washington. 
 
 RESORTS AND CLIMATE. 
 
 In the line of health and pleasure resorts 
 the South is particularly fortunate, both as to 
 the great number and to their wide variety. 
 Many people, especially those living in the 
 North and West, think of the South only as a 
 
 place to be visited in the winter season. As a 
 matter of fact, there is no region in America 
 which holds out greater inducements to the 
 tourist at any season of the year, both as to scenic 
 and climatic advantages, than the " Land of the 
 
 Sky " in western North Carolina and eastern 
 Tennessee. The average summer temperature 
 at the mountain resorts in this region is several 
 degrees lower than in either the White Moun- 
 tains or in the Catskills. This is accounted for 
 
 by its altitude, which ranges from 2,200 to 6,-00 
 feet above sea level. In winter this same sec- 
 tion attracts thousands of visitors from the 
 North because of its wonderful freedom from 
 dampness. So remarkable is this climatic 
 characteristic that the United States Govern- 
 ment has issued special scientific bulletins in 
 explanation. 
 
 In summer this fair ''Land of the Sky," 
 of which Asheville is the commercial and social 
 center, is one of the most enjoyable regions in 
 all the world for recreation and rest. Of late 
 years it has become what Switzerland is to 
 Europe — an international playground. 
 
 But the all-the-year-round pleasure 
 and health resorts of the South are by 
 no means limited to Asheville, Hot- 
 Springs and neighboring places in North 
 Carolina. Tnere is Lookout Mountain, 
 as well as the Tate Springs and numerous 
 others in Tennessee, the Lithia Springs 
 and Brunswick, Cumberland Island and 
 St. Simon's Island in Georgia, the ever 
 popular Old Point Comfort, Virginia 
 Beach and others in Virginia, all of which 
 are equally enjoyable to the visitor, 
 whether his sojourn be during the winter 
 or the summer season. 
 Those resorts which are chiefly enjoyable 
 in winter are of world-wide reputation. 
 
 Augusta, Ga. , and Aiken, S. C, since their 
 attractions, both health-giving and for recrea- 
 tion, have become known, have grown into 
 
v*^ great popularity. At each 
 ' of these places there are hand- 
 ^ some and admirably appointed 
 
 w hotels, as well as a varied assort- 
 
 ' ment of opportunities for sport 
 
 and amusement. The climate is of 
 rare dryness, and of an evenness which is unex- 
 celled. With the leading resorts of Florida — 
 Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Ormond, Miami 
 
 and Palm Beach on the east coast, and Tampa, 
 Punta Gorda, Belleair and Tarpon Springs on 
 the west coast, the public is familiar. The re- 
 sorts patronized mainly in summer include the 
 Blowing Rock region. Flat Rock, Tr3'on, Hay- 
 wood White Sulphur Springs, and Linnville, 
 North Carolina; Paris Mountain, Greenville and 
 Caesar's Head, South Carolina; Warm Spring.s, 
 Indian Springs, Tallulah, Mt. Airy, and Gaines- 
 ville, Georgia; Roan Mountain, Oliver Springs, 
 Hale Springs, Galbraith Springs, Montvale, Alle- 
 gheny Springs, Mt. Nebo, Avondale, and Glen 
 Alpine, Tennessee, and Monte Sano, Alabama. 
 
 The last ten years have seen a revolution in 
 the development of Southern pleasure places. 
 A decade ago the purely resort hotels of the 
 South, at which those accustomed to the refine- 
 ments of life would be content to sojourn, 
 could be counted on the fingers of one hand. 
 To-day there are at least two score reached by 
 the Southern Railway alone at which the enter- 
 tainment is almost princely. 
 
 Several of these are confessedly more beau- 
 tiful, elaborate and costly than any others of 
 the same character in America. As a rule the 
 visitor will find awaiting him in all portions 
 of the South excellently managed and thoroughly 
 first-class houses in which the entertainment 
 offered is such as to meet the approval of the 
 most exacting traveler. 
 
 As there exists a misapprehension regard- 
 ing the summer climate in the South, the table 
 presented on this page, giving the official U. S. 
 Weather Bureau figures, will be of interest. 
 While there is between the South and the rest of 
 the country little dift'erence in the average tem- 
 perature of the hottest months, there is a vast 
 difference in that of the coldest months. 
 
 Average Monthly and Annual Temperature in Central, Northern and Southern Cities 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Asheville, N. C 
 
 Augusta, Ga 
 
 Chattanooga, Tcnn. . 
 
 Columbia, S. C 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Meridian, Miss 
 
 Washington, D. C. . . 
 New York Citv, N. Y 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y' 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. . . . 
 
 Jan. 
 
 38.3 
 
 47-4 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 47 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 27 
 23 
 10 
 
 25.4 
 
 Feb. 
 
 39-1 
 52.0 
 
 45.9 
 50.0 
 39.0 
 53.6 
 36. I 
 31-5 
 24.5 
 2S.0 
 26.8 
 
 15. S 
 
 31.0 
 
 March 
 
 45-5 
 56.1 
 50. S 
 54.2 
 45.9 
 54-5 
 414 
 36.9 
 30.0 
 34-2 
 34-1 
 27-5 
 40.5 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 6g.5 
 78.8 
 75.6 
 78.1 
 74.0 
 77.6 
 71.5 
 69.0 
 65.0 
 66.3 
 66.7 
 67.2 
 73-4 
 
 July 
 
 72.5 
 
 82. 2 
 
 78.3 
 81.3 
 78.8 
 78.6 
 77.6 
 
 73-5 
 69.7 
 71-3 
 72.0 
 71.5 
 77-5 
 
 Aug. 
 
 70.6 
 So.o 
 
 76.7 
 78. 6 
 75.5 
 77-8 
 73-5 
 3 
 
 68.5 
 69. 1 
 70.9 
 69.1 
 
 Sept. 
 
 63.9 
 75.4 
 71.6 
 73.8 
 69.4 
 73 o 
 67.4 
 
 65.9 
 62. 1 
 62.4 
 64.2 
 
 59-8 
 67.5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 55.7 
 65.7 
 61. 1 
 64.1 
 
 59-3 
 62.2 
 57.3 
 55.0 
 50.3 
 51.9 
 52.0 
 
 47-1 
 
 55-7 
 
 Nov. 
 
 42.6 
 
 55.4 
 50.3 
 54.9 
 48.1 
 
 53.4 
 
 Dec. 
 
 38.4 
 
 49-5 
 
 43 
 
 48, 
 
 38, 
 
 50. 
 
 37. 
 
 34, 
 
 29.8 
 
 31. 1 
 29-3 
 1S.8 
 
 Annual 
 
 54-4 
 65.0 
 60.3 
 
 63.7 
 570 
 63.7 
 54.8 
 51-7 
 46.5 
 48.6 
 
 48.3 
 43-3 
 53.2 
 
SPORT. 
 
 The opportunities for all varieties of shoot- 
 ing and fishing in the South are most excellent, 
 and the seasons are so extended that out-of-door 
 life is enjoyable during the entire winter. 
 
 Virginia and North Carolina have long been 
 favorite regions for quail-shooting, and these 
 swift-winged denizens of woodland and stub- 
 blefield are undoubtedly more abundant in these 
 two States than anywhere else north or south. 
 They are to be found, however, in satisfactory 
 numbers in all of the Southern States. In South 
 Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennes- 
 see and Mississippi they are usually very plenti- 
 ful, but in the more southern regions they do 
 not attain the size, nor are they as strong and 
 swift of flight, as in North Carolina, Virginia 
 and Tennessee. 
 
 The great salt-water bays and marshes of 
 the coast of North Carolina, vSouth Carolina and 
 Georgia teem with ducks and geese, while brant 
 and swan may be killed in large 
 numbers in season. There is most 
 excellent sport of this class also 
 to be had on many of the streams 
 in Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 The smaller water birds, such 
 as rail, reed birds, snipe and 
 plover, are plentiful all along the 
 coast from Norfolk to Florida, and 
 the sportsman will find especially 
 good shooting of this class in the 
 neighborhood of Morehead City, 
 N. C, and Brunswick, Ga. 
 
 Woodcock are plentiful in - 
 
 many places in Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Tennessee and Ken- 
 tucky, and wild turkeys are found 
 in all of the Southern States, being 
 particularly abundant in Florida. 
 
 While Virginia has long been a favorite re- 
 sort for deer hunters, each of the other States 
 
 offers good shooting. In Georgia, Florida, 
 Alabama and Mississippi deer are especially 
 plentiful, and are killed each season in such 
 numbers as to astonish the 
 average sportsman of the 
 North. There 
 are too many sec- 
 tions where good 
 shooting may be 
 had to allow of 
 enumeration. 
 
 In the moun- 
 tain regions of western 
 North Carolina and eastern 
 Tennessee many black bears are killed each 
 winter by the hardy sportsmen who have the 
 courage to undertake the work. 
 
 The mountain streams offer the best of 
 brook-trout fishing, and in several of those in 
 North Carolina which have been systematically 
 stocked the large rainbow trout are taken by 
 the skillful angler in satisfactory numbers. 
 Black bass are found in great numbers in Vir- 
 ginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 The region round about Brunswick, Ga. , 
 is the best on the Atlantic coast for salt-water 
 fishing, an infinite variety of sea fish being 
 taken in the nearby waters. 
 
 There are many other places where most 
 
 excellent luck will attend the sportsman, notably 
 
 the famous resorts on the Gulf Coast 
 
 and Florida. No section of the country 
 
 'C 
 
 is comparable to the South to-day in the 
 great variety and quantity of game. There 
 are excellent game laws in nearly all the States, 
 and visiting sportsmen are always welcome. 
 
FINIS. 
 
 In the foregoing pages there has been pre- 
 sented in a general way a record of the progress 
 which the Southland has been making in the 
 various lines of material development. A more 
 detailed treatment will be found in the chapters 
 upon the various States. 
 
 The majestic current of prosperity and 
 progress which is sweeping over the South is 
 broadening with every swing of time's pendu- 
 lum. Every ship that leaves her ports for 
 foreign shores is heavier laden, ever}' mile of 
 railroad trackage is bearing the burden of 
 greater trains. Her broad acres are intelli- 
 gently tilled, and her harvests tell of abundant 
 riches. The hum of her spindles has supplanted 
 the old-time plantation melodies. Her towns 
 are fast becoming cities. Her thousands invested 
 in industrial enterprises are rapidly changing 
 into millions. The mountains and valleys are 
 lifting up their voices in the grand anthem of 
 prosperity. 
 
 From the turbid Mississippi to the Atlantic, 
 and from the Ohio to the Gulf, an industrial 
 
 evolution, more mighty in its significance, more 
 powerful in its influence than any the world has 
 ever known, is being wrought. The pulse beat- 
 ings of this awakening are felt in every artery 
 of trade and commerce in this and foreign lands. 
 Sections in the North where generations have 
 succeeded each other in controlling the markets 
 in cotton goods, confess their inability to meet 
 the more practical conditions of manufacturing 
 in the South. Her people are in earnest, and 
 have set their faces toward the goal of pros- 
 perity with a determination kindled by hope 
 and augmented by success already attained. 
 
 The future of the Southland? By every 
 right of material riches it should and will be 
 more brilliant than that of any other section 
 of the Union. Her gracious smile awaits the 
 tide of incoming immigration. Her broad and 
 sunny acres, her fertile mountain and hillside 
 slopes, her rich valleys and crystal streams, her 
 mines of coal and iron, her untouched forests, 
 vast and majestic, all pulsate with quickened 
 life and stretch forth the hand of welcome and 
 the bright promise of prosperity. 
 
 
 A MOUNTAI.V VESTIBULE TRAIN 
 
THE city of Washington, with its massive 
 and historic national buildings, its 
 miles of smooth avenues and countless 
 beautiful and stately residences, its scores of 
 elm-shaded parks and its picturesque suburbs, 
 easily maintains its proud distinction of being 
 the most attractive and alluring of our 
 American cities. 
 
 Commercially or industrially considered, 
 it is not great, but it is a great capital, 
 and as such will ever be held dear to the 
 hearts of all true Americans. 
 
 ..The charms of Washington unfold 
 themselves readily to any one 
 who vields ' 
 
 n 
 
 capital. Its very life, commercially and socially, 
 
 is so closely interwoven with governmental 
 
 affairs that all else is subverted and appears 
 
 insignificant. The visitor finds within it a 
 
 touch of Paris, a suggestion of Berlin, and 
 
 definite impressions of various American cities. 
 
 It is at once cosmopolitan and provincial, and 
 
 its aspects, like its population, are largely 
 
 changeable. 
 
 The physical transformation of Wash- 
 ington from the miserable apology of 
 a town that it was in the sixties to the 
 magnificent city of to-day has been 
 but little short of marvelous. The 
 relics of the earlier days have almost 
 wholly disappeared, and there have 
 grown up in their stead 
 'ilWB^SE^ . many substantial and 
 
 fr^ti: 
 
 THE CAPITOL 
 
 to their subtle influence. There is here no 
 chilling air of forbidding reserve. The city 
 gates are always open to the tourist, and the 
 stranger once within them will find a host of 
 interesting things to engage his time, whether 
 he tarries for a day or a season. No city on 
 the American continent is the counterpart of 
 Washington. If comparisons must be made, 
 then it is necessary to turn to Paris, Berlin 
 or Vienna across the sea. It is essentiallv a 
 
 modern structures which bespeak the touch of 
 wealth and refinement. This is especially true 
 of the residential section, which for variety 
 of architecture and suggestions of refinement 
 compares most favorably with any city on this 
 continent. 
 
 The chief center of interest in Washington 
 is the Capitol, and it is impressive from whatever 
 side and at whatever hour it may be viewed. 
 No building in the world is its better in beautiful 
 
T|[..fltlf ..^Iff'M^ 
 
 THE CONGRESSIONAL I.IBRARV 
 
 symmetry or majestic dignity. Its nearby 
 neighbor, the newly completed National Li- 
 brary building, is acknowledged to be without 
 a peer on either side of the Atlantic in archi- 
 tectural effect or decoration. At the other end 
 of Pennsylvania Avenue, which is the great 
 main artery of Washington, stands the Treas- 
 ury Building, impressive beyond description in 
 the very simplicity of its classic fatjade. Be- 
 yond the Treasury, and surrounded by wide- 
 spreading elms and velvety lawns, is the his- 
 toric White House, about which cluster a 
 myriad of our nation's fondest memories. 
 From its rear porch one may look across a mile 
 of beautiful mall, stretching away to the very 
 edge of the placid Potomac, and see silhouetted 
 against the southern sky the graceful lines of 
 the towering Washington Monument. Near 
 the White House is the magnificent granite 
 structure occupied by the War, State and Navy 
 Departments, and which will well repay the 
 visitor for the time spent in visiting 
 them. Southeast of the Montmient 
 is the huge building known as the Bu- 
 reau of Engraving and Printing, in 
 which the paper money of the Govern- 
 ment is made. From the Potomac 
 to the Capitol is a beautiful stretch 
 of park, in which are located, 
 amid a forest of stately trees 
 and acres of beautiful lawns, 
 the Smithsonian Institution, the 
 National Museum, the Fish 
 Commission Building, and at the 
 eastern end of the park, and almost 
 under the shadows of the noble 
 
 Capitol, are the Government greenhouses 
 
 and conservatories, surrounded during the 
 
 summer season by a wilderness of 
 
 beautiful flowers and rare plants 
 
 and shrubs. 
 
 Washington might well be 
 called a city of parks, for in addi- 
 tion to the nearly two hundred 
 circles and triangular reservations, 
 where the wide avenues named for 
 the States cross the streets diago- 
 nally, there are several large and 
 beautiful squares rich in foliage, statues 
 and ornamental flower beds. Outside the 
 limits of the city proper there is an immense 
 park area, including the Soldiers' Home 
 grounds of three hundred acres and the Na- 
 tional Rock Creek Park, which is nearly seven 
 miles from end to end, and includes the most 
 picturesque portions of the Rock Creek Valley. 
 Turning from the beauties of nature in and 
 about Washington to the beautiful in art will 
 lead the visitor to the handsome new Corcoran 
 Art Gallery, which embraces one of the finest 
 collections of paintings in the country. It is 
 one of the most frequented places in the city, 
 and is open to the public daily. 
 
 Situated on the south side of Pennsylvania 
 Avenue, at the corner of Thirteenth Street, is 
 the large and imposing administration building 
 of the Southern Railway. As Washington is the 
 gateway to the Southland from the North and 
 East, there is a sentimental as well as business 
 justification for locating here the headquarters 
 of this, the greatest and most comprehensive 
 transportation ^..^^^ company in the South. 
 
 '" SB*- 
 
 THE WHITE HOUSE 
 
THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 

 '^'Wl.T^'' 
 
 GIN I A 
 
 THE traveler of to-day, surrounded by all the luxuries which the very 
 mention of a vestibule limited train implies, and engrossed in the 
 problems of modern business, will not, in any probability, as he speeds 
 across the Old Dominion State, dwell upon the fast-fading legends and his- 
 torical heirlooms of her Colonial days. Yet no other State is so rich in all that 
 is interwoven with the early history of America and our nation as Virginia. 
 She was the cradle of liberty, the natal place of several of our early Presi- 
 dents, and also of those great leaders who hewed out the strong foundation 
 timbers of our national structure. To her shores came the earliest colonists 
 from England, and here it was that the first settlements took root-hold. So 
 closely is the history of this great State intertwined with that of the nation 
 that to tear them apart would be to destroy the fabric of both. 
 
 There have been six epochs in the history of Virginia which mark as 
 milestones the various periods of her existence. Each one stands to a certain 
 well-defined degree apart from the others ; each has produced its leaders and 
 has exerted its far-reaching influence upon the growth and development of 
 the nation. First comes the period of settlement, to recite the history of 
 which is to retell the story of the fortitude and struggles of the Jamestown 
 colony. Following this are the Colonial days, in which there were duplicated 
 in the Old Dominion the great estates, the princely entertainment and the 
 aristocratic country-house life and the politics of England. Next in turn is 
 the Revolutionary period, which gave us Washington, Jefl^erson, Henry and a 
 host of other patriots. Then the era of Statehood. Subsequently, her with- 
 drawal from the Union, and her vast influence on her sister States in the 
 South, and to-day the progressive and intellectual modern commonwealth, 
 resonant with the hum of the factory and workshop, rich in agricultural 
 resources, and resplendent in achievement in all lines of human activity. 
 
 Virginia has twice as many grand divisions as had the ancient Gaul of 
 which Csesar wrote. These are the Tidewater, the Midland, the Piedmont, 
 the Blue Ridge, the Valley of Virginia, and Appalachia, or the mountain 
 country. These divisions not only succeed each other geographically, be- 
 ginning on the east, but they differ in I'elief, occupying different levels above 
 the sea. From the Atlantic to the west they rise like a natural stairway, 
 the top step in the mountains being 3,000 feet in elevation. 
 
 Speaking broadly, the State may be divided into a lowland and a high- 
 land country. Its southeastern part — over 23,000 square miles, or rather more 
 than half of the whole State — has the aspect of a broadly undulating plain, 
 that, with but few marked variations of relief, rises from the sea to from 400 
 to Soo feet above that level. The northwestern portion, a part of the region 
 widely known as the Atlantic Highlands, is one composed of approximately 
 parallel mountain ranges, running entirely across the State from northeast to 
 southwest, separated by nearly parallel valleys, some of them wide and others 
 narrow, varying in breadth from a half mile to twenty-five miles — the whole 
 surface presenting all the varieties of relief peculiar to the Appalachian 
 country between the altitude levels of Soo and 5,700 feet. Speaking more 
 accurately, however, the State is naturally divided into the six grand divisions 
 above described. In climate, soil and product, as well as in elevation, these 
 divisions vary. Taken altogether they offer an abundance and variety of 
 
resources that invite the activity of the farmer, the fruit 
 raiser, the dairyman, the lumberman, the miner, the 
 manufacturer. The Old Dominion was ever hospitable; 
 she is especially so in the broad welcome she extends to 
 every worthy enterprise. 
 
 The State lies between the thirty-si.xth and thirty- 
 ninth parallels of latitude, corresponding in geographical 
 location to that of Southern Europe, Central Asia, 
 Southern Japan and California. It has an area of 40,125 
 square miles, and of this only about fifty per cent, has 
 been improved. It is this fact — by application of 
 Ricardo's law of rent — that explains the low price of 
 Virginia lands. Intending settlers do not require the 
 large capital needed in many other places in order to 
 embark in profitable industry in Virginia. 
 
 The rolling plateau stretching along to the east of 
 the Blue Ridge Mountains is known as the Piedmont 
 region, and is bisected by the Southern Railway. It is 
 one of the most beautiful as well as fertile sections in 
 the Union, and is far-famed for the great variety and 
 excellence of its fruit. It is essentially an agricultural 
 region, and along its entire length and width are indis- 
 putable evidences of material prosperity. Upon the trav- 
 eler who is making his first journey over the Southern 
 Railway between Washington and Danville 
 the natural beauty and attractiveness of the 
 Piedmont region will create a 
 most favorable and indelible 
 impression. AVide-stretching 
 and well-cultivated farms, 
 upon vv-hich the 
 houses and barns 
 bespeak prosperity, 
 patches of forest 
 and meadow lands, 
 herds of improved 
 breeds of sleek cat- 
 tle, and fields which 
 tell of heavy har- 
 vests, are the component and prominent parts of a whole 
 which has few equals in any State. 
 
 The Southern Railway enters the State at Alexan- 
 dria, just across the historic Potomac from Washington, 
 
 A MEADOW IX TIIK PIKDMOST REGION' OF VIRCINIA 
 
 and leaves it on the southern edge four miles below 
 Danville. From the main stem of the road numerous 
 branch lines stretch out mto rich sections of the State or 
 to its ports and commercial cen- 
 ters. From Alexandria, a 
 quaint old city dating back 
 to 174S, hallowed b)- 
 memories of Washing- 
 ton and other famous 
 men, a branch leads 
 to the* west through 
 Arlington, Herndon 
 and Leesburg to 
 Round Hill. This 
 is a popular subur- 
 ban residence region 
 with many Washing- 
 tonians, who find the 
 excellent train service 
 gives them the opportunity 
 of doing business in the city and living in a most salu- 
 brious and attractive rural region. From Manassas a 
 branch runs west and south by way of Strasburg to 
 Harrisonburg, passing through an undulating, well- 
 wooded and fertile farming section where there are 
 evidences of thrift on every hand. From Calverton 
 there is a short branch to Warrenton, a pretty little 
 Virginia town, and the center of a region famous for 
 its fine old estates and modern stock farms. At 
 Franklin Junction a line leads to Rocky Mount, and 
 from Danville the road has a branch to Stuart. At the 
 former place the chief stem is joined by the Dan- 
 ville & Richmond Division of the Southern Railway, 
 running through Richmond to West Point, passing 
 on the way the towns of Sutherin, South Boston, 
 Burkeville and Amelia Court House. 
 
 No traveler across Virginia on the Southern Rail- 
 way will fail to be impressed with the extreme 
 beauty and evidences of thrift in the Piedmont sec- 
 tion of the State. At Manassas, the first important 
 place south of Alexandria, was fought the battle of 
 .A.ugust 2g and 30, 1862, the roar of which was heard 
 even in Washmgton. Beyond is Calverton, then Cul- 
 pepper, the home of the once famous minute men. 
 
HARVESTING 
 
 IN 1HE 
 
 OLD DOMINION STATE 
 
 who included in their membership John Marshall, after- 
 ward Chief Justice of the United States. 
 
 Twenty miles south of Culpepper the train rolls 
 across the historic Rapidan, and shortly after Orange 
 is passed, just beyond which is Montpelier, where a 
 glimpse may be caught 
 in passing of the home 
 of James Madison, the 
 fourth President. It is 
 a beautiful region, all of 
 it, from Alexandria to 
 Charlottesville and then 
 on south, passing North 
 Garden, Amherst and 
 Monroe to Lynchburg. 
 Leaving this prosperous 
 city the road follows its 
 southwesterly course to 
 Danville, passing on the 
 way Lawyer's Road, 
 with its nearby springs, 
 Franklin Junction and 
 Chatham. It is upon this 
 portion of the route that 
 the Blue Ridge Jloun- 
 
 tains begin to build up their shapely outlines against 
 the western horizon. They add a charming variation to 
 the pastoral beauty of the valleys, and form a lovely 
 panorama of which the traveler never tires. 
 
 Beginning with agriculture, which a French savant 
 once called "the nurturing breast of the state," it will 
 be worth while to direct attention in more detail to 
 the Old Dominion's breadth of riches. Here are the 
 farm products of the State for 1896: Wheat, 5,724,913 
 bu.shels; corn, 38,067,986; oats, 8,492,296; rye, 419,810; 
 potatoes, 3,591,474; hay, 636,682 tons; tobacco, 57,961,260 
 pounds. The lands of the State are not only fertile, but 
 they are easily cultivated and are contiguous to the best 
 markets. This latter fact particularly adapts the State 
 to profitable truck farming. 
 
 The truck farmers have made a great success of 
 potato raising, and some of them have cleared as high 
 as from Sio,ooo to $30,000 in a single season from this 
 crop alone. 
 
 MONTPELIER, VA., FORMERLY 
 ON THE LINE OF TH 
 
 Every variety of fruit which will grow in the tem- 
 perate zone flourishes in the Piedmont region. The 
 sunny slopes of the mountains have a peculiarly light 
 soil, kept constantly fertile by the decomposition of rocks 
 furnishing potash, and perennially moist by numerous 
 springs. This soil is, therefore, admirably adapted to 
 apples, and one of the most famous kind— the Albemarle 
 pippin — has been brought to its highest perfection here. 
 It is the favorite in foreign markets, and usually sells at 
 three dollars or more a barrel on the trees, the buyer 
 furnishing the barrels and doing the picking. 
 
 Next in importance to the apple comes the grape in 
 Hue of fruit. A peculiarity noted in the most favored 
 claret-producing vineyards of France is the large admix- 
 ture of iron in the soil. This is the characteristic of 
 much of the soil of this section. The soil and climatic 
 conditions of Virginia, when compared with the grape 
 districts of Germany and France, present manj' striking 
 similarities. The average ranges of the thermometer 
 of this section and of those at Bordeaux and other 
 vine-growing sections of Germany and France are very 
 close together. In this rolling, hilly country, with its 
 calcareous loam, or gravelly, loose soil, with a rocky 
 sub-soil, facilitating self-drainage, with exemption from 
 
 heavy spring frosts and 
 early frosts in autumn, 
 with rarely any excess of 
 rainfall in the maturing 
 months of June, July, 
 August and September, 
 are the most favored con- 
 ditions for the vine. This 
 is shown, as would be 
 supposed, by the lu.xu- 
 riant growth and fine 
 (juality of the native 
 uncultivated grape. A 
 wine-making industry of 
 no small volume has in 
 consequence prospered 
 at several prominent 
 cities of the region, not- 
 ably at Charlottesville. 
 The products of the cel- 
 lars are the pure fermented grape juice. If allowed to 
 acquire the "bouquet" that age alone can give, they 
 stand successfully a comparison with some of the noted 
 wines of Europe. The Piedmont region is properly 
 called the "fruit belt" of Virginia, and 
 its adaptability to fruits and vines, 
 when properly developed, will easily^ 
 make it the leading wine and fruit.^^ 
 region of the L'nion. Peaches, nec- 
 tarines, apricots, plums, cherries 
 apples, pears and quinces are 
 all indigenous to this section, 
 and ripen in perfection as 
 they yield in abundance. 
 
 AH the best grasses grow 
 in Virginia, and as a stock- 
 raising and dairying section it ranks 
 among the best. It is especially adapted ' 
 for sheep farming. 
 
 THE HOME OF JAMES MADISON 
 E SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
 
ON A VIKGIMA SHEET FARM 
 
 An inspection of the forestry maps that have been 
 published by the United States Census and the Forestry 
 Bureau of the Agricultural Department of the United 
 States will show that Virginia occupies an enviable 
 position in the variety and density as well as in the 
 extent of its forest and timber-producing territory. It 
 not only lies in the mid-temperate region, but it has a 
 range of altitude from the sea level, where the long-leaf 
 pines grow, to one of over 6.000 feet, where the cool, 
 temperate-climate balsams are at home ; consequently it 
 has a wide range of adaptations for the growth of forests 
 containing many varieties of trees. 
 
 The Tidewater country abounds in the long-leaf and 
 other varieties of pines, the lowland cedar or juniper, and 
 various kinds of oak and other hard-wood trees. Its for- 
 ests have been, from its first settlement, and will always 
 continue to be, one of its principal sources of wealth. 
 
 The Midland country is still largely a great forest 
 land of oaks, pines and other valuable timber trees, and 
 no better use can be made of large portions of its territory 
 than to preserve them for the production of lumber. 
 
 The Piedmont country still has large timber areas 
 which yield many varieties of trees, especially of hard 
 woods of superior excellence for lumber. When any 
 portion of its lands are left uncultivated they are rapidly 
 covered with a growth of timber. 
 
 The Blue Ridge chain as a whole, with its innumer- 
 able spurs, its intermediate coves and its amphitheatral 
 valleys, is a perennial timber belt. Owing to its favorable 
 conditions of elevation, exposures and climatic conditions 
 its forests renew themselves, time after time, when cut 
 down. Oaks of numerous kinds, white, yellow and other 
 pines, tulip-poplars and other valuable timber trees here 
 abound and furnish large quantities of lumber, railway 
 ties, tanbark and telegraph poles. 
 
 The Great Valley of Virginia, strange as it may 
 appear, although so peculiarly adapted to grazing and 
 agricultural pursuits by the richness of its lands, still 
 has fully one-fourth of its area occupied by park-like 
 forests, mainly of oaks, hickories and other hard-wood 
 trees, with scattered pines, all of such a character as to 
 furnish the kinds of lumber that the makers of agricul- 
 tural implements, wagons, machinery and furniture espe- 
 cially value for work requiring the best grades of timber. 
 The Appalachian region of Virginia is peculiarly 
 a forest-covered one. Its valleys and lower 
 mountain ranges are occupied by a score 
 or more of different kinds of valuable timber 
 trees, including white, red, black, Spanish and 
 other species of oaks, tulip-poplars, ash, linden, 
 birch and other much-sought-for timber trees. 
 Its higher valleys and mountain ranges are 
 occupied by forests of white pine and other 
 kinds of that valuable tree, red and chestnut 
 oaks, birches, hemlocks and white and black 
 spruce and other evergreen timber trees. This 
 region will always be the source of abundant 
 supph' of car timber, railway ties, telegraph 
 poles, tanbark, wood for paper pulp and for 
 lumber and timber of all the kinds demanded 
 for manufacturing and stnjctural purposes. 
 During the past year the timber cut and mar- 
 keted in Virginia was valued at $6,172,312. 
 The waters of Virginia, like those of all maritime or 
 ocean-bordering states, are of two kinds : i. Oceanic 
 ivaters, those that are more or less saltish and in the 
 main tidal. 2. Fresh waters, generally superficial and 
 fluvial, or flowing, like rivers and the tributaries and 
 springs from which they are derived, but sometimes sub- 
 terranean. 
 
 Virginia is peculiarly rich in waters of both these 
 classes, as an inspection of the hydrographic portion of 
 any good map of the State will show. //.*• oceanic ivaters 
 include not only its Atlantic front of nearly 120 miles 
 and the extensive Virginian Sea and the great ocean- 
 river of the Gulf Stream that lie beyond it, over a marine 
 league of the front of which it has chartered jurisdiction, 
 but also a great arm of the sea, Chesapeake Bay, the 
 
 COMING TrrRO THE RVI 
 
PROMINENT I'OINTS OF INTEKEST IS RtCHMONU, VA. 
 
 only Mediterranean of the United States, which spreads 
 itself and a half dozen of its great and hundreds of its 
 smaller tidal arms through more than a fourth of the 
 territory of the State. Its fresh wafers are gathered 
 by a score or more of important rivers and their branches, 
 flowing in all directions and draining portions of five 
 great catchment basins, from tributaries and springs 
 well-nigh innumerable. 
 
 Its tidal ways are abundantly developed and ad- 
 mirably adapted to navigation, and many of them 
 are broad, deep, and land-locked and land-protected 
 
 estuaries in which the navies of the world might take 
 refuge. 
 
 Its fresh-water rivers and their tributaries, unrivaled 
 in number, meandering through every portion of the 
 State, are generally well supplied with water during every 
 season of the year, as they should be in this region of 
 copious perennial rains and where the geological condi- 
 tions are mostly favorable for retaining the precipitation 
 on or near the surface. Nearly all of these have a rapid 
 descent from the successive plain and mountain terraces 
 of their sources, so that they not only water the land and 
 
ft 
 
 IBllOff!?- 
 
 supply it with a vast 
 amount of motive 
 power, but also, 
 a matter of equal 
 importance, thor- 
 oughly drain it. 
 
 But few States 
 offer greater in- 
 ducements for 
 manufacturing in- 
 dustries than doe 
 Virginia. With her 
 raw materials so numer- 
 ous, abundant and con- 
 venient to sites adapted for 
 manufacturing centers, and 
 these in turn so convenient to mar- 
 kets, she has all the conditions for great '" """-' 
 industrial progress. And the Old Do- 
 minion is awake to her pcssibilities. 
 
 New enterprises and industries are springing up on 
 every hand, and capital is coming forth to promote and 
 conduct them. 
 
 Many of the more enterprising cities are offering 
 most liberal inducements to new manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, not only in the way of free sites but in 
 exemption from municipal taxation for a longer or 
 shorter term of years. 
 
 Among the abundant raw materials of the State are 
 many kinds of timber; iron ores of excellent quality; 
 zinc and lead ores; coal, both bituminous and semi-bitu- 
 minous; limestones for the manufacture of both archi- 
 tectural and other limes; brown stones, granites, and 
 other building and ornamental stones; marls for fertiliz- 
 ers; clays of all kinds for the manufacture of brick and 
 tile, and numerous agricultural products for supplying 
 
 llH 
 
 irrFi-iKS 
 
 I.ND, VA. 
 
 A VIIi<;[NIA klVEK 
 
 flouring mills and establishments using the products of 
 farms and market gardens in their industries. Its oak 
 forests supply vast quantities of tanbark, not only for 
 exportation, but for the manufacture of leather. The 
 soft-wood timber of its forests furnishes the material for 
 paper pulp, and it has a number of large establishments 
 
 ^■- for manufacturing the 
 
 products of sumac 
 and for making of 
 quercitron. Its ex- 
 tensive patches of 
 sassafras, especi- 
 ally in Piedmont, 
 supply numerous 
 mills with the mate- 
 rial for manufactur- 
 ing sassafras oil. 
 
 But Virginia, in the 
 development of her nat- 
 ural resources, does not lose 
 sight of the cultivation of the 
 mind. The most ample and gen- 
 erous provision is made for a free pub- 
 lic school system. The schools are open 
 to all between the ages of five and 
 twenty-one, and the minimum school term is five months 
 in each year. In all of her educational work Virginia is 
 keeping pace with her sister States and enlarging and 
 broadening her educational system. In 1891 there were 
 7,6Sg public schools in successful operation, with 7,718 
 teachers and 342,720 pupils. In 1897 there were 8,529 
 public schools in successful operation, with 367,817 
 pupils. The total appropriation for public schools in 
 1S97 was $1,827,003. 
 
 Among the colleges are the University of Virginia, 
 founded by Thomas Jefferson. It has four principal 
 departments — law, medicine, scientific, and literary, and 
 a large faculty of eminent instructors. It is also equipped 
 with an extensive library, an astronomical observa- 
 tory, and departments of natural history, chemistry, 
 physics, and mechanics. The Virginia Military Institute 
 at Lexington was established in 1S39. and has been 
 in successful operation ever since. 
 The Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
 lege at Blacksburg was established in 
 1872, under a Congressional grant of 
 public lands, and has a fine farm of 
 33S acres in connection with the col- 
 lege, where instruction in theoreti- 
 cal and practical agriculture is given, 
 and an agricultural experiment sta- 
 tion is maintained. There is also a 
 Female Normal School at Farmville, 
 which has been in successful opera- 
 ation since 1SS4. All the branches 
 incident to a normal school are 
 taught here. The College of William 
 and Mary is the oldest in the State, 
 and was chartered in 1693, and is 
 now practically supported by the gen- 
 eral government and is doing a good 
 work. The Medical College of Vir- 
 ginia is located at Richmond, as are 
 the University College of Medicine, the Richmond Col- 
 lege, and Hartshorn Memorial College. Then, there are 
 the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Peters- 
 burg; the Hampton Normal and Collegiate Institute 
 at Hampton ; the Washington and Lee University at 
 Lexington; the Randolph-Macon College at Ashland; 
 
the Miller Manual Labor 
 School at Crozet; the 
 Hampton-Sidne)' College 
 at Hampton-Sidney; the 
 Roanoke College at Sa- 
 lem ; the Emory and 
 Henry College at Emory; 
 the Episcopal Theologi- 
 cal Seminary; the Umon 
 Theological Seminary ; 
 Hampden-Sidney ; the 
 Martha Washington Col- 
 lege and Conservator)' of 
 Music ; the Southern Fe- 
 male College; the Ran- 
 dolph-Macon College for 
 young ladies at Lynch- 
 burg; the Polytechnic In- 
 stitute at Blacksbury, 
 and several female semi- 
 naries at Staunton. 
 
 It will thus be seen 
 that the most ample pro- 
 vision is made by Vir- 
 ginia for education, from 
 the public school to the 
 university, and for all 
 branches — agricultural, 
 mechanical, scientific, lit- 
 erary, and professional. 
 In Virginia more than in 
 any other State the old 
 English method of pri- 
 vate boarding schools 
 still flourishes. 
 
 The cities of Vir- 
 ginia have ever been to 
 the old mother State 
 among her most precious 
 jewels. The mother of 
 the Gracchi was not more 
 proud of her sons than is 
 the Old Dominion of 
 these daughters. They 
 were centers of patriotic 
 activity in earlier days, 
 just as in this later time 
 they have become busy 
 centers of commerce and 
 of manufacturing. 
 
 Richmond, of course, 
 by reason of her history, 
 her population, her splen- 
 did progress, is the first 
 city and capital of the 
 State and one of the first 
 cities in the South. The 
 glamour of her past does 
 not blind her to the glory 
 of the future. She is pul- 
 sating with the broad up- 
 ward movement that is 
 everywhere advancing 
 
 aiiifrrif"*'-''" 
 
 THE GREAT SEAPORT TERMINALS OF THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY AT PISNER'S POINT, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
TIIF. HOTEL CHAMUERLIN, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA. 
 
 in the South. As showing her growth, she had in i8go a 
 population of 81,388, an increase of about 28 per cent, over 
 18S0. Her present population is estimated at 125.000. 
 
 Present figures show 16,883 persons employed in S67 
 factories, whose capital amounts to $15,400,000, with sales 
 for the past year of $31,569,665. her investment in manu- 
 factures being $16,300,000, and her assessed valu- 
 ation $66,696,958. 
 
 Tobacco and iron manufactories are, 
 of course, the most numerous and im- 
 portant, as Richmond is in the 
 midst of a great tobacco countrj', 
 and iron making in America orig- 
 inated in the neighborhood of 
 the city two and a half centuries 
 ago- Each year about four mil- 
 lion dollars are paid for Rich- 
 mond-made cigars, cigarettes and 
 cheroots. The product of the many iron 
 mills reaches an aggregate nearly as large. 
 
 Richmond is a great jobbing center and her 
 progressive merchants have extended her trade over 
 the entire South and enlarged it till its annual aggre- 
 gate e.xceeds $40,000,000. There are over 300 whole- 
 sale houses in the city. The total business of the Old 
 Dominion's stirring capital, as represented by the bank 
 clearings, reaches each year over $150,000,000. 
 
 With an excellent public school system supported by 
 an appropriation exceeding $100,000, and several well- 
 equipped colleges, the city sees to it that the important 
 work of education keeps pace with rapidly advancing 
 commerce. In a word, in every phase of the broadest 
 modern life Richmond is abreast of the times. 
 
 The magnificent Hotel Jefferson at Richmond, erected 
 at a cost exceeding $3,000,000 by the late Major Lewis 
 Ginter, is one of America's most palatial hotels. It has 
 become a most popular resort for tourists and travelers, 
 who find it perfect in all of its appointments. 
 
 Across the river from Richmond is the city of 
 Manchester, a brisk manufacturing center of 10,000 
 inhabitants. It has superb water power which is largely 
 utilized. Here too are located repair shops of the 
 Southern Railway. 
 
 Norfolk is the largest port on the Atlantic south of 
 Philadelphia. In her splendid harbor at the head of 
 Hampton Roads, one of the finest in the world, are seen 
 the flags of every maritime nation. Her commerce 
 extends to every sea. She is the great water gateway of 
 the South, through which the products of this mighty 
 empire seek a market. Like Venice in the middle age 
 meridian of her power, Norfolk is a modern ' ' bride of 
 the sea." The value of her exports for 1897 was 
 818,760,636. In 1S91 her exports amounted in value 
 to $15,286,407. There are nineteen lines of steamships 
 engaged in the coast and foreign trade with Norfolk as 
 
 THK HVGEIA HOTEL, OLD TOINT COMFORT, VA. 
 
 a terminal. One of these is the New Bay Line, operat- 
 ing handsome steamers between Baltimore, Norfolk 
 and Old Point Comfort. 
 
 Across the harbor from Norfolk is Pinner's Point, a 
 sea terminus of the Southern Railway. Here the railway 
 already has three wharves, one 196 by Soo, one 272 by 
 Soo, and the other 270 by 800 feet, giving a total wharf- 
 age of 738 by 2.400 feet. Of freight sheds there are four, 
 one 190 by 700, one double shed 260 by 400, and a fourth 
 
 THE HOTELS AND WHARF AT OLD POINT COMF'< 
 
252 by 700 feet, giving a total capacity of shed room of thirteen acres. Alone 
 these docks are railroad tracl<s to carry freight to the steamship's side. Five 
 dock slips are already in e.xistence, 200 by Soo feet each. There is a depth of 
 vvater of twenty-seven feet at these wharves, which will accommodate boats of 
 the largest class. No railway in America possesses better terminals, and there 
 are but few such in the 
 world. These ware- 
 houses, piers and docks 
 form almost a city of 
 themselves. With its 
 thousand laborers, its 
 own water works and 
 electric light plant, its 
 own modern fire de- 
 partment and alarm 
 system ; with its miles 
 upon miles of sidings, 
 its powerful compress, 
 its beautifully system- 
 atized methods of ^ 
 working — where noth- 
 ing is confusion, but 
 
 all order, vvhatever the o.r. op the southern .umvav bav u.e .st.amhbs 
 
 volume of work and 
 
 seeming hurry-it is a most fascinating city either to the layman or transporta- 
 tion expert who finds himself within its magic midst. It is a striking e.xample of 
 what energy, when coupled with capital, can do, for all of this hive of industry 
 but little more than a year ago was nothing more than a swamp, and where busy 
 engines piiff to-day, fifteen months ago tall reeds nodded and bowed to the wind 
 Through Pmner's Point (for this is the local name for the Southern terminals) 
 pours the great volume of traffic between the North and the South the West and 
 the Southwest. From here sail steamers not only to the coast cities of the Union 
 
 r"J°/ ! ?f ^^ °^ ''^"°'' '"''"y "^"°°- ^^"'y one-half of Norfolk's cotton 
 traffic (and Norfolk ranks fifth among the Southern cotton ports) passes over its 
 piers. Merchandise is handled here the value of which would stagger the mind 
 Norfolk has a growing grain trade, especially in corn. In 1888 the receipts 
 of corn amounted to only 739,858 bushels. In 1895 there was an increase to 
 4.266,493 bu.shels, and 
 in 1896 the great jump 
 to 13,854,454 bushels. 
 With the increased 
 railroad facilities 
 of the port, the 
 growing favor 
 of the harbor 
 among vessel 
 owners, and 
 the evident ad- 
 vantages for ex- 
 portation in 
 this city 
 over points 
 farther north 
 and more distant from 
 the grain fields, it is 
 certain that Norfolk 
 is to be one of the 
 
 great corn centers of the country. The receipts of wheat and oats in i8g6 
 amounted to about 900,000 bushels, a good increase over previous years. Nor- 
 folk is the largest peanut market in the world. 
 
 In addition to a large export business, Norfolk has an immense coasting 
 trade, and during the season many hundred vessels leave her harbor every month 
 with cargoes of strawberries, watermelons, and other fruits and vegetables more 
 
 V'i*i* 
 
 I 
 
 ■rJmlk 
 
 •m- 
 
 ■"!^ 
 
 nATHING AT VIRGINIA BEACH 
 
 FORT 
 OLD POINT 
 
 MONROE 
 CO.MFORT, VA. 
 
ONE OF THE BUILDINGS AND THE OLD QUADRANGLE OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CH ARLOTTKSVI LLE 
 
 than $5,000,000 worth having been shipped during the 
 past season. This region is the center of the truck farm- 
 ing, which employs 10,000 hands steadily and as high as 
 25,000 during various portions of the year. The number 
 in the fish and oyster business is 12,000. Railroadmen. 
 navy yard men and factory hands reach nearly 6,000. 
 This army of wage earners put into circulation §5,000,000 
 per annum. 
 
 But Norfolk depends not alone on her great com- 
 merce, for she is also the center of busy and prosperous 
 manufacturing. Among her industries are the manu- 
 facture of agricultural implements, men's clothing, fer- 
 tilizers, flour, foundry and machine-shop products, lum- 
 ber, and the ship-building and printing and publishing 
 businesses. 
 
 Outside her material interests the city is rich in many 
 places of historic importance. In the ivy-covered walls 
 of St. Paul's church, a century and a half old, is em- 
 bedded a cannon-ball tired from one of the British ships 
 
 the 
 roe, 
 and 
 
 in 1776. The tomb- 
 stones in the sur- 
 rounding churchyard 
 bear epitaphs dating 
 back as early as 1673, 
 and mark the resting 
 place of many of Vir- 
 ginia's earliest and most 
 honored sons. 
 Buoyed by a past of storied great- 
 ness, Norfolk is pressing forward to the 
 coming century with a dauntless faith in yet 
 larger greatness in commerce, in industry, in 
 every high work of progressive civilization. 
 Nearby Norfolk are two of the most 
 famous resorts in America, Old Point Com- 
 fort and Virginia Beach. The former is 
 upon the historic waters of Hampton Roads, 
 which is formed by the confluence of Chesa- 
 peake Bay and the James River. There are 
 two hotels here, the Chamberlin, said to be 
 the finest hotel on the Atlantic Coast, and 
 always popular Hygeia. The hotels adjoin Fort Mon- 
 one of the largest of the Government's military posts, 
 overlook the beautiful sheet of water which was the 
 
 1 tIL l-KlN'.l.Sb 
 
 HUILL, \1KGINIA LLACII 
 
 .MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 
 ONCE THE HOME OF THO.MAS JEFFERSON 
 
 scene of the great naval duel between the Monitor and 
 the Merrimac, and which is now the winter station of the 
 White Squadron. The peculiarly delightful cli- 
 mate, added to the brilliant social life, has 
 made Old Point a most popular resort in 
 winter time for Northern people and in 
 summer for visitors from the South. 
 
 Virginia Beach, at which there is a 
 modern hotel, the Princess Anne, is 
 seventeen miles due east from Norfolk 
 and directly upon the ocean. This 
 beautiful resort is a favorite rendez- 
 vous for people from Southern cities 
 during the summer, and the hotel is 
 always filled with guests during the 
 winter from New York and the North. 
 Another flourishing port of Virginia 
 is West Point, situated north of Norfolk at 
 the confluence of the York River with Chesa- 
 peake Bay. The Southern Railway has for years had 
 extensive docks and wharves here, and a very large 
 
shipping business in cotton, flour and lumber is done 
 with North Atlantic ports, Europe, and South America. 
 The water is so deep that the largest vessels move ab<?.tst 
 easily. West Point is but 
 twenty miles from Rich- 
 mond. Its situation is ex- 
 cellent for various kinds of 
 manufacturing and for 
 general business. King 
 William County, in which 
 it is situated, is mainly ag- 
 ricultural, having some of 
 the richest farming lands 
 in Virginia. All grains, 
 tobacco, and vegetables 
 flourish. The territory trib- 
 utary to West Point is es- 
 pecially adapted to truck 
 farming, and the waters 
 abound in oysters and fish, 
 which form a considerable 
 portion of the town's industry, immense quantities being 
 shipped to Northern markets daily. The climate is excel- 
 lent, the average temperature being 59 degrees and the 
 rainfall about 
 42 inches. 
 
 Turning 
 from the Tide- 
 water region 
 to beautiful 
 Piedmont and 
 going south 
 on the main 
 line of the 
 Southern 
 Railway one 
 reaches Char- 
 lottesville, the 
 seat of the 
 University of 
 Virginia, a 
 charming lit- 
 tle city, whose 
 academic at- 
 mosphere i- 
 tinged with 
 the mellow 
 light of a glo- 
 rious past. At 
 
 SOUTH SIDE FEMALE INSTITUTE, BURKEVILLE, VA, 
 
 nearby Monticello lived Thomas Jefferson, the founder 
 of the university and the author of the Declaration of 
 J^ndependence. Like Mount Vernon, it is a Mecca for 
 
 eyei'y patriot, and the pres- 
 ent owner is always glad 
 to give visitors the privi- 
 lege of seeing the historic 
 old homestead. Besides 
 the University of Vir- 
 ginia, which annually ex- 
 pends in the community 
 $350,000, there are located 
 in Charlottesville the Pied- 
 mont Female Institute, 
 Albemarle Female Insti- 
 tute, Charlottesville Semi- 
 nary, the Miller Manual 
 Labor School, Pantop's 
 Academy and Jones's Clas- 
 sical School. In all the 
 South there is no city with 
 more advanced educational institutions. While these 
 may be termed the city's chief industry, Charlottesville 
 also has the distinction of having the largest woolen 
 
 mill in the 
 South and of 
 producing 
 wines from 
 the clustering 
 vineyards of 
 Piedmont 
 that have won 
 a world-wide 
 and enduring 
 fame. There 
 are, too, fac- 
 tories of va- 
 rious kinds 
 that hum with 
 prosperous 
 industry. It is 
 a city wherein 
 knowledge is 
 the handmaid 
 of industr)^, 
 both making 
 for the best 
 thingsinmind 
 and in matter. 
 
Continuing South from Charlottesville through the charming Piedmont region, 
 which bespeaks prosperity and wealth on every hand, one comes to the fine old city 
 of Lynchburg, situated on the banks of the James, approximately in the center o£ 
 the State. The country tributaiy is noted for its fertile soil and uniform climate. 
 The city has 25,000 inhabitants, and is growing steadily in commerce and manufac- 
 tures, as well as in population. It is a busy jobbing center, having a large number 
 of wholesale houses, which do an annual business of $13,000,000. Lynchburg has 
 long been famous for its tobacco trade, the total sales of leaf tobacco 
 being annually about 25,000,000 pounds. The banking capital of the 
 city is $2,000,000, and over 400 firms are engaged in business. Its 
 superior railroad facilities make it a natural assembling 
 point for the products of mine, forest and field, and offer 
 cheap transportation of the manufactured product to 
 market. These advantages are attracting increasing 
 attention to Ljmchburg as a center for profitable 
 manufacturing. It is a busy, thriving city, push- 
 .^ ing ahead on all lines of enterprise and industry. 
 The growth of the city has not been in the 
 nature of a boom, but upon the basis of 
 steady increase from energy and enterprise. 
 In all matters that affect the city's welfare, 
 Lynchburg is fully abreast of the times. It 
 has its streets paved, wherever practicable, 
 with Belgian block. The city is lighted by 
 electricity, and, notwithstanding the steep- 
 ness of the hills, an electric railway passes around the 
 entire city. 
 
 The city is connected with the town of Madison 
 by a free iron bridge across the James. The city is 
 also connected with the suburb Rivermont by a splen- 
 did iron bridge over Blackwater Creek, 1,200 feet in 
 f.ni^suuintKi. length, 60 feet wide and 132 feet high. It carries a 
 
 U 1 RAILWAY STATION AND doublc clcctric Tallway, two roadways 20 feet wide, and 
 
 1 OTHER BL-ILDINGS . "^ , . , ^^^ . , . , 
 
 . 1 OF LYNCHBURG, VA. & nmc-foot walkmgvvay on each side. This bridge con- 
 
 nects with the great avenue, go feet wide, upon which is 
 located Randolph-Macon Women's College, designed to give young women all 
 the educational advantages that Randolph-Macon gives the j-oung men. 
 
 The public schools of Lynchburg, in which the city takes the highest pride, 
 are on the most advanced plan, fully equipped with all modern appliances. The city in every way combines the 
 attractions of a delightful place of residence with the advantages of a prosperous commercial center. 
 
 The spirit of progress which is quickening the Old Dominion has nowhere been embodied more fully than in 
 the transformation in two short decades of a small village on the Dan River into the enterprising city of Danville. 
 This is largely due to the splendid water power afforded by the river, the banks of which are now occupied by 
 modern manufacturing establishments. This progressive center of trade and industry now has a population of 
 25,000, and enjoys the distinction of being the greatest market for loose leaf tobacco in the world, and, with 
 
 THK I-ALLS or IHt DAN KIVER AT DANVILLE, 
 
 A^JD SOME 01- 
 
 MANUl ACT UKiNG ESTABLISHMENTS 
 
..%-*;i-^ 
 
 THE RIVERSIDE COTTON .MILLS, DANVILLE, VA, 
 
 possibly one exception, the 
 
 largest bright-leaf tobacco 
 
 market in America, the auc- 
 tion sales alone aggregating 
 
 46.693.654 pounds during the 
 
 year ending September 30, 
 
 1897. The total value of this 
 tobacco was $3,013,983, and 
 the aggregate of sales does 
 not include at least 10,000,000 
 pounds purchased by Danville 
 leaf dealers elsewhere. Here, too, are lo- 
 cated some of the largest cotton factories in the 
 
 South, with spindles aggregating 
 over 40,000, and with an annual 
 product exceeding a million dollars 
 
 faith of he city m her own future. This fact in itself is the most reassurimj evidence 
 to intending investors that could possibly be oiTered ^ 
 
 ninl,-W th''^ '' connected with North Danville by a splendid modern iron bridge 
 making them one m their interest and business relations. The streets are well lig£ 
 
 ' ^l h"f ^- ' '''^'""' ^'' ^°^ electric-light plants all belong to the 
 
 city which does not attempt to make money by these enterprLs, but 
 to furnish light and water at prices approximating cost. There are 
 many handsome buildings, a fine new city hall. United States public 
 building, a market-house, fine public school buildings. t«-o bridges across 
 the river, and a large suburban park' now being attractively im- 
 » proved. There are also electric railwavs, telephone ex- 
 
 change, free delivery of mails, beautiful theatre and' 
 good hotels. The total value of church property is 
 S2o5,Soo, and it is a remarkable fact that fifty per cent 
 of the population are church members. 
 
 The school system of the city is most excellent, and 
 
 the two female colleges are doing much to advance the 
 
 sound and thorough education of voung women The 
 
 iJanville Military Institute has long maintained a 
 
 high standing among institutions of its class. 
 
 Danville, in its resident portion, is one of the 
 most attractive of cities. As a home it offers 
 many advantages. It is a clean and fresh-looking 
 town, and its people are open-handed and hos- 
 pitable. Danville has shown her faith bv most 
 convincing works. Her reward is already great, 
 and it is constantly growing. 
 
 With Danville one leaves the Old Dominion 
 going on into North Carolina. This brief survey 
 of \ irginia's resources, and of the enterprise tha't 
 is busy developing them, will at least serve to 
 show that the State is awake to her opportunities. Be- 
 hind her are three centuries of splendid history; before 
 her is a dawning fourth century, rosy with promise 
 Virginia intends that it shall exceed in achievement all 
 that have gone before. 
 
■ ^.1 ^< _ :''l_, ^^^^2Sbs^^ 
 
 OBTH 
 
 OLINA 
 
 iii-j" 
 
 fei^ 
 
 
 <> 
 
 Nlf "^ 
 
 l:^' 4 
 
 Iftl--. 
 
 i(< 
 
 AMERICANS celebrate the fourth day of July as one of their great 
 national holidays. Few there are who recall that it was upon'' this 
 identical date, 15S4, that the expedition sent out by .Sir Walter Raleigh 
 under authority of Queen Elizabeth first landed upon American soil. Thus the 
 beginning and the ending of English dominion in this country occurred on 
 the same day and month. 
 
 This expedition landed on the coast of North Carolina and took po.ssession 
 "in the right of the Queene's most excellent majestie, as rightful queene and 
 princess of the same, to be delivered over to the use of Sir Walter Raleigh 
 according to her majestie's grant and letters patent, under her highnesses 
 great seale." 
 
 Thus North Carolina, or, as it is familiarly known among its sisters in 
 the Southland, the "Old North State," is not only the oldest so far as white 
 occupation is concerned, but is entitled to occupy, by right of her prowess 
 in enterprise, thrift, and natural wealth, a most prominent place among the 
 greatest States in the Union. 
 
 Upon her soil not only was the first American colony founded, but under 
 her skies the first white child born in America saw the light of day. From the 
 very beginning North Carolina stood for freedom and the rights of the people. 
 She was first of all the colonies to elect a legislature by popular vote in oppo- 
 sition to a royal governor and administration, and the first to make a declara- 
 tion of independence against the British crown, that of Mecklenberg on the 
 2oth of May, 1775. Her representatives were the first of all sent to Philadel- 
 phia, and they bore instructions to propose or concur in the movement to cast 
 off the yoke of England. Her people were the first to demand in the framing 
 of the Constitution the admi.ssion of the doctrine that "all powers not granted 
 are reserved to the people," and to declare for an equal representation in 
 Congress of two senators from each State. Upon her soil at Alamanca, May 
 12, 1771, the first pitched battle against British tyranny was fought. She was, 
 too. the first colony to secure and establish entire religious freedom, and the 
 last to pass the ordinance of secession. 
 
 The North Carolina of to-day is a grand commonwealth of 2,500,000 popu- 
 lation, rich in all that goes to make for human progress, and possessing a 
 wealth of minerals, timber and fertile lands which are being turned rapidly 
 by the cnergj^ and enterprise of her citizens into money riches. She has 
 reached a property valuation as listed for taxation of $230,861,131, of which 
 $8,180,074 is to the credit of her colored citizens. She has 3,577 miles of rail- 
 road, having an assessed valuation of $24,555,754, within her borders. There 
 are in successful operation 182 cotton mills, 17 woolen mills, with a half dozen 
 more building, 220 tobacco factories, and over 600 miscellaneous manufacttiring 
 establishments. 
 
 In all lines of human progress. North Carolina's development has been 
 wonderful. Her State University, located at Chapel Hill, was the first State 
 university to be established, and holds high rank among the best educational 
 mstitutions of the country. She has a most comprehensive public schcol 
 system, for the support of which the State appropriates nearly a million dollars 
 annually. She maintains normal schools for colored pupils at Salisbury, Fay- 
 etteville, Goldsboro, Plymouth, Elizabeth City and Winston-Salem, and has 
 
IrT*: 
 
 
 ' * ON THE aSHF.VILLK 1'l.ATEAir 
 
 numerous prosperous denominational and unsectarian 
 colleges for white and colored pupils, in addition to a 
 large number of excellent private preparatory schools 
 and academies. Her College of Agriculture and Me- 
 chanical Arts, and the State Normal and Industrial 
 School for women, at Greensboro, are model institutions 
 of their kind, as are the famous Bingham School for boys 
 
 at Asheville, the St. Mary's College for girls at Raleigh, 
 and the Salem Female Academy at Win.ston-Salem. It 
 is not strange that a State in which but one-fifth of one 
 per cent, of the population are of foreign birth, and 
 ninety-five per cent, are of State nativity, should be 
 alert in the education of its young. 
 
 Geographically North Carolina is an empire in itself. 
 Its total length is 500 miles, and it has an area of 52.250 
 square miles, of which 59 per cent, is forest. It would 
 hold ten States the size of Connecticut and six as large 
 as Massachusetts. It has a greater diversity of climate 
 than any State except California, and could approximate 
 more closely the maintenance of its inhabitants, inde- 
 pendent of outside markets or products, than any terri- 
 tory of equal size in the world. 
 
 There are in North Carolina three great physiographic 
 •divisions or terraces, the Coastal, Piedmont and Moun- 
 The White Mountains are dwarfed in comparison 
 I. with the sublime heights in the western or mountain re- 
 gion of the State, where forty-three distinct peaks attain 
 a higher altitude than Mount Washington, and over 
 eighty approximate it in height, the mean altitude being 
 greater than any section east of Colorado. The middle 
 portion, known as the Piedmont plateau, is a wide- 
 stretching, undulating region of fertile farm lands un- 
 surpassed anywhere for agrarian purposes, while the 
 eastern or coastal plain is rich in waterways and in a 
 soil productive to the highest degree. 
 
 Reference to the mean parallels of latitude will 
 show that North Carolina is situated nearly midway 
 of the Union; and inasmuch as the Union lies entirely 
 within the temperate zone, it follows that North Carolina 
 is situated upon the central belt of that zone. This 
 position gives to the State climatical conditions and pro- 
 ductive capacities not excelled by any in the world. As 
 a poetical writer has put it, "the Old North State is the 
 marriage altar of Summer and Winter." On the west 
 the loft)^ mountain chains interpose their mighty barrier 
 between the bleak winds of the northwest and the gen- 
 eral surface of the State. On the east the coast is swept 
 by the Gulf Stream, the meliorating effect of which is 
 felt far inland. From this position and these causes the 
 temperature, which is more or less the life of all vegeta- 
 tion, ranges within moderate limits from season to 
 season. Includmg all the sections heretofore named, 
 the range of climate in North Carolina is the same as 
 that from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 The influence of this fact is seen in the wide range of 
 natural and agricultural products freely growing within 
 its borders — from the the palmetto and magnolia grandi- 
 fiora to the white pine, hemlock and balsam fir, and from 
 sugar-cane and rice to Canadian oats and buckwheat. 
 In other words, every product found between the Great 
 Lakes and the Gulf. With an average mean temperature 
 of 59, there is perfect freedom from torrid heat or the ter- 
 rors of winter's grasp. Her skies rival in their azurine 
 tints those of Italy, and there is a vitality and tonic in 
 the atmosphere which makes an instant impression on 
 the visitor. 
 
 This rare combination of advantages gives to the 
 Piedmont plateau its wonderfully salubrious climate. 
 The natural drainage and the purity of the translucent, 
 swift-running streams, which nearly all rise, flow and 
 
^-—^ 
 
 There are in North Carolina 3,300 miles of rivers, 
 1. 100 miles of which are navigable. The seven princi- 
 pal streams, the Roanoke, Tar, Cape Fear, Neuse, 
 Vadkin, Catawba and French Broad, have an average 
 ill of ten feet to the mile, and furnish an estimated 
 i.^gregate horse-power of over 3,500,000. 
 
 In agriculture the State takes high rank, and offers 
 .in inviting field for settlement and enterprise. No 
 other region in the United States presents so many 
 attractions in the farming line to the man of large or 
 moderate means as the Piedmont or mountain regions 
 along the line of the Southern Railway. This is true 
 because of the wonderfully fine climate, the pictur- 
 esqueness of the scenery, the magnificent sites on moun- 
 tain sides, where views of miles of lofty moun- 
 tains may be had; and the more important 
 fact that from the richness of the soil, the 
 great variety of grasses, the abundance 
 of pure water, the peculiar purity and 
 richness of the air, there is the best 
 uf opportunity for cotton, tobacco. 
 fruit, grain or stock farming on 
 large or small scale. 
 
 In cotton culture North Caro- 
 lina takes a prominent place among 
 her sister States of the South. There 
 are but eight counties of her ninety-six 
 in which it is not grown, and the area 
 devoted to it is considerably over a million 
 acres, the soil of 
 the State being 
 particularly well 
 adapted to its 
 growth. In the 
 manufacture of 
 cotton North 
 Carolina has 
 made giant 
 strides. There 
 are in the State 
 to-day 1S2 mills, 
 including several 
 of the most mod- 
 ern ones in the 
 South, with an 
 
 ItCllND KNOH, Bi:T\Vi;t:N SALISBURY AND ASH 
 
 empty within the borders of the State, added to this 
 produce conditions of health which enable North Caro- 
 lina to show the smallest death rate of any of the States. 
 Turning to the material side of North Carolina's 
 natural wealth, we find that in addition to her enormous 
 lorests, in which grow 153 varieties of native wood, she 
 produces 177 varieties of minerals, 20 kinds of gems, and 
 more mica and corundum than is found in an^' other 
 State. Gold is found in workable quantities in 28 coun- 
 ties, and $21,700,000 has been minted from the products 
 of her mines since iSoo, a single mine having contributed 
 over $3,000,000 of this amount. Copper, silver, iron, 
 kaolin and an infinite variety of marbles, millstones, 
 .soapstones and granite are profitably mined or quarried. 
 
^smr^^' 
 
 ^v ^^ 
 
 
 :« ^4V' 
 
 mi^-*r:f: 
 
 - f^: 
 
 NORl II CAROLINA COTTON IIKLD 
 
 estimated aggregate capital of S2;, 000,000. Within these 
 mills are 23,334 looms and 1,023,132 spindles, and they 
 give employment to over iS.ooo employees. In iSoo the 
 State had only 91 mills, capitalized at $10,775,034, with 
 7,254 looms and 337,786 spindles; in 1S80, 49 mills with 
 1,790 looms and 92,385 spindles; in 1870, 33 mills with 
 61S looms and 39,897 spindles, and in 1S40, 25 mills, with 
 a capital of $995,300. 
 
 In 1890 the total number of spindles in the entire 
 South was 1,554,000. Some idea of the advance North 
 Carolina has made as a cotton manufacturing State will 
 be appreciated when it is noticed that to-day there are 
 more than half as many spindles actually running in North 
 Carolina as were running in the whole South in 1890. 
 
 The State has a wonderful advantage in this line of 
 manufacturing, in that there is a practically unlimited 
 water power and an abundant supply of labor, untram- 
 melled by unions and unaffected by strikes. Add to 
 the.se marked advantages the unexcelled transportation 
 facilities to the chief markets for the manufactured goods, 
 and the proximity of the raw cotton producing centers, 
 and the result forms ideal manufacturing conditions 
 which the enterprising citizens of North Carolina have 
 been quick to perceive and take advantage of. 
 
 North Carolina stands third among the Southern 
 States in the production of tobacco, Kentucky being first 
 .md Virginia second. The State's annual crop is esti- 
 mated at seventy million pounds, valued at $6,500,000. 
 and the product of its tobacco factories at about thirty- 
 five million pounds, valued at $7,000,000. Durham, 
 Winston-Salem, Henderson, Oxford, Reidsville, Raleigh, 
 Greensboro, High Point, Salisbury, Statesville, and 
 Asheville are the chief centers of the trade. It is esti- 
 mated that $26,000,000 are invested in tobacco manufac- 
 turing establishments in the State. 
 
 The cultivation of tobacco has made prosperous 
 homes all over the State, and has probably contributed 
 more to the common wealth than any other product, for 
 concerns outside of the State send here for much of their 
 stock, North Carolina producing ninety per cent, of the 
 cigarette tobacco. 
 
 Next to cotton and tobacco the timber interests of 
 North Carolina are of most importance. As already 
 stated, fifty-nine per cent, of her land area is forest, and 
 
 the timber yields a revenue to her hardy citizens of over 
 $30,000,000 annually. Originallj' these magnificent for- 
 ests swept in unbroken density from the savannahs 
 along her coast to her western boundaries. Upon the 
 coastal plain the pine predominates, on the Piedmont 
 plateau there is a liberal mingling of hard woods with 
 the pine, while in the mountain regions are found 
 what, according to Prof. Fernow, Chief of the United 
 States Forestry Division, are the finest of the deciduous 
 torests in the entire country. 
 
 JNIr. George Vanderbilt, at his magnificent estate 
 near Asheville, has established a forestry department 
 under scientific and competent management, and is 
 carrying on a great work not only in improving the tim- 
 ber in his own forests of 110,000 acres, but in generally 
 promoting the science of forestry in the State. 
 
 The flora of North Carolina embraces nearly 6,000 
 varieties, more than that of any other State, or any terri- 
 tory of equal size in the world. For many years the 
 
 ON rllK SUMMIT ANO IN THK VALLEY 
 
state has been the source of the national supply of crude 
 vegetable drugs. Jlore than seven hundred distinct 
 species of important medical plants grow wild in the 
 State, and furnish an industry the volume and impor- 
 tance of which is appreciated by few outside of the 
 medical and pharmaceutical professions. 
 
 North Carolina is not alone great in her industrial 
 and material wealth; she is superb, majestic, sublime in 
 all of those qualities which awaken in man the heart- 
 throbbings of enthusiasm over the stupendous works of 
 the Almighty, as portrayed in towering- mountains and 
 deep-shadowed gorges. 
 
 Europe may have her Switzerland, the West its 
 Colorado, the Pacific coast may glory in her Sierra 
 Nevada and British Columbia in her Cascade range, but 
 nowhere on the face of the earth is there a region more 
 picturesquely, more charmingly beautiful than the 
 mountain country of western North Carolina, poetically 
 known as " The Land of the Sky." It is true there are 
 mountains of greater elevation in each of the localities 
 named, but the greatest canvases in the gallery of art 
 are not the choicest gems, nor is the beauty of nature to 
 be measured on geodetic lines. Where the mountain 
 ranges of the West are rugged, barren and forbidding, 
 those in western North Carolina are 
 robed in deep-hued forests to their 
 highest summits. Where the greater 
 peaks of the Sierra Nevada frown, 
 those of "The Land of the Sky" smile 
 with banks of rhododen- 
 .,_„ , drons and azalias. 
 
 ml' 
 
 y?-- 
 
 ^:^ 
 
 ikj..^ 
 
 
 oi^ 
 
 
 mk 
 
 iMi 
 
 W 
 
 
 ^^v*^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Hll 
 
 mi 
 
 ^3 
 
 1 
 
 Where the valleys of the one are rocky and impas'=able 
 gorges, in the other they are fern-carpeted forest laby- 
 rinths, through which crystal streams tumble merrily 
 along over moss-grown rocks in their race to the open. 
 Picture in your mind a region where range after 
 range of heavily forested mountains parallel each other 
 like waves of the sea, where interlacing valleys are rich 
 with verdure and flowers, and where silver streams 
 murmur unceasingly. Imagine an air so light and pure 
 that breathing itself seems a new-found joy, then throw 
 over all a canopy of bluest of Italian blue, and you have 
 "The Land of the Sky." 
 
 " Land of forest-clad mountains, of fairy-like streams. 
 Of low, pleasant valleys where the bright sunlight gleams 
 Athwart fleecy clouds gliding over the hills, 
 Midst the fragrance of pines and the murmur of rills. 
 
 " A land of bright sunsets, whose glories extend 
 From hori/on to zenith, there richly to blend 
 The hues of the rainbow with clouds passing by — 
 Right well art thou christened The Land of the Sky, 
 
 " A land of pure water, as pure as the air ; 
 A home for the feeble, a home for the fair; 
 Where the wild roses bloom, while their fragrance cimibines 
 With health-giving odors from balsamic pines. 
 
 " As far from the frigid North as from the zone 
 Where the sun's torrid rays come sweltering down. 
 Upraised toward the heavens whose azure seems nigh 
 Right fitly thou'rt christened ' The Land of the Sky.' 
 
 ' Tlie mountains that shield from the rude northern 
 blast- 
 Mute monitors, they, of the ages long past- 
 Like sentinels watch o'er the valley below 
 Where the swift crystal streams unceasingly flow. 
 
 ' The pure, healthful breezes, the life-giving air, 
 The beauteous landscapes, oft new, ever tair, 
 Are gifts that have come from the Father on high • 
 To Him be all praise for The Land of the Sky.' '' 
 
 G. 
 
 Z. P. 
 
 This rugged mountain region embraces the extreme 
 western portion of North Carolina and the eastern edge 
 of Tennessee. Withm these confines are several districts, 
 alike in their general features, but each having distinct 
 charms and advantages peculiarly its own. The one 
 most generally visited has Asheville for its tourist cen- 
 ter. None the less beautiful, however, is that country in 
 and about Blowing Rock and Grandfather's Mountain, 
 of which Lenoir is the entrepot. Southeast of Ashe- 
 ville IS the Flat Rock and Tryon region, which attracts 
 
 KOCK — r.\NI> 
 
many visitors because of its charming environments. 
 Soutliwest of Asheville, and between that city and Mur- 
 phy, is the Balsam Mountain country, wild, solitary and 
 Swiss-like, with the Hayward Sulphur Springs as the 
 chief tourist rendezvous. Over to the west, and near the 
 Tennessee line, is the less rugged but more picturesquely 
 beautiful territory in and about the Hot Springs, while 
 almost due north from here and across the Tennessee 
 line looms up. in the majesty of its towering height, 
 Roan Mountain, crowned by a hotel, the highest build- 
 ing east of Colorado, and a favorite summer gathering 
 place for people from near and far. 
 Taken as a whole, no similar area 
 on the w-estern continent compares 
 with "Tlie Land of the Sky" in 
 beauty or sublimity. In square 
 miles it is the equal of Swit- 
 zerland. In attractiveness, 
 accessibility and health, 
 its rival. 
 
 The Southern 
 Rail way bisects North 
 Carolina with its main 
 line, from which 
 many branches radi- 
 ate to its chief cities. 
 Entering the State on 
 the north, four miles 
 below Danville, Va., .<\'i •• 
 
 the main stem runs ::!l Si 
 
 southwesterly and 
 passes into South 
 Carolina just north 
 of Blacksburg. A 
 line from Norfolk 
 runs through Sel- 
 ma (from which a 
 branch runs to 
 Goldsboro, with 
 connections to 
 Morehead Citj-), 
 Raleigh, Durham, 
 University, Haw- 
 River and Burling- 
 ton, and intersects 
 
 the main line at klu^smlle, .\. c. 
 
 Greensboro. At 
 
 Durham this line is joined by the branch from 
 Keysville, through Chase City, Clarksville Junc- 
 tion and O.xford. At Greensboro a branch, be- 
 ginning on the west at Wilkesboro and pa.ssing 
 through Winston-Salem (from which a branch runs to 
 Mocksville), also intersects the main line. From High 
 Point on the main line a branch runs to Ashboro, and at 
 Salisbury that portion of the line running west to Ashe- 
 ville, Knoxville and Chattanooga leaves the main stem. 
 
 On this division are many prominent points, among 
 them Statesville (from which a branch runs to Taylors- 
 ville), Newton, Hickory, Connelly Springs, Morganton, 
 Marion, Old Fort, Round Knob, Black Mountain, Bilt- 
 more, Asheville, Alexander, Marshall, Hot Springs, N. 
 C, and Bridgewater, Newport and Morristown, Tenu. 
 From Asheville a line runs through a most magnificent 
 
 .r 
 
 .j^ 
 
 mountain region to Murphy, Tenn., passing through 
 Turnpike, Waynesville, Dillsboro, Bryson City, Nanta- 
 halla and Andrews. A stem of the Southern also runs 
 from Asheville southeast to Columbia, S. C, crossing 
 the main line at Spartanburg, and passing through Sky- 
 land, Fletchers, Arden, Hendersonville, Flat Rock, Sa- 
 luda, Tryon and Landrum. 
 
 At Charlotte that portion of the road over which the 
 traffic to and from eastern Georgia and Florida points is 
 carried leaves the main stem and continues to Columbia, 
 S. C, where connections are made with the Florida 
 
 Central &- Peninsular R. 
 R. for Savannah. Bruns- 
 wick, and Jacksonville. 
 ^^ St. Augustine and other 
 
 ^^ J^ , Florida points. 
 
 By a comparison of 
 the above with the 
 map, it will be seen 
 that the Southern 
 Railway is furnish- 
 ing North Caro- 
 lina most compre- 
 hensive transpor- 
 tation facilities, 
 not only offering 
 through trunk 
 lines to the North 
 and South but also 
 to the West, and 
 to the East direct 
 to one of the most 
 important ports 
 on the Atlantic sea- 
 board. 
 
 Entering the 
 State from the north 
 upon the main line, 
 the first place of im- 
 portance is Reids- 
 ville. Here are lo- 
 cated one of the 
 largest cotton mills 
 in the State, tw-o of 
 the largest tobacco 
 factories, and ten 
 leaf tobacco estab- 
 lishments, besides a 
 knitting mill and 
 -i- other enterprises. A 
 prosperous and fer- 
 tile country surrounds it and the town enjoys an exten- 
 sive trade. Its educational system is excellent and it 
 has several churches. The population is 5,000. 
 
 Greensboro, the next point of interest on the main 
 line, is not only a railroad center of importance but has 
 a substantial commercial status and large manufacturing 
 interests built up by her enterprising citizens. It is the 
 capital of Guilford county, which justly prides itself 
 upon the imusual fact that it has not a dollar of indebt- 
 edness. The city has good municipal waterworks, fire 
 department, good public schools, and all the requisites 
 of a prosperous town. The first cotton mill in North 
 
THi; iMAIN STREET, GKEENSHUKO, \. ' 
 
 Carolina was erected at Greensboro, and now there are 
 several model mills here, including one of the largest in 
 the State. There are extensive tobacco factories, plan- 
 ing mills, and many other prosperous establishments 
 among Greensboro's enterprises. The notable buildings 
 in the city include the United States Government build- 
 ing and county court-house, the latter one of the finest 
 edifices in the State. In educational institutions the 
 city is especially rich. It is the seat of the Greensboro 
 Female College, with 250 students; the State Agricultu- 
 ral and ^Mechanical College for colored youth, with 150 
 students; the State Normal and Industrial School for 
 young women, with 500 studciits ; Bennett College for 
 colored youth, with 120 students, and in the vicinity is 
 Guilford College, a well-known and prosperous institu- 
 tion, with 125 students. Guilford county was originally 
 settled by the Scotch-Irish, and the impress of the ster- 
 ling qualities of these early pioneers has been left upon 
 the community. 
 
 Fifteen miles south of Greensboro, on the main line 
 of the Southern Railway, is High Point, where the 
 Sportsmen's Association holds the Eastern Field Trials 
 each year. Its population has increased from Soo to 4,000 
 in eight j-ears. It is quite a furniture manufacturing 
 center, and has a successful knitting mill, besides other 
 industries, six churches and good schools. 
 
 The first place of importance south of High Point is 
 Salisbury, a town of S, 000 inhabitants. Here are several 
 manufacturing establishments, including three cotton 
 mills. The city is the mercantile center of one of 
 the. most prosperous and beautiful farming 
 
 riKi:i-:Nsl;ri 
 
 sections in North Carolina, and has an assessed valua- 
 tion of §2,374,507. One of the national soldiers' ceme- 
 teries is located at Salisbury, and it is also the seat of 
 one of the State normal schools and Livingston College. 
 Because of the salubrity of its climate a modern sani- 
 tarium is projected. 
 
 One mile and a half north of the cit)- on the main 
 line is the new town of Spencer, named in honor of Mr. 
 Samuel Spencer, the President of the Southern Railway. 
 Here the road has erected extensive shops employing a 
 large number of men, and established division head- 
 quarters. Naturally tliis young town, which is but a 
 j^ear old, has had a wonderful growth, and all indications 
 point to its becoming a prominent city within the next 
 few 5'ears. Tlie Southern Raihvaj' is extending its shops 
 rapidly, and about these there will grow up a prosperous 
 community. Rowan County, in which Spencer is located, 
 is one of the finest in the South, and with a rich agricul- 
 tural backing and a substantial industrial foundation 
 such as the Southern Railway shops will give it, the 
 future of Spencer is particularly bright. 
 
 Twenty-three miles south of Salisburj' is Concord, 
 one of the progressive smaller cities of the .State. It has 
 large cotton mills and is growing rapidly. Its population 
 is intelligent, alert and enterprising. 
 
 Charlotte, the midway city on the Southern's main 
 line between New York and New Orleans, is not only 
 
 
 -^ 
 
and wood-working shops, and a fairly good supply of all 
 the smaller industries of a thriving town. There are 
 employed in the various factories of the city 3. 500 people, 
 who draw in wages $1,000,000 per year. The population 
 has kept pace with the growth of the manufacturing 
 enterprises. In iSSo it was 8,500. In iSg5 it had 
 increased to 19,652, and a city directorj' issued in Au- 
 gust, 1S97, showed a population, including the suburbs, 
 of 26.120. 
 
 The streets of the city are electric lighted, and the 
 sewerage system, which extends to all parts of the town, 
 is of the most approved type, as it is aided bx^ the topog- 
 raphy, the ground sloping down to the swift-running 
 
 nUAIl.-snOOTI.\'C NKAR HIGH POINT, K. C. 
 
 one of the busiest and most progressive cities in Xorth 
 Carolina, but in the South. The growth of the indus- 
 tries and population of this city during the past few 
 years has been of such a character as to have attracted 
 general attention. For a number of years one cotton 
 mill occupied the field alone. Within the past six years 
 eleven more have been built, operating 63,000 spindles 
 and 704 looms. Other manufactures sprung up in pro- 
 portion, and there is now one factory for the manu- 
 facture of towels, one for cotton-back-hands, one for 
 
 Kr:pkKM.N I A I 
 
 hosiery, and one for sash cord. There are fine large 
 plants devoted exclusively to the manufacture of trou- 
 sers, and Charlotte has the reputation, so far unchal- 
 lenged, of being the greatest pants manufacturing city 
 in the entire country. There are over 200 cotton mills 
 withm a radius of 100 miles of Charlotte, and this city 
 IS an important point of supply for these mills. 
 
 There are in Charlotte four machine shops and foun- 
 dries, a leather-belting factory, a number of machine 
 
 THt: NArUlNAI. tt.MKTr.RV 
 
 r hAUISHI. KV 
 
 Streams which bound the city on its east and west sides. 
 The city's garbage is disposed of by cremation. 
 
 Charlotte is particularly fortunate in its handsome 
 buildings, both public and private. The government's 
 post office and court house building cost S^o.ooo; the 
 city hall and handsome county court house each cost an 
 equal amount, the latter being the finest county building 
 in the State. The residences erected in recent years are 
 of the finest type of architecture and attract the atten- 
 tion of all visitors to the city. The city has fine sub- 
 stantial banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,250,000, 
 and its assessed valuation is $6,000,000. 
 
 Charlotte is the center of a rich gold-mining section 
 and the United States Assay Office at this place daily 
 handles gold productions from the mines of North 
 
 THE SOUTHEKN RAILWAY SHOPS AT SPENCKR, S. C. 
 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. It is tlie 
 Elizabeth College for women, Biddle University 
 for colored students, and the Presbyterian Col- 
 lege for women, and in addition to its excel- 
 lent public schools has several private educational 
 institutions. 
 
 There is to be erected 
 in the nearfuture in front 
 of the court house a mon- 
 ument to the signers of 
 the Mecklenberg Decla- 
 ration of Independence, 
 as this was the spot 
 where, on the 20th of 
 May, 1775, the conven- 
 tion called for the pur- 
 pose first formally re- 
 
 seat of 
 
 which in- 
 tersects the 
 main line at 
 Greensboro, are 
 several of North 
 Carolina's most 
 important cities. 
 Raleigh, the State 
 capital, is one of 
 them. It is a pros- 
 perous city of 20.- 
 000 inhabitants, 
 full of vigor and 
 enterprise, as e.x- 
 pressed in public 
 works through its Chamber of Commerce and In- 
 dustry and the Wautauga Club, associations com- 
 |H,sed of the representative men in its manufac- 
 turing and commercial circles. Most of the State 
 buildings and institutions are located here, includ- 
 ing, beside the classic capitol building, a superb State 
 Museum and the State Library. The city has nearly 
 fifty miles of broad, well-paved and well-shaded 
 
 nounced allegiance to England. This Declaration ante- 
 dated the one at Philadelphia by more than a year. 
 
 Between Charlotte and the South Carolina line is the 
 prosperous town of Gastonia, a place of 3,500 inhabi- 
 tants, full of energy and thrifty enterprise. It has had 
 a strong and vigorous growth during the past few years. 
 To-da}^ it prides itself on its four cotton factories and 
 other industrial establishments. It has eight churches 
 and good graded schools. 
 
 Upon the line of the Southern Railway from Norfolk, 
 
 t-ii.vui.oni:. 
 
 Streets, and a fine water and sewerage system. Raleigh 
 has just reason to be proud of the fact that the issue of 
 her street improvement five per cent, bonds was recently 
 sold at one hundred and ten, the highest price ever 
 realized from the sale of Southern municipal securities. 
 The manufacturing industries of the city embrace a 
 large hosiery, yarn and gingham mill, phosphate works, 
 a cotton-seed oil mill and tobacco factory. 
 
 Raleigh is one of the leading educational centers of 
 the State, having three colleges for young ladies: Peace 
 Institute, St. Mary's (now in its fifty-si.\th year), and the 
 Baptist University; the Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College ; the State Institute for th« education of the deaf, 
 dumb and blind, a male academy, and a fine system of 
 modern public schools. 
 
 For the higher education of the colored people of 
 the State there are Shaw University and St. Augustine 
 Normal College. 
 
 SHrrptsr. cotton at chari.oi i 
 
North Carolina has had 
 for years one of the most 
 efficient agricultural de- 
 partments of any State in 
 the Union. Among the 
 board's works was the es- 
 tablishment of a State 
 experimental station 
 and farm of 5,000 acres, 
 the first in the South 
 and the second in the 
 United States. The 
 
 CITV HALL AND fRESBYTL Bl A S COLLEGE, CHARLOTTE, N. 
 
 offices are located in Raleigh and the farm just outside 
 the city limits. This enterprise has resulted in incalcu- 
 lable good to the agricultural interests of the State and 
 is one of the institutions of Raleigh. 
 
 Durham, a prosperous city with all the modern 
 municipal improvements, is located twenty-six miles west 
 of the State capital, and is the present terminus of the 
 Oxford & Clarksville division of the Southern Railway. 
 Ithas a population of 11,715, an increase of about 100 per 
 cent, during the past decade. 
 
 This city is the market for the leaf tobacco and other 
 farm products of a dor.en or more contiguous counties 
 of wonderful fertility and natural resources. She has 
 $12,000,000 invested in manufacturing and 
 pays out over $750,000 annually in wages. 
 Her four cotton factories consume 
 about iS,ooo bales of cotton, 
 while the tobacco manufacturers 
 utilize millions of pounds of the 
 natural leaf annually. An indi- 
 cation of the immense business 
 done by Durham's tobacco fac- 
 tories is found in the fact that for 
 the single month of October. 1S97, 
 the Fourth U. S. Internal Reve- 
 nue District, embracing half the 
 State, collected as revenue on man- 
 ufactured tobacco and spirituous 
 liquors $122,002.27. Of this amount 
 Durham's tobacco manufacturers paid 
 $100,481.53. 
 
 While justly proud of her manufac- 
 turing enterprises, the city's social and 
 educational advantages are of a verj' high 
 order. The city's educational institutions 
 include Trinity College, handsomely en- 
 dowed through the munificence of two of 
 
 Durham's representative citizens, 
 Mr. Washington Duke and Mr. 
 Julian S. Carr, and the splen- 
 did graded schools, with 
 about 1,000 boys and girls 
 in daily attendance. 
 
 Between Raleigh and 
 Durham is the junction 
 known as University, from 
 which a branch a few miles 
 in length runs to Chapel Hill, 
 tlie location of the University of 
 North Carolina, the leading educa- 
 tional institution of the State, chartered 
 in 1789 and opened in 1795. It is the oldest university 
 in the South, and the oldest State university in the 
 Union. Its roll of ahmini includes seven thousand 
 names. Many of them are of national repute, and 
 it may be doubted whether so large a percentage of 
 the alumni of any other American college have achieved 
 eminence in public life. The university embraces the 
 college, the law school, the medical school, the school 
 of pharmacy, and the summer school. The college 
 contains 17 departments, offering iig courses of instruc- 
 tion, arranged both for graduate and undergraduate in- 
 struction. The university includes 36 teachers, -who 
 represent the training of 22 American and European 
 universitie.s. The student roll numbers 470, the sum- 
 
 mer school 1 85 
 about Sf'oo,- 
 000. There 
 are 11 large 
 brick build- 
 ings, con- 
 aining 
 lecture 
 rooms, 
 
 total, 625. It possesses property worth 
 
 I 
 
 I \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
museums, laboratories, and student 
 rooms. The library contams 
 40,000 volumes and pamph 
 lets. The gymnasium is 
 the largest in the South 
 The income is 
 about $50,000 a 
 year. The univer- 
 sity is administered 
 with great econo- 
 my; total expense 
 of an education 
 for one year need 
 not exceed $200. 
 The president of 
 the university is 
 Edwin A. Alder- 
 man, D. C. L. 
 
 Goldsboro is 
 the terminus of the 
 branch of the 
 Southern Railway 
 starting at Selma, 
 twenty-seven miles 
 east of Raleigh. It is a 
 progressive, active place, 
 the center of a prosperous 
 agricultural country. Its pop 
 ulation is about seven thou 
 sand, and is steadily on the increase 
 It is the county seat of Wayne county, 
 and is a growing manufacturing cen- 
 ter. It has one of the largest lumber plants in the South, 
 an extensive furniture factory, a cotton mill, recently 
 equipped with the very latest improved machinery for 
 both spinning and weaving; one of the most noted fer- 
 tiUzer works in the country, a cotton-seed oil mill, a rice 
 mill, and numerous other manufacturing establishments. 
 The city is absolutely free from debt, and has a good fire 
 department, water works, electric lights, paved streets, 
 churches of every denomination, and excellent public 
 graded schools for both white and colored, with an at- 
 tendance of 1,100. 
 
 Oxford, upon the branch 
 north from Durham, is the cen- 
 ter of a large tobacco and cot 
 ton region, and is the seat of 
 a Baptist female seminary. 
 The town has several 
 manufacturing enter- 
 prises, and enjoys con- 
 siderable local trade. 
 
 Twenty-nine miles 
 west of Greensboro i;; 
 the enterprising and 
 prosperous city of Win- 
 ston-Salem. Its present popula- 
 tion is 20,000, an increase from 
 4,19+ in iSSo. It has a larger 
 number of plug-tobacco factories 
 than any city in the world, and 
 the purchases of the leaf reach 
 the aggregate of about $2,000,000 
 
 r.LIMPSES Ol' (.ASrONIA, N 
 
 running 
 
 
 I n I- [ lt)NS I-OR DE.\!', 
 
 annually. In a single year the manufac- 
 turers of the city have paid the 
 United States Government 
 for revenue stamps 
 almost $1,000,000, and 
 it is claimed that 
 more money is 
 disbursed here m 
 wages annually 
 than in any 
 ^ lwiW fcimii i iin i M i ua j|^b~j.ii. | -|| .| . .|g city in the 
 
 WWW' " '"'"'-I'T'' " 'ff^B^Km^^ South equal 
 
 in popula- 
 tion. One of 
 the city's latest 
 enterprises is the 
 transmission of 
 electric power for 
 her extensive 
 manufacturing es- 
 tablishments from 
 the Yadkin River. 
 There are fine streets 
 and all urban im- 
 provements, a superb 
 municipal building, a 
 model Y. M. C. A. building, 
 a chamber of commerce, 
 handsome churches and most ex- 
 cellent public schools. The Sa- 
 lem Female Academy, located 
 here, is not only the pride of the 
 city but one of the famous institutions of learning of the 
 South. It was established by the Moravians in 1S02, and 
 at least 10,000 alumni claim it as their alma mater. Two 
 of its graduates have graced the White House at Wash- 
 mgton, Mrs. President Polk and Mrs. Patterson, daugh- 
 ter of President Jackson. In addition to the academy 
 there are located here the Slater Industrial Academy 
 and Normal School and the Davis MiHtary Academy 
 
 Upon the line of the Southern Railwav running west 
 toward Asheville from Salisbury, and be'tween the two 
 places, are several important towns and some sublime 
 mountain scenery. Statesville, a place of 3,500 inhabi- 
 tants, has a large cotton mill of 6,000 .spindles running 
 day and night, several large tobacco factories 
 two steam flour mills and a number of cooperage 
 establishments. In addition to its excellent pub- 
 lic schools, there is located here a 
 female college occupying a hand- 
 some edifice of its own. 
 
 South of Statesville, on 
 the branch of the Southern 
 Railway connecting it with 
 Charlotte, is Davidson Col- 
 lege, one of the best knowm 
 of North Carolina's educa- 
 tional institution.?. It is a 
 Presbyterian institution, 
 and has had for many years 
 a most prosperous career. 
 It is well endowed and has 
 a large and progressive 
 
 ll 
 
faculty, and many students attend not only from Nortli 
 Carolina but from other States. 
 
 Beyond Statesville is Hickory, a popular place for 
 sportsmen and an enterprising town. It has an excellent 
 hotel, the Hickory Inn, which enjoys a considerable 
 tourist patronage. It is also the location of St. Paul's 
 Seminary, a Lutheran theological institution. The sur- 
 rounding country is attractive beyond description and 
 one of the best-tilled regions in the State. It is at 
 Hickory that the tourist leaves the Southern for Lenoir 
 and the wonderfully beautiful region about Blowing Rock 
 and Grandfather's Mountain, to which reference is 
 made elsewhere in this chapter. 
 
 Morganton, some nineteen miles beyond Hick- 
 ory, is a picturesque town, beautifully located 
 among the lower mountains, and it is here where 
 the railroad fairly begins the ascent of the great 
 mountain range. 
 
 From here to Asheville, and then on to the Hot 
 Springs, the traveler does not pass over a mile of 
 uninteresting territory. As the train begins its 
 tortuous ascent of the mountains, which seem to be 
 piled up in impassable massiveness, the scen- 
 ery becomes grand, then inspiring, and finally, 
 as the summit is approached, sublime. The 
 two monster "creatures of iron and brass" 
 attached to the train make the mountain fast- 
 nesses re-echo wi:h their stentorian puffing as 
 they drag their heavy load. The track is now 
 clinging to the very edge of the mountain 
 side, and a moment later crossing a dark, 
 rock-cleft ravine on bridge of steel, beneath 
 which a stream lashed into foam is fighting 
 its way to the valley. Another turn in the 
 twisting path of iron and such a magnificent 
 valley opens out before you that you involun- 
 tarily utter an exclamation of rapture. The 
 most glorious works of nature are being 
 
 shifted upon the easel of your vision with kaleidoscopic rapidity. Up and 
 up you climb, the horizon broadening as you approach the summit. 
 Forest-crowned peaks loom up in the background and dwarf the nearer 
 ones. You catch glimpses of the track in fourteen different places 
 where you have passed. The world seems at your feet. One brief and 
 entrancing view is had just as the train plunges into the Swannanoa 
 tunnel, which pierces the topmost strata of the mountains. You enter it 
 from the Atlantic slope and emerge on that of the Mississippi and the 
 Gulf. It is the dividing line, and the Crystal Spring, in its center, as 
 if in demonstration, sends out two streams, 
 one flowing to the east and finding its way 
 to the Atlantic Ocean, and the other to the 
 west, ultimately reaching the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Just beyond the tunnel, on the western slope 
 of the mountain range, is Black Mountain sta- 
 tion, 2,466 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Here begin the lands of the Mountain Re- 
 treat Association, and they extend for six 
 miles north to Greybeard, reaching there an 
 elevation of 5,700 feet. This association is 
 composed of Christian business men and min- 
 isters of all denominations. It is their inten- 
 tion to duplicate, in some respects, in these 
 mountain fastnesses the work of the Meth- 
 odists at Ocean Grove. The North Carolina 
 
 
 ^f 
 
 
 !'!B'.7 
 
 THE STATIl CATITOI. AND OTHER HflLDINdS AT PALEKl 
 
legislature has granted a charter with ample powers 
 and generous privileges. The enterprise is a community 
 in the sense that all profits from the sale of lots will 
 be used for the benefit of the entire community and for 
 the purposes for which taxes are usually laid. By the 
 charter the sale of intoxicating liquor is forever pro- 
 hibited. Plans are being made for a large and impor- 
 tant educational institution, one hundred acres of land 
 having been set aside for this purpose, and the resort 
 will also be a center for annual. gatherings of prominent 
 and earnest Christians at work for the study of prob- 
 lems relating to the welfare of humanity, and ways 
 and means for advancing the interests of Christianity 
 through the various denominations. 
 
 The descent from Black Mountain to the level of 
 
 the Asheville plateau is gradual and the passing scen- 
 ery beautiful. Just where the railroad meets the lovely 
 Swannanoa River is the handsome station of Biltmore, 
 at the very corner of the vast estate of Mr. George 
 Vanderbilt. 
 
 Two miles beyond is Asheville, which is the tourist 
 as well as the commercial center of this region. It has 
 been called the "Janus of resorts," for, like that two- 
 faced divinity of the ancient Romans, it has two fronts. 
 Upon one it wears a welcome for the winter guests from 
 the North, and upon the other a smiling greeting to the 
 thousands who come here each summer from the South- 
 ern cities to enjoy the cool, bracing air of the mountains. 
 
 Asheville has a greater elevation than any city east 
 of Denver, being 2,300 feet above sea level. It occupies 
 an ideal site just at the merging of the ever-beautiful 
 Swannanoa (nymph of beauty) River with the historic 
 French Broad. The mountains have drawn away, leaving 
 as fair a valley or plateau as human eye ever gazed upon. 
 But raise your eyes in any direction above the immediate 
 surroundings of undulating hills which have been left 
 by the erosion of the rivers, and they will rest upon the 
 circling ranges of towering mountains, which give a glo- 
 rious setting to the picture. The city of Asheville has 
 had a vigorous growth. It has an active air of commer- 
 cial life, and upon every turn there are indisputable evi- 
 
 iiM "I- THI: Nl:\V lllll-lHNCiS, LNUliHSirV Ol' NOKIU U\UUI.I.\A 
 CIIAI'liL mi.L 
 
 dences of thrift and prosperity. Considered from a 
 business and manufacturing point of view, the place 
 occupies an enviable place among North Carolina's 
 cities, and as a tourist center its fame is world wide. 
 
 CNIVERsnV OF NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPtL HILL 
 
The visitor will tiiul its streets well paved 
 and electric cars run through the princi- 
 
 schools, maintained by 
 private subscription, 
 and the Asheville 
 Farm School, occupy- 
 ing 420 acres, which 
 has over one hun- 
 dred students, who are 
 
 MAS'LFACTL'RING ESTABLI 
 
 schools. The 
 
 pal thoroughfares and into the attractive suburbs. The 
 city has an opera house, a fine social club, a country club, 
 a golf club, an art gallery and a public library. The 
 churches and municipal buildings are modern and well 
 built. Asheville has become quite an educational cen- 
 ter, and it has several very well known institutions of 
 learning in addition to excellent publi 
 Bingham School for boys, established in 
 1 793, has long been known as one of 
 the best of its class in America. 
 The Home Industrial 
 School, maintained un- 
 der the auspices of the 
 Board of Home Missions 
 of tlie Presbyterian 
 Church is doing a noble 
 work in the line of prac- 
 tical education for girls. 
 The Asheville Normal 
 and Collegiate Institute, 
 established for the 
 higher education of 
 young women, and tin- 
 der the control of the 
 Northern Presbyterian 
 Church, is located in a 
 beautiful park of thirty- 
 five acres, which it shares 
 with the Home Indus- 
 trial School. Asheville 
 College, founded in 1S42, 
 is designed to be a school 
 of the first rank for girls 
 and young women. It 
 has a strong faculty, and 
 is doing most excellent 
 work. In addition to 
 the above, there is a bus- 
 ness college in most 
 flourishing condition, the 
 Misses Champion's 
 school for girls, Skyland 
 Institute, the Asheville 
 Free Kindergarten As- 
 sociation, with four 
 
 SHMENTS AT DURHAM. N. C. 
 
 taught agricultural work on approved and practical 
 
 scientific lines. 
 
 Asheville has a permanent population of about 
 
 14,000, and there are always a large number of visitors, 
 
 estimated to average several thousand. 
 
 The business portion of the city centers about the 
 
 public square, where stands the picturesque old court- 
 '^^il^^. . house, the modern municipal building, 
 
 the city hall, in the basement of 
 which is the public market; 
 the Legal Building, 
 the newspaper offices, 
 many stores and other 
 business edifices. Here 
 the electric street cars 
 on all the lines converge. 
 On Saturday afternoon 
 crowds of country people 
 congregate in the square, 
 and the mountain 
 wagons, cloth-covered 
 and drawn by mules or 
 steers, lend interest to 
 the scene. Radiating 
 from the square, all the 
 streets are solidl)^ built 
 up with brick business 
 blocks. On all sides of 
 these lies the residence 
 part of the town, built 
 on the undulating land, 
 not too closely, the aver- 
 age residence lot having 
 a 75-foot frontage. 
 
 There are few cities 
 in the South which have 
 a larger number of beau- 
 tiful residences. Many 
 people who have been 
 attracted to Asheville 
 because of its delightful 
 and healthful climate 
 are making it their per- 
 manent home, and have 
 built modern, and, in a 
 
number of instances, ",', VM. 
 
 luxurious homes, one of :'" 
 
 them, that of Mr. George 
 
 Vanderbilt, being the most 
 
 costly private residence in 
 
 America. The city is amply 
 
 supplied with excellent 
 
 modern hotels, and there 
 
 are scores of boarding houses where 
 
 comfortable accommodations may be had. The two 
 
 leading hotels, the Battery Park and Kenilworth Inn, 
 
 tions which go to make up a 
 wholesome and fascinating re- 
 sort. Nowhere east of the 
 Rocky Mountains is there any- 
 thing approaching it to be 
 found for fall and winter, spring 
 and summer — an all-the-year- 
 round retreat. It is cool in sum- 
 mer, yet the winters, shorn of 
 their harshness by reason of its 
 southern latitude, induce almost 
 daily out-of-door exercise 
 in the way of shooting, 
 
 A riding, driving or short 
 mountain excursions 
 ^*^,^ on foot. For lovers of 
 golf it is ideal; and at 
 
 a p'm 
 
 
 Tin; INITED ST 
 
 ^TFS GOVERNMFXT Sril HING AT \V 1 NSTi )N-S A I T.^ 
 
 rank high among the best resort hostelries of the coun- 
 try, and each has accommodations for from four to five 
 hundred guests. , 
 
 It is the peculiar climatic features 
 of the Asheville plateau, added to its 
 charming natural scenery, which have 
 given this country its great reputation. 
 These have been admirably summed 
 up by S. Westray Battle, M. D., in an 
 article recently published in the Medi- 
 cal Record of New York. He says: 
 
 " Nestled in the heart of the Alle- 
 ghanies, cradled by the Blue Ridge and 
 Great Smokies, stretches the Asheville 
 plateau, a most desirable and beautiful 
 section of country, in close touch with 
 the East and North, and most accessibk 
 from all points South and West. It has 
 become the great sanatorium of the 
 eastern United States. It enjoys a 
 climate siii generis, representing the 
 golden mean of altitude and latitude 
 and the several meteorological condi- 
 
 Asheville, the center of the plateau, are united the com- 
 forts of a city with the delights of the country. 
 
 "The plateau is an elevated tableland, somewhat 
 triangular in shape, embracing some si.x thousand square 
 miles of western North Carolina, with a general elevation 
 of two thousand feet above the sea level, though altitudes 
 up to six thousand feet may be had for the climbing any 
 day in the 3'ear. Hills, valleys, rivers and forests so 
 diversify this intramontane expanse as to make it lovely 
 and restful to the eye bej'ond the power of my pen to 
 portray. 
 
 " The mean temperature of spring is 53.49° F. ; that 
 of summer, 70.72^ F. ; autumn, 53.48° F. ; and winter, 
 38.87° F. ; while for the year it is 54.14° F. ; with a mean 
 relative humidity of but 65 per cent. 
 
 COTTOS MILl-S AT 
 
"There can hardly be room for controversy that 
 upon this plateau may be enjoyed the golden mean of 
 American climate. With medium altitude, dry, tonic, 
 invigorating and ozoniferous atmosphere, the region 
 cannot fail to grow in popularity as meeting the indi- 
 cations in the cases o£ a large majority of health 
 seekers, more especially those looking for the all-the- 
 vear-round residence ; and it has occurred to the writer 
 that it should particularly appeal to the retired of the 
 army and the nav}', and to him of modest independ- 
 ence who wants to enjoy his olium cinn dig. away 
 from the busy whirl of the city and carking cave. 
 " In regard to the merits of the climate, or the 
 climatotherapy of the plateau, let me briefly sum 
 up its advantages without bestowing indiscreet or 
 over-zealous praise. It is pre-eminently a suitable 
 one for the early stages of pulmonarj' phthisis, espe- ' 
 cially for such subjects as can and will get out in 
 the air, and are determined to take the benefit of 
 the dry, tonic, invigorating, bracing qualities there- 
 of, and keep good hours. Conditions which seem 
 to favor germ propagation and prolong the species 
 of the genus bacterium do not exist here. Wounds 
 heal kindly, and operative procedures of the gravest 
 
 character are 
 very rarely 
 followed by 
 septic infection. 
 The mortal- 
 ity from pul- 
 monary phthisis is not large in any part of North Carolina, being, 
 according to the mortality tables of the tenth census (iSSo), 13.4 for 
 every 10,000 of population throughout the State. But it is interesting 
 to note that the mountain counties show a mortality of only 10.6 in 
 every 10,000 of population, as against 16. i for every 10,000 of popu- 
 lation of all the other counties of the State in the aggregate; or 
 
 in other words, 
 in a State in 
 which pulmon- 
 ary phthisis does 
 »■■ not figure prom- 
 ■' inentlv in the 
 
 WINSTON-SALIlM, 
 
 mortality tables, tlie death 
 rate is still fifty per cent, less 
 m the mountain section than 
 in the other lower-lying por- 
 tions of the State. 
 
 ' ' Among other condition s 
 indicating the advisability of 
 
 a so]ourn in this region ma)' be mentioned asthma, hay fever, 
 convalescence from malarial and other fevers (there are no lakes 
 or swamps, and malaria is unknown), nervous prostration, and 
 exhaustion from over-work or long-continued summer heat; as 
 also chronic congestion of the internal organs, by reason of dimin- 
 ished atmospheric density causing a determination of blood to 
 the surface— hence arises one of the benefits of altitude in ir.- 
 cipient phthisis. Nervous energy and muscular vigor are usually 
 increased, and the nutrition of the body and the general condition 
 
 SALKM ACADKMV, \VINvl'-.\ 
 
,r-i»i^-^^ 
 
 
 -,_, a • ^s:' 
 
 N^l*S?»(*«#-^^ 
 
 SOME ASHEVILr.L, l;LSll^fc..S 
 
 o£ the blood improved, by a sojourn at moderate eleva- 
 tion; above six thousand feet the appetite for food is 
 diminished and the digestive organs are frequently dis- 
 ordered, whereas a medium altitude usually increases 
 the desire for food and quickens digestion. By reason of 
 its medium altitude, contra-indications to a residence 
 upon the plateau are few, though organic disease of the 
 heart where the circulation is much disturbed 
 must not be lost sight of. Of course 
 those who are in advanced phthisis 
 and are too feeble to breathe the 
 out-of-door air and take some 
 sort of out-of-door exercise 
 are better off at home with 
 their friends, surrounded 
 by comforts that cannot 
 be supplied elsewhere." 
 The drives round 
 about Asheville are unc:- 
 
 professional Alps climber. During the spring and early 
 summer these mountain sides are radiant in the blos- 
 soms of the laurel, the rhododendron and the azalea, 
 and for miles along the edges of the purling Swannanoa 
 its banks are one solid mass of these exquisite flowers. 
 With every turn of the road a new and exquisite pano- 
 rama is spread before the enraptured gaze. Peak after 
 peak comes into view rising to ma- 
 jestic height, and clothed to 
 the very summit with deep 
 green forest. It is a 
 matchless region, to 
 which all others 
 e.xcept those of 
 the far West are 
 incomparable. 
 
 About two 
 miles from the 
 heart of Ashe- 
 ville, and upon 
 one of the steps of 
 the mountain range. 
 Mr. George Vander- 
 bilt's magnificent cha- 
 teau, the chef d'lTHvre of the 
 late Richard M. Hunt's architec- 
 tural creations. It was begun in iSgo and 
 was completed in 1S95. The building is 
 
 celled anywhere for the lovely views they 
 offer. Horseback riding is in great favor, 
 but because of the hills, bicycling is but 
 little indulged in. Out-of-door life, espe- 
 cially with tourists, is the rule, and there 
 are mountains near enough to be con- 
 sidered for a day's excursion which will 
 tax the endurance and skill of all save the 
 
said to have cost upward of $3,000,000, and as much 
 more has been expended upon its surroundings and 
 the vast estate of a hundred thousand acres. All of 
 the landscape gardening and the development of the 
 park shows the master hand of Mr. Fred. Law Olm- 
 stead, under whose direction the improvements have 
 been made. Miles beyond count of superb 
 model roads have been constructed, and 
 hundreds of thousands of flowering plants 
 and shrubs have been artistically grouped. 
 In every line of agriculture, forestry and 
 floriculture there has been the highest 
 development under expert direction, in 
 order not only to improve the place itself, 
 but to furnish a worliing model which 
 would be an influential factor in raising 
 the standard of the entire region and State. 
 
 The mansion is a rather highly elabo- 
 rated version of the architecture of Fran- 
 cis I and of the chateaux of the Loire. It 
 is exceedingly rich in every detail, and the 
 general efl^ect is heightened by the free employment of 
 decorative sculpture. Those who have stood spellbound 
 upon the esplanade of this magnificent chateau, and 
 looked out upon the wild tumult of mountains which 
 stretch away in every direction until lost behind the 
 curtain of the horizon, can well understand why Mr. 
 Vanderbilt selected this particular spot of all others in 
 America for the erection of a home, which is as supreme 
 among the houses of men as this spot is among the 
 creations of Nature. 
 
 From Asheville the tourist or health-seeker may 
 turn in any one of several directions and find charming 
 localities in the midst of the mountains, where the scenery 
 is sublime and awe-inspiring, and where there are excel- 
 lent accommodations awaiting him in the form of com- 
 fortable hotels. The grandest and wildest scenery is 
 perhaps to be found on that portion of the Southern 
 Railway running from Asheville to Murphy. The first 
 stage of the journey ends at Waynesville, so called in 
 honor of ilad Anthony Wayne. It is the highest railroad 
 town east of the Mississippi River, the seat of Haywood 
 county, and one of the most beautifully situated towns 
 in the mountain section of Nortli Carolina. Its location 
 is in the center of the Richland Valley, at the very foot 
 of the noble Balsam range of mountains, several peaks 
 of which attain an elevation of over six thousand feet. 
 These mountains are clothed from base to summit with a 
 dense forest, the deep green fir balsam, whose odors exert 
 an extremely healing influence 
 upon weak throats and lungs, '^ 
 predominating. As a resort for 
 
 invalids the locality offers strong inducements. This 
 section has an elevation of 2,Soo feet above sea level, 
 and such is the wonderful purity of the air, that persons 
 suffering with nervous prostration, or from the efiiects 
 of overwork, obtain immediate relief. Its altitude in- 
 sures a cool summer, and it is far enough south for a 
 comfortable winter. The nights in summer are always 
 cool and refreshing, insuring sleep. Waynesville's pop- 
 ulation is about a thousand. The streets are broad 
 and well shaded. There is a fine court house, a public 
 library, numerous attractive residences, and substantial 
 business men in all branches of trade. The famous 
 Haywood White Sulphur Springs, with its large hotel, 
 is near Waynesville on the opposite (north) side of 
 Richland Creek, which even within the town limits has 
 its picturesqueness preserved if not increased by the 
 old mills and the fine old oaks and beech trees which 
 grow along its course, and by the distant background 
 of forest-covered mountains. 
 
 v^-. 
 
 SOMi; ASURVir.LE EDICATIONAI, INSTITUTIONS 
 
IIATTEHY PARK HOTF.L, ASHK\I 1.1.I£, N. <;. 
 
 Throughout the entire distance between Waynes- 
 ville and Murphy the country is sparsely settled, and so 
 little affected by the inroads of modern civilization that 
 over much of the area one may see the clear streams, 
 the dense forests and the rugged mountains in their 
 native wildness and beauty. Cherokee Indians have, 
 until recent years, traversed the forests and wandered 
 along the streams which their fathers named : the Tucka- 
 seegee. Savannah, Tennessee, Elijay, Cartoogajay, Tus- 
 keegee, Oconaluftee, Stekoah, Tusquittah, Nantahalla 
 and others. It is a wilderness as sublimely beautiful 
 as it is solitary and grand, an elysium for the health- 
 seeker, a paradise for the sportsman. 
 
 During long ages of the past these streams have 
 been carving deeper and deeper their channels between 
 the mountains. So slowly has the work progressed, and 
 so vigorou.sly has the vegetation grown, that everywhere 
 from the mountain tops to the banks of the streams the 
 surface is covered with trees, shrubs and flowers. 
 
 The gorge of the Nantahalla River, through which 
 the railway pas.ses for more than a dozen miles, is bv 
 many believed to be the most picturesque and beautiful 
 in western North Carolina. One of the full-page illus- 
 trations shows the upper end of this gorge, looking 
 
 northeast down the river. On the right Clift Ridge rises 
 
 almost perpendicular to nearly 2,000 feet above the river; 
 
 while on the left the spurs of the Great Smoky Mountains 
 
 rise nearly as high and are nearly as steep. Between 
 
 their bases the gorge is so narrow that in many places 
 
 there is hardly space enough for both the railroad and 
 
 the river. Talc and marble abound in 
 
 these rocky, forest-covered slopes, and 
 
 the lumbering and timber interests at 
 
 iJillsboro, Bryson City and other points 
 
 are extensive. 
 
 On the line of the Southern Rail- 
 way between Asheville and Spartan- 
 burg, S. C, there is a beautiful and pic- 
 turesque region which has long been 
 extremely popular with tourists, and in 
 which there are numerous resorts well patron- 
 ized both in summer and winter. The nearest of these 
 resorts to Asheville is Skyland, an attractive little place 
 nestling down close under the protection of the nearby 
 
 SHEVILLE RRSIDENCE 
 
 mountains. Beyond is Henderson, twenty miles from 
 Asheville, and located in full view of the mountain peaks 
 of Tryon, Little Hog Back, Glassy, Pinnacle, Caesar's 
 Head, Hebron, Hog Back, Pisgah, Busby, Craggy, 
 Black, Hooper's, Bear Wallow, Sugar 
 Loaf, Chimney Rock, the Shaking Bald 
 and Point Lookout, which, rising above 
 the plateau, form a complete panorama 
 and amphitheatre, making the view 
 from the town grand and majestic be- 
 yond comparison. 
 
 Three miles beyond Henderson is 
 Flat Rock, one of the most charming 
 little resorts in western North Carolina, 
 and a spot where many prominent people 
 from Southern cities spend the summer 
 months. It is in appearance a little cor- 
 ner of old England tucked down in this 
 North Carolina paradise. 
 
 While only a quiet little hamlet of 
 mountaineers. Flat Rock was discovered 
 many years ago and taken posses- 
 sion of by a company of French and 
 English gentlemen who owned lands in 
 
 i;t:Nir,\\ ORTTf inn 
 
II AIWARD WHITE SULPMIR STRINGS, WAYNESVI LIX, S 
 
 crimson maple, the 
 
 WAVNESVILLE, N. C, AND THE BALSAM MOUNTAINS 
 
 South CaroHna and Georgia. Among the very first were 
 the Count de Choiseul, the Barings, the British consul 
 MoUyneaux. and a half dozen or so of planters and their 
 families from the coast, who, 
 finding this climate so en- 
 tirely dift'erent from their 
 own, the place so unique of 
 all others in the mountains, 
 set up their summer lodges 
 here. At the present time 
 these places, about fifty in 
 number, cover an area of five 
 or six miles and are pictur- 
 esquely wooded with the fra- 
 grant pine, the oak, the 
 hickory, dogwood, sassafras, the 
 hemlock and the holly, thickly interspersed with the 
 beautiful mountain laurel and azaleas of colors the 
 most gorgeous and the most delicate, while flowers and 
 ferns fringe with beauty "the banks and braes and 
 streams around." Streams flow into artificial lakes shut 
 in by rugged hills, and beautiful with blue inverted skies. 
 Paths winding through the sweet shades lead out 
 upon difl:erent points of interest, among them the quaint 
 and picturesque church 
 built eighty years ago by 
 the Barings, of London 
 banking fame, and called 
 ••St. John in the Wilder- 
 ness." Its nearby vine- 
 covered rectory is so clas- 
 sical that one involun- 
 tarily expects to see the 
 Vicar of Wakefield step 
 out from its portals. Flat 
 Rock is provided with 
 ample accommodations 
 for the entertainment oi 
 guests, and no more rest 
 ful or healthy spot exist- 
 on the American conti- 
 nent. All of the neigh- 
 boring old estates are 
 
 thrown together in such a way that visitors, who are 
 always welcome to do so, may enjoy many miles of beau- 
 tiful drives from which the loveliest of mountain and 
 nearby views may be enjoyed. 
 
 Saluda, nine miles beyond Flat Rock, is 2,250 feet 
 above sea level. In approaching it from the south there 
 is for three miles an ascent of 237 feet to the mile, two 
 locomotives being necessary on each train. The little 
 town, hand.somely situated on this elevated plateau, is 
 nestled amid forest-covered hills ranging from 100 to 400 
 feet above the depot. On these hills, families, princi- 
 pally from Columbia, Charleston and the coast, have 
 built their airy, shady homes, and spend their summers 
 enjoying, in the cool breezes of the mountains, the re- 
 pose of country life without its loneliness. 
 
 Saluda has two good hotels and several boarding 
 houses, so that the stranger within its gates is certain to 
 find accommodations of a satisfactory type. 
 
 The little town of Tryon is forty-three miles from 
 Asheville and twenty-seven from Spartanburg, and is 
 1,500 feet above sea level. The scenery hereabouts is 
 beautiful beyond description. The mountains are cov- 
 ered to their verj' summits with verdure, and whether in 
 the budding of spring, the 
 full foliage of summer, or 
 the gorgeous coloring of 
 autumn, the ever-changing 
 picture is always one of 
 beauty, charming to the eye. 
 The waterfalls and cascades 
 of the Pacolet River and its 
 tributaries are far famed. 
 The Horseshoe Falls, on 
 Spring Mountain, tumble 
 down the mountain side a 
 distance of 350 feet. A good road leads to the top of 
 Rocky Spur, a peak 4.000 feet high, a trip that can be 
 made between breakfast and dinner ; and the sightseer 
 will find a com- 
 fortable hotel, 
 the Skyuka, 
 near the top of 
 Tryon Moun- 
 tain, passing 
 
 *^&«1^^ 
 
 1_^^"-- 
 
 OT SPRINGS, 
 
en route under 
 the celebrated 
 Horseshoe Falls. The 
 roads about Tryon are 
 being improved, and a 
 day's ride through this 
 picturesque country will 
 not soon be forgotten. 
 
 No chapter upon the 
 scenic beauties and at- 
 tractions of the "Land 
 of the Sky" would be 
 complete without refer- 
 ence to that magnificent portion known 
 as the Grandfather's Mountain and 
 Blowing Rock region, which lies north- 
 east of Asheville, between Lenoir and 
 Cranberry, and chiefly in Watauga 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 To reach it travelers leave the 
 Southern Railway at Hickory, which 
 is between Salisbury and Asheville, 
 and take the Carolina & North- 
 western Railroad to Lenoir, twenty 
 miles distant. 
 
 Lenoir has a population of about 
 
 2,000 and is a very attractive mountain town. It enjoys 
 a large local trade, which comes from the rich agri- 
 cultural section that surrounds it. It also has ex- 
 tensive lumber interests, being one of the largest 
 hardwood markets in the Southern States. The 
 town is built upon an elevated tableland between 
 two ranges of mountains, and the horizon line on 
 all points of the compass is broken by the graceful 
 summits of towering ranges. 
 
 From Lenoir to Cranberry, over near the 
 Tennessee line, stretches one of the most 
 magnificent mountain boulevards on the 
 American continent. It can be compared 
 only to the Furca and other famous passes 
 of Switzerland. It is fifty-six miles between 
 tlie two places, and for nearly half of this 
 JM^ ""VE^I^B '''St3°'^^ ^ full trot may be held in one 
 ^P . -.^BdW long sweep around dizzy heights and 
 along the edge of deep-shadowed gorges. 
 The finely graded road hugs the mountain 
 side closely, and with every turn there 
 opens before the vision an entrancing 
 panorama of graceful forest-clad 
 summits above and lovely valleys 
 below. If the journey be made in 
 May or June, the banks of the 
 streams and acres of the lower 
 mountain sides will be radiant in 
 the blossoms of the rhododendrons 
 and azaleas. Look where you 
 will, from the crystal streams 
 dashing down the mountain 
 side to the towering summit 
 of Grandfather's Mountain, 
 which is always coming into 
 view, and each time showing 
 a different face, the panorama 
 IS one of surpassing loveliness. 
 " Off to the south and west 
 rise Table Rock, Hawk's Bill, 
 King's Mountain, Mitchell's 
 Peak (the highest east of the 
 Rockies), and towering above 
 them ail, because of its prox- 
 imity, the Grandfather, its top 
 
the profile of an old man's face. The load 
 winds among the hills for six or seven 
 miles, and then strikes the Yadkin River, 
 and follows it to the cool, bubbling 
 spring which is its source. The scen- 
 ery grows more wild and rugged as 
 we climb ; so dense is the under- 
 growth which springs from the black 
 mould that we wonder how the squir- 
 rels which are frisking about have ' 
 the temerity to venture into such a 
 tangle. The horses struggle up the 
 ascent, and turning a sharp angle 
 in the road, the whole world, as it 
 were, lies below us. We look sheer 
 down into the tree tops which skirt 
 the John's River, and then out into 
 the sweeping lines of the Blue Ridge 
 as they rise, range upon range, and seem to melt 
 into the blue of the sky. If the start from Lenoir 
 has been made in the afternoon, the air grows 
 chilly before the summit is reached, and search is 
 made among the luggage for shawls and rugs. As 
 day declines, the sun seems to pause a moment on a 
 distant peak, flooding all the surrounding mountains 
 with violet light, and then sinks to rest. The darkness 
 falls quickly. You are tired now and close your eyes a 
 moment, but some one breaks in upon your reverie with 
 an exclamation of wonder. You look up to find the 
 world flooded with moonlight. It rests like a halo over 
 the mountains, and tips every fern and balsam bough 
 with silver. You climb on, a mile perhaps, amid this 
 glory, when the tired horses, admonished by voice and 
 whip, break into a brisk run, and the hotel, all aglow 
 with the ruddy light of open wood fires, stands hospitably 
 before ^'ou, the first stage of the journe)' being ended." 
 There are three hotels at Blowing Rock, the Wau- 
 tauga, the Blowing Rock and the Green Park. The 
 
 JOHN IN I HI'- W.lLDi:UM.' 
 FLAT KOCK, N C. 
 
 ONE OF THE LAKES AT FLAT ROCK, N. C 
 
 view from the highest pinnacle of Blowing RoCk, wHich 
 has an elevation of 4,340 feet, is sublimely beautiful, and 
 all the earth seems at one's feet. Range after range 
 comes tumbling in from the horizon line like the waves 
 of the sea, and as far as the eye can reach m every 
 direction the view is one of sublime grandeur and 
 beauty. 
 
 Here summer reigns with moderate sway; during 
 the season 85° is the highest temperature recorded; tor 
 two successive Augusts the daily maximum ranged from 
 67° to 84^ The days are pleasant; the nights more 
 pleasant, if possible; a scat by an open fire and a sleep 
 under blankets make the dark hours delightful ; nerves 
 regain tone, muscles grow strong, blood reddens, 
 dyspepsia and headaches flee away in the life-giving 
 atmosphere above the clouds of the valleys. 
 
 Points of vantage for views abound. No two give 
 the scores of mountain sides or tops from the same direc- 
 tion or at the same angle ; the sights are almost kaleido- 
 scopic in variety. 
 
 At one place and hour there spreads below you a 
 white and silent sea of mist ; in a moment the vast, still 
 surface begins to heave, to toss, to break ; green peaks 
 emerge from snowy billows, hillsides next appear, and 
 then the gathered waves float upward to the clouds, 
 disclosing in all its bravery of field and forest, winding 
 streams and rocky cliffs, the great valley which drains 
 the waters from the southern slope of the Appalachian 
 range. From another point, and as the evening sun tips 
 the crests with flame, you see, as if they grew loftier 
 while you look, the giant tops of Roan and Grandfather, 
 Bald, Yellow, and Black, scores with no name at all, 
 clean cut against a clear blue sky, so calm and still, so 
 mighty and reposeful, lifting the soul as they seem to 
 lift themselves. 
 
 Where the great spur already mentioned joins the 
 Blue Ridge, an overhanging shelf of rock projects from 
 the top so far over the "Globe " or valley of John's River 
 as to catch and for a time confine the currents of air sent 
 up from the depths as the northerly winds, finding no 
 
I 
 
 w 
 
 T? 
 
 THE GREEN I'ARK IIOTF.r., RI.OWING ROCK, X 
 
 outlet, strike against the face of the cliff. The air 
 presently finds egress over the top, and the force witli 
 which it boils up gives the name of Blowing Rock to thu 
 beetling crag. When the winds are right any light 
 article, handkerchief, scarf, Ijat or bu.sh thrown from the 
 apex, instead of reaching the bottom thousands of feet 
 below, is borne upward and back again to the spot 
 whence it was dismis.sed. The name of the cliff has 
 become that of the village nearby where the road to Boon 
 intersects the old turnpike. 
 
 Blowing Rock is jire-eminently cosmopolitan. There 
 the summer girl may dress and dance and ride to the 
 very fullness of her heart's desire. Or, she may let her 
 finery lay hidden in the depths of her trunk and go 
 tramping about in thick shoes and short skirts from sun- 
 rise until dark. It is beautiful to watch the invalid's 
 color come stealing back, and the poor little sickly chil- 
 dren grow round-limbed and brown in the bracing 
 atmosphere. Verily, this is nature's great sanitarium. 
 
 where that good old mother takes her children into her 
 lap and soothes their jangled nerves; where the doctors 
 are never in evidence and the medicines always 
 delightful." 
 
 The twentj-'mile drive from Blowing Rock to Linn- 
 ville is over a road which for surveyors' skill has no 
 superior in America. For miles it traverses the forest 
 primeval, and from one point furnishes a view of match- 
 less grandeur, and from another aglimpse of some sweet, 
 quiet valley with perchance the modest home of some 
 mountaineer and its little clearing far away below. 
 Everywhere the wild flowers grow in profusion, and 
 countless mountain streams murmur greetings as you 
 pa,ss. Nine and a half miles beyond Blowing 
 Rock the traveler comes to the eastern boun- 
 darj' of the great park of 16,000 acres owned 
 by the Linnville Improvement Company, and 
 the first view, from a point 1,500 feet above 
 it, is had of the beautiful valley of the Linn- 
 ville River. Far away to the west and nest- 
 ling in the heart of the valley is the charming 
 Eseeola Inn, with its surrounding picturesque 
 cottages. You may imagine it a little bit 
 of Switzerland dropped down in our own 
 "Land of the Skj'." The inn is of pleasing 
 architecture, and has all the conveniences 
 found in the best resort hotels, including 
 an excellent orchestra. Nearby is a large artificial 
 lake, and in every direction the beautiful roads tempt 
 the visitor to ride and drive, while those who enjoy 
 
 I1-: SrMMIT OF OliAMll Al UIlK .MOrNTAI\ 
 
 trout-fishing will find in the neighboring streams oppor- 
 tunities which will afford a truthful basis for start- 
 ling fish stories in the days to come. From the Eseeola 
 Inn the main road continues to Cranberry, and from 
 here the railroad may be taken to Roan Jlountain, 
 Tenn., or on to Kno.xville. 
 
 Another section of the ' ' Land of the Sky " which 
 attracts many visitors because of its solitary and grand 
 scenery is that about Hickory Nut Gap and Chimney 
 Rock. It is almost due east from Asheville, and may be 
 reached from that city by mountain conveyance. The 
 trip will, however, amply repay the tourist, for the rugged, 
 dizzy heights and the deep, sombre gorges are fasci- 
 natinglj'giand and sublime. There isahotelat Chminey 
 Rock which furnishes comfortable accommodations. 
 
 Hot Springs, on the French Broad River, is the best- 
 known resort in North Carolina after Asheville. It is 
 thirty-eight miles west of the latter place and but a short 
 distance from the Tennessee state line. It antedates 
 
 ESEF.OEA IN'\', I.IXSVI [,I.E, \. 
 
Asheville by many 
 years, for as long 
 ago as ly-i there 
 was a settlement 
 here, and in 1790 
 the first public 
 house was erected, 
 as even in those early 
 davs the wonderful 
 
 MOUNT MITCHELL, 
 
 IGHEST .MOLXIAIN LAST OV COLORADO 
 
 curative properties of its waters had become known, and 
 the settlers for hundreds of miles around were wont to 
 bring their sick here for the benefits to be derived from 
 the baths. To-day, the Hot Springs of North Carolina 
 is one of the best-known health resorts in America, and 
 its handsome modern hotel, the Mountain Park, is fre- 
 quently taxed to its utmost capacity to accommodate 
 the great number of representative people who gather 
 here from North, East. South and West. 
 
 The Southern Railway, from Asheville to the Hot 
 Springs, follows closely for the entire distance the tor- 
 tuous windings of the historic and beautiful French 
 Broad River. 
 
 Of such a stream the poets might smg, for it is 
 matchless in its setting of mountains and in the beauty 
 of its graceful curves. Nearby the springs, the moun- 
 tains, as if determined to head it off in its mad race to 
 the lowlands, crowd in the closer and build high and 
 rugged barriers on either side, between which the river, 
 lashed into a fury of foam, tosses and frets as if impetu- 
 ous at the encroachment. Closer and closer crowd in these 
 mighty "battlements of nature," until it seems as if the 
 victory must be theirs, when suddenly they spring apart, 
 as if abandoning the struggle, and sink away on either 
 side far into the distance, while the river, tired from the 
 mighty strife, glides out into tranquil pools and lazily 
 meanders through the broad and pas- 
 toral valley ol the 
 Hot Springs. 
 About a mile be- 
 yond the gorge is 
 located the Moun- 
 tain Park Hotel, 
 crowning the cen- 
 ter of a large and 
 handsome private 
 park. It stands 
 close to the river, 
 along the bank of 
 
 DAVIDSON COI.I-LCI-, 
 
 which are located the modern bathing houses where 
 the hot baths may be taken in handsome marble tubs 
 under the best medical advice. The hotel has accom- 
 modations for three hundred guests, and is a well-man- 
 aged, delightful place in which to sojourn whether one is 
 ill or well. The waters are especially efficacious in rheu- 
 matic and gouty ailments and have wrought many really 
 wonderful cures. The surrounding country has many 
 points of interest, notably the famous and historic Paint 
 Rock, which marks the dividing line between 
 Xorth Carolina and Tennessee, and is but six 
 miles from the hotel. 
 
 In the foregoing pages there has been given 
 a brief outline of what the noble State of North 
 Carolina has been accomplishing in the line of 
 material development, and a suggestion of its in- 
 numerable and charming natural features. 
 
 That it is destined to become a great com- 
 mercial and industrial empire there can be no 
 question, and that it will eventually be to the 
 United States, in a tourist sense, what Switzer- 
 land is to Europe, there is but little doubt in the 
 minds of those who are familiar with the great 
 advantages it possesses for both scenery and health. 
 The fast and perfect train service of the Southern Rail- 
 way has brought it to a neighborly distance of the chief 
 centers of population in the Eastern, Southern and 
 Central States. Its citizens are alert, intelligent and 
 enterprising, and its undeveloped opportunities invite 
 the farmer and mechanic, the banker and the merchant, 
 the manufacturer and the artist to a share in the distribu- 
 tion of its wealth 
 
 The growth of the South in all lines 
 of human activity is, according to one of 
 America's greatest orators, to be one of the 
 most striking features of the next two decades. In this 
 growth and development the State of North Carolina 
 is certain to have a most prominent and conspicuous 
 part. Its thriving cities and fertile lands already 
 foreshadow a great future. It is a vast empire in ter- 
 ritory, and a great 
 treasure house of 
 natural wealth, 
 which is respond- 
 ing generously to 
 modern energy. 
 
 "^Dm^V^^tff:' 
 
.^sX'- 
 
 - C--^ 
 
 ^v... ^: -# :^i^ r; '1.. 
 
 !^ 
 
 OUTHIAROLINA 
 
 — =^v^^^., 
 
 ^ y 
 
 TO South Carolina belongs the high honor of being one of the 
 earliest, if not the very first colony to offer a premium for 
 immigration. This stroke of enterprise was made over two 
 centuries ago, in 1670, when the low-rent inducement was held out 
 by the Ashley River settlement, under Sayle, of land at halfpenny 
 per acre for five years. This invitation wafted across the sea 
 brought many settlers to the palmetto-fringed State, and marked 
 the beginning of a progressive policy that is being followed, in this 
 later time, throughout all the South with the most prosperous and 
 beneficent results. 
 
 To-day South Carolina remains true to her past. She offers a 
 comfortable home with all the conveniences of modern civilization, 
 fine farming land at a nominal price, good titles to every foot of it, 
 and a cordial welcome to the home-seeker. To capital she offers fair 
 and just laws, ample protection to property, an honest and honoi'- 
 able class of working people, good markets at home and the best 
 facilities for reaching those abroad, abundant and safe banking 
 facilities, in many instances e.xemption from local taxation and a 
 helping hand — a hand with dollars in it. 
 
 The inheritance of enterprise in fostering immigration is not 
 the only bequest from the past of which South Carolina is proud. 
 Her patriotic record during the War for Independence is a splendid 
 legacy of deeds of high emprise, all of which made for liberty. Her 
 Laurenses, her Rutledges, her Pinckneys were noble contributors to 
 the cause of the country's freedom. They stood with the Wash- 
 ingtons, the Jeft'ersons, the Henrys and the other immortals of the 
 " Old Dominion," and won for South Carolina the high place of being 
 second only to Virginia, among the Southern colonies, in the heroic 
 struggle to break the bonds of England. 
 
 It was from the friendly cover of her forests that Marion and 
 his men darted and struck telling blows for freedom. It was at 
 Cowpens, within her borders, that Colonel Washington defeated the 
 brilliant English cavalry leader Tarleton, and made the occasion for 
 one of the choicest ion. mots of patriotism. In a London drawing- 
 room, years after the Revolution, it is related that Colonel Tarleton 
 was recounting his exploits in the Lower Carolina. On referring to 
 the battle fought at Cowpens, a noble lady inquired if it was not 
 there that he had met Colonel Washington. Tarleton replied that it 
 was, and added, in a contemptuous way, that the American was an 
 illiterate rowdy of a soldier. "Ah, my dear Colonel," the lady is said 
 to have responded, as she looked at Tarleton's fingerless hand where 
 Washington's sword had struck, "though he may not have been able 
 to write, he certainly could make his mark." 
 
 In the first foreign difficulty to confront the republic, the contro- 
 versy with France in Washington's administration, it was a son of 
 
South Carolina, the able Pinckney, 
 who declared "millions for defence, 
 but not one cent for tribute." The 
 traditions of patriotism and of enter- 
 prise are woven into the woof of the 
 State's history. They are an inspira- 
 tion to-day in the work to achieve a 
 high place for South Carolina in 
 America's industrial progress. That 
 they form an effective inspiration, 
 these pages, giving a brief chronicle 
 of actual accomplishment, will serve 
 to show. 
 
 As a preface to the State's re- 
 sources and their development, it will 
 be interesting to look for a moment 
 at South Carolina's topography. The 
 State is naturally divided into three 
 parts, the hill or up-country, the mid- 
 dle country, and the coast or low 
 f country. The latter is rich in vast timber tracts 
 1^ and in boundless swamps full of the glory of cypress 
 1P and pine. Here grow the palmetto, which gives 
 I the State its name, and the long staple cotton, fine 
 r as the silk of the Orient. This is a land of sunshine, 
 ^ whose flora is radiantly beautiful the whole year 
 through. It is a land where the mellow tints of the 
 long-ago lend a dreamy charm to life, and make 
 the past almost as attractive as the future. 
 
 The middle country is undulating, 
 broken here and there by sand hills. 
 Dotted over it are beautiful farms and 
 busy towns. The rivers, on their way 
 ' ^' to the sea, widen out and become 
 
 ^yfl !•' the water highways for a con- 
 
 1 . 1 I siderable commerce. It is a 
 
 region of prosperous agricul- 
 ture, and the home of a pro- 
 gressive people. 
 
 THE STATE CAIMTOI., COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 But it is the up-country which seems most favored, 
 as was the hill country of Judea, where "shepherds 
 tended their flocks by night." It is not only a land of 
 promise, but, in the happy phrase of the region, "a land 
 of fulfillment " as well. A fertile soil yields a bounteous 
 variety of crops, and a busy industry, to the hum of a mil- 
 lion spindles, changes raw material into finished product. 
 In this section are some of the most progressive cities in 
 the South. It 
 is the rich Pied- 
 mont, whose op- 
 ulent stretches 
 have been ioU 
 lowed thitheri 
 from their be- 
 ginning in Vir- 
 ginia through '. 
 North Carolina. '. 
 The scenery 
 of this region is 
 picturesquely 
 
 beautiful and co.mv . .tkt ho. se, o.i.. m.i.s 
 
 presents many attractions to both health-seekers and 
 tourists, as well as to settlers. The Saluda Mountains, 
 which constitute a portion of the northwest boundary, 
 and which are spurs of the Blue Ridge, have several 
 peaks which rise like turrets on a battlement, 
 reaching a height in King's Mountain of 1,692 
 feet; Paris Mountain, 2,054; Table Rock, 3,000; 
 Ccesar's Head, 3,iiS, and Pinnacle Mountain, 
 3,436 feet, and form the background to a most 
 delightful landscape. In the Piedmont are 
 many rapids and falls affordmg excellent water 
 power, and there are numerous points admi- 
 rably located for mill sites and a variety of 
 manufacturing plants. 
 
 South Carolina is one of the leading States 
 of the South both in the production and manu- 
 facture of cotton. She raises annually nearly 
 one-tenth of the American crop. This great 
 staple, always as good as gold, has the first 
 place m the State's agricultural products. In 
 1S97 the crop was 800,000 bales, and it had a 
 
 IKESHYTT.KIAN COI.I.F.CE, COLUMBIA. S 
 
ELECTRIC POWER HOUSE 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 V^:»-^-'^t«- 
 
 total value of $29,408,000. In 1S96 the crop brought 
 $27,283,760, and in 1895 $24,000,000. 
 
 For this great crop there is a home manufacturing 
 market that is every year consuming a larger proportion 
 of the total product. The South Carolina cotton mills in 
 
 1896 consumed 254,698 bales, and in 
 
 1897 327,643 bales, nearly one-half 
 of the State's 1897 crop. As home 
 consumption saves the cost of trans- 
 portation, it means, of course, an 
 increased profit to the producer. 
 There are at present 95 mills in the 
 State, with 1,250,324 spindles. Be- 
 sides all the general causes for draw- 
 ing the cotton mills from North to 
 South, South Carolina has the special 
 cause of abundant and cheap water 
 power. As showing what a great 
 advantage this is, the average cost 
 for the whole State of cue water 
 horse-power is $1.70, while the cost 
 for the same power in 
 Lawrence, Mass., is 
 $14. 12; in Lowell, 
 $20; Paterson,N.J.. 
 $37-50; Cohoes, N. 
 Y., $20, and in Day- 
 ton, Ohio, $37. 
 
 This conjunc- 
 tion in South Caro- 
 lina of raw material 
 and natural power 
 has led to a devel- 
 opment of cotton 
 manufacturing that 
 is unprecedented in 
 American indu strial 
 history. IniSSothe 
 United States Cen- 
 sus showed that 
 South Carolina had 
 14 cotton mills of 
 82,334 spindles, 
 
 employing 2,083 hands, paying $380,000 in wages, having 
 $2,776,000 capital, consuming 15,601,000 pounds of cotton, 
 costing $1,808,000, and yielding a product valued at 
 $2,895,000. 
 
 The statistics of cotton mills for the year ending 
 August 31, 1897, made by Henry G. Hester, secretary of 
 the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, show that South 
 Carolina had a total of 1,250,324 cotton spindles, of which 
 1,055,824 were in operation, 47,500 were new and just 
 starting up, 132,000 were new, not completed, and only 
 15,000 were idle. Such a striking exhibit tells a most 
 eloquent story of progress. 
 
 A growing home market offered by these mills is 
 but one of the hopeful factors in the future of cotton 
 raising. The other is a more intensive method of farm- 
 ing. The latter has been attended by marked 
 increase in yield, and has 
 made it clear that 
 cotton can be raised 
 at a profit when 
 its price is low. 
 
 ^ it'-******^ 
 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
But South Carolina is 
 a land of corn, as well as ot 
 cotton. In fact, a farmer 
 of the State, a few years 
 ago, won a $i,ooo prize for 
 the greatest yield of corn 
 to the acre, in competition 
 with the entire United 
 States, his yield having 
 been 254 bushels to the acre. 
 
 
 was revived. The crop has 
 been found so profitable 
 that it will, without doubt, 
 be produced in larger quan- 
 tities each year. The ma- 
 hogany and gold leaf grow 
 equally well, and the quality 
 is so high that South Caro- 
 lina tobacco commands top 
 prices. The handling of the 
 
 All the other cereals are grown to a greater or less 
 
 degree. The wheat yield is from one to two million 
 
 bushels a year. Rye and barley both grow well, but the 
 
 yield is not large, as they are cultivated to only a very 
 
 limited extent. Oats are more 
 
 commonly grown and are found 
 
 a profitable crop. They are 
 
 A SOUTH CAROLINA COTTON FIELD 
 
 often alternated with "cow peas," which furnish good 
 food for both man and beast, and the land, too, giving 
 to it much needed nitrogen. 
 
 Tobacco is a crop claiming increasing attention, 
 after a practically total eclipse for nearly a century, 
 owing to the almost exclusive culture of cotton that 
 followed the invention of the gin. In 1791 S,ooo tons of 
 tobacco were shipped from Charleston. At that time 
 and before it was one of the State's chief money crops. 
 But its culture waned with the enlarging dominion of 
 King Cotton, and it was not till a few years ago that it 
 
 crop has made protitabie the opening of warehouses for 
 the sale of leaf tobacco in many of the towns, thus con- 
 tributing directly to both business and agricultural 
 progress. From a product so small as to be scarcely 
 reckoned in 1S90 as among the State's resources, tobacco 
 has advanced to an annual crop of several million pounds, 
 and to a place of great importance on the right side of 
 South Carolina's annual balance sheet. It grows in all 
 parts of the State, and thrives especially in the fertile 
 Piedmont region. 
 
 Fruit has always been raised for home consumption, 
 but the possibilities of its cultivation for profit have only 
 recently received the attention they 
 merited. Now, on the beautiful hill- 
 sides of the Piedmont clustering vine- 
 yards are offering their purpl ■ ■^''^ 
 fruit to the wine press, and bring- 
 ing to their owners a hand- 
 some return. In Oconee, 
 Greenville, Anderson and 
 Richland counties in particu- 
 lar, wine-making has been 
 found profitable. Both the 
 g^ape and the peach are 
 native to South Caro- 
 lina, having been 
 
 ONE OF THE 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 AND FALLS AT 
 
 GKELNVILLE, S. C 
 
 '^e^^-.. 
 
"^ 
 
 found growing wild on St. 
 Helena Island, off the 
 coast, by the first set- 
 tlers. The peach, ap- 
 ple, quince, plum, apri- 
 cot and cherry, as well 
 as the grape, thrive in 
 the Piedmont region, 
 famous for its 
 fruits and its 
 crops through- 
 out its entire 
 length. The 
 peaches grow 
 to an immense 
 size without 
 losing any of 
 their delicate 
 flavor. As 
 
 indicating 
 
 the reliability 
 
 of the fruit crop, a 
 
 record was kept in 
 
 Spartanburg 
 
 county for a period 
 
 of forty years, 
 
 during which late 
 
 frosts killed the 
 
 fruit but once. 
 
 This reliability is a char- . " 
 
 acteristic of the State. 
 
 South Carolina is in truth 
 
 "the land of fulfillment." 
 
 As might be expected from 
 a State having the palmetto as 
 a sign manual. South Carolina 
 is rich in timber. There is in- 
 vested in the lumber industry over 
 $4,000,000, and the annual output has a 
 value of $10,000,000. There are nearly 300 
 lumber mills in the State, scattered in every 
 section, and all operated at a profit. There 
 are not less than 10,000,000 acres of yellow 
 pine, furnishing a variety of valuable products 
 in addition to lumber. An appreciative writer 
 recently said: "Man finds his best forest friend in the 
 South Carolma pine tree. Its value to the race is ines- 
 timable. We use, day after day, liniments for bruises 
 and inflammations, the chief constituent of which is tur- 
 pentine, the refined sap of the pine tree. It is used in 
 paints, in removing stains, in medicines. In fact, its use- 
 fulness has found no bounds. Rosin 
 tar, creosote and lamp black are 
 all products of the pine sap. 
 Its long needles 
 have been woven 
 into cloth for car- 
 pets and bagging, 
 and proved in 
 
 THE OI-D CALHOUN M 
 
 many things to be superior to jute. The consumptive 
 finds peace and ease in breathing the air perfumed with 
 the e.xhalations of the royal pine. The worker in wood 
 finds in it as beautiful paneling as the jesthetic heart 
 can desire." 
 
 Lumber is manufactured into doors, sash and blinds, 
 
 wagons and other articles of commerce at Abbeville, 
 
 Aiken, Anderson, Columbia, Greenville, Greenwood, 
 
 Newbury and other towns. As showing how much this 
 
 industry can be developed, of the State's total area of 
 
 iS, 000,000 acres, 12,000,000 are covered with timber. 
 
 Besides pine, there are the magnolia, the sweet and 
 
 black gum, black walnut, cypress, elm, hickory, 
 
 maple, sycamore, ash, chestnut, beech, locust, 
 
 persimmon, dogwood and poplar. 
 
 This inexhaustible supply offers 
 many opportunities for proiitable in- 
 vestment, and is an illustration, on a 
 far-reaching scale, of the prodigality 
 with which Nature has dowered South 
 Carolina with resources. Nothing is 
 lacking to complete a round of native 
 opulence: there are the cereals and 
 fruits in abundance for bodily 
 sustenance, the silky cotton for 
 raiment, rivers swiftly coursing 
 with power for factories, forests 
 lifting up in their tall trunks 
 many a length of stout timber for 
 house and church and school. To 
 man's hand Nature seems to bring 
 everything he needs, and 
 with it a fine climate. 
 
 REPRESENTAT[VE 
 
 BUILDINGS 
 
 GREENVILLE, S. C. 
 
 A MODEST HOME 
 
As a building material, in addition to 
 lumber, there is stone in abundance, and 
 of the finest quality. Soutli Carolina gran- 
 ite has become famous. It has a cleavage 
 almost as smooth as wood, and it whitens 
 with age so that it closely resembles marble. 
 At Winnsboro, on the Southern Railway, 
 are located some of the largest quarries in 
 the State. They have furnished the stone 
 for some of the finest buildings in the South, 
 and for such imposing edifices as the Car- 
 negie Library in Pittsburg. Granite is also 
 found in profitable quantities in Richland, 
 Newberry, Oconee and Abbeville counties. 
 The annual commerce of the State, 
 representing the aggregate in value of the 
 interchange of the prod- 
 ucts of the field, the fac- 
 tory, the forest and the 
 
 quarry, it is estimated, 
 reaches the stupendous 
 amount of $1,500,- 
 000, 000. While 
 there is still con- 
 siderable im- 
 portation of 
 goods from the 
 North, the 
 , amount, in 
 relation 
 
 AND I'OW 
 PELZE 
 
 ER tlOt'S 
 R, S, C. 
 
 to consumption, is yearly growing 
 less with the enlarging home manu- 
 facture of raw materials. The State's 
 vast commerce is widening each year 
 as a result of the inflowing tide of 
 immigration, drawn by the affluence 
 of opportunity offered in every field 
 of human endeavor. 
 
 The main line of the Southern 
 Railway crosses the northwestern 
 
 section of South Carolina. On this main 
 stem are Blacksburg, Gaffney, Cowpens, Clifton, 
 Spartanburg, Wellford, Gjeers, Greenville, Easley, 
 Siberly, Central, Calhoun, Seneca and Westmin- 
 ster. At Spartanburg is the junction with that 
 portion of the road coming from the west through 
 Asheville and continuing to Columbia, where it 
 intersects the line from the north which leaves 
 the main stem at Charlotte, N. C, and runs 
 to Columbia, passing through Pineville, Fort 
 Mill, Rock Hill, Chester, Blackstock, Winnsboro, 
 Rockton, Blythwood and Ridgeway. Between 
 Spartanburg and Columbia are the towns of 
 Glendale, Rich Hill, Pacolet, Union, Strothers, 
 Carlisle and Alston, towns noted for their 
 cotton mills and general industries. 
 From Greenville, on the main stem south 
 of Spartanburg, a line runs also to Colum- 
 bia through Piedmont, 
 Pelzer, Belton (from 
 which a branch runs to 
 Anderson), Donnalds, 
 Hodges (branch from 
 here to Abbeville), 
 Greenwood, Prosper- 
 ity, Newberry and 
 Alston. 
 
 At Columbia con- 
 nection is made with 
 the Florida Central & 
 Peninsular, upon which 
 the through trains of 
 
 CESAR'S HUAU, NEAR C. RKENVILLE, S. C. 
 
the Southern Railway 
 continue on to Sa- 
 vannah. Everett, 
 Jacksonville and 
 Florida points. 
 
 Connection is 
 also made here 
 with the South *■""■ 
 Carolina & Georgia R. R. and with the Atlantic Coast 
 Line. The through trains of the Southern between 
 Charleston and Asheville, N. C, are operated over the 
 former road between Charleston and Columbia. From 
 Columbia the Southern Railway runs southwesterly to 
 Aiken, S. C. , and Augusta, Ga. , passing 
 through the towns of Lexington, Lees- 
 ville, Batesburg, Ridge Springs, John- 
 stons, Trenton, Vaucluse, Graniteville, 
 King' and Bath. This is known as 
 the region of cotton mills, and all 
 along this portion of the line there is 
 great development in the cotton mill- 
 ing industry. 
 
 But the State, while enlarging her 
 commerce, is not forgetful of her 
 schools. Her constitution provides 
 for a two-mill tax on all property, 
 and a one-dollar poll tax on all men 
 between twenty-one and sixty years of 
 age, for the support of her public 
 school system. This zeal for enlighten- 
 ment is not of recent growth. In 1710 
 South Carolina established her first 
 free schools, and a graded system 
 covering the State was inaugurated in 
 1811 and reorganized in 1S68. This 
 system provides for the free instruc- 
 tion of all children between the ages 
 of six and sixteen, irrespective of 
 
 color- or race, in the primary and intermediate grades. 
 The State Superintendent of Education supplies 
 these interesting statistics of South Carolina's educa- 
 tional progress ; The number of public schools in the 
 State in 1S90 was 3,155; in 1897. 4.189. The number of 
 pupils enrolled in 1890 was 203,140; in 1897, 258,183. 
 The total appropriation for schools in 1890 was $449." 
 S36.91, while in 1S97 it was $705,264.06, an increase of 
 $255,428. 
 
 At the apex of the State's school system are 
 several institutions of higher learning. 
 The South Carolina University for 
 both young men and young women is 
 at Columbia; the Cl'emson Agricul- 
 tural College at Calhoun provides 
 for the mechanical and industrial 
 training of women ; Winthrop Col- 
 lege, at Rock Hill; Claflin Univer- 
 sity at Orangeburg is for the educa- 
 tion of the negro. In addition to 
 these State institutions there are 
 many private and denominational 
 colleges and schools, such as Furman 
 University at Greenville, Wofford 
 College and Converse College at 
 Spartanburg, South Carolina Military 
 Academy at Barnwell, Medical Col- 
 lege of South Carolina at Charleston, 
 College of Charleston at Charleston, 
 Greenville College for women at 
 Greenville, Leesville College at Lees- 
 ville, Female College and Erskine 
 ,^^^_^^__ College for young men at Due 'West, 
 Presbyterian College of South Carolina and Thornwall 
 Orphanage at Clinton, Newberry College at Newberry, 
 Presbyterian College for women, Allen University and 
 Benedict College at Columbia, Cooper Limestone Insti- 
 tute at Gaffnev, Sumter Institute at Sumter, Clifford 
 
 A SOUIH CAROLINA VINEYARD 
 
Seminary at Union, and Cbicora College for young 
 women at Greenville. 
 
 After this survey of the agricultural, manufacturing 
 and educational resources of South Carolina, it would be 
 
 A TlRPr^NTlNE STILL 
 
 offering a chapter that would be incomplete indeed 
 were not some mention made, however inadequate, of 
 those centers of enterprise and industry, the cities and 
 towns of the State. They are awake to their opportuni- 
 ties, and they have the pluck to improve them. It is 
 their own progressive example, in showing a faith lumi- 
 nous with works that all the world could see, that has 
 been the chief incentive to immigration and inflowing 
 capital. Confidence in their own future and that of their 
 State has begotten confidence. Local capital has not 
 waited for outside capital to build cotton mills, but has 
 itself led the way, and the hum of the factories with which 
 it has dotted the State has been heard afar, till now it is 
 every day drawing men and money from the North to 
 build new mills, thus swelling the music of the pros- 
 perous spindles. 
 
 One of the leaders from the first in this splendid 
 
 industrial 
 movement 
 has been 
 Columbia. 
 
 ONK OI-" THE GRANITE QUARRIES, PACOLET, S. C- 
 
 Set on a hill of general observation by reason of being 
 the State capital, and located in almost the exact center 
 of the State, it has seen to it that its progress has been 
 commensurate with its prominence. Every city, like 
 every man, has its strong point, its determining factor 
 
 in prosperity. When a city has a dozen strong points, it 
 offers convincing assurance of a splendid destiny. Such 
 a city in truth is Columbia. Being the State capital, it 
 is the center of political influence. The legislature meets 
 annually, in January, the session lasting from 
 thirty to forty days. It is the railroad center 
 of the State. Eight lines radiate from its hub; 
 the great Southern Railway in four directions 
 — to Charlotte and the North, to Augusta and 
 the South, to Spartanburg, Asheville and the 
 West, to Greenville, Anderson and all points in 
 the Piedmont. By reason of these unsurpassed 
 railroad facilities and its mid-State location, 
 Columbia is a great distributing center. It is 
 directly connected with and almost equidistant 
 from the ports of Savannah, Port 
 Royal, Charleston and Georgetown. 
 Its wholesale and jobbing business, 
 already considerable, is increasing 
 steadily because of advantageous 
 rates and the facilities for quick 
 distribution. 
 
 Columbia is one of the edu- 
 cational centers of the State. It is the 
 seat of the South Carolina Col- 
 lege, the State institution of 
 highest learning; the 
 Columbia Female Col- 
 lege (Methodist), the ; 
 Presbyterian Col- 
 lege for women, the 
 Presbyterian The- 
 ological Semin- 
 ary of the South- 
 east, Allen Uni- 
 versity (colored), 
 Benedict Insti- 
 tute (colored), the 
 Columbia Busi- 
 ness College; the Ursuline (Catholic) Institute,' three 
 high schools, a school of stenography and typewriting, 
 and a fine free public school system, of ten grades, for 
 white and colored children. Two great State institutions, 
 he hospital for the insane and the penitentiary, are 
 located here. 
 
 The city has extensive manufactur- 
 ing interests. The Columbia canal, 
 three and one-half miles long, yields 
 within the city limits 14,000 horse- 
 power. Ten thousand horse-power of 
 this is now electrically developed by 
 the owners of the property, the Colum- 
 bia Water Power Company, a corpora- 
 tion of New England capitalists. The 
 great electric power-house, with its 
 eight huge turbines of 1,250 horse- 
 power each, is one of the sights of the 
 South, a veritable Mecca for progress- 
 ive mill men, a delegation of whom recently came from 
 New England to see it, and also several of the other more 
 recent developments of the South. This electric power 
 can be delivered anywhere in or near the city, and is the 
 cheapest power in the country. 
 
 CITV HALL, NEWBERRY, 
 
The three large cotton mills in Columbia operated 
 by electricity and steam and aggregating not less than 
 
 120,000 spindles 
 mills which will 
 lation of fully 
 large cotton-seed 
 capacity of 300 
 fertilizer facto 
 cotton-batting 
 shops of the 
 foundries and 
 ber and wood 
 
 are but the advance guard of 
 of themselves support a popu- 
 40,000. Columbia also has two 
 oil mills, with a daily crushing 
 tons, two hosiery mills, two 
 ries of heavy production, a 
 mill, the building and repair 
 Southern Railway, two 
 machine shops, two lum- 
 working plants, and a cotton 
 compress. 
 
 As a health re- 
 sort Columbia 
 is un su r- 
 passed. The 
 winter cli- 
 mate is most 
 agreeable. 
 There is but 
 
 little bad weather from September to May. The air is 
 crisp and bracing. The city is built on a granite spur 
 of the Piedmont region, which projects into the long- 
 leaf pine belt. The mean annual temperature in 1896 
 was 63. 7 degrees. 
 
 It is pre-eminently a residence city, and is constantly- 
 drawing a desirable class of permanent residents because 
 of its educational and social advantages and its special 
 attractions for home-making. The city is 350 feet above 
 the sea, and is beautifully laid out in streets 100 to 150 
 feet wide, and shaded with double and triple rows of fine 
 trees. There are no tenements. Every residence, no 
 matter how humble, stands apart from its neighbors in 
 its own garden. It is a city of gardens, and many of 
 them are very beautiful. A number of Northern people 
 have bought and built houses, and make their winter 
 homes here. 
 
 The city has a half dozen hotels, churches of all 
 
 denominations, si.x banks, two club houses, a public 
 
 park, two daily newspapers, an opera house, hospitals 
 
 for white and colored patients, a fine fire department, 
 
 over eleven miles of electric railway, and all the 
 
 accessories of modern city life. 
 
 The health of the city is exceedingly good. Dur- 
 ing the past j'ear the death rate was only 15.93 per 
 thousand — 11. 6i for whites and 
 20.25 for colored people. The 
 >.._—, water, filtered by the Jewell 
 y"^ ^ .. , ^ -^^j&Bj system, is pronounced "excep- 
 S li ' J—iS^B tionally pure" by an expert from 
 Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 Columbia in iSSo had 10,000 
 people, in 1S90, 15,500, and in 
 
SPARTANBURG 
 
 iSg7, 25, 300 by enu- 
 meration. The 
 growth has been 
 very rapid of late, 
 largely because of 
 the erection of cot- 
 
 ton mills. The valuation of property for taxation is 
 $5,500,000, an increase of ten per cent, in the last year. 
 This, however, represents only about sixty per cent, of 
 the actual value. The rate of taxation is low. and the 
 city government honest and economical, the largest item 
 of taxation being for the support of the public schools. 
 
 For manufacturing, 
 for trade, for health, for 
 climate, for pleasant res- 
 idence, for education, for 
 society — for all good 
 people, whether bent on 
 work or rest, or money- 
 making or money-spend- 
 ing — Columbia has great 
 attractions. It has room 
 for development along 
 all these lines, for it covers 
 four square miles and 
 has eighty miles of streets. 
 
 Greenville, third cit)' of the State in point of size, is 
 the county seat of one of the richest of the Piedmont 
 counties. The city has a beautiful situation on a rolling 
 plain, near the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. From 
 west to east, through the central part of the town, flows 
 the Reedy River, its two falls of more than thirty feet 
 each adding picturesqueness and suggesting utility as 
 well. The elevation is 1,145 feet above the sea, the 
 climate mild and equable, Paris Mountain, Soo feet above 
 the town, sheltering it in winter from the northwest 
 winds. The city, incorporated in 1S31, was named in 
 honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, the Revolutionary 
 patriot. It has now a population of aboi:t 13,000. 
 
 In addition to an excellent and complete graded 
 school system, Greenville has several colleges and semi- 
 naries. One of these is the Baptist State College, 
 Furman University. It has nine buildings, situated on a 
 hill and surrounded by stalwart native oaks. This 
 was the first college in South Carolina to admit women 
 on the same terms as men. Other institutions are the 
 Presbyterian Female Seminary, Greenville College for 
 women, Chicora Female College, and a business college. 
 
 As a center for manufacturing, Greenville has the 
 
 Ci :n\K STRINGS INSTITITE — STATE Hfll.DlNC TOR DEAF, DL'MB AN 
 SPARTANBURG, S. C. 
 
 advantages of a situation in the heart of the manufactur- 
 ing district of the South, excellent transportation facilities 
 to the seaports and large markets, and water power 
 already developed in the middle of the city. There are 
 about half a dozen cotton mills in Greenville, employing 
 hundreds of operatives. These companies have been 
 organized and are largely capitalized by citizens 
 of Greenville. 
 
 It was at Piedmont, on the Saluda 
 River, directly south of Greenville, 
 that the first cotton mill in the upper 
 part of the State was erected. This 
 was in 1S73, and the mill is still in 
 successful operation, having been 
 often enlarged to meet the demands 
 _^ of a growing trade. The example 
 of its success was contagious, and 
 there have clustered about it, in the 
 quarter of a century since its erec- 
 tion, mills by the score, till this sec- 
 tion of South Carolina leads all the South in cotton 
 manufactures. 
 
 At Pelzer, on the Saluda, is one of the largest mills 
 in the country, employing 3,000 operatives, and constitut- 
 ing the center of a prosperous industrial community. 
 
 The city of Spartanburg, located in the 
 largest cotton manufacturing county of the 
 South, has a population of over 10,000. 
 Its altitude is 1,020 feet above sea level, 
 affording cool breezes even 
 in midsummer. There are 
 twenty-two separate mills 
 in Spartanburg County, 
 operating 400,000 spindles, 
 and employing 8,000 oper- 
 atives. For cotton and 
 wages nearly $10,000,000 
 is paid out annually, and 
 150.000 bales of cotton are 
 
 ;G, s. c. , 
 
 consumed. 
 
 Besides eight graded schools, Spartanburg has two 
 institutions of higher learning. One of them, Converse 
 College, for young women, has a high standard and good 
 equipment. With a faculty of thirty, commodious build- 
 ings, and a campus of fifty acres, it has in 1S97-98 an 
 enrollment of ,^ over 500 students, 
 
 a gain of -.-'^^^'X' . 
 
 one hundred per 
 cent, over the 
 ■ preceding year. 
 The other, Wof- 
 ford Col- 
 lege, is 
 
 THE OLD SPRING 
 
 AND EARTHWORKS 
 
 AIKEN, S. C. 
 
one of the oldL'st in the State, and is under 
 the control of the Southern Methodist Church. 
 It has about fifteen buildings and one hundred 
 and fifty students. Agriculturally, as well 
 as industrially, Spartanburg County is 
 rich, having a fertile soil, adapted to 
 grains and fruit. 
 
 Abbeville, a flourishing town in 
 the "up-county," has a popula- 
 tion of about 3,500. Its location 
 on high and undulating . — - — 
 
 ground gives it 
 excellent drainage, 
 and its climate is 
 temperate winter 
 and summer. The 
 town has adequate ' 
 public schools, two 
 colleges for colored 
 students and some 
 nine or ten churches. 
 A large cotton mill has 
 lately been erected, op- 
 erating 10,000 spindles 
 and manufacturing 
 brown homespuns. 
 There is also a cot- 
 ton-seed oil mill, 
 and the usual in- 
 dustries of a thriv- 
 ing town find rep- 
 resentation. A 
 productive soil and 
 many streams 
 capable of supply- 
 ing abundant water 
 power make this 
 section of the north- 
 western part of the 
 State an attractive ' ' ■■" ^'"' ' ^"^^k, s. i\ 
 
 one for investors and others seeking business openings. 
 
 The city of Anderson, north of Abbeville, in the 
 county of the same name, one of the richest and most 
 progressive in the State, has an energetic population of 
 more than 6,000. It is in the heart of a most excel- 
 lent agricultural 
 countr}' not far 
 from the Blue 
 Ridge Moun- 
 tains. Anderson 
 has developed by 
 natural, healthy 
 growth. Nearly 
 everyone owns 
 his house, be it 
 large or small. 
 The various re- 
 ligious denomi- 
 nations are well 
 represented and 
 the schools ari 
 excellent. Thi 
 Patrick Mihtar\ 
 
 
 Sas^^iSir 
 
 Institute is doing 
 good work in the 
 education of young 
 men. Citizens of 
 Anderson in 1890 
 demonstrated their 
 confidence in their 
 town, as well as 
 their business sa- 
 gacity, by the erec- 
 tion of a large cot- 
 ton mill, whose 
 capital stock and 
 capacity have been increased from 
 time to time until there are now 36,000 
 spindles and a capital of $500,000. 
 Steady employment is given 700 oper- 
 atives. Two cotton-seed oil mills are 
 kept running night 
 and day during the 
 season. 
 
 Greenwood, a 
 short distance 
 northeast of An- 
 derson, is both a 
 health resort and 
 a manufacturing 
 center. It has a 
 salubrious climate and some notable 
 health springs of chalybeate and lithia 
 water. Greenwood contains two mills 
 for the manufacture of cotton goods of 
 fine quality, and has also an elaborately 
 equipped oil mill. There are public and 
 private schools, and the Brewer Normal In- 
 stitute (colored). Outside the town is an 
 extensive granite quarry. 
 
 Aiken, southwest of Columbia, near the 
 Georgia line, is a city of 4,000 people in the 
 sand ridge section of the State. It has be- 
 come noted as a health center, and is one of the leading 
 resorts of the South ; many people whose first idea was 
 of a merely temporary stay have become permanent 
 residents and engaged in business enterprises. A large 
 number of wealthy Northerners have bought property 
 
 here and have built 
 handsome resi- 
 dences, while all 
 the houses that can 
 berentedfurnished 
 are taken by this 
 class of people for 
 the winter. There 
 have been at least 
 $75,000 worth of 
 improvements 
 .. in the line of 
 jj|ljt buildings and 
 residences 
 (luring the past 
 year alone. Within 
 five or six miles of 
 Aiken, and within 
 
 A SOUTH CVROt-IN'A TRUCK 
 
the boundaries of the countj-, are four cotton factories 
 which are doing a successful business. The city itself 
 has no factories of any kind; it prides itself upon being 
 a health and pleasure resort, and has made no effort in 
 the direction of manufactures. It has recently been 
 made famous by the magnificent Palmetto golf links, 
 acknowledged to be the best south of New York, being 
 J about three miles around, composed of eighteen 
 holes, and laid out by two of the most cele- 
 brated players of Boston and New York. The 
 course in general is about 70 to 150 j-ards wide, 
 free from trees, with excellent lines 
 throughout. The woods for miles 
 around are well stocked with 
 both the gray and the red fox. 
 The mean temperature of Aiken 
 
 «iinflli|!l|l' 
 
 :m 
 
 ■■^m-VMrmn 
 
 
 gafi-ni-:y, s. c. 
 
 IS 52 degrees ; it is a strictly temperate climate during the 
 winter season, being just cold enough for one to enjoy 
 a walk, and still so warm in the sunshine that there are 
 very few days when it is not pleasant to sit beneath its 
 rays. Aiken has the dryest climate of which there is 
 any record east of the Rocky Mountains. Its hotels are 
 equipped with every convenience of modern comfort. 
 
 Chester, a flourishing city of about 5,000 inhabitants, 
 is in the "hill" country, across the State from Aiken in 
 the northern part. In its pu.sh and enterprise may 
 be traced the effects of the Scotch-Irish stock which 
 
 predominated in the town's early settlers, modified by 
 American characteristics. Of the two largest factories 
 here, one is for cotton spinning, while the second manu- 
 factures ginghams of a fine texture for Northern and 
 foreign markets. There are also yarn mills, employing 
 about 125 hands, and a large factory in which improved 
 machinery and farm implements are made. Much atten- 
 tion is given to education. Chester was the second city 
 in the South to establish a public school system, and it is 
 said to have the best equipped school building for white 
 children in the State. This was completed in 1S91 at a 
 cost of $14,000. The Brainerd Institute, comprising 
 several large buildings, situated on a hill overlooking 
 the country for miles around, is devoted to the instruc- 
 tion of colored children and youth, and to the training of 
 teachers for the colored puljlic schools. The city has a 
 
 fine situation Soo feet above 
 sea level, with good sewer- 
 age and artesian water. 
 The country round about is 
 fertile, cotton being the 
 chief crop, with corn and 
 small grains following. 
 The count}- is rich in min- 
 eral deposits, and the water 
 power available is unsur- 
 passed. 
 
 Rock Hill, just north of 
 Chester, is the largest town 
 in York county, in the ex- 
 treme northern portion of 
 the State. Here is located 
 Winthrop Female College. 
 The present population is 
 5, 500 ; taxable value of prop- 
 erty, $1,255,460; its yearly 
 busuiLSS amounts to $3,500,000; it han- 
 dles annually, on an average, iS,ooo bales 
 of cotton ; it has in operation three cotton fac- 
 tories (spinning and weaving), representing a 
 capital of $435,000, and two more in process of 
 erection which will employ a capital of $325,000, 
 aggregating in cotton manufacturing a capital 
 of $760,000; a buggy, carriage and wagon fac- 
 tory, with capital of $75,000; a tobacco factory, 
 with capital of $40,000; a door, sash and blind 
 factory; a canning factory; an electric light plant, 
 with arc and incandescent lights; a town site company; 
 a street railway and water works company and machine 
 shops. The weekly pay-roll of Rock Hill's manufac- 
 tories amounts to more than $6,000. 
 
 Gaffney, in the celebrated Piedmont belt, is near 
 the Broad River, which has been called the Merrimac of 
 the South. The looms of Lowell and of Manchester 
 could easily be kept in lively motion the year round by 
 utilizing half the waste of this beautiful stream. In 1S75 
 there was no Gaffney; m 1S93 it numbered 2,220 souls; in 
 1897 its population had reached 5,000. The reasons for 
 this growth are readily found in the town's advantageous 
 situation, and in the pluck and enterprise of its citizens. 
 From 6,000 to S.ooo bales of cotton are sold annually from 
 wagons in the town, and the grades are superior. One of 
 the most successful mills in the South was established 
 
at this point in 1S93, with capital stock of 
 $100,000; this has since been increased to 
 $700,000. The climate 
 is well adapted for 
 spinning fine numbers. 
 
 In the matter of 
 buildings, public and 
 private, Gaffney 
 makes an excellent 
 showing. It has sev- 
 eral commodious school 
 buildings, and a town hall 
 which cost about $15,000. The 
 Cooper Limestone Institute, 
 named in honor of the philanthropist, 
 Peter Cooper of New York, who be- 
 queathed it to the Spartanburg Baptist 
 Association, offers unsectarian instruction to 
 young women. Its beautiful grounds and the 
 widely known Limestone Spring make it one of the 
 features of the city. Another noteworthy institu- 
 tion is the Gaffney Male and Female Seminary, 
 which occupies a commanding site in the center of 
 the town. 
 
 Union, with a population of about 5,000, is located on 
 the main line of the Southern Railway, in one of the 
 Piedmont counties. The surrounding country is rich in 
 scenery and in natural advantages, having fine farming 
 land and splendid water power. The community is 
 greatly interested in the cotton industry, which has made 
 much progress during the past year or two. There are 
 now several cotton mills, one of which has 55,000 spindles 
 and 1,400 looms, while a knitting mill employs a large 
 number of hands. Building and public improvements 
 are going on, school and church facilities are abreast of 
 the times, and altogether Union evidently possesses a 
 lively present and an undoubted future. 
 
 Newberry is in one of the middle counties, between 
 the Piedmont and the sand hills. The land here is roll- 
 ing, and the soil fertile. Cot- 
 ton is the chief crop in 
 this section, but corn 
 and small grains are 
 also produced. 
 
 Stock-raising has proved profitable. The city has a 
 population of 5,000, and contains prosperous cotton and 
 oil mills in addition to the ordinary industries. The 
 city's water supply is from a fine artesian well and the 
 city is lighted by electricity. An industry that is claim- 
 ing much attention is the manufacture of brick, which 
 greatly resembles the famous Milwaukee brick. In addi- 
 tion to an excellent public school system, Newberry is 
 the seat of the State Lutheran College. 
 
 Seneca is in the northwestern corner of the State, 
 and from the town magnificent mountain views are to be 
 had. The nearby country is heavily timbered, much 
 wood being cut for trade and shipped North. Fruit 
 grows well, apples especially. Cotton, grain and tobacco 
 are raised in considerable quantities in the country 
 tributary, and there are in the town both a cotton fac- 
 tory and a cotton-seed oil mill. 
 
 Blacksburg, in York County, near the northern 
 boundary of the State, has a population of 2,000. It 
 contains several mills, including one cotton mill, main- 
 tains iron and machine shops and a gold ore reduction 
 works, the precious metal being 
 found in quantities that make its 
 mining the course of considera- 
 ble profit. Some mineral springs, 
 rich in medicinal properties, open 
 up large resort possibilities for 
 the town in connection with its 
 fine location in the foothills of 
 the Blue Ridge. 
 
 The city of Charleston, which 
 is South Carolina's chief seaport 
 and commercial city, is reached 
 by through trains of the Southern 
 Railway over the South Carolina 
 & Georgia Railroad, with which 
 connection is made at Columbia. 
 To the casual visitor Charleston 
 presents a romantic and charm- 
 ing aspect. It has an architecture 
 
all its own, and retains many of the characteristics of its early Huguenot 
 days. Considered from an industrial and commercial standpoint Charles- 
 ton is one of the progressive cities of the South. Its trade and com- 
 merce during the year ended August 31, 1S97, amounted to $75,740,261, 
 
 a gain over the previous year of 
 $8,475, 132. There was a gain of 
 $4,459,000 in cotton, $1,272,491 
 in fertilizers, $2. 132,000 in whole- 
 sale and retail trade, $1,424,555 
 in fruit, and $431,184 in phos- 
 phate rock. The city's financial 
 condition is excellent, real estate 
 has steadily advanced, and with 
 its new elevator and the com- 
 pletion of the jetties, giving 24^;^ 
 feet to the ocean, and the open- 
 ing of the direct line of steamers 
 to Europe, it is safe to reckon 
 that the business of the coming 
 year will reach the $100,000,000 
 mark. The phosphate industry 
 of South Carolina, which largely 
 centers in Charleston, is one of 
 the State's many prosperous in- 
 dustries, and in its mining, ship- 
 ping and handling there are 
 millions of dollars invested. 
 
 These brief sketches of the 
 towns and cities of South Caro- 
 lina serve at least to show the 
 State's present dominating spirit 
 — the controlling purpose, 
 everywhere apparent, to develop 
 
 manufactures. With clear appreciation of her marvelous advantages in 
 cotton manufacturing. South Carolina is forging to the front in this im- 
 portant industry with a swiftness that can find no precedent. South 
 Carolina is pushing her conquests, and the dawning century may see her sign-manual changed from the palmetto 
 to the spindle. 
 
 r?*^; 
 
 CHARLESTON, 
 
 COTTON MILL AT EDGEFIELD, S. C. 
 
THE site of Chicago was bought from the Indians for less than the 
 price of a high-grade bicycle. It does not appear from the records 
 that the whole State of Georgia, the Empire State of the South, cost 
 so much. " How did you get your land ?" asked a newcomer of a scion of 
 one of the old families of Kentuck)-. "From my father," was the reply. 
 " How did he get it ?" " From his father." "And how did he get it ?" 
 "From his father." "And how did he get it?" "Fought for it." "Pull 
 off your coat ! " 
 
 Oglethorpe was more fortunate. He did not have either to fight for 
 it or to buy it. The shrewd commercial spirit was then lacking in the 
 native American. But plenty of fighting and buying came afterward, and 
 Georgia saw her share of both. Oglethorpe made his first treaty with 
 the Indians at Savannah in 1733. It was a rather queer paper, viewed 
 in the light of latter day transactions, and the reading of it will make smart 
 business men wonder at the simplicity of human nature of a little more 
 than a century and a half ago. About all that the trustees of the colony 
 of Georgia promised the Indians in the treaty was that they would make 
 restitution for any damage which might be done by the people of the 
 trustees. On the other hand, the Indians agreed that the trustees' people 
 should make use of and possess all of the lands which they had no occasion 
 to use; and finally, to "keep the talk in their heads as long as the sun 
 shall shine or waters run into the rivers." 
 
 Under Oglethorpe's charter from the king and treaty with the Indians, 
 Georgia extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. Since 
 that time two other States have been carved out of the territory, notwith- 
 standing which Georgia remains one of the largest States in the Union, ten 
 thousand square miles greater than New York, fifteen thousand square 
 miles greater than Pennsylvania, and only a few thousand miles less than 
 the total area of the whole of New England. Georgia is eight thousand 
 square miles larger than England, and has nearly half the area of the 
 British Isles. The State contains a little more than 59,000 square miles, 
 and about 38,000,000 acres. It lies between the 30th and 35th parallels 
 of north latitude, and between the Sist and S6th parallels of west longitude. 
 
 The first settlement was under Oglethorpe in 1733, and the first indus- 
 try — which has long since disappeared — was the production of silk ; which 
 accounts for the colonial seal — a silk worm's cocoon with the motto: " Non 
 sibi, sed aliis," " Not for ourselves, but for others." The State was one of 
 the thirteen original States — the youngest of the immortal sisterhood. In 
 17S5, when the first count of inhabitants was made, Georgia had a popula- 
 tion of 80,000 inhabitants, distributed in ten counties. The last census 
 gave her 1,800,000 population, in 137 counties. At present there are not 
 less than 2,200,000 residents in the State. 
 
 Georgia has always taken a leading part in the affairs of the nation, 
 whether they were of a military, political, literary or other nature. She 
 has sent some of the finest soldiers in the world into the field. History 
 records their achievements with full credit. Her statesmen have held 
 their own in the national councils. Their fame is assured. Her singers 
 

 -'-ijcij 
 
 '-r" 
 
 
 -^^irrJiLLi : : : .=.?.•■ 
 
 
 AwT<5 
 
 k 
 
 THE STATF, CAPITOL AXD OTHER 
 
 NOTABLE BUILDINGS OF 
 
 ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 and writers have won a 
 high place in their re- 
 spective spheres. 
 
 Topographically the 
 
 State embraces every 
 feature of landscape, ;.-..<-- 
 
 from salt marsh and glis- 
 tening sand dunes to rugged mountain peaks. Between 
 these extremes are to be found varieties of climate and 
 soil to suit any reasonable requirements, and riches of 
 vegetation and minerals beyond estimate. It is a fact 
 that if Georgia were fenced off from the rest of the world 
 by an impassable barrier, she could produce everything 
 needed by her people. In the days of the '6o's Georgia 
 was known as the "granary of the Confederacy," and 
 the Southern armies were very largely supplied from 
 the bounty of her broad acres. It may be said that she 
 could not produce coffee. That is supposed to be true, 
 but coffee is not a necessity when tea is to be had, and 
 tea is growing wild near Savannah. 
 
 And not only could the people feed and clothe them- 
 .selves without outside assistance, but they could take 
 their recreation at some of the most delightful and 
 romantic resorts in the world: Jekyl, Cumberland, St. 
 Simon, Tallulah, Bon Air, Warm Springs, Indian Springs 
 and Lithia Springs. Indeed, seaboard and mountains 
 abound in delightful spots for recreation, and many of 
 the latter present scenery as grand as may be found east 
 of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The State Geolog^ist divides Georgia into four 
 geological belts, each of which has a hard name that 
 means but little to the average lay seeker after informa- 
 tion. Suffice it to say that, beginning at the higher 
 altitudes, the several belts run southwesterly across the 
 State, and by steps take the inquirer from crystalline 
 rocks in the bold mountains to rich black alluvium on 
 the coast. The first belt embraces the fruitful Piedmont 
 plains, the great quarries and the mines. It is here that 
 the golden grain nods in grateful recognition of the 
 caresses of the breezes, and here that the hardy moun- 
 taineer by occult process converts the afore- 
 said golden grain into "moonshine" 
 and "honey dew." 
 
 The mineral wealth of the section 
 is almost beyond estimate. The 
 hills are ribbed with the finest 
 building marbles and granite, 
 and girded with iron ores in 
 quantities seemingly exhaust- 
 less. There are railroads in the 
 State which have their roadbeds 
 based upon marble of a quality 
 which a prince might employ in the 
 embellishment of his palace. Georgia 
 marble comes in all colors and tints, from 
 pure white to dark green. This latter, which 
 is being quarried to a considerable extent, 
 commands probably the highest price of any 
 native marble. As regards granites, Georgia 
 contains enough of them to replace that 
 paving of "good intentions" 
 which Dr. Samuel Johnson 
 refers to in one of his most 
 frequently quoted epigrams. 
 Georgia granites and marbles 
 are seen in many of America's 
 great public buildings, fre- 
 quently in States which them- 
 selves produce materials similar 
 but not so good. 
 A list of Georgia's minerals would take in pretty 
 near the whole catalogue, it would seem, from the reports 
 of the State Geologist. The variety includes about every- 
 thing that one could think of, and a hundred things 
 which one could not think of without expert assistance. 
 Gold is found in paying quantities in a dozen counties, 
 in nuggets, in quartz and in dust. The Government at 
 one time established a mint at Dahlonega, where 
 $10,000,000 in gold was coined. There has been no 
 coinage at that place since the War, however, improved 
 transportation facilities having made it cheaper to send 
 the Georgia gold to one of the great central mints. 
 Silver, copper, iron, corundum, magnetite, asbestos, 
 mica, talc, .soapstone, bauxite, lead and graphite are 
 among the mineral deposits of the State. Kaolin, which 
 is shipped in large quantities to the potteries of the North 
 and East, is another valuable product of Georgia, and 
 the State's fire-clays are the most refractory in the United 
 States. In several counties there are phosphate deposits, 
 which are made into fertilizers by Georgia mills, or 
 shipped crude coastwise or across the ocean. Some of 
 the finest cheap road-building materials in the world are 
 
found in unlimited quantities in this State, and in several 
 localities there are immense deposits of chert, which 
 contains a considerable percentage of iron in nodules, 
 and which also makes a fine, hard and durable pavement. 
 Both of these materials are infinitely superior to shell, 
 and are more lasting than asphaltum. 
 
 The forests of Georgia, notwithstanding the great 
 inroads upon them which have been made by lumbermen, 
 turpentine operators, settlers and others, are still among 
 the finest on the continent. It has been estimated that 
 the standing timber is worth more than all of the other 
 property in the State, of all classes whatsoever. The 
 average forest land is sold for $3. 50 per acre, while an 
 authority says the timber has an average value of $35 
 per acre, and that there is a profit of $12 in putting it 
 upon the market. The pine is the most important of 
 Georgia trees, yielding turpentine, rosin and tar, as well 
 as building material, creosote, lampblack, charcoal and 
 apyroligneous acid which is used as a disinfectant. The 
 needles of the pine are used in the place of e.xcelsior for 
 packing sofas, chairs and furniture of various sorts. 
 They contain a fibre which is to some small extent being 
 employed in the manufacture of mats and coarse carpet- 
 ing. The value of the pines in the southern portion of 
 the State will run into the billions of dollars. Georgia 
 pine is famous as a building material, and especially so 
 for ship spars, since the poles sometimes spring straight 
 from the earth for 100 feet, without limb, knot or blemish. 
 Nothing is more ornate for inside work than curly pine 
 with oil finish, while the resin and creosote in the wood 
 make it almost everlasting for outside work. The pine, 
 however, is only one of a thousand and one varieties. 
 The cypress and the juniper abound, and both are in 
 high favor for shingle-making. The latter is the wood 
 which never rots. Years ago the United States Govern- 
 ment set aside a reservation on the coast for the produc- 
 tion of oak ' ' knees " for naval vessels. Iron ships having 
 supplanted the wooden craft, however, not much oak is 
 now cut by the Government. Oak, walnut, hickory, 
 cherry and maple are to be found in all sections. 
 
 Speaking of trees naturally brings up horticulture. 
 In this line Georgia has made most prodigious strides 
 during the past few years. It is an ideal fruit State. 
 Fruits of all kinds thrive everywhere, from the mountains 
 to the seaboard. The queen of them all is the peach. 
 Everybody knows of the excellence of the Georgia peach ; 
 its beautiful cheek, its seductive scent and its nectar-like 
 flavor. Its praises are sung by poets, and by producers 
 whose pockets jingle with the tribute of an appreciative 
 and grateful populace. It is now about ten years since 
 the Georgia growers began to ship peaches in any quan- 
 tity to Northern markets. Year after year the crop has 
 been growing larger and larger until to-day Georgia is 
 the greatest peach-growing State of the Union. Dela- 
 ware, Maryland and California follow in the order named. 
 In 1896 the Georgia peach crop amounted in round figures 
 to 6,500,000 baskets, which is only one-third less than the 
 product of all the Northern States together. The peach 
 belt begins about forty miles below Atlanta, at Griffin, 
 and extends south 150 miles along the Southern Railway 
 to Fort Valley and Columbus, ranging in width from ten 
 to thirty miles. It is estimated that there are about 
 2, 500, 000 peach trees in bearing in this belt, and between 
 
A BIKD'S-EYE VltW OF ATLANTA, GA, 
 
 100,000 and 200,000 more trees planted and growing. Still 
 there is no likelihood of the market being glutted. There 
 is always a demand for fruit of the best quality. It is 
 not at all uncommon for a Georgia farmer to sell his 
 peach crop, on the trees, for more than $500 per acre. 
 Grapes reach their perfection in Georgia, and will thrive 
 in every section of the State. The annual crop now 
 
 amounts to hundreds of thousands of . j ^ 
 
 baskets. All known varieties do well, 
 and the crop is practically a sure oni- 
 Wine-making and raisin-curing are indus- 
 tries in which the State is destined to 
 take rank with Califor- 
 nia. At present no 
 grapes are cured, ; ^^ ^ 
 
 and but little 
 wine is made. 
 The producers 
 find it more 
 profitable to 
 sell the grapes 
 as they come 
 from the vine. 
 
 The Georgia watermelon 
 merits a paragraph to itself. 
 Its fame extends wherever the 
 fast freight runs or American 
 newspapers are circulated. It is 
 a sedative to angry passions and a 
 mollifier of strife. It cheers the 
 weary, soothes the troubled and 
 vivifies the drooping. It is the 
 soul's delight of the happy darky, 
 and one of the choice tid-bits of the 
 
 millionaire. It washes out political differences, and 
 re-unites in saccharine consistency friendships once 
 estranged. So much for the poetical consideration 
 of the melon; commercially speaking, it is one of the 
 State's best money-makers. There is a good profit in 
 raising melons for market, and a profit to the trans- 
 portation companies in hauling them. Ten years ago 
 the crop amounted to virtually nothing at all ; 
 now melons by the million are 
 harvested and sold every year, 
 and shipped to Northern mar- 
 kets by the train load. Fast 
 freights take them from the 
 fields and deliver 
 them at the centers 
 of population fresh, 
 crisp and sweet. 
 As a con- 
 sequence, 
 they usual- 
 ly bring a 
 good price, 
 id many 
 usands of 
 dollars are put into the 
 pockets of the growers. 
 The melon belt of the 
 S-tate extends from the cen- 
 tral portion in a southeasterly 
 direction to the sea, though 
 every county in Georgia will 
 produce the fruit in perfection. 
 Almost any species of vegeta- 
 tion common to the temperate 
 
 SOME OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 
 OF ATLANTA, OA. 
 
zone can be raised in Georgia. The State produces 
 olives and celery, oranges and wheat, apples and 
 chestnuts. Anything that can be grown from Florida 
 to Washington State can be grown in Georgia, and 
 seven times in ten better than in the majority of other 
 places. Georgia farms are now chiefly devoted to 
 cotton, corn, peas and potatoes, but these products do 
 not begin to trench upon the limit of their possibihties. 
 Any variety of soil desired may be found between 
 the blue mountains and the blue sea. The climate is 
 equable, the temperature mild and the rainfall never 
 failing. And the average value of new land is 
 about $5 per acre ! 
 
 As a cotton manufacturing State Geor- 
 gia has made seven-league strides during 
 the past few years. As before stated, 
 she has been a textile manufacturer 
 for more than fifty years, but it is 
 only since iSSo that she 
 has forged to the front 
 as a real competitor 
 with New England 
 States in cotton goods. 
 In the year named 
 there were in the State 
 only 500,000 spindles; 
 now there are more 
 than 3,000,000, and the 
 investment in cotton 
 mills approximates 
 $70,000,000. The great- 
 er number of the mills 
 are operated with 
 water power, still only 
 
 i 
 
 ■ A^Hfflh49mpBA^ 
 
 a small proportion of such power available has been 
 utilized. There are in the State a hundred falls and 
 rapids with enormous horse-power which they offer to 
 enterprising capital for development. The available 
 water power in Georgia would turn the mill wheels of 
 the United States, and leave a surplus to be disposed of 
 in Canada or Mexico. The success of the experiments 
 in transmitting power made at Niagara opens up wonder- 
 ful possibilities for Georgia. 
 
 Cotton, however, is but one item in the 
 State's list of 
 manufactures. 
 There are 
 $3,500,000 or 
 more invested 
 in iron works and 
 machine shops; about 
 twice as much in phos- 
 phates; $1,500,000 in car- 
 riages and wagons, and as 
 much more in brick and 
 tiles; $6,000,000 in lumber, 
 a million less in fertilizers 
 and chemicals, and about 
 the same amount in tar and tur- 
 pentine. Seven years ago there were 
 eighty-one lines of manufacturmg in the 
 State which the government considered 
 of sufficient importance to enumerate 
 separately, besides a number of small 
 manufactories with an annual production 
 worth $2,000,000 which were "bunched." 
 The total of manufactured products was 
 then estimated at $57,000,000 — a mark 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE ATLANTA MANUFACTURING ESTAHI ISH M EN IS 
 
entirely too low. The annual value is now not less than 
 $80,000,000, and is probably more. 
 
 Much of the prosperity of the State — and that the 
 State is prosperous is evidenced by the fact that the 
 farmers are pretty nearly out of debt, according to the 
 census and the county records — is due to the railroads, 
 which have as a general thing been liberally managed, 
 and have taken an interest in building up the sections 
 tributary to them. Many of the flourishing industries 
 which have g^own up of late years have been encouraged 
 if not directly aided by the railroads. The railroad 
 mileage of the State 
 aggregates in round 
 numbers 5,250 
 miles, divided 
 largely into 
 great systems 
 which operate 
 in the State, 
 and which 
 bring every 
 community in- 
 to touch with the centers of 
 trade, both within the State 
 and beyond its confines. The 
 railroads are under the gen- 
 eral supervision of a State 
 railroad commission. 
 
 Education in Georgia is 
 placed within the reach of 
 all. The State spends ap- 
 proximately S 1 , 000, 000 a year 
 on the free schools. Pri- 
 mary education is without 
 cost except for text-books. 
 The same is true of a num- 
 ber of scholarships 
 in the institu- 
 tions of higher 
 education. In 
 the universi- 
 ties and col- 
 leges the fees 
 for paid schol- 
 arships are 
 very low, and 
 in the commu- 
 nity of each 
 institution 
 board and 
 lodging can be 
 
 had by pupils for prices that appear surprisingly mod- 
 erate. At the Normal School in Athens students can 
 go through the term at the low cost of seven dollars 
 a month. At the university, however, the rate is some- 
 what higher. Free schools for both white and colored 
 children are maintained, though there is no admixture of 
 the races. There are also colleges for the negro youth, 
 supported wholly or in part by the State. Among the 
 institutions of higher education are the Universit)' of 
 Georgia, Lucy Cobb Institute, and State Normal School, 
 at Athens ; the Georgia School of Technology, Washing- 
 ton Seminary, Prather's Home School, Georgia Military 
 
 Institute, Spelman Seminary. Morris Brown College, the 
 Baptist College, Gammon Theological Seminary, and 
 Atlanta University, at Atlanta; Mercer University, St. 
 Stanislaus College, Mt. De Sales Academy, and Wes- 
 leyan Female College, at Macon ; the Georgia Normal 
 and Industrial College, and Middle Georgia Agricultural 
 College, at Milledgeville ; Shorter College, Hearn Insti- 
 tute, and Everett Springs Seminary, at Rome; Southern 
 Female College, at Manchester; Emory College, at 
 Oxford; Andrew Female College, and Bethel Male Col- 
 
 lege, 
 
 A FEW OF ATLANTA S RESIDENCES 
 
 Cuthbert ; Young L. G. 
 Harris College, at 
 Young Harris; South- 
 ern Female College, at 
 La Grange ; Georgia 
 Female Col- 
 lege, at Gaines- 
 ville; Agnes 
 Scott College, 
 at Decatur; 
 Levert College, 
 at Talbotton; 
 Clark University, at South 
 Atlanta ; and State Industrial 
 College, at College. There are 
 also several law and medical 
 colleges for white students. 
 Special schools are provided 
 for the education of the blind 
 and deaf. Georgia as a State 
 has taken the highest and 
 most advanced position in 
 educational matters, not only 
 in the liberality and compre- 
 hensiveness of her appropria- 
 tions, but also by the adoption 
 of modern meth- 
 ods of primary, 
 intermediate 
 and college in- 
 struction. Her 
 public schools 
 are recognized 
 as models, and 
 in her normal 
 schools she is 
 preparing 
 teachers who 
 shall be thor- 
 oughly com- 
 petent to carry 
 on the intelligent standard .she has already established. 
 There is great liberality of opinion in Georgia. So 
 long as an individual behaves himself and obeys the 
 laws, meriting the good opinion and respect of his 
 neighbors, he is at liberty to think as he pleases, without 
 losing anything of the good will and respect of the 
 community. Representatives of almost every Christian 
 denomination are to be found in the State, as well as of 
 the Jewish, the Confucian and Mohammedan religions. 
 
 The main line of the Southern Railway from Wash- 
 ington enters Georgia near Toccoa, passing, between 
 that town and Atlanta, Mount Airv, Cornelia, Lula, 
 
Gainesville, Flowery Branch, Buford, Suwanee, Norcross and Chamblee. This main stem turns 
 due west from Atlanta toward Alabama, passing through the towns of Chattahoochee, Mableton, 
 Austell, Lithia Springs, Douglasville, Villa Rica, Bremen, Waco and Tallapoosa. 
 
 The Chattanooga, Atlanta and Brunswick division of the Southern enters Georgia from Ten- 
 nessee at Cohutta, passing through, between that point and 
 Atlanta, the cities of Daltou and Rome, and the towns 
 of Sugar Valley, Plainville, Silver Creek, Braswell, 
 Dallas, Powder Springs and Austell. Beyond 
 Atlanta, and between that city and Brunswick, 
 the road passes through McDonough, Jackson, a 
 cotton center, Flovilla, the station of the Indian 
 Springs, Macon, Adams Park, Cochran, Eastman, - 
 Missler, Helena, McRae, Lumber City, Hazel- 
 hurst, Baxley, Surrency, Jesup and Everett. 
 
 These two main lines of the South form an X, 
 with Atlanta as the crossing point. One of them 
 is the main artery of travel between the South- 
 west and New York, and the other between the 
 Southeast and Louisville and Cincinnati. In ad- 
 dition to these main lines there are numerous 
 important branches, one from Toccoa, on the 
 main line, to Elberton by way of Bowersville, 
 another from Suwanee on main line to Law- 
 renceville. From Atlanta a branch runs to Fort 
 Valley by way of Williamson, where it crosses 
 the Columbus division which runs from Atlanta 
 via McDonough to Columbus. Upon the former 
 branch are the towns of Selina, Fayctteville, 
 Yatesville, Culloden and Roberta, and on the 
 latter. Griffin, Concord, Woodbury, Warm Springs, 
 Waverly Hall and Oak Mountain. From Rome, on 
 the Chattanooga-Atlanta division, two branches 
 leave, one passing through Coosa and inter- 
 secting the Chattanooga-Birmingham line at 
 Attalla, Ala., and the other meeting the Atlanta- 
 Birmingham line at Anniston. Another division 
 of the Southern which leaves the Washington- 
 Atlanta line at Charlotte, N. C, enters the 
 State at Augusta by way of Columbia, S. C. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the Southern 
 Railway is furnishing Georgia with a most 
 convenient and complete transportation sys- 
 tem, with trunk line connections to all the 
 main centers north, east, south and west. 
 
 In the Greek mythology there was a 
 great huntress who was skilled with the bow 
 and as strong as her male companions. 
 She was noted as a wrestler, and in a con- 
 test with Pelius threw him. She was chaste 
 and despised love, long remaining devoted 
 and true to Artemis, the beautiful virgin 
 sister of Apollo. 
 
 This huntress was Atalanta. 
 
 There wasanotherAtalanta, told of in Bceotian 
 legends, who was the fleetest of mortals. She was 
 only to be won by him who could outstrip her in 
 the race, the consequence of failure being death. 
 She carried a spear, her wooer running unarmed. 
 Hippomones, before starting, obtained from Aph- 
 rodite three golden apples, which, at intervals in 
 the race, he dropped, and Atalanta, stopping to 
 pick them up, fell behind, and Hippomones, win- 
 ning the race, won also a bride. 
 
 twin- 
 
 EVIDENCKS OK ATf.ANT^ 
 
 PROSPFRITV 
 
THE KIMBALL H01_'SF, ATLANTA, ( 
 
 These two mythological figures, whose stories in 
 after ages were blended into one, are typified in many 
 ways by their modern namesake, Atlanta, a city nur- 
 tured among hunters and frontiersmen, developing 
 strength of character as well as of body from her en- 
 vironments. She, too, is swift; and although, in the 
 race for commercial supremacy, she neglects no oppor- 
 tunity to pluck a golden pippin if within her reach, she 
 never slackens her pace, having learned to go her god- 
 mother one better. She has many a contest of strength 
 with friendly rivals and she never is vanquished. 
 
 The imperial city of the ancient world was changed 
 from brick to marble in the reign of one emperor, twenty 
 centuries ago. The imperial city of the South to-day 
 has sprung from the forest primeval, from the very heart 
 of "the murmuring pines," within the recollection of 
 men still living. Mr. Wash. Collier, uncle of Atlanta's 
 present mayor, hunted deer and bear with Chief Nick-a- 
 Jack and his braves over the very hills now crowned by 
 the splendid city. Many of her older people well remem- 
 ber when Atlanta first began to be, for it was little more 
 than fifty years ago. In half a century a city of brick 
 and stone and steel, with 117,000 population, has grown 
 up, and it continues to spread and to wax in wealth and 
 greatness. In truth, it would be more nearly exact to 
 say that the Atlanta of to-day is only thirty years old, 
 because when the War closed the old Atlanta was in 
 ashes, her streets were filled with debris, and of her 
 
 former citizens many a brave man had been laid in a 
 soldier's grave, while the women and children were 
 scattered over the face of the earth. With peace, the 
 survivors returned to build new homes. Behind these 
 came people from neighboring States and from the 
 North and W^est, and they have been coming ever since, 
 attracted by the city's equable and healthy climate, her 
 favorable location as a trade center, her splendid railroad 
 facilities, the push and enthusiasm of her citizens, their 
 unbounded faith in the future of the city, and especially 
 by the cordial welcome extended to all. 
 
 Atlanta has a 
 
 wonderful climate. 
 
 In winter there is 
 
 just sufficient 
 
 frost and crisp- 
 
 nessin theairto 
 
 give the blood a 
 healthy stimulus, 
 and to "nip i' the 
 bud" any sub-trop- 
 ical germ blown 
 thither. The sum- 
 mers are equally 
 
 ito 
 
 
 TWO 
 
 OF ATLANTA'S 
 
 CHLRCHES 
 
 free from the 
 short, intense 
 hot waves 
 which smite 
 the Northern 
 and Western 
 cities and the 
 long stretches 
 of dead heat 
 
 which envelop some of her sister cities from early June 
 until late September. 
 
 If one but glances at a map of the Southeastern States, 
 he sees that Atlanta lies at the foot of the Alle- 
 ghany range of mountains. The line of communi- 
 cation between the country on the east of that 
 range and the vast country on the west has always 
 been around the foot of the range rather than 
 through the narrow, difficult and infrequent moun- 
 tain passes. 
 
 John Calhoun, after traveling the old trail to 
 the West, declared with the voice of prophecy 
 that a great city would some day rise near the 
 ford where the trail crossed the Chattahoochee 
 River. A few years later, when the people of 
 Georgia began to build railroads — and they were 
 among the first in the United States to project 
 these enterprises — the first two lines were laid out 
 
 THE ARAGON HOTEL, ATLANTA, GA, 
 
to meet at a point in the forest seven miles west of the 
 confluence of Peachtree Creek and the Chattahoochee 
 River. The third railroad, built by the State of Georgia 
 itself, started from the point where the other two were to 
 end. This junction suggested the name Terminus which 
 was first applied to the settlement. This name, however, 
 was soon after changed to Marthasville, in honor of the 
 daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, a lady who, by 
 the way, is still living. A few years later, in 1847, the 
 name Marthasville was changed to Atlanta, and Atlanta 
 it will remain. 
 
 The city is 1,050 feet above the sea, a greater eleva- 
 tion than any city approaching it in size east of the 
 Rocky Mountains can boast. This elevation, with the 
 pure atmosphere and the pure water supply, give Atlanta 
 pre-eminence as a healthful place. 
 
 Atlanta's trade extends to the Gulf of Mexico on the 
 south and beyond the Potomac and the Ohio on the 
 north, and from the Atlantic coast on the east to the 
 Mississippi River and beyond on the west. This com- 
 manding trade position has been the inspiration of many 
 a business enterprise. As a manufacturing center, 
 Atlanta has almost limitless possibilities. Lying just 
 beyond the edge of Alabama's rich coal and iron fields, 
 and with nearly a dozen different varieties of iron ore in 
 
 THE GREAT LUMBER WHARVES, BRUNSWICK, CA. 
 
 the mountains of Georgia hardly fifty miles to the north, 
 her possibilities as an iron manufacturing center can 
 scarcely be measured. She has large establishments 
 making wooden ware, agricultural implements and cotton 
 products which are marketed from one end of the land 
 to the other. To cite but one instance, Mexico buys 
 annually thousands of Atlanta-made plows. 
 
 Atlanta is the second largest mule market in the 
 United States, farmers and traders coming here from all 
 parts of the South. 
 
 Atlanta is the third largest insurance center in the 
 United States, New York and Chicago alone surpassing 
 her in this respect. 
 
 Two expositions of national importance have been 
 held in Atlanta, and one was international in its scope. 
 
 Eleven lines of railroad converge in Atlanta, placing 
 
 THE COURT HOUSE AND r^KK. i^a 
 
 SVVICK. GA. 
 
 the city in close touch with all the country lying around 
 for a great distance in every direction. 
 
 By reason of cheap material, building costs less 
 in Atlanta than almost anywhere else, and imposing 
 -structures eight to eleven and twelve stories high attest 
 the money which seeks investment in this field. 
 
 The State Capitol is here, and all about is historic 
 ground. Just one generation ago hostile armies were 
 battling for possession of this strategic point; but the 
 roar of the cannon has been succeeded by the hum of 
 spindles, the rattle of musketry by the rattle of drays, and 
 the smoke from the guns by smoke from four hundred 
 manufacturing plants. 
 
 The evolution of Atlanta has been one of the won- 
 ders of the country. Its growth strikingly illustrates 
 the intelligence and enterprise of its citizens; its success, 
 the wealth of the contiguous territory, and the sterling 
 qualities of its builders. Barely thirty years after ^ it 
 began its modern career, and to properly celebrate its 
 almost magical rejuvenation, Atlanta and the State pro- 
 duced an exposition of international 
 scope— a dream of beauty, and a 
 revelation of Southern progress. 
 
 The population of Atlanta 
 in 1S97 was 117,864; the assessed 
 valuation in i8go, real estate, 
 $39,729,894; personal property, 
 $11,906,605 ; and the assessed valu- 
 ation in 1S97, real estate, $43,4/6.868. 
 and personal property, $11,092,444. 
 
 There are 23 school buildings and 
 25 schools, with a gross enrollment in 
 1897 of about 15,000. The city's 
 educational appropriation for 
 1S97 was $142,095. The principal 
 schools in the city besides public 
 schools are the Georgia School of 
 Technology, Washington Semi- 
 nary, Prather's Home School, 
 Hunter's School for boys, Georgia 
 
 BOUND FOR CUMBERLAND ISLAND 
 
THE OGLETltORPE HOTEL, BRUNSWICK, GA. 
 
 Military Institute and the following colored schools: 
 Gammon Theological Seminary, Morris Brown College, 
 Atlanta University, Clark University, Atlanta Baptist 
 Seminary and Spelman Seminary. There is in addition 
 the Southern Female College and Agnes Scott Institvite 
 (both white female schools), at College Park and Decatur 
 respectively, two of the city's suburbs. 
 
 The eight banks in the city, members of the Atlanta 
 Clearing House Association, have a combined capital and 
 surplus of $2,770,000. There are a number of other repu- 
 table and prosperous banking and loan companies in 
 the city, not members of the Clearing House, with 
 capital that will easily aggregate upward of $1,000,000. 
 
 While Atlanta has been growing, other centers of 
 population have been following suit, though not at so 
 rapid pace. Since the War Savannah, the second city in 
 size, has doubled her population, having now approxi- 
 mately 70,000 inhabitants. Savannah is the first naval 
 stores port and market in the world, the third cotton port 
 m the United States, with a fair prospect of becoming 
 second, and is also an enormous shipper of lumber 
 and phosphate rock. 
 
 Georgia's second deep-water port is Bruns- ^ 
 
 wick, a sea terminus of the Southern Railway, and a 
 city having a wonderful amount of pluck and many supe- 
 rior advantages. As a port Brunswick has a great future, 
 and enjoys a substantial present. Only recently she sent 
 to sea, in the largest schooner flying the American flag, 
 the largest cargo of cross-ties ever shipped in one bottom. 
 The city is a railway terminus of great importance, and 
 handles, both coastwise and foreign, large quantities of 
 cotton, naval stores, lumber and phosphate rock. 
 
 The lumber trade 
 at Brunswick shows -v-^-- 
 remarkable activity. 
 The total volume of 
 business, coastwise 
 and foreign, in lum- 
 ber for the district of 
 Brunswick for the 
 month ending June 
 30, 1897, is as follows: 
 Lumber exported, 21.- 
 314,052 feet; timber, 
 912,980 feet; cross- 
 ties, 138,918; shingles, 
 1,047,000. The Board 
 of Trade gives ship- 
 ments from Brunswick 
 alone for the year end- 
 ing June 30, 1S97, as 
 follows: Lumber, iii,- 
 466,000 feet; timber, 
 4,556,000 feet; cross-ties, 1,352,267; shingles, 8,986,650. 
 The New York Times, in a recent issue, quoted the 
 comments of a prominent New York merchant regard- 
 ing Brunswick, as follows : 
 
 ' 1 took the trip over to Brunswick several times, 
 and I was very much surprised at the evidences 
 
 IHl^ HANOVER PARK, BRLNSWICK, GA. 
 
 rilK SHORE DRIVE, UkUNSWICK, GA. 
 
 A\ 
 
 ■-~->v , x> 
 
O^IV 
 
 
 western parts which have been using Gulf points as an 
 outlet. The exports and imports of Brunswick in 1807 
 amounted to $26,000,000, a wonderful increase from 
 $15,665,000, the amount for 1896. 
 
 "There is a demand for property in locations which 
 a few years ago were regarded as unsalable. The 
 water fronts are loaded with merchandise. I was told 
 that there is not an untenanted house in the whole place. 
 Facilities for the distribution of goods are about as good 
 at Brunswick as at Savannah, and when new terminal 
 facilities are completed there will be more than double 
 the warehouse accommodation they have had. The 
 Southern Railway is spending hun- 
 dreds of thousands of dollars in 
 improving the trading facilities 
 there. This shows the confi- 
 dence in its future, /^ v 
 for they would not 
 go to such expense 
 unless the prospect 
 of making much 
 
 1 AXIDERMIST 
 
 of progress that were presented to me. Its citizens and 
 merchants are full of activity and confident of a bright 
 future. Business has never in the history of the place 
 been so profitable as it is now, and great improvements 
 are going on. 
 
 •• Brunswick's progress comes largely from its splen- 
 did location as a port from which domestic manufactures 
 of the Southern regions may be shipped abroad. It is 
 engaged in the West Indian trade and with South 
 American countries, and is constantly handling increases 
 in such exports. It is also becoming important as a port 
 with direct European connection. These facts have not 
 escaped the attention of the railroads there, and at the 
 present time there is being built wharf accommodation 
 extending over 2.700 feet of new dock property. No 
 one could a few years ago have even considered such 
 progress possible. 
 
 ■■ Considerable export business with Europe has also 
 been going on at this point. Cotton seed, phosphate and 
 lumber are among the articles so disposed of. It is 
 rapidly becoming the port for grain shipments from 
 
 
 THE CLUB HOUSE AND GROUNDS, JEKYL ISLAND, GA. 
 
 more justified it. Dock building, wharf building and 
 dredging are going on apace. All river port traffic goes 
 through Brunswick. There is a solid foundation for 
 good business there. 
 
 " The progress of Brunswick is illustra- 
 tive of that of the whole South. Improve- 
 ment in other cities may not as yet be as 
 marked, but for the whole Southern section 
 of the country I believe that there are 
 prospects no less bright than those of the 
 city of Brunswick." 
 
On ihe coast uear 
 Brunswick are many de- 
 lightful resorts. Jekyl 
 Island is a haven of rest 
 and health. On it is one 
 of the finest clubhouses in 
 the South. It was built 
 
 by a number of Northern capitalists, is 
 
 of Georgia pine and faces the sea. In the 
 
 winter the island is the home of many 
 
 Northern families, who find the balm 
 
 of the mild climate a refreshing change 
 
 from the rigor of Northern weather. 
 
 Another island resort is old St. Simons. 
 
 famed as the ■scene of a bloody Spanish 
 
 massacre, and as the place where the 
 
 saintly John Wesley preached his first 
 
 sermon in America. It was on St. Simons, 
 
 too, at a later time, where Aaron Burr 
 
 was concealed in one of the stormy pe- 
 riods of his life after the Hamilton duel. 
 
 In the happy life of the present there is 
 
 little to suggest this stormy past, and St. 
 
 Simons now rests in serenest peace. 
 
 Still another beautiful island near Brunswick is 
 
 Cumberland, with its splendid beach, the finest doubt- 
 less in America. It stretches for eighteen miles, hard 
 
 almost as marble and glistening white. On Cumberland 
 Island is the fine estate of '• Dungness, " on which Light 
 Horse Harry Lee, the ancestor of General R. E. Lee, and 
 General Nathaniel Greene, Washmgton's most trusted 
 lieutenant, settled after the Revolutionarj' War. It is 
 now owned by Mrs. Carnegie, and she has erected on it 
 a great country house, a romantic pile of granite and 
 adobe. On the beach near the Government lighthouse 
 a fine hotel has been built. 
 
 The history of these islands runs back far into 
 America's infant years, for they made a convenient 
 stopping point for the adventurous explorers who for 
 pillage or settlement cruised up and down the coast from 
 Virginia to Florida. The first authentic mention of these 
 islands occurs in a report made to Queen Elizabeth in 
 15S9 by Sir Francis Drake, who had been on a Spaniard- 
 chasing expedition further down the coast, where he had 
 heartlessly and murderously sacked Cartagena, St. Jago 
 and St. Augustine. As a specimen of the high perfec- 
 tion to which the art of genteel cutthroatism had attained 
 in those knightly days, the report is worthy of quotation. 
 Says Drake: " On the 17th we took an observation, and 
 found ourselves in latitude 30^ 30' N. , near a large island, 
 which we felt sure was the land where we had informa- 
 tion of a Spanish settlement of magnitude. Seeing some 
 log houses we decided to make a landing. We un- 
 furled the standard of St. George, and approached the 
 shore in great force, that we might impress the enemy 
 with the puissance of your Majesty. The accursed 
 .Spaniards, concealed behind the trees, fired upon us. 
 One of our men was sorely wounded by the Spanish cap- 
 tain, whom we presently made prisoner, and having set 
 up a gallows, we there hanged him in a chain by the 
 middle, and afterward consumed with fire gallows and 
 all. To us was the great God most merciful and gra- 
 cious, in that he permitted us to kill eighteen Spaniards, 
 bitter enemies of your sweet Majesty. We further 
 wasted the country and brought it to utter ruin. We 
 burned their houses and killed their few horses, mules 
 
 THE OI.U FOHT FBRDKICA, ST. SIMONS ISLAND, GA. 
 
and cattle, eating what we could of the fresh beef and 
 carrying the rest aboard our ships. Having in mind the 
 merciful disposition of your gracious Majesty, we did 
 not kill the women and children, but 
 having destroyed upon the island all 
 their provisions and property, and taken 
 away all their weapons, we left them to 
 starve. 
 
 "In view was another considerable 
 island, fifteen miles to the northward, 
 concerning which we asked of the Span- 
 iards if any Spaniards dwelt 
 thereon. The women were 
 most ungracious, sullen and 
 obstinate, perchance from 
 their husbands having been 
 
 sacred Majesty thereon, but found the story of the 
 women was true. The Frenchman Jacques had a 
 hut near the water, where he lived with an Indian 
 pagan as his wife. He had a liberal store of turtles' 
 eggs, gathered in the sand, which we took from 
 him, as also his carbine and forty pounds of amber- 
 gris, which he had collected from the 
 sea, but did him no further harm. We 
 took here another observation, finding 
 the latitude 31° 10' N." 
 
 It is a safe assumption that the first 
 island Drake visited was Cumberland, 
 and the Jacques Isle referred to 
 was the one now known as Jekyl. 
 This highly favored region 
 about Brunswick furnishes within 
 itself those recreations which give 
 zest to life. Bath- 
 ing, sailing, fish- 
 ing, riding employ 
 the time of the 
 
 killed before their eyes, and 
 wickedly refused to answer 
 us, but after we had burned 
 a hole with a red-hot iron 
 through the tongue of the 
 most venomous of their 
 number, they eftsoons told 
 us that there were no Span- 
 iards upon the other island; 
 that it was the haunt of a 
 solitary Frenchman named 
 Jacques, who claimed it as 
 his own, and that from him 
 it was known as 'Jacques 
 Isle.' Fearing that the women, instigated by the devil, 
 were deceiving us, we visited the other island, with the 
 holy determination to exterminate any enemies of your 
 
 AUGUSTA, GA 
 
 visitor who is strong enough to 
 indulge in exercise, while those 
 who are weaker can at rest in- 
 hale an invigorating atmos- 
 phere. There are numerous 
 points of interest in the vicinity 
 to which pleasant excursions 
 may be made. 
 
 Another question in relation 
 to change of climate and health 
 resorts does not, strictly speak- 
 ing, belong to the physician's 
 province, and yet is of the utmost 
 importance to the patient. It is the matter of cost. In 
 the South there are abundant opportunities for self- 
 support. A continued residence, in fact, will in many 
 

 instances be rewarded by an accumulation of 
 The region is not so far distant from North- 
 ern cities as to render the journey expen- 
 sive, and living is cheap. There is no need 
 of fuel, for instance, except for cooking pur- 
 poses. For those who can afford or prefer 
 that mode of life, there are, of course, hotels 
 and boarding houses, but the investment of 
 a very moderate capital will secure a plot 
 of ground sufficiently large for cultivation, 
 upon which an inexpensive house may be 
 erected. The soil is so productive that a few 
 seasons will render the settler independent. 
 Ample conveniences exist for conveying the 
 products to a near or more distant market. 
 The cultivation of fruits and vegetables is 
 not laborious; it is healthful; it gives every 
 promise of being profitable, and it furnishes 
 cheerful occupation for the mind as well as 
 for the body. 
 
 One of the leading manufacturing cities of 
 the State of Georgia is Augusta. It is the 
 second largest inland cotton market in the 
 world, and is called the "Lowell of the South." 
 Its magnificent water power whirls thousands 
 of wheels, and its spindles and looms make 
 merry music for the march of prosperity. The 
 city's mills consume upward of 90,000 bales 
 of cotton a year, and represent an actual in- 
 vestment of S5, ago, 000, operating 239, 705 spin- 
 dles and 7,000 looms. There are fourteen 
 of these mills, employing about 5,000 oper- 
 atives, and during 1897 three of the largest 
 decided to nearly double their capacity. 
 Nearly all of the mills use water power, at a 
 
 .^*. 
 
 cost of $5. 50 per horse-power per annum. The source 
 of this power is the Augusta Canal, owned by the city. 
 This is one of the largest canals in the United States, 
 having a capacity of 14,000 horse-power, 3,000 of which 
 is unused and is for rent at the present time. The 
 advantage of Augusta's low rate of $5.50 per horse- 
 power is perceived when comparison is made with 
 Lowell, Lawrence and Holyoke, Mass., which pay $20 
 per horse-power yearly ; with Paterson, N. J., where the 
 rate is $37.50; Manayunk, Pa., where it is Ss^—S, and 
 Rochester, N. Y., where $25 is the rate. Lockport, N. Y. , 
 ranks next to Augusta in cheapness of water power, and 
 there the annual rate is $16.50. 
 
 Augusta has an excellent location as a distributing 
 center, the many wholesale houses having a large and 
 growing business. The financial condition of the city is 
 
 f A 
 
 good, it having no floating debt. The bonded debt is 
 $1,750,800, and the city's assets $2,310,000. 
 
 Augusta manufactures a dozen other products besides 
 cotton, including fertilizers, chemicals, iron and steel, 
 and furniture. One of the most interesting sights of the 
 city is the Confederate obelisk on the canal. This is 
 the monster chimney of the old Confederate powder 
 
 A GEORGIA TWO-VF.AR-Ol.n I'FACH ORfllARD 
 
mill. The site of the pow- 
 der mill is now occupied 
 by one of the finest cot- 
 ton mills in the world. 
 Augusta is a very 
 attractive city from 
 many standpoints, 
 and offers in- 
 ducements of 
 a strong char- 
 acter in a va- 
 riety of direc- 
 tions. She is 
 a clean, bright 
 
 fii-jr 
 
 Vj^ 5*?^ "■■■'.. " MACON, GA. 
 
 "■ city, well built, and 
 
 filled with handsome 
 homes and charming 
 people. Her Broad Street 
 is a rarely beautiful and im- 
 posing thoroughfare, asphalted 
 and well swept, and is the busi- 
 ness artery of the city, run- 
 ning through it from end 
 to end. It is traversed by 
 the cars of a well-equipped 
 electric system which 
 covers the whole city. 
 
 The city is, because of 
 its attractiveness and de- 
 •=5«|**'«««s*»'»«^'^" lightful climate, one of the 
 
 most popular of all the Southern winter resorts, and 
 is visited each season by thousands of tourists. Its 
 location in the center of the pine ridge section of the 
 State gives it a wonderful freedom from humidTty. The 
 beautiful, modem and handsomely fitted Hotel Bon Air 
 is an exceedingly 
 popular stopping 
 place with tourists, 
 and is one of the 
 best-known hostel- 
 ries of the South. 
 It affords its guests 
 every opportunity 
 for enjoyment and 
 recreation. There 
 are excellent golf 
 links at Augusta, 
 and playing is in- 
 dulged in through- 
 out the winter. 
 
 The city of Macon, which is approaching the 50,000 
 mark in population, is located in the very heart of 
 Georgia on the Ocmulgee River, which is open for navi- 
 gation to the Atlantic Ocean, and is the chief center of 
 a rich tributary territory. As a result its commerce is 
 large and is growing steadily. The city's trade exceeds 
 in amount over $40,000,000 annually, and it has long 
 enjoyed the distinction of being one of the leading job- 
 bing and distributing points of the South. The region 
 that it supplies through its wholesale trade gives in re- 
 turn fruit, grain, cotton, live stock, gold, 
 granite, marble, iron, coal, lumber, turpen- 
 tine and rice. The variety and abundance 
 of raw material nearby have conspired 
 
 to make Macon an important indus- 
 fe trial center. Factories are nu- 
 merous and prosperous, and 
 $2,000,000 is invested in 
 ' textile industries, as evi- 
 denced by several large 
 cotton mills. There 
 are also a number of 
 foundries and ma- -., - _: 
 
 'chine shops, wheel 
 works, furniture fac- 
 tories, cotton-seed 
 products mills and 
 other manufacturing 
 establishments. 
 They give employ- 
 ment to over 5,000 
 hands and their product reaches into the millions in 
 value every year. Some of the largest fertilizer fac- 
 tories in the South are located at Macon. 
 
 Macon has one 
 of the best public 
 school systems in 
 the South, and 
 spends each year 
 on its maintenance 
 about $100,000. In 
 higher education, 
 too, the city occu- 
 pies a commanding 
 place. InWesleyan 
 Female College Jla- 
 con has the first 
 college in the world 
 to confer academic 
 
 COTTON MILLS AT COLUMBUS, GA. 
 
EAGLK AND PH 1 ■ 
 
 degrees on women. A large endowment for this famous old institution was provided for by the late George I. 
 Seney, of New York. Macon is also the seat of Mercer University, a Baptist college for young men that is doing 
 an excellent work. St. Stanislaus College and Mt. De Sales Academy, and two Catholic institutions of higher learning, 
 are also located in Macon. With its fame as an educational center, its attractions as a city for residence, and its 
 commanding importance in commerce and industry, Macon has ample warrant for the high hope it has in a 
 future of large and substantial achievement ^ in all that makes for advancement and progress. 
 
 cotton manufacturing, and has been 
 centur}'. It has doubled 
 now has about 35,000 in- 
 tion on the Chatta- 
 large steamers for 400 
 miles, from Columbus 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 The climate is equa- 
 ble, and the sur- 
 rounding country 
 well adapted to 
 
 Columbus ranks next to Augusta in 
 making woolen and cotton cloths for half a 
 its population during the past decade and 
 habitants. It occupies an excellent loca- 
 hoochee River, which is navigable for 
 
 01 L'MLl S, GA. 
 
 agrieultural • -^•^'"•e'*' •->*•' 
 
 pursuits. It has 
 
 one of the finest water powers in the country, 
 already utilized to furnish power for street rail- 
 ways and electric lights, and in the running of 
 extensive woolen and cotton mills and factories. 
 A belt railroad takes cars from any one of the 
 seven roads entering the city, and switches 
 tliem up to the door of any factory or jobbing 
 ■iouse. New tracks are laid to accommodate 
 new establishments. Numerous important fac- 
 tories are located here, mcluding some of the 
 
 ROME, GA. 
 
•^^^jM 
 
 a business college, and a fine public library domiciled 
 in its own building. The growth of Columbus has been 
 strong and wholesome, and it is to be included in any list 
 which may be made of the prosperous cities of the South. 
 
 HOTEL DALTON, DALTON, GA. 
 
 Rome is the county seat of Floyd County, and the 
 commercial center of one of the most attractive and pro- 
 gressive sections of the industrial South. It has a popu- 
 lation of more than 15,000, and is steadily increasing in 
 wealth, numbers and commercial importance. 
 
 
 best print and cotton mills south of New England, the 
 largest plow works in the South, and the only bagging 
 mill in this section. 
 
 Columbus is destined to become one of the greatest 
 industrial cities of the South. It has the advantages of 
 a great water power, fine railroad facilities, and prox- 
 imity to the coal fields of Alabama, and handles over 
 150,000 bales of cotton annually. Sites for factories 
 are donated and new industries in every way 
 encouraged, showing the enterprise of the city 
 and the substantial invitation it extends to 
 investors. Columbus is celebrated for its 
 healthfulness. There has never been an 
 epidemic in the city, a case of malaria has 
 never been known, and the average death 
 rate is but twelve out of a thousand. Its 
 school system is excellent, and it was the 
 • first city in the South to establish the 
 graded system. Modern schoolhouses, 
 with all sanitary arrangements complete, 
 are provided for pupils of every class. 
 There are also a number of private schools, 
 besides a col- 
 lege for women. 
 
 There are upward of thirty large wholesale houses 
 in Rome, and it ranks among cities of twice its size as a 
 wholesale market. As a cotton market Rome has no 
 rival in all this section. The town has 
 about twenty miles of well-macadamized 
 streets. Floyd County is justly noted for 
 its good roads. There are now completed 
 more than seventj'-six miles of macad- 
 amized roads, built of hard limestone 
 and marble, of easy grade and thoroughly 
 drained. There are twenty-five to thirty 
 
varieties of wood grown iu Floyd County, and . from 
 
 sixteen to twenty varieties of minerals have been found. 
 
 Rome may be called a city of bridges. There are 
 
 nine excellent steel bridges, four for passengers and five 
 
 
 A 
 
 .± 
 
 
 Lli 
 
 
 ~-T^ >»(S<^;-3t. 
 
 MULNr AIKY, GA. 
 
 railroad bridges. Each one of these bridges cost ap- 
 proximately SiS,ooo. The city has a splendid system of 
 water works, supplied by water pumped from the Oosta- 
 naula to the reservoir on the top of Fort 
 Jackson hill. This is one of Rome's '-^"•• 
 boasted advantages, particularly in connec- ■.'' 
 tion with her fine fire department. The 
 pumping capacity is in the neighborhood * 
 of five million gallons per day. 
 
 The city of Rome has two large, well- 
 built public school buildings. There are 
 also three chartered institutions iu the 
 county : Shorter College, with buildings 
 and endowment of $150,000; Hearn Insti- 
 tute, with an endowment and property of 
 $30,000, and the Everett Springs Seminary. 
 There are in the city sixteen fine churches, 
 representing nearly every denomination. 
 
 Dalton, a thriving and prosperous town 
 of about 5,000 inhabitants, is in the north- 
 western part of the State. Its well-tem- 
 pered climate and its elevation of 1,040 feet 
 above sea level make it a desirable resort 
 for both winter and summer. It contains 
 cotton and lumber mills, steel works and 
 other industries. Dalton offers exceptional 
 facilities for manufacturing enterprises, by 
 reason of numerous desirable sites and the 
 many mountain streams ranging in capa- 
 city from 100,000 to 200,000 gallons daily. 
 A good example of what may be done in 
 this way is found in a cotton mill here 
 which started in 1SS5 with 2,000 spindles 
 and now operates 10,000. All increase in 
 capacity has been made from surplus profits 
 after paying an average of thirty per cent, 
 dividend for over ten years. 
 
 Dalton has numerous churches, and, in 
 addition to its excellent system of public 
 
 PACKING PEACHES FOR THE NORTHERN MARKET 
 
 schools, a seminary for young ladies, Dalton Female 
 College. 
 
 Fort Valley is in the peach belt, the largest peach 
 orchards in the world being located here. This is the 
 home of the famous Elberta peach, and the center of 
 a fine agricultural district. Fort Valley has about 2,000 
 people, several factories and two fruit-canning estab- 
 lishments. It is said that around Fort Valley there is 
 enough hardwood timber to supply all the furniture 
 and wagon factories in the United States for ten years. 
 
 At an altitude of 1,090 feet _y^ 
 
 above sea level, and within \/--' 
 
 GAINESVILLE, GA. 
 
t 
 
 sight of the Blue Ridge Moun- 
 tains, is the town of Toccoa, 
 with its 3,000 people. The 
 site is hilly and the town 
 finely shaded with large 
 trees. There is a cotton 
 mill and furniture fac- 
 tories in Toccoa. Near- 
 by are several mineral 
 springs possessing 
 medicinal proper- 
 ties. There is much 
 picturesque scenery 
 in this region, and 
 the town has many ■ 
 
 of the features req- 
 uisite to make it a 
 popular health resort. 
 Fifty-four miles 
 north of Atlanta, on g - 
 the main line, is the 
 city of Gainesville, 
 which has about 
 5,000 population and 
 several prosperous 
 manufacturing es- 
 tablishments. The 
 city is 1,400 feet 
 above sea level and enjoys the pecuHarly dry climate with which this 
 entire section is favored. The surrounding country is fertile and 
 contributes largely to Gainesville's growing trade. There are also 
 important gold-raining interests, and in former years the Govern- 
 ment had a mint at Dahlouega, twenty-five miles distant. The city 
 is a prominent educational center, the Georgia Female Seminarj' 
 
 
 f*^f?tj 
 
 '■■■■■■saBi'Mii 
 
 PTj!Tr|I!i;i"illII 
 
 i\ 
 
 GAINESVILLE, GA. 
 
 and Conservatory of Music being located 
 one of the most successful institutions of 
 culture in the South, and the building, 
 rounded by a park of ten acres, one of 
 em. Gainesville has what is claimed to 
 capacity of 1,200. The city owns its owi 
 
 here. This is 
 learning and 
 which is sur- 
 the most mod- 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, GA. 
 
 be one of the best opera houses in the South, with a seating 
 modern water works system, is lighted by elec- 
 tricity, and electric street railroads furnish 
 a fine system of transportation. There is 
 is a good public school system, several 
 churches, and not a saloon in the city. A 
 fifty-acre park in the center of which is a 
 chalybeate spring is one of the most attrac- 
 tive features of the city of Gainesville. 
 
 Jackson, forty-six miles south of At- 
 lanta, has a population of 2,000, and is a fin. 
 stock market. It has a cotton mill and a 
 cotton-seed oil mill. One of the points of 
 interest is the Indian Spring, four miles 
 
HAWKINSVILLE, GA. 
 
 Georgia, and under the direction of its 
 forging to the front. 
 
 The tide of immigration which has recently set in toward Georgia is a 
 movement which promises much for both the State and the newcomers. Home- 
 seekers find here a hospitable welcome at the hands of a generous and warm- 
 hearted people, and speedily become attached to their new homes. Evidences 
 of this are to be had in the new city of Fitzgerald, recently settled by colonists 
 from the North Central States, and other instances in every county in the 
 State. Many of the Fitzgerald colonists are ex-soldiers of the Federal Army, 
 and are among the most staunch Georgians. They took the lands in hand 
 when they were rough pine forests. Now these lands blossom like a rose, and 
 the colonists have built a fine modern city, with all of the up-to-date appur- 
 tenances. They are very proud of their city, and justly so. There have 
 been several smaller colonies successfully planted in the State, and a number 
 of others are projected. 
 
 The State of Georgia has an unusual number of attractive resorts, both 
 for health and pleasure. To enumerate them would be to name Brunswick, 
 
 east of the town. There are several churches, and the educational 
 establishments include the Jackson Institute with over 300 students. 
 Tallapoosa is a town of about 2, 500 population. The elevation 
 is nearly 1,200 feet above sea level, the climate good. The town 
 has modern improvements, several factories, three hotels and 
 s seven churches. Two miles from town a gold-mining com- 
 pany is operating with about one hundred men. Consider- 
 able attention has been given to grape culture recently, 
 i more than 2,000 acres 
 ^[fl 'beingplantedin 
 grapes nearby. Talla- 
 poosa Lithia Springs 
 Hotel is an excellent 
 and popular resort. 
 
 Elberton contains 
 about 4,500 people. 
 It has a cotton mill, 
 five churches, and, 
 by way of schools, 
 Elberton Collegiate 
 Institute, Elber- 
 ton Seminary and 
 Bowmann Insti- 
 tute, a colored 
 school. It is a 
 1 thriving town, 
 ' and has consid- 
 erable neighbor- 
 / ing trade. 
 
 Eastman, on the line 
 between Atlanta and 
 Brunswick, is one of the 
 pushing young cities of 
 enterprising citizens is rapidly 
 
 -"■£;' 
 
 EASTMAN, GA. 
 
 St. Simon's Island, and Cumberland 
 Island, on the coast; Mt. Airy, in the 
 northeastern part of the State ; Lithia 
 Springs, twenty miles west of At- 
 lanta; Tallulah Falls, Indian Springs, 
 near Flovilla; Tallapoosa Lithia 
 Springs, Warm Springs, New Holland 
 Springs, and a number of others of less 
 prominence. 
 
 Lithia Springs are twenty miles 
 west of Atlanta, and are famous for the 
 curative properties of the water, which 
 is stronger in lithia than that from any 
 other spring in this country. There 
 
 5irHOOL K'lR 1 
 
 r SIRINC.S, GA. 
 
LKT WATER l\KK 
 
 is a handsome, well- 
 appointed hotel 
 here which offers 
 its guests many at- 
 tractions. There is 
 also at the springs one ( 
 the finest and best-equipped 
 bath houses in the South. 
 
 Austell, eighteen miles from At- 
 lanta, is one of its most delightful 
 suburbs, and being the junction of 
 the Chattanooga and Birmingham divisions, has supe- 
 rior time service. 
 
 The Indian Springs are one and a half miles from 
 Flovilla, which is on the line to Brunswick, fifty-one 
 miles southeast of Atlanta. The springs were originally 
 purchased from the Indians by the State and their waters 
 have been famous for man)' years. In the earlier times, 
 and before the excellent hotel accommodations now 
 found there were provided, the spot used to be a common 
 camping ground for the people who came here in great 
 numbers from the surrounding country to seek the 
 
 >^ 
 
 SPRINGS, GA. 
 
 benefits to be derived 
 from the waters. 
 The Warm Springs 
 are on the Columbus 
 * division of the South- 
 ern Railway, forty-two 
 ■^r miles from Columbus and 
 seventy-five miles from Atlanta. 
 The place is one of the most charm- 
 ing resorts of the South, famous 
 alike for the curative properties of 
 its waters and for its most delightful surroundings. 
 The country round about the Warm Springs is broken 
 and picturesque, and has an altitude of about 1,200 
 feet above sea level. The surface drainage being per- 
 fect, and the underlying material being sandstone and 
 gravel, there is no malaria. There is a handsome hotel 
 here, supplied with a modern system of sanitation and 
 all the accessories of a thoroughly first-class resort hos- 
 telry. The bathing establishment comprises sixteen in- 
 dividual baths or pools 4x8 feet, two large pools 15 x 40 
 feet, one for gentlemen and the other for ladies; and one 
 
 WAKM SFRINGS, CA. 
 
magnificent general 
 swimming pool 50x15" 
 feet. All of these are sup- 
 plied with an abundance 
 of water, which gushes 
 from the springs at the 
 rate of 1,400 gallons per 
 minute, and at a temper- 
 ature of ninety degrees. 
 The curative properties 
 of these waters in cases 
 of rheumatism, dyspepsia 
 and other ailments are 
 well known, and thi 
 Warm Springs enjoy a 
 large patronage from all 
 The record of what 
 
 sections of the country, 
 is being accomplished by the 
 great State of Georgia, as reflected in the foregoing 
 pages, is necessarily brief, but enough has been given to 
 show, although in a fragmentary manner, to what account 
 the citizens o£ this noble State are turning its many 
 
 natural endowments. It 
 invites others to share 
 its awaiting fortunes. 
 There is room still. The 
 State has 38,000,000 acres 
 of land and 2,200,000 pop- 
 ulation. It can be seen 
 what an opening there is 
 for newcomers. All the 
 conditions are favorable 
 for the earnest, energetic, 
 thrifty immigrant. The 
 development of the 
 State's natural resources 
 has not as yet more than 
 fairly begun, whereas the resources of the North are all 
 in hand and those of the West are becoming less and less 
 alluring each year. The South is unquestionably the 
 "coming" section of the Union, and Georgia, the Em- 
 pire State of the South, is unquestionably one of the 
 bright particular stars of the Southern galaxy. 
 
 ti;l, savannah, ga. 
 
^^r 
 
 
 ^'■,;-.'^X"^:. !'■': iSii 
 
 ENNESSEE 
 
 TENNESSEE has just started on the second century of her 
 statehood with a swinging stride that betokens both confidence 
 in her destiny and the strength to fulfill it. From a past of 
 achievement she advances to a future of promise with all the hopeful- 
 ness of conscious power. 
 
 Within the hospitable gates of her splendid capital she has just 
 passed in review before all the world the fruits of progress of the 
 hundred years that are gone, marking the span between a forest pri- 
 meval and an industrial empire, and forming a stupendous object 
 lesson of man's triumph over Nature. Her Centennial Exposition was 
 merely a taking of the world into her confidence. She knew of the 
 sleeping treasures of coal and iron in her bosom, of the forests on 
 her mountains, of the power dashing joyously down her rivers, of the 
 latent richness of soil that blossoms forth under cultivation into rich 
 fields of golden grain and silvery cotton. Throughout the century 
 she has been prodigal of opportunity, and her children have matched 
 that prodigality with endeavor. The result has been the transforma- 
 tion of a forest into an empire, of a frontier settlement into a State 
 with over two million souls. Its development has been so magnificent 
 that its component parts and forces merit examination in detail, and 
 in them is found the assurance of a still larger growth which is the 
 sufficient and sound reason for inflowing immigration and increased 
 capital. 
 
 The State takes its name from that given by the Indians to the 
 Little Tennessee River — Tannassee. As early as 1769 emigrants from 
 North Carolina crossed the mountains and located in the valley on 
 their -^vestern side. In 1776, when the constitution of North Carolina 
 was framed, the settlements in Tennessee, or, as it was then called, 
 the District of Washmgton, sent representatives to the legislative 
 body, but the union was never a close one. The mother State 
 neglected the settlements on the far side of the mountains, and in 1784 
 voted to cede that section of her territory to the United States. The 
 hardy settlers in the territory afliected were so outraged by this action 
 tjiat they asserted their independence, formed the State of Frank- 
 "TSnd, afterward called Franklin, chose John Sevier as their Governor, 
 elected delegates to a legislature which convened in 17S5, and petitioned 
 admission to the Union. This was refused by Congress, and three 
 years later the State ended its career. In 1789 the section was ceded 
 to the General Government, and the following year, together with 
 what is now Kentucky, was organized as a Territory of the United 
 States south of the Ohio. In 1794 Tennes.see was given a separate Ter- 
 ritorial government, and in June, 1796, it was admitted as a State, 
 with Knoxville as its capital. 
 
 The high standard of achievement the early settlers set for their 
 sons has been maintained. After Sevier and Shelby came Jackson 
 and the strong men of the present century. It was from the gover- 
 nor's chair of Tennessee that Sam Houston went to win independence 
 
for Texas and a great State for the Union. Davy 
 Crockett, hunter immortal, knitted into his brave 
 soul, on many an Indian trail by the rivers of Ten- 
 nessee, the courage that was to nerve him for the 
 Alamo. Three Presidents, Jackson, Polk and Johnson, 
 have been given to the nation by the State, and her sons 
 have earned lasting fame in every field of high endeavor. 
 
 In their native State or abroad, Tennesseeans have 
 been men of deeds. That has been their badge of dis- 
 tinction. True to their Anglo-Saxon blood — much of the 
 Scotch-Irish — they have brought things to pass, and 
 nowhere has this been so strikingly shown as in 
 the mighty progress of the State herself. 
 
 Consider for a moment this 
 progress in figures. The pres- 
 ent annual value of all the 
 State's products exceeds S200,- 
 000,000. This enormous ag- 
 gregate is divided as follows: 
 Field crops, $47,332,046, in- 
 cluded in which are about 
 35,000,000 pounds of tobacco 
 leaf; market gardens and ber- 
 ries, $787,782; live stock, $39,- 
 082,862; dairy products, $20,- 
 000,000; mineral products, 
 $6,445,283; manufactured pro- 
 ducts of all kinds, including 
 lumber, $80,000,000; liquors, 
 nuts, miscellaneous articles, 
 $662,500; fruits, $4,853,412. 
 
 The estimated value of property 
 in the State is over $900,000,000, which is more than 
 $450 for every man, woman and child within her borders. 
 She has $25,000,000 invested in banking capital, and up- 
 ward of 1,500 manufacturing establishments, turning 
 out annually products valued at $50,000,000 and em- 
 ploying 25 000 hands. Does the voyage of an Argonaut 
 of old seem more like a romance than does this chronicle 
 
 divided naturally into three 
 grand divisions, the eastern, 
 middle, and western. The 
 last-named lies between the 
 Tennessee and Mississippi 
 rivers and comprises twenty- 
 one counties having an area of 
 10,512 square miles. This is 
 the cotton section of the State, 
 which produced last year 
 152,916 bales. It might be 
 mentioned as a commendable 
 distinction in favor of Ten- 
 nessee that she stands among 
 the great cotton manufactur- 
 ing States as fifth in the 
 United States. There are in the State 26 cotton mills, 
 95.S36 spindles, 2,344 looms, and 29,915 bales were con- 
 sumed by these mills last year. 
 
 Middle Tennessee, comprising forty-one counties, 
 stretches from the Tennessee River to the Cumberland 
 tableland on the east, and scattered over it are some 
 
 AN EAST TENNESSEE VALLEY 
 
 of fact, this narra- 
 tury from a wilder- 
 Tennessee has 
 
 tive of progress in a cen- 
 ness to a billion ? 
 the variety of soil and cli- 
 mate which makes it pos- 
 sible for her to boast that 
 every crop reported in 
 the national census 
 is grown within her 
 fertile borders. 
 The State capable 
 of such won- 
 ders in pro- 
 duction is 
 
 of the finest stock, grain and fruit farms in the world. 
 
 The Southern Railway extends through eastern Ten- 
 nessee (which in variety and abundance of resources is 
 doubtless entitled to the post of honor) from Bristol to 
 Chattanooga; thence, by diverging lines, southeast to 
 Atlanta and Brunswick ; southwest to Birmingham, Ala., 
 Meridian and Greenville, Miss., and west to Memphis. 
 
 The valley of east Tennessee, through the entire 
 length of which the Southern Railway runs, is two 
 hundred and forty miles long, has an average width of 
 nearly sixty miles, and as a section has few equals either 
 for beauty of landscape or fertility of soil. The impress 
 of prosperity is everywhere stamped upon its face, and 
 the attractions of the natural scenery have been supple- 
 mented by the thrift of man. Over to the east of this 
 garden-like valley may be discerned the hazy outlines of 
 the Great Smoky and Balsam mountains, and to the west 
 stretches an undulating region of field and forest to the 
 Cumberland plateau. 
 
The section has for very many years been one of the 
 choicest for farming and dairy purposes, and that those 
 who are tillers of the soil have been blest with abundance 
 is made evident by even a car-window view. Along the 
 northwestern border of this valley is a continuous belt of 
 fossil iron ore, and along its upper portion the Oriskany 
 ores, connected with the coal by frequent water gaps 
 where streams come down into the bottom lands. South- 
 east of this iron belt, and in parallel strips across the 
 valley to its southern side, are valuable beds, deposits 
 and ledges of marbles, limestones, clays, iron ores, zinc, 
 lead and other minerals, and along its southeastern side 
 it is again bordered by a broad belt of limestone iron 
 ores, famous for the ductility and toughness of the iron 
 made from them. Throughout the valley fertile lands, 
 fine timber, clear streams, innumerable mineral springs 
 and beautiful scenery abound. 
 
 The valley is fluted with ridges and broken hills and 
 intervening valleys of great fertility in which are grown 
 with success corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, clover, and 
 the various grasses. Nearly all fruits grow in this 
 
 and mirror the blue 
 skies above. Thou- 
 sands of springs and 
 creeks feed the Ten- 
 
 THE FIRST CAPITOL AT KNOXVILLE, Ih.' 
 
 I(E VALLEY OI' 
 
 region, and hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of 
 fruits and berries, green and dried, but chiefly dried or 
 canned, are annually shipped. Apples, peaches, pears, 
 plums, strawberries and grapes are the principal fruits. 
 Vegetables grow to surprising perfection, and some of 
 the finest market gardens and truck farms in the South 
 are adjacent to Knoxville. 
 
 The climate is equable and famed for its 
 healthfulness. The growing season embraces 
 about one hundred and ninety-four days. 
 The winters are mild and the summers for 
 the most part delightful. The average altitude 
 is one thousand feet above sea level. There 
 are no extremes of heat or cold, no cyclones or 
 tornadoes, the mountains seeming to serve as a 
 protection against them. 
 
 From Bristol on the Virginia line and Hot 
 Springs on the North Carolina border to Chatta- 
 nooga in the lower end of the valley, the mountains and 
 valleys abound in rivers and streams of pure water, clear 
 as crystal, which flow over rocky bottoms or pebbly beds 
 
 nessee, French Broad, Holston, Hivvassee, Pigeon Creek, 
 Emory, Little Cumberland and Wautauga Rivers, all 
 beautiful and picturesque streams, supplying unlimited 
 water power and aft'ording fine fishing. 
 
 In extent and variety of mineral deposits it may be 
 truly said that no region surpasses that of east Tennessee. 
 It has coal, iron, marble, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, 
 barytes and potter's clay, all in workable 
 quantities, while the supply of most of 
 these is practically unlimited. Gold is 
 also found in paying quantities. Along 
 the streams in McMinu and Monroe 
 counties men make from one dollar to 
 live dollars a day by a primitive process 
 of panning. Zinc smelting works are in 
 operation at Clinton, Mossy Ci'eek and 
 New Market, all within twenty miles of 
 Kno-xville, the zinc of a superior quality. 
 The Ducktown copper mines have pro- 
 duced thousands of tons of copper, and 
 their output has recently been largely 
 increased. 
 
 There are numerous deposits of iron 
 ore, brown hematite and magnetite, 
 yielding from thirty to seventy per cent. 
 of metallic iron. These deposits exist 
 in every one of the thirty-four counties 
 in east Tennessee, and in most of them 
 in marketable quantities. In many places it has been 
 taken out in open cuts, comparatively little deep mining 
 being done. There are furnaces in Cranberry, Johnson 
 City, Embreeville, Rockwood, Dayton and Citico. 
 
 Tennessee to-day puts on the market about six hun- 
 dred thousand tons of iron ore more than Great 
 
 A MOI'NTAINEER S HOME 
 
Britain did in iSi8, more than the United States did in 
 1842, and half as much as was produced in the United 
 States in 1S61. Though considerable advance had been 
 made in this industry prior to the War, the period of most 
 rapid development dates from 1S73, when investors first 
 began to realize the wonderful opportunities presented 
 for the employment of capital and energy in connection 
 with the great natural advantages. In the production 
 of both red and brown hematite ore, Tennessee occupies 
 fifth place among the States of the Union. Magnetic 
 and other varieties of ore are found in paying quantities, 
 but not to such an extent as the above named. 
 
 An illustration of the remarkably superior methods 
 of iron-making to-day over those of ante-bellum times is 
 shown by the statement that with fort)'-nine furnaces, in 
 those earlier days, Tennessee produced 40,306 tons, at a 
 cost of $30 per ton, while an)' one of the larger furnaces 
 in the State to-day would produce more iron than all the 
 forty-nine did in 1S54. Large numbers of men are 
 employed in the industry, and it is one of the great 
 sources of wealth to the State. 
 
 The coal fields within a radius of sixty miles of 
 Knoxville embrace about one hundred 
 thousand acres, including the Jellico . 
 and Coal Creek districts, from which 
 about one million tons are mined 
 annually. The annual produc- 
 tion of the State is about 
 2,600,000 tons, wholly of 
 the bituminous variety. 
 The coal field of Ten- 
 nessee covers 5, 500 miles, 
 and is all in the east and 
 eastern middle section of 
 the State. 
 
 Probably no section 
 in America produces 
 more or a greater variety 
 of fire-brick clay. It is 
 estimated that there is a 
 million tons of good fire * icNNtssi 
 
 clay alreadv mined and thrown out among the debris at 
 the coal regions. These clays usually 
 run from fifty-five to sixty-five per 
 cent, silica, and from twenty to 
 twenty-four per cent, of aluminum. 
 Cement rock is equally abundant. 
 Taking coal, iron, coke, fire clay, cement 
 rock, limestone and timber, no stretch 
 of territory anywhere produces such quan- 
 tities and va- 
 riety for ^„a^^ > 
 
 general industries 
 When to these is 
 added transpor 
 tation facili 
 ties and un- 
 limitfd 
 
 
 AN EXHIBIT OF TENNF-SSra". FKUIT 
 
 water power, everything is present for the most pros- 
 perous development. 
 
 East Tennessee is noted for its marble, which exists 
 in practically inexhaustible quantities and almost endless 
 variety and tints. There are now about one hundred 
 quarries in operation, which produce 300,000 cubic feet a 
 year. Forty of these are in the vicinity of Knoxville, 
 which is one of the largest marble shipping points in the 
 
 United States. The mar- 
 ble columns and balus- 
 trades in the Capitol at 
 Washington are from 
 Hawkins County, east 
 Tennessee, and some of 
 the finest quality is seen 
 in the new Congressional 
 Library Buildrag. New 
 York's Capitol at Albany 
 is finished in Tennessee 
 marble, and so are a num- 
 ber of the handsomest 
 buildings in Chicago, in- 
 cluding the Public Library, 
 New York and other cities. 
 A large amount of tim- 
 ber has been shipped from 
 HuMEi.TEAD ^j^gj Tcunessee, but the 
 
 supply is practically inexhaustible. Hard woods of the 
 finest quality abound. Oak and poplar are most abun- 
 dant, but hickory, cherry, chestnut, walnut, maple, beech, 
 sj'camore, ash, persimmon, dogwood, basswood, sour- 
 wood, sassafras, gum, hemlock, buckeye, spruce and 
 balsam are among tlie most plentiful woods. There are 
 27,000,000 acres of forest lands in the State, and the 
 lumber output from 702 saw mills located in every 
 division of the State is over 400,000,000 feet annually. 
 
 The growing of tobacco is one of the most important 
 industries in Tennessee, and in some sections as a money 
 crop it takes the lead. There are eighteen States in the 
 Union denominated as tobacco-growing States. Of these 
 Kentucky leads in number of acres and value of the 
 crop; North Carolina next; then Virginia, and Tennessee 
 is fourth. The number of acres planted in Tennessee in 
 iSqG was 53,351; number of pounds raised, 35,211,660, 
 and value of the crop, $2,464,816. 
 
 With a climate so salubrious and scenerj- so pictur- 
 esque it is most natural that east Tennessee should 
 abound in health resorts. There are numerous mineral 
 springs, summer hotels and mountain resorts where 
 
 FROM A TMSNESSF.F HARDEN 
 
FALLS OUT FKOM A I H KSS, NEAR WHITE CLIFF SPRINGS 
 
 thousands spend the 
 heated season. Sul- 
 phur, chalybeate 
 and epsom are the 
 prevailing waters. 
 Among the best- 
 known places are 
 Lookout Mountain, 
 Roan Mountain, 
 Tate Springs, Lea 
 Springs, Oliver's, 
 Hale Springs, Mont- 
 vale, Galbraith's, 
 Glenn Alpine, Mt. 
 Nebo, Melrose, 
 Tucker's and White 
 Cliff. Each has 
 some special attrac- 
 tion to commend it. 
 
 As has been 
 seen, in min- 
 eral, agricul- 
 tural and nat- 
 ural resources 
 Tennessee 
 takes the fore- 
 most place 
 am ong the 
 States of the Union. She is equallj' conspicuous in 
 education, having over 3,000 public school buildings, 
 valued at $3, 000, 000. The students who pass through 
 the curriculum afforded by the primary, grammar 
 and high schools have but to enter the colleges of 
 the State in order to complete courses in higher 
 learning. There are 41S teachers and professors 
 in her State colleges, and more than 6,500 students, 
 being the largest college population of any State in 
 the South, and ranking seventh in the roll of States. 
 The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville, 
 very justly stands at the head of the educational 
 system of the State. Its establishment was due to 
 the appropriation of public lands by the Congress 
 of 1S06 for the maintenance of a college in the ter- 
 ritory now known as east Tennessee. Particular 
 attention is being paid by this institution to scien-. 
 tific courses and manual training, although all the clas- 
 sical courses of the best universities are offered. Aside 
 from the regular school system and the State University 
 there are many other colleges and schools which are 
 either the results of private enterprise or have been 
 established by churches or other benefactors to the edu- 
 cational world. Among them are SuUin's College, King 
 
 College, and the Baptist Fe- 
 male College, all at Bris- 
 tol; Tusculum Col- 
 lege, near Greene- 
 ville; the Carson 
 and Newman Col- 
 lege, Mossy Creek ; 
 Baker and Himmel 
 University Prepara- 
 tory School, Knox- 
 e College, Foun- 
 
 tain City Normal School, East Tennessee Female Insti- 
 tute, Knoxville Medical College, Knoxville; Marysville 
 College, at Marysville, near Knoxville; Hiwassee College, 
 Hiwassee, near Athens; Sweetwater Military Academj-. 
 Female College, Sweetwater; Grant University and 
 Female College, Athens; Centenary Female College, 
 Cleveland ; Howard Female College, Gallatin ; Vander- 
 bilt University, Price's Girl's School, Ward Seminary, 
 Boscobel College, St. Cecelia Academy, Peabody Normal 
 College, and the Montgomery Bell Academy, all at Nash- 
 ville; Memphis Conference Female Institute, Jackson; 
 Southwestern Baptist University, Jackson; Southwestern 
 Presbyterian University, Clarksville; Clarksville Female 
 Institute, Clarksville; Columbia Athenseum, Columbia; 
 Martin Female College, Pulaski ; Cumberland University, 
 Lebanon; the Jesse Mai Aydelott College, Tullahoma; 
 Memphis Military Academy, Memphis; the Higby School 
 for young ladies, Memphis ; the Dick White College, 
 Fayetteville ; Webb School, Bell Buckle. 
 
 The towns of the State ai'e seats of learning, centers 
 of busy trade, and the homes of a people who are under 
 marching orders in every way of progress. They have 
 grown with the country from which they draw their 
 support. The "boom" is not in their lexicon, all lines of 
 advancement having been natural and steady, and, as a 
 result, permanent. In recent years increasing attention 
 has been paid to manufacturing, and advantage has 
 been taken of the conjunction of coal and iron in abun- 
 dance to promote iron industries. The smoke above 
 Chattanooga tells something of the result. This bust- 
 ling city, under the shadow of lofty Lookout Mountain, 
 is the industrial and commercial center of a marvelously 
 rich section carved from the three great States of 
 Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. So manifest were 
 the natural advantages of the city's location, that the 
 unlettered Indian could not fail to read them as he roved 
 from the Lakes to the Gulf, and he chose its present site 
 
 GATE OF NATIONAL CFMRTERV 
 CHATTANOOGA, TKNN. 
 
tor a camping ground aud 
 on it multiplied his tepees 
 till, legend has it, it became 
 the most populous camp of 
 the red man in all the 
 South. 
 
 In this later time the 
 shrewd man of business, 
 quick to see the bearing of 
 every resource in the de- 
 velopment of industry and 
 commerce, has confirmed 
 the judgment of the savage. 
 
 In the ten years from iSSo to 
 iSgo Chattanooga increased in pop- 
 ulation from 14,000 to 35,000. Its 
 present population is about 50,000. 
 In industrial development the in- 
 crease has been as marked. In 
 iSSo the city had 58 industries 
 with a total capital of $2,045,000, 
 and an annual product of $3,230,- 
 000. They employed 2,123 hands, 
 who received in wages $568,508 a 
 year. In 1897, factories had in- :■;_ 
 
 creased in number to 161, with a 
 capital of $11,802,600. They em- en 
 
 ployed 6, 1 82 hands, who received in wages for the year 
 $2,397,100, the value of the output being $13,000,000. 
 Even durmg the period of general depression from iSm 
 to 1897, 62 manufacturmg plants were established in 
 Chattanooga, a rate of increase unprecedented probably 
 iu the industrial history of any section of America. 
 
 At present 
 nearly $2,000,000 
 is invested in the 
 iron industry, 
 which gives em- 
 ployment to over 
 1,000 men. 
 
 Wood is as 
 abundant as iron, 
 and the city is 
 among the fore- 
 most in the manu- 
 facture of furni- 
 ture. In the lum- 
 ber and wood 
 manuf acturin g 
 
 industry a miilioii dollars 
 is invested and 1.225 per- 
 sons find employment. 
 
 The city's advantages 
 in all lines of manufac- 
 ture, in the way of cheap 
 fuel, proximity to raw 
 materials, excellent trans- 
 portation, and connec- 
 tions with central mar- 
 kets, are but recently 
 receiving the attention 
 they have merited. As a con- 
 sequence it is now confidently 
 expected that the textile in- 
 dustry will be brought to its 
 rightful place of co-ordinate 
 importance with the iron and 
 wood industries. 
 
 While Chattanooga is ore- 
 eminently a manufacturing 
 city, its mercantile interests 
 are important and growing. 
 As a jobbing center it has the 
 great advantage of being the 
 natural commercial fn/repot 
 "•' ^■■^ of a wonderfully opulent re- 
 
 gion two hundred miles square, in which 2,400,000 
 people dwell. Radiating from the city throughout this 
 territory are eleven lines of railroad, and flowing by is 
 the navigable Tennessee, offering river transportation to 
 the Ohio and the Gulf. The Belt Line, controlled by 
 the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, completely en- 
 circles the city, and 
 on it are located 
 some of the largest 
 industries in this 
 section. 
 
 But Chattanoo- 
 ga does not allow 
 the smoke of pros- 
 ]:)ering factories to 
 befog its apprecia- 
 tion of the impor- 
 tance of good 
 schools. It points 
 with much pride to 
 the fact that last 
 year seventy per 
 
 LOOKOUT INN. 
 
 r>Kor! M(, 
 
cent, of its children between the years of six and twenty- 
 one were in the public schools of the city. The city is 
 the seat of the medical and theological departments of 
 Grant University. As a fitting complement to its fine 
 schools are many splendid churches, beautiful homes 
 and an imposing array of business and public buildings. 
 In the best and broadest sense, Chatta- 
 nooga is a high type of a modern 
 American city, alert in im- 
 proving every opportunity of 
 material advantage with- 
 out forgetting the things 
 of the higher life. 
 
 No pen has nor ever 
 will adequately pic- 
 
 have of it into a mere dot upon the surface of the world 
 below you. The lover of the grand in Nature never 
 tires of Lookout Mountain. It is a noble temple of the 
 Almighty's greatest masterpieces, and a worthy com- 
 panion to Niagara, the Yosemite, the Yellowstone Park 
 and the canons of the Colorado. 
 
 The summit of the mountain is easily 
 
 reached by railway, and on one 
 
 of the most elevated and 
 
 commanding points is the 
 
 famous Lookout Inn, 
 
 doubtless the most 
 
 magnificent hotel on 
 
 a mountain to be 
 
 found anywhere 
 
 ture the sublime ami 
 inspiring view to be 
 had from Point Rock, 
 the jutting promontory of 
 massive stone which fairly 
 overhangs like a balcony the val- 
 ley of the Tennessee River. If the 
 day be clear one may discern the high- 
 lands and mountains of seven different 
 States, those in Tennessee, Georgia. 
 North Carolina, South Carolina and 
 Alabama being relatively near, and 
 those of Virginia and Kentucky in 
 hazy outline against the northern hori- 
 zon. You may follow with your eye 
 the silvery gleam of the beautiful 
 Tennessee River, fringed with forest 
 and field until it is spun out to a mere thread and is lost 
 to view. Far below you, so far that you grasp a sup- 
 port for fear you may dizzily plunge over the awful 
 precipice, the river in its curvings forms the historic 
 Moccasin Bend, and almost infolds the city of Chat- 
 tanooga, which is dwarfed by the eagle's-eye view you 
 
 
 LOOKOUT MOUMTAI.N', TEN 
 
 in America. It was 
 built at a cost of $250,- 
 000, contains nearly 500 
 guest chambers, and is 
 equipped with every conven- 
 ience of modern hotel life. 
 From the top of Lookout one can see 
 that perpetual memorial to the valor of 
 North and South— a memorial which, 
 by celebrating a common bravery, has 
 become the surest bond of peace — the 
 Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military 
 Park. It embraces the principal battle- 
 fields in the vicinity of Chattanooga and 
 was established by act of Congress. Its 
 affairs are in the hands of a National 
 Commission appointed by the Secre- 
 tarjf of War, and the Secretary has final authority 
 in all matters connected with the work of its establish- 
 ment. The park consists chiefly of the Chickamauga 
 and the Chattanooga divisions, the former lying in 
 the State of Georgia and the latter in the State of 
 Tennessee. 
 
THF- MOCCASIN RFND OF THF TFN'N'ESSEF RIVFR 
 FROM LOOKOL r MOUNTAIN, CHATTAS'OOGA ]N THE DISTANCE 
 
 The battlefield on 
 Lookout Mountain is a 
 portion of the Chatta- 
 nooga division of the 
 park. Practically, the 
 city of Chattanooga 
 itself is also a portion of 
 this division, since by 
 State and county laws 
 and city ordinances the 
 Park Commission is 
 given authority to mark 
 all points of military in- 
 terest with tablets and 
 monuments, and the 
 jurisdiction of the Gov- 
 ernment over the same 
 has been assured by law. 
 All of the roads used 
 by troops in the battle 
 have been restored and 
 improved by the best 
 methods of road-making 
 
 known to modern engineering. The mileage of driveways throughout the park amounts to about sixty miles. 
 The Chickamauga field consists of about five thousand acres of woodland, all of which has been cleared of 
 underbrush and through L every part of which a team can drive without difficulty, and about fifteen hundi'ed 
 acres of open ^^^ field. The brigade lines of battle upon seven distinct fields, namely, Chicka- 
 
 mauga, Brown's ^ ,I^^H^ Ferry, Wauhatchie, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, ^lissionary 
 
 Ringgold, have been accurately identified with the assistance of 
 
 State Commissions interested, and a large number of participants 
 
 ties. Most of these lines are already marked by monuments, and 
 
 by historical tablets. About one thousand historical tablets have 
 
 already been erected, and a large number of locality and distance 
 
 tablets and other guides to movements upon the fields. All 
 
 fighting positions of batteries for both sides on the Chickamauga 
 
 field have been indicated by the erection of guns of the same 
 
 pattern as those used by the battery in the engagement, upon 
 
 iron gun carriages which are an exact reproduction of those of 
 
 the battle. Thirty-five battery positions on one side and 
 
 thirty-three on the other have been thus marked by the 
 
 mounting of over two hundred guns. A majority of 
 
 ■* the battery positions thus far ascertained in the 
 
 Chattanooga section of the park have been marked 
 
 in the same way. 
 
 The underh'ing element of the park establish- 
 ment is the restoration of the battlefield. By the 
 clearing out of timber which has grown since the 
 war, the closing of new roads, and the opening 
 of the roads of the battle, the Chickamauga bat- 
 tlefield has been restored in almost every respect 
 to its condition at the time of the battle. 
 
 Both the Northern and Southern States which 
 had troops engaged are actively at work in ascer- 
 taining the regimental lines of battle of their 
 troops and marking them by monuments. 
 
 The tablets which are erected by the 
 National Commission are strictly historical. 
 These tablets show the organization of 
 armies, corps, divisions and brigades, with 
 their respective commanders, the brigade 
 tablets carrying these designations to the 
 commanders of regiments and batteries. 
 The historical text upon each tablet, varying 
 
 Ridge, and 
 twenty-six 
 in the bat- 
 all of them 
 
 CIlATTANOOr.A RESIDENCF.S 
 
from 250 to 500 words, is very carefully prepared, and 
 then passes through the hands of each member of 
 the National Commission and their historians, and 
 finally must receive the approval of the Secretary of 
 War before being erected upon the field. The same 
 method is observed in regard to all mscriptions upon 
 monuments. The locations of all monuments, markers 
 and tablets must also receive first the approval of the 
 Kational Commission, of which Gen. H. V. Boyn- 
 ton is Secretary, and finally that of the Secretary 
 of War, before they can be erected. 
 
 One of Tennessee's most progressive cities 
 is Knoxville, which was founded in 1792. It 
 was the first capital of the 
 original capitol, which is still 
 state of preservation, is an 
 terest to all visitors to the 
 city. Among __^ 
 Kno.xville's diS' 
 tinguished res- 
 idents have 
 been Gen. 
 John Sevier, 
 the hero of 
 
 to be built. Knoxville has more bridges than any other 
 city of its size in the country. Two magnificent struc- 
 tures which span the Tennessee are occupied by rail- 
 roads, and two are for the use of the public, one of which, 
 a new bridge costing nearly a quarter of a million, is about 
 completed. Several other bridges span the creeks which 
 border the city upon two sides. 
 
 The river is navigable for boats for seventy miles 
 above Knoxville, and below to the Ohio. The city ranks 
 
 fourth m volume of trade among the cities of the South. 
 
 It has many wholesale bouses, a large proportion of 
 
 them doing an e.x- 
 
 volume of trade 
 
 $40,000,000 an- 
 
 of the jobbing 
 
 employ 1,300 
 
 elusive jobbing business. The 
 
 has been estimated at about 
 
 nuallj'. A careful canvass 
 
 houses shows that they 
 
 people, and their trade 
 
 extends to every one of the 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 Knoxville's ten banks 
 have a total capi- 
 tal of $ii,CS7,ooo 
 and a surplus of 
 $450,000. Bank 
 clearings for 
 I'^i)- amounted 
 
 liATTLi; MONUMtNTS IN C II ICKAMAUti A NAIIO.N'AL I'ARK 
 
 King's Mountain ; Andrew Johnson, Davy Crockett and 
 many others. 
 
 The city has a population, recently enumerated, of 
 50,000, and is a place of solid growth, abounding in beau- 
 tiful homes and lovely views of mountain and river. It 
 is the seat of the University of Tennessee ; has a number 
 of high-class private schools and a splendid public 
 school system, and thirteen school buildings, four just 
 completed; about seventy churches, embracing all the 
 leading denominations; twenty-five miles of electric 
 street railway ; an abundant supply of the purest water ; 
 a new market house costing $40,000; a fine public 
 library ; two handsome parks ; and a new hospital is soon 
 
 to $21,450,000, and the weekly clearings, which are 
 steadily increasing, average about $400,000. 
 
 Among the more important manufacturing enter- 
 prises, of which there are 257 in Knoxville, are a cotton 
 mill of 2,300 spindles, the largest woolen mill in the 
 South, a jeans mill, with 375 looms; a cotton warp mill 
 of 5,000 spindles, with all the latest improved machinery ; 
 two stove factories; a rolling mill; three large marble 
 mills; several flour mills; a number of foundries; iron 
 fence, furnace and heater, roller mill machinery, mantel, 
 grate, and furniture manufactories, and many others. 
 • In the city are located the large shops of the South- 
 ern Railway, occupying, with their eleven buildings. 
 
KNOXVILLE 
 RESIDENCES 
 
 over loo acres and employing about 750 men. They 
 represent an investment of over half a million dollars, 
 and constitute one of the most important industrial plants 
 in the city. 
 
 Knoxville has a court house costing $200,000, and a 
 post office built of marble at a cost of $400,000. The 
 former is located on 
 the spot where the 
 treaty between Gen- 
 eral Knox and the 
 Indians was signed. 
 The city has well- 
 paved streets, notably 
 clean and attractive, 
 and its normal death 
 rate is only about 
 10.60 to the thousand. 
 Many Northerner.^ 
 spend the winter here, 
 while people from the 
 South come to Knox- 
 ville for the summer. 
 
 The population is cosmopolitan. Every State in the 
 Union is represented, a large per cent, being from the 
 North and East. There are few foreigners, and there is 
 a smaller colored population than in any city of its size 
 in the South. 
 
 The University of Tennessee, now in the second 
 century of its existence, maintains in every depart- 
 ment its career of usefulness and honor. No educational 
 institution in the South ranks higher. The University 
 is the capstone of the public school system of the State 
 and completes the work begun in the primary schools 
 and carried on through the secondary and high 
 schools. It is the only higher institution 
 in the State which all the people may 
 claim as their own, and in which all 
 have free tuition. Besides the academic 
 department, there are departments of 
 law, medicine and dentistry, all leading 
 to their appropriate degrees. The uni- 
 versity buildings, fourteen in number, 
 are beautifully located on an eminence 
 in West Knoxville. The university struc- 
 tures tower above the city like the battle- 
 ments of some ancient castle. The campus is 
 covered with beautiful elms, among which 
 are endless archways of walks and drives, 
 bordered by grass plots, shrubbery and 
 flowers. Here "classic shades and leafy 
 dells" are a charming reality. 
 
 Among the other institutions of learn- 
 ing at Knoxville are the Morris Classical 
 School and the East Tennessee Female Insti- 
 tute, Fountain City Normal School, Knoxville 
 Medical College, Knoxville College (colored). 
 Baker and Himmel University Preparatory School, 
 and the State institution for the' deaf and dumb. 
 Kno.xville's residence section is particularly attract- 
 ive, and demonstrates in the numerous beautiful homes 
 the refinement and culture of its inhabitants. Few if 
 any of our American cities of equal population have 
 more to be proud of in the line of municipal improve- 
 ments. The social atmosphere of the place is of the best, 
 and the population is made up of sturdy, enterprising 
 people who are ever alert to the city's welfare, and 
 energetic in developing all that makes for progress, 
 refinement and wealth. 
 
 Bristol, the "twin city" of Tennessee and Virginia, 
 
 KNOXVILLE WOOLEN MILLS 
 
 occupies a unique position, the boundary line between 
 the two States running along the center of Main 
 Street. While pre-eminently a commercial city, its insti- 
 tutions of learning are among the finest in the South, in- 
 cluding three colleges (one male and two female) and 
 
four public schools. The town contains sixteen churches, 
 representing all denominations. Its rapid growth from 
 a country village to a city of 12,000 inhabitants is due as 
 much, perhaps, to its excellent transportation facilities, 
 as to the combined resources of the agricultural, mineral 
 and timber districts with which it is surrounded. Its 
 volume of business for iSg7 aggregated $6, 5oo,'ooo. The 
 city contains 125 mercantile establishments, including 
 ten wholesale houses, nineteen factories, among them 
 several large tobacco plants, and numerous smaller indus- 
 tries. Nestling in the beautiful and picturesque valley of 
 the Holston River, Bristol is immediately surrounded by 
 an agricultural district unsurpassed in fer- 
 tility of soil and variety of produc 
 tion, while further back to the 
 east lie the Blue Ridge 
 Mountains, with their tim- 
 ber and mineral resources 
 which challenge in point 
 of wealth the inex 
 haustible coal - - "*' 
 fields of the 
 
 North Carolina Railroad connects with the Southern 
 Railway. It is over this road that Roan Mountain may 
 be most comfortably reached. This famous mountain is 
 one of the most popular resorts in the South, the hotel 
 upon its summit being the highest house in point of 
 altitude in the United States east of Colorado. The 
 State line runs through the hotel, where it is painted, a 
 broad white 
 band along the 
 dining-room 
 floor, and, by 
 a queer geo- 
 graphical 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF TENNESSEE 
 
 KNO.WILLE 
 
 Alleghany Mountains which lie to the west of the city. 
 Johnson City, twenty-five miles southwest of Bristol, 
 is the center of the magnetic ore region of Tennessee, 
 and has large commercial interests based upon its trade 
 in ore. It is destined to become prominent in iron 
 manufacturing, because it has ore, coal and coke in 
 prodigal abundance at its very doors, and an enterprising 
 class of citizens alert to its opportunities. 
 ' At Johnson City the East Tenne.ssee & Western 
 
 freak. North Carolina, in this 
 particular spot, is west of Ten- 
 nessee. The hotel has ample ac- 
 commodation for over 400 guests. 
 Each room commands a magnificent 
 view of mountain and cloud, and as the 
 building is large and white it can be seen 
 for over 100 miles in any direction, and from 
 It the eye ranges over a vast expanse: to the west, 185 
 miles; to the north, across the broad valley of east Ten- 
 nessee, 150 miles into Kentucky; to the northeast, 150 
 miles into West Virginia; to the east-northeast, 150 miles 
 into old Virginia; to the east, 150 miles into the low- 
 lands of North Carolina ; to the south, 1 10 miles over the 
 Blue Ridge, across North Carolina into South Carolina ; 
 to the southwest, 150 miles into a corner of Georgia; to 
 the west-southwest, 160 miles over the mountain ranges 
 of western North Carolina — in all an area of over 50,000 
 square miles of the most varied and picturesque scenery 
 in any country in the world. The view reaches into 
 seven States and gives one a sight of no mountains 
 that are each over 4,000 feet high. Too great for descrip- 
 tion, too lovely to pamt, it can only be realized by actual 
 presence. Unlike other resorts, one does not have to go 
 
 fW NEAR KNO.WILLE 
 
.^ '^!B£B^BEt^9^A 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF Tr.NNRSSEE FROM ACROSS THE RU ER 
 
 off the porches of the hotel to see all of this, and at 
 night the lights of the hotel cast many a weird shadow 
 on the floating, shifting clouds. All these mountains 
 are full of interest connected with the early history 
 of the nation. Within the 
 hotel grounds is Carver's 
 Gap, through which for years 
 the wealth of the mines and 
 the traffic of the Atlantic 
 coast reached the lower Mis- 
 sissippi valley. It was 
 through this gap, wild, weird 
 and gloomy, with its forest 
 of beeches, twisted and be- 
 witched with the storm and 
 whirl of ages, that the fear- 
 less men of the mountains 
 marched to win the battle of 
 King's Mountain, which was 
 
 a factor in deciding the fate of the thirteen colonies 
 and making us a nation. 
 
 Eight miles from Johnson City, in the direction 
 of Knoxville, is Jonesboro, historically interesting 
 because it was once the capital of the Territory of 
 Franklin, as well as the site of the first white settle- 
 ment west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. There 
 are several old landmarks still remaining here, 
 including the Planters' Hotel, where a grand recep- 
 tion was tendered General Jackson upon his elec- 
 tion to the Presidency. 
 
 Greeneville, in east Tennessee', though a town 
 of only 3,000 inhabitants, ranks seventh in point of im- 
 portance as a commercial and manufacturing center as 
 
 compared w'ith the other cities in the State. Situated 
 among the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains on 
 the south, and the beautiful peaks of the Clinch on the 
 north, with the valleys of the Nolachucky and Holston 
 rivers lying between, it has an excellent natural posi- 
 tion and scenery of unparalleled beauty and grandeur. 
 
 As a eommercial and manufacturing pomt, Greene- 
 ville is the center of a circle whose radius of one hundred 
 miles covers rich fields of coal, iron, marble, granite, 
 slate, and virgin forests of oak and other timbers suitable 
 for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 On either side of the Southern Railway are rich 
 valleys whose products are 
 as different as the sea- 
 sons themselves. On 
 
 the slopes of the Great 
 Smokies are orchards 
 in which the fruits 
 never fail, while the 
 quality compares with 
 those of more South- 
 ern climes. Between 
 these and the Nola- 
 chucky are the bright 
 tobacco fields where 
 KNo.wii 1 1 , TENN, is produced the golden 
 
 leaf that has made 
 this section famous for wrappers and taken the first 
 prizes at Cincinnati, New Orleans, Richmond, Nash- 
 ville and other points of exhibit. Three large tobacco 
 factories and warehouses are located in Greeneville, 
 which not only manufacture large quantities, but export 
 hundreds of thousands of pounds annually to Europe 
 direct. Other manufacturing industries have prospered 
 and find sale for their products from Maine to Mexico. 
 The valleys of the Lick and Clinch, on the other side of 
 the Southern, are entirely different, and are given to 
 stock raising and production of all the cereals, as well as 
 fruits and vegetables. It is also the center of a great 
 poultry region, one firm alone in Greeneville during the 
 past year having paid out over $200,000 for poultry and 
 eggs to ship to Northern and Southern markets. 
 
 Many tourists visit Greeneville because of its his- 
 torical interest, it having been the home of President 
 Andrew Johnson. There are still standing his residence 
 and the tailor shop in which he worked, while the monu- 
 ment erected over his grave is viewed by almost every 
 traveler that passes on the Southern Railway. 
 
 COl fuN M 
 
 IS, KNOW II I 
 
town. Ten miles north of Morristown. and at 
 the southern base of Clinch Mountain, are the 
 Tate Springs, a most attractive health re- 
 sort and one of great popularity with 
 people from all the Southern States who 
 are familiar with its attractions. 
 "*>>.- Several hundred guests spend 
 each summer here and find 
 delight in the pure 
 
 ik^iiv^ 
 
 Among educa- 
 tional institutions may be 
 mentioned Greeneville and Tus- 
 culum College, co-educational, founded in 
 1794; numerous public and private schools, and 
 a colored college. 
 
 Rogersville is situated on a branch of the 
 Southern Railway, sixteen miles from the main 
 line, between Greeneville and Morristown. It 
 is a progressive town and something of an edvi- 
 cational center. The Synodical College, a female semi- 
 nary, has two hundred students and eighteen teachers. 
 Other institutions are the Swift Memorial College for 
 colored students, and an academy. Eleven miles from 
 Rogersville is Hale Springs, which enjoys considerable 
 popularity as a health resort, and at which there is a 
 good hotel. 
 
 Morristown, a thriving city of 4,000 inhabitants, 
 east of Knoxville, is situated on a plateau 1,400 feet 
 above sea level, and is the junction of the 
 Southern Railway's main line and Bris- ,^ '.! i^'ti'^fh 
 
 tol branch. It is the county 
 seat of Hamblen, one of 
 the famous counties of th-- 
 Tennessee Valley. Its 
 central location in upper 
 east Tennessee makes it 
 a good trading point, 
 with ample railroad 
 facilities. Morristown 
 has two flouring mills, 
 two tobacco factories, 
 woodworking shops 
 and other industries. 
 There are about a dozen 
 churches, and a school 
 building costing $22,000, 
 besides a normal acadeni)'. 
 A very desirable fruit- 
 growing and general farm- 
 ing district surrounds the 
 
 
 mountain air and lovely scenery, and health in the water 
 of the springs. There is a hotel here which is admira- 
 bly kept and modern in its appointments. 
 
 Newport, east of Morristown, on the main line of 
 the Southern Railway, has a population of about 2,000. 
 It has a large tannery and several other industrial 
 interests, and about twenty-five business houses It is 
 surrounded by rich mineral lands and thick forests, for 
 the most part undeveloped. 
 
 The fine old town of Mossy Creek, with its 
 rich surrounding farms and its ener- 
 getic population of 1,500, 
 is on the Southern Rail- 
 way twenty-eight miles 
 east of Knoxville. It is a 
 good trading point and has 
 several industries. 
 
 This entire section 
 
 of Tennessee is rich in 
 
 mineral, especially coal 
 
 deposits, and there are 
 
 numerous growing 
 
 towns rapidly building 
 
 up a permanent prosperity 
 
 founded itpon them. 
 
 Continuing southwest 
 from Knoxville toward 
 Chattanooga, the first im- 
 portant place is Lenoir 
 City, an industrial town, 
 situated at the junction of 
 
 INTKRIOR OF COTTON' MII.I.S, KNOWTLLE, TENN. 
 
the Tennessee and Little Tennessee rivers. Besides its 
 desirable location for manufacturing, it is the natural 
 center of one of the best agricultural districts in the 
 region. Logs are brought down the Little Tennessee 
 River from the Great Smoky Mountains, forty miles 
 away, the river thus connecting Lenoir with the pri- 
 meval forests of one of the greatest timber regions in 
 America. The broad valley furnishes space for fac- 
 tories and mills, while further back the plateau pro- 
 vides a situation for pleasant homes, with a far- 
 reaching view and the best sanitary conditions. 
 Among the industries of Lenoir City are 
 one of the best car-building 
 factories south of the Ohio 
 River; a knitting mill for 
 the manufacture of seam- 
 less hosiery; a car-whetl 
 factory, saw and ilour mills. 
 There was said to be, at the 
 close of 1S97, neither a va- 
 cant dwelling nor an idle 
 man in Lenoir. 
 
 Just beyond Lenoir is 
 Loudon, on the Tennessee 
 River. It has a population 
 of about 1,200, and main- 
 tains a marble mill and a 
 quarry, three saw mills and 
 a mill for the manufacture 
 of wooden novelties. It has 
 several steamboat lines in 
 
 the grain-carrying trade, and contains the largest grain 
 storage warehouse in eastern Tennessee, having a ca- 
 pacity of about 100,000 bags. There are several schools 
 and six churches in this thriving town. 
 
 water Military College and Sweetwater Seminary for 
 young ladies, and a number of churches. 
 
 Just half way between Knoxville and Chattanooga is 
 
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 TENNESSEE DEAF AND DUMB ASVLl'M, KNOXVILLE 
 
 Sweetwater, a few miles from Loudon, with a popu- 
 lation of 2,000, contains woolen, knitting and flour mills. 
 There are two institutions of higher learning, Sweet- 
 
 the city of Athens, with 
 a population of 4,000. It is 
 surrounded by as fine farming 
 lands as there are in east Ten- 
 nessee. Among its industries 
 are two cotton mills, one 
 woolen mill, several flouring 
 mills and others. True to its 
 classical name, Athens is a seat of education, the U. S. 
 Grant University, maintained by the Methodist Church 
 North, being located here. 
 
 Between Athens and Cleveland, and just where the 
 Southern Railway crosses the pictur- 
 esque Hiwassee River on a modern steel 
 bridge, is Charleston, one of the largest 
 poultry markets in the South, and also 
 a grain center of importance, the grain 
 coming down the Tennessee and Clinch 
 rivers for shipment over the Southern 
 Kailway at Charleston. 
 
 Cleveland, the next place ©f im- 
 portance, has a population of 4,500. It 
 contains a woolen mill, a chair factory, 
 marble works, a tannery, two planing 
 mills and other manufacturing indus- 
 tries. It has fourteen churches of differ- 
 ent denominations. Centenary Female 
 College and several other schools are 
 located here. 
 
 From Knoxville the Knoxville, 
 
 Cumberland Gap & Louisville Railway 
 
 runs almost due north sixty-nine miles 
 
 to Middlesboro, Ky., where extensive 
 
 coal and iron mines are in operation, 
 
 and where are located the Watts Steel 
 
 and Iron Works, which are among the 
 
 largest in this country. 
 
 Jellico, at the terminus of a branch of the Southern 
 
 Railway from Knoxville, is on the Kentucky line, and 
 
 is the center of the famous Jellico coal fields and one 
 
of the most prosperous small towns in the South. About 
 3,000 mmers are now employed in the neighborhood, 
 
 and almost 100 car loads of 
 the most of it South, via 
 The coal-mining investment 
 
 coal are shipped daily, 
 the Southern Railway, 
 amounts to several mil- 
 lions of dol- 
 lars, and more 
 than half a 
 million is an- 
 
 about it are some of the best-producing coal mines iu 
 east Tennessee. 
 
 From Clinton on the Knoxville-Jellico line a branch 
 runs west to Harriman Junction, where direct connec- 
 tion is made for Lexington, Louisville and Cincmnati, 
 via the Cincinnati Southern, which runs from Cincinnati 
 to Chattanooga, via Lexington, Ky. In iSSgthe present 
 site of the city was a farm, nothing more. To-day its 
 population is 3,500. The town was the inception of a 
 company, of which the late Gen. Clinton B. Fisk was 
 president, and as he and others associated wath him were 
 devoted to the anti-saloon idea, this principle was incor- 
 porated in all deeds for city lots by a proviso 
 that in case the property was ever used 
 
 k 
 
 BRISTOL, TFNN. 
 
 nually paid out for labor. These coal deposits are inex- 
 haustible, as the mountains for miles are filled with the 
 "black diamonds." Lumber abounds in the adjacent 
 mountains, poplar, pine, white oak, hickory and many 
 other valuable hard I- woods. The country around 
 Jellico is well adapt- ^/'\^ edtothe 
 
 growing of ■ r ^ft'l\^i 4- ^''"'^ "^"'^ 
 
 HOTEL AND SIG.M.M. STATION, ROAN MOUNTAIN, TKNN. 
 
 truck. The population of Jellico is about 2,000. 
 
 Another important coal town is Coal Creek, in Ander- 
 son County. It is a prosperous place of 1,000 people, and 
 
 for the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors it 
 should revert to the land company. 
 
 The early growth of Harriman was one of the most 
 remarkable ever known. City lots staked out in a corn- 
 field sold for as much as $S,ooo within two days after 
 the city plots were put on record. Within a year's time 
 hundreds of stores and residences had been erected. 
 To-day Harriman, which has successfully withstood 
 many vicissitudes, is on a most healthy basis and is 
 keeping in step with its sister cities in the march of 
 prosperity. It has manufacturing interests of consider- 
 able importance, good schools and churches, city water 
 works, electric lights, well paved and sew- 
 ered streets and a sterling class of citizens. 
 
 Sixteen miles east of Harri- 
 man, and thir- 
 ty-five miles 
 northwest of 
 Knoxville, are 
 the Oliver 
 Springs, a 
 noted health 
 and pleasure 
 resort, situated 
 on the south- 
 ern slopes of 
 the Cumber- 
 land range of 
 
 mountains, in .1 ! 1 , .h-n 
 
 a most picturesque and healthy region. There is an ex- 
 cellent new hotel here with accommodations for 150, 
 and the springs furnish an abundance of health-giving 
 water at a temperature of fifty-Eve degrees. Its cura- 
 tive properties are well known, and the springs are 
 largely patronized. 
 
 From Knoxville there is a branch of the South- 
 ern Railway running southeast to Marysville, an attract- 
 ive place, where is located one of the most prosperous 
 and progressive colleges in the State, and one which 
 enjoys a large patronage. 
 
From Chattanooga the 
 Memphis division of the 
 Southern Railway extends to 
 Memphis, which 
 is exactly 310 
 miles due west. 
 The line leaves 
 Tennessee a few 
 miles out of 
 
 ANDRKW JOHNSON MOM MKN 1, OKEKNEVILI.R, TbNS. CHattallOOfa 
 
 and, traversing the northern portion of Alabama, cuts 
 across the northeastern corner of Mississippi and enters 
 Tennessee again near Chewalla, passing through Grand 
 Junction and Collierville and terminating at Memphis. 
 
 Grand Junction is fifty-two miles east of Memphis, 
 and is the commercial center of a populous and pros- 
 perous farming region, which is characteristic in its 
 general features of the western portion of Tennessee. 
 The country is high and abundantly watered, and fruit- 
 growing has assumed material proportions. The town 
 itself has a population of about five hundred and is 
 growing rapidly. There are nearby large deposits of 
 potter's clay, of which immense amounts are shipped to 
 New Orleans and other points, where it is made into 
 sewer pipe. 
 
 Somerville, the county seat of Fayette County, is 
 the terminus of a short branch which leaves the Memphis 
 division at Moscow. It is situated on the Lbosa Hatchie 
 River and enjoys a trade very much greater than that of 
 the usual town of 2, 500 population. There is at Somer- 
 ville one of the finest court houses in Tennessee, and in 
 every wnv the place shows progress. There are good 
 
 JOIIN.SON'S lAILOU SliOl', 
 
 m;\ ll.I.l., -I K.NN. 
 
 churches and schools, and because of its altitude and 
 pleasing features many people from Memphis spend the 
 summer here. Its people are hospitable and progressive, 
 and invite desirable settlers. 
 
 Memphis is the county seat of Shelby County, and 
 is the largest city of Tennessee, and also the largest on 
 the Mississippi River between St. Louis, which is 379 
 miles to the north by rail, and New Orleans, 396 miles 
 south. The county occupies the southwestern corner of 
 
 • -5* 
 
 TATE SI'KlNr.S HOTEL, NEAR MORKISTOWN, TEXN. 
 
 Tennessee, and is not only important commercially, but 
 exceedingly interesting to archaeologists, who have made 
 it the center of extensive investigations into the pre- 
 historic mounds which are found throughout 
 this immediate section. The i.^^ Wolf and Hatchie 
 rivers wind through the W^K^k county, merging 
 

 ■•-''»r**i 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 .K 
 
 i 
 
 Mjl^^ 
 
 
 J 
 
 iJI 
 
 just before their confluence with " the Father of Waters," 
 and upon the summit of one of the bold bkiffs near the 
 junction is an immense mound which has challenged the 
 attention of students both from this and foreign coun- 
 tries. The consensus of opinion is that a thousand or 
 
 more years 
 County 
 
 ago the fertile fields and hills of Shelby 
 were tilled by an intelligent race, the 
 monuments 
 of whose 
 occupancy 
 are left in 
 these silent 
 
 CARSON AND NEWMAN CCll.I.EGE, .MOSSY CKIIITK, TKNN, 
 
 evidences of a forgotten people. In 1541 the intrepid 
 De Soto and his adventurous band marched out of the 
 dense forests to the east, and saw with rapture the 
 broad river flowing at the foot of the yellow bluffs, for it 
 
 CE.NTENARY COLLEGE, CLliVLLAND, TILNN. 
 
 was from the high bluflf now occupied by the Jackson 
 Mound Park at Memphis that the first white man gazed 
 upon the Mississippi River. 
 
 After the departure of De Soto, the Chickasaw 
 Indians had undisputed sway over the region until 
 1679, when Marquette, the Jesuit priest, and Joliet, the 
 Quebec trader, initiated the movement which ultimately 
 
 subdued the red man and took possession o£ 
 his territory. 
 
 But it is of modern times and things 
 rather than ancient that it is the object of the 
 author to treat. The Memphis of to-day is 
 one of the progressive commercial cities in 
 which the South has great reason to take 
 pride. It has a population of about 115,000, 
 and is the largest hardwood market, and the 
 second largest lumber market, in the world, 
 there being over six hundred saw mills within 
 a radius of one hundred and fifty miles of the 
 city. Memphis is also the largest inland cotton 
 market in the world, and handled last year 
 considerably more than 500,000 bales, paying 
 out therefor about $20,000,000. Of thirty-two 
 crops of cotton grown between 1864 and 1S97. 
 14.620,000 bales have been sold in the Mem- 
 phis market, realizing a total of $825,000,000, or an 
 
 * «6»«- 
 
 Aim NS, Tl NN 
 
MKMFHIS, TEN'N. 
 
annual average of 456,210 
 bales, valued at $25,750,000. 
 It also handled last year 
 120,000 tons of cotton seed, 
 worth n early $ i , 000, 000. 
 
 Memphis is the fifth city 
 in the United States in the 
 wholesale grocery -trade and 
 the sixth in the boot and shoe 
 trade. It has thirteen banks, 
 with a capital and surplus of 
 $7,000,000, and eight local 
 fire insurance companies, 
 with a capital of $1,250,000. 
 The total business runs over 
 a hundred millions per an- 
 num, and is growing each 
 year, and statistics covering 
 the past ten years show the 
 smallest percentage of fail- 
 ures, to business done, of 
 any city in the United States. 
 There are about sixty -five 
 miles of electric street roads, 
 and almost as many of paved 
 streets. In public buildings 
 Memphis is especially for- 
 tunate. It has a beautiful 
 public library of modern architecture, a 
 house, a large opera house and handsome theatre 
 
 THE FIRST LESSON 
 
 fine 
 
 custom 
 a 
 
 OLIVER SPRI.N'CS, TLNN. 
 
 cotton and merchants' exchange, modern 
 and a large number of fine schoolhouses 
 and churches. In iSSo Memphis had 
 less than 150 industrial establishments. 
 In iSg7 it had over 500, doing an ever- 
 increasing volume of business. 
 
 The city is a most attractive one 
 in its aesthetic aspects. It is located 
 upon the high land overlooking the Mis- 
 sissippi, a broad esplanade along the 
 bluff being built up with fine business 
 structures. The streets are broad and 
 regular, and the residences as a class 
 show the excellent taste, refinement and 
 wealth of the citizens. A fine park filled 
 with beautiful old trees occupies a cen- 
 tral location. There is a magnificent 
 new bridge across the Mississippi at 
 
 iffice buildings 
 
 Memphis, and opposite the city is the St. Francis River 
 basin, which extends sixty mile.s to the south. The South- 
 ern Railway's through trunk line system gives Memphis 
 line transportation faciUties to leading eastern centers, 
 including the ports of Brunswick, Ga., and Norfolk, Va. 
 A survey that has of necessity been suggestive 
 rather than exhaustive of what Tennessee has been and 
 is to-day points to larger development and grander 
 achievement in the to-morrows of the coming century. 
 Tennessee swings forward in the orbit of opportunity, 
 bright star in the constellation of States that she is, to 
 the glorious zenith of her destiny. She has everything 
 to make her a vast empire of wealth. She is improving 
 all and neglecting none of the opportunities with which 
 a generous Nature has endowed her. The record she 
 has made has been an illustrious one, and her future is 
 resplendent in all the prophecies that foretell wealth, 
 culture and refinement. 
 
 SOUTH PITTSBURG, TENN. 
 
III1-. M issi>siiT'i ni\i-.K A I \ii:\irri 
 
'^""^%^:^;i^y 
 
 *^:i- 
 
 •^J. 
 
 TRADITION tells us that a wayworn Indian warrior had turned 
 his face and steps westward to seek a more quiet abode in the 
 far-off land toward the setting sun. He came at length to the 
 fertile lands and clear streams of Alabama. Charmed by the scenery, 
 the blooming valleys, the limpid streams, the boundless plains, on 
 reaching the banks of the beautiful Alabama River he struck his spear 
 into the earth, saying, " Alabama— Here We Rest." 
 
 Out of the midst of this tradition there looms the truth of Alabama's 
 greatness, her inexhaustible resources of soil and mine, of fields and 
 forests, balmy climate, her wonderful healthfulness and her beauty. 
 
 It is a reasonable assertion that Alabama's 52,000 square miles of 
 territory, with the combined wealth of agricultural, timber and mineral 
 resources, are not surpassed by any similar area of the earth's surface. 
 If the same thing were said with equal truthfulness of some spot in 
 Africa or Asia it would rightly attract scarce a passing notice from the 
 American settler or the American investor. For him the statement 
 would have no practical bearing. 
 
 But when this is truthfully said of one of our own States, and when 
 it is further added that the development of these resources is in active 
 progress and has proceeded far enough to prove their utility as pfofit- 
 earning properties, the point is made, and the invitation to the investor 
 and the intending settler commands attention. 
 
 The only natural resource in Alabama whose development has any 
 advantage that might come from age is agriculture, and even in that, 
 aside from cotton and corn culture, the capabilities of the soil and 
 climate are only now coming to be fairly utilized. All sections of the 
 State produce cotton and corn as the staple crops. The middle portion 
 is peculiarly adapted to cotton; the northern districts, embracing the 
 mountains and the Tennessee and Coosa valleys, do particularly well 
 with the grains and grasses; while the pine region along the Gulf 
 coast has demonsti'ated its capacity in the production of the fruits and 
 vegetables. 
 
 Notwithstanding this varied fitness for the production of every crop 
 that grows in the temperate latitudes, until recently almost the entire 
 agric'ultural population devoted itself mainly to raising the million bales 
 of cotton that supplies to them a revenue approximating the large sum 
 of thirty million dollars in cash. This devotion to a single crop was the 
 result rather of habit. Wherever it has been abandoned and attention 
 given to varied crops, the result has been a growing prosperity, im- 
 proving farms and flourishing market towns. 
 
 The man who intends to emigrate may have no wish to come South 
 and raise cotton, but it is a fact that here in the heart of the cotton 
 country is an almost virgin field for growing fruits, vegetables and 
 small crops, with markets ready at hand or within profitable distance. 
 Nor is there any element of experiment or adventure in such enterprise. 
 
The object lessons are numerous now, and a movement 
 has already begun toward Alabama which is based not 
 on what may be done, but on what has been accom- 
 plished. Every neighborhood has its several farmers 
 who are prospering by varied and intensive cultivation. 
 Every section of the State 
 has its colonies or settle- 
 ments that have proved the 
 soil and climate leave noth- 
 ing to be desired by the 
 small farmer. 
 
 Alabama offers excep- 
 tional inducements to the 
 immigrant, whether he be 
 laborer or capitalist. Her 
 laws are liberal, her soil 
 fertile, her inhabitants hos- 
 pitable, her climate admira- 
 ble, her mineral wealth un- 
 surpassed, her industrial 
 growth assured, her educa- 
 tional facilities good, with 
 all the accessories to prog- 
 ress and prosperity. With- 
 in the past three or four 
 years thousands of emi- 
 grants from the North and 
 West have found homes in 
 Alabama, where they are 
 prospering. Alabama re- 
 ceives all home-seekers 
 with open arms, and vouch- 
 safes for them ample re- 
 ward for honest effort. 
 Time was when Alabama's 
 motto, " Here we rest," was 
 most applicable, but it is 
 not .so now. The dozens 
 of cotton mills, the scores 
 of furnaces, rolling mills, 
 foundries, shops and fac- 
 tories of various descriptions would belie the state- 
 ment. The establishment of industrial plants, the in- 
 crease in commerce, the growth of the old towns and 
 the building of new ones, the introduction of modern 
 methods in agriculture, tell the tale of Alabama's progress 
 and prosperity. Her population has increased at a rapid 
 
 rate, and now numbers nearly 2,000,000 souls, whereas 
 in 1890, according to the Government census, it was only 
 a little over 1,500,000. 
 
 Alabama ranks among the first of the States of the 
 Union in the number, extent and value of her magnificent 
 water lines. Every section and neai-ly eveiy county of 
 the State is watered and affords commercial facilities by 
 some one or more of its splendid navigable rivers, the 
 Alabama, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Warrior, Cahaba, Bigbee, 
 and the Tennessee, the liquid arteries of the common- 
 wealth, fed by innumerable creeks, all fruitful in power 
 to convert the raw produce into articles of merchandise. 
 The mountain region of the State, across which, both 
 from north to south and from east to west, the lines of 
 the Southern Railwaj' run, has some peculiar advantages 
 and attractions of its own. The climate lacks the heat 
 associated with the word South, and from which many 
 citizens of colder latitudes shrink. The great staple, 
 cotton, flourishes side by side with wheat growing to 
 perfection, while cattle farms rivaling any on the conti- 
 nent demonstrate its qualities as a grass-grower. It is a 
 
 fact that an Alabama cow 
 holds the world's butter rec- 
 cord, on a te.st running over 
 a year. 
 
 Flourishing orchards 
 and nurseries tell their own 
 story to the eye. The new 
 and growing colony of 
 Fruithurst speaks for the 
 hill country — a colony of 
 scarce two years, already 
 grown to the dignity of an 
 incorporated city. The 
 dairy farms of Calhoun and 
 adjoining counties have a 
 wide reputation, while mar- 
 ket gardening grows apace 
 around the manufacturing 
 centers like Anniston and 
 Birmingham. 
 
 But after all, the chief 
 and most real advantage 
 enjoyed by this mountain 
 country lies in the prox- 
 imity of its farms to the 
 great mineral deposits, 
 whose development is rap- 
 idly building up consuming 
 centers and gathering a 
 mining population which 
 affords the farmer an ever- 
 increasing market for all 
 he has to sell. 
 
 If the tourist in Alabama 
 wishes to see the finest 
 belt of corn and cotton land 
 m the State, and certainly the equal of any in the coun- 
 try, he will find it along the Southern Railway's lines 
 between the cities of Selma and Demopolis. This is 
 the region where the old plantation system reached its 
 largest and richest development, and where the soil has 
 remained almost unimpaired through all these years of 
 
cultivation. Here, top, the modern plan of smaller farms 
 and more varied products is making headway, and the 
 people are on the alert to seek and welcome the immi- 
 grant, with his thrifty ways and modern ideas. 
 
 The geographical area of Alabama comprises more 
 than 32,000,000 acres. Of this great territory less than 
 one-third is under cultivation. Nearly two-fifths is still 
 covered by the native forest growths. Over 15,000,000 
 acres of timbered lands serve the double purpose of pre- 
 serving the healthfulness of the inhabitants and the 
 equability of temperature and rainfall. These forests con- 
 tain large and valuable supplies of cedar, oak, cypress. 
 
 the Rocky Mountains, while its export forms a most 
 lucrative share of the business of Mobile, Savannah, 
 Brunswick and Pensacola. The yellow pine and the 
 hardwoods mentioned above are a storehouse of well- 
 nigh inexhaustible supply for the arts of manufac- 
 ture as they develop. Already the hardwoods are ex- 
 tensively utilized in manufactures of various kinds, from 
 axe helves to carriages, while the cypress of the lower 
 end of the State is the basis of a shingle trade of very 
 large proportions. Its value can be seen from the fol- 
 lowing statement: In iSSo the value of the planed and 
 sawed timber of the State was $2,811,534 ; in 1S90 it had 
 
 poplar, ash, 
 hickory and gum 
 all of which are 
 being cut in • 
 quantities that "^ji- 
 make impor- ^ 
 tant contribu- 
 tions to com 
 merce and the 
 wealth of the Stat' 
 But by far the .. - 
 
 increased to 
 
 So. 364, 283. The 
 
 ;^;>f^jfigures for 
 
 1897, while 
 
 not at hand, 
 
 are known to 
 
 be nmch in ex- 
 
 .: cess of those 
 
 for iSgo. 
 To this wealth of 
 agricultural and 
 
 SOME OF THE M ANU TACTU RING EST ABLISH MKNTS OF BIRMINGHAM 
 
 most important and extensive growth for supplying the 
 present demand is the long leaf yellow pine. The supply 
 now standing is computed with care and trustworthiness 
 at more than thirteen billion feet, cord measure, which, 
 at the present enormous annual cut, will last the life- 
 time of most men now living, even were there no re- 
 newal upon the denuded land. Alabama pine is staple 
 in nearly every market for building material east of 
 
 timber resource Alabama adds a mineral wealth greater 
 than that possessed by any State of the Union, and in 
 the development of her mineral riches seems to lie a 
 future of material progress beyond the prophecy of even 
 her own most enthusiastic citizens. It is a twice-told 
 tale to the least informed of American readers to relate 
 that the Alabama coal fields cover an area of 8,660 
 square miles ; that the known workable seams will supply 
 
100,000 tons a diiy for i, 144 years. . 
 That her red iron ores crop out 
 on the surface in a ledge twenty 
 feet thick, and, taken with her de- 
 posits of the finer brown ore, are, 
 with the surface hardly out of 
 sight, sufficient to supply her fur- 
 naces for 500 years. That this 
 coal and ore lies within a few 
 miles of immeasurable beds of 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, AT.A. 
 
 limestone and dolomite. That gold has been mined 
 in a haphazard way for fifty years, and is in paying 
 quantities, and is now entered at last on an era of 
 practical and businesslike development. That a speci- 
 men of her marble sent to the Washington Monu- 
 ment as a contribution from Alabama was rejected as 
 being Parian palmed off on the committee, until proof 
 was forthcoming of its nativity among the Alabama 
 hills. That the finest deposits of bauxite on the conti- 
 nent are within her borders. That her clays reach up 
 in quality to the finest kaolin, and her building stonts 
 have stood the test of }-ears. That in the production of 
 pig iron the State stands fourth in the Union, third in 
 production of iron ore, and fifth in amount of coal mined. 
 
 This is but the partial story of what Nature has done, 
 and it is worthy of more than passing remark that the 
 several railroads now constituting the sj^stem known as 
 the Southern Railway were originally constructed with 
 an eye single to the development of these great mineral 
 deposits, and to-day traverse the heart of the coal fields, 
 the iron, gold and stone territory, and wherever else the 
 minerals are worth the application of capital and labor. 
 
 The mere existence of this natural wealth is not half 
 so interesting or important as the fact that its develop- 
 ment has already gone far enough to demonstrate that 
 the working of these minerals is a profitable busines 
 Practically this development began about the year iS^i 
 and everything mined and everything made had need to 
 fight for markets alread\' preempted by products of 
 established reputation and prepared with immense capi- 
 tal to maintain their advantage. To recount the prog- 
 ress made in these seventeen years is eas)' as romancing. 
 But the struggle in its details was, to the men engaged, 
 one of weary ups and downs, of hopes and losses, and 
 yet of ever-growing gain and promise. Here are some 
 salient facts : 
 
 In iSSo Alabama produced 380,000 tons of coal from 
 
 a few small mines. In 1897 
 she produced 5,642,502 tons 
 from 78 mines. 
 
 In 1S80 the production of 
 coke was 60, 781 tons. In 1S97 
 it was 1,250,475 tons, made 
 from 5,658 ovens. 
 
 In iSSo the ore mined 
 was 171,136 tons. In 1897 it 
 was 2,483,064. 
 
 In I SSo the production of 
 pig iron was 68,925 tons. In 
 1897 it was 912,157. 
 
 In I SSo the market was 
 local and uncertain and hard 
 to find. Now Alabama coal 
 supplies the bulk of consump- 
 tion in nearly a half dozen 
 States on the South Atlantic 
 and the Gulf, goes by large 
 contracts to the railroads of 
 ""■ Mexico, runs engines in the 
 ports of foreign countries, 
 and through the Southern 
 Railway's direct lines of rail 
 and barges is driving Penn- 
 sylvania from its long monopoly of the great Mississippi. 
 Alabama's coal area is divided locally into three 
 fields, named from the rivers which drain them, the 
 Cahaba, the Coosa and the AVarrior. The last named 
 is by far the largest, containing 7,810 of the S,66o square 
 miles underlaid bv the coal measures. The Cahaba field 
 
 contains 435 square miles, and the Coosa 415 square 
 miles. The greatest developments up to date have been 
 made in the Warrior and Cahaba fields, very little work 
 having been done in the Coosa field, although it contains 
 a number of thick seams of fine quality. 
 
 Iron finds a market in every consuming center from 
 Boston to Chicago, and is made into steel at Pittsburg 
 by the Carnegie and other great producers of the steel 
 
BiND's-Evi-; vii:\\ 
 
 metropolis of the country. Not satisfied with meeting 
 every demand as to quality and underselling every com- 
 petitor in all the markets of America, the Alabama iron 
 makers have invaded Europe, and from April i, 1896, to 
 November I, 1897, exported to England and the Continent 
 over 200,000 tons of iron. The cost of this iron at the 
 furnace in Alabama is about $b per ton lower 
 than anywhere else in the world. 
 
 This is not all, nor the best part of 
 the story. Alabama is not merely a 
 seller of the raw material, such as 
 cotton, coal and iron in the pig. 
 Her iron pipe and foundry in- 
 dustries have grown to immense 
 proportions and she is an active 
 and earnest competitor in all 
 the markets of the world for 
 the sale of such products. " 
 Her iron foundries send 
 engines and boilers and 
 sundry articles throughout 
 the South, furnish the ma- 
 chinery for the ponderous 
 sugar mills of Louisiana, 
 and are creating markets 
 for themselves through- 
 out every portion of the 
 world. 
 
 Alabama's latest move 
 ment forward is the manu- 
 facture of her own iron int* 
 the best open hearth basic 
 steel at a price and on a -3 
 scale that has made an in- 'riff^ 
 slant commercial success 
 and foreshadows as wide a 
 mai'ket for her steel as for tlie 
 raw pig. This is rightly taken 
 to mark an epoch in the historj^ 
 of the State, and of the South as 
 well. Not an epoch merely in 
 the way of material progress, but 
 in her social and intellectual de- 
 velopment. The progress that 
 it assures, the wealth production 
 
 'k 
 
 y^^' 
 
 
 that it ushei's in, will not fail to impress and modify the 
 life of the people in the profoundest and most tar- reach- 
 ing way, hastening the change already begun whereby 
 the population is being turned from the simpler methods 
 of agriculture to the more varied and intense and en- 
 terprising activities of manufacture. The most impor- 
 tant step to the front Alabama has ever made 
 was accomplished during the summer of 
 the past year by the Birmingham 
 Rolling Mill Co., which put into 
 operation its first furnace, with a 
 capacity of sixt)' tons a day, and 
 scored a success from the 
 initial run. Another furnace 
 of the same capacity is already 
 built and in operation, the 
 two making a mere begin- 
 ning of the steel era now 
 happily inaugurated. 
 
 Perhaps the best idea 
 of the magnitude to which 
 the mining and iron-making 
 industr)' has reached in 
 Alabama, an industry still 
 in its infancy and with op- 
 portunities still open quite 
 equal to any yet seized 
 upon, may be had from 
 some figures of . the Ten- 
 nessee Coal, Iron and Rail- 
 road Co., whose head office 
 is in Birmingham, and 
 whose properties and opera- 
 tions in this State are as 
 follows: Acreage of coal 
 and ore lands, 240,807. 
 Daily capacity of present coal 
 mines, 14,600 tons. Cokeovens, 
 2,642, with a daily capacity of 
 4,255 tons. Iron mines, 21, with 
 a daily capacity of 7,000 tons. 
 Iron furnaces, 11, with a daily 
 capacity of 2,250 tons. 
 
 Next in importance to the 
 manufacture of iron and steel 
 
 ANNISION, At.A. 
 
OXFORD LAKE, NEAR ANNISTON, ALA. 
 
 comes that of cotton, in which Alabama has done her 
 part of that remarkable development in the South of 
 recent years. In one respect the spinning of cotton is of 
 more importance to the people of Alabama as a whole 
 than any other field of enterprise open to them. It can 
 be prosecuted in every part of the State with the raw 
 material at the factory door, and as successfully in one 
 locality as another. 
 
 In 1S90 there were in the State thirteen cotton mills 
 operating 79,234 spindles and 1,692 looms. In 1S97 there 
 were fifty mills, 350,000 spindles and 7, 500 looms, consum- 
 ing about 100,000 bales of cotton annually. Cotton man- 
 ufacturing has always been profitable in Alabama, when 
 conducted on business principles, and. indeed, there is no 
 reason why it should not be. Here the mills are in the 
 midst of one of the greatest cotton belts of the world, 
 where the staple of the very finest quality can be secured 
 with practically no freight charges, for it is grown 
 almost at the mill doors. Steam coal is laid down at 
 the mill at from seventy cents to one dollar per ton, 
 whereas in no other cotton State can it be had for any- 
 thing like these figures. The railroad facilities are equal 
 to those enjoyed by any other State. That cotton manu- 
 facturers have at last recognized the advantages of the 
 Birmingham district for their line is shown by the build- 
 ing of two immense mills near Birmingham during the 
 present year, both of which will be ready to go into 
 operation by the end of the year. These two mills rep- 
 resent an investment of $1,000,000 and have over 60,000 
 spindles and 1,900 looms. 
 
 As a matter of fact, cotton spinning is being success- 
 fully carried on in every section of Alabama, and the 
 increase of mills keeps pace with the building of new iron 
 works and the opening of fresh mines. It is a fact of 
 significance that, along the entire great mileage of the 
 Southern Railway, the industry stands out conspicu- 
 ously as having been in practically every instance highly 
 successful and profitable. The attractions of cotton 
 mill investments in Alabama need no better illustration 
 than the success of the New Englanders who have just 
 started a $500,000 mill in successful operation at Alabama 
 
 City, near Gadsden, their experience being 
 such that a company of Boston mill men 
 are following their example and are now 
 erecting a 25,000 spindle mill at Cordova, 
 in the heart of the Walker County coal 
 fields. A $100,000 mill is one of the new 
 industries at Selma, and a $150,000 mill has 
 just gone into operation at Montgomery. 
 
 There is a thrill of industrial activity 
 throughout the State. Industries built as 
 accessories to land booms in the specula- 
 tive era of 1SS8 are being reorganized and 
 put into operation as practical business en- 
 terprises. This is notable at Sheffield and 
 Decatur and Anniston. There is effort 
 everywhere, the spirit to try, and the spirit 
 is the prelude to busy action. 
 
 The agricultural, lumber, mining and 
 manufacturing development of Alabama 
 within twenty 3'ears presupposes several 
 conditions about which the investor as well 
 as the emigrant is wont, and very properly, 
 to inquire closely. Progress of this sort must be accom- 
 panied by steadily increasing transportation facilities. 
 Accordingly we find in Alabama 3,624 miles of the best- 
 equipped railroad lines, the track of the Southern Rail- 
 way alone in this State being 675 miles. Four important 
 
 %i^ 
 
 H 
 
 ANNISTON, ALA. 
 
 new roads and branches are being constructed, and are 
 adding about 500 miles to the track already laid. Every 
 portion of the State is now in close connection with the 
 balance of the world, and every road is steadily increasing 
 its traffic and improving its equipment and service. 
 
SUBURBAN RESORT NtAR TUSCALOOSA, ALA. 
 
 Industrial success is accompanied, too, with those 
 institutions which make material progress round and 
 complete — well-organized churches and schools and be- 
 nevolent societies, and a public sentiment that works 
 for moral and intellectual advancement. On education 
 the State spends some $700,000 per annum, and the cities 
 and towns almost as much. Alabama's State Univer- 
 sity at Tuscaloosa is well endowed and splendidly 
 equipped ; and besides there are the Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College, the State Polytechnic In- 
 stitute at Auburn; the Industrial School for 
 white girls at Montevallo, with 400 students; 
 an agricultural school in each congressional 
 district; five normal schools; three colleges 
 for negroes, at all of which agriculture and 
 the mechanical arts are a large feature of 
 the course, all doing good educational work. 
 Nothing could better illustrate how fully 
 abreast Alabama is with the times than the 
 fine equipment and successful conduct of her 
 school for the deaf, dumb and blind, where 
 these unfortunates are taught at the State's 
 expense all that modern science and art per^ 
 mits them to know. The public schools of the 
 cities are as good as can be found in other 
 cities of the country with similar population. Tho.se of 
 
 Birmingham, 
 Mobile and 
 Montgom ery 
 are especially 
 ne, Birming- 
 ham's school 
 system receiv- 
 ing the highest 
 award at the 
 
 Atlanta Exposition in 1S95. All political parties in Ala- 
 bama recognize the importance of education, and planks 
 favoring the maintenance of the schools are embodied 
 in all their platforms. Besides what the State does for 
 education, the churches and the private school- 
 master are successfully at work. In all the 
 State institutions the 
 advanced position of 
 the public policj- is 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, AT TUSCALOOSA 
 
 shown by the co-education of the sexes, Alabama afford- 
 ing to her girls every facility that she gives to her boys. 
 No reference to education in Alabama would be com- 
 plete without reference to the important work being 
 accomplished by President Booker T. Washington at 
 the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, of which 
 he is the moving and controlling spirit. This institu- 
 tion may well be termed the most successful of any in 
 this country designed for the education of the colored 
 youth. It was organized by President Washington, 
 himself a colored man, and a leader of his race, in 
 iSSi ; to-day it owns property valued at $2qo,ooo, which 
 includes 2,267 acres of land, upon which have been 
 erected by the handicraft and labor of the students 
 themselves 42 buildings. It has 1,073 students and 86 
 instructors, who teach 26 different industries, and every 
 year young men and young women are sent out, who, 
 with their intellectual and industrial training, are willing 
 to go among the ignorant of their people and labor, even 
 though the compensation is hardly suificient to supply 
 the ordinary needs of the teacher. 
 
 After all is said, the spirit that is abroad among the 
 people themselves, the spirit that appreciates the wealth 
 of Nature and the need for effort on the part of man ; the 
 spirit to work and to do its best, is more significant and 
 important in the long run than anything proved by 
 
 .OO.SA, ALA 
 

 '-'-'JiSE^ 
 
 SEI.MA, AI.A. 
 
 existing facts and statistics. No one thing is so pregnant 
 with hope and confidence in the material and industrial 
 future of Alabama as the successful and continuous 
 maintenance in all her cities and larger towns of com- 
 mercial clubs orsocieties or associations. The incidental 
 and secondary function of these clubs is to collect facts, 
 issue pamphlets of advertisement, and to entertain the 
 stranger. Their real and supreme function is to supply 
 the people with a point of vantage where they can unite 
 their forces and render effective the energies that scattered 
 would be like dissolving air clouds. 
 
 The Southern Railway, which is taking such an 
 active and prominent part in the development of Ala- 
 bama, has four distinct lines which cross the entire State. 
 Two of these enter the State in its extreme northeast 
 corner, near Chattanooga, Tenn. One, the Memphis 
 division, dips down into Alabama from Tennessee, 
 traverses the width of the State near its northern 
 boundary, passes into Mississippi and then turns into 
 Tennessee, terminating at Memphis on the Mississippi 
 River. This division passes around the base of Lookout 
 Mountain and through Stevenson, Scotlsboro, Hunts- 
 ville, Decatur, Courtland, Tuscumbia, from which a 
 branch line runs to Florence, and Riverton, Ala., luka 
 and Corinth, Miss., and Middleton, Grand Junction ami 
 Collier vi lie, Tenn. 
 
 The other line of the Southern Railway 
 S3'<;tem, entering Alabama at its north- 
 east corner, is known as the Alabama 
 Great Southern Railroad. Between 
 Chattanooga and Alabama it cuts 
 across the very northwest corner of 
 Georgia, entering Alabama at James, 
 crosses the State line at Kevvanee 
 
 '"'* ^' **Mt' 
 
 and continues to Meridian, Miss., 37y miles southwest 
 of Chattanooga 
 
 This line passes through Fort Payne, and intersects 
 the line from Rome, Ga., at Attalla. Between this point 
 and its terminus at Meridian it passes through Wood- 
 stock, Tuscaloosa, Akron, Eutaw, Livingston, York and 
 other prosperous towns, intersecting the main east and 
 west line at Birmingham. 
 
 Another division of the Southern, with the same 
 terminals, Rome, Ga. , and Meridian, Miss., crosses Ala- 
 bama diagonally, intersecting the main east and west line 
 at Anniston, sixty-foin- miles east of Birmingham. This 
 line passes through 
 Cave Spring, Te- 
 cumseh, Pied- 
 mont, Jack- I 
 s o n V i 1 1 e , 
 Anniston, 
 0.xanna, 
 Oxford, 
 Colum- , 
 biana. 
 
 Childersburg, Shelby Springs, Calera, Montevallo, Brier- 
 field, Maplesville, Selma, Marion Junction, Uniontown, 
 Demopolis and York, Ala. The main east and west 
 line enters the State at Muscadine, passes through 
 Fruithurst, Edwardsville, Iron City, Oxford, O.k- 
 anna, Anniston, Lincoln, Riverside, Pell City, Cook 
 Sprmgs, Henry Ellen, Birmingham, Coalburg, 
 Brookside, Cardiff, Cordova, Patton Junction, 
 Corona, Banlsston. Fayette, and Millport, where it 
 leaves Alabama, continuing across the State of 
 Mississippi to Greenville, an enterprising city on the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 In addition to these various main stems, there 
 are numerous branches reaching many important 
 towns. Together they afford tlie State of Alabama 
 a most perfect railroad system, by which there are 
 
trunk line outlets both for passenger and freight traffic 
 to the chief centers north, east, south and west. 
 
 Birmingham from the very beginning of the present 
 industrial life of Alabama has taken the lead and main- 
 tained it. Within an incredibly short time after its 
 prospects and advantages became known, the old hills of 
 Jefferson County were teeming with a thrifty, hustling 
 population. Birmingham, as if by magic, and from an 
 old, abandoned field in the early '70s, soon grew to 
 be the leading city in Alabama, and one of the chief 
 centers of the industrial South. The population of 
 Birmingham in iSSo was less than 3,000, in 1S90 this had 
 increased to 30,000, and in iSgy to 50,000. The first pig 
 iron furnace in the district was blown-in in iSSo, and 
 to-day there are twelve of enormous capacity in blast, 
 among the most extensive and successful being the 
 Sloss, Tennessee, Woodward, Thomas and others. Early 
 in the 'gos a large number of coal mines were opened, 
 from which are now being taken thousands of tons of 
 coal daily. Birmingham is the center of a great indus- 
 trial hive, and her growth during the past decade has 
 been the wonder of the times. 
 
 In 1S70 the output of pig iron in 
 Alabama was 6,250 tons, in 
 1S80 it was 62,336 tons, and 
 in 1897 912,157 tons. Dur- 
 ing this time foundries 
 and machine shops, 
 boiler and engine 
 works, factories and 
 mills sprang into ex- 
 istence all over the 
 State, providing em- 
 
 wmm. ^ 
 
 ploymcnt to thousands of laborers and mechanics. In 
 Birmingham alone there are now not less than twenty- 
 five foundries and machine shops, besides numerous 
 rolling mills, steel mills, cotton mills, one of which has 
 30,000 spindles and 800 looms; pipe works, car w'heel 
 works, cotton gin and press factories and other indus- 
 trial plants, numbering in all over 200. These give em- 
 ployment to 12,000 people, and payout over $500,000 in 
 wages monthly. 
 
 Within the past fifteen months an 
 export business in pig iron has been es- 
 tablished, and is now assuming gratifying 
 proportions. The first foreign shipments 
 were made about the ist of July, 1S96, 
 and by the end of the year had aggre- 
 gated over 75,000 tons. From January i 
 to December 31, 1897, the foreign sales 
 amounted to about 200,000 tons. This 
 does not include shipments made by 
 brokers in New York and elsewhere, 
 but merely sales by the furnace com- 
 panies direct. 
 
 In 1S95 the Tennessee Coal, Iron & 
 Railroad Company began making basic 
 iron, low in silicon and adapted to steel- 
 making, for which they found ready sale 
 in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois, where 
 it was converted into steel, and by some 
 used in making armor plate. Encouraged by 
 the success Northern mills had in converting 
 this iron into steel,- the Birmingham Rolling Mill 
 Company decided to put in a steel plant in con- 
 nection with their rolling mill, and on the 22d of 
 July, 1S97, made their first run. They have since 
 been running regularly, and have doubled their 
 capacity. The steel has stood every test required 
 to secure for it entrance into the markets of the 
 couiitrv. 
 
 TAl.I.AUKCiA, Al.A, 
 
The banks of Birmingham have a capital of Si^SOs,- 
 ooo, and carry deposits aggregating $3,250,000, with 
 annual clearances of about $20,000,000. The aggregate 
 
 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, MONTE 
 
 volume of the city's business 
 year was $60,000,000, and the assessed 
 value of real estate and personal 
 property a little over $16,000,000, or 
 about sixty per cent, of the 
 actual value. 
 
 The city has over eighty 
 churches of various denomina- 
 tions, and a public school sys- 
 tem in which the citizens have 
 
 just reason to take the greatest pride, for at the Atlanta 
 Exposition it was awarded first honors. The schools 
 have an enrollment of over 6,000, and an average 
 annual attendance of 5,000. School property is valued 
 at §250,000, and $50,000 is spent each year in maintain- 
 ing the schools. In addition to the public schools 
 there are a number of other educational institutions 
 of high order in and near the city, among which may 
 be mentioned Howard College, East Lake Atheneum, 
 Pollock-Stephens Institute, South Highlands Academy, 
 Taylor's High School, Birmingham IMedical College, 
 Birmingham Dental College, Birmingham Art School, 
 Birmingham Conservatory of Music and two business 
 colleges. The Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian 
 denominations have established colleges in the western 
 part of the city that will be open for the reception of 
 pupils the coming season. 
 
 The water supply is ample for a city of several 
 times its population, the storage capacity of the water 
 works company's reservoir being 128,760,000 gallons, 
 and the daily pumping capacity 22,500,000 gallons. 
 
 Birmingham's building record for 1S97 is a good one, 
 surpassing that of any year in the past six or seven. 
 There were issued about 200 building permits for busi- 
 ness houses and residences alone, and in the erection of 
 these nearly $300,000 was expended. Add to this 
 $500,000 put into buildings for manufacturing purposes, 
 and the grand total for new buildings in Birmingham for 
 i8g7 is over $800,000. 
 
 There are in Birmingham proper and its suburbs 
 thirteen public parks, which add materially to the beauty 
 and attractiveness of the city, and nearly one hundred 
 miles of street and suburban car lines operated by 
 
 electricity or steam. Six railroads center here. The 
 altitude of Birmingham, which varies from 602 to 940 
 feet above sea level, and the remarkably fine surface 
 drainage, added to the excellent sanitation by modern 
 sewers, makes the city one of the healthiest in the South, 
 the death rate being but 9. 6. 
 
 Anniston is one of the flourishing new cities of the 
 South. Its manufactures comprise car works, foundries, 
 ice factory, saw mills and almost every variety of plant 
 usually found in a city of its size, including one of the 
 most extensive establishments in the country for the 
 casting of car wheels. 
 
 The cliief resources upon which the city was founded 
 and built are coal, iron, lime, wood and cotton. It is 
 located in the center of the brown 
 hematite iron ore district of Ala- 
 bama, and this iron has become 
 celebrated through its adapta- 
 bility for the manufacture of car 
 wheels and axles, and these 
 have stood a higher test than 
 those made in any other part 
 of the United States. Build- 
 ing material is cheap, and 
 buildings can be constructed 
 for one-third less than the 
 same would cost in New 
 England. 
 
 The healthfulness of An- 
 niston is based upon its hav- 
 ing an altitude of Soo feet above the sea level ; its 
 being in a mountainous region, removed from any local 
 or nearby influences calculated to produce ill health ; 
 furnished with a bountiful supply of the purest spring 
 water, which is distributed throughout the city through 
 an excellent modern water system; a complete modern 
 system of sewerage, which conveys the sewage of the 
 city into a large stream four miles distant, and with the 
 
 ^-Mf 
 
 grades of the streets of such nature as to perfectly drain 
 the city of all surface water within a very short time 
 after the heaviest rainfalls. 
 
 The city has a well-equipped fire department, which 
 is active and prompt in the performance of duty, and 
 
an excellent electric system, which lights the city and 
 supplies power for the street railways. Anniston is sur- 
 rounded by a country noted for its fertile and productive 
 valleys, furnishing a suppl}' of vegetables, fruits, meats, 
 poultry and dairy products at very low prices. The 
 city has a society that is elevating and refining in "its 
 influences, and twenty-five houses of worship of large 
 capacity and beauty of structin-e. 
 
 The growth of Anniston has been one of the marvels 
 of the recent past. In iSSo the census gave her 942, in 
 iSgo, g.ggS, and to-day she has 15,000. 
 
 North of Anniston twelve miles is Jacksonville, Ala. , 
 upon the line of the Southern Railway running from 
 Rome, Ga., to Meridian, Miss. It is a very attractive 
 place and the center of a surrounding section rich in 
 minerals and agriculture. 
 
 O.xford has a population of about 2,000, and does a 
 considerable amount of business in buff brick, tile and 
 stoneware manufacture. It is but three miles from 
 Anniston, with which it is connected by two railroads. 
 There are several large cotton warehouses here and a 
 number of other prominent mercantile establishments. 
 
 Selma, one of the most progressive and prominent 
 of Alabama's sisterhood of cities, lies about ninety miles 
 south of Birmingham, fifty west of Montgomery, and 
 one hundred and si,xty north of Mobile, and is the 
 metropolis of the great section of rich black soil region 
 
 of Alabama known as the '-Black Belt." It is the 
 capital of Dallas County, which is in itself larger in 
 area than the State of Rhode Island, and its location on 
 the top of a high bluff overlooking the noble Alabama 
 
 L 
 
 
 PRINTUP HOUSE, GADSDEN, AtA. 
 
 River gives it a most commanding position. The sec- 
 tion about Selma was for many years one of the richest 
 in the entire South, and upon it were located many of 
 the most famous plantations of bygone days, around 
 which there clustered the romance and chivalry of the 
 highest type of Southern life. These great estates are 
 now divided into smaller farms, and are being intelli- 
 gently tilled by agriculturists of the modern type. 
 
 Selma's modern life partakes largely of industrial 
 features, because it has become a considerable manu- 
 facturing center. One of its cotton mills turns out 
 40,000 yards of cloth daily as the product of its 20.000 
 spindles and 650 looms. It has also several large iron 
 works, immense cotton-seed oil mills, and a score of miscel- 
 laneous manufacturing establishments. The Southern 
 Railway shops, employing several hundred men and 
 covering fifteen acres, are one of its chief industries. 
 
 The city of Selma is most attractive, as well as pro- 
 gressive. Its streets are well paved and charmingly 
 shaded. Its municipal officers have installed a most 
 excellent and modern system of sewerage, and every 
 attention is given to all that makes for the welfare of its 
 15,000 inhabitants. The churches and public schools 
 are hand.some structures, and the moral tone of the city 
 is of the highest. The Y. M. C. A. building is one of 
 the best in the South, built by voluntary contributions 
 of the citizens. The Alabama River, which furnishes 
 the finest of water transportation to the Gulf at Mobile, 
 is spanned at Selma by a modern iron bridge. 
 
 Between Selma and Meridian, Miss., are the pros- 
 perous towns of Marion, Uniontown, Faunsdale and 
 Demopolis, each possessing features of note, and be- 
 tween Marion Junction and Akron is the brisk town of 
 Greensboro. Akron is one of Alabama's coming manu- 
 facturing towns, giving promise of a bright future and 
 enjoying at the present time a large business. 
 
 Many interesting and thrilling reminiscences, 
 legendary and historic, cluster around the grand old 
 Indian Tuscaloosa. Far away back in the shadowy 
 past, when red men roamed the virgm forest hereabout. 
 a powerful Indian tribe swayed the scepter of barbaric 
 
 NEAR GADSDEN', ALA. 
 
ra-.DMoNi, 
 
 authority over a large stretch of territory in middle Ala- 
 bama, and "Tuscaloosa" was the proud name they bore. 
 
 When De Soto approached the Alabama River in 
 1540, on his return march in search of " Eldorado," he 
 encountered this nation of savages, and found ruling 
 over it a fearless and haughty giant named Tuscaloosa — 
 the same chief whom he treacherously carried away as a 
 hostage, and the same who barely escaped with his life 
 when the warriors of his kingdom were all 
 slain by the Spaniards in the bloody 
 battle of Manville (MobileV From 
 the tribe to the chief, from tlie 
 chief to the town and from 
 the town to the river passed 
 the historic and poetic 
 name Tuscaloosa. 
 
 The Indian town 
 "Tuscaloosa" is shown 
 on a French map of Louisi- 
 ana published in 1720, and 
 its location corresponds 
 with the present site of the 
 modern and busy city. 
 
 Tuscaloosa was incorporated 
 on the 13th of December, 1819, by 
 an act of the State Legislature. The same 
 year Alabama was admitted into the Union 
 of States. The State capital was moved from Cahaba 
 here in 1826, and from here to Montgomery in 1845. 
 
 In the olden times Tuscaloosa was the home of many 
 of the wealthiest families in the State, the majority of 
 whom drew their revenues from cane-brake and Warrior 
 River plantations. The grand old residences, the charm, 
 ing flower yards, and the stately oak trees and shady 
 streets then made Tuscaloosa, as they do now, one of 
 the most beautiful cities of the South. 
 
 Modern Tuscaloosa has a population of 6,000, and 
 with the suburbs of Northport, University and Asylum 
 about 10,000, but her natural advantages are without 
 limit, and her business opportunities metropolitan. Her 
 society is hospitable, cultured and refined, and her edu- 
 cational facilities exceptionally excellent. There are 
 located here two excellent female colleges, an academy 
 for boys, and good public schools. The city has an 
 electric light plant, four cotton mills, two planing mills, 
 three banks, a handsome city building, a modern sewer- 
 age system, two good hotels and fine churches. The 
 United States Government spends annually from $30,000 
 to $100,000 in the improvement of the Warrior River, 
 which flows by the city. 
 
 I'lIilJMi i\ I 
 
 In the suburbs of Tuscaloosa are the State Insane 
 Asylum and the State University. The campus of the 
 latter institution is perhaps the most beautiful in the 
 South. It comprises about forty acres of land, in the 
 form of a square, and is almost as level as a table. Set 
 well to the rear are four large buildings so arranged as 
 to constitute the university quadrangle. The main 
 avenue leads south from the front of the quadrangle, 
 directly toward the president's mansion, which i.s across 
 LTniversity Avenue, a beautiful drive from the city of 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Established in the early thirties, the history of the 
 university is in large measure the history of the State. 
 Many of the leading citizens of the State are its alumni. 
 Nor is its influence confined to Alabama. The institution 
 has furnished many distinguished men to other States in 
 all walks of life. The land of the university site is about 
 300 acres, the same being valued at $30,000. The build- 
 ings, of which there are seven, are valued at $300,000. 
 while the libraries, cabinets, apparatus, etc , are valued 
 at $50,000, a grand total of $380,000. The university 
 owns 35,000 acres of the best coal lands in the 
 State, worth at present prices about 
 $350,000, but these lands are 
 rapidly increasing in value, so 
 that the productive value 
 within the ne.xt few years 
 will be at least $500,000. 
 There are two gen- 
 eral departments of in- 
 struction, viz., academic 
 department and depart- 
 ment of professional edu- 
 cation. The academic 
 department embraces four 
 courses, leading to as many 
 degrees, which are, bachelors in 
 mining, and in civil engineering. 
 ,, , science and arts. In the professional 
 
 line, the university has a law department in 
 Tuscaloosa, and a medical department in Mobile. Taken 
 as a whole the university is one of the best-equipped 
 institutions in the entire South. 
 
 Fruithurst is situated on the line of the Southern 
 Railway, in Cleburne Count}-, in the northeastern portion 
 of the State, 73 miles west of Atlanta, Ga., and 93 miles 
 east of Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 HfNTS\ II.l I-: Sl'KINr.S, ALA 
 
In the spring 
 
 of 1895 the city 
 
 was started by 
 
 the Alabama Fruit 
 
 Growing & Winery 
 
 Association, who 
 
 purchased 20,000 
 
 acres of fruit lands 
 
 and located in the 
 
 center the city of 
 
 Fruithurst. There 
 
 has been literally 
 
 hewed out of th 
 
 woods at this poi 11" 
 
 in two years an'! 
 
 a half an incor- 
 porated city of 800 
 
 people, with 150 
 
 houses, stores, a 
 
 hotel, free school, 
 and the Fruithurst Inn, costing $40,000. Upward of 
 2,000 acres have been planted to grape vines, over 8,000 
 acres sold, and a total of nearly $600,000 in actual cash 
 expended in improvements. 
 
 The station of the Southern Railway is located at the 
 foot of Central Avenue, with the Fruithurst Inn at the 
 head of the avenue, a quarter of a mile away. Surround- 
 ing the station, fifty acres are devoted to experimental 
 gardens, orchards and vineyards, in which every variety 
 of fruit is planted. 
 
 The grape-growing industry of Fruithurst has made 
 the town a very prosperous one. 
 
 Large quantities of table grapes will from this time 
 on be shipped from Fruithurst to Northern markets, and 
 probably from 50,000 to 100,000 gallons of wine manu- 
 factured. 
 
 The plan of the Fruithurst Company is to a large 
 extent co-operative, it selling its lands in ten-acre tracts 
 with two acres of each tract planted, caring for the vine- 
 yards of such purchasers as do not locate, and buying the 
 crop when the vineyards are in bearing. 
 
 This is pre-eminently a grape-growing .section, about 
 5,000 acres being already planted to grapes within a 
 radius of ten miles of Fruithurst. 
 
 The elevation 
 being from 1,000 to 
 T, 200 feet above sea 
 level, the location is 
 remarkably health- 
 ful, with pure, rari- 
 fied atmosphere, 
 freestone water, 
 perfect natural 
 drainage, and from 
 a climatic stand- 
 point it cannot be 
 excelled. 
 
 Talladega, the 
 county seat of Tal- 
 ladega County, is 
 located in the heart 
 of the county, two 
 miles from tl 
 
 stream bearing its 
 name, and is in 
 every respect wor- 
 ■liy to be the cen- 
 ter of the county 
 so richly endowed 
 by Nature. The 
 name is an Indian 
 corruption of the 
 Spanish "Terre 
 lieiga," or bor- 
 derland, and the 
 beautiful spring, 
 gushing forth its 
 hundred gallons 
 per minute, and 
 located in the 
 heart of the town, 
 has for a hundred 
 years been the 
 meeting place for the red races of the west and the 
 pale faces of the east; historically, it is famous in many 
 respects, and is specially so as being the famous site of 
 the battle of Talladega, fought between Jackson's forces 
 and the Indians during the Creek wars. At present it is 
 a modern city of six thousand energetic people, its archi- 
 tecture is substantial and rich, both in its business 
 blocks and its beautiful homes. Railroads, car shops, 
 cotton mills, foundries, all give it the hum of industry 
 so musical to the industrious ear, while extensive 
 business houses, equipped with all modern conven- 
 iences, make its world of commerce reliable and suc- 
 cessful. Agriculturally, industrially, financially, morally 
 and intellectually she is the pride of her people. 
 
 The city has many churches and a model public 
 school system, extensive car shops, a successful cotton 
 mill, modern water works, utilizing the waters of the 
 great spring, and many industrial establishments, in- 
 cluding immense iron works and a finely equipped coke 
 furnace. 
 
 She has valleys all about her filled with improved 
 farms, yielding produce enough to supply a place of 
 a hundred thousand busy manufactures. She has as 
 pure water, as delightful a climate and as healthy 
 
 people as there are 
 in the State. 
 
 There are lo- 
 cated here the 
 State Blind Asy- 
 lum, the Talladega 
 Military Academy, 
 the State Deaf and 
 Dumb Asylum, the 
 State Asylum for 
 the Colored Blind, 
 the College for the 
 Education of the 
 Colored, the State 
 Asylum for the 
 Colored Deaf and 
 Dumb, the Pres- 
 liyterian Ladies' 
 Seminary of the 
 
South. The city has a highly intelligent people, liberal 
 and progressive, who welcome this class from the wide 
 world over. 
 
 Talladega County is located in the northeast central 
 part of Alabama, at the southern extremity of the famous 
 Blue Ridge Mountains, and is moderately hilly, one or 
 two beautiful mountains reaching 1,400 feet in height. 
 These are timbered to the top with magnificent yellow 
 pine and oak, and many of them are solid piles of iron of 
 the richest quality. Between them are numerous fertile 
 valleys, Talladega Valley extending the length of the 
 county, or about thirty-five miles, and being from five to 
 ten miles in width. The average elevation of the county 
 is about seven hundred feet above the sea. Innumerable 
 springs of living water put forth from the mountains — 
 water as pure as Nature can make it, while the odor of 
 sweet pine forests, refreshing mountain breezes, health- 
 giving sunshine and abundant rain every month in the 
 year make the country a natural sanitarium. Indus- 
 trially, with iron and marble and slate at hand in vast 
 quantities, the county has only begun to develop. One 
 furnace plant, the Clifton Iron Company's property, has 
 an investment of $250,000 
 and turns out twenty tons 
 of car-wheel iron per day, 
 another, the Jenifer Iron 
 Co., almost equaling it, 
 while the plant at Talla- 
 dega has a capacity of one 
 hundred and twenty tons 
 of iron per day, and cost 
 nearly half a million dollars 
 to build. 
 
 Between Talladega and 
 Montevallo are the pro- 
 gressive towns of Childers- 
 burg, Columbiana and 
 Calera, each making rapid 
 strides in commercial life 
 and having individual ad- 
 vantages of note. 
 
 Montevallo, the location of the Girls' Industrial 
 and Normal College, is a small but beautiful village 
 of nearly a thousand inhabitants. It is situated on the 
 Southern Railway, and is the center of valuable coal 
 fields, IS easy of access, and noted for its health, refine- 
 
 ment and religious mtluenccs. The school, 
 which is not only the pride of the town but of 
 the State, was located here on January i, 1S96. 
 The act creating it was passed by the legis- 
 lature of Alabama at the session of 1890. The 
 school opened its doors for the reception of 
 pupils on October 12, i8q6, and enrolled during 
 the first session 226 girls, who came from all 
 portions of the State. 
 
 It has an able corps of instructors, number- 
 ing twenty persons. It is under the manage- 
 ment and control of the board of trustees, with 
 his Excellency the Governor of the State as 
 ex-officio chairman. The object of the college 
 is to give girls an opportunity not only to 
 secure a first-class literary education, but to fit 
 themselves for the vocations of life open to 
 women, and to thus become self-sustaining should they 
 be thrown on their own resources. 
 
 The location of the city of Marion, which has a 
 population of 2,000, is exceedingly advantageous. It 
 is in the center of a high, rolling country, and so 
 decided are the hills that many cross streets cannot be 
 far extended. Thus situated, Marion is free from 
 malarial influences, and its health record is unsur- 
 passed by any place in the State. It has been for nearly 
 half a century one of the leading educational centers in 
 the South. Here are located the Judson Female Institute 
 and the Marion Female Seminary, colleges for young 
 ladies, of highest grade. The former is a Baptist insti- 
 tution and was founded sixty years ago, and for all these 
 years it has enjoyed continuous prosperity, and has been 
 one of the leading factors in the civilization of the South. 
 Among the points of importance on the Southern 
 Railway between Birmingham and the western line of 
 the State are Cordova, Corona and Fayette. At the 
 former a million-dollar cotton mill, one of the finest in 
 the South, has just been completed. The town has a 
 large trade and is a prominent center. 
 
 Attala is located about 
 midway between the cities of 
 Chattanooga and Birmingham. 
 Two fertile valleys of fifty 
 to sixty miles long debouch at 
 this point, pouring a store of 
 agricultural plenty into the . 
 
town, and from Lookout Mountain on one side 
 and Sand Mountain on the other, coal and 
 sevei-al superior iron ores are mined in 
 abundance, making this section second 
 in mining in the State to Bir- 
 mingham district. The popu- 
 lation of the town is con- 
 servatively estimated at 
 1, 800. Among its indus- 
 tries are an iron fur- 
 nace, a large foundry 
 and machine shop, and 
 an extensive iron ore 
 mining plant, one cotton 
 gin, one cotton mill, and 
 three distilleries. There 
 is a graded system of ■ ■ 
 
 free public schools, of 
 large attendance, and ' 
 four churches. An elec- 
 tric light plant is owned and 
 operated by the citjr. The fine 
 sj'stem of water works has been 
 established at a cost of $50,000. 
 
 There is a back country of thirty 
 miles, on which everything grows ex- 
 cept some tropical fruits. Cotton, corn, 
 wheat and oats are the staple products, 
 and from the Sand Mountain district come 
 potatoes, peaches, apples, grapes and water- 
 melons of the greatest perfection. 
 
 Gadsden is the county seat of Etowah County, in 
 northeastern Alabama, ninety-two miles south of Chat- 
 tanooga and iifty-two miles west of Rome, Ga. It is 
 located in the fertile Coosa River Valley, and its environ- 
 ments are picturesquely beautiful and attractive. It is 
 in the heart of the mineral belt of Alabama, and has 
 vast ore deposits almost at the city's limits. The city 
 has a large trade in cotton, handling about 20,000 bales 
 a year, and its cotton mill 
 operates 30,000 spindles and 
 1,000 looms, employing 600 
 hands. There are other ex- 
 tensive manufacturing in- 
 terests at Gadsden, and 
 much enterprise among her 
 6,000 citizens. The Coosa 
 River, which is navigable 
 for 150 miles, has been 
 greatly improved by the 
 Government, and fine locks 
 have been built at Gads- 
 den. The city has a num- 
 ber of handsome residences 
 and many evidences of 
 thrift. There are many 
 
 churches, and excellent schools, including the 
 Lookout Institute for young ladies. 
 
 Piedmont, in Calhoun County, is nearly midway 
 between Rome, Ga. , and Anniston, and pretty nearly 
 equidistant from Chattanooga, Tenn. , Atlanta, Ga., and 
 Birmingham, Ala. Its site is just where the Terrapin 
 and Nancy's Creek valleys cross the geological trough 
 
 TOSKEEGEE, ALA, 
 
 THE COUKT HOUSE S«iUAKE, MONTGOMERY, AI.A 
 
 Mount 
 
 known in this State as the Coosa Val- 
 ley. This valley, from five to thirty 
 miles wide, is a continuation of the 
 Tcniiessee and Virginia valleys which 
 ween the ridges of the great 
 Appalachian chain of mountains, 
 which extends parallel 
 with the seacoast north- 
 cast into New England, 
 and it is in no respect less 
 fertile, picturesque and 
 attractive than the most 
 productive of the family 
 and succession of valleys 
 of which it forms so im- 
 I " )rtant a part. At this 
 Cross Plains (which was 
 the original and most 
 descriptive name of the 
 town) is a great area of 
 gently undulating lands, 
 lying between 700 and 800 
 feet above the sea level, 
 through which flow many 
 bold streams, on which 
 there are extensive forests 
 of varied woods, and 
 numerous open farms, and 
 around which are tree-clad 
 mountains whose altitude 
 above tidewater varies from r,200 to 2,200 feet. 
 
 The Coosa Valley was the last of their possessions 
 east of the Mississippi that was surrendered by the serai- 
 civilized Creeks and Cherokees in 1836; and it was 
 quickly occupied by intelligent and thrifty farmers from 
 North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia, generally men 
 of some means, who brought with them, in addition to 
 horses, kine, swine and agricultural implements, pleasure 
 carriages, pianos, paintings and books. In 184S Major 
 
 J. K. Dailey came from 
 North Carolina and erected 
 a residence and storehouse 
 on the site of the present 
 town. Cross Plains, as it 
 was then called, grew 
 slowly, and in iSSg its 
 population was something 
 over 300. In January, iSgo, 
 a land and improvement 
 company was formed to 
 develop and build it up; 
 and with the new Pied- 
 mont there came an era of 
 real prosperity. 
 
 Fort Payne is the 
 county seat of DeKalb 
 County, and has numerous enterprises in which it takes 
 just pride. It is one of the towns which suffered most 
 severely from the collapse of the boom a half dozen 
 years ago, but its material interests are so great that it 
 has rallied, and gives promise of a prosperous future. 
 
 Piedmont is in the midst of numerous and rich brown 
 iron ore beds, which lie in all directions around it. Some 
 
of these beds have been mined for years, and ores from 
 them are regularly shipped to Anniston, Birmingham 
 and Chattanooga. Jt is claimed that within twentj-'five 
 miles of Piedmont there is a greater quantity of brown 
 ores than in the same area elsewhere in the world. It is 
 only thirty miles by railroad to the Coosa coal field, from 
 which are taken good grate, steam and coking coals. 
 Large quantities of bauxite have been mined within a 
 few miles and shipped. Limestone is abundant and 
 good. There are some extensive deposits of silica in the 
 neighborhood, while clay for brick is abundant. 
 There is a cotton mill with 15,000 spindles at 
 Piedmont, two cotton ginneries and several 
 wood-working establishments. The city has 
 good churches and schools, water works, elec- 
 tric light plant, etc. The Cumberland Presby- 
 terian Synodical College is located here and 
 has many students. 
 
 Stevenson is the first place of importance 
 on the Memphis division of the Southern Rail- 
 way west of Chattanooga, and is situated in the northern 
 part of Alabama, near the Tennessee state line. It has a 
 population a little less than 1,000, and several cotton gins 
 and smaller factories. There are enormous coal fields 
 and timber interests near the town which are being 
 rapidly developed. 
 
 The city of Huntsville, on the Memphis division of 
 the Southern Railway, has for many years been the 
 center of a most delightful region. It is the oldest 
 English-settled town in the State and the county seat of 
 the oldest county. In 1S03 all the ter- 
 ritorj' between the Chattahoochee and 
 Mississippi rivers was ceded by the 
 State of Georgia to the United States, 
 with the agreement that every .six- 
 teenth section should be devoted to 
 education. Out of this region the 
 State of Alabama v%'as organized, and 
 
 costing over $100,000. The city is 
 situated on an undulating table 
 land, 672 feet above sea level 
 which stretches from the State 
 line on the north to the great 
 bend of the noble Tennessee 
 
 . Hlljii 
 
 in 1S19 Huntsville was 
 made the State capital, 
 the very lot upon which 
 the old capitol stood being 
 now occupied by a hand- 
 some government building 
 
 •\M 
 
 COl'RT HOLSE, MONTGO^IERY, ALA. 
 
 River, where it breaks through the Cumberland chain of 
 mountains at Guntersville, on the south. Almost ad- 
 joining the city is Monte Sano, whose summit is ap- 
 proached by fine roads commanding most beautiful 
 views of the surrounding mountain ranges and lovely 
 intervening valleys. There is one of the finest natural 
 springs in Huntsville to be found in the United States, 
 and it supplies the city with water. Three and a half 
 miles from the city, and over 1,700 feet above sea level, 
 upon Monte Sano, is a de- 
 lightful hotel, which enjoys a 
 most excellent reputation as 
 an all-the-year-round resort. 
 Huntsville is a leading edu- 
 cational center, and its popu- 
 lation of 13,000 is progressive 
 and prosperous. There are 
 located here three cotton 
 mills, employing Soo hands, 
 and one of the largest cotton- 
 seed oil mills in the State. 
 It also has numerous other 
 industrial establishments, in- 
 cluding several fur- 
 niture and wood- 
 working factories 
 
 Decatur is one of 
 the chief towns of 
 Morgan County, Ala- 
 bama, which is so 
 fertile and so well 
 adapted to agricul- 
 tural pursuits that it 
 has earned the soubri- 
 quet of the "Clover 
 County." The Mem- 
 phis division of the 
 ."Southern Railway 
 irosses the Tennes- 
 see River at this point 
 \ipon a handsome iron 
 bridge. The city in 
 
 MONTCOMERY. AT. A. 
 
iSSy had 1,200 inhabitants, and to-day has S.ooo, and 
 has progressed with wonderful rapidity in every feature. 
 It is one of the cities which may be referred to with 
 pride as an illustration of the substantial development 
 of the South. And it has grown, not from artificial 
 booming, but because it had the substantial elements 
 from which to make a prosperous city, and, what is 
 
 DE SOTO FALLS, NKAR UtENTONE, ALA. 
 
 equally important, the citizens took advantage of them. 
 Among the industries of Decatur are the Oak Extract 
 works and tanneries, employing 650 men and paying out 
 $20,ooo a month for material and labor ; large foundry 
 and machine works, a compress works, enormous car 
 building and repair shops, and various other enterprises. 
 The city has a §300,000 water works system, electric light 
 plant and street railways, fine stores, handsome resi- 
 dences and several excellent hotels. There are fourteen 
 churches and several well-equipped schoolhouses. 
 
 The country round about Decatur is a garden spot of 
 rare beauty and fertility, and the noble Tennessee River, 
 the sixth largest in the United StaLes, serves a good 
 purpose by bringing the products of the valley from both 
 directions to the markets at Decatur. 
 
 Sheffield has had as remarkable a growth as any 
 town in America. Its history runs back only to 1SS4, 
 when its site was chosen by a company of enterprising 
 and far-seeing men and the work of development begun. 
 The city is beautifully located upon a broad plateau, 
 stretching back from the crown of the bluffs, which here 
 overlook the Tennessee River from a height of 150 feet. 
 It occupies a superb site, and seems to have been espe- 
 cially designed by Providence as the location of a great 
 business center. Business blocks have been erected, 
 and colossal manufacturing enterprises, unequaled in 
 any city of its size in the United States, have been 
 carried to completion. Its five immense blast furnaces 
 have a capacity of 700 tons of pig iron daily, and create 
 in themselves a volume of business that would do credit 
 to cities many times larger than Sheffield. The quality 
 of iron produced is unsurpassed by similar plants in the 
 United States. There are also a large number of mis- 
 cellaneous industrial plants located at Sheffield, and the 
 city offers most excellent opportunities for the estabhsh- 
 ment of manufacturing plants in almost every line. 
 The city is lighted by electricity, is supplied with water 
 by a complete water works system, and has a fine tele- 
 phone system with adjacent towns. The common school 
 
 svstem of the county is good, and Sheffield and Tuscum- 
 bia, its neighbor, are provided with educational advan- 
 tages that are exceptional. Almost all of the religious 
 denominations have active organizations in the county. 
 Florence is on the north side of the Tennessee 
 River, in Lauderdale County, of which it is the county 
 seat, and is connected with the Memphis division of 
 the Southern Railway at Tuscumbia by a branch road 
 six miles in length, which passes through Sheffield. It 
 has a population of 7,000 and is growing rapidly. One of 
 the State normal colleges is located here, and in addition 
 there are good, public and three private schools. It is a 
 manufacturing center of considerable importance, the 
 industrial establishments including an extensive wagon 
 works, cotton mills, stove works, shoe factory, etc. The 
 city has good water and gas works and a paid fire depart- 
 ment. There is a fine iron bridge here across the 
 Tennessee, and excellent iron bridges span the numerous 
 streams of the county. 
 
 Tuscumbia is the center of a large trading district, 
 and is a city of 3,000 inhabitants. Its principal interests 
 are merchandising, and its citizens are progressive and 
 enterprising. Like its neighboring cities, it has good 
 schools and churches. 
 
 In a bend of the Alabama River, on a circle of hills 
 bordered on all sides by rich farming lands, sits Mont- 
 gomery, the capital of Alabama. 
 
 The visitor to this beautiful city will first be attracted 
 by its miles of well-paved streets, its smooth stone side- 
 walks, covering the main business and residence portions 
 of the city, and showing the cleanliness of a progressive, 
 healthy city. The wide streets, the splendid system of 
 underground sewers, and the unusual natural drainage all 
 combine in making it one of the healthiest cities in the 
 
 THE IA.MOUS BAV SHELL ROAD, ^!OEILE, ALA. 
 
 country. The average mean temperature for the year is 
 661^ degrees. Here is a table showing the average tem- 
 perature for each month in the year: 
 
 January 48 July 83 
 
 tfebrua'ry 53 August 81 
 
 March 58 September 7b 
 
 April 66 October 67 
 
 Mav 73 November 56 
 
 June SO December 30 
 
There are three distinct kinds of lands around Mont- 
 gomery — the black lands, particularly suited to the growth 
 of corn and cotton ; tlie red lands, suited to the raising 
 of vegetables and fruits, and the pine lands, which are 
 the cheapest lands of the section. 
 
 AROUND ABOUT .MOHII.K, ALA, 
 
 Montgomery is favorably situated for manufactur- 
 ers, the immense timber regions of South Alabama skirt- 
 ing her borders on one side, while the vast coal and iron 
 regions of North Alabama supply cheap raw material 
 on the other side. This gives her factories cheap fuel 
 and iron. In addition to cheap coal, cheap iron, cheap 
 cotton, cheap and intelligent labor, there are low taxes 
 
 and fair laws. The State, county and municipal tax 
 amounts to two and one-eighth on a three-fourths valua- 
 tion of property, and there are no vexatious laws. 
 Montgomery has seven lines of railway. In addition, 
 the Alabama River is an artery of travel to lUobile. 
 The city has a population of over 40,000, an a.ssessed 
 valuation of .$21,052,798 in the county, two electric car 
 systems, is abundantly supplied with deep artesian water, 
 a fine system of electric lights, and has fifty churches of 
 every denomination and creed, both white and colored, 
 a splendid system of public schools, beautiful shaded 
 streets, and a people who will cordially welcome the visi- 
 tor and the home-seeker. 
 
 The city of Mobile is situated at the mouth of the 
 Mobile River, just at the point where it empties into the 
 beautiful land-locked bay of the same name. It is Ala- 
 bama's only seaport, and its location at the outlet of a 
 river system aggregating more than a thousand miles of 
 inland navigation gives it a commercial position of the 
 greatest value and importance. Mobile ranks second 
 only to New Orleans among the Gulf ports. 
 
 Mobile has long been the natural trading center for a 
 large expanse of domestic territory, and can now lay 
 claim to a rapidly expanding trade with Mexico, Central 
 and South America, and the West India Islands. It 
 has a population of about 45,000. The city is laid out 
 regularly, and most of the residence streets are luxu- 
 riously shaded. The city sits upon a rolling sandy plain, 
 backed on the west by high hills, filled with springs, 
 from which Mobile's splendid water supply is taken. 
 
 Mobile city and county have one of the best public 
 school systems in the South. There are twenty- seven 
 schools within the city limits, including the Barton 
 Academy, where most of the young people finish what- 
 ever education they acquire in school. The schools are 
 provided equally, both in number and style, for white 
 and colored pupils. The private schools are numerous. 
 The Medical College of Alabama is a State institution. 
 It has a large attendance from all parts of the South. 
 The parochial schools of the Catholic parish are well 
 managed and successful. The Academy of the Visita- 
 tion is a girls' school of extensive reputation. The same 
 division of faith maintains at Spring Hill the flourishing 
 college of St. Joseph, under the management of the 
 Jesuit Fathers, and is now erecting by private endow- 
 ment an academic school for boys in the central part of 
 the city. Mobile's religious facilities are of the best. It is 
 the seat of the Episcopal Bishop of Alabama and of the 
 Catholic Bishop of Mobile. The Catholic Cathedral is 
 the most imposing of the forty church edifices in the city. 
 
 Visitors to Mobile will find excellent drives in the 
 vicinity of the city, extending in almost every direction, 
 of which the favorite and most attractive is the Bay 
 Shell Road, constructed along the western edge of 
 Mobile Bay. This road is shelled and kept in fine con- 
 dition, and is shaded by magnificent magnolia, bav, 
 gum, live-oak and many other trees peculiar to the 
 South, from w-hose branches the beautiful gray moss 
 hangs in festoons, and the yellow jasmine in spring 
 floods the air with its delightful fragrance. Most of the 
 suburban and rural roads in the neighborhood of Mobile 
 afford fine driveways or paths for the bicyclist or 
 pedestrian. 
 
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 FROM the days, over a century ago, when the hunter's rifle first 
 startled the timid deer feeding by her rivers, up to the pres- 
 ent, Kentucky has been a veritable horn of plenty. The 
 lapsing years, of course, have seen a change in the kind of abun- 
 dance but never in the degree. Instead of the roving game that gave 
 meat in plenty to her pioneers, there are now herds and flocks 
 and the sleek thoroughbred, the finest the world has seen. The 
 nuts and fruits of the forest have been supplanted, or rather sup- 
 plemented, for they are still plentiful, by the rich harvests of fields 
 and the mellow bounty of orchards. Kentucky has ever been a 
 synonym of plenty ; her progress it may be truly said has rhythm 
 to the music of the harvest song. 
 
 To the early settlers coming over the mountains from the east- 
 ern colonies, she lay across the track of their tired feet an oasis 
 of hope and richness. Canaan could not have seemed fairer to the 
 eyes of Caleb than did her verdant stretches of forest and valley 
 to the wistful gaze of these travel-worn pioneers. A glance told 
 them they had indeed reached a " promised land " and they eagerly 
 possessed themselves of it. 
 
 Their settlement created a union of complements. It was a 
 coming together of fertility and productive power. For ages pos- 
 sibly Kentucky had lain hidden in her rich soil and had slept be- 
 neath her shining rivers, waiting to become actual Kentucky under 
 the transforming hand of man. This human element in just the 
 right fiber and temper came with the first settlers. What has 
 since been wrought all the world knows. Forests have become 
 farms, Indian camping grounds cities, and a wilderness has been 
 changed into a commonwealth. 
 
 In 179S the first trails were being blazed through her forests; in 
 1S98 3,046 miles of railways gridiron the State, bearing the commerce 
 of 2,000,000 people. This commerce has grown to a vast aggre- 
 gate, having an annual value of hundreds of millions of dollars. In 
 its component parts are included every crop raised in America, prod- 
 ucts of the mine, forest and factory, and blooded stock from scores 
 of farms. In the production and manufacture of tobacco and 
 whiskey Kentucky leads the Union as she does in thoroughbreds. 
 In every branch of industry and production the State's history for 
 a century shows a reliable return can be looked for from effort and 
 investment. This assurance of results is the fact to which Ken- 
 tucky proudly points as her warrant for her invitation to all who 
 desire a sure return from capital or labor. That her invitation is 
 hearty no one will doubt, for Kentucky's hospitality is proverbial. 
 But the State's fame rests not alone on her record of progress, 
 notable as that has been. It rests quite as much on the men and 
 women Vv-ho have had the privilege, for as such they have always 
 and everywhere esteemed it. of calling themselves Kentuckians. 
 
This State that has been so productive in human and 
 material forces has an area of 40,000 square miles, or 
 25.600,000 acres, stretching from east to west nearl)' 500 
 miles. The surface is a broken plain, sloping generally 
 northwest from the Cumberland Mountains on the south- 
 east to the Mississippi River on the west. Flowing on 
 and within her borders Kentucky has 2,000 miles of 
 navigable rivers. The Ohio is the trunk line of tliis great 
 waterway system, making with its 653 miles of windings 
 the State's northern boundary. Flowing into it are the 
 Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Salt River, Tradewater, 
 Green, Cumberland and Tennessee. Emptying into 
 these rivers are many smaller ones, the whole making a 
 network of waterways, which is one of the State's most 
 valuable natural assets. 
 
 The fertile land drained by these beautiful streams 
 has a soil which is remarkable for its recuperative power. 
 Much of it has been cultivated for many years, but it 
 continues as rich as the virgin sod. The most exhaustive 
 cultivation does not wear it out, as is the case in many 
 agricultural regions. This fact, which is the real secret 
 of Kentuckj^'s boundless fertility, is due to the continual 
 decomposition of limestone which underlies much of the 
 State. Ponce de Leon searched in vain for a fountain of 
 youth, but the soil of the Kentucky farmer has found it 
 in the hidden depths of the earth. Little wonder is it 
 that to such soil the blue grass is native, springing from 
 it spontaneously, and that in it is grown every agricvil- 
 tural staple of the temperate zone. Wheat of unexcelled 
 quality for milling purposes is raised in quantity far in 
 excess of the State's need, and corn grows on the rich 
 alluvial bottom lands taller and larger than in any other 
 part of the Union. The season for corn is so long that 
 the crop may be planted as late as the middle of June 
 and still reach yellow maturity before frost. Winter 
 killing of wheat is rarely known, as the climate is mild 
 and equable. Vegetables of every variety grow abund- 
 antly, and the central location of the 
 excellent railway connections with 
 Northern markets have in recent 
 years caused profitable attention 
 to be paid to truck farming. 
 
 In the production of tobacco 
 Kentucky leads all the other 
 
 States. The quality is so high that it fi.xes the stand- 
 ard in many kinds. Her Burley tobacco is so much 
 superior to that grown elsewhere that the State has a 
 virtual monopoly of this staple. As indicating the profits 
 of tobacco culture, crops frequently average from 1,200 
 to 1,500 pounds to the acre, and the choicest leaf fre- 
 quently sells at S30 per 100 pounds. Besides the Burley 
 the dark or heavy tj'pes are largely grown. These do 
 not command so high a price as the former, but as their 
 yield is larger their production proves quite as profitable 
 to the grower. 
 
 Kentucky leads the Union also in the production of 
 whiskey, having just completed her first century in its 
 manufacture. The beginning of the industry was the 
 direct result of the whiskey war in Pennsylvania in 1798. 
 At its close there was an exodus of distillers over the 
 mountains to the wilds of Kentucky. The first distillery 
 was built in what is now Mason County, but when the 
 State was organized it was a part of Bourbon County, 
 hence the name given the product to distinguish it from 
 the eastern brand, which was distilled from rye. 
 
 It is interesting to note, in this period of general 
 currency discussion, that in the early days whiskey was 
 the principal medium of exchange in Kentucky. It 
 possessed the currency requisites of improving with age, 
 of ready divisibility and of portability, to say nothing of 
 the fact that it was in great demand. 
 
 As indicating to what dimensions the industry has 
 grown, the General Government receives in revenue alone 
 
 A MOI'NTAINi:l^R'S HOME 
 
LOUISVILLE, 
 
 about $25,000,000 annually 011 
 the Kentucky product. 
 Measured in money it is 
 the leading industry in 
 the State, and pays out 
 every year millions of 
 dollars for corn, rye and 
 malt, in addition to the 
 enormous amounts to 
 labor. On May i, 1S9S, 
 there were in the distilleries 
 and bonded warehouses of the 
 State 76,509421 gallons of 
 whiskey. For the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, 1S97, the pro- 
 duction of bourbon and rye 
 whiskey was 17,470,887 gallons. 
 
 The thoroughbred is the third 
 in the triumvirate of products in 
 which Kentucky leads the Union. 
 The Kentucky horse is invincible. 
 It is claimed that there is some subtle 
 quality in the climate of Kentucky and 
 some peculiar nutrient in the grasses 
 raised in her limestone pastures that 
 unite in producing the perfect horse. 
 Be that as it may, the fact is fully es- 
 tablished that the blooded horses of 
 the "Blue Grass State" excel those 
 raised elsewhere in speed, endurance 
 and beauty. 
 
 Mules are also raised in large numbers, especially for 
 supplying the cotton and sugar districts of the Southern 
 States, and to call a mule a Kentucky mule has always 
 added several dollars to its value. 
 
 Another branch of the live stock industry which 
 is highly profitable is feeding cattle for the European 
 trade. These cattle, called "export cattle," are as fine 
 beeves as are produced anywhere in the world. 
 
 Sheep raising is also followed profitably and every 
 year more widely, particularly among the smaller 
 farmers. 
 
 Fruit growing has claimed much attention in recent 
 years. At the World's Fair in Chicago, Kentucky 
 peaches were awarded the first place on account of their 
 delicious flavor and rich coloring. In several counties 
 peach raising has been entered upon extensively and the 
 profitable results have become an incentive to peach 
 culture in many other parts of the State. 
 
 When the pioneers entered Kentucky, with their 
 axes they literally hewed out a commonwealth. The 
 fertile farms which their sturdy work cleared lessened, 
 of course, the area of the forest lands, but Kentucky 
 to-day is by no means a treeless plain. Indeed, the State 
 IS well timbered, and every species of tree known to her 
 latitude is found in abundance. The raw material is 
 thus offered for a large wood manufacturing industry. 
 At present the value of timber floated to market in rafts 
 and shipped by rail represents many millions of dollars 
 annually. 
 
 The State's mineral resources include coal, iron, zinc, 
 vast beds of onyx, clays for the manufacture of all grades 
 of pottery, and valuable quarries of sandstone and lime- 
 
 stone. The output of coal in 
 1S97 was 3,200.000 tons, only 
 one other Southern State 
 and four in the antire 
 country producing a 
 greater amount. Much 
 of the bituminous coal of 
 the State is of a superior 
 quality for coking pur- 
 poses, the production of 
 coke for 1897 reaching 30,- 
 000 tons. 
 
 In manufactures the State 
 is on the threshold of a splen- 
 did period of development. 
 Much has already been done in 
 many lines, but when the possi- 
 bilities are considered it seems only 
 a beginning. With coal to feed the 
 fires of her factories, with her hills 
 yielding the best qualities of iron 
 ores, with forests growing timber for 
 every variety of wood-working, with 
 her production of one-quarter of the 
 world's supply of tobacco, and with a 
 splendid system of waterways and 
 railways for transporting the abun- 
 dant raw materials to factories and 
 their finished product to market, 
 Kentucky possesses every essential 
 to industrial greatness. 
 But this greatness is by no means only in prospect; 
 much of it, in fact, in the manufacturing of furniture and 
 agricultural implements, a large industry, is already 
 thriving. In the manufacture of tobacco and cigars the 
 .State is fast coming to the position to which her primacy 
 in the production of raw material entitles her. As has 
 already been stated, she now leads in the production of 
 whiskey. There are in the State several large cotton 
 and woolen mills whose success clearly indicates what 
 may be expected in the development of this line of 
 manufactures. 
 
 But Kentucky has not allowed herself to become 
 engrossed with the creation of wealth to the exclusion of 
 the cultivation of the mind. She is generous in her pro- 
 vision for schools. In 1897 she was providing instruction 
 for 736, log of her children, for which she was paying over 
 83,000,000. On teachers' salaries alone the sum reached 
 the large total of $2,500,000. At the head of the school 
 system is her State University at Lexington, with which 
 the graded schools ai-e federated. There are also many 
 other institutions of higher learning, among them being 
 Georgetown College, Central University, Center Col- 
 lege and the State Agricultural and Mechanical College. 
 The cities of Kentucky are among the most progres- 
 sive in the South. They are centers of enterprisin.g 
 activity and have always been a strong factor in the 
 development of the State's resources. Their citizens 
 have been quick to perceive Kentucky's natural advan- 
 tages and ready to take the lead in improving them. 
 Kentucky^'s cities have also become famous as centers 
 of a charming hospitalitj' and of all the graces of 
 social life. 
 
1^ ^Mv ^m.'"'.^^^ ^ 
 
 *.- - ^-T 
 
 LOUiSVIhLK, KV. 
 
iELDVVILLi:, 
 
 First among these 
 cities, of course, is 
 Louisville, one of 
 the most important 
 commercial centers 
 in the South. It is 
 the northwestern 
 terminus of the 
 Southern Railway 
 and has water 
 transportation on 
 the Ohio River. 
 The city was first 
 settled in 1778. The 
 selection of the site 
 was largely acci- 
 dental. On Corn 
 Island, just above 
 the city's pres- 
 ent site, General 
 Clark stationed 
 some immigrant families to guard his supplies while he 
 advanced to attack the British posts in the Indianacountry. 
 Their military duty done, these pioneers found themselves 
 so well pleased with their location that they decided to 
 found a town. Accordingly in the spring of 1779 they 
 moved to the mainland and Louisville was begun. In 
 the 120 years that have elapsed she has continued to win 
 citizens just as she won her founders, by the advantages 
 of her location and the promise of her commercial destiny. 
 The population of Louisville in 1S97 was 215,572. The 
 magnitude of her commerce is shown in her annual bank 
 clearings of $500,000,000. She has seven national and 
 nine State banks with a combined capital of 8g,ooo,ooo. 
 The assessed value of property for 1897 was $117,700,000. 
 On this amount is laid the law tax rate of $1. 85 per $100. 
 The bonded debt of the city is but $8,800,000. She owns 
 an interest of $900,000 in the gas company and is the 
 sole owner of the city water works. She lays just claim 
 to being one of the healthiest cities in the LTnion, her 
 death rate for the past year being but 15 to the 1,000. 
 
 Louisville is the largest tobacco market in the world, 
 and one of the largest whiskey distilling centers. Her 
 various manufactories produce annually $46,000,000 
 worth of products, her tanneries 12,000,000 pounds of 
 leather, her mills 2,000,000 barrels of cement, her looms 
 7, 500,000 yards of jeans, herfoundries 100,000 tons of cast- 
 ings, her machine works 400,000 agricultural implements, 
 her flouring mills 400,000 barrels of flour, while her ware- 
 houses handle 175,000 hogsheads of tobacco. 
 
 The city makes ample educational provision for her 
 children. There are 55 public schools employing 565 
 teachers, and having 25,000 pupils. For the maintenance 
 of these schools Louisville spends over a half million of 
 dollars annually. There are five medical colleges, one law 
 school and numerous schools of music, art and science. 
 The city is supplied with a full complement of charitable 
 institutions. 
 
 Louisville has always been one of the great gateways 
 to the South, but she sees to it that people do not merely 
 pass through and beyond her. To even the hurried 
 traveler she offers so many opportunities for pleasant and 
 profitable residence that she causes many to stay with 
 
 her, with the result that she is j'early swelling her popu- 
 lation and adding to her commercial importance. 
 
 One of the leading cities after Louisville is Lexing- 
 ton, the famous capital of the blue grass region, and also 
 of that realm of the thoroughbred whither those are ever 
 journeying who would give their "kingdom for ahorse." 
 Lexington is the railroad center of interior Kentucky, 
 being at the junction of the Southern Railway and Cin- 
 cinnati Southern Railway. Her transportation facilities 
 give her the control of a large trade territory, and as a 
 result she has built up a large jobbing business. She is 
 the seat of the University of Kentucky, the State Agri- 
 cultural and Mechanical College, with its experimental 
 station, of Sayre Institute for young ladies, and she sup- 
 ports a system of public schools of which she is justly 
 proud. The Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the Insane is 
 also located at Lexington. The surrounding country is 
 one of the richest and most beautiful to be found any- 
 where in America, and over it are scattered stock farms 
 whose blooded horses are famous the world over. Lex- 
 ington is the greatest market for the thoroughbred in 
 this country. 
 
 On the Southern Railway between Louisville and 
 Lexington are the three thriving cities of Shelbyville, 
 Lawrenceburg and Versailles. Shelbyville has a popula- 
 tion of about 4,000, contains several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments and is the trade center of a rich farming 
 region. In point of wealth the town ranks eighth in the 
 State. Shelbyville was founded in 1792. In addition to 
 a good school system, Shelby College and Science Hill 
 schools are located here. The city is in the Burley 
 tobacco district and has a prosperous trade in this prod- 
 uct. Electric lights, an extensive water works system, gas 
 works, well-paved streets and all the accessories of modern 
 city comfort and development are enjoyed in Shelbyville. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, 
 situated we.st of Lex- 
 ington, has a popula- 
 tion of 3,000 and is a 
 distillery center. Lo- 
 cated in the town and 
 county there are 26 
 distilleries, each with 
 a capacity of from 
 100 to 2,000 bushels 
 of grain per day. 
 The town has a 
 good graded school 
 and several private 
 schools. 
 
 Versailles is one 
 of the oldest towns 
 of Kentucky, having 
 been laid out in 1793. 
 
 It has now a popu- ^ 1,1 m.l 
 
 lation of over 3,000 and is widely known as an attractive 
 home town. The mellow luster of the long ago colors 
 the atmosphere of this brisker modern time. It has 
 recently completed at a cost of $S,ooo a handsome public 
 school building. Henry Academy and Laws Hill Female 
 Seminary are also located here. There are three banks 
 in the city, a grain elevator with a capacity of 150,000 
 bushels, and storage warehouses for 250,000 more. 
 
 '^dtf 
 
Just north of Lexington is the growing city of 
 Georgetown, with a population of 5,000. The George- 
 town Baptist College is located here, as well as a 
 Catholic school. The public schools are excellent. 
 Georgetown commands a large trade from the fertile 
 agricultural country about it. It is a notable industrial 
 center. 
 
 Near the State line is Middlesborough. Founded in 
 iSSg by an English syndicate, and backed by its own 
 natural advantages and English millions, its growth was 
 rapid. Only two miles from the famous Cumberland 
 Gap, it lies in a beautiful valley surrounded on all sides 
 by the Cumberland mountains. The climatic conditions 
 offer exceptional inducements to tourists. The winters 
 are mild and the summers cool and pleasant. The Mid- 
 dlesborough Hotel, erected by an English syndicate at 
 the cost of a quarter of a million dollars, is magnificently 
 equipped. Its guests may enjoy the pleasures of glorious 
 mountain scenery, tennis, golf, and fishing in Fern Lake, 
 the city's waterworks. The lake is two and a half miles 
 long and about three-quarters of a mile wide. Black 
 bass and perch are to be had for the baiting of a hook. 
 With its many amusements, and cool summer days and 
 cold summer nights, Middlesborough is an ideal summer 
 resort. 
 
 The three largest coal companies in Southern Ken- 
 tucky, the Mingo Coal & Coke Company, the Middles- 
 borough Coal Company, and the Bryson Mountain Coal 
 Company, have their head ofiices in Middlesborough, 
 and their mines are five miles away, just over the 
 Tennessee line. The manufacturing interests of the 
 city are many. Among them are the huge plant of the 
 Watts Steel and Iron Syndicate, the New South Brewery, 
 the Middlesborough Foundry and Machine Works, and 
 one of the largest tanneries of the United States Leather 
 Company, besides a number of smaller industries. 
 
 With progressive towns and a productive country, 
 Kentucky continues to typify a horn of plenty. She 
 matches Nature's bounty with the industry of her sons 
 and daughters, and an abundance of prosperity, with 
 the promise of yet greater abundance, is the result. 
 
 While Cincinnati is not in the State of Kentucky, 
 it is so closely identified with her commercial interests 
 that a brief sketch of the city, especially as it is one of 
 
 
 
 TUF. HOTEL AT M IDDI.F.SBDROLT. H , KV. 
 
 the gateways of the Southern Railway system, will be 
 appropriate at this time. 
 
 The first settlement of Cincinnati, by Israel Ludlow, 
 with about 20 other persons, occurred December 28, 
 1788. The settlement was called " Losantiville " up to 
 January, 1790, when it was given its present name, in 
 honor of the Cincinnati Society of Officers of the Revolu- 
 tionary War. The corporate limits of the city at present 
 comprise 35 square miles, and the population is some- 
 thing over 400,000. On the Kentucky side of the Ohio 
 River, immediately opposite Cincinnati, are the cities of 
 Covington, with a population of 37,371 ; Newport, having 
 24,918, and Bellevue, Dayton, West Covington, Ludlow, 
 and other towns, with street-car and railroad commuter 
 rate connections, aggregating a closely estimated popu- 
 lation of 20,000. This gives a population south of the 
 river of 82,289, which should not be excluded from any 
 estimate of Cincinnati's population. 
 
 The business of Cincinnati is very varied, with 
 numerous manufacturing interests, wholesale houses of 
 all kinds, and a large jobbing trade. The traveling 
 salesmen of its business houses may be found throughout 
 the entire United States. It is not only the commercial 
 center of the State of Ohio, but, being closely adjacent 
 to Kentucky and the South, has an enormous trade 
 throughout that section also. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce, at the southwest corner 
 of Fourth and Vine streets, is one of the most strikingly 
 handsome buildings in the city. Its magnificent propor- 
 tions, great architectural beauty, and remarkable strength 
 and solidity are apparent to even a casual observer. 
 The entire cost of this building was about §675,000. 
 
 Among the city's notable struct- 
 ures is the LTnited States Govern- 
 ment Building, completed in 1S85. 
 It contains the Post Office, Custom 
 House and Federal Courts of the 
 United States Government, and 
 offices for the various departments 
 of the internal revenue, secret ser- 
 vice, railway mail service, etc. 
 
 The University of Cincinnati, 
 which occupies commodious and 
 well-appointed buildings, has a very 
 large patronage, and is endowed to 
 I lie extentof nearly a million dollars. 
 Cincinnati's Public Library oc- 
 cupies its own home, and owns 
 189,491 books and 26.105 pamph- 
 lets, which arc constantly being 
 added to. 
 
 1 AM. IHON COMrWV'S VT.ANT, Ml DIM.ESHOKOr 
 
CINCINXA-I I 
 
In addition to the above and the many commercial 
 blocks, there are many public or society buildings 
 worthy of note. They niclude the Odd Fellows' Temple, 
 Cincinnati Observatory, Masonic Temple, the Cincinnati 
 Hospital, the Children's Home, the Armory, County 
 Court House, the Crematory, one of the few in this 
 countrj' ; the Emery Arcade, between Vine and Race 
 streets, which is a series of stores and forms a popular 
 and novel thoroughfare, and numerous beautiful and 
 modern church edifices of the various denominations. 
 
 There are five bridges across the Ohio River at 
 Cincinnati : Newport Bridge (railway and highway), 
 3,064 feet long, 104 feet above low water, completed in 
 1S72 ; Cincinnati and Newport Central Bridge (highway), 
 2,640 feet long, completed in iSgi ; Covington and Cin- 
 cinnati Suspension (highway), 2,252 feet long, completed 
 in 1867 ; Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Bridge (railway 
 and highway), 4,182 feet long, completed in 1889 ; the 
 Cincinnati Southern Bridge (railway and footway), 3,822 
 feet long, and completed in 1877. 
 
 There is a network of street railways throughout 
 the city, augmented by five inclined plane railways, 
 .situated at convenient points in the city and overcoming 
 the street grades necessary to be traveled in reaching 
 
 the hills surrounding the city. The street railways 
 place within easy reach of any part of the city the many 
 famous suburbs of which Cincinnati is justly proud, 
 such as Mt. Auburn, Norwood, College Hill, Price Hill, 
 Avondale, Sedarasville and Hyde Park. 
 
 Cincinnati has a number of charming parks, among 
 which are Eden Park, containing 216 acres, in which is 
 located the Art Museum and Art Academy ; Burnet 
 Woods Park, of 163 acres of beautifully improved wood- 
 land, in which are located the buildings of the Cincinnati 
 University ; Lincoln Park, one of the largest of the 
 city's downtown "breathing spots," containing rg acres, 
 with a beautiful artificial lake; Washington Park, a 
 small park in the center of the city, and Garfield Park, 
 in which are located the equestrian statue of Gen. 
 William Henry Harrison and the handsome statue of 
 President Garfield. 
 
 Added to these parks are the Zoological Gardens, 
 probably the most widely known of any amusement 
 spot in any western city. They cover 45 acres, and the 
 collection of wild animals and rare birds exceeds 1,500. 
 The principal buildings, which are permanent struct- 
 ures, cost upward of $300,000. 
 
 A KENTUCKY VALLEY 
 
A ! **!' 
 
 vv ^ * X i )<■ » je._ > ^ .' j-^ 
 
 ISSISSIPPl 
 
 ' ( 
 
 'PL 
 
 
 IT is not possible to better express a general idea of the resources 
 of Mississippi than in the language of Mr. Carlisle: "This noble 
 commonwealth is essentially and pre-eminently an agricultural 
 State. Nature designed and fashioned it to bless and reward the 
 labors of the husbandman. Its geological formations appear to ex- 
 clude it from the profits of the mine and quarry, but what the State 
 lacks in mineral resources, sometimes transitory and always m the 
 end exhaustive, is more than counterbalanced by a generous, re- 
 sponsive soil, an almost ideal climate, and productions the value of 
 which is not excelled in any part of the Union. The first Europeans 
 who trod its soil— the adventurous and romantic expedition of Her- 
 nando de Soto— found its surface richly carpeted with the native 
 grasses and maize or Indian corn, one of the chief foods of mankind, 
 'of such luxuriant growth as to produce three or four ears to the 
 stalk." No State in the Union has been more liberally endowed by 
 Nature with all the conditions favorable to agriculture. In one sense 
 of the word Mississippi is still a new State, with its immense natural 
 advantages as yet mainlv unappropriated. Its great forests of valu- 
 able woods have been comparatively little depleted; many of its 
 numerous fine mill and manufacturing sites await the power of skill 
 and capital- more than half its area remains untouched by the hus- 
 bandman, while the part already in cultivation may be made to double 
 its productive power by improved methods of agriculture." 
 
 But despite the fact that general geological appearances seem to 
 be against it, there are many who hold firmly to the belief that por- 
 tions of the State contain extensive coal beds. There are distinct 
 traces of coal along the edge of the hills bordering the Yazoo Valley 
 on the east, especially in Holmes County near Tchula, where tests on 
 an extensive scale are contemplated. But. as has been well said, 
 Mississippi can waive all pretention to mineral wealth and still take 
 her rank with anv State in the Union in material advantages. 
 
 The area of the State is 46,810 square miles, or 29,958,400 acres, 
 being 1S8 miles wide and 330 miles long, and with a river frontage 
 along the Mississippi of 357 miles. The number of acres used as farm 
 lands as shown by the most recent authoritative statistics, was 
 17 572 547, 6,849,390 acres of which were in actual cultivation. These 
 lands were divided into 144. 31S farms, the average size of which was 
 122 acres. The population of the State is estimated to be 1,500,000. 
 having increased from 791,305 in i860. 
 
 The surface of the State generally is undulating, with a gradual 
 slope from north to south. The Yazoo Delta is not included in this 
 general description, being composed of level bottom lands and allu- 
 vial soil. The highest elevations to be found in the State are m 
 Tippah and Union counties in the northeast, where some of the hills 
 reach an altitude of 1,000 feet; the greatest elevation in the central 
 portion of the State is from 300 to 500 feet, while the surface near the 
 gulf coast is only from 20 to 30 feet above the sea level. All this part 
 of the State is well drained by creeks and rivers. 
 
COTTON HARVEST 
 
 The Yazoo Delta or bottom lands lie in the north- 
 western part of the State and occupy one-sixth of the 
 area of the State, and are bisected by the main line of 
 the Southern Railway. This section has numerous navi- 
 gable streams, such as the Yazoo, Yallabusha, Talla- 
 hatchie and Sunflower rivers, and is dotted with lively 
 and prosperous towns, like Greenwood, where the rail- 
 way crosses the Yazoo River; Greenville, on the Missis- 
 sippi River, the terminus of the Southern Railway, and 
 innumerable smaller towns and villages. The lands of 
 this section are among the richest in the whole world, 
 and the region is rich in timber, among which -are twelve 
 varieties of oak, in addition to a.sh, locust, gum, cypress, 
 maple, hickory, wormwood, and others. 
 
 This remarkable section, which the great Southern 
 Railway bisects nearly in the center, deserves more than 
 a passing notice. It is very nearly a V-shaped piece of 
 l;ind, the point of the V beginning at the mouth of the 
 Yazoo River, about a mile north of Vicksburg, and run- 
 ning nearly to the north line of the State, the Yazoo 
 River being its eastern boundary. The Delta contains 
 4,500,000 acres. It has a good drainage, as Horn Lake, 
 at the head of the Delta, is 114 feet above the mouth of 
 the Yazoo, and there is not a single swamp in its entire 
 area. Large, navigable streams flow through the Delta, 
 making a perfect network of waterways, and there are 
 thirty-one of these that are traversed by steamboats of 
 from fifty to one thousand tons burden. In addition to 
 these, there are many large bayous, which are used in 
 floating out timber, and these are available for two or 
 three months in the year. The soil is wholly alluvial, 
 having been deposited by the overflows uf the Mississippi 
 
 Rivcrduring the ages 
 l)ast, and now that 
 the river has been 
 controlled by levees 
 so as to prevent fu- 
 ture overflows, nearly 
 the entire region has 
 liecome available for 
 settlement and culti- 
 vation, and new- 
 comers are already 
 filling the country at 
 a rapid rate. 
 
 The Delta pro- 
 duces more cotton 
 than does any other 
 one district in the 
 world, though less 
 than one-fifth its area 
 is given to that crop. 
 While Mississippi 
 may have no mineral 
 deposits of value, 
 good building stone 
 is found in some lo- 
 calities. A fair quan- 
 tity of marl is abun- 
 dant, and clay in 
 many sections is well 
 adapted to the mak- 
 ing of brick, tile and 
 pottery. In nearly every part of the State flowing 
 artesian water can be had at a depth of from 300 to 600 
 feet. This is a great blessing to the Delta, where this 
 pure water has considerably lessened the danger of 
 malarial diseases. 
 
 The climate of the State is iisually mild, and is not 
 subject to extremes of heat and cold. The summers are 
 long, but a temperature of 95 degrees is unusual. The 
 winters are cool and agreeable, but a temperature of 70 
 degrees is not unusual even in January. 
 
 Mississippi, because of its excellent natural 
 conditions, is one of the healthiest States ir 
 the country, the official statistics showing 
 that, while the death rate in Massachusetts 
 is 18.59 psi' 1. 000 ; New York, 17.30 ; Penn- 
 sj^lvania, 14.92, and Colorado, 13.10, it 
 is but i2.Sg in Mississippi, and 
 is inclusive of the colored popu- 
 lation, the average death 
 rate of which in the entire 
 South is 17. 28 per 1,000. 
 Facts will show that 
 Mississippi is one of the 
 best-governed States in the 
 Union. Every householder 
 with a family is entitled to 
 hold exempt property suffi- 
 cient to support a family in 
 comfort. Liquor selling is 
 regulated b)' "local option" 
 in the counties. Since this 
 law went into cfiiect, about 
 
 A Mrssissim cniiiiN ri( KFR 
 
i-^k 
 
 Mississirri s 
 
 eight years ago, saloons 
 have been abolished in 
 all but six or seven 
 counties. Purity of 
 elections is assured by 
 the Australian ballot 
 system. An educa- 
 tional and poll ta.N; 
 qualification has elimi- 
 nated the ignorant and 
 vicious voter from par- 
 ticipating in elections. 
 Mississippi has a e mail- 
 er mortgage indebted- 
 ness than any other 
 State except three, 
 while the public debt 
 is smaller than that of any other State except West Vir- 
 ginia, while her total indebtedness is smaller than that 
 of any other State, with no exceptions. 
 
 While Mississippi is the greatest of all the cotton- 
 producing States, it is erroneous to presume that cotton 
 is the only product that can be raised here. A great 
 variety of grasses have been successfully grown. Corn, 
 oats, hay, rye, millet, wheat, rice, potatoes, peas, 
 sorghum, hemp and all kinds of fruit are standard 
 crops. Stock-growing is destined to become one of the 
 leading industries of the State. Dairying and truck- 
 farming already yield profitable returns. Hogs and 
 sheep are raised with great success. In verification of 
 the agricultural worth of Mississippi the following from 
 the pen of Mr. S. M. Tracey, late of the State Experi- 
 ment Station, is offered in evidence: 
 
 "The percentage of the gross earnings of the capital 
 invested in farms, including land, buildings, implements 
 and stock, is very high in Mississippi, the average for 
 
 tlie United States being 12.4 per cent, 
 cent.; Indiana, 10.9 per 
 cent.; Illinois, 12.5 per 
 cent.; Michigan, 12.9 
 per cent. ; Wisconsin, 
 
 12.7 per cent.; Minne- 
 sota, 17.2 per cent ; 
 Iowa, 14. 5 per cent. ; 
 Nebraska, 13. i percent. ; 
 Kansas, 13.5 per cent., 
 and for Mississippi, 
 
 43.8 per cent. By thi 
 showing, money invest 
 ed in Mississippi farm- 
 brings nearly thre^' 
 times as much as thk 
 average for the whole 
 country, and more than 
 twice as much as any 
 of the States named. 
 
 ' 'The average value 
 of farming lands, in- 
 ;luding both improved 
 and unimproved, is for 
 theUnitedStates$25. 55 ; 
 for Ohio, $51.13 : In- 
 diana, $42.59; Illinois, 
 
 for Ohio, 
 
 1 1. 1 per 
 
 $58,35; Michigan, $43.- 
 72; Wisconsin, $33.30; 
 Minnesota, $22.18; 
 Iowa, $36.10 ; Ne- 
 braska, $23.71; Kansas, 
 $23.43; and for Missis- 
 sippi $9.50. In other 
 words, $1,000 will pur- 
 'hase 19.6 acres in 
 ( )hio, 23.5 in Indiana, 
 20.7 in Illinois, 22.9 in 
 Michigan, 33.3 in Wis- 
 consin, 45.1 in Minne- 
 sota, 27.7 in Iowa, 42.2 
 in Nebraska, 42.7 in 
 Kansas, while it will 
 ■<..\R-cANF. purchase 105 3 acres 
 
 in Mississippi. These figures speak for them.selves. 
 " The report of the eleventh census gives some very 
 interesting figures in regard to crop values. According 
 to that report, the average value of farm products per 
 acre for the whole United States is $6.SS ; for Ohio, 
 $7.27 ; Indiana, $6.27 ; Illinois, $7.20 ; Michigan, $8.48 ; 
 Wisconsin, $7.25; Minnesota, $6.40; Iowa, $6.27; Ne- 
 braska, $10,70; Kansas, $4.26; and for Mississippi, 
 $10.70. By these figures the average crop from an acre 
 in Mississippi is worth more than 50 per cent, above the 
 average for the whole country, and more than 25 per 
 cent, above that of any of the States named." 
 
 The public school system of Mississippi dates from 
 1871, but it has been so much improved since that time 
 that it now ranks with the best in the Union in its 
 thoroughness and eiBciency. In proportion to taxable 
 valuation the State perhaps expends more for education 
 than any other State. Mississippi spends annually on 
 her public school system more than a million dollars, 
 and for educational purposes nearly a million and a half 
 
 dollars. Besides the ex- 
 cellent free school sys- 
 tem, supported by a 
 State and county reve- 
 nue of $1,443,766, and 
 possessing property val- 
 ued at $1,600,000, there 
 are many fine institu- 
 tions of learning in the 
 State of a public nature, 
 in addition to more than 
 two hundred private 
 and denominational 
 schools. These are the 
 State University, the 
 Agricultural College, 
 the Industrial Institute 
 and College at Colum- 
 bus, the Deaf and Dumb 
 Institute, Institute for 
 the Blind, Alcorn Agri- 
 cultural and Mechanical 
 College, and State Nor- 
 mal School. The State 
 University, at Oxfoid, 
 was founded in 1S48. 
 
 ^ 
 
;*■." 
 
 . ,„ (imiin iiiiuttniMlillltini 
 
 In 1S19 Congress 
 granted a township 
 of land to the State 
 for the purpose. It 
 has been supported 
 by State appropria- 
 tions and by the in- 
 terest in the proceeds of 
 the sale of land granted 
 by Congress. The institution 
 ranks high among the colleges 
 of the country. The character of its 
 faculty has been a guarantee of its efficiency. Some 
 of them have left their impress upon the history of the 
 State and country. The university at present includes 
 a department of professional education, with a school of 
 law, a department of science, literature and arts, com- 
 prising twenty-one different schools. The curriculum 
 includes training in Latin, Greek, German, French and 
 English belles lettres, mathematics, all the natural 
 sciences, mental and moral philosophy, political economy, 
 elocution and pedagogy. The university has an excel- 
 lent library of 1,300 volumes, and chemical and physical 
 apparatus of the best kind. Tuition is free to all except 
 law students. The institution justly merits the repu- 
 tation it enjoys. 
 
 The Industrial Institute and College at Columbus 
 is a new departure in the educational history of the 
 country. This college was commenced in 1SS5 for the 
 benefit of the young women of the State. It is sup- 
 ported by an annual appropriation from the State of 
 about $25,000. This school offers three courses of study 
 — a business course, a normal course and a college 
 course — and many young women take advantage of the 
 opportunities offered. 
 
 In 187S the State Agricultural and Mechanical College 
 
 was located at Starkville. The discipline here is mili- 
 tary, and while the college was established i^rimanlv 
 for the instruction of the youth of the State in the agri- 
 cultural and mechanical arts, provision is made for in- 
 sUuction in both common school and collegiate courses. 
 Tlie education imparted here is also practical and illus- 
 trative ; students are required not only to be familiar 
 with labor, but to labor themselves, which indeed con- 
 stitutes an important part of their education. The build- 
 ings are handsome, permanent and commodious ; the 
 farm embraces 1,940 acres of land, 600 of which are 
 imder cultivation, including gardens and grounds. The 
 farm is also well stocked with improved breeds of cattle, 
 and with a complete outfit of the latest improved agri- 
 cultural implements and farm machinery. 
 
 The Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College 
 was founded in 1S71 and dedicated to the education of 
 negro youth. J Instruction is given in the agricul- 
 chanical arts, and the courses of study 
 demic, scientific, preparatory and 
 The college has been very successful, 
 free, as in the college for whites, and 
 has appropriated, in addition to the 
 interest derived from 
 the agricultural scrip 
 fund, all the monej' 
 required for success- 
 ful maintenance. 
 
 turalandme- 
 coUege, aca- 
 commercial. 
 Tuition is 
 the State 
 
 M .MJSSISb(T'r-l IN.SA.SF, ASVLl'M 
 
 To those who follow agiicultural pursuits, and who 
 for any reason desire to seek new homes, Mississippi 
 offers inducements superior to many of the other States. 
 Her climate and soil are unsurpassed. All agricultural 
 products can be produced in abundance. Negro labor 
 is almost the only kind employed, and farm hands are 
 paid from $10 to $15 per month. The United States still 
 owns eight hundred thousand acres in Mississippi, and the 
 State five hundred thousand acres, all of which is for sale 
 at cheap rates. The State is beginning to be recognized 
 as a field for mills and factories. Land can be procured 
 as cheap as in any other State. The people of the 
 State are brave, generous, loyal and hospitable. They 
 are proud of her glorious past, contented with her pros- 
 perous present, and justly hopeful of her splendid 
 future. 
 
The Southern Kaiiway crosses Mississippi in almost 
 a straight line from east to west, entering the State in 
 Lowndes County, near Columbus, and terminating at 
 Greenville, an important point on the Mississippi River. 
 Between these two points are located a score of the best 
 towns in the State, including West Point, Mhoons 
 Valley, Cedar Bluff, Maben, Mathiston, Eupota, Grady, 
 Townolen, Stewart, Kilmichael, Winona, CarroUton, 
 Greenwood, Itta Bene (from which a branch runs to 
 Webbs), Moorhead, Baird, Indianola, Elizabeth and 
 Stoneville. 
 
 Columbus is a city of nearly 6,000 inhabitants, 
 beautifully laid out, substantially built, with fine graveled 
 streets, and noted for the wealth, culture, refinement and 
 hospitality of its people. It is situated on a high and 
 commanding bluff on the east bank of the Tombigbee 
 River, practically at the head-waters of its successful 
 navigation. The bluff gradually slopes to the Luxapalila, 
 a stream almost of sufficient size and importance to be 
 utilized for navigation, and one which furnishes within a 
 few miles of the city unlimited water power, with volume 
 enough to set in motion millions of spindles, lathes, etc. 
 Columbus is located some two and a half miles above 
 th3 confluence of the Luxapalila with the Tombigbee 
 river; showmg that Nature furnishes to her the prime 
 essentials to a large manufacturing city, viz., perfect 
 drainage, and an excellent navigable waterway to the 
 seaboard. 
 
 Columbus has superior school advantages, including 
 model school buildings, and with less cost to the citizens 
 than any other city of the South. A large part of the city is 
 built on that section set apart by the Government for school 
 
 purposes, and the 
 land is leased to 
 the owners of the 
 buildings. The 
 Franklin Acad- 
 emy, attended by 
 over 600 pupils, 
 and the Indus- 
 trial Institute 
 
 and College, for the education of the white girls of the 
 State of Mississippi in the arts and sciences, are located 
 here. To the latter school belongs the distinction of being 
 ihe lirst State institution ever founded for the education 
 of women. The building occupied is a large four-story 
 brick structure, surrounded by beautiful lawns and an 
 abundance of stately oaks, elms, etc., while between the 
 institute and College Street are fountains and a well-kept 
 ilower garden. 
 
 Columbus has a number of highly prosperous manu- 
 facturing establishments, including a large cotton mill 
 with 8,064 spindles and 256 looms, which has never been 
 idle a day since it was started. It consumes 700,000 
 pounds of cotton annually and employs 150 hands. 
 
 The city has an opera house, a dozen fine churches, 
 electric lights and gas works, and an abundance of pure 
 water. 
 
 West Point, a few miles west of Columbus, has a 
 population of 3,500. It is located in the midst of a 
 sandy plain about fom' miles square, around which are 
 the finest prairie and creek bottom farming lands in east 
 Mississippi. This immediate section of the State has 
 for generations been famous for the abundance of its 
 crops. West Point is comparatively a new town, but 
 
 
 WINONA, MISS. 
 
 is improving with great rapidity and has several manu- 
 facturing establishments. During the past season the 
 cotton compress here handled over 50,000 bales. Easy 
 of access to all kinds of timber, the location is excellent 
 for wooden factories, furniture, etc. The city is supplied 
 with electric lights, telephone system and first-class water 
 works, furnishing the purest of health-giving water from 
 artesian wells. The place has educational advantages of 
 excellent type, and all the leading denominations have 
 churches. In addition to the public schools there are the 
 Southern Female College, the Mary Holmes College, a 
 
 sjSSII-ri JiOME 
 
i 
 
 military academy, and the West 
 Point Business College, one of the 
 best institutions of its kind in the 
 South. 
 
 Winona is an active town of 
 2, 500 inhabitants, surrounded by a 
 section noted for its magnificent 
 timber. Oak, hickory and beech 
 predominate in such quanti- 
 ties as to make this 
 place a most desira- 
 ble one for manu- 
 facturing of all 
 kinds where 
 wood is used. 
 It has al- 
 ready be- 
 come the 
 second larg- 
 est market 
 for hickory 
 in the United 
 States. It is the 
 county seat of Mont- 
 gomery County, and is located 
 on the crest of the dividing 
 ridge between the Big Black 
 and the Yazoo rivers, being tlie 
 highest point between Chicago 
 and New Orleans. About 60,000 
 bales of cotton are compressed 
 here annually, and it is the commer- 
 cial center of a rich region. Winona 
 has good schools and churches and 
 many advantages, including the purest of water from 
 artesian wells of great depth. But a short distance from 
 the town is the celebrated Stafford well, furnishing a 
 mineral water of great efficacy and almost national 
 reputation. 
 
 Carrollton, which is the county seat of Carroll 
 County, has 1,000 population and several churches, 
 two growing colleges and good schools Its business is 
 
 GREENVILLE, MISS. 
 
 chielly dependent on the prosperous agri- 
 cultural region surrounding it. 
 
 Greenwood, its ne.\t-door neighbor on 
 
 the west, has a population of 2,000, five 
 
 churches, several public schools and one 
 
 bank. The surrounding country has an 
 
 inexhaustible supply of heavy oak and 
 
 ^ cypress timber. Greenwood has a 
 
 in, ■ g" cotton and cotton-oil mill, saw 
 
 ■I i ,,j|^ mill, stave factories, ice 
 
 " 5,- works, brick factory 
 
 j=^v and machine 
 
 shops. 
 
 Indianola, 
 in Sunflower 
 County, is a 
 prosperous 
 town of fif- 
 teen hun- 
 dred inhabi- 
 tants. It is 
 the county seat, 
 nd has e.Kcellent 
 educational facilities 
 and several industries. 
 »^ Greenville, which is the western- 
 
 1>| most terminus of the Southern Rail- 
 way and one of its two gateways on 
 the Mississippi River, is one of the 
 State's most important and prosperous 
 .ities. In 1865 it was a mere river 
 landing. To-day it has 10,000 population 
 and is growing rapidly. Its business 
 interests are almost entirely dependent 
 on cotton, but its growth and prosperity have demon- 
 strated that this dependence has not been misplaced. 
 The visitor to Greenville wall be impressed with the 
 signs everywhere present of prosperity. It is the enti-epot 
 of the Yazoo Delta, than which no more fertile region 
 exists. It takes pride in its court house, the finest in the 
 State ; in the stability of its banks and commercial 
 houses, and in the purity of its water, which comes 
 
 
 THE COTTON M.\RKI:T, GRI:kn\I H.L, MISS. 
 
from a number of deep artesian w^lls. 
 
 The excellent public school system of 
 
 Greenville is a graded one, consisting 
 
 of eleven classes, the last two of whii-h 
 
 form the High School, in which Latin 
 
 and the most advanced modern branches 
 
 are taught, and a graduate finds ready 
 
 admission in the colleges of the State. 
 
 There are a number of fine chviruli 
 
 edifices, and the social life of the city is 
 
 on the standard of the highest refinement. 
 
 Among the chief industries of the city are 
 
 the great cotton compresses, which handle many thou. 
 
 sands of bales annually, a large cotton oil mill and 
 
 numerous other enterprises. Being directly on the 
 
 Mississippi River, the shipping interests of Greenville 
 
 are already large and rapidly growing. The Southern 
 
 Railway, through modern appliances, transfers here to 
 
 Us own barge line on the river the Alabama coal sold 
 for deliver)^ at Mississippi River points south of Green- 
 ville, in competition with coal mined and shipped from 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Southern Railway also enters the State just east 
 of Meridian, and connects there with the New Orleans & 
 Northeastern for New Orleans, 196 miles distant. 
 
 Meridian has been termed 
 the electric city of Mississippi 
 because of her remarkable 
 growth. She has 16,000 popu- 
 lation, and is progressive, en- 
 terprising and alert to her 
 business opportunities. Her 
 location is in the midst of one 
 of the richest agricultural 
 sections in the South, and 
 her citizens, represented by 
 the Young Men's Business 
 League, have brought about 
 her recognition as a manufac- 
 turing as well as a commercial center. There are a score 
 or more prominent industries, employing a large num- 
 ber of operatives, and the money value of their annual 
 
 THE RI\'ER FRONT AT GREENVILLE, MISS. 
 
 output is very great. The city has splendid water and 
 gas works, an extensive electric lighting system, electric 
 street cars, and a sewerage system which cost upward of 
 Sioo,ooo. The streets are paved and kept in the best 
 of order, and from every point of view Meridian will 
 impress the visitor. She has 31 churches of all denomina- 
 tions, five modern brick school buildings well equipped, 
 a good commercial college and two female colleges. 
 Her banks carry deposits of nearly $1,000,000, and four 
 building and loan as.sociations are having a prosperous 
 existence. On the whole, Mississippi and the South may 
 take pride in Meridian and what it has accomplished. 
 
 The Memphis division of the Southern Railway 
 cuts across the northeast corner of Mississippi, the chief 
 town upon the line in this State being Corinth, a place 
 of 3,000 population. It is located in the center of a 
 fertile agricultural region and has all the modernisms of 
 a place of much greater size, including electric lights, 
 good schools, banks, etc. 
 
 MERIDIAN, MLSR. 
 
Down upon the southern edge of Mississippi, on the 
 gulf coast, are Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Biloxi and 
 Ocean Springs, resorts of more than local fame, whose 
 delights have been heralded in almost every com- 
 munity in the country bj* the hosts of visitors who 
 have composed so largely their winter population 
 during the past twenty or more years. In summer 
 these inviting places, fanned as they are by the 
 cool and invigorating breezes of the Gulf of Mexico, 
 are the favorite resorts of the well-to-do classes 
 from New Orleans and the cities of Mississippi and 
 Louisiana. In winter the hotels, of which there are a 
 number at each place, are filled to overflowing with 
 people from the North, East and West, who find here 
 the delightful conditions of an ideal climate, splendid 
 opportunities for out-of-door life, and as fine fishing 
 and sailing as are to be had anywhere on the conti- 
 nent. The fishing is really remarkable, and the sport 
 as it is indulged in is of the most enjoyable kind. 
 
 Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian are on opposite 
 shores of the same baj^, and each sets up distinct 
 claims for popularity based on the same natural con 
 ditions. The latter is the larger, and has a great num 
 
 VAZOO DF.LTA 
 
 THE SHORE DRIVE AT PARS CHRISTIAN 
 
 ber of beautiful villas, which stretch along the charming 
 water front a distance of nearly six miles. The avenues 
 upon which they face are lined with majestic 
 water oaks, which under these genial skies attain 
 enormous proportions, one notable specimen 
 covering with its wide-stretching branches an 
 entire acre of ground. There are popular hotels 
 at Pass Christian — the Mexican Gulf, the Mag- 
 nolia and the Crescent by name — which provide 
 hospitable shelter to a very large number of 
 guests, to whom they furnish the best of modern 
 accommodations. The varieties of amusement 
 and recreation are infinite hereabouts, and cover 
 both the water and the land. 
 
 Bay St. Louis, Ocean Springs and Biloxi 
 are each supplied with excellent hotels, and 
 there are many private houses where comfort- 
 able accommodations may be had at less rates. 
 The first settlement on our southern coast was 
 made by the French at Biloxi in 1699, and the 
 place has a wonderfully interesting history. 
 
 This immediate section of the gulf coast is attract- 
 .'e and beautiful beyond description and is growing 
 rapidly in popular favor as its many charms 
 become known. 
 
 Taken as a whole the State of Mississippi 
 offers a wide and inviting field for the enter- 
 prising manufacturer, artisan or agriculturist. 
 Its great area is prolific in all natural re- 
 sources which, under the touch of develop- 
 ment, yield ready and generous returns. It 
 has immense forests of hard timber which is 
 especially adapted for manufacturing wagons 
 :ind high-grade furniture. It has thousands 
 of unfilled acres of rich land which under 
 proper cultivation will produce the greatest 
 variety of products. It has many enterpris- 
 ing towns where opportunities of the most 
 promising kind await active men with .small 
 or large capital. It has a climate w-hich robs 
 winter of all its terrors without making sum- 
 mer unpleasant, and it shows by its statistics 
 
 that it is one of the healthiest States in the entire Union. 
 
 It welcomes the stranger and invites the home-seeker. 
 
^1 
 
 OUI5IANA- 
 
 A GREAT deal of romance has been written about the State of Louisiana. 
 Its climate, itstraditions, its variedcustoms and varied population, the 
 naturally artistic temperament of its people, its wonderful history 
 reaching back to the infancy of a new continent and a new epoch in the 
 world's life, all have tended to foster this. People visiting its foremost city 
 love to look up the home in which dashing Lafitte, the pirate, lived, to hear 
 traditions of him, to study the architecture of bygone generations. 
 
 Rightly told, material Louisiana is a romance ! Earth and forest alike 
 crv out to keen investing instinct with promises so fair as to excite wonder; 
 atfinst glance, incredulity. Capital can realize a usury of interest in many 
 kinds of legitimate investments here, and the laboring man has as 
 promising opportunities of owning his home as in any other spot on the 
 American continent. 
 ?'■ The twenty-eight million acres of soil comprised in the limits of this 
 ..^'' "Superb State afford opportunities for a variety of industry as striking as is 
 ^ tlie variety of the composition of its present citizenship. Time was when 
 '4 sugar and cotton measured the limits of its agricultural industries. Rice 
 ; - was later added to the list, and for a time these three constituted the State's 
 main industries. That time is gone now, and although these great indus- 
 tries will continue to champion a vast deal of attention and employ a great 
 deal of men and money, the present epoch is marking the development of 
 wonderful new possibilities. A great many methods are being changed, a 
 •:rreat many new views are penetrating. There is no hazard in predicting 
 That the time is at hand when Louisiana will cease sending her immense 
 cotton crops to English spinners . The loom instead will resound through- 
 out her chief cities. 
 
 Louisiana's southern limit is 2S degrees 56 minutes from the equator, 
 and it extends northward to the thirty-third degree. The orange blossom 
 blows into the ripened fruit in its southern limits, and the navigation of its 
 northern streams is never impeded by the ice of winter, which only at rare 
 intervals permits the song of the skate. The mighty Mississippi splits the 
 State in two, and geologists say that once upon a time, way back in history, 
 the mouth of the river surged into the gulf high up above New Orleans, 
 which is itself now over a hundred miles from the gulf. However this may 
 be, certain it is that the land along the stretch of this river is of such 
 marvelous fertility as to suggest an abnormal formation. These lands are 
 known as the alluvial lands, and they are found not alone along the Missis- 
 sippi, but line the banks of all its streams. The uplands of the State are 
 themselves of great productivity, and a man may mention " bale to the acre 
 land," in speaking of this section of the State, without exciting the least 
 incredulity in the minds of natives. If the State has not to-day more manu 
 factories than it enjoys, it is undoubtedly due to a soil which holds out so 
 much richer inducements to labor. 
 
 There are 45,440 square miles of territory in Louisiana, exclusive of the 
 lakes and bayous which indent the southern portion and are included within 
 the border fines of the State. Of these there are at least 20,000 square 
 miles which come strictly under the definition of "alluvial," presenting all 
 
LOUISIANA'S STA1 1-: CM'ITOI- Al BAIHN KOI-Of: 
 
 the wonderful fecundity of that class of Louisiana land. 
 At no point in the State do the uplands attain a greater 
 height than 500 feet above the level of the sea, and the 
 newly developing country, which now under the influence 
 of artificial irrigation is making such marvelous strides 
 and revealing such vast 
 possibilities (the rolling 
 prairies), is no more than 
 thirty to fifty feet above 
 the sea level. 
 
 Dr. William C. 
 Stubbs, director of the 
 State's experimental sta- 
 tions, divides the State 
 agriculturally into five 
 parts: alluvial, bluff, 
 good uplands, long-leaf 
 pine, and prairie lands. 
 The alluvial region lies 
 along the Mississippi 
 and its outlying bayous, 
 the Red River and its 
 tributaries and bayous, 
 and the marshes of the 
 coast. It occupies about 
 20,000 square miles. No 
 less an authority than 
 Dr. Hilgard has written , 
 
 in a study of the State, that this region is " the most 
 fertile agricultural land in the world, equaled by few and 
 surpassed by none in the world in productive capacity." 
 It is seen that a statement could hardly be more sweeping 
 than this, and it emanates from one of the very highest 
 sources on the subject, and yet the material fact of 
 production bears out its every word, year in, year out. 
 
 The bluff lands are comprised in a belt running from 
 the Mississippi line about fifty miles, near the center of 
 the State, with a width in the northern portion of about 
 fifteen to eighteen miles, but in the South about doubling 
 that width. No section is better suited for a diversity of 
 products, and it constitutes the finest agricultural hill 
 lands of the world. 
 
 The good uplands occupy the mam portion ■ 
 northwestern Louisiana. Here is where Nature hokl 
 out a splendid wealth of fine timber lands in the shon- 
 leaf pine. Oak, hickory, ash and a hundred and ont 
 varieties of wood which w'lU one day stock splendi'l 
 manufactories of furniture in this State are to-day 
 standing in this section of the State in splendid extent. 
 The soil is defined as the "red sandy clay," which, 
 
 intermixed with the washings from the hillsides, results 
 in very fertile vales where small farmers thrive with the 
 advantages of complete self-support, the possibilitv being 
 presented of rearing all that is needed for eating, outside 
 of the regular industry of the crop. Of course this is a 
 part of the splendid cotton belt in that strip of the United 
 States wherein cotton has reigned as king for years. 
 I'"xteusive experiments have conclusively shown that this 
 region is also destined to produce much of the fine 
 tobacco of the world's market before many years, and 
 some of that grown by the farmers for their individual 
 use has a flavor unsurpassed by the product of Cuba. 
 The tide of that sturdy immigration which under the 
 direction of great railroad trunk lines is now reaching 
 the rolling plains of the South has not yet reached this 
 section of the State in full force, although each year it is 
 receiving an increasing quota of industrious labor. When 
 it is adequately populated it will stand out distinctively 
 
 as a section where more 
 homes are owned by their 
 occupants than any other 
 portion of the State and 
 possibly of the country, 
 for it is essentially the 
 country of the "small 
 farmer," where no big 
 capital is required in crop 
 growing. 
 
 The pine hill regions 
 present a great uniform- 
 ity of soil. They are 
 especially valuable as 
 timber and grazing pro- 
 perty. Cattle and hogs 
 thrive in them splen- 
 didly, being protected by 
 the forest and the hills 
 against the winter and 
 at all times finding ample 
 grazing. The bottoms 
 of this section present 
 the arable land. This is the same chain of hill country 
 which stretches parallel with the edge of' the gulf from 
 Georgia to Texas, varying in timber wealth. That 
 wealth has not to this day been half realized, and 
 
 THt rOST OKFICF. AT RATON ROUGE 
 
 Sc^-.Jl.-!S 
 
 
 
 
 CUTTING SUGAR CANK 
 
'p:; 
 
 presents one of the brightest possibilities for future 
 investment. 
 
 The region of long-leaf pine exists in the extreme 
 eastern and western portions of the State, and seems to 
 be a sort of variety of that character of country just 
 described. The soil is a gray, unretentive silt, which on 
 proper fertilization presents agricultural advantages 
 somewhat superior to that just described. Belts of oak, 
 dogwood, beech, etc., occur along its 
 streams where the land is best for tillage, 
 and rich advantages for lumbering and 
 furniture manufacturing are held out. 
 The manufacture of turpentine and 
 charcoal is extensively carried on in 
 certain portions of this section, and resin 
 is husbanded in great quantities, and 
 mostly shipped abroad. 
 
 The prairie region extends across 
 the State like the hill region, parallel to 
 the line of the gulf and of course nearer 
 to it. It varies in surface from flat to 
 rolling, and of late years immense possi- 
 bilities are being realized in these prairie 
 lands for the growing of rice. Irrigation 
 has made them wonderfully productive. 
 
 Beyond the prairies toward the gull 
 are the marshes, an unreclaimed and 
 possibly unreclaimable region, the per- 
 petual heritage of the wild duck, the 
 snipe, the plover, the pelican and thu 
 hunter. 
 
 Forestry statistics of the United 
 States carefully compiled show sixty per 
 cent, of the wealth of the United State.'i 
 
 in this line of natural resource to be located in the 
 South, and Louisiana ranks foremost among the States 
 holding this major portion. The millions of dollars which 
 have been expended in milling in this State within the 
 past few years have been devoted almost exclusively to 
 the sawing of pine and cypress. The day is near at hand 
 when millions more are going to find rich rewards in 
 turning the finest woods of the world, to be found in these 
 forests, into the finest furniture of the world. 
 
 Men thoroughly in touch with the situation assert 
 that the history of the cypress industry will be repeated. 
 Only a few years ago there was, as has been said, but 
 little activity in cypress sawing, which is a wood 
 almost peculiar to this State, so commercially 
 considered. To-day, the Cypress Lumber Manu- 
 facturing Association represents an output of 
 almost 500,000,000 feet of finished cjrpress lumber 
 per year, and this is steadily on the increase. 
 It has come to be foremost in the woods of the 
 State, and it is conclusively argued that the hard 
 woods of the State and all those capable of fine 
 finish are soon to forge to the front in the same 
 way. Ash, oak, magnolia, beech, walnut, gums, 
 Cottonwood, maples and a number of the woods 
 enumerated previously are found in practically 
 limitless abundance in many regions of the State 
 now accessible to the world by railroads, and their 
 utilization as the basis of a great line of industry 
 is a definite and positive matter of the future. 
 ■ As to the extent of Louisiana's possessions in woods 
 of value, the following computation comparing several 
 Southern States is reliable, and may be pretty uniformly 
 applied to all the other sorts of woods as showing 
 the comparative wood resources. This relates to long- 
 leaf pine alone-. Alabama, 18,885,000,000 feet; Florida, 
 6,615,000,000; Georgia, 16,778,000,000; Louisiana 26,558,- 
 000,000; Mississippi, 17 200,000,000; North Carolina, 
 
5,229,000,000; South Carolina, 5,316,000,000; Texas. 
 20,508,000,000. 
 
 It is seen that even the vast and imperial 
 commonwealth of Texas is behind in the raee o 
 Nature, and it is to be remembered in this connec- 
 tion tnat the Mississippi River is the great bene- 
 factor in this result. It showered its benefices 
 alike on soil and forestry, and " 
 
 such mighty tributaries as the 
 Red, the Atchafalaj'a and the 
 numerous other streams and 
 bayous with which the State is 
 supplied have added materially 
 to this wealth of forestry. 
 
 So much for the natural 
 riches of the forests of Louisiana. 
 
 Before turning to the actual ..- A 
 
 and prospective industries of the ^ ' 
 
 State it is well to take more than 
 cur.sorynoticeof whatinall States 
 
 and in all ages has always had a most marked influence 
 on progress, riches and civilization — water courses. Not 
 in the world is a similar extent of country blessed 
 with as nrich navigable water as is Louisiana. There 
 are altogether fifty-nine parishes in the State, or, as 
 they would be called in other States, counties. Of 
 these fifty-nine there are but four not penetrated by 
 navigable water. When it is stated that the 45,000 
 
 J 
 
 ^abc'fe-' 
 
 agency of 
 this point 
 
 healthfulness. 
 
 square miles of territory in the State contain the enormous 
 stretch of 3,819 miles of navigable water, upon forty rivers 
 and bayous, some idea is gained of the singular kindness 
 of Nature in this respect. The most important waterway, 
 of course, is the Mississippi, and it is interesting to note 
 that not even the mightiest stream in all the world, with 
 its 2,161 miles of navigation, furnishes as much as do 
 the combined streams of this one State. 
 
 The climate of the State is that inviting that as the 
 years progress it is more and more becoming the wintc 
 ing place of families from the North, and the Strang., 
 from the North who comes in summer with the expecta- 
 tion of finding a great deal of uncomfortable heat often 
 expresses his wonder at finding the climate far mor 
 pleasant than that of the northern point he has just leH 
 Proximity to the gulf, and the sweet sweep of its breezes 
 over the State, results in a rapid evaporation which keeiis 
 theaircool, and forthemajorportionof the year delightful. 
 
 The matter of health is always important in the 
 history of states and nations. No great nation 
 rver grew under conditions of unhealthfulness, and 
 certainly no great prosperity can be realized where 
 the thrift of a people is interfered with by sickness. 
 Tropical countries and countriessemi-tropical 
 are not as a general rule healthful. Of course, 
 to certain forms of disease they 
 alwaj'S hold out a balm not to 
 be had in the colder and more 
 rigorous climates of the north. 
 Louisiana presents a striking 
 e.xception to this general rule. 
 It is wonderfully healthful, and 
 scientific men have accounted 
 for it by the great number of 
 natural drains making their 
 way to the sea within its limits. 
 Time out of mind the Missis- 
 sippi has been held to be an 
 Its waters, which, being at 
 the aggregated drainage of over half of a 
 mighty country, might be naturally supposed to be un- 
 healthful, present the singular phenomenon of being the 
 most healthful in the world. Microscopic examination 
 reveals a singular absence of the myriad minute creations 
 which infest almost all water, a total absence of germs, 
 and the fact has been attributed to its swift churning 
 current and the great abundance of iine sand or silt which 
 permeates it. If one picks at random in four different 
 sections of the Union any number of States, say Vermont, 
 Tennessee, Indiana and Texas, and examines the mor- 
 tality rates of the States as compiled by the general 
 Ljovernment, he will be surprised to note that Louisiana, 
 u spite of her large area of low country, compares favor- 
 ably with them all, and surpasses many. Not a single 
 Southern State makes a better health .showing. One of 
 the best tests of health conditions is to be derived from 
 the infant mortality rate, and an inspection of the records 
 shows Louisiana, population considered, to be on a parity 
 with the healthiest State of the LTnion. 
 
 The superb quarantine maintained at New Orleans 
 and other Louisiana ports has resulted in absolutely 
 keeping out of the State for over twenty years, prior to 
 the winter of 1897-98, the dreaded tropical epidemic, and 
 it was then introduced from a neighboring State, but the 
 general health conditions and regulations were so excel- 
 lent that it was speedily stamped out. 
 
 Next in importance to the subject of health comes 
 that of education in any self-governing people, where 
 
 5^, 
 
 U- 
 
 STpJGin^ 
 
HARVESTING RICE 
 
 popular intelligence measures the adequacy and enlight- 
 enment and wisdom of the government. Educationally 
 the State is to-day exceedingly active. 
 
 Beyond any question, one of the most potent factors 
 in this connection is the State Normal School at Natchi. 
 toches. In its management the State has been constantly 
 enlisting a higher grade of talent, who in turn have been 
 introducing the most advanced theories and methods of 
 popular education. 
 
 The Louisiana State University, situated at Baton 
 Rouge, which is a military scliool, and Tulane Univer- 
 sity are both active and well-patronized institutions, 
 furnishing the State with yearly classes of scholarly 
 college men. The former has an important industrial 
 department — a mechanical school, which has tended to 
 increase the demand for a textile school somewhere in 
 the State where .such occupations of skilled labor can be 
 learned as tend to create an army of skilled labor for the 
 cotton mills and the factories. The Audubon Sugar School, 
 which has given the sugar industry such a number of 
 
 scientific workers, has been an object lesson in 
 the matter. The most important department of 
 education in the State, as in all States, however, 
 is the common school. The length of the sessions 
 has been steadily increasing in the various par- 
 ishes from year to year, not so much in accord- 
 ance with the advantages of resource for the 
 work, for they have been about the same, but 
 keeping pace with demand and public interest. 
 Besides these public institutions, the State is 
 blessed with a more than usual share of private 
 institutions of all denominations, and it is inter- 
 esting to pause here and remark that nowhere 
 on the globe is the spirit of the constitution of 
 this country so genuinely realized as in this State 
 in the matter of religion. A tolerance which is 
 as broad as true enlightenment exists between 
 all creeds. 
 
 No State in the Union holds out richer 
 advantages to the home-seeker than does this 
 State. There are over a million acres of govern- 
 ment lands yet in its confines, subject to home- 
 steads. There are over two million acres of 
 State lands. There are large tracts of railroad 
 lands, not only awaiting occupation but finding 
 
 A HUNTER'S CAMP 
 
 the roads willing and active to do all they can for the 
 advancement and settling of these territories. 
 
 The State is dotted throughout with a vast number 
 of towns, with New Orleans the metropolis of the State 
 and of the South. The most important of the towns are 
 Lake Charles, Alexandria, Shreveport, Baton Rouge, 
 Donaldsonville, Plaquemine, Franklin, Natchitoches, 
 Lafayette, Thibodaux, etc. Many of these towns are 
 making rapid progress by reason of lumber industries, 
 and on account of railroads and the varied enterprises they 
 bring. 
 
 New Orleans is not only the metropolis and chief 
 city of the State of Louisiana, but because of its great 
 inland and foreign trade it assumes by every right of 
 commercial prowess the distinction as well as the honor 
 of being the greatest of all the Southern cities. It is the 
 focal pomt of the mightiest watershed in the world, and 
 the seaport of a vast empire which is great not only in 
 present achievements and agricultural wealth, but des- 
 tined to become one of the richest and most productive 
 regions in all the world when its mellow and fertile 
 
 A TYPICAL LOUISIANA HOME 
 
acres, its unlimited forests, and its undeveloped water- 
 ways shall all have been keyed up to the pitch of modern 
 cultivation and development. 
 
 New Orleans is interesting from an)- and every point 
 of view. It is so unique in many things that it has an 
 individuality and character all its own. It stands as a 
 type of the few American cities which have not allowed 
 the strident calls of trade to dull their melody of romance. 
 Thus it is at once great in commercial life and activity, 
 and bewitching in its poetic aspects. Its great ex- 
 changes, in which the transactions run into the millions, 
 attest its influential position among the markets of the 
 world, while the vine-embowered villas and quaint old 
 corners in its French quarter suggest to even the tran- 
 sient visitor the ever-fascinating story of its early days. 
 
 It was founded by de Bienville, a French Canadian, 
 in t-tS, and from that time until 1803, when it passed 
 
 A LOUISlAN.\ flNK FOREST 
 
 permanently into the hands of the Americans, it had a 
 varied and romantic experience, with a frequently 
 changed sovereignty, being under the control of the 
 sturdy Bourbon, the Spaniard and the easy-going Creole 
 by turns. 
 
 The modern city lies on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi, 107 miles above its mouth. The great stream 
 almost encircles it, however, because it turns to the east 
 and then almost due north on the eastern side, so that 
 walk to any of the three points of the compass — west, 
 south or east — from the business center of the city and 
 you will reach the wharves, which cover nine miles of 
 water front. 
 
 The foreign and domestic shipping interests of 
 New Orleans have reached enormous proportions. 'I'he 
 figures of the port for the past year show that its foreign 
 
 trade alone amounted to $116,840,021, a gain of more 
 than $20,000,000 over the previous year. Of this amount 
 upwardof $100,000,000 were exports and about $16,000,000 
 imports. Cotton, of course, is the chief item in the city's 
 trade, and of this staple it handled during the year 
 2,249,223 bales, against 1,911,281 bales the preceding year. 
 In addition to the cotton shipments, there were shipped 
 from New Orleans during the last trade year 33,904,482 
 bushels of cereals, 422,498 barrels of rice, 1,133,234,546 
 feet of lumber and 9,433,900,000 staves, and an immense 
 amount of miscellaneous products. It will thus be seen 
 that in all that goes to build up a seaport New Orleans 
 takes high rank among the greatest of American cities. 
 Aside from its .shipping interests. New Orleans has 
 been making, during recent years, great strides in all 
 lines of commercial life. Its population, which now num- 
 bers 2^0,000, embraces a large percentage of energetic, 
 active citizens, who are alert 
 in all matters affecting the 
 city's interests, and who are 
 united in the endeavor to 
 make the city a model 
 municipality. This desire 
 has led to the formation of 
 an association known as the 
 Progressive Union, whose 
 membership embraces the 
 leading citizens, and whose 
 object is to advance the city's 
 material interests, and to 
 herald to the world its advan- 
 tages and possibilities. 
 
 Magnificent new build- 
 ings have been erected which 
 would be a credit to any 
 American city ; factories have 
 sprung up and prospered on 
 every hand ; miles upon miles 
 of new asphalt paving have 
 been laid, and a system of 
 sanitation introduced which 
 has made New Orleans, ac- 
 cording to the vital statistics 
 of the Government, one of 
 tlie healthiest cities of its 
 size in the country. 
 
 Its public school system 
 and its school buildings are the equals of those of any 
 city. North or South, and it has a press which is con- 
 tinually leading the way in the advocacy of various proj- 
 ects for the upbuilding of the material commonwealth. 
 Never was the era of progress more thoroughly 
 inspiring a city and a State, never have men given their 
 attention more studiously and earnestl}' to the question 
 of material development, and never have a people found 
 themselves surrounded by more munificent advantages 
 for material growth and general prosperity as the result 
 of intelligent plans and earnest work. 
 
 There is no more interesting city in America from 
 the tourist standpoint than New Orleans. Its winter cli- 
 mate is ideal, and its attractive features are innumerable, 
 while its festivals and fetes add elements of pleasure 
 which are as enjoyable as they are novel. The New 
 
MFMORIAL LIBRABV 
 
 Orleans Mardi Gras has grown into international fame 
 and attracts by its novel and enjoyable features thousands 
 of visitors from all portions 
 of the globe. The aesthetic 
 side of the city has been well 
 developed, and there are 
 many charming public parks 
 with a score of monuments 
 and statues. New Orleans 
 people have learned to per- 
 fection the charm of out-of- 
 door life, and these parks are 
 enjoyed by the masses as in 
 few other cities. 
 
 The visitor will find 
 among its hotels, of which 
 there are several affording 
 modern accommodations, a magnificent structure, the 
 New St. Charles, reared upon the site of the famous 
 old hostelry of the same name, and now one of the 
 largest and most handsomely appointed public houses 
 
 t 
 
 I, 
 
 1 11 
 
 
 HE NEW -ST. CHARLES HOTEL 
 
 in America. Few cities throughout the entire country 
 can boast of as splendid a hotel, and New Orleans is 
 
 , fully justified in taking the 
 
 pride she does in it. It 
 occupies an entire square in 
 the vei'y center of the city, 
 and its architectural feat- 
 ures make it an imposing as 
 well as beautiful structure. 
 Its cost was enormous, as 
 money was spared neither 
 _ in its construction nor fur- 
 nishing. 
 
 Taken as a whole the 
 modern New Orleans is a 
 city in which the South and 
 the country at large have 
 just cause for pride. It occupies a commanding and 
 important position in the commercial world, and with- 
 out doubt is destined to achieve a notable and brilliant 
 future. 
 
 ''^'JUili 
 
 THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE 
 
NEW OKLEANS, LA. 
 
^^^^ 
 
 ^ :J' \^ ^ \S^ ^ ^ - 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 >/ 
 
 FIFTY-FIVE years before the Pilgrims set foot on NortWamerican soil 
 at Plymouth Rock, and more than two score«4'Sf-'y before the 
 Colonists under Gosnold, Bacon and Capt. John Smith settled at 
 Jamestown, Virginia, Ponce de Leon landed on the shores of Florida, near 
 the site of the present city of St. Augustine. The discovery of this " land 
 of flowers" was in 1512, and it was because of the mildness of its climate 
 and the luxuriance of the semi-tropical foliage that the illustrious and 
 romantic prince claimed that at last he had found the location of the 
 fountain of eternal youth. 
 
 After a brief stay Ponce de Leon set sail to Spain, his native country, 
 but returned again to Florida nine years afterward, only to be cruelly driven 
 off by the natives, having suffered wounds which shortly proved fatal. 
 
 In 1526 Charles V gave one of his favorite courtiers, Pamfilo de Nar- 
 vaez, an enormous land grant in Florida, and colonization was attempted, 
 but the enterprise came to grief. 
 
 De Soto, the hardy explorer whose name is so closely associated with 
 many of the early discoveries in the southern and western territory, entered 
 Tampa Bay with his little fleet on May 25, 1539, giving this beautiful sheet 
 of water the name Espiritu Santo. He evidently made no attempt to 
 found a colony, for he was bent solely on exploration and adventure. In 
 1 56 1 a band of hardy French Huguenots established themselves on the 
 St. John's River, but were soon wiped out by sickness or desertion. Four 
 years later the Spanish under Menendez built a fort at St. Augustine, and 
 celebrated the occasion by swooping down upon Fort Caroline, which had 
 been built a year earlier by the French, and massacring its inmates. In 
 retaliation for this outrage the French sent out an expedition in 1567 and 
 recaptured and rebuilt the fort. The following year the English admiral, 
 Sir Francis Drake, burned St. Augustine and drove out the Spaniards. 
 More than a century later Florida, after many vicissitudes of ownership, 
 was given to Spain by England in exchange for the Bahama Islands, and 
 in 1803, under what was known as the Louisiana purchase, it passed into 
 the hands of the United States and became a separate territory by act of 
 Congress, March 3, 1S22, and took its place among the sisterhood of States 
 March 3, 1S45, being the first one added to the original and historic thirteen. 
 Thus the story of Florida, running back as it does to the very begin- 
 ning of settlement in North America, is one in which romance, intrigue 
 and bloodshed are dominant factors. It was the fighting ground upon 
 which England, France and Spain conquered by turns, and wrested from 
 one another the slight hold which each in turn gained upon the then utterly 
 wild and unexplored western hemisphere. 
 
 Geographically Florida is the most southern of all the States, and is 
 Ihe largest one east of the Mississippi River. It has a coast line of 1,150 
 miles, which is greater than that of all the States from Maine to the mouth 
 of the St. John's, which is its greatest river and one of the three large 
 streams in the United States which flow north. The St. John's has a 
 width of over two miles for 150 miles south of Jacksonville, and with its 
 
ONF, OF FLORIDA'S RIVERS 
 
 branches furnishes a thousand miles of steambo 
 gation. Florida's chief seaports on the Atlant 
 are Fernandina, Jacksonville and St. Augus- 
 tine, all in the northeastern corner of the State, 
 Key West on the south, and Tampa, Cedar 
 Keys and Pensacola on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Almost the entire coast line of Florida is 
 protected by a chain of low-lying sand islands 
 or keys, as they are called in the nomencla- 
 ture of the locality. The number of thest 
 varies according to the estimates from ten to 
 fifty thousand. At the tip end of the State a 
 chain of these keys is thrown off on a tan- 
 gent from the main shore, and continues at 
 irregular but frequent intervals for two hun- 
 dred miles, terminating in the Dry Tortugas, 
 a United States naval station. Key West is one of this 
 series of islands, being about midway between the main 
 shore and the Tortugas, and almost the same distance 
 from Havana, Cuba. 
 
 Florida reserves its most winsome smiles for the 
 winter sojourner, who, ban- ,, 
 
 ished from the north by 'Hi; i 
 
 storms and sleet, finds 
 
 under its Venetian blue skies a charming existence amid 
 the luxurious .surroundings of costly hotels. The State 
 has come to be the great winter playground of an ever- 
 increasing number of people from the north, east and 
 west, who turn toward it every fall as naturally as the 
 birds fly southward, and who spend the entire winter 
 there, far removed from all suggestions of ice and snow 
 and their attendant ills. 
 
 The State topographically is divided into three 
 almost distinct sections, and each has its devoted advo- 
 cates both among the permanent settlers and the tourists 
 who spend only the winter season. 
 
 That portion stretching along the Atlantic's shores 
 is known both at home and elsewhere under the general 
 title of the East Coast. It is on the main level and 
 sandy. For a long distance it is separated from the sea 
 by the Indian River, with its continuations, the Hillsboro 
 and Halifax. These are rivers by courtesy only, being 
 really tidewater lakes which have in the years gone by 
 been created by the building up of the sandbars on the 
 shoals of the beach. These have gradually been added 
 to until they have developed into islands varying from a 
 few rods to a mile in width, and upon 
 them has grown a tangle of tropical 
 trees and vines. The oldest settle- 
 
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 -_ .^i^r-^s*- >^? .^. 
 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 East Coast, and in the neighborhood of Ormond, Day- 
 tona and New Smj'rna, lovely spots upon the Halifax, 
 are many famous orange groves, pioneers of this branch 
 of Florida's industry. St. Augustine is the northern- 
 most of the resorts which have made the East Coast 
 world-famous. This spot, with the quaint relics 
 of its old-time life, and its splendid hotels, 
 of which the Ponce de Leon is the chief, is 
 too well known to need more than a passing 
 mention. A lavish expenditure of money has 
 created here a paradise as fascinating as it is 
 beautiful, and having such a marked individ- 
 uality that it cannot be compared to any other 
 spot in the United Slates. 
 
 There are pretentious tourist hotels at 
 Ormond and Rock Ledge, and far south of the 
 latter several famous hostelries. the Royal 
 Pouiciana and Palm Beach Inn at Palm Beacli, 
 and the Royal Palm and Biscayne at Miami. 
 From the latter place there is a steamship line 
 to Nassau, N. P., and also to Key West. 
 
 This entire section of the State has grown 
 into such world-wide notoriety as a delightful 
 
,11' 'IWV 
 I I u I I 1 1 1 I 
 
 A FEW UF Fl.OKIUA'S REPKESENTATIVE HOTELS 
 
region in which to spend the winter, and it has become 
 such a rendezvous of fashionable society that it is but 
 natural that it should become known both at home and 
 abroad as the "American 
 Riviera." 
 
 The central portion of 
 Florida is generally de- 
 scribed as the lake or ridge 
 country. It has an altitude 
 which in places is as much 
 as three hundred feet above 
 the sea level. It is largely 
 covered with pine forests, 
 and has innumerable beau- 
 tiful clear water lakes of 
 great depth and purity. It 
 is one of the wealth-produc- 
 ing sections of the State, for 
 not only is it practically all 
 underlaid with phosphates, 
 which have grown to be 
 such an enormous element 
 of profit to Florida, but it is 
 an agricultural and fruit region par excellence. Thou- 
 sands of acres have been brought to the highest state 
 of development, and hundreds of car 
 loads of fruits and early vegetables are 
 shipped annually to northern markets. 
 
 The West or Gulf Coast takes on a 
 different character from either of the 
 other portions of the State. Much of 
 the shore line is high and bold, and in 
 the northern and western portions of 
 the State there is considerable hard- 
 wood timber, notably the oak used in 
 ship-building. Because of the excel- 
 lence of this wood and the enormous 
 size it attained in the neighborhood of 
 Homosassa. the United States Govern- 
 ment reserved a large area of forest for 
 its especial use in the construction of 
 the old wooden navy of early years. 
 
 Hundreds of beautiful bays indent 
 the picturesque shore Ime of the gulf. 
 
 A UAV S LAICH Of 
 
 .ind not only add a delightful variety 
 • ) the scenery but furnish opportuni- 
 iies for ideal home sites. The West 
 ' oast, like the East, has its chain of 
 :uodern hotels, erected with lavish ex- 
 pense to furnish accommodations for 
 the ever-increasing army of winter 
 visitors. There is a handsome one at 
 Winter Park — the Seminole — and a 
 new one of pretentious size and ap- 
 pointments at Bellaire on the Pinellas 
 peninsula. The Tampa Bay Hotel at 
 Tampa is one of the most magnificent 
 bouses in America, and cost a fabulous 
 amount. Further south, on Charlotte 
 Harbor, is the Punta Gorda Hotel, 
 another beautiful and mammoth struc- 
 ture, and within the past year the Fort 
 Meyers Hotel has been opened to the 
 publicat Fort Meyerson the tropical Caloosahatchie River. 
 At Jacksonville there are two fine houses, the St. 
 James and the Windsor, both admirably appointed and 
 
 popular with the tourist 
 public. 
 
 In addition to these more 
 pretentious houses on the 
 East and West Coasts and in 
 Jacksonville, there are a 
 large number of smaller ones 
 scattered throughout the 
 State, all of which enjoy a 
 large patronage and are well 
 kept and well known. 
 
 Of the cities of Florida 
 Jacksonville is, by every 
 scale of measurement, the 
 most important. It is, from 
 Its position, the natural en- 
 trepot of the State and its 
 netropolis in commerce and 
 iidustry. Its population ex- 
 ceeds 30,000, and it has 
 growing manufacturing interests. 
 
 Feruandina, thirty-six miles north of Jacksonville, 
 
A FLORIIIA PINE TOKKST 
 
 has the largest and deepest harbor on the East Coast, and 
 is one of the centers of the lumber and phosphate ship- 
 ping interests, as well as a delightful place for 
 residence, many beautiful homes being located 
 here. 
 
 Palatka, fifty-five miles south of Jackson- 
 ville, is the chief city on the St. John's River 
 .south of the latter city, and its fine hotel and 
 many attractive features make it a popular 
 tourist center. It enjoys also a fine business, 
 being the natural center of a large region of 
 the finest agricultural and fruit lands. 
 
 Tampa and Key West are each active busi- 
 ness centers and produce immense quantities of 
 cigars. In the western portion of the State are 
 two prominent cities, Pensacola, upon the far- 
 thest boundary, and Tallahassee, the State capi- 
 tal, located in the heart of the beautiful hill 
 country, where the sandy soil found everywhere 
 
 else throughout the State is sup- 
 planted by a rich loam, which pro- 
 duces the most bountiful crops of 
 all kinds of farm products, Talla- 
 hassee is one of the most inviting 
 and beautiful cities in the South. 
 It is shaded and vine-embowered 
 and rich in flowers and verdure 
 during every season of the year. 
 It has two delightful hotels, the 
 Leon and St. James, and in ad- 
 dition to the State buildings has 
 many others of importance, in- 
 cluding a handsome and modern 
 
 Government Building, the 
 State Seminary and the Nor- 
 mal College. 
 
 Florida is by no means 
 dependent for its material 
 progress on the Northern tou- 
 rist. While it is true that 
 many people unfamiliar with 
 its great natural wealth and 
 opportunities consider it only 
 as a place to go to where dis- 
 agreeable winter weather may 
 be avoided, it nevertheless is 
 making rapid strides toward 
 wealth and improvement. 
 
 During recent years its 
 fruit and vegetable business 
 has grown to such proportions 
 that more than $2,000,000 are 
 annually realized from the 
 crops. 
 
 The tobacco industry has 
 also made rapid progress, and 
 the State's production now ex- 
 ceeds 2,300,000 pounds. Under 
 scientific culture it has been 
 demonstrated that a tobacco 
 which compares favorably with 
 
 ' the finest imported varieties 
 
 can be successfully grown. 
 Extensive investments are being made in various 
 
 portions of the State by intelligent tobacco growers, and 
 
 A SPONGE WHARF 
 
 each year is seeing a larger ^; 
 and more satisfactory crop 
 
 matured. The quality of the product is steadily im- 
 proving, and results already achieved, with the favorable 
 conditions of soil and climate, give every promise of the 
 production at an early day of a tobacco having the de- 
 lightful flavor of the Cuban leaf. 
 
 In the perfection of her climate, her wealth of 
 picturesque and tropical scenery, her splendid hotels, 
 and her wealth of opportunities for sport and recrea- 
 tion, Florida offers to the tourist an ideal combination 
 which cannot be equaled in any other spot on the globe. 
 To the settler she holds out alluring inducements and 
 bright promises, which she will do her part to fulfill. 
 

 
 
 AND CONNECTIONS 
 
 C O L F OF M K X / C O 
 
 I 
 
Frank Prcsbrey 
 ve}\ Wiifei\ !llitst}-at07- and Fuhlishrr 
 12-/6 John Street, New YorJi: 
 
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 NDERY INC. |§| 
 
 ^ DEC 89 
 
 ^|^ N. MANCHESTER, 
 5=^ INDIANA 46962 
 
 
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