?0& •6"? ■&& 7 r *»3 M??.~ I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | ft. ; -q-Z, UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. RUDIMENTS OF A GRAMMAR OF THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE. BY JOSEPH GWILT, Esquire. " Great verily was the glory of our Tongue before the Norman Conquest, in this, that the old English could express most aptly, all the conceits of the mind in their own Tongue, without borrowing from any." Camden's Remains, LONDON : WILLIAM PICKERING, M.DCCCXXIX. TO CHARLES GEORGE YOUNG, Esquire, YORK HERALD, BUT FOR WHOSE ENCOURAGEMENT TO THEIR COMPILER IN THE PURSUIT OF ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES AND HISTORY HE MIGHT NEVER HAVE BESTOWED A THOUGHT ON THE SUBJECT WHEREOF THEY TREAT, THE FOLLOWING SHEETS ARE INSCRIBED, IN TESTIMONY OF HIS FRIENDSHIP, GRATITUDE, AND ESTEEM. TO THE READER, It is needless to observe, that the only path leading to a thorough acquaintance with the English language is through its origin. All that relates to it is therefore important. In the following pages it has been considered un- necessary to' touch on principles of grammar common to all nations, from the presumption that every one about to acquire a knowledge of Anglo-Saxon need not be informed that the plural number means more than one, and that a noun is the name of a person or thing. If the reader be unprepared with this species of ele- mentary information, the following introduc- tion will be useless to him. The object of its compiler has been to smooth and shorten a road which seems at first glance rugged and fearful — but on which the intellectual traveller has no cause for alarm, if he possess but an ordinary portion of courage. Lye has been followed, with some few additions ; and with- out professing any deep knowledge of the sub- ject, the compiler desires only to be considered as a pioneer to the English tyro ; conscious that with the exception of the Grammar pre- fixed to the Dictionary of the author above- named, all other works on the subject which have fallen under his notice will rather inti- midate than assist him in obtaining some in- sight into the language of his ancestors. 20, Abingdon-street, Westminster, January 30, 1829. RUDIMENTS ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE ALPHABET. The Anglo-Saxon Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters : Form. Power. 75 a ~~ a as in car. B b b E C k occasionally as ch. D b ~ — ~ d Q, q ^^ e a as in case. F p f |- ^ before a, as in game, but before i and e o a as y, except final. ft h h I ! i K k k L 1 1 OQ m m N n n O o o P p p R p r S r >~~ — ~~» s often sh. T t t DSJ? th U U »~ — *-"~ U w before a vowel. p p W X x x Y y i Z z ™~~ z To the above characters are to be added *j, and; f, that; 1, or. THE ARTICLE. 8e, yeo, ftat. fo, \, to) The, That, is of three Genders, and declined as follows : SINGULAR M. F. Nom. 8e Seo PLURAL. N. Dat Gen. Daej- Daepe Dij* Dat. Dam Daepe Dam Ace. Done Da Dat Abl. Dam Daepe Dam Nom. Da The Gen. Daena of The Dat. Dam to The Ace. Da The Abl. Dam from The For 8e sometimes is used Seo, $one, ^aene. Seo j-e, po, 'Saene, ^eo. . . . . ftaet. Dat DaeW Di r S Daene Baj\ $ene. Dam ^aem, mn, fton. Done ^aene, ^aen, ftanne, ftene. Da (Ace. F.) . . Saene. Da (plur.) . . . ^aege. Dy, ^e, ^>rg, is used for all cases, and most espe- cially for the Ablative in each Gender. Dat, neuter, is prefixed sometimes for the sake of greater emphasis to masculine and feminine Nouns. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE Vary in their cases, as in Greek and Latin, and are of four declensions. They all make the Genitive plural end in a, the Dative and Ablative in um, and the Accusative like the Nominative. The First Declension is that of Nouns whose Genitives end in ep the Datives and Ablatives in e, the Nominatives and Accusatives plural in aj-, the Genitives in a, the Datives and the Abla- tives in um. EXAMPLE. SmrS, a smith, SINGULAR. N. SmrS, a Smith. G. SmrSej-, of a Smith. D. SmrSe, to a Smith. A. 8mrS, a Smith. V. Gala 3u SmrS, O thou Smith. A. SmrSe, from a Smith. PLURAL. N. SmrSaj-, Smiths. G. SmrSa, of Smiths. D. SmrSum, to Smiths. A. SmrSap Smiths. V. Gala ge SmrSaj", O ye Smiths. A. SmrSum, from Smiths. EXCEPTIONS. Anbgit, Understanding, which makes its No- minative, Accusative, and Vocative plural in u. Feoh, or Feo, Money, whose Nominative, Ac- cusative, and Vocative, singular as well as plural, are alike. Also ponb, a word ; and so some others. The Second Declension is that of Nouns whose Nominatives singular end in a, the Genitives, Datives, Accusatives and Ablatives, in an, the Nominatives, Accusatives and Vocatives plural in an, the Genitives plural in ena, the Datives and Ablatives plural in um. EXAMPLE. fiteja, A PROPHET. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pitega. Nom. J?itegan. pitegan. Gen. pitejena. pitegan. Dat. pitejum. J?itegan. Ace. pitegan. Gala ^u J7itega. Voc. Gala je J7itegan J?itegan. Abl. ]7itegum. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. It is to be observed that proper names ending in a, are declined in the above manner, as QQania, T^ttila, &c. Also Adjectives, Pronouns, and Participles of every kind, and ending in a, having a prefix, as Fone- j-ppecena, from Fope-j-ppecen, having before spoken. Irobcunba, from Cobcunb, divine. The Third Declension has its Genitive singular end in e, and its Nominative and Accusative plural in a. EXAMPLE. J7iln, a MAIDEN. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. J?iln. Nom. J7ilna. Gen. ]7ilne. Gen. J7ilna. Dat. Pilne. Dat. J7ilnum. Ace. J?iln. Ace. pilna. Voc. Gala Su J?iln. Voc. Gala ge pilna Abl. Pilne. Abl. J?ilnum. The Fourth Declension is that whose Nomi- natives singular end in u ; their Genitives in a ; Datives, Accusatives, Vocatives, and Ablatives in u ; and which in the plural number follows the form of the third Declension. EXAMPLE. Sunu, A SON SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. 8unu. Nom. 8una. Gen. 8una. Gen. Suna. Dat. 8unu. Dat. 8unum. Ace. 8unu. Ace. Suna. Voc. Gala $u 8 unu. Voc. Gala ge 8una Abl. 8unu. Abl. 8unum. There are however many Heteroclites. As Faebep father ; which in the singular number is a Monop- tote, but in the plural follows the form of the first Declension. Also BruySon, a brother ; and GQobop, a mother ; which in the oblique cases of the singular number make Bpoftop and Bpe^ep ; GQobop and GQebep. — Bpo^op however in the Nominative, Accu- sative, and Vocative cases, plural, makes Bpo^pu. To these may be added Fot, a foot ; QQan, a man ; /6g, an egg; Eealp, a calf; which in the plural make Fet, Gflen, /Bgpu, Eealppu, respectively. MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF MASCULINE NOUNS. ep, or epe — which is contracted from yej\ or yej\e, a man ; as Feopm, Feopmep, a food-man or farmer; Sang, a song; Sangepe, a song- man or singer. a — of primitive nouns, as ye nama, the name ; r*e maja, the maw; Lrepejza, an earl. m — as Fleom, flight. elj- — chiefly masculine, as Raebelr\ a riddle. jxype, or jxipe — denoting care, office, command, busi- ness, or employment; as Eepep-pcype, a county, or dominion of an earl; Birxeop-pcype, a dio- cese, or province of a bishop. Others denoting dignity, command, rank, state, &c. as Dniht- j-cipe, a lordship; Fneonb-jxipe, friend- ship. ing — belonging to patronymics, as ©lepng, the son of Eliza ; Baelbaeg pobening, B^ldeg the son of Woden. ling — which is not as in English a diminutive, but denotes the subject or state of a person or thing, as Deonhng, a darling, or the subject of love; frynhng, a mercenary, or hireling, that is, the subject of hire. bom — denoting right or judgment, as Eyningbom, a king's right or kingdom ; also the state or condition of a person, as Fneobom, the con- dition of a freeman, or freedom. j-e mona, the moon, is masculine. MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF FEMININE NOUNS. ejtrie, irtne, or yjrtne, which are the endings of pri- mitive masculines and femi nines in eri and epe, as 8ang, a song; 8angen, a song-man, or singer; 8angijrtpe, a song-woman, or song- stress. e are chiefly feminine, (though some few with that ending are neuter) as j-eo eojvSe, the earth; j-eo heopt, the heart. ang, ange, mg, (when not patronymic) ong, unge, are feminine terminations. en, as 8aegen, a saying, Bypj?en, a burthen. nej% or nerye, nyj-, my, yjy, ijy, or yffe, irye, are feminine endings, as 8o$pert;nyjye, truth. 8 b and t, as Erecvnb, nature ; miht, might. u, o, ir<5, and some in %, as haetu, heat ; reo laju, the law; peo manigeo, the multitude; IieojuS, youth ; ptpengS, strength. pice or pic, signifying dominion, as Bipceoppice, the dominion of a bishop, or bishopric. hab, signifying state, condition, or quality ; CDaeben- hab, the state of a virgin, or maiden; Eilb-hab, the state of a child, or childhood. Seo punna or punne, the sun, is feminine. MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF NEUTER NOUNS. e — a few Nouns with this ending are neuter, as J?at eape, the ear. epn — as J?aet bomepn, the court of justice. eb — as }?ast yejxeb, the multitude. 1 — as J?aet petl, the seat. ADJECTIVES. Adjectives are in Anglo-Saxon declined much after the manner of Substantives. The Accusative, sin- gular masculine, is formed from the Nominative, by adding ne. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative, singular feminine, end in pe. The Dative and Ab- lative singular, masculine and neuter, and the Dative and Ablative plural, in um. The Genitive plural, in pa. All Adjectives are declined after the sub- joined form. PARADIGM. Norn. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. SINGULAR. M. F. N. — e r — ne — ep — um — ne — um — ne — e — — a — e — — um — pe — um PLURAL. Norn. — e Gen . — pa Dat. — um Ace. — e Voc. — e, an Abl. — um EXAMPLE. ErOb, GOOD. SINGULAR. M. F. N. N. Erob, Erobe, Erob. G. Erobep, Elrobpe, Erobep. D. Exobum, Erobpe, Erobum. A. E/obne, Erobe, Erob. V. Eroba, Erobe, Erob. A. Erobum, Erobpe, Erobum. N . Eiobe. G. Erobpa. D. Erobum. A. Erobe. V. Erobe, Eroban. A. Erobum. TERMINATIONS OF ADJECTIVES. in lg, which is the same as the English adjectival ter- mination y ; as Dpeopig, dreary ; ORypig, merry ; /Bnig, any ; Tpentij, twenty. in pum, which answers the English termination some, expressing habit or disposition ; as Lang- pum, lonesome ; Boc-pum, buxom ; peopc- pum, IRKSOME. in ol and ul, also expressing habit or disposition ; as Fpettol, destructive ; Diccul, corpulent ; Dinnul, lean, or thin. in basp and tyme, denoting fertility : as J?aeptm-baep, fruitful; Lupt-baep, full of pleasure, or pleasant ; faepig-tyme, fruitful of trou- ble, or troublesome. in pull, answering the English termination full, de- 10 noting plenty; as Lujt-pill, lustful; J7oh- pull, WOEFUL. in leap answering the English termination less, de- noting privation ; as Sceam-leaj*, void of shame, or shameless; Blob-leap without blood, or bloodless ; Name-leaj-, without a name, nameless, anonymous. in he or lice, answering the English termination like, or ly, expressive of similitude ; as Erob-hc, like god, or godlike ; faeojzon-hc, like heaven, or heavenly; 6ojV3-1ic, like earth, or EARTHLY. in en, expressing materiality, and corresponding with the like English adjectival termination en ; as /Sj*c-en, oF,ASH,or ashen ; Buc-en, of beech, orBEECHEN. Some of the Saxon terminations in en are terminated by y in English, &c. as Staenen, stony, &c. &c. and in other ways. cuno, signifying nature, or kind ; as Erob-cunb, di- vine, or of the nature of god ; )7onulb- CUnb, WORLDLY, Or OF THE NATURE OF THE world ; GojVS-cunb, earthly, or of the NATURE OF THE EARTH. ij-c, signifying nation or country, and in English sometimes ending in ish, as lubeijx, Jewish ; GnjllJ-C, ENGLISH, &c. &c. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. The comparative degree of Anglo-Saxon Ad- jectives ends in an, aep, ep, ene, in, oji, up, and yp ; and the superlative in ajr, aejt, ejt, ir"t, oj t, urt, and yyt, which form is distinctly visible in English comparatives and superlatives. EXAMPLE. POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE Rihtpije, Just, or Righteous. Rihtpirejie, Juster, or I! Rihepirert, Justest, more Just. || or most Just. 11 EXCEPTIONS. POSITIVE. Ijoo, Good. Ypel, Bad. COicel, great. Lytel, small. COMPARATIVE. Becejie or 8eljie, better. Pyjir, worse. GQaepe, more. Lerre, less. SUPERLATIVE. Betrt. Selort, best. Pypjiert, Pyprt, worst. OQaert, greatest or most. Laert, least. The syllables tip and gin prefixed, carry at once an Adjective to the Superlative degree; as Gabig, happy; tip-eabig, happiest: Faept, constant, or fast ; Tip-pejr, or Lrin-paept, most constant : OTeahtij, mighty; Tip-meahtrg, mightiest. So also the word paept, fixed, or fast, postfixed to a Noun Substantive, changes it to an adjectival form, increasing superlatively its signification. 80^- paept, in truth fast, true beyond all doubt ; puloop-paept, most glorious. PRONOUNS. The primitive Pronoun of the first person Ic, I ; follows the Greek form, having a Dual number. SINGULAR OF ALL GENDERS. Nom. Ic, I. Gen. CDin, of me or mine. Dat. GQe, to me. Ace. ODe, me. Abl. Cfte, from me. DUAL. vw;, v.w. N. pit, we two. G. Uncep, of us two. D. Unc, Unge, uncpum, to us two. Ac. pit, us two. Ab. Unc, Unge, uncpum, from us two. PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. N. pe, we. G. Upe, of us. D. Up, to us. Ac. Up, us. Ab. Up, from us. 12 For CDe, the Dano-Saxons used OQec, OQeh : for ye ; poe, uph : for Uy ; upc, upch, upg, uph, 1 lie Primitive Pronoun of the second person Du, thou ; has also a Dual, and is declined as follows : Norn, Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. SINGULAR. Du, Din, De, De, Gala Su, De, Thou, of thee, to thee. Thee. O thou, from thee. DUAL. (<7$W/, <7(pW.) N. Tjjt, ye two. G. Incep, of ye two. D. Inc, incjium, to ye two. Ac. Inc. ye two. V. Gala, inc, O ye two. Ab. Inc, incjium, from ye two, PLURAL. N. Ere, ye. G. Gopep, of ye. D. Gop, to ye, Ac. Gop, ye. V. Galaje, Oye. Ab. Gop, from ye, Instead of Eiyt, in the dual number, Incit is met with, which is in truth incgyt : instead of Gop ; geop : and instead of Gopen ; mep, luenne, mop. The primitive Pronoun of the third person, foe, fteo, Jilt, he, she, it ; is declined as follows : SINGULA R. M. F. N. N. foe, he. faeo, she. fait, it. G. foip of him. faipe, of her. faip of it. D. foim, to him. faipe, to her. faim, to it. Ac. fame, him. fai, her. fait, it. Ab. faim, from him faipe, from her. fait, from 13 PLURAL. M. F. N. N. Di, they. G. Dipa, of them, or their, Deopa, fern. D. Dim, to them. Ac. Di, them. Ab. Dim, from them. Instead of Di in the Nominative and Accusative plural, Drg often occurs, and sometimes Deo and Dio : instead of Dipa and Deopa, hiopa, hep, hepe. Deom is used for Dim, Dative plural, and sometimes for Di, the Accusative plural. Dig is also used for Di, her. Lastly, from Dipa and Deopa comes the old English word f)er for tjetr. The Definitive Pronoun Dip, this, is declined as follows : SINGULAR. M. F. N. Nom. Dip, Deop, Dip, This. Gen. Dipep, Dijyepe, Dipep, of this. Dat. Dipum, Dij-j-epe, Dipum, to this. Ace. Dipne, Dap, Dip This. Abl. Dipum, Dij-j-epe, Dipum, from this. PLURAL. Nom. Dap, These. Gen. Dijyepa, of these. Dat. Dipum, to these. Ace. Dap, These. Abl. Dipum, from these. Daep, 'Sep, $eop, ^at, ^aet, are used instead of Dip. Dijyep, %eyey, ^Saejr, instead of Dipep, Genitive. Dip, $ipon, ^appum, ... Dipum, M. & N. Dat. Dippe, tSaepe, Dippepe,G.&D.Fem. Daep, ^eop Dap, Accus. Fem. Dippa, $ipp, Dippepa, Gen. Plural. 14 De, who, De postfixed to a pronoun of any of the three per- sons, signifies who, as Ic $e, I who ; Du fte, thou who ; 8e fte, he who ; which latter form is some- times altered to De J?e, as De ]?e on me belyjrS, he WHO BELIEVETH IN ME, &C. De prefixed to fae, in the several cases of the latter is to be translated who, whose, whom ; as De ftunh hiy pillan, Through whose will or pleasure, Gen. xlv. 8. De ]?unh hine, through whom, Matt, xviii. 7, &c. The Identitive Pronoun 8ylp, Sylpe, self, almost ever in connection with some other Pronoun, and occasionally with a Noun, as in the example Cnij-t- yyly. fange, Christ himself sang, (Homil. St. Greg. 36 Pref. Elstob.) is declined as follows : 8ylp, Svlpe, self. SINGULAR. M. F. N. Nom. Sylp. Sylpe, Sylp, self. Gen. Syljzej*, Sylppe, Syljzej*, of self. Dat. Sylpum, 8ylppe, Sylpum, to self. Ace. 8ylj:ne, Syljze, Sylp, self. Abl. Syljzum, Sylpne, 8ylpum, from self. PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. Nom. Syljze, selves. Gen. Sylppa, of selves. Dat. Syljzum, to selves. Ace. Syljze, selves. Abl. Syljzum, from selves. 15 The Pronoun Relative who, which in Anglo- Saxon is usually expressed by the Article Se, r'eo, ^au, used relatively as /Bneaj- j~e opepj-pi^be Tunnum, Eneas who overcame Turnus ; 8e lp, who is ; Open 'Sane, over whom : but the real Relative Pro- noun is fopilc, (the person) who, (the thing) which ; such as, such an one, and is declined as follows: ftpilc, who, which, &c. SINGULAR. M. N. F. N. fapilc, fopilce, who or which. G. fapilcep, topilcepe,hpilcpe, of whom or which. D. ftpilcum, fopilcepe,hpilcpe, to whom or which. A. fapilcne,hpilc, ftpilce, whom or which. A. ftpilcum, ftpilcepe,hpilcpe, by whom or which. PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. Nom. fapilce. Gen. ftfulcepa, hpilcpa. Dat. fopilcum. Ace. fopilce. Abl. ftpilcum. In the same way are declined 8pa hyle, ppa, who- soever, whatsoever ; Spile, or 8pa hyle, what sort of person or thing; Dylhc, or Dylc, such SORT OF PERSON OR THING. fopa, who, the more regular Relative Pronoun, is declined as follows : SINGULAR. M. F. N. Nom. fopa, who, or what. fopaet. Gen. fopaej-, whose. Dat. fapam, to whom. Ace. fapaene, fopone, whom. fopaet. Abl. fopam, from whom. If) In the same way are declined /Bj-hpa, every one ; Ge-hpa, any one ; Spa hpa j-pa, whosoever. And also Glle^-hpa, another; Dpaet-huju, some- what, a little; and others. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. The Possessive Pronoun GQin, mine, of the first person, is declined as follows : Norn. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. M. GQin, OQinej", GQinum, OQinne, GQin, GQinum, SINGULAR. F. OQine, GQinpe, GQinpe, GQine, GQine, GQinpe, N. COin, GQinej-, GQinum, OQin, OQin, GQinum, mine, of mine, to mine, mine. O mine, from mine. PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. Norn. GQine, mine, or my. Gen. GQinpa, of mine, or my. Dat. GQinum, to mine, or my. Ace. GQine, mine, or my. Voc. GQine, O mine, or my. Abl. GQinum, from mine, or my. Une, our, is declined as below: Nom, Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. SINGULAR. M. N. F. Upe, Upej*, Upum, Upne, Upe, Upum, Upe. Uppe. Uppe. Upe. Upe. Uppe. PLURAL. OF ALL GENDERS. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. J Abl. Upe, Uppa, Upum, Upe, Upe, Upum, our. of our. to our. our. O, our. from our. 17 r J Q P I are used instead of Une. Uppep} ' Ujyej-, Upep. Uppum, . . . . . . Upum. Uppe, Upne. There are two other Possessive Pronouns which are of a dual nature, Uncep, {yuhe^og) our, belonging to us two ; and Incep, (eQufosQog) your, or belonging to you two. They are both inflected similarly. SINGULAR. M. N. F. N. Uncep, G. Uncepep, D. Uncepum, A. Uncepne, V. Uncep, A. Uncepum, Uncepe. Unceppep. Unceppe. Uncepe. Uncepe. Unceppe. PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. N. Uncpe, our. G. Unceppa, of our. D. Uncepum, to our. A. Uncpe, our. V. Uncpe, O our. A. Uncepum, from our. Instead of ) TT J 1 T C ) P T C are more in use. ( Uncepum^ (Uncpum^ OF NUMBERS. THE CARDINAL NUMBERS ARE, 1 Kn. 2 Tpegen, tpa. 3 Dpy, ^peo. 4 Feopep. 5 Fip. 6 Six. 7 Seopon. 8 Gahta. 9 Nigon. 10 Tyn. 1 1 Gnblupan. 12 Tpelp. 13 Dpeotyne. 14 Feopep tyne. 15 Fiptyne. 16 8ixtyne. 17 Seopontyne. 18 Gahtatyne. 19 Nigontyne. 20 Tpentig. 18 SO Dnitnj. 40 Feopeptij. 50 Fiptig. 60 Sixtij. 70 founb-j-eopontig. 80 faunb-eahtatig. 90 ftunb-mgontig. 100 ftunb and ftunb-teontig. 110 ftunb.enblujzontrg. 120 ftunb-tpelprig, 200 Tpa-hunb. 1000 Duj-anb. From four to a hundred the numbers are of all genders. The Saxons used the word ftealp to increase the number to which it was joined, as well as to halve it; as Often healp is half the second unit, or sesqui- alteral, that is, one and a half: so also Dnibbe healp, half the third unit, (two being un- derstood) or two and a half. Feopenfte healj:, . . . three and a half. Fipte healp, .... four and a half. Great use was made in this language of the word 8urn, answering our English word some, which meaning it bears, as well as more or less, about ; as Sumetpegen, about two; Sume ten, about ten. ORDINAL NUMBERS. First, 8e ponma. Second, 8e often. Third, 8e ftpibba. Fourth, 8e peopfta. Fifth, 8e ppta. Sixth, 8e jnxta. 19 Seventh, Se peopo^a. Eighth, 8e eahteo^a. Ninth, 8e nigo^a. Tenth, 8e teofta. Eleventh, 8e enblypta. Twelfth, 8e tpelpta. Thirteenth, 8e ^peo-te^a, or ftpeoteogofta. Fourteenth, Se peopep-teo^a — teogo^a. Fifteenth, 8e pipt-teofta — teo^o^a. Sixteenth, 8e pix-reo^a — teogo^a. Seventeenth, 8e peopon-teo^a — teojo^a. Eighteenth, 8e eahte-teo^a — teo^o^a. Nineteenth, Se nigon-teo^a — teo^o^a. Twentieth, 8e tpenteogo^a. And so on, changing the final syllable tig, in the cardinal, to tigo'Sa or teogo^a, to form the ordinal. VERBS. In all Anglo-Saxon Verbs, it is to be observed that there is not as in Latin and Greek Verbs any dif- ference between the imperfect, the perfect and plu- perfect tenses ; they are all contained in a ^general form of a preterite or past tense, with an auxiliary Verb. THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE. Beon, or ]?epan, to be. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Ic eom, I am. Du eapt, Thou art. he yp, He is. Plural, pe pynb, We are. Ere pynb, Ye are. foi pynb, They are. 20 Instead of 6om we meet often with 6am, am, om, beo, ap, J7- € a pt, ap^, bypt, er, ry. ?v b ^> F7- byno, pynbon, pienbon, pynt, pent, pyn, pen, peon, beo)?, bijxm. PAST TENSE. Sing. Ic paep, I was. Du paepe, Thou wast. foe p&y, He was. Plural. J?e paepon, We were. Ere paepon, Ye were. fai paepon, They were. Instead of paejr and paepon, pap and paepun are sometimes used. FUTURE TENSE. Sing. Ic beo, I shall be. Du bypt, Thou shalt be. fte bf$, He shall be. Plural. fe beoS, We shall be. Ere beo^, Ye shall be. fti beo^, They shall be. Sometimes the future is expressed by the infinitive with pceal, shall, prefixed, as Ic pceal beon, I SHALL BE, &C. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 81, or 815 ^u, be thou. 81 he, let him be. Plural. Beon pe, let us be. Beon ge, be ye. Beon hi, let them be. 21 Instead of 81 8u, 81 he, we meet with Beo $u, per $u, bfS he. Instead of Beon pe, ge, hi, we find Beo, beo^S, pn, pen, pej-e, pop-a^, pe, ge, hi. Also pepa$ and J?epe ge. OPTATIVE, POTENTIAL, and SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS. PRESENT _TENSE. Sing. Ic beo, I may, can, should be, &c. Du byjT, Thou mayest, &c. be. fte by%, He may, &c. be. Plural, ye beo^, We may, &c. be, Ere beo^, Ye may, &c. be. fai beo$, They may, &c. be. Instead of Beo, bypT, is used ry. B;fS, .... beo, beo^ py, peo. Beo^, .... beon, bio^, pyn. Observe also, that in the Optative Mood the words Gala £ip, oh if, or oh that, are prefixed to each person in both numbers, as Gala 31 y ic beo, oh, if I were, or oh, that I were : that in the Sub- junctive Mood the word Donne, when, &c: is pre- fixed, as Donne ic beo, when, or if I be ; Donne $u bypt, when, or if thou be, &c The same form occurs in the past tense. PAST TENSE. Sing. Ic paepe, I might, or could be. Du paepe, Thou mightst, or couldst be. foe paepe, He might, or could be. Plural, ye paepon, We might, or could be. Tie paepon. Ye might, or could be. KM paepon, They might, or could be. 2-2 INFINITIVE MOOD. Beon, or pepn, to be. To beonne, Of being, in being, tobe. EXAMPLES. foyt ij* tima to beonne, . It is time to be. Uj- \y hepe to beonne. . We must be here. J7eojv3an, PyjVSan, to become, or be worth. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Ic peojvSe, I become, or am. Du peop^ejt, Thou becomest, or art. foe peojvSej?, He becometh, or is. Plural, pe peojVSa]?. We become, or are. Ere peojVSaJ?, Ye become, or are. foi peop^a]?, They become, or are. It is to be observed, that the following forms are also used : Ic pujVSe, pyp^e, pupbe : Du pujvSejt, pypbejT : foe people, pupfte, pyp^e : J?e, ge, hi, people)?, peopbon, peapbon, pup&aj?. PAST TENSE. Sing. Ic peap^, I became. Du peap^ejt, Thou becamest. foe peap'S, He became. Plural. J?e peopbon, We became. Ere peopbon, Ye became. foi peopbon, They became. Instead of peopbon are read peopban, peopben, peopbon. Observe, also, that the future follows the form of the present tense. 23 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. Plural J?eojv3a ftu, J7eojv3e he, peopfton pe, J?eop$e ge, people hi, become thou, or be. let him become, or be. let us become, or be. become, or be ye. let them become, or be. INFINITIVE MOOD. Peop^an, or Pyp^an, to become, or be. To peop'San, or pypvSan of becoming, &c. &c. popben, become, or been. 1 1 The Possessive Verb lOabban, or ftaebban, to have, is used as an auxiliary, and is thus conjugated : INFIN. PERP PERF. PART. faabban, to have. "baepob, had. "baepeb, had. INDICATIVE MOOD. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Past. Present. Past. Sing. Ic haebbe, Du haebbert, l3e haebbaft, Plur. Pe haebbatf, Ge haebba^, foi haebbaft, < haepob, haepobert, haepob, haepbon, haepbon, haepbon, i— i p haebbe, haebbe, haebbe, haebbon, haebbon, haebbon, 5 re a haepob, haepob, haepob, haepbon, haepbon, haepbon, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. iDapa J?u, have thou. Plural. t3abba% ge, have ye. INFINITIVE MOOD. iDaebban, to have, faaebbenne, about to have. Present. faaebbenbe, PARTICIPLES having. Past. iDaepeb, haepb, had. '24 VERBS ACTIVE. Regular Verbs in the active voice are conjugated after the following: form ; PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Ic lupge. I love. Du lupj-t, Thou lovest. fte lujza^, He loveth. Plural, ]?e lupa^, We love. lie lupaS, Ye love. hi lupia^. They love. The potentive Verb COagan, to (ma}', or) be able ; the future Verb 8cealan. pcylan, to owe ; and the volentive Verb, (also ex- pressing futurity) pyllan, to will ; are used as auxiliaries to the Anglo-Saxon Verb. They may be arranged as follows : Infin. Present. Past. CDagan, to be able. . . . CDaeg. may. . . . OOihr, might. 8cealan, to owe 8ceal, shall. . . . pceolb, should. pyllan, to will P>'^ e - wiD- . . . polb. polbe, would. INDICATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. Ic maeg, I may, or can. pceal, Ishall. n"~ e : I wilL Du maegerr Thoumayst&c pcealr, thou shalt. pylr, thou wilt. "be maeg, He may, &c. pceal, he shall. pylle, he will. PLURAL. Pe magon, We may, &c. pceolon, we shall. ! pyllon, we will. L7e magon, Ye may, &c. pceolon. ye shall. pyllon, ye will. "bi mag on, They may, &c. pceolon. they shall pyllon, thev will The defective Verb COor, to be able ; and QOopr, must ; are conjugated as follows ; SINGULAR. Ic mot, I may, or can. Dumotepr, Thou mayst. ice "be mor, he may. &c. PLURAL. Pe moron, We may, &c. L7e moron, Ye may, Sec. I3i moron, They may. *.vc. mope, I must. mopcept, thou must, mopr, he must. mopron, we must, mopron, ye must, mopron, they must. 25 When the Infinitive does not end in an, pure, that is, having a consonant preceding the an, the persons in the plural number do not end in la^S, but in a 5 © 1 . Thus ^ynjran, pepan, bibban, make in the plural num- ber ftynrta]?, pepa}?, bibba]?. If the Infinitive end in eon, the plurals make eo&, as from gej-eon, gej-eo^, &c. It is also to be observed, that the present In- definite is sometimes formed as in the modern English by the auxiliary 6om, and the Participle of the pre- sent tense, as Iceomlupenb, I am LoviNG,or I love. PAST TENSE. Sing. Ic lupobe, 1 loved. Du lupoberr, Thou lovedst. fae lupobe, He loved. Plur. Y e lupobon, We loved. Ere lupobon, Ye loved. fai lujzobon, They loved. The perfect and pluperfect tenses are sometimes formed by means of the Participle of the past tense, prefixing foaebbe and ftaejzobe ; as, Ic haebbe lujzob, I have loved ; Du haebbej-t lujzob, thou hast loved. So Ic haejzobe lujzob, I had loved ; Du haepobejr lupob, thou hadst loved. Instead of haebbe, haebbert, and haebba^S, we sometimes find hap, hapj-t, and hap 5 © 1 . The future is the same as the present : it is how- ever sometimes formed by the use of the Infinitive, and the auxiliary 8ceal or pille ; as Ic j-ceal or pille lupian, I shall or will love ; Du jxealt or pilt lupan, thou shalt or wilt love. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. Lup $u, Love thou. Lupije he, Let him love, 2b Plur. Lupon pe, Let us love. Lupge ge, Love ye. Lupon hi, Let them love. Lupiaft je, is sometimes used instead of lupje ge. OPTATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. Ic nu lupge, Oh, that I now loved. Du nu lupge, Oh, that thou now lovedst. be nu lupge, Oh, that he now loved. CD PLURAL. Pe nu lupon, Oh, that we now loved. Ere nu lupon, Oh, that ye now loved. Ibi nu lupon, Oh, that they now loved. PAST TENSE. SINGULAR. Ic nu lup>be, Oh, that I had now loved. Du nu lujzobej-t, Oh, that thou hadst now loved, be nu lupobe, Oh, that he had now loved. HO c5 CD K CD J?e nu lujzobon, Oh, that we had now loved. lire nu lupobon, Oh, that ye had now loved. Lbi nu lupobon, Oh, that they had now loved. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. Ic lupine jyt, Oh, that I yet may love. Du lupje jyt, Oh, that thou yet mayst love, be lupje jyt, Oh, that he yet may love. PLURAL. J?e lupon jyt, Oh, that we yet may love. Ge lupon gyt, Oh, that ye yet may love. lbi lupon jyt, Oh, that they yet may love. 27 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar to that of the Optative, changing only the prefixes Gala gip or ftat into Donne : as Donne Ic nu lupje, since I now love; Donne Iclupobe, since I have loved, or might have loved ; Donne Ic lupge jyt, WHEN I SHALL HAVE LOVED. POTENTIAL MOOD. The Potential mood is two-fold, pure and circum- scribed. The former is that which expresses the possibility of a thing without an auxiliary verb ; as, Daet ic cume, that I may come ; Daec *8u oncnape, THAT THOU MAYST KNOW, &C. &C. The circumscribed form of this mood is known by the use in the different tenses of the auxiliaries OQagan, pillan, jxealan, to be able, to wish, to be ne- cessary, and by the use of the infinitives they aid ; viz. by CDaej or COot, in the present, and OQihc, polbe, j-ceolbe, in the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. But the future follows the form of the pre- sent tense, with the addition of jyt. EXAMPLES. PRESENT TENSE. Ic maej, or mot lupan, 1 may, or am allowed to love. IMPERFECT TENSE. Ic mihte, polbe, j-ceoloe, lupan, I might, would, should, love. FUTURE TENSE. Ic maet jyt lupan, I might yet love. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRIMITIVE. Lupian, to love. 28 DERIVATIVE. To lupenne, to, about to, love ; also, of, in and by loving. PARTICIPLE. PRESENT TENSE. Lupanbe-enbe, loving. The Participle dropping the e final forms a Noun Substantive. Thus from Lupanbe, one loving, is formed Lupanb, a lover ; from Fneonbe, libe- rating, Fpeonb, a friend ; from foaelenbe, heal- ing or preserving, foaelenb, a healer or pre- server. Sometimes it acquires the power of a Gerund ; as Raebenbe ic taece, reading, or by reading I teach. From it also, with the use of the auxiliary Beon, the present, and sometimes the past tense of the Indicative are formed, as Ic eom lupenbe, I am loving, or love ; Du j-ppaecenbe eapt, thou art speaking, or speakest ; Ic pasj- ongitenbe, I was UNDERSTANDING, Or UNDERSTOOD, &C. &C. Lastly, it is sometimes used for the passive past and future Participles, as Dipim popbe gehynenbum, THIS WORD BEING HEARD; fol ej:C hpCOppenbe *} cumenbe geheton, they again returning and coming promised; that is, they promised that they would return and come ; In laej-pijenbum eopbom, in feeding flocks. VERBS PASSIVE. The passive Verb is formed by the auxiliary Beon, and^the participle of the past tense. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Ic eom lupob, I am loved ; Du eapt lupob, &c. 29 PAST TEN8E. Ic paej* lupob, 1 was loved ; Du paene lupob, &c. FUTURE TENSE. Ic beo, or jxeal beon lupob, I shall be loved ; Du byfc lupob, &c. &c. IMPERATIVE MOOD. 81 ftu lupob, Be thou loved ; 81 he lupob, let him be loved, &c. &c. OPTATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Gala jip ic eom lupob, Oh, that I were loved, &c. PAST TENSE. Gala jip ic paene lujzob, Oh, that I had been loved, &c. FUTURE TENSE. Gala 31 p ic beo lujzob, Oh, that I may (hereafter) be loved, &c, &c. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Donne ic nu eom lupob, Since, or When I be loved, &c. &c. PAST TENSE. Donne ic paej- lujzob, Since, or When I was loved, &c. FUTURE TENSE. Donne ic beo lujzob, When I may (hereafter) be loved, &c. &c, POTENTIAL MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Ic maeg beon lujzob, I may be loved, &c. &c. 30 PAST TENSE. Ic miht, polb, j*ceolb, mot beon lutzob, I might, would, should, have been loved, &c. &c. FUTURE TENSE. Ic maej gyt beon lupob, I may yet be loved, &c. &c. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Beon lupob, Being loved, or to be loved. FUTURE TENSE. Beon lupob gyt, To be yet loved, or to be about to be loved. PARTICIPLE. OF THE PAST TENSE. Lupob, or jelupob, Loved. OF THE FUTURE TENSE. To luprgenne, To be loved. IMPERSONAL VERBS. The Anglo-Saxon Impersonal Verb is expressed in three ways: 1st, by GQan; as GQan bnohte, they BROUGHT, Or THERE WAS BROUGHT; GQan OJ2j"loh, they slew, or there was slain ; GQan hpymbe, they cried, or there was cried. 2dly, by the singular Pronoun fait; as fait ^unpobe, it thun- dered. 3dly, by the use of the third person of the Verb used in an absolute mode ; as Unc gebapenaj?, us it becometh, or we ought; OQe §incj>, ME thinketh, or it seems to me. 31 ANOMALOUS VERBS. There are many Anglo-Saxon Verbs which it is impossible to reduce to a certain form of conjugation. Those most to be noted are set forth in the following list, with their most anomalous tenses : Kcpencan, to extinguish ; acpent, acpanc, acpinen, quenched. Sbpeogan, to suffer ; abpeag, he suffered ; abpugon, we, ye, they suffered. /Gt-hpinan, to touch ; aet-hnan, he touched. Sjan, to possess ; ah, he possesses, or hath ; aht, he possessed, or had. Shapan, to raise ; ahop, he hath raised. 7£hpeopan, to rush ; aneoj*, ahpupe, he rushed ; ah- nuj-on, they rushed. Snan, to give ; an, I give; unne, I give, or thou givest ; unnon, we, ye, they give ; up e, uj?j?e, ubbe, I or he gave. Kpij-an, to arise ; apaj-, he arose ; apij-on, we, ye, they arose ; apipen, arisen. Kppanan, to allure ; appon, he allured ; appanen, apponnen, allured. Ttypean, to wash ; a)?poh, he washed. 7£ppeon, to reveal; appeah, he revealed. Bacan, to bake ; boc, I baked. Beatan, to beat ; beot, he beat. Beppinan, to ask ; beppan, beppune, he asked. Belgan, to be angry ; bealj, bealh, he was angry. Belucan, Belycan, to lock up ; belycft, he locks up ; beleac, he locked up ; belucon, or belocen, we, ye, they locked up. Beoban, to bid ; beab, bube, he bade. Beopgan, to beware ; beoph, he took care. Bepaecan, to deceive ; bepaeht, he deceived ; bepaeht- ept, thou deceivedst. So Paecan. 32 Bepitan, to preside over ; bepijte, he presided over. Biban, to abide ; bab, he abode ; biben, abode. Bibban, to pray ; bitjt, thou prayest ; bit, he prays ; bab, baeb, he prayed. Brgean, Bujan, to bend ; beah, bijbe, he bent ; bejb, begeb, bent. Binban, to bind ; banb, he bound ; bunben, bound. Bpecan, to break ; bnaec, he broke ; bnocen, broken. Bpinjan, to bring ; bpoht, bpohte, he brought. Bnucan, to enjoy ; bpeac, bpaec, he enjoyed. Bujan, to bend. See Bigean, Supra. Bycgean, to buy ; bohte, he bought. So, Bebycjean, to sell. Eeoj-an, to choose ; ceaj-, he chose. Enapan, to know ; cneop, he knew ; cnapen, known. Eoman, Euman, Epiman, to come ; com, cum, he came ; comon, cumon, -un, they came. Epapan, to crow ; cpeop, he crew ; cpapen, crowed. Euman. See Eoman, Supra. Eunnan, to know ; can, 1 know ; canj-t, cunne, thou knowest ; cunnon, we, ye, they know ; cuj?e, he knew. EpaeJ?an, to say ; cpej?e, I say ; cpijt, thou say est ; cpift, he says ; cpaeft, cpaej?e, he said ; cpaej?on, we, ye, they said ; cpaebon, said. Eyj?an, to tell ; cybbe, cy^be, he told. Deappan, Dyppan, to dare ; beap, beape, I dare ; buppe, thou darest ; buppon, we, ye, they dare ; bopj*te, he durst. Delpan, to dig ; bealp, bulp, bielp, belp, balp, he dug ; bolpen, bulpen, digged. Don, to do or make ; bo, I do ; bej-t, byj-t, thou dost ; be'S, by^, he doth ; bo^, we, ye, they do ; bib, bibe, bybe, he did or hath done ; byben, we, ye, they did ; bo, bon, he may do, they may do. Dpeccan, to vex ; bpohc, bpohce, he vexed ; bpohton, bpehton, we, ye, they vexed. Dpipan, to drive ; bpap, he drove ; bpipen, driven. Dyppan, to dare ; bopjte, bupj-te, he dared. 33 Gblaecan, to repeat ; eblaehte, he repeated ; eblaeht, ebleaht, repeated. Gmplatian, to look around ; emplat, he looked around. 6tan, to eat ; aet, ate ; eten, eaten. Fanan, to go ; pepbe, pop, he went ; pepbon, popon, we, ye, they went ; papen, gone. Fealan, to fall ; peoll, he fell. Fenjan, to take ; peng, poh, he took ; penjon, we, ye, they took. Feohtan, to fight ; peahte, puhte, he fought ; puhton, we, ye, they fought. Finban, to find ; pinpt, they findest ; panb, punb, punbe, he found ; punbon, we, ye, they found. Fleon, to fly ; pleo^, we, ye, they fly ; pleh, pleah, pleoh, he flew. Fon, to take ; pehpt, thou takest ; poh, he took. Fopleopan, to lose ; poplypt, he loses ; pop leap, he lost. Fpetan, to fret ; ppaet, ppetan, fretted. Iran, or Erangan, to go ; ga, ganje, I go ; jae^S, he goes ; gaft, jae$, we, ye, they go ; eobe, geobe, 1 or he went ; eoban, we, ye, they went : ga, go thou ; 3a, jaS, go ye. Erebujan, to bow ; geby£$, he bows ; gebeah, he bowed ; gebugon, we, ye, they bowed ; gebogen, bowed. See Brgean, Supra. Erelaeccan, to seize ; gelaehte, he seized ; gelaehton, gelaeahton, we, ye, they seized; gelaehte, seized. Eiemetan, to find ; gemette, he found. Gemunan, to remember ; gemune, gemunbe, it is re- membered ; gemunon, gemunbon, we, ye, they are remembered ; gemunen, remembered. Ereotan, to pour out ; jute, geote, geat, jet, he poured out; gutan, guton, we, ye, they poured out. Erepean, Erepeon, to see ; gepihpt, thou seest ; gepirr8, he sees ; gepeah, I saw ; jepape, gepaege, thou sawest; jepap, gepeah, gepeh, gepeag, jepaj, he saw ; gepapon, jepapan, they saw ; jepeoh, 34 geph, see thou ; gepeo'S, see ye; gepaene, jepene, jepyne, gepine, jepapen, gepaejen, jepeojen, gepeopen, gepepen, seen. Ereppingan, to whip or swinge ; geppang, he whipped ; geppungen, whipped. Iretan, to obtain or get ; geate, I get ; jeot, geotte, jeate, he got , jeoton, we, ye, they got. E/epaeccan, to afflict; gepeahte, jepaehte, he afflicted. Eiipn, to give ; jeap, gaep, or jap, I or he gave ; gipen, given. Erpapan, to grave or dig ; gpop, he dug ; gpapen, digged. Erpinban, to grind ; gpanb, gpunb, he ground; gpunb- on, we, ye, they ground, foangan, to hang ; hoh, I hung ; heng, hoh, helrS, he hung ; hengon, we, ye, they hung ; hoh, hang thou ; ho^, hang ye ; hanjen, hung, foealban, to hold ; heolb, I or he held ; healben, holden. ftebban, fteapan, to heave ; hep^, he heaveth ; hop, hope, I or he heaved ; hapen, hepen, heapen, heaved, frelpan, to help ; healp, hulpe, he helped ; holpen, helped, fthhan, to laugh ; hloge, thou laughedst ; hloh, he laughed ; hlo^un, hlogon, we, ye, they laughed, fanigan, to incline the body ; hnag, hnah, he inclined his body, fton. faengan. See ftangan, Supra, fopeoppan, to turn ; hpeappopt, thou turnest ; hpuppe, he turned; hpuppon, we, ye, they turned. In like manner ahpeoppan. lean, Iecan, to eke out, or enlarge ; icte, lhte, I or he enlarged ; icton, we, ye, they enlarged ; lhtr, enlarged. LiJ?an, to navigate ; la^, he navigated ; h}?an, leo]?an, we, ye, they navigated. Lixan, to light or shine ; hxte, he shone ; hxton, hxte, we, ye, they shone. COajan, to be able. See page 24. 35 GQetan, to meet, or paint : maet, painted ; meten, painted. Niman, to take ; ninrS, he takes ; nom, nam, he took; numen, taken. Opjmiccan, to oppress ; opJ^necrS, opJjpiycS, he op- presseth ; opJ?pit, opj?pihte, he oppressed ; op- Jjpihton, we, ye, they oppressed. Ongetan, Ongeatan, Ongeoton, to understand. See Ire tan, and Onjitan, infra. Onginnan, to begin ; ongan, ongun, I or he began ; ongunne, thou begannest ; ongunnon, ongunnun, we, ye, they began ; ongunnen, begun. Ongitan, to understand ; ongeat, he understood ; on- gatun, they understood ; ongrten, understood. Psecan, to deceive ; paehte, he deceived. Plaetan, to smite ; plat, he smote. Phhtan, to pledge oneself; phhte, plat, he pledged himself. Reccan, to reckon ; pehtept, thou reckonedst ; pohte, pehte, peahte, he reckoned ; pohton, they reck- oned ; neht, reckoned. Riban, to ride ; pit, pibe^, he rides ; pab, he rode. Sacan, to contend ; poc, he contended. 8ahthan, to reconcile ; paeht, reconciled. 8apan, to sow ; pape, peop, I sowed ; j-ep, peop, he sowed ; papen, sown. 8ceotan, to shoot ; pceat, shot ; pcoten, shot. 8cinan, to shine ; pcean, he shone. Scippan, to create ; pceop, he created ; pceapen, created. Secan, to seek ; pecS, he seeks ; pece, we, ye, they seek ; pohte, he sought ; ponton, they sought. 8ecgan, Saeggan, Saegan, to say ; pegpt, thou sayest ; paecgbe, j-aebe, he said. 8eon, to see. See Iiepeon, supra. 8ettan, to place ; pette, pet, he placed ; peteb, placed. 8rgan, to fall ; paj, pah, he fell. 8ingan, to sing ; pane, pong, I sang ; pang, he sang ; pungen, sung. 36 Sittan, to sit ; pget, he sat. 81agan, Slean, to slay ; plea, 1 slay ; ploh, I or he slew. Shtan, to slit ; flat, he slit. Spinnan, to spin ; ppan, he spun ; ppunnen, spun. 8pipan, to spew ; ppap, I or he spewed. Stanban, to stand ; ptynpt, thou standest ; ptent, he stands ; ptob, 1 or he stood ; ptanben, stood. Stigan, to climb ; rtag, ptah, ptih, he climbed. Stpeccan, to stretch, or strew ; ptpehte, he stretched ; ptpehton, they stretched. Spealtan, Spylran, to die ; ppelte, I die : ppealt, ppeolt, he died. Spepian, Spepan, 8pepigan, to swear : ppop, I or he swore. Spigan, Spugon, to be silent : ppigobe, I was silent : ppigobe, pupobe, pup, he was silent : pupon, they were silent. Taecan, to teach : taehte, he taught. Teon, Teogan, to draw or accuse ; teo, I draw ; teolrS, tylvS, he draws ; teh, tuge, he drew : teo, teoh, draw thou. Tepan, to tear ; taep, tore ; topen, torn. Dean, Deon, to draw or profit by ; peah, ]?ag, J?ah, he profited. Deappan, to behove ; ]?eapp, I need ; ]?eappt, Jmppe, thou needest ; j?oppte, he needeth ; ]?uppon, we, ye, they need. Dencan, Dencean, to think ; ^oht, ftuhte, he thought. Similarly LreJ?encan. Dpean, to wash ; fpea, I wash ; ppyhpt, thou washest ; JjpelrS, he washes ; J>poh, I or he washed. TyJnan,Ty)ngean, to give ; ty)?be,ti]?obe,tybbe,hegave. Unnan, to grant ; u^Je, ubbe, he granted, pacian, to wake ; pacobe, I or he waked ; peaht, wakened. J7acpan, to wash ; peocp, peohp, he washed ; poxon, we, ye, they washed. Peban, to be mad ; pet, he is mad ; yebt)c, he was mad. 3? peopcan, to build ; peopte, he built. }?epan, to be. J7inban, to wind or twist ; pint, he winds ; panb, ponb, he wound ; punben, wound, pincan, peopcan, J7opcan, to work or build ; pophte, he worked or built ; pophte, worked, pitan, to know ; pat, I know, he knows, or I or he knew ; papt, thou knowest or knewest ; pi ten, pitob, known. Ppegan, to accuse ; pnehte ppehgbe, he accused. ]?peon, ]?pyon, to cover ; ppoh, ppeah, he covered. Ypnan, Spnian, !Spnan, to run ; apn, upn, he ran ; upnon, they ran. ADVERBS. OF TIME. Irepypn, iu, geo, ago ; geapa, yare, yore ; m-gepa, before, formerly ; y£p, before ; Nipan, lately ; 8eol- bon, seldom ; Opt, gelome, often ; fopilon, whilom, heretofore ; ^Eppe, pineal lice, pymbel, pimle, from aa, ecelice, always, continually ; Naeppe, never ; Nu, now ; Da, ^onne, then, When, as ; Da, $a, at the time that ; fopaenne, ahpenne, when ; JEbjxe, inptaepe, pnube, thenceforth, immediately, without delay ; 8emninga, psepmga, paephce, suddenly ; ftpaebinge, hpaeblice, hpa)?e, pona, quickly, shortly ; Late, slowly ; Lange, long ; Leng, longer ; Get, jyt, now, yet ; Da hpile, ^enben, whilst, till ; Nu gena, now, as yet. OF PLACE. fapaep, where ; ftep, here ; Daep, there ; fopibep, whither ; foibep, hither ; Dibep, thither ; topanon, whence ; fteonon, hence ; Danon, thence ; Onpeg, 38 away ; Gllop elsewhere ; Gllep-hpibep, otherwise ; Erehpaep, aeghpaep, pel-hpaep, wheresoever ; Nohpaep, no where ; ^Ejhpanon, gehpanon, every where ; Irehenb, neah, popneah, near; Feopp, far off; Upp, above, over ; NrSep, abun, backwards ; Upn, prSupan, above, upwards ; Neo^San, beneo^an, beneath ; Binnan, innan, within ; Utan, prSutan, without ; Beheonan, on this side ; Begeonba, beyond ; 8pa hpap ppa, wheresoever ; 8pa hpibep ppa, whithersoever ; !Sg- hpibep, on every side ; Fopan, on the opposite side. OF EXHORTATION. Utan, uton, well well, go to. OF AFFIRMATION. la, yea ; gepe, yes, certainly, also, truly ; Ireg- nunga, aeninga, clearly, altogether, certainly ; Erepiphce, to wit, namely ; Bounce, truly, even, behold, but, wherefore, moreover, &c; pitobhce, certainly, so- beit, by all means, but, &c. ; Fup^Son, or, even, at length, indeed, &c. OF EXCEPTION. Butan, buton, nemne, nynVSe, unless ; Gllep, else ; aelcop, otherwise, elsewhere ; Fopan, only. OF NEGATION. Na, ne, nepe, nalaep, nallep, no, noht, no, not ; Natephpon, by no means. — The combinations of Na are many, and to be learned only by experience. OF DESIRE. Gala, oh ; Gala gip, oh that. OF DOUBT. penunja, pealb, perhaps, perchance. 39 OF QUALITY OR KIND. pel, geapa, well ; Ypele, ill ; QQicclum, much ; Ereapa, genog or genoh, enough ; Faegepe, beautifully ; Unceapunga, appunga, freely, gratis ; ./Eninga, neces- sarily ; Gapunga, pputohce, manifestly, openly, pub- licly ; Deapnunga, bigelhce, secretly, by stealth : ftolenja, or foolunga, by no means, in vain ; Sno- teplice, prudently ; faeapbhce, hardly ; Gappo^hce, difficultly ; Rihthce, rightly ; — with many others formed from Adjectives. OF INTENTION. 8pr3e, ^eaple, exceedingly ; pel, now ; GQa, rather : Bet, better ; pyppe, worse : Gallunga, eallep, alto- gether : To, too much : ftpa^op, rather : Lytepne, lytelne, a little less, nearly, about. OF REMISSION. Lytlum, pticce-maelum, vainly, diminishingly. Also, 8opte, paegepe, ptunb-maelum, softly, by de- grees : fapon, hponlice, very little ; J3paet-hugu, hpaet- hpega, hpaet-hpejnunga, in some measure, somewhat, a little while, about. OF ASSEMBLING. 8amdb, aet^aebepe, together : fteap-maelum, by heaps. OF SIMILITUDE. 8pa, ^up, so, thus : Dup gepab, of this kind : Spa ppa, so, so as : Gal-ppa, 6ac-ppilce, ppa-gehce, enbemep, pamob, also, similarly, equally : Spike, as if. OF ORDER. Daep-pihte, forthwith : Fop^, thenceforward, af- terwards : 8r3$an, hereafter : Gpt, gien, after, again : fapypptum, by turns : Fup^on, moreover, indeed. 40 OF DEMONSTRATION. Gpne, eaelenge, heonu, behold. OF INTERROGATION. ftpi, porihpy, pojihpon, to hpy, why, wherefore: ftu, humeta, how : To hpon, to hpy, wherefore. OF NUMBER. iEne, once : Tupa, twice : Dnipa, thrice. CONJUNCTIONS. COPULATIVE. T^nb, and ; Gac, also. DISJUNCTIVE. Oft^e, or: Ne, nehpaej?eri, nane, nor, neither: 7£c, but : Sam, whether. COMPLETIVE. So^hce, pitobhce, but, indeed : fopaet }>a, but yet : 8pilce, inasmuch as : 8pilce eac, moreover : Uton, uton nu, but, moreover, lastly. ADVERSATIVAL. De lej-, lest : Deah, 'Seah \z, though : fapae'Serie, whether : Deah, hpaej?epe, nevertheless : Na lej* ac, not only .... but ; FujvSon, although : Spike, in- deed ; Sc, but : M^\>ej\ ge . . . . ge, as .... so. CONDITIONAL. %, if 41 NFERENTIAL. FojvSam, pop'San, pop^i, popftan, or popfti j?e, be- cause, since, therefore ; Gopnopthce, pitobhce, there- fore; Daep, because of ; Dy, wherefore, on what account, DIMINUTIVAL. foupu, hunu 'Smga, hpaega, at least. PREPOSITIONS. The following Prepositions govern an accusative case. Xbutan, about, around ; iVgen, agean, against ; Snblang, anblong, along ; Bepopan, before ; Begeonb, begeonban, eonb, £eonb, beyond ; Butan, buton, without, beside ; Betpeox, betpux, betpyx, betpih, be- tween, betwixt, among ; Gmb, ymb, embutan ymbutan, about; Fop, for, on account of; Lremang, among; Innan, in, into ; Opep, over ; On, to, into ; Ongean, against; O^, to, until ; Teh, against; Duph, through, by ; Togeanep, against ; Uppan, up, upon ; Unbep, under; Utan, without; prS, with, against, through, towards; J?rSpopan, before; prSaeptan, after j Pi^je- onban, about ; prSutan, without. The following Prepositions govern a dative or ablative case. ^Eptep, after, according to ; ^Ep, ere, before ; iEt, at, under, for ; ^Etpopan, before ; Tfrnang, among ; Be-aeptan, baeptan, behind, after ; Be, bi, big, by, of, after, near to ; Bepopan. before ; Behe- onan, on this side ; Betpeonan, betpih, betpinan, be- tpux, betpeox, betpyx, between, with, among ; 42 Binnan, binnon, within; Bupan, bupon, above; Butan, buton, without, beside ; Fop, for, on account of, against, before ; Fpa, ppam, from, by ; Erehenb, near ; Iremanj, among ; Innan, in, within ; Into, into ; CDib, with, at ; Neah, near; Op, of, from; Opeji, over ; On, in ; Oft, to,until ; On-upn, on-uppan, upon ; Til, to, till, to, until ; Topopan, before ; Togeanep, against ; Tomibbep, among ; Topeapb, toward ; Up, uppan, uppe, up, upon , Unbep, under, beneath ; Unpeop, near ; Utan, uton, without, out of; J?r$, with, against, near, about, behind. The preceding Prepositions are used in the con- struction as well as the composition of the language. There are some others which are called inseparable, because they only occur in construction, and are never found disjoined : of this sort are, 7£nb, which has the same sort of power as the English particles as, at, re, &c. Thus in Snb-bibian, to aspire ; Ttnb-pengan, to assume ; Snb-hpaej?epe, but; Snb-hcnyjye, likeness; Snb-paeccan, to refer ; 2£nb-ptanban, to resist. Gb, which has the power of the English re, as 6b' cenning, regeneration ; Gb-cucian, to revive ; Gb-nipian, to renew. Gpen, which answers to the English co, com, con, as Gpen-ealb, coeval ; Gpen-laecan, to compare ; Gpen-^Spaepe, concord. Gpt, which answers to the English re, retro, as Gptagypan, to regive ; Gpt-anipan, to renew. 6m, which expresses equality, as Gm-peala, as many times ; Gm-long, equally long. Fop, which signifies by, for, from, with, against, &c. as Fop-baepan, to forbear ; Fop-beoban, to forbid. Fope, signifying before; Fope-beon, to be before; Fope-cuman, to come before. 43 GQip, denoting error or Mis-take, as GQip-bopen, an abortion ; GQip-phcian, to displease ; OQip-bon, to do amiss. Op, privative, as Op-blaebe, without blood ; Op- ceapunga, without reward ; Op-maete, without measure, immense ; Op-tpupian, to distrust. 0$, of, from ; as O^-hyban, to abscond ; O^-ppepian, to abjure ; OS-chpian, to adhere ; O^-baepptan, to break off. Un, in, not, answering the English particles in, un, &c. as Un-abegenbhc, inflexible ; Un-cu^, un- known ; Un-boht, unbought ; Un-gebpyme, dis- sonant. pi^ep, against, as ; pi^ep-pecgan, to speak against, or contradict ; prSep-pacan, to contend against. INTERJECTIONS. OF GRIEF. fa : alas ! pa la pa : well away ! Gop : hah ! OF JOY. Pel : pel la : hah hah ! well ! bravo ! OF ABHORRENCE. pala: out upon it ! On-peg : away! OF CALLING. Gala : holla ! O ! OF DESIRE. Gala gip : oh that ! pa la : would that ! OF EXHORTATION. Pel la pel : well done ! Uton : go to ! OF ADMIRATION. Gala hu : oh ! M SYNTAX. OF NOUNS. The ablative is often used absolutely, as Gebi- gebum cneopum, the knees being bent ; foim pop- laetenum, they being left. praise or blame of any person or thing is ren- dered by the genitive case, as Lrobpe gleauneppe cniht, a boy of good disposition ; Folc heapbep mobep, a people of hard heart. Saxon Nouns require the causal thing to be in the genitive, as Eiobep tubpep. *j hahgep jepaehg, happy because of a good and holy offspring; Gapm 4aep fte he na?p]?, miserable because of that which he has not. Sometimes the dative or accusative, as OQaejVSum geppaege, celebrated because of his majesty. Nouns partitive, or used partitively, numerals, and the interrogative fopa, require a genitive, as 8ume ^apa bocepa, certain or some of the scribes ; fapaet ypelep, what evil. Nouns signifying a part of time are put in the genitive case, as Baep bagep, on that day ; Nihtep, by night ; Daegep "j nihtep, by day and by night. When they signify duration, they are put in the ac- cusative or ablative case, as Djiy bagap, for three days ; Dpim bagum, for three days. A Noun singular of multitude is often joined to a Verb or Adjective plural, as OQycelnep heoponhcep pepeber 1 L7ob hepigenbpa 'J ^up cpe^enbpa, a mul- titude of the heavenly host praising God and saying ; Daet pole psep geanbibigenbe *j punbpobon, the people were waiting and wondered. In the following examples a dative is used instead of a genitive, as Up to paebep, to us for a father, or for our father ; ftim to pultume, to him for an aid, or for his assistance. 45 The measure, weight, &c. of a thing, is expressed in the genitive or accusative case, as Yncep lang, an inch long, Gahta hunb mila lanj, *] tuhunb mila bpab, eight hundred miles long, and two hundred miles broad. Comparatives however require an ablative to denote the measure of excess, as Dpym munbum hieppa, (By) three palms higher. A neuter Adjective, used absolutely, requires a genitive case, as Gal pincep, some (something of) treasure ; ftepigep micel, a great (much of an) army. Adjectives signifying desire, knowledge, or igno- rance, require a genitive, as peop^myn^a geopn, desirous of honors ; boca gleap, skilled in books ; Unpip gobcunban namau *j geleapan, ignorant of the divine faith and name. Adjectives signifying plenty, want, likeness, dig- nity, guilt, and the Substantive pana, want, have sometimes a genitive and sometimes an ablative, as Fulle beabpa bana, full of dead bones ; Full hargum Irapte, full of the Holy Ghost ; Fela o^pe hahgpa bipcopa, many (of) other holy bishops ; Sumep $ingep pana, want of something ; Nanep pana, want of no- thing ; Erehca minep ^eopep, like my servant ; Baep dean pyp^e, worthy of the same ; Dome pcylbig, guilty by judgment. Words compounded of epen or epn, and emn, also Nouns ending in pull and lice, and tRe Noun J?eapp, need, govern a dative case, as Gpen-laecan J?am apoptolum, to imitate the apostles ; pupftpull ]?am ciningum, to be honored by kings ; Unapecgenbhc aenrgum, not to be told to any one. Comparatives followed by than, are expressed by $e, ^onne, as gelicpan ^e, more like than ; pelpan ^onne, better than ; or by a genitive, as hyp mapa, greater than that ; or by an ablative, as Qftape eallum onpaejbnyppum, more than many sacrifices. Superlatives require a genitive, as Galpa pypta maept, the greatest of all herbs. 4(i VERBS. The Verb Substantive requires a genitive case, as 6ant $u upep gepepep, art thou of our company ; Da fting 8c pynb Gobep, the things which are God's ; foe paep appyp^pe ylbo, he was of a venerable age. Verbs of trying, following, desiring, listening, enjoying, visiting, wanting, expecting, remembering, ceasing, admit a genitive case. Ghtan, to follow, has usually an accusative, and Bpucan, to enjoy, an ablative ; as also pealban, to govern ; ^ohan, to free ; helpan, to help ; bibban, to ask ; onbypgan, to taste ; gemiltpian, to pity ; trSian, unnan, to retire ; aeth- pinan, to touch ; cepan, to keep ; aetpacan, to deny. When however the sense is not elliptical, the last named Verbs have a dative or accusative. Many others require a genitive case, as onpengan and onpon, to receive ; onbpaeban, to fear ; opletan, to emit ; eapnan, to deserve ; begyman, to take care of; gelypan, to believe ; popgitan, to forget. Of these however, onpenjan, onbpaeban, also admit an accusative. The causal Noun is put after Verbs in the genitive case, as Dancobe Eiobe ealpa J?apa mritpa, he gave thanks to God (on account of) all mercies ; J?e paegniaj? pmyltpe pae. 'j eac punbpiaj? j?aep phtep J?aepe punnan, we rejoice (on account of) the serene sea, and admire the splendor of the sun. But in these examples, the ellipsis, of, on account of, is manifest. Verbs of accusing and depriving require a genitive of the thing, as Bepeapian bohtpa, beapna, to bereave of daughters, children ; sometimes a dative or ab- lative, as Daet he up aet upum appon bepeapige, that he may deprive us of our asses. The Verb Fylgan, to follow, has a dative, as Ne pylrgeaft hig uncujmm, they will not follow a stranger. 47 The Infinitive has an accusative before it, as He jej-eo^ me habban, you see me to (or that I) have. Verbs of asking and teaching require an accusative of the thing as well as of the person, as foine axobon f bigj-pel, they asked him that parable. Except how- ever Bibban, which requires a genitive of the thing, and an accusative of the person, as ftine bit hlajzer, he asked him for bread. Verbs compounded of Prepositions often require the cases which the Prepositions themselves govern, as yEt-peolan, to stand upon ; at-ypan, to appear ; o^-jzaejTan, to deliver into custody ; o^-jzanan, to approach. Sometimes Verbs are as it were put by apposition in the same tense, number, and person, as 8tanbaJ? hep ute. pyllaj? $e gej-eon, they stand here without, they wish to see thee : but in this mode of speaking, the conjunction anb seems understood. The Anglo-Saxons used the reciprocal Verb, as Ic me gepej*t, I rest, or rest me ; Onbpaeb fte ^inne Irob, fear thee thy God. Impersonals are sometimes used with an accu- sative of the person and a dative of the thing, as Done pelegan lyj-t anpealber 1 , a rich man desires power. Some have a dative of the person and geni- tive of the thing, as ftim J^aej- ne j-ceamobe, they were not ashamed of this, or to them of this there was no shame. The impersonal ErebypaJ?, signifying care, has a double dative, as Dim ne gebypa]? to $am j-ceapum, with him there was no care for the sheep. 48 THE LORD'S PRAYER, IN ANGLO-SAXON, WITH A LITERAL TRANSLATION. Faebep upe ]?u j?e eapt on heopenum ; Father our, thou that art in heaven, 81 1pm nama gehalgob. to be cume be thy name hallowed. Moreover let come 1pm pice. gepup^Se 1pm pilla on thy dominion, be done (worked) thy will on eopJ?an ppa ppa on heopenum. upne earth so as in heaven, our ge baeghpamhcan hlap pyle up to daily loaf sell (give) us to baeg. anb fopZYF u f u P e 3^ ta r TP a day, and forgive us our debts so ppa pe popgipa^ upum gyltenbum *j as we forgive our debtors, and ne gelaebbe ]?u up on coptnunje. ac (do) not lead thou us into temptation, but alyp up op yple. free us of evil. 49 PART OF THE FIRST CHAPTER OF THE GOSPEL BY ST. JOHN. 1 On pnuman paej* ponb *j f popib In the beginning was the word and that word paey mib Irobe. 3 Erob peer 1 f ponb. was with God, and God was that word. 2 Daet paej- on pnuman mib Erobe. It was in the beginning with God. 3 Galle Jnng paenon geponhte ]?unh hyne. *j nan All things were made by it, and no Jnng paej- geponht butan hym. thing was made without it. 4 Daet paej- lip \& on him geponht paej\ *j That was life which in it made was, and f Iijz paey manna leoht. the life was menV light. 50 5 *j f leoht lyht on J?yjtnum. 3 And the light shineth in darkness, and )>jytpo f ne genamon. the darknesses it (do) not comprehend. 6 COann paej* ppam Erob aj-enb. ]?aej- nama paej- A Man was from God sent, whose name was Iohannej\ John. 7 Dejr com to gepitnejye. f he gepitnejye He came for a testimony that he testimony (or witness) 2 cyftbe be J?am leohte. f ealle might tell concerning the light, that all I men Jmnh hyne gelyjzbon. men through him might believe. 8 Naej- he leoht. ac J?aet he gepitnejye He was not that light, but that he testimony 3 ~ pojvo 1 baene be J?am leohte ; forth (might) bear concerning the light. 2 I 9 Soft leoht paej\ f onlyht aelcne (The) true light (it) was which enlighteneth every 51 cumenbne man on jnpne mibban eanb. coming man to this middle earth (world.) 10 fte paer* on mibban eapbe. "J mibban eapb paep He was in the world, and the world was gepopht }>unh hyne. *j mibban eanb hyne made by him, and the Avorld him ne gecneop ; not knew. 3 1 1 1 To hip agenum he com. *j hig hyne ne To his own he came, and they him not 2 ~~3 I 2 3~ unbenjzengon ; received. 12 So^hce ppa hpylce ppa hyne unbeppengon. Truly as many as him received, ~~2 TT he pealbe him anpealb f hi paenon Erobep he gave to them power that they were God's beapn pam J>e gelypi^ on hyp naman. children to them that believed in his name. 13 Da ne pynt acennebe op blobum. ne op Which not are born of blood, nor of 52 jzlaej-cej- pillan. ne op yejxey pillan. ac hig fleshes will, nor of man's will, but they rynt op Erobe acennebe. are of God born. 14 Anb f popb paej* j-laepc gepopben y eapbobe And the word was flesh made and dwelt 2 I on up ^ pe gepapon hyp pulbop ppylce among us, and we saw its glory such as ancennebep pulbon. op pgebep. of the only begotten's glory, of the father, f paep pul mib gype. y po^paeptneppe. which was full of grace and truth. \5 Iohannep cy^ gepitneppe be hym anb clypa^S J? up John speaketh testimony of him and cryeth thus cpej?enbe. j?ejr paep J?e ic paebe. 8e ]?e saying, this was he I mentioned, He that to cumenne lp aeptep me. paep gepopben be- to come is after me, was honored be- 2 T~ popan me. pdpj?am he paep aep )?onne ic ; fore me, because he was sooner than me. 53 16 Anb op hyp gepyllebneppe pe ealle onpengon And of his fulness we all receive 5 ype pop 5 ype. grace for grace. Yjf Foppam pe ae paep gepealb Jmph OQoypen. y For the law was given by Moses, and gypu 3 poftpaeptnep lp gepopben ]?uph grace and truth is wrought through ftaelenb Cpipt. the Healer (Saviour) Christ. 18 Ne gepeah nasppe nan man Gob butan pe Neither saw never no man God except his ever any ancenneba punu hyt cy^be pe lp on only begotten son he hath told (it) who is in hip paebep beapme. his father's bosom. 19 "j P 3 ^ l y Iohannep gepitnep ; And this is John's witnessing ; 20 Da j?a Iubeap penbon hypa pacepbap, anb hypa When the Jews sent their priests and their 21 54 Diaconaj- pnam Ienuj-alem to him f hi Deacons from Jerusalem to him then they axobun hyne y )>uy cpaebon ; fapaet asked him and thus spoke; What eant Jm. art thou. *j he cy^be *J ne pi^j-oc 3 \\xy And he told (them) and not denied and thus 2 I cpae$. Ne eom ic na Cnij-t ; spoke, Neither am I . . . Christ ; 22 Anb hig axobon hyne *J J?uj- cpaebon. eant And they questioned him and thus spoke, art Jm fteliaj-. ^ he cpa^S. ne eom ic hyt ; thou Elias, and he said, nor am I he. Da cpaebon hi. eant J?u pitega. ^ he Then they said, art thou a prophet, and he anj*pynbe anb cpae$. nic. answered and said, no. 23 foig cpaebon to hym. hpaet eant J?u f pe They said to him, what art thou that we 55 anbpypbe bpingon }?am j?e ur to $e an answer may bring to those that us to thee 2 I "2 3" j*enbon. hpaet pegpt ]>u be J»e pylpum. sent, what sayest thou of thyself.. 24 fre cpaeS. ic eom clypienbej* ptepn on He said, I am of one crying the voice in 2 I pejtene ; Gepihta^ Dpitnep peg. the desert; Make straight the Lord's way, ppa pe pitega Ipaiap cparS. so the prophet Isaiah said. 9,5 Anb J?a $e }?aep apenbe psepon. J>a paepon op And they that there sent were, were of "~~3 2 I punbophalgan. the asunder-holy ones, (Pharisees.) 26 3 hig axobon hyne *j cpaebon to hym. And they questioned him and said to him, hpi pullapt )?u. gyp Jm ne eapt Cpipt why baptizest thou, if thou neither art Christ ne foeliap. ne pitega. nor Elias, nor a prophet. 56 27 Iohannejr him anbppapobe. ic jzulhge on paetepe. John them answered, I baptize in water, to mibbej- eop jrtob j?e ge in the midst of you hath stood one whom ye ne cunnon. not knew. 2 1 28 foe ly J?e aejztep me topeapb ly ; 8e paep He (it) is that after me to come is. he was ~ 3 T~ 2 T~ gepopben bejzopan me. ne eom ic pyjvSe f made before me, nor am I worthy that ic unbinbe hij- j-ceo ]?pang. I unbind his shoe thong. 29 Da^ jnnj paepon gepopbene on Bethania be- These things were done in Bethany be- geonban Iopbanen J?aep Iohannep pillobe. yond Jordan where John baptized. THE END. ERRATUM. Page 15, line 1, for which read which. ■ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 239 456 5 # SSPS^ \ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 239 456 5