;l-. .^.S-rA-J-a Ceun„.. A History of the Activities of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 1917-1919 I i How Ohio Mobilized Her Resources For The War Bound at the State Bindery. ''^^^^ 9^^^ A HISTORY OF THE ACTlVn ILS OF THE OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE •5 Columbus, Ohio: The F. J. Heer Printing Co. 1919 t»« *^ ^* OCT 30 t9l9 PAGE CONTENTS Part I ^ ^'-^^revjord 5 Organization 7 County and Community Organization 17 War Chests and Community Councils 25 Part II Woman's Committee *. 28 Organization .' 29 Department of Food 44 Department of Child Welfare 46 Department of Educational Propaganda 48 Department of Nursing 50 Department of Training Classes 52 Department of Women and Children in Industry 54 Health and Recreation 56 Special State Work — Milk Survey 58 Assistants for Draft Boards 59 Fuel Survey 59 County Fairs 60 Liberty Loan 61 Mothers' Pension Law 61 Part III Industrial Relations and Employment 64 Formulation of Policies 64 Mediation of Labor Disputes 65 Employment — - Meeting War Labor Needs QQ The System Planned 70 To Produce War Food 72 Farm Hands Placed in 1917 73. Building Camp Sherman : 74 U. S. Public Service Reserve 75 1918 Farm Help Campaign 77 U. S. Boys' Working Reserve 79 Teachers' Division 81 Protecting Ohio's Labor Supply 83 Ohio's Part in Organizing U. S. Employment Service 85 How Ohio Organized 86 New Employment Offices Established 87 Federal Community Labor Boards 88 Local Boards in Action 89 (3) 4 Contents Part III — Co n c 1 u d e d page After War Activities 90 The System and Its Methods 94 Employment Service After Armistice Was Signed 9'7 A Typical Day's Work 101 Clearance Division ; . , 1,07 Part IV Food Supply and Couserration 118 Production and Acreatie 118 Conservation 121 Home Demonstration Agents 123 Emergency •A.id in Influenza Epidemic 124 Tractors 125 Seed Corn 127 Part V General and Miscella)U'ous Acti^'ilies 130 Americanization ■. 13C Non-war Construction 136 Fire Prevention and Protection 14S Transportation by Highways 15) Patriotic Education — Speaker-^ 15G Commercial Economy 157 Legal Assistance to Soldiers and Sailors 159 Assistance to Disabled Soldiers and Sailors 178 War Library Service Fund 18C War Risk Insurance 181 Assistance in Aviation Program 182 Help in Recruiting S. A. T. C 182 Training of War Telegraphers 183 Detection of Deserters 183 Rent Profiteering 184 Liberty Loan and War Savings Stamps 188 Solicitation of Funds 189 Fuel 190 Health, Hospitals and Nursing 192 Vagrancy 194 Co-operation of Cliurches in War Program 19fi Explosives 197 Publicity Department 197 Taps .' 198 Appendix 201 Expenditures 203 OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE r / 1. Governor James M. Cox, chairman. 2. Hon. James E. Campbell. 3. Dr. W. O. Thompson. 4. Mr. B. H. Kroger. 5. Mr. Paul I. Feiss. 6. Mr. James P. Feiser. 7. Mr. S. P. Bush. 8. Hon. M. R. Denver. 9. Mr. Thomas J. Donnelly. 10. Mr. H. S. Firestone. 11. Hon. Daniel J. Ryan. 12. Mr. James W. Faulkner. 13. Hon. David Todd. 14. Col. H. E. Talbott. 15. Mr. C. M. Eikenberry. 16. Mr. W. W. Thornton. 17. Mr. Joseph K. iNutt. OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 1. Mr. Fred C. Croxton, vice chairman. 2. Gen. J. Warren Keifer. 3. Air. S. O. Kicliard- son. 4. Mr. W. G. Stone. 5. Mr. M. J. Caples. 6. Mr. L. J. Taber. 7. Mr. Frank P. Donneii- wirth. 8. Mr. J. V. B. Scarborough. 9. Mr. John Moore. 10. Dr. C. E. .Sawyer. 11. Mr. Frank E. Myers. 12. Mr. W. S. Scarborough. 13. Miss Belle Sherwin. 14. Mr. John P. Frey. 15. Mr. A. A. Augustus. 16. Mr. John J. Quinlivan. 17. Mr. James Wilson. FOREWORD • To his Excellency, The Governor of Ohio: Herewith is transmitted the history of the organization, activi- ties and disbandment of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. In transmitting this report, your leave is asked to say some things that are "outside the record," so to speak: This has been a history of activities, not of individuals, and it has not been possible or attempted herein to render due credit to each man and woman in official or unofficial capacity who has directed or assisted in the general effort. Nor has it been possible to express adequately the appreciation due state departments and agencies, public and private, which have contributed their assistance in the State's war program. The word "cooperation" has fallen into some discredit in the domain of war planning, notably in some departments at Washington, where too often it was used to indicate a jointure, theoretical rather than actual. But in Ohio it may be said with truth that state depart- ments and organizations, public and private, actually joined hands when called upon, in the effort to get things done, regardless of individual credit. This record, hastily and somewhat perfunctorily compiled, does not reveal the idea of. permanent planning of working, not only to meet war needs, but to help in meeting after- war problems as well — which was a guiding motive in the minds of all those who were principally responsible for the operation of the State Council. It does not reveal the unswerving and disinterested devotion of the several men and women, such as the Vice Chairman of the Council and the Chairman of the Woman's Committee, who have worked vuitiringly to do the things that must be done, as volun- teers, so far as pay was concerned — but with the larger compen- sation that is the reward of service. But this report has failed of its central purpose if it has not disclosed to any who may read it, the high purpose of the Governor (5) 6 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense of Ohio in his leadership of the State's war activities and the gener- ous and inspired response of the citizens to every call for service. Without these the History of Ohio in the Great War would have been short of her traditions and less splendid in the sum of the Nation's achievement. The Executive Secretary, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. State House, Columbus, Ohio, January i, 1919. PART I ORGANIZATION MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Governor James M. Cox State House, Columbus A. A. Augustus Cambridge Colliery Company, Cleveland S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus M. J. Caples Spahr Building, Columbus Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus M. R. Denver Wilmington Thomas J. Donnelly Columbus Savings & Trust Building, Columbus Frank P. Donnenwirth Bucyrus C. M. Eikenberry The Eiken'berry Brothers Company, Hamilton James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus Paul L. Feiss 632 St. Clair Avenue, N. W., Cleveland James L. Fieser 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland H. S. Firestone Akron John P. Frey 707 Commercial Tribune Building, Cincinnati Gen. J. Warren Keif er Springfield B. H. Kroger Cincinnati John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus Frank E. Myers Ashland Joseph R. Nutt Cleveland Trust & Savings Company, Cleveland John J. Quinlivan 314 Cherry Street, Toledo S. O. Richardson Libby Glass Company, Toledo Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus Dr. C. E. Sawyer • White Oaks Farm, Marion J. V. B. Scarborough Cor. Fourth & Walnut Streets, Cincinnati W. S. Scarborough Wilberforce University, Wilber force Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus W. S. Stone Engineers Building, Cleveland L. J. Taber Barnesville Col. H. E. Talbott Dayton Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron David Tod '. Youngstown James Wilson Second National Bank Building, Cincinnati C7) 8 Ohio BraiicJi, Council of National Defense EXECUTIVE STAFF Governor James M. Cox ' Chairman Fred C. Croxton Vice Chairman J. L. Morrill Executive Secretary Miss Belle Sherwin Chairman, Woman's Committee Miss Lucia B. Johnson Executive Secretary, Woman's Committee Raymond Moley * Director of Americanization Miss Juliette Sessions Assistant to Director of Americanization S. J. Brandenhurg Director of County and Community Organization Lowry F. Sater State Director, Four Minute Men and Assistant on County and Community Organization C. E. Parry Executive Secretary, Committee on Patriotic Educa- tion and Director, Speakers' Divisiim Don L. Tobin Assistant Director. Speakers' Division and Editor, "Ohio in the War" Earl W. Baird Publicity Director . FORMER EXECUTIVE SECRETARIES Clark S. Wheeler Director of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State University, Columbus Howell Wright .. Member of the Senate, Ohio General Assembly, Cleveland FORMER CHAIRMAN, WOMAN'S COMMITTEE Mrs. George Zimmerman Fremont GENERAL COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON FINANCE Joseph R. Nutt Cleveland Trust &- Savings Company, Cleveland AT R. Denver Wilmington Frank P. Donnen worth Bucyrus Col. H. E. Talbott ; Dayton David ' Tod Youngstov/n COMMITTEE ON FOOD CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus C. M. Eikenberry The Eikenberry Brothers Company, Hamilton James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus B. H. Kroger Cincinnati J. V. B. Scarborough Cor. Fourth & Walnut 'Streets, Cincinnati W. S. Scarborough Wilberf orce L. J. Taber Barnesville W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron The Organisation 9 COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus Thomas J. Donnelly Columbus Savmgs & Trust Building, Columbus Paul L. Feiss 632 St. Clair Avenue, N. W., Cleveland H. S. Firestone Akron John P. Frey 707 Commercial Tribune Building, Cincinnati John J. Quinlivan : 314 Cherry Street, Toledo Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus James Wilson Second National Bank Building, Cincinnati LEGAL COMMITTEE Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus Gen. J. Warren Keifer Springfield Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus COMMITTEE ON MINING A. A. Augustus ' Cambridge Colliery Company, Cleveland Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus Gen. J. Warren Keifer Springfield John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron David Tod Youngstown COMMITTEE ON PUBLICITY James W. Faulkner- Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION M. J. Caples Spahr Building, Columbus S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus E. H. Kroger Cincinnati Frank E. Myers '. Ashland S. O. Richardson Libby Glass Company, Toledo W. S. Stone Engineers Building, Cleveland Col. H. E. Talbott Dayton COMMITTEE ON AMERICANIZATION L. J. Taber Barnesville S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus T. J. Donnelly Columbus Savings & Trust Building, Columbus John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus lo Ohio Braiicli. Council of Xational Pcfrnsc Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Alanufactiirers' Association, Columbus W. S. Scarborough Wilberf orce Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus COMMITTEE ON COUNTY AND COMMUNITY COUNCIL ORGANIZATION L. J. Taber Barnesville Hon. James E. Campbell ' 8 East Broad Street, Columbus James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus James L. Fieser 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus S. ( ). Richardson Libhy Glass Company, Toledo Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus Dr. C. E. Sawyer Marion Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Coluinbus W. \Y. Thornton Akron Press, Akron EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WOMAN'S COMMITTEE Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus Miss Lucy Buell 51'2 Mentor Avenue, Painesville Miss M. Edith Campbell 3-550 Reading Road, Cincinnati Mrs. William Neil King, Cumberland Apartments, Parsons Ave., Columbus Miss Laura R. Logan Cincinnati General Hospital, Cincinnati Mrs. Malcolm L. McBride 1585 Mistletoe Drive, Cleveland Mrs. Lawrence Maxwell ' Edgecliffe Road, Walnut Hills, Cincinnafi Miss Mary Louise Mark Ohio State University, Columbus Mrs. Erank Muhlhauser 15(10 Mistletoe Drive, Cleveland Miss Grace R. Peters 891 East Broad Street, Columbus Miss Juliette Sessions State House, Columbus Airs. S. B. Sneath Tiffin Mrs. F. W. Striel)inger 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Airs. W. O. Thompson 1873 North High Street, Columbus Miss Eleanor Walker 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Mrs. Charles W. Wason" 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Mrs. Ray N. Watterson 1286 Wyandotte Road, Columbus Mrs. Mary Weitler City Hall, Cincinnati Aliss Edna N. White Ohio State University, Columbus Airs. Elizabeth C. Wolf 536 Brightwood Avenue, Dayton Airs. Paul Woolley Denton Building, Cincinnati Miss Bertha K. Young The Maplewood, Clifton, Cincinnati Airs. George Zimmennan 424 Birchard Avenue, Fremont The Onjanization ii BIRTH OF DEFENSE COUNCIL The- Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, was created on Friday, June i, lyi/. l)y appointment of Governor James M. Cox, Chairman. Its announced purposesc were : (a) To place the state on a war-time basis — arous- ing, directing and co-ordinating Ohio initiative in mobilizing the resources of the state for war. (b) To carry out suggestions of the federal govern- ment, as expressed through the Council of National Defense at Washington, or other gov- ernmental agencies ; to act as an administrative organization for the federal government in many of the main lines of activity in the war; and to centralize war work of the state. Prior to formal appointment of the State Council, however, preliminary war work in the state had been organized and under- taken, at the request of the Governor, by a small group of men, most of w^hom later were made members of the Council. On April ii, 1917, the Governor called a conference of Presi- dent W. O. Thompson, Ohio State University, Dean Alfred Vivian. College of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Clark S. Wheeler, Director of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State University, T. J. Duffy, Chairman of the State Industrial Commission, Fred C. Croxton, then connected with the Ohio Institute for Public Fffi- ciency, and George Stauffer, then Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. At this conference decision was reached: (i) To create agricultural production machinery throughout the state in the person of County War Food and Crop Commissioners, to be 12 Ohio Branch, Council of Xafional Defense chosen by County Commissioners in each county and to prosecute a vigorous campaign among farmers for increased acreage and more intensive cultivation. (2) To establish ten to fifteen Employment Ex- changes, additional to the seven Exchanges maintained by the State Industrial Commis- sion, mainly for the purpose of supplying farm labor. (3) To enlist the support of granges throughout the state in the war food production campaign. (4) To call upon colleges and high schools to re- lease their pupils as early in the spring as pos- sible, so that they might be transferred to farm and garden work. (5) To inaugurate, through the Home Economics De- partment, Ohio State University, an intensive canning campaign throughout the state. On April 17, 19 17, the Governor formally appointed President Thompson, Mr. Wheeler, Dean Vivian, Mr. Croxton, L. J. Tabc^r. Master of the Ohio Grange, and C. G. Williams, of the State Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Woostcr to launch formally the food production campaign. As the work of this group expanded and the necessity for activities other than agricultural production and employment came to view, the formal creation of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was accomplished by the Governor. The Ohio Branch Council of National Defense, unlike councils in some states has not had legal status either by act of congress or of the state legislature but has functioned as a war cabinet advisory to the governor and operating tlirough: (a) Cooperation of state departments. (b) The Woman's Committee, organized throughout the state. (c) Eocal Defense Councils and war units (»f vari- ous kinds, organized in some communities on local initiative, in others with the direction and assistance of the Council itself. The Organication 13 (d) The cooperative assistance of allied war agen- cies of the state, as, for instance the American Red Cross, the United States Employment Service, the United States Food Administra- tion, the College of ^Agriculture and Depart- ment of Agricultural Extension at Ohio State University, and others. Funds for operation of the State Council were derived from a war emergency appropriation of $250,000, granted by the 82nd General Assembly of Ohio (1917-1918), plus additional allowances made by the State Emergency Board, upon depletion of the original war emergency fund. (See financial statement: appendix to this report.) The statute making the war emergency appK,priation reads as fellows : "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio : Section i. That there is hereby appropriated the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars from any monies in the general revenue fund not heretofore appropriated for the use of the Ohio National Guard in case of war. Section 2. Said sum shall be disbursed upon order of the governor by warrant drawn by the auditor of state. Section 3. The governor is hereby autliorized and directed to expend all or any part of such sum for the mobiliaztion of troops or for the enlistment of men for the army or navy or in any other manner necessary for the defense and protection of this nation as he may deem advisable in conformity to and in cooperation with any proclamation issued by the presi- dent of the United States or to carry out any orders given by the secretary of war. Section 4. This act is hereby declared to be an emergency measure, the emergency therefor being that the nation seems on the verge of war and Ohio must be in readiness to do her duty, and the passage 14 Uliio Branch, Council of Xatiunal Defense of this act is necessary to preserve the safety and wel- fare of the people of Ohio, and therefore, this act shall take effect immediately." ( )f the $250,000 so appropriated, something more than $120,- 000 were expended by the Adjutant General of Ohio in recruiting the National Guard, and for other military necessities of the Ohio National ( Inard incident to mobilization for war under order of the President. The organization of the Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, which is a part of the State Council, is (k'scril)c(l in the succeeding section of this report. The organi- zation of women war workers of the counties and communities is covered, also, in that part of the report. CONTRIBUTION To VICTORY MADE- WORKERS RELEASED. The formal disbandment of the Ohio P.ranch, Council of National Defense, was made by Governor James M. Cox, as Chairman, on December 31, 1918. The Governor's official an- nouncement follows : '"The war emergency which roused the patriotic ])ur])ose and endeavor of ( )hi(j citizens has passed. "I'eace emergencies confront us now. The task of after-war readjustment nuist continue to utilize the diligent and unselfish effort of every man and woman in Ohio, who has had a part in war work. To these men and women the Federal and State Govern- ment will look for continued and consistent service. "But the signing of the armistice, the practical ending of the war, marks the accomplishment of those main purposes for which the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense was organized. And for that reason it would seem wise to demobilize formally a great part of the machinery created by the State Council of Defense. "The Council, therefore, will receive its honor- able discharge on December 31, 1918. The Organisation 15 "In dismantling this organization, so carefully built up and so creditable in achievement, it is our purpose that no phase of constructive work which should be continued, shall be lost. Permanent agencies of the State Government will undertake to carry on with some of these activities. Some departments of the Woman's Committee of the State Council must go straight on to the completion of tasks now before them. It would -be disastrous for such local commit- tees as the groups on Americanization, or the local Legal Committees which are assisting returning sol- diers and sailors, to discontinue their activities before their job is finished. "No one will question that it is the plain duty of local communities and organizations to see to it that there be no slackening of interest or eiTort in meeting the needs of reconstruction. "Despite the formal disbandment of the State Council, we shal! fee! free to call upon the various countv and local orginizations, and upon the se^■cral committees of the Council, as groups which will be wdlling and ready to assume new duties and assign- ments as the need arises. The war, whatever its bur- den, has brought one outstanding compensation : Tlie awakening of interest and responsibility in human welfare and the achievement of public good liy organ- ized efifort. "The war workers of Ohio have made their con- tribution to Victory, and to the new era. The obliga- tion of the state to "them cannot be measured or ex- pressed in terms of gratitude and praise. "The executive officers, and staft", of the State Council will be retained in the State House, until further notice, so that communication wdth the coun- ties may be maintained." i6 O/iio Branch, Council of National Defense At the same time, the following letter was sent by the Gover- nor to each member of the Council : Dear Sir: "Every purpose to aid in the successful prosecu- tion of the war, for which the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was organized, having been ac- complished, it seems advisable and due to the mem- bers thereof that they be formally released from fur- ther responsibility in this connection. Certain com- mittee work not yet completed will be for the time continued. "A unity of thought and effort, stimulated by this organization, carried Ohio far in our attempt to do our utmost in the war. As a result of this formal or- ganization and your wholehearted support to every plan, the federal government has found Ohio ready at at every call. "The members of the Council have not been called into a formal meeting for disbandment for the reason that we realize their personal responsibilities and the value of time to men who have given so much unselfishly. For this reason also the Council has not been called together as frequently as we would have liked, but we have relied upon the counsel and assist- ance of individual members and their moral strength to committees which were created at the time of organization. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, has achieved success and value thru the strength of its personnel, and to you as one of its efficient members is due the thanks of the nation and the state, and the gratitude of your co-workers. "It may be that future difficulties will arise in which it may be necessary to again call upon you for further service. Should this be the case, we are sure we may count upon you in the future as we have relied upon you in the past. Let this be not only a formal testimonial of war service well rendered, but County Orijauizatioii i~ let it, please, also be the warmest expression of per- sonal appreciation of which I am capable. "A\^ith every good wish, I am "Very truly yours, (Signed) "James M. C'nx. 'P. S. A complete history of the operation and activities of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, is now being prepared, and will be for- warded to you as soon as it is off the press. "Enclosed herewith is a formal statement to the war workers of Ohio,* announcing officially the de- mobilization of the State Council. It sets out fairly and completely the ideas which have guided our activities and the purposes which we must continue to bear in mind. ..^ ,, . ,, The Executive Secretary of the State Council, early in Decem- ber, 1918, was appointed Federal Field Secretary for the Council of National Defense at Washington, and in that capacity has been directed by both the National Council, representing the federal government, and by the Governor, representing the state govern- ment to continue to receive the communications from the federal government, assigning duties and tasks in after-war readjustment, and to assist in the accomplishment of these duties and tasks through appropriate machinery in Ohio. COUNTY AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION. Ohio was one of the latest states in the Union to undertake, from headcjuarters of the State Council, the organization of so- called County and Community Councils of Defense. This delay sprang from three reasons : (a) The fact that the State Council, almost simul- taneously with its own creation, decentral- ized in the county, bv the a])pointment of a County War Food and Crop Commissioner, with township deputies. 2 C. ''IF N. I) i8 Ohio Branch, Council of \afio)iaI Defense (b) The fact that the Council was able, until well along in its career, to accomplish, through this County War Food and Crop Commissioner, through the granges, through the Agricultural Extension Service, Labor Unions, Chambers of Commerce, and other organizations, the main purposes for which it had been created and the main tasks which were assigned to it by the federal governmenl. (c) The fact that Ohio early became a "War Chest State," with countv and community War Chests — whose organization, personnel and methods paralleled in some respects very closely a County Council of Defense, and, in any event, made unwise and impracticable in most communities the formation of another general war community organization. At all events, when undertaken, the creation of County Coun- cils in the state presented |)eculiar difticulties, dui-' to the fact that the war had been in progress one year before definite action was taken by the Council on this line. As noted before, other specialized organizations of one kind or another had grown up, in many cases one for each particular recurring campaign. These organizations had been generally successful, and desireopulated, and it is safe to say that ninety per cent of the population of Ohio w-as reached in a reasonably effective way by the Council of National Defense, either through organiza- tions built up by the State Council in the counties, or through county and community organizations formed originally on local initiative, but cooperating with the State Council. Following are the lists of the counties, their population, and the name and address of the correspondent with whom the State Council dealt in the affection of the war program : Adams 24,755 Judge \V. P. Stephenson... West Union Allen 56,580 B. A. Gramm Lima Ashland 22,975 F. N: Patterson Ashland Ashtabula 59,547 H. W. Luethi Ashtabula Athens 47,798 R. B. Leopold Athens Belmont 76,856 W. C. Carnahan Bellaire Brown 24,832 L. V Williams Ripley Carroll 15,761 Mrs. A. P. Getzman CarroUton Champaign .... 26,351 H. W. Houston Urbana Clark 66,435 Frank A. Crothers Springfield Clermont 29,551 A. B. Nichols Batavia Clinton 23,680 Rev. J. L. Buckley Wilmington Columbiana .... 76,619 Geo. H. Owen East Liverpool County Organization 23 Coshocton 30,121 Crawford 34,036 Darke 42,933 Defiance 24,498 Delaware 27,182 Erie 38,327 Fairfield 39,201 Fayette 21,744 Franklin 221,567 Fulton 23,914 Gallia 25,745 Geauga 14,670 Greene 29,733 Guernsey 42,716 Hamilton 500,000 Hancock 37,860 Hardin 30,407 Harrison 19,076 Henry 25,119 Highland 28,711 Hocking 23,650 Holmes 17,909 Huron 34,206 Jackson 30,791 Jefferson 65,423 Knox 30.181 Lake 22,927 Lawrence 39,488 Licking 55,590 Logan 30,084 Lucas 192,728 Madison 19,902 Mahoning 175,000 Marion 39,000 Medina 23,598 Meigs 25,594 Mercer 27,536 Miami 45,047 Monroe 24,294 Montgomery ... 163,763 Morgan 16,097 Morrow 16,815 Muskingum 57,488 Noble 18,601 Ottawa 22. .360 Thos. G. Brown Coshocton M. B. Morrissey Bucyrus D. L. Gaskill Greenville W. W. Heater Defiance L. C. Riddle Delaware F. F. Eubank Sandusky W. K. Martin Lancaster A. W. Duff Washington C. H. J. T. Daniels Columbus Frank H. Reighart Wauseon Dr. J. A. Lupton Gallipolis H. C. Bickle Chardon Theodore Neff Yellow Springs Thos. Moss Cambridge George W. Harris, 710 Gwynne Bldg Cincinnati C. F. Coykendale Findlay Burr Finnell Kenton J. G. Coil Cadiz Dr. Scott F. Hershey Napoleon Jos. F. Kerns Hillsboro L. P. Mooney Murray City Dr. J. D. Fair Millersburg A. H. Cowley Norwalk M. A. Henson Jackson D. W. Case Steubenville L. G. Mayer Mount Vernon Mrs. J. G. Bartholomew. . . . Painesville N. N. Potts Ironton E. C. Wright Newark Merlyn R. Whitney Belief ontaine S. F. D. Meffley, Commerce Club Toledo .A.. T. Cordray London J. A. Campbell Youngstown Dr. C. E. Sawyer Marion L. H. Randall Medina A. V. Howell Pomeroy A. C. F. Gilberg Celina Ralph Sullivan Piqua J. M. Lofifland Woodsfield J. D. Neilson Dayton T. J. Bailey McConnelsville F. B. McMillin Mount Gilead Fred Geiger, Jr Zanesville J. M. Murphy, Mayor Caldwell G. L. Hann Port Clinton 24 Oliin H ranch. L'oiiiicil of National Defense Paulding- -J-J ,T;'.0 J. C Berg Paulding Perry 35,396 W. J. Bankes New Lexington Pickaway 20,158 H. G. Stevenson Circleville ' Pike 15,723 J. W. Sylvester Bainbridge Portage :!0,3fl7 Aliss Elizabeth Haymaker.. Ravenna Preble 2;i,834 Judge A. C. Risinger Eaton Putnam 29.972 Judge H. M. Summers Ottawa Richland 47,fi()7 Wellington T. Leonard Alansfield Ko^s |(),(t(;n \\'illiam L. Miller ChilHcothe Sandusky 35.171 P>. H. Swift Fremont Scioto 48,463 Philo S. Clark Portsmouth Seneca 42.421 O. .V.Charles Tiffin Shelby 24.6(i3 Urban H. Dn„rley Sidney Stark 122 ,9c^7 G. E. Lundy Canton Summit 108.253 Dr. I-:. E. Quirk Akr.m Tuscarawas .... 57.035 C. L. Mcllvaine New Philadelphia Cnion 21 ,871 Lee Wilkins Marysville Van Wert 29,119 Rev. J. L. Corley Van Wert \'inton 13.096 L. W. Sprague AlcArthur Warren 21.0!I7 Stanley AL Sellers Lebanon Washington ... 15,122 B. D. Hovey Marietta Wayne 38,0.58 Judge C. A. Weiser Wooster Williams 25. 198 E. T. Binns Bryan Wood l(;.:!.-.0 Dr. Thos. M. Lea Bowling Green W\andot 2o,7fl0 G. D. Trowbridge LTpper Sandusky Tlic following- fivv counties were oi'j^'anizcd in two divisions Auglaize 31 ,24(i C. W. Timmermeister Wapakoncta lloliart Scott St. Marys Butler 70,271 Darrel Joyce ftamilton (George M. \^erity Middletown Cuyahoga G:V7,455 llarr.\- L. A'ail, 22Li City Hall Cleveland ( for Cleveland only ) A. G. ^'aw])erg, 2oo Old Court House Cleveland ( lialance of county) lj)rain 7(i.037 C. K. Kent Lorain \\. Jay 1 lowenstine Elyria Trumbull 52.7()l'i b'red R. Byard ^^'arren R. M. Smith Niles Tabulation of Ohio IJ'ar Chests 2^ WAR CHESTS AND COMMUNITY COUNCILS By means of questionnaires a complete and accurate report from all War Chests in the state has been compiled. This re]:)ort shows. that more than thirty-se\en millions of dollars are included in Ohio War Chests and that three and a quarter millions of Ohio's population have been canvassed to produce this amount. TABULATION OF OHIO WAR CHESTS The following table shows the 6i War Chests that have been filled in as many Ohio communities. The War Chests cover a population of nearly three and one quarter millions of people and show a voluntary subscription of more than $37,000,000. The figures, of which there are jirobably no other like compilation in existence, are the work of S. J. Brandenburg. Countv Councils, Chairman of the Council of National Defense: Ainouiit Per Capita Subscribed. Subscription. *A!len $750,000 $12 50 Ashtabula — Aslitabiila City 188,000 8 55 Geneva 22 , 807 6 16 Orwell 4 . 025 4 03 Athens 385 , 000 7 70 Auglaize — Eastern half of county 53.000 3 53 Western half of county ■ 50.000 3 12 Butler (except Middletown and two townsliips) . . 423,638 7.70 Champaign — St. Paris and Johnson tOAvnship. . . . 12,500 6 25 Clark 1,400.000 21 08 Clermont — Batavia 11 . 100 4 44 New Richmond 5 . 400 1 80 Williamsburg 6.469 2 15 Columbiana — East Liverpool 200,000 8 33 East Palestine and Unity township 32.000 5 33 Coshocton 275 . 000 9 13 Crawford — Crestline and Jackson township 29.514 5 90 Cuyahoga 10.000.000 15 38 Fairfield 325 . 000 8 29 Fayette 190,000 8 74 Franklin 3,300.000 13 20 Fulton 100.000 4 17 Guernsey 137.000 3 04 Hamilton — *Cincinnati 6,000.000 14 29 26 Ohio BrcDich, Council of National Defense Amount Subscribed. Higliland 185 . 000 Hocking 180.000 Holmes 52,000 Huron Bellevue and two townships 42,000 Monroeville and three townships 18,000 Norwalk and one township 60,800 Lake 214 ,000 Licking 470,000 Lorain .-. . Elyria 150,000 Oberlin and four townships 49,500 Wellington and four townships 12,304 Lucas 2 ,020 ,000 Madison Mt. Sterling and Pleasant township 15,815 Mahoning 2 , 100 , 000 *Meigs 80,000 Miami 515,000 Montgomery 1 ,620,240 Ottawa Danhury townshi]) 4,800 Oak Harbor 15,000 Port Clinton and one township 12,500 Put-in-Bay .township R,237 Pickaway . . . 183,000 Portage 145,000 Richland 340,000 Ross (except Deerfield) 225,000 Deerfield school district 7,200 Scioto 464,000 Seneca (except Fostoria) 150,000 Fostoria and two townships 90.000 Shelby 100,000 Summit 2,535.452 Truml)ull (except Niles) 300.000 Niles and two townships 50.000 Tuscarawas Dover and Dover township 192,000 Vinton (except Hamden) 18,000 Hamden • 1.000 Total >:37. 1(10.370 Per Capita Subscription. 6 45 7 61 2 89 4 20 3 27 6 54 9 30 8 39 7 50 6 36 2 75 13 57 5 27 11 67 3 13 11 44 10 13 1 92 4 29 4 17 4 98 7 04 4 83 . 6 80 5 62 4 80 9 67 5 36 6 00 4 07 12 07 (] 00 3 33 19 20 1 50 1 00 * Estimates (inh'. Tabulation of Ohio War Chests 27 Early in the new year Stark and Tuscarawas Counties will complete War Chests of $600,000 and $500,000 respectively. The creation of Community Councils of Defense, as sub-organ- izations of the county unit, as a means of reaching all the people individually and creating a right understanding of war aims and war programs was a distinct part of the work of the State Council of Defense. Data are not available to show just how many Community Councils have been created, or how extensive their membership. It is the estimate of the County and Community Organization Division of the State Council that probably about one-third of the population of the state is included in the regions which have per- fected, or at any rate undertaken the creation of some kind of Community Council. PART II WOMAN'S COMMITTEE ORIGIN AND PURPOSE The Woman's Committee nas created 1)\' the Council of Na- tional Defense in Aj)ril, \y)ij. with Doctor .Anna Howard Shaw as national chairman. The ten members of the committee at Washing- ton served without compensation, the Council providing them with headquarters, secretaries, clerical hel]) and franking privileges. The ])urpose of the Woman's C(jmmittee was to coordinate the patriotic activities of all women and women's organizations, so that efticiencx' might he promoted, and o\erlapping and waste of effort eliminated. l')\- the association together of all women's organi- zations, including leaders among unorganized women, the time and energ\' of women not usualh' engaged in puhlic ser\-ice was placed at the serxice of the government. It was the task of the committee at Washington to supidy a prograiu which would unite in a common cause all existing agencies and to su|)plement them, where necessary, so as to keep the social bod\- sound in time of war. Consequently, the program of the Woman's Committee was concerned with matters of home defense and social welfare rather than with afl'airs more immediately con- nected with the ])rosecution of the war in Europe. The far-sighted program outline(l at the beginning of the war was changed but little, and proved so constructive and valuable as to deserve con- tinuance through the period of reconstruction until the work could be shifted to peace-time agencies. ST.XTb: CHAIRM.VN The national committee in Washington appointed temporary chairmen in each of the 48 states, charging them with responsibility for organizing slate divisions of the Woman's Committee. Mrs. ()r(/ii)iirjat!Oii of IJ'oniaii's Coinmiitcc 29 George Zininierman, of ]*'renioiU. who was then State President of the Federation of Women's Clubs, was made first temporary chairman in Ohio. Her appointment was approved by the Gov- ernor and the State Cotmcil, and was contirnied by election in June. 1917. She served until December, 1917, when ill health made her resignation necessary. She was succeeded by Miss Belle Sherwin. who, from the begininng of the war, had been chairman of the Cleveland Woman's Committee, and served as State Chair- man from December, 1917, to the end of the war. GENERAL COMMITTE The presidents of all state organizations of women, together with representatives of all national organizations, constituted the General Committee, becoming, by \irtue of their office, the electors in the Woman's Committee. Through them, affiliation with the many thousand women in their membership was secured. The General Committee included the representatives of 50 organizations in Ohio and was called into conference four times, written com- munications being sent them at other times from state headquarters. STATE ORGANIZATIONS COMPRISING THE GENERAL COMMITTEE Xcnnc I'f 0)-;iatiizat'u>n. President. Association Opposed to Woman's Suttrasj;'.' 1!*17 — Mrs. H. E. Talbott l!ll,^ — Mrs. Nicholas Longworth Auxiliary to United Spanish War W^erans Mrs. Edythe M. Noble Benefit Association of Maccabees Mrs. Nellie C. V. Heppert Catholic Ladies of Columbia Mrs. Elizabeth W^olf Consumers' League of Ohio Miss Myrta L. Jones Daughters of the American Revolution... Mrs. Edward L. Harris Daughters of Pocahontas Mrs. Clem Jenkins Daughters of Veterans of the Civil War 186L(i.") 1917 — Miss Faye Cavanaugh 1018 — Mrs. Hallie L Everts Girls' Friendly Society in America Miss Marion A. Parson- Grand International Au.xiliary to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Mrs. Mary E. Cassell International Federation of Catholic Alumnae 1917 — Mrs. Putnam Anawalt 1918 — Miss M. Belle Cavanaugli International Order of the King's Daugh- ters and Sons Mrs. Sara F. Gu^^le 30 Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense A^avic of Oryaiiizatioii. Ladies Auxiliary, Brotherhood of R. R. Trainmen Ladies' Auxiliary to Order of Railway Conductors Ladies of the Grand Army nf the Repulylic 1917 1918 Ladies of the Modern Maccabees Ladies' Society to Brotherhood of Loco- motive Firemen and Enginemen National Association of Collegiate Alumnae National Civic Federation, Ohio Section.. National Congress of Mothers' and Parent- Teachers' Ass'n National Council of Jewish Women National League for Women's Service... National Society United States Daughters of 181-2 Ohio Association of National Retail Drug- gists Ohio Catholic Women's Association Ohio Federation of Colored Women's Clubs Ohio Federation of Music Clubs 1917- 1918- Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs Ohio Home Economics Association Ohio Kindergerten Association Ohio Newspaper Women's Association.. 1917- 1918- ( )liio State Association of Graduate Nurses 1917- 1918- Ohio State LIniversity Alunma' Club Ohio Woman Suffrage Association Ohio Women's Military .Auxiliary Order of the Eastern Star Pythian Sisters 1917- 1918- Rebckahs Rivers and Harbors Congress Society of Colonial Dames of America... Sons of Veterans' Auxiliary United Daughters of the Confederacy.... \\'omen's .Association of Commerce Women's Benefit .'\ssociation of Maccabees President. Mrs. Augusta M. Statzer Mrs. J. H. Moore - Mrs. John F. Brand - Mrs. Clara Holmes Mrs. Lula S. Bailey Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miss Grace Latimer Jones Mrs. Lawrence Maxwell Mrs. W. IT. Sawyer Mrs. Clarence E. Mack Mrs. George Hoadly Mrs. George T. Mcintosh Mrs. F. E. McBride ' , Mrs. Bellamy Storer Miss Anna V. Hughes -Miss Pauline Harrison -Mrs. Arthur Bradley Mrs. Prentice E. Rood Miss Mary Parker Miss Elizabetli X. Samuel -Miss Amoretta l'"itch -Miss Pearl LI elf rich - Miss Jennie L. Tuttle -Miss Claribel A. Wheeler Miss Alice D. Hare Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton Mrs. H. E. Talbott Mrs. Rose Waltz Norris •Mrs. Esther Bartlett -Miss Ella V. Niederman Mrs. W. H. Anders Mrs. Elmer G. Laurence Mrs. Herman J. Groes- beck Mrs. Mary E. Simonds Mrs. W. B. Sells Miss H. Anna Quinby Mrs. Fami}- Iscnnagle Organization of Woman's Committee 31 Name of Organization. President. Women's Christian Temperance Union.... Mrs. Florence T. Richard Women's Farm Clubs Miss Harriet Mason Women's Relief Corps Miss Mary J. Wilson Women's Temple Association 1917 — Mrs. Sol Bing ■ 1918 — Miss Edna Goldsmith Young Women's Christian Association.... Miss Helen Taj'lor EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The Executive Committee was composed of tlie officers elected by the General Committee, the heads of dejjartments, members at large, representatives of coordinated agencies, and salaried execti- tive officers. The heads of departments and the execittive officers were for the most part professional women, who. b.ecaiise of their training and eminence in their own fields, were the natural appointees. Thev were able to give skilled service in their departments and several of them were already provided with their own office service. Where it was not possible for them to provide such service, secre- tarial help was secured b\ i)rivate contributions, or given at the state headquarters. Begininng with December, kjij, the Executive Committee met regularly on the first Thursday of each month. Thirteen meetings in all were held. The attendance averaged fourteen members at each meet'ng. members paying their own traveling expenses. MEMBERS OF STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 8 Elected Officers Chairman Mrs. George Zimmerman. June nnj-April 1918. Miss Belle Sherwin. June 191 S- ( Actimj Chairman, December iQij-Jnne JQiS) \'ice Chairmen Mrs. George Zinnieiman. Fremont. A])ril 191S- Mrs. S. B. Sneath. Tiffin. June KJ17- Mrs. Eawrence Alaxwell. Cincir.nati. June 19 17- Mrs. \V. O. Thompson, Columluis June I9i7-June i()i8. Mrs. Malcolm L. McBridc. Ckvelan 1. June KJ17- Mrs. Elizabeth C. Wolf. Dayton. June 1918- 32 (.*//;(; Branch. L'iiiiiicil i}f Xaiioiuil Prfcnsr Secrt'tary Mrs. J'^Jizaljcth C Wolf. Daylon. June 1917-June 1918. Mrs. W. ( ). Thoinpson. LDlunil)Us. June iQicS- Trea surer Mrs. Clarence I^^ Mack. Cincinnati. June M)17-' )ct(tl)er i()iS. Mrs. William Neil King, Columbus. ( )ctober iyi8- ./ M cnibcrs-at-lAinjc Miss M. I^lith Caiu])])ell. Cincinnati Mrs. Paul WOoUey, L'incinnati Mrs. ]Mary Weitler, Cincinnati Mrs. Ray N. Watterson, lolumbus 6 Heads iif Pcf^artiiiciits i*\jO(l Miss JMlna X. White, Columbus Child Welfare Ur. I'rances .M . 1 lolliui^shead, C'olumbus. lune MjiJ-June i()iS. Miss Luc\- 1'). lUu'll. l'aines\ille, Jul}' l»>l8- Eclucational Propaganda Miss Grace R. Peters. L'olumbus Women and Childi-en in lndustr_\- Miss Myrta L. Jones, Cleveland Training C"l asses Miss P.ertha 1\. ^'oung, C'incinnati Nursing Miss Laura K. Logan. Cincinnati T Representatives of Coordinated Aqeneies Liberty Loan Mrs. P^rank Muhlhauser, Cleveland Americanization Miss pdiette Sessions. Cohunbus ( >r(/jiii:::ati(iii of U'oinau's C (ninnittcc 3^^ Lake Division, American Red Cross Woman's Bureau Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, Cleveland, June i^ij-.Xpril 191 S. Home Service Miss Eleanor Walker, Cleveland. June 1918- Surgical Dressings Mrs. Charles W. Watson. Cleveland. October 1(^8- Mospital Ciarments and Knitting- Mrs. U. W. Striebinger. Cleveland. ( )ct<)ber i(ji. Johnson Eield Secretary Miss Marie H. Milliken, December i(;i7-Ma_\- njiS. Mrs. Henry R. Spencer. May 1918-November 1918. OFFICE STALE Beginning in Decenjljcr Jtji/. the heackjuarters of the Woman"'^ Committee was established at the ."^tate House, in the (jovernor's suite, adjoining the room occupied 1)\- the State Council of Defense and the Eood .Vdministration. The Executi^■e Secretary was in charge of office headciuarlers, beginning with the ] usually ai)i)ertain to such offices. ARTICI-E VII DEP.\KTME.\'TS .Section i. The General Committee shall author- ize the chairman, in con>ultatii m with the other of- * As many as desired to secure reprcseiitatinn uf \arifnis elements in tlie locality. Organizatioi of IVoiiian's Coiiiiiiittcc 37 ticers, to appoint chairmen of such departments as are recommended by State Headquarters. Section 2. The chairman of each of these depart- ments shall form her own committee. Section 3. The chairmen of tlie standing com- mittees shall submit plans of work desired to be under- taken to the Executive Committee for approval, and shall report to the General Committee all work ac- complished." ARTICLE VIII MEETINGS Section 1. The General Committee shall meet at such times and places as shall be deemed advisable by the Executive Committee, or upon request of one- fourth of the members of the General Committee. Section 2. The Executive Committee shall hold regular meetings on each and every (insert date ) at such place as shall be determined by the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the Executive Com- mittee may be called by the Chair by notice to each member. Section 3 members of the General Committee constitute a quorum mem- bers of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. ARTICLE IX AMENDMENTS The Constitution and By-laws may be amended at any meeting of the General Committee called for that purpose by a two-thirds vote. XdTK — Tliis constitution can l)f changed somewhat to meet local con- ditions. 38 Ohio Branch, Coitiicil of Xational Defense UNITS OF ORGANIZATION L'ouiity ori^anization had l)ecn com])leted in j^ counties at the close of the year 1918. In 7 otliers, temporary chairmen had been appointed and were doing at least part of the work. Three counties were without chairmen or organization. Each one of the 3 had been visited by the Field vSecretary or State Chairman, but the temporary chairmen appointed subsequently resigned. Twelve cities, not county seats, ])ut for the. most part as large as their county seats, asked to be recognized as independent city units, receiving communications direct from state headquarters, and reporting directly there. With the knowledge and consent of the county chairman in each case, special arrangements were made for placing these units on the mailing list at state headquarters, while reports from them were required in duplicate, one for the state and one for the county seat. Citv, town and township units niiml)ered 1,000 at the time of the armistice. rhe\' were organized for work in (le])artments ranging in num])er from i to 21. In ])ractically e\ery unit, the k'xecutive Committee was composed of at least five women: the local chairman, the heads of Departments on Food and Child Welfare, together with the representatives of the Red Cross and the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee. Comnnu:ications with the township units were sent through the county chairmen. In cases of special importance, where time was an important element, suffi- cient copies of any gi\en comnnmication were sent to the county chairman, for her to distribute to the townships, but, for the most part, the county chairmen were expected to prepare their own copies of communications recei\ed from the State House, adapting them to local needs, l)efore distributing them to the townships. The wide range of the local units and their inclusive character is best seen and remembered by two typical meetings. One was held in the lofty oak-paneled council chamber of a big City Hall. Three hundred women, re])resenting every known civic, philan- throi)ic, fraternal, social, religious, labor and educational organiza- tion met to rejiort their war activity and the total accomplishment. Every walk and habit of life in a cosmopolitan city was represented by their leaders. The other meeting was an evening gathering, in a little church on a hill, in the midst of a farming region. The whole country- Organisation of IVonian's Committee 39 side came at the call of the township chairman of the Woman's Committee to hear a speaker from France. Before the address, the chairman made three announcements : that the Liberty Loan Chairman was home with a sick child, so the chairman's husband would make a report; that the Food chairman had arranged a meeting next week at which a Federal Agent would hold a cottage cheese demonstration; and that she herself had a new lot of wool at her house for the Red Cross knitters. Each committee and its chairman were evidently as well known as the church and the minister. CONFERENCES Two state-wide conferences were held in Columbus, in De- cember, 1917, and in March, 1918. One hundred and sixty dele- gates attended the first conference, representing 26 state organiza- tions and 46 counties, filling the Senate Chamber in the State House to its capacity. The program of the conference follows: Roll Call on County Organization, Conducted by Mrs. George Zimmerman. The Work of the Woman's Committee for the Liberty Loan, Mrs. Frank Muhlhauser. The Red Cross in Ohio, Mrs. Henry L. Sanford. Child Welfare, Dr. Frances M. Hollingshead. Committee on Nursing, Miss Laura R. Logan. The World Food Situation, Mr. Fred C. Croxton. Plans for Food Conservation in Ohio, Miss Edna N. White. Protective \\'ork for Girls in the Neighborhood of Camp Sherman, Mrs. Malcolm L. McBride, Miss Susan L. Ball. Ohio Women's Military Auxiliary, Mrs. Harrv F. Talbott. 40 Oliio Branch, Council of Xafioiia! Ih^fcitsc At the' second conference. 144 delegates were present, repre- senting state organizations and 25 counties. This conference, with Miss Belle Sherwin presiding, was held in the House of Repre- sentatives, with the following program: Alinutes of Conference of December 6. Roll Call and One Minute Reports, from Heads of State Organizations. Report of Progress on Organization of Counties and Townships. ( )ne County Chairman's Experience in Organizing. Mrs. Louis E. Burgner. Oberlin. Committee on Educational Propaganda as an Aid to C)rganization, Miss Grace R. Peters. Committee on Training Classes, Miss Bertha K. Young. Child Welfare — A F'orecast, Dr. Frances M. Hollingshead. The Next Food Problem. Miss Edna X. White. ' Methods of the Food Canxass in Cincinnati, Mrs. Cooper Proctor. Question Box. During the summer of ]()i8. a series of smaMer conferences was held for the intimate discussion of local problems an.d for the training of local officers and department heads. The state was di\-i(led into eight districts, a\'eraging eleven counties in each, the ])lace for the conference being determined bv transi)oriation facili- ties. .Seven district conferences were held, as follows: June lM. Oberlin jinif l'S, Sidney July !'. Cincinnati August 2. Cteinl>er ]"2, Canil)ri(liie Octoher A. Akron ()r(jaiii.::ati(>ii of Iranian's Coinniittcc 41 Seventy-eight counties were included in these seven con- ferences, with a total attendance of 1,750. The influenza quarantine prevented the last of the series, in which the south central district was to have met in Chillicothe the last of October. Through the district conferences, as well as the visits of the Field Secretary, the executive officers came to know personally all but 3 of the 85 county chairmen. This personal acc|uaintance cemented the organization as no other relation could. The program at each conference was somewhat similar, in order- to drill the officers of the departments of work and methods of organization. In the morning. Round Tables were held on the departments of work, conducted by the state chairmen of the departments, while Miss Sherwin led the Round Table on organiza- tion for the comity and township chairmen. In the afternoon there was an open meeting to which all the women of the locality were invited. The addresses were on topics of general interest by such speakers of note as Mrs. Mary Breckenridge Thompson of the Federal Children's Bureau, and Mrs. Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale of the Federal Food Administration, supplemented by state and local speakers. "How to Find Time for the Woman's Com- mittee" was a theme that was successfully threaded through the series of meetings. Among other topics discussed were: "The Im])ortance and Significance of the Wom- an's Committee. '" "What Makes a Good Meeting" "How to Reach and Rouse a Conininnity." "The Challenge of War to Ohio Women" As a preliniinar\- to the conference, each county chairman made a brief survey of her county according to the following outline, which was intended to give her a bird's eye view of her problems and her resources : "COUNTY STUDY "(i) Population of comity and number of families. Population of county seat and number of fam- ilies. Population of four largest towns. ( For families consult Board of Elections or County Auditor.) 4-2 Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense "(2) Have you large groups of foreigners in your county ? Can you find out how many there are in each group ? (Distinguish between recent immigrants and the second generation. "(3) What are the leading occupations in your county; i. e. farming, manufacturing, etc. (If manufacturing, give industries. ) "(4) How many schools in your county? (Con- sult Supt. of Schools.) PuIjHc, graded and ungraded. Private. Parochial. (Consult Lutheran and Catholic priests. ) "(5) Number of libraries and their location. Have you any traveling libraries from the State Library, State House, Columbus? "(6) How many public health nurses in your county ? How are their salaries met and how much terri- tory do they cover? "(7) How many hospitals in your county? Where located ? "(8) What public institutions have you: either state, county or city ? (Such as County Children's Home. Hospital for Insane, Town Farm, etc.) "(9) List your private charities. (Such as Associated Charities, benevolent asso- ciations, etc.) "If any additional information is readily avail- able, such as the proportion of good roads in your county, or paved streets, of land under cultivation, and average value per acre of farm land, it would be of great interest. "If there are natural barriers, such as hills, ra- vines, etc., which make one" part of the county inac- cessible from another, and ]>articularly from the county seat, please note it in your report." ()rig cities. DEPARTAIEXT OF Fool) STATE COMMITTEE Miss Edna N. White, Cliairnian Columbus ^Irs. James ]\I. Cox Dayton ^Irs. Linus B. KautYman Columbus ^Irs. Frank Long Cincinnati Mrs. L. T. McFarlan.l Van Wert Miss Harriet Mason ._ Cleveland Mrs. Elizabeth Schaus Toledo The ])tn"j)0se of the Department of Food was to develop the food resources of every coiunnmitv bv increasiner the local food Department of Food 45- supply; by teaching methods of using and preserving foods; and by enlisting the willing cooperation of every householder in food conservation. The chairman of the state committee was also head of the De- partment of Home Economics of Ohio State University, director of extension work in home economics throughout the state, and chairman of food conservation under the Federal Food Adminis- tration for Ohio. For this reason, woman's food work in Ohio was coordinated to an unusual degree, the volunteer groups in the localities supplementing and backing the work of the professional workers sent out by the University and the federal government, each group making the other doubly effective. ORGAXIZATION Seventy-two counties, () independent city units, and yio towns- and townships w^ere organized for food work. Besides this total of 991 women who served as volunteer chairmen of their depart- ments, 900 trained home economics women volunteered to do part- time service, while there were 19 Home Demonstration Agents, trained women, doing full-time work over the state, and 24 on the staff" of the Extension Department of the University. WORK ACCOMPLISHED In the first two campaigns for food conservation 1,941,00*0 food pledge cards w^ere circulated, the Woman's Committee dividing the work with the schools and the county committees under the Food Administration. Another million had been distributed for the third campaign whn word was received from the Federal Food Adminis- tration calling off' the house-to-house canvass. Volunteer speakers and Home Demonstration Agents gave 2,887 talks and demonstra- tions raching all cjuarters of the largr cities and many of the most isolated rural communities. Several large food exhibits were held in the state, notably at Cleveland, Akron, Canton, Springfield and Cin- cinnati. An educational food exhibit was given at the National Dairy Show in Columbus, October 10-19, 1918, together with dem- onstrations in seven diff'erent booths. A booth at the county fair was prepared by ])ractically every Food Committee in the counties- holding fairs. 46 O/iio llrancli. COiincil af Xatioiial Ih'fctisc PUBLICATIONS Five tlKnisaiul leaflets (lescrii)ti\e of the Food under the Woman's Committee were printed and (Hstribtited over the state. Six leaflets and bulletins were ])repared for the Food Administra- tion and six for the Home Economics Extension Department. DEPARTMENT OF CHILD WEEFARE STATF. COMMITTEE Dr. Frances M. Holliny.slieacl Columbus Chairman, June. If'lT-June, 1!U8 IMiss Lucy B. Buell, Chairman. July. If'lS Painesville Mrs. George L. Conver^^e Columbus Dr. Josephine L. Peirce Lima Miss Abbie Roberts Cincinnati Mrs. Myron S. Seiliert Columbus Mrs. Truitt B. Sellers Columbus Miss Edith E. Stringer Steubenville Dr. Gertrude Transeau Columbus The first state chairman was the plnsician in charge of the Child Hygiene Division of the State Dejjartment of Health, and was able to tise her ofifice, a stenographer, and the part-time service of an expert statistician on the program of the Woman's Committee. When she left to enter Red Cross service in France, she was succeeded by a woman with a long time interest in social service, a member of the Board of State Charities and on the Child Welfare Committee of th.at ])odv. She had the part-time service of a stenographer at the .State Department of J-fealth, a publicity agent and the \olunteer help of a statistician. This department was designed to strengthen all existing forms of child welfare in the various communities of Ohio; to stimulate sufficient interest in the children's movement to create activities in those places where organized work had not been established ; to work for the development of a community spirit which would help safeguard the children of Ohio, and to promote their physical, mental and moral well being; to sttidy social problems, to ftirther those economic conditions which make i)ossible a decent home for every child; to study a program for Children's Year and to adapt it to the needs and resources of difierent ])arts of Ohio. Department of Child J! 'el fare 47 WORK PRIOR TO CHILDREN'S YEAR From July 1917, to April 1918, the first chairman devoted her- self to an educational and publicity campaign to show why child welfare was an important part of a war defense program, stressing birth registration first of all. iVt her instigation, at least one county made a valuable family survey in which birth registration was the first item, reporting on 5,474 families, in the depths of the worst winter ever known. Following a series of talks on "Infant Feeding," a survey on milk conditions was made in which 33 counties collected data. In February, 1918, a Mothers' Bureau was opened in the State De- partment of Health for the registration and advice of pregnant women. In March a comprehensive program on child welfare work was framed in conference with the representatives of schools, health boards, and social agencies. THE CHILDREN'S YEAR The Children's Year program, beginning in April. 1918, called for the weighing and measuring of all children under six years. Sixty-two counties received the cards and instruction, about 45-50 doing the work. Returns from 27 counties were carefully analyzed at state headquarters. In July, came the Recreation Cam- paign, 30 counties reporting on work done. i\t the time this report goes to press, work is well under way for the "Back-to-the-School Drive," designed to return to school the children attracted into in- dustry by the unusually high wages. All boys under sixteen and girls under eighteen who did not return to school in the fall of 1918 will be visited before Easter, 1919, and cards filled out to show whether they are at work and have employment certificates. These cards will be analyzed at state headquarters and the returns made available to the Industrial Commission of Ohio. Prizes have been offered to school children in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades on the best essay on "Why Children Should Stay in School." A leaflet, called "Keep Ohio Boys and Girls in School," has been published by the cooperating Committee on Maintenance of Public School Standards under the Department of Educational Propaganda and 30,cxx) copies have been distributed through the state, largely amongf the schools. 48 Ohio BraiicJi. ('nmicil of Xational Ih^fcnsc DEI'ARTAIENT ( )F EDUCATIONAL PRUPAGAXDA STATE COMMITTEE Miss Grace R. Peter>. Chairman Columbus Mrs. L. E. Burger Oberlin Mrs. S. C. Derby Columbus Mr>. 11. K. Dunham Cincinnati Mrs. Rol>erl Morris." Toledo Miss Juliette Sessii ns Columbus -Miss Helen Smith Cleveland Miss 1 rma V'oigt .Athens Mrs. L. J. Wolf Cleveland The aim of the Department ut lulucatioiial Propaganda wa'; to disseminate truth about the war. thereby contributing to the unity of feeUng throughout the country iit sui)port of the war. C)rganiz.\tion for this department began in February, 1918. December i. 1918, there were 81 chairmen — 70 in charge of county committees and 11 in independent city units. No attempt was made to organize this dei)artment in the townsliip units, as it seemed more i)ractical to ha\e tlie work centralized in the county seat. NEWS POSTERS The state coiumittee \\i.shed to reacli aU places where women congregate, such as Red Cross stations, with tiiuely posters on sub- jects about which women should be thinking during war-time. It was impossible to consider publishing picture posters, so the Woman's Committee determined to issue a News Poster every two weeks. The following is a miniature reproduction of the issue of July 1st: Department of Ediicational Propaganda 49 WOMAN'S COMMITTEE OHIO BRANCH COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE State House Columbus News Poster No. 9 July 1. 1918 CRUSH KAISERISM WITH THRIFT We have been an extravagant people, wasteful because of prosperity. War has revealed our enor- mous losses through waste. Its cost can only be borne by the combined small savings of each of us. All non-essentials must go. W'hatever we do, eat, wear, must be measured by a single standard — will it help to prolong or end the war ? ECONOMY MEANS VICTORY Because posters had become xevy common and plastered every empty store window, every wall, and even the sidewalks, it was necessary to distinguish the poster of the Woman's Committee in some special way. Accordingly, the state committee designed a neat and attractive bulletin board 26" x 36", with a two-inch red molding, and presented a sample board to each county. The posters being printed in blue ink on white paper, with the red frame, gave a very nice red, white and blue effect. The counties were urged to have additional boards made locally. Specifications for the board were furnished and local carpenters, lumber companies, and manual training classes made the boards, usually at cost. Where local ar- rangements could not be made conveniently, boards were ordered from headquarters. The number of boards varied in each county from one or two to one hundred and seventy. SPEAKERS' BUREAUS Each local committee was expected to organize a Speakers' Bureau, to aid the county chairman in organizing her townships by explaining the program of the Woman's Committee and each de- partment of work, and by talking for the special campaigns, such as 4 C OF N. D. 50 Ohio Branch, Coioicil of Xatioiial Defense the Liberty Loans, the Nurses' Drive, and the Food Campaign for World Relief. The number of speakers registered with each bureau varied from 6 to 150. Material for the use of speakers was forwarded to the counties from time to time, including outlines of talks, pre- pared by the state committee, ,on Child Welfare and the Re- habilitation of the Wounded Soldier." A sub-committee on the Maintenance of School Standards was formed in July, 1918, under the Department of Educational Propaganda, and was composed of representatives of the Woman Suffrage Association, of the Parent-Teachers Association, of the Federation of Women's Clubs, of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and of the Consumers' League. Li the name of the sub- committee a leaflet on the "Importance of Maintaining School Standards in War Time" was iniblishcd and over 20,000 copies were distributed throughout the state. Thirty thousand copies of a second leaflet, called "Keep ( )hio Boys and (lirls in School," were dis- tril)Ute(l in connection witli the P>ack-to-School Drive. DEPARTMENT OF NURSING STATE COMMITTEE Miss Laura R. Logan , Chairman Cincinnati Mrs. Alfred Brewster Cleveland Miss Anna C. Gladwin Columbus Mrs. Clarence Greer Dayton Miss Eleanor Hamilton Dayton Miss Charlotte Ludwig Cleveland Miss Mary M. Roberts Camp Sherman Miss Helena R. Stewart Columbus Miss Claribel Wheeler Cleveland The state chairman is Director of the School of Nurs- ing and Health, at the Cincinnati (ieneral Hospital, and was able to direct the work from her office there, with some volunteer assistance from the Cincinnati Visiting Nurses' Association. The purpose of this department was to enlist the interest of patriotic young women in nursing as a war service ; to increase the supply of pupils in the training schools for nurses ; to secure the coo])eration of hospitals in enlarging their training schools and Department of Nursing <,T teaching forces; and to consider and advise u{X)n problems of nurs- ing and nurse training. ORGANIZATION During the first six months of the year 1918, 17 Com- mitees on Nursing were organized in the largest cities of the state, with both nurses and laywomen as members. In June, 1918, with the call from Washington for a nation-wide campaign to recruit pupil nurses, every county chairman was asked to organize a Committee on Nursing. WORK ACCOMPLISHED During the six months prior to the Nurses' Drive, addresses were delivered in ten universities and women's colleges. One thousand copies of the booklet, "Opportunities in the Field of Nursing;" io,(X)0 copies of the leaflet issued by the National Com- mitttee on Nursing; 1,500 copies of the pamphlet, "Nursing, a National Service," were distributed in the state. Between four and five hundred young women were enlisted as pupil nurses before the big drive began in July. A preliminary survey was made of the 65 registered training schools in the state and a full report sent to the Committee on Nursing at Washington ; and, at the close of summer, 1918. reports showed that practically every school in the state was filled to its capacity and some of them had long waiting lists. The fall classes are roughly estimated as entering 700 new students. Only candi- dates who had had at least one full year of high school were en- rolled, and some 200 applicants with insufficient education were sent back to school to complete the requirement. Application blanks for 617 additional recruits had been sent to Washington by Novem- ber, 1 918. Of these, 0% were college graduates . 21% had had Y^ to 3>^ years of college credit, 39% were high school graduates, 35% had had from 1 to 3^ years of high school credit. 100% During the height of the campaign in August, 1918, 900 copies of the following poster were exhibited over the state in places where women congregate : Ohio Branch, Comicil of National Defense WOMAN'S COABIITTEE OHIO BRANCH COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE State House Columbus News Poster No. 11 August 1, 1918 WANTED IN OHIO 2230 YOUNG WOMEN Intelligent, Responsible Of Good Education Of Sound Health The Pick of the Country ENROLL NOW in the U. S. STUDENT NURSE RESERVE At the Stations of the Woman's Committee Watch Tliis Bulletin Board for News of Women's War Activities DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING CLASSES The state chairman, Miss Bertha K. Young, is Professor of EngHsh Literature at the University of Cincinnati. She had some secretarial service at the headquarters of the Cincinnati Woman's Committee, and some at the University of Cincinnati, where an office for Iter was opened in the fall of igi8, as a library and center for the vocational advising of students. The purpose of this department was to awaken women to active interest in the educational equipment of their community; to know what the public schools, including the night schools, do and what they ought to do ; to stimulate concerted effort to provide adequate facilities for training in any line necessary, not only to meet the needs of women for war service, but also to satisfy the various demands that will be made on them after the war; to encourage schools and similar agencies to give courses, or to enlarge their facilities to meet the emergency. Classes in stenography were first developed in Cleveland, where an investigation, in the winter of 1917, showed the dearth of well educated office assistants. The Cleveland committee anticipated the Dcpartuu-nt of Training Classes 53 plans of the Woman's Committee and Civil Service Commission at the Capital, not only by getting a group ready for the call of the departments in need at Washington, when housing conditions should be satisfactory, but also by training beginners to fill local vacancies. A high school certificate was made essential for this special group ; only those with that qualification were allowed to enter the classes formed imder the direction of the Council. The plan begun so wisely never matured fully. The Woman's Committee was unwilling to recruit office assistants for depart- mental service until the matter of housing was settled to its satisfac- tion. Meantime, Cincinnati was conducting a similar experiment of selecting carefull}- college women from the University of Cincin- nati, seniors and high school graduates, who worked continuously under the Director of Commercial Training in the Public Continu- ation Schools, through the summer of 1918, making available, in September, for superior local positions, nearly 150 women. Other cities, such as Canton, Toledo, and Columbus, also formed special classes, making a new emphasis on the need of young women in office work with educational equipment and administrative ability. This department, however, took up the matter of training ste- nographers and typists only as a first and immediate issue. Its function was much more comprehensive in scope and direction. It broadened out into becoming a means of information as to the needs of the government, not so much in well recognied lines of work — teaching, nursing, home economics — as in industry, agri- culture, clerical and office work, business — including salesmanship, bookkeeping, advertising — scientific and technical asssistantships, and social work in all its phases. It was designed to suggest oppor- tunities for training where they could conveniently and profitably, be found within and without the state or city, and of cooperating with all existing agencies for special training. In Cincinnati the committee served not only as a bureau of information, but of registration for all classes formed under its direction or in co- operation with regular means of instruction in the public or private schools , social organizations, and the like. Much of the work of this department was in the nature of research in unbroken ground. It did real constructive work, lay- ing a foundation for continuing vocational information and train- ing. 54 Ohiu Branch, Council of Xcifioual Defense DEPARTMENT ()E WOMEN AND CHILDREiN IN INDUSTRY STATE COMMITTEE Miss Myrta L. Joftes, Chairman Cleveland Miss Mildred Chadsey, Secretary Cleveland October, 1917-June, 1918 Mrs. Ernest Angell, Secretary Cleveland June-September, 1918 Miss Wilma 1. Ball, Secretary. September. 1918 Cleveland Miss Edith Campbell Cincinnati Miss Grace Drake Cleveland Miss Rachel Gallagher Cleveland Miss Alice Gannett Cleveland Miss Mary B. Gilson Cleveland Mrs. Ben Loevvenstein Cincinnati Miss Constance McCorkle Cincinnati Miss Amy G. Mahe-r Toledo Miss Mary Louise Mark Columbus Miss Margaret Maxon Cincinnati Miss Elsie Mountain Columbus Miss Kathryn Ni irdman Cincinnati Miss Nida R. Pangle Toledo Miss Charlotte Ixumbold Cleveland Mrs. Paul WOoIK-n Cincinnati The State chairman had headquarters in the office of the Con- sumers' League of Ohio, in Cleveland. Special contributions af- forded her a part-time secretary, stenographic service, and a fund for publication and postage. The purpose of the department was to keep before the public the fact, proved in the industrial history of our allies, that produc- tion in war-times is increased l)y safeguarding the health and wel- fare of the wage-earning women who are required, in ever increas- ing numbers, to take the places of men in workships and factories; to secure the fullest working capacity of women by endeavoring to obtain proper hours and conditions for their work, and in particular for married women, motliers upon whose well-l)eing the future of the country dej^ends ; and by endeavoring to insure wages, when women do the full work of men. e(|ual to the wages paid to men; to show the imjiortance of keejiing children in school, rather than sending them into industry, in order to protect them from the dan- gers of increasing delinquency such as resulted froiu the employ- ment of children in England in the first period of the war. Women and Children in Industry 55 ORGANIZATION The Ohio Committee on Women and Children in Industry was a joint committee, under: (i) Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. (2) National Committee on Women in Industry, Ad- visory Commission of the Council of National Defense. The committee was organized with local committees in four large industrial centers, the chaimien of local committees being ap- pointed by the chairman of the state committee, in consultation with the county chairman of the Woman's Committee. In sixteen other counties the committe had correspondents appointed in the same manner. MEETINGS AND SPEAKERS The committee held five meetings in Columbus, and conducted Round Tables in Oberlin, Cincinnati, Columbus, Toledo and Akron. It held exhibits and provided speakers continuously. COOPERATING AGENCIES The committee cooperated with the Industrial Commission of Ohio, with many welfare agencies, boards of education in various cities, and with juvenile judges, in searching out and investigating violations of the labor law for women and children and in seeking the best way to enforce them. Shortly before the armistice, it was cooperating with the United States Employment Service and the Chief Deputy, Department of Inspection, in preparing lists of industries into which women were to be inducted. For six weeks a well trained investigator was employed by the Woman's Committee to prepare recommenda- tions for the guidance of the Community Labor Boards. The com- mittee kept in close touch with other agencies interested in women and children, such as the Y. W. C. A. ; Women's Division, Ordnance Department; Advisory Commission, Council of Na- tional Defense ; Women's Trade Union organizations ; the Na- tional Committee on Women in Industry, .Council of National De- fense; and the Children's Bureau, Department of Labor. 56 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense The labor standards endorsed by the committee were those adopted by the National Committee on Women in Industry, Ad- visory Commission, Council of National Defense, and were slightly stricter than those appearing in General Orders No. 13, of the Ord- nance De})artment. They were published in leaflet form and dis- tributed widely in the state. PLACARDING AND PUBLICATIONS The committee distributed in factories 2,200 placards printed by the Industrial Commission, setting up in attractive form, with red, white and blue border, the present law regulating the employ- ment of women and children. It issued : 5.000 pamphlets on Eng- lish experience with labor standards in war-time; 45,000 popular leaflets on the Ohio educational and labor laws regarding children and women; and 15,000 leaflets on night work for women. .STUDTE.S AND INVESTIGATIONS The committee conducted continuous investigations of the newer occupations of women, especially the elevator, messenger and street car service ; it made studies of special conditions arising from the war emergency, such as mushroom day-nurseries, ecjual pay for equal work, night work in war industries, o])])ortunities for indus- trial training, etc. A legislative program, based on these studies and investiga- tions, has been formulated, containing measures designed to pro- tect women in industries in which they were liable to remain, and to amplify the means of enforcing existing laws. HEALTH AND RECREATION The National Department of Health and Recreation was orig- inally designed to cooperate with the Commission on Training Camp Activities, to promote recreation facilities in camp communi- ties, and to support protective work for women and girls. At an executive meeting of the niiio Woman's Committee, in October, 191 7, a special committee was apj^ointed to aid the pro- tective work at Chillicothe. It had l)een al)ly I)egun by Miss Susan L. Ball, a volunteer worker from Cleveland. This committe de- termined to raise a fund to assist Miss Rail, in the following ways: Health and Recreation 57 (i) To pay the salary of an additional trained worker. (2) To purchase an automobile needed for patrol and follow-up work. (3) To create an emergency fund for the return of runaway girls and for women in temporary need. For these purposes, the sum of approximately $2,500 was se- cured by gifts from individuals and from numerous circles of the King's Daughters in Ohio. This fund was carefully and wisely disbursed. An unusual tribute was paid to the success of the protective work at Chillicothe, at a meeting during November, 1918, in the Senate Committee Room at the State House. After this meeting, the Governor consented to make an appropriation, in order that the work might be continued, from a special and limited fund of which he had been made trustee and which he was authorized to use for the benefit of Ohio soldiers. This he did on the recommendation of the Woman's Committee. The need for additional -state-wide work for girls under the Department of Health and Recreatijon wate manifest a long time before funds were available. In camp communities. Patriotic Leagues were organized by the War Camp Community Service, but it seemed desirable to extend them elsewhere. By October i, 1918, contributions for this work amounting to about $1,000 were re- ceived, and a volunteer worker was secured, whose expenses could be paid from this fund. The signing of the armistice checked the work, however, in its beginning stages. A questionnaire was pre- pared and sent to every county, to ascertain the social service agen- cies, the social and recreational equipment, industries affecting girls, city ordinances for the protection of youth, the numbers of un- occupied girls, and the need for wholesome recreation. During the war the public conscience was awakened to a new vision of social morality, offering the Woman's Committee an opportunity for focusing attention on definite measures that would produce a last- ing benefit, such as city ordinances for safeguarding girls on the streets and in public places, and ordinances' authorizing additional women probation officers and policewomen. 58 Ohio Branch, CoidicH of Natiotia! Defense SPECIAL STATE WORK Milk Survey. In lanuarv. lyi'S, the state chairman of Child Welfare became alarmed at the reports from the various sections of the state which seemed to indicate that the price of milk was ris- ing so rapidly that many children in families of small income were not given the amount of milk necessary to their health, or were being fed on condensed milk or substitute foods. Accordingly, Jan- uary 1 6th, each county chairman of the Woman's Committee was asked to make a survey on the milk situation in her county, cover- ing tlie following questions: "(i) At what rate per quart is milk now selling in your county ? "(2) Is there a special milk supply for babies? Kind? "(3) Is the milk in your county pasteurized? "(4) Has the amount of milk consumed among chil- dren decreased since November ist? "(5) Do many of the babies in your community use condensed milk or other prepared foods in place of cow's mjlk? "(6) Do you find evidence that there is more sick- ness among children because they are less well- nourished ? "(7) Has the death rate among children increased in the last two months, as compared with the cor- responding period in the last five years? (N. B. Information concerning the death rate to be ob- tained from the local Health Ofticer or State Department of Health.) "In gathering this information consult such sources as Visiting Xurses" Association, Milk Station Committees, Babies' Dispensaries, Hospitals, Day Nurseries, Child-Caring Institutions." Fuel Survey 59 Thirty-three counties collected data on this questionnaire. Re- turns showed a range in the price of milk from 7 cents a quart to 25 cents, for certified milk ; a decline in milk consumption ; and an extreme use of proprietary foods for infants. BOOKS FOR THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION In March, 1918, at the request of the Woman's Committee in Washington, a letter was sent to each county chairman, explain- ing the plan of the American Library Association to collect good books for soldiers and sailors during the week beginning March 1 8th. The chairmen of the Woman's Committee were asked to offer the cooperation of their units to the librarians. ASSISTANTS FOR THE DRAFT BOARDS In April. 1918, the Governor appealed to the Woman's Com- mittee to provide volunteers to assist the draft boards in the preparation of occupational index cards of the drafted men. Prompt replies were received from 81 of the 88 counties in Ohio, indicating the following action : Volunteers supplied in 36 counties. No help needed in 31 counties. Special mention made of adequate help from school teachers in 13 counties. Draft board able to secure its own volunteers in i county. FUEL SURVEY In May, 191 8, at the joint request of the Governor and the Fed- eral Fuel Administration in Ohio, the county chairmen of the Woman's Committee were asked : ( 1 ) To undertake a general publicity campaign, urg- ing that orders for the next winter's fuel sup- ply should be placed at once. (2) To make a representative survey in different sec- tions of the county seat, to learn the amount of coal on hand and the amount needed for the winter. 6o Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense In the large cities, a canvass was made of i,ooo homes in dif- ferent kinds of neighborhoods, including those who bought and stored in both large and small quantities. In cities of the second size, 500 homes were canvassed. And in the average county, 300 homes were canvassed. Schedules were filled out in 46 counties. A careful compilation of the returns was submitted to the Governor and to the State Fuel Administration. COUNT V lAJRS Beginning in August, 1918, literature and suggestions for the booths at the county fairs, to explain and advertise the work of the Woman's Committee, were sent to the county chairmen. In the four months that followed. 76 counties holding fairs received ad- vice from headquarters regarding suitable exhibits. Four types of hand bills were printed and distributed, with a minimum of 500 of each kind to a county. Subjects covered were: "The Purpose of the Woman's Committee." "Child Welfare." "Thrift." "Child Labor." At the State Fair, held in Columbus during August, the Woman's Conmiittee had a small exhiliit in the same booth with the State Council of Defense and Food Administration. A large chart was displayed showing the departments of work and the purpose of the Woman's Committee. UXITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN In Sei)ttmber. 191H, a letter was sent to the county chairmen, explaining the ])lan of the United W'ar Work Campaign to collect funds for the following organizations : Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., War Camp Community Service, National Catholic War Council, Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army, American Librarv Association. Liberty Loan 6i It was suggested to the chairmen that their speakers and can- vassing organizations could be of substantial help in the campaign. The amount of responsibility accepted by each officer of the Woman's Committee was determined by the woman herself, ac- cording to her individual capacity and circumstances. At the same time, county and township units were asked to give the campaign all possible moral support and encouragement. OHIO WOMEN'S MILITARY AUXILIARY During the winter, 1917-18, a majority of counties undertook a campaign to enlist dollar members in the Ohio Women's Military Auxiliary. Membership fees were used to build and equip a com- munity house at Camp Sherman at Chillicothe, and three or four dormitories at which visiting friends and relatives of the soldiers in training could be housed for short-time periods. LIBERTY LOAN No report of the work of the Woman's Committee would be complete without mention of the creditable work done by many officers of the Woman's Committee for the four Liberty Loans. Seventeen of the county chairmen of the Woman's Committee acted also in the capacity of chairmen for the Woman's Liberty T^oan Committee during the period of the Fourth Loan, and an even larger number during the earlier Loans. It is not within our province to include a report of the amounts raised by these women, but it is both proper and essential to mention their work, and to commend the unselfish spirit and the helpful cooperation of these women for another organization. The state cliairman f(ir tlie Liberty Loan was one of the most regular attendants at the meet- ings of the State Executive Committee, and at all times showed a sympathetic understanding of the entire program of the Woman's Committee, and a willingness to cooperate in every way. It was this fine spirit of cooperation which made it possible for a single set of officers to act as representatives both for the Woman's Com- mittee, Council of National Defense, and for the Woman's Com- mittee of the Liberty Loan. MOTHERS' PENSION LAW In December, 1918, the Governor requested the Woman's Com- mittee to obtain, for his use, information on the operation of the 62 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense Mothers' Pension Law in the counties. Each county chairman was asked to secure the following facts from the County Commissioner^ and the Probate Court : Amount appropriated in 1917; in 1918. Number of pensions applied for in 191 7; in hjicS. Number of pensions approved in 1917; in 1918. Number of i)ensions granted in 191 7; in 1918. Which court has jurisdiction? How many probation otticers. men and women ? Chairmen were asked also to talk with representative, thought- ful citizens, about suggestions for the improvement of the law and its administration. Within ten days, answers were received from all 88 counties, which showed the following facts : ( I ) A\erage amount paid per ])ension ranged from $1.37 to $28.33. (2) Great lack of uniformity in amounts paid by different counties of the same population. (3) Four counties paid less than $2.60 per month to a family. (4) Fifty-four counties reported the jjresent ajjpro- priation inadequate. (5) Twelve counties thought the current appropria- tion adequate, but facts indicated that pensions paid were not projiortionate to the cost of living. (6) No pensions paid in three counties. (7) Three counties granted pensions for only part of a year. (8) At least fourteen counties did not levy the total amount allowed by law. Following analysis of this data, a conference of four officials in the Council of Defense was held with the Director of Child Wel- fare, Board of State Charities, and a legal advisor, and a mem- orandum was prei)ared for the Governor, making recommenda- tions for the imtprovement of the law and an inquiry into the whole matter of public relief. Siiiiiiiiary of Iranian's IVork 63 CONCLUSION The work of the Woman's Committee developed important consequences. In sharing community responsibility, new habits were formed, from which a very considerable number of women will not slip back into the wasteful indifference of lives devoted to personal interests. The programs on which they worked left definite obligations on local organizations and the state committee. Every department of work is as important in fitting the people of Ohio to live as to win the war. Means for continuing such activities must be sought and found in permanent agencies created for the purpose by private support or already organized in the city or state. In order that there should be no waste of the work done and the response aroused, the State Chairman has prepared a memo- randum suggesting a continuing state organization with salaried executives, to work in close connection with those departments of the state most nearly related to the departments of the Woman's Committee. PART III INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND EMPLOYMENT CHAPTER I— INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Confronted with the problem of production and industrial re- lations which arose out of the war and which grew as the war progressed, the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, through its Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, set itself to three main tasks : (i) The formulation of policies affecting labor, em ployment and industry in Ohio during the . period of the war. (2) The mediation and adjustment of labor dis- putes, either threatened or actual, which in- volved the condition of workers, unhampered war production, and maximum output, with re- spect to the rights of employers and employees. (3) The initial direction of the Employment Service, in cooperation with the Industrial Commission. F(3RMULATI0N OF POLICIES The Committee on Labor an'd Industrial Relations, by unani- mous vote, maintained consistently the position that no change be made in the existing labor protective statutes in Ohio, and that laws protecting the health of women and children in industry should be enforced rigorously in the state. The committee consistently notified any employers who in- quired that it was the opinion of the State Council that the time had not yet come for suspension of protective laws or regulations afifecting industries ; and the committee, through special investi- gators, made careful survey in a number of specific cases, with the result that conditions which gave rise to insistent pressure that such (64) Mediation of Labor Disputes 65 laws and regulations be modified were remedied through other means. The committee went on record as willing and anxious to join with the government in its nation-wide war emergency employment campaign, directed initially to secure ship builders, with the proviso, however, that, in any general scheme with the government, the gov- ernment should allot to this state a fair and proportionate quota of employees neeeded for ship building and other government work, and that the government agencies engaged in rounding up workers shoujd function through the state employment system, so as to prevent duplication of endeavor and confusion through draw- ing more men from the state to given jobs outside than might be really needed. Unquestionably much industrial unrest and countless labor difficulties were averted in Ohio l)y reason of the consistent su])- port given the committee's formulated policies by organized man- agement (through the Ohio Manufacturers" Association) and by organized labor (through the Ohio .State Federation of Labor, United Mine Workers of Ohio, and allied organiaztions). . Both the State Manufacturers' Association and the State Federation of Labor were represented on the Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, Ohio Branch, Council of National De- fense; and, in this dual capacity, they assisted in planning what should be the state's w^ar policies and in making possible the accom- plishment of these policies. MEDL\TION OF LABOR DISPUTES Members of the Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, on special assignment, assisted in the adjustment of labor disputes,, both threatened and actual. This committee made special effort to sense and discover dis- turbing conditions which might later result in curtailment of output and the hampering of production, and to adjust in advance any differences which might have later developed into open and actual industrial difference. All its activities in this field, of course, were practically elimi- nated with the creation by the federal government of the ^^ ar Labor Board. 66 Ohio Braiicli. Council of National Defense Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman of the Council and Chairman of the Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, was asked, however, in several cases to act as the representative of the War Labor Board in mediating labor difficulties and in adjusting dift'er- ences which threatened to bring on strikes. • • CHAPTER 2— EMPLOYMENT BUILDING TO MEET WAR LABOR NEEDS The declaration of war with Germany found Ohio prepared in an unusual way to handle anticipated industrial problems. It was foreseen that the problem of providing man power, as indicated by tthe experience of other countries already i nthe war, would be a pressing one. Ohio had already done considerable pioneer work in handling industrial problems, one of them the problem of an organ- ized labor market by means of public Employment Ofifices. The Industrial Commission of Ohio had been operating seven Free Labor Exchanges in the larger cities of the state for sometime. It was felt that an expansion of this plan of public Employ- ment Offices, with some modification, would give opportunity to mobilize and distribute workers in such a way as to promote the greatest efficiency in war-time endeavor. Fred C. Croxton, of the Ohio Institute for Public Efficiency, who had from 1913 to 1916, assisted in the reorganization of the Employment Offices operated under the Industrial Commission of Ohio, drew up a plan for the immediate expansion of the Employment Service of the state. Mr. Croxton's plan was submitted in a memorandum under date of April 5, 1917, which read in part, as follows: "With the adoption of the resolution declaring that a state of war exists, the people of the United States are face to face with the gravest problems which can confront a nation. "An adequate military and naval force for offensive and for defensive purposes must be organ- ized and equipped. The manufacturing and the trans- portation forces must be thoroughly mobilized, in order that we may furnish supplies, not only to our own forces, but also to the forces of our allies. The agricultural forces must be thoroughly mobilized, in Meeting IVar Labor Needs 67 order to produce food for our own nation, for the na- tions fighting with us, and for those nations who have suffered so much at the hands of the Central Powers. "In order to produce the necessary food and other suppHes, it is of the utmost importance to make the best possible use of the labor force. Ohio has an opportunity to mobilize this force in a most effective • manner through the Free Labor Exchanges under the supervision of the Industrial Commission. "This will simply mean making use of the ma- chinery already in existence, with such additional •offices, increased office force, and modifications of plans as may be necessary to meet the present crisis. "The specific plan we have to suggest for Ohio is the following: "(I) Divide the state into about fourteen districts with a Free Labor Exchange in each dis- trict. The state already has a Labor T^xchange in each of the seven largest cities. This i)lan would involve the creation of seven additional exchanges, say in Middletown. Springfield, Alar- ion, Canton, Steubenville, Portsmouth, and San- dusky. "(2) Urge, or require, every emj>loyer to report to the Free Labor Exchange in his district at the close of each day the name, address, occupation, and experience of every employee whose period of employment has terminated for any reason. "(3) Urge every employer to secure his help, as far as possible, through the Free Labor Exchange. "(4) Urge men and women out of work to seek employment through the Free Labor Ex- change. "( 5 ) Urge the thousands of students, teach- ers, and others similarly situated, to register for productive work, especially in agricultural lines, instead of entering non-productive occupations. (>^ Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense "(6) Provide a sufficient force in the Labor Exchange to work a double shift and keep the offices open from say five-thirty in the morning until nine-thirty at night. Skilled labor and un- skilled labor should also be handled in different departments. "This plan \\\\\ accomplish a number of things: "(a) It will materially lessen the time lost by workers in seeking new jobs. "(b) It will materially aid employers in se- curing help to take the place of those enlisting for military service, or of those leaving for other causes, or to secure additional help as business expands. "(c) It will materially aid farmers in se- ♦ curing help. "(d) It will make it possible for the au- thorities to give preference in referring help to certain industries producing the goods most needed by our troops or by those of our allies. "(e) It will materially lessen idleness on the part of the thousands of floating laborers in the state. "(f) It will produce team work among the various localities of the state. "(g) It will make it possible to cooperate most efifecti\el\- witli other states and with the federal goxernmcnt. "With the present temper of the people, public sentiment will strongly endorse such a plan as this, which provides for using the agricultural and industrial forces most effectively and also which jirovides for every man doing his 'bit.' All details of the plan should be carefully worked out and arrangements must be made to cooperate with trade union organizations and with organizations of employers, but fortunately the Industrial Commission has the con- fidence of both workers and employers. "In connection with the military census, data should be col- lected concerning industrial experience and training, and this in- Meeting ITar Labor Needs 69 formation from each district should be made available for the use of the Free Labor Exchange in its mobilization work. "These Exchanges, particularly in the smaller places, can also be used as the registration stations for all the lines of work of the semi-military charac- ter. This would make possible through cooperation, if at any time, in order to release more men for mili- tary duty, it became necessary to turn into industrial work those who register with semi-military organiza- tions. This line of work would necessarily be carried on separately from the industrial work, but the same office and local machinery could be used and it could then be centralized under a district state head." This plan, submitted Governor James M. Cox, was approved by him a few days after the United States entered the war. By May I, 1917, fourteen new Employment Offices had been opened in as many cities, and financed from funds provided out of the War Emergency Appropriation of $250,000 set aside by the Legislature of 1916-17. The operation of the full twenty-one offices was placed under the supervision and direction of Mr. Croxton and his staff, in cooperation with the Industrial Commission of Ohio. For this work, Mr. Croxton's services were loaned by the Ohio Insti- tute for Public Efficiency, without compensation, upon request of Governor Cox. In addition, C. H. Mayhugh, Assistant Statistician of the De- partment of Investigation and Statistics of the Industrial Com- mission, who had been in active supervision of Employment Offices for sometime, and Wilbur F. Maxwell, of the Industrial Commis- sion, who had also been connected with the operation of the Em- ployment Offices, were loaned by the Industrial Commission of Ohio, for this work. In outlining the plan for this extension of the Employment Service, offices were projected in the principal agricultural and industrial centers of the state, and the entire state was divided into a number of districts equaling the number of offices pro- jected. Thus, there were twenty-one employment districts, each of them served by an Employment Office. yo Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense THE SYSTEM PLANNED No state had operated so many offices as a state unit, but in Ohio it was proposed to tie all of the offices together into a com- posite system. Mr. Mayhugh, because of his extensive experience in public Employmenut Office problems, was selected to work out these centralization problems under the direction of Mr. Croxton. A central office was established in the State House, and the task of building the organization was begun. As a preliminary step, a meeting of the mayors of the seven cities in which Employment Offices already existed and the fourteen cities in which new offices were projected was called by the Gover- nor. Invited also to participate in the meeting were representatives of management and labor in the state. At this meeting, the plan was explained and the cooperation of city authorities, of employers and of wage earners w^as requested. It was readily pledged, and the actual and ready cooperation of labor, management and local authority made possible the speedy and elYective expansion of the Employment Service to meet the war need. Four men who had broad vision of the possibilities of public employment work were sent over the state at once to select person- nel and to organize the new offites. These men were : Professsor M. B. Hammond, formerly a member of the Industrial Commis- sion, whose services were loaned by the Ohio State University ; Professor W. M. Leiserson, loaned by the Toledo University r Gardiner Lattimer, loaned by the Toledo Commerce Club ; and Wil- bur F. Maxwell, of the Industrial Commission. In every case, the community responded splendidly by furnishing quarters and equip- ment. In some of the larger cities, where the municipalities were already contributing toward the support of the offices, increased appropriations were made available to provide better quarters, and in some cases additional personnel. In selecting the employees of the offices, it was the policy of the field representatives to look for efficiency without regard to affiliations, political or otherwise. In every case, it was the aim of the representative to secure suggestions from all interested per- sons and then to select the applicant best fitted for the job. In some cases, committees of workers and employers were asked to recom- mend a single applicant. The necessity of having men familiar with farm labor problems in offices located in agricultural districts The System Planned 71 was appreciated and in every case some member of the force in the offices in such districts was a farm man, and in the cities special farm departments were organized. It seemed a stupendous task to train so many people unfamiliar with Employment Office problems, as well as to increase the trained force in the older offices. This work was accomplished in a re- markably short time by close supervision by the traveling- field rep- resentatives, as well as by constant instruction from the central office in Columbus . An effort was made to retain the original four men who had been sent out to organize Employment Offices as field representa- tives, but it was only possible to retain Professor Leiserson and Mr. Maxwell for any considerable time. To care for the field work, superintendents of local Employment Offices who had shown ex- ceptional qualifications for field work were promoted to supervising positions. B. F. Toops, Washington Court House, was the first superintendent promoted in this way. Later H. F. Moyer, of Marion, was also made supervisor and eventually became Chief of the Clearance Division. "CLEARANCE" A system for "clearing" employment information had never been tried, but it was immediately seen that some such system was needed at once, if the full efficiency of the Employment Office was to be reached. When offices were first proposed in some cities, those unfa- miliar with employment problems were sure that there was no field for Employment Office work in many of those places. It was felt that any man out of work could get a job at once without help, but it was not difficult to prove the value of the offices in such cities. It was soon made plain that the fact that a man was out of a job was no reason that he would fit into the job that might be open at the first factory or that the employer could use the first man who might apply. It was very clearly shown that the men who were out of employment in one place might be badly needed in another, but that without some medium of clearance for such information, those men might be compelled either to remain un- employed until they chanced to hear of an opening, or be compelled to accept work to which they were unaccustomed or for which they were not well fitted. In the same way, it was recognized that there 72 Ohio BrancJi, Coioicil of National Defense must be an exchange of information between districts, as men badl}- needed in one part of the state might be unemployed in some other section. The first plan of communication between offices through the central office in Columbus about jobs and applicants was by letter. Offices having applicants that they were unable to place locally and jobs that they were unable to fill locally, simply wrote the Colum- bus office and these letters were then consolidated into general letters to all of the offices. Very naturally this soon became cum- bersome, and a more systematic plan of clearance was worked out. The i)resent clearance system, which is the outgrowth of the experi- ence during the organization period, has been accepted as the model for other states and for the entire country. Much experimentation was carried on in the early part of the war period in both forms and methods of procedure, so that when the national government later on realized the need for a gen- eral Employment Service, Ohio was far in the lead with well dcvel- ojoed plans which had proven successful. TO PRODUCE WAR FOOD Soon after this country entered the war, it became evident that food production was to be one of the really big problems of the war. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was particu- larly well equippped to push food production through the ability to provide farmers with satisfactory farm hcl]) through the Employ- ment Offices. The Agricultural Extension Department of the Ohio State University very promptly met the problem with the appointment of special agricultural representatives in every part of the state. Along with other duties, these representatives were to report farm labor needs to the Employment Offices. The Employment Offices co- operated in every possible way with these agents, as well as with the volunteer County and Township War Food and Crop Com- missioners, who were api)ointed by the Governor. The superintendents of the Employment Offices were not, however, to throw all of the responsibility of keeping in touch with the farmers on these other agetits, but were instructed to make rverv cttort to .serve the farmers directly. Farm Hands Placed in i()ii 73 In the Employment Offices, applicants were very carefully interviewed, with the idea of determining previous farm experi- ence. If it was found that an applicant was an experienced farm hand, he was persuaded, if possible, to consider a farm job. Great care was taken in the selection of men sent out to farmers, as it was appreciated that the farmer must usually take the hired man in as a member of his family. In this way, it was found possible to take care of farm labor needs satisfactorily. Extension plans were made in cooperation with the .Vgricul- tural Extension Department of Ohio State University to get college and high school boys out to the farmers. Most of the colleges and high schools of the state closed early, and those that did not close allowed boys who had farm jobs to leave before the end of the term. These boys were placed as rapidly as they applie OHIO PROTECTED The service rendered in keeping men away from Chillicothe at times when no more men could be used because of shortage of material was just as essential as the service rendered in bringing in workers. For instance, the first call for men was for i,ooo. This call came on Friday, and the men were to be in Chillicothe on Monday. Each of the ofBces was telegraphed at once to line up men for this job. All offices were kept open all day Sunday and extensive news- paper advertising was resorted to. As the offices had been register- ing men for this work for some little time, men began streaming toward Chillicothe by Monday. Before the full thousand men could be gotten to Chillicothe, the order for men was countermanded on account of the shortage of material. It was necessary to withdraw all advertising at once and to stop men from going to Chillicothe. Under the usual plan of promiscous, broadcast advertising on the part of the contractor, hundreds of men would have continued to flock to Chillicothe only to become stranded there. Without the Employment Service, there undoubtedly would have been an unequal withdrawal of men and unscrupulous labor agents would have been employed, as indicated by the fact that the contractors endeavored to use such labor agents, until forced to discontinue by order of the military authorities. The expense of extra advertising, telegrams and telephones necessary in connection with securing the men was all paid by the cantonment contractor. At no time were the state offices unable to furnish the help re- quired. THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC SERVICE RESERVE During the winter of 1917-18, Washington authorities, realizing the growing need for workers in the shipyards and on other es- sential war work, announced a plan for the enrollment of patriotic workers in a voluntary organization, to be known as the United States Public Service Reserve. To join this, the worker needed only to agree to be ready on call to take up war work, when offered, providing the wages and other conditions were acceptable to him. Those enrolled were to remain on the jobs they had when enrolling until they were notified of a greater need for their services. 7^ Ohio Bniiicli, Council of A^afioual Defense Fred C. Croxton was appointed Federal State Director of the United States Public Service Reserve, with C. H. Mayhugh as his assistant, both without compensation. They were requested speedily to build up an organization to handle this enrollment of workers. The superintendents of the Employment Offices were very logically tlie first volunteer enrollment agents to be appointed, and it was arranged to handle the entire matter of publicity enrollment and subsequent follow^-up through the Employment Offices. In each em- ployment district many additional volunteer enrollment agents were appointed to represent the Public Service Reserve in communities outside that in which the Employment Office was situated. Through the efforts of this organization following a s])ecial campaign of publicity from Washington, a total of 18,198 Ohio enrollments were secured in the first drive. These enrollment cards were assembled in the Employment Offices, and became an invalu- able aid to the Employment Service in later months in providing a means of getting in touch with applicants as they were needed for war work. By this plan patriotic workers were assured that they would be notified when their government required their services. \\ithout their having to lose time between jobs. The same organization was called on again and tigain, not only to recruit industrial workers, but also several hundred men of special qualifications for overseas service in military units. Among these were stenographers, railroad clerks, supervisors and ticket agents, cooks, car inspectors, motor mechanics, chemists and civil engineers. In every case, the w^ork of the United States Public Service Reserve was handled through the regular employment organization, so that perfect coordination was secured. PROGRESS IN 1918'S FARM HELP CAMPAIGN Early in 19 18, it was seen that the problem of providing farm help for the coming season would be a particularly difficult and important one. Just at this time, under a particularly fortunate arrangement, Thomas D. Phillips, of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Ohio State University, was assigned to the Employment Service as a farm help specialist. It was determined that special drives for farm orders and farm help should be made each montli. The first drive was arranged prior to March i. i<^i8 Farm Help Campaign TJ Every superintendent or farm representative was requested to make a complete canvass of his territory. This was done by appointing volunteer farm labor representatives in each community and, through these, getting in touch with farmers to secure farm orders. A time limit of one week was set for the completion of this can- vass. Immediately upon the receipt of information regarding the need for farm workers, a publicity campaign was instituted to per- suade experienced men to take up farm work. These drives were particularly successful in furnishing the men required and in acquainting farmers with the Employment Service. Inexperienced ' men were not sent out, except when the farmer specifically stated that he could use such help. MEN PLACED ON FARMS During the month of March, 1918, a total of 906 farm hands were reported placed. In April, 738; in May 529; and in June, 1,091 farm workers were supplied to the farmers. The record during the following months was just as good. In arriving at these totals, no credit was taken for a placement until definite word was received from the farmer advising that the man sent out was hired. The United States Food Administration in Ohio found, from investigation, that no appreciable percentage of this year's harvest was lost because of the lack of farm labor. This was accomplished in spite of the tremendous shortage of labor and the more attractive inducements offered to workers in the cities. Most effective in the great effort to supply farm labor was the cooperatio nof the granges throughout the state, led by Mr. L. J. Taber, State Master. Granges were asked to throw their force be- hind the employment machinery, to discover and report needs of farmers, and to assist employment agents in meeting these needs. These things the granges did in a whole-hearted and thorough manner. The volunteer agents appointed as farm help representatives in each community were constantly increased in number, and rendered excellent service in reporting information regarding farm labor needs in directing men to farms as they were sent out by the Employment Offices, and in making some farm placements. By December, 191 8, there were approximately 1,800 such volunteer representatives. They were kept in touch with the progress of the 7^ Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense Employment Service by circular letters of information, mailed to them at frequent intervals. After serving well under war condi- tions, it has been found that their service is also valuable in effect- ing a readjustment from war to peace conditions, and they are helping today to locate farm opportunities for discharged soldiers. Every effort was made to follow up complaints from farmers regarding lack of help and to furnish the men required. One such instance occurred in March, 1918, when a farmer from Muskingum County wrote, in pleading for help : "I have appealed to all sources 1 know of and advertised in quite a number of papers, to no effect. "Never mind about help for harvesting of crops, if we don't get help to plant and sow them. * *>::** "Advice is not what we need. We know. What we need is man power. Idle teams and dusty harness will not get anywhere. We are 'advised' by the au- thorities from the President down, but no one fur- nishes the means. "My only son will, no doubt, soon be at the front. However, we are reconciled to that. It must be done, — if the Kaiser wins we won't need any help." One of our traveling supervisors was immediately instructed to get into Zanesville to do anything that might be necessary to secure the help needed. Two experienced farm men were secured quickly, by special effort, in Zanesville, and an automobile was obtained to make the trip to the farm. It was found that the farmer making complaint lived on a bad mud road, oft' the pike, and that, as a consequence, men sent out to him had refused to wade the mud and had secured employment with farmers on the better road. Satisfactory arrangements were very promptly made between the farmer and one of the applicants taken out. The other man was placed with a neighbor. As a result, the farmer voluntarily became one of the local representatives of the Employment Ofifice. (7. 5". Boys Working Reserve 79 THE UNITED STATES BOYS' WORKING RESERVE With the approach of the crop season of 1918, it became evi- dent that an increasing number of older boys, sixteen to twenty- one years of age, must be secured for farm work. Much had been accomplished in Ohio during 1917, along this line, but in 1918, under the leadership of Washington, through the United States Boys' Working Reserve, still further progress was attained. Following the policy of centralization of employment activities, which had proven so successful, C. H. Ma'yhugh upon suggestion from the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was appointed Federal State Director of the Boys' Working Reserve, without compensation. Vernon Reigel, Assistant Superintendent of Public Instruction for Ohio, was chosen as xA.ssistant Director. Every County Superintendent of Schools, as well as every superintendent and Principal of city, public and parochial schools, was appointed volunteer enrolling agent. A general publicity campaign was instituted over the state, not only to encourage boys to enroll, but to encourage farmers to try "boy help," As a result, over 18,000 boys were enrolled by early spring, and inquiries from farmers regarding boys had begun to come in. In many cases, boys interested in the Reserve either went on farms of relatives or found their own jobs, but wherever it was necessary to locate an opportunity for the boys, the Employment Offiices were utilized. The closest possible cooperative arrange- ments were perfected between the local school authorities and the Employment Offices, so that a job might be assured before a boy was released from school and so the school authorities might assure themselves that the boys were being placed in proper surroundings. In addition to the boys that were secured for farm work, several hundred were placed in war industry. Ohio owes much to these- boys for the splendid way in which they filled the places of men taken for military service. It was not possible to establish a number of boys' farm labor camps in Ohio, because of the nature of the agricultural projects of the state and because of the lack of sufficient funds to maintain such camps and provide necessary supervision. In the onion So Ohio Hrancli. ('ouiicil of Natioiu. h'fciisc jnarshes and beet fields boys were sent out in groups, but facilities were provided for daily transportation bei the home t wns and the fields. SAVING SUGAR '-• '- f- Perhaps the most notable achievement al6.\ ''~gricultura''^i^nes with boy labor was in the sugar beet fields of ' hwestern hio. just when the beets growing in the fields were re^ / to be ''blocked out'" our representative found that the farmers were preparing to plow under hundreds of acres of beets to make room for crops re- quiring less labor, because it was felt that it would be impossible to secure the labor necessary for beets — and this in the face of a known world sugar shortage. We found that boys could do the work required as well as men. Immediately every Employment Office and every enrolling agent of the Roys' Working Reserve in that section of the state was com- municated with. A supervisor of Employment offices from Colum- bus was assigned to the problem and the expenses of a Y. M. C. A. representative to the district were paid, so that the boys might not only be hurriedly gotten together, but also that their welfare might be assured. i'he same day the need for boys w^as discovered, boys were available by tens and twenties, although school was not yet closed. In a very few days, boys were furnished by hundreds. The ability to secure such help on short notice saved several hundred tons of sugar and proved the effectiveness of boy labor under war neces- sity. Many boys were also furnished to the canning factories. In every case, care was exercised to see that the boys were paid fair wages, were not overworked and that they were surrounded by proper moral influences. Many thousand badges, signifying service rendered, have been awarded to boys, but credit also is due the employers, both farmers and manufacturers, as well as the school and welfare organization authorities, for the cooperation which made this movement possible and successful. Anticipating still further need for boy labor on farms in 1919, a course of study on farm matters has been arranged in many schools for the spring months, using official texts issued by the Washington headquarters. Tlic Teachers' Divisiun 8i THE TEACHERS' DIVISION The Teache ivision of the Employment Service, under the OI lo Branch, C -il of National Defense, was organiezd in the lat*^"r part of ' 1918. It was quite late in the season for the pi iment of t rs when this department got under way. Almost at once, howe there was a tremendous response to the circulari- zation, in the way of calls from School Boards for teachers, and applications from those desiring employment as teachers. This department was organized because it was felt that some- thing should be done to assist the School Boards of the state in filling the vacancies which they had and which they were finding it impossible to fill by ordinary methods, because of the higher wages which private industries were offering under war conditions. It was felt that a great good could be accomplished by persuading those who had not taught for years to take up the profession again, as well as to persuade trained persons who had never taught to take up this work. Accordingly, E. A. Mead, who had been superintendent of the Dayton Employment Office for some time and who was especially well fitted, by years of experience in public school matters, to handle this new venture, was called to Columbus and given the responsibility of launching this work. Assisting j\lr. Mead was Miss Maud Davis, who later took over responsibility for conduct of the Teachers' Division, when Mr. Mead was transferred to general supervisory work in the Em- ployment Service. MANY TEACHERS SECURED From June i to December 31. 1918. a total of 365 placements were made by this department. During this same period, a total of 1,002 applicants registered with the department. One thousand two hundred and twenty requests for teachers were received from school authorities. A total of 1,946 references were made. It should be understood, of course, that in many cases an applicant was referred to several boards at the same time. Approximately twenty per cent of the teachers placed were persons who had either never been in the teaching profession or had been out of the profession for some time. t) C. OF X. D. 82 OIlio Braiicli, Council of Xatioiuil Dcfcnsc The average wage of the teachers placed was approximately $800 per year. The maximum salary secured for an applicant was $2,300. ^lany positions were filled at good salaries, but because of the low rates paid in the rural districts, and the necessity of doing everything possible to fill such positions, the average rate is low. The placement record of this department is considerably less than it would have been if it were not for the policy, adopted when the department was first started, that no one alreadv under contract be placed in another school. This polic}- has been consistently fol- lowed out. Following are the figures b}- monthis indicating the work of this department: Regis- Rc- trations. Calls, fcrrcd. Placed. June 402 387 Id''' .... July 199 152 W?> 4n August 114 340 (310 14G September lo9 183 416 116 October 42 00 151 36 November 27 20 52 10 December 59 77 214 17 Total 1,002 1,220 1,946 365 OHIO'S LABOR SUPPLY PROTECTED During the spring of 191S, the shortage of heljj in various lines became more apparent. Ohio was called on again and again by authorities at Washington to furnish workers for eastern war and ship building industries. Whenever such calls were receiyed, Washington was advised that a definite quota must be assigned to Ohio and that Ohio must not be asked to furnish more than her just share of such workers. An instance of this kind occurred in April. 1918. Ohio was called upon to furnish 2,500 men for eastern shipyards. On April 13, 1918, the following telegram was sent to Washington : 'Tn undertaking to cooperate with you. we have supplied twenty-four hundred twenty-five workers for shipyards this week. Nine hundred sixty-seven sent Monday, fourteen hundred and fifty-eight Friday. In order to cause least possible disturbance of industries we have drawn men in fair proportion from every Protcctiuy Ohio's Labor Sitpplv S3 employment division in our state as follows: Akron, 163: Canton. 88; Chillicothe, 13; Cincinnati. 464; Cleveland. 609; Columbus. 366; Dayton, 66; Hamil- ton. 21; Lima. 3; Manstield, 34; Steubenville. 10; Tiffin. 2 ; Toledo, 202 ; \\\ashington C. H., 10; Youngs- town. 181 : Zanesville. 17. Employment divisions in turn drew from practically every locality in their dis- tricts. In future requests on state, please indicate total men wanted as well as Ohio's proportion, in order that we can show to employers that Ohio is con- tributing only her fair proportion. We. are drawing least possible number from most essential industries." The Washington authorities did not seem to appreciate fully the situation in Ohio even after such a telegram, as is indicated by the following telegram under date of May i, 1918: "Philadelphia shipyard calling for two hundred white laborers, three hundred colored. Can you fur- nish any and how many ?" In replying, attention was again called to the necessity of the allotment oi definite quotas to each state with the idea of the needs of the entire country in mind, as follows : "Your wire yesterda}'. Ohio will furnish its quota white and colored shipyard laborers. Advise our proportion with full information concerning job and the department to which transportation should be charged." In response, a telegram was received from Washington giving the full number of men needed in shipyards immediately and Ohio's share. Very soon after this another request for men w'as received from the Washington. D. C. local Employment Office, as follows : "Arrange for shipment of men for work at Camp Humphrey. \'a.. as soon as possible, wages thirty-five cents hour; work ten hours: paid for eleven: housing free ; board twenty-one meals one dollar fifty cents ; pay weekly : transportation provided charged to Division of Cantonments. A\'ar Department. Wire 84 Ohio Branch. Council of Xatio)ial Defense time of arrival and number of men shipped. Will send man from this office to assist if needed." The following reply was sent : "We will be unable to ship men to Camp Humphrey until the total number of men needed on this job has been prorated to the various states and Ohio requested to furnish only her fair proportion. Ohio's war activities need all her people, but are willing to- get along with reduced numbers in order that other important war activities be supplied. \\'e shipped one hundred fifty-six laborers to Construction Company in Washington on April 17. Orders should be placed on this office by the Director General at Washington, D. C." In reply, the Assistant Director General wired as follows: "War needs are such that one hundred and fifty men weekly from Ohio would not be an unfair pro- portion for work at Washington and vicinity." This plan of response to appeals from Washington, which it was possible to assume because of the ability of the Ohio offices to supply the state's fair share of workers, accomplished much toward lightening the state's burden of supplying men for outside. It also helped to make it increasingly apparent that some strong central agency must be built up in Washington to bring together the em- ployment activities of the states and to determine the war burden that must be assumed by each state. OHIO'S HELP IN ORGANIZING A NATION-WIDE EMPLOY- MENT SERVICE The United States War Labor Policies Boanl. realizing the necessity of immediate correction of the disastrous trend of the labor market, called in a number of advisors from among those over the country who were most familiar with the organization and operation of public Employment Offices. Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman. Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, and head of the Ohio Employment Service, in recognition of Ohio's accomplishments, was called to Washington- Ohio's Part in Rntployment Service 85 for advice at this time. C. H. Mayhugh, his assistant, and W. M. Leiserson followed him in a few days. As a result of this confer- ence, it was determined that there must be considerable change in the plan of organization of the United States Employment Service to enable it to become a factor in the stupendous problems looming up. Stringent regulations affecting the recruiting of labor were also urged by the War Policies Board. A short time later, Mr. Croxton, because of the widespread recognition of his leadership in employment problems, was urged by the Chairman of the War Labor Policies Board, the Director General of the United States Employment Service, and finally by the Secretary of War, to spend a month or more in Washington as expert advisor to assist in the reorganization of the United States Employment Service. Mr. Croxton, realizing that the needs of the country were paramount to those of the state, called to his assist- ance a ntunber of men representing various viewpoints of the pob- lem presented, and arranged to spend the time required in Wash- ington. From Ohio, Mr. Croxton secured to assist him: T. J. Dufify, Chairman of the Industrial Commission of Ohio; Professor William M. Leiserson, of Toledo University; W. H. Winans, Em- ployment Manager of the National Carbon Company, Cleveland ; and Wilbur F. Maxwell, and later C. H. Mayhew of the Ohio Em- ployment Service. In addition Dudley Kennedy, of the Industrial Relations Division of the Hog Island Shipyard, formerly an Ohio man, and Mark M. Jones, Welfare Director of the Thomas A. Edi- son Industries, were associated with Mr. Croxton in this task. As the result of a month's work on the part of this committee of advisors, the Director General of the United States Employment Service approved plans launching the Service on a program of reorganization, with each state designated as an operating unit. General policies of the Service were outlined, and a reorganization of the Administrative Offices at Washington along the lines promis- ing greatest efficiency was effected. A part of the Ohio Employment Service staff was detained in Washington on this work during the greater part of July and August, 1918. The preliminary plans of the Employment Service were announced during this period, and, following the plan out- lined in the Presidential Proclamation of June 17, the United States Employment Service took over the entire task of recruiting unskilled labor for war industries, effective August i, 191 8. . Miriam B. Wilson Labor Mrs. Marion E. Kelly Piqua Chairman J. Clare Hughes ALinagement John P. Spiker Labor Charles O. Crowel Portsmouth Chairman Fred Tynes Management J. F. Eckhart Labor James Jackman Sandusky Chairman J. J. Hinde ALnnagement Henry Squire Labor A. H. Koester jManagement Mrs. John Mertz Labor Aliss Mary Ohlemacher Springfield Chairman C. J. Heckert ^Linagement Wilbur J. Myers Labor R. Fred Shields St. ^Larys Chairman J. F. Stout Management Everett Ainley Labor A. E. Skinner Steubenville Chairman James Reynolds Management J. W. Gill Labor George Barthold Tiffin Chairman H. H. Frazier Management George Kalbfleisch Labor Ray Dryfuse Toledo Chairman Ed. P. Usher Management C. F. Ruddiman Labor Henry Baum Urbana Chairman John McLaughlin Management L. S. Howard Labor T. H. Brown 94 ■ Ohio Branch. Caitiicil <»/ Xatiaiial Dcfoisc Warren Chairman John Murray Management W . H. R. Ward Labor W. li. L rawford Washington C. H.... Chairman T. J. Lindsay Management I . J. Rodgers Labor James Wilhams Wilmington Chairman Judge Frank Clevinger ALmagement P. S. Horton Labor Horace W. Meeks Youngstown Chairman W. P. Marnum AFanagement R. C. Steese Labor O. J. Grubb Xenia Chairman C. P". Ridenour Management A, H. Findlay Lal)or W. C. Downs Zanesville Cliairman L. H. Wise Management .A. P. Murphy Lal:)or Charles Lake THE SYSTEM AXD PfS ^HiTHODS A total of forty-one offices had been ojiened by late in the fall. Two of these were temporary offices established at the nitrate plants at Toledo and Cincinnati. The following is a complete list of Em])loyment Offices estab- lished and operated in Ohio to meet war needs : Akron — -Established prior to war by Lidustrial Commission of Ohio. Alliance — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. Ancor Nitrate Plant (Cincinnati) — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Discontinued December 31, 1918. Ashtabula — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Barberton — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Discontinued December 31, 1918. Canton — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. Chillicothe — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. Cincinnati — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of Ohio. T!u- System and its Methods 95 Cleveland — City Hall Office — Established prior to war by Industrial Com- mission of Ohio. Collinwood Office — Established in 1018 by United States Em- ployment Service. Phillis Wheatley Office — Established in 1017 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in connection with the Phillis Wheatley Association. Serves negro women. St. Clair Office — Established in 1918 by United States Employ- ment Service. Superior Office — Established in 1918 I)y United States Employ- ment Service. Columbus — Established prior to war bv Industrial Commission of Ohio. Coshocton — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Dayton — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of Ohio. East Liverpool — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Findlay — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Hamilton — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Lima — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. Lorain — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. Mansfield — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Marietta — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Marion — Established in 1017 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Martins Ferry — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. Middletown — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. Newark — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Niles — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Nitrate Plant fToledo)- Established in 1918 by United States Em- ployment Service. Discontinued December 31. 1918. Piqua — Established in 1918 by LHiited States Employment Service. Portsmouth — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. Sandusky — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Springfield — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. Steubenville — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense. g6 Ohio Bnincli. Cainicil of Xali.ouil Defense Tiffin — Establislicd in 1M17 lj\' Uhio Branch. Council of National Defense. Toledo — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission oi' Uliio. Warren — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. Washington C. H. — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Youngstown — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of Ohio. Zanesville — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. These offices provided facilities for keeping constantly in touch with the situation in every section of the state. At a time when employers were anxious to follow every possible clue to secure labor it was possible to obtain, first hand, reliable information about labor market conditions. Employers were directed only to points where there was a possibility of securing workers without disturb- ing essential war industries. As every employer going out of his district was required to work under a recruiting permit, it was possible to protect critical points. With extensive daily reports and constant telephone and tele- graph communications with the offices, together with advance notice from Washington of the award of war contracts, it was possible to handle the situation with intelligence. Thousands of workers were transferred from less essential to war work. In some cases, where large numbers were released from less essential industry, an emerg- ency Employment Office was opened at the plant to care for the transfer of workers without loss of time and to effect an equitable distribution. In the offices, all orders were given attention in the order of their importance as war industries. In the larger offices the most important orders were designated by special colored tabs and the number of workers called for by each firm was scaled according to the importance of the order. For instance, if there were orders for 300 unskilled laborers and there were only 150 available, the num- ber available would be distributed as fairly as possible to the most essential industries. SPECIAL HELP FOR WOMEN As it became evident in the late fall that women would have to be introduced into industry in large inmibers to take the place After Armistice Was Signed 97 of men called for military service, special plans were laid for the extension of Woman's Departments over the state. Three held organizers were selected from among the w^omen who seemed best fitted for such work, and these workers were sent to the various offtces to select personnel and organize effective Woman's Depart- ments. In addition, special women workers were sent into smaller cities not covered by Employment Offices, to recruit women for war industries. Great care was exercised, throughout the campaign for the placement of women, not to break down wage standards or established safeguards. STATE'S SHARE IN WORK FINAXXIALLY During this entire period the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, continued to bear approximately the same expense that had been carried prior to the financial cooperation of the federal government. A portion of this expense was for newspaper adver- tising. Federal funds could not be used for newspaper advertising, so, by agreement, it was arranged to carry all necessary advertising of this kind with Council of Defense funds. This advertising has been a tremendous factor in the successs of the offices. This financial interest in the Employment Service has been of great value to the state because of the ability to make the Service effective in serving state and national interests. THE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE AFTER THE ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED Almost immediately after the signing of the armistice, employ- ment conditions reversed themselves. It became increasingly im- portant to have facilities in every locality. War industries began releasing workers in the large centers, many of whom had come from smaller towns and cities and there was an exodus to those smaller centers. In the same way, the discharged soldiers were re- turning to the same centers. Immediately after the armistice was signed, Washington was urged to arrange to give the Employment Service Offices advance notices of cancellation of large contracts, so that the release of large numbers of workers might be anticipated. This was worked out and as soon as such advance notice was received in the Central Office in Columbus the local office was called by 'phone and in- 7 C. 'F N. D. 98 Ohio Branch. Council of National F^cfcnsc structed to get in toiKh with the plants attected at unce. A report was then made to the Clearance Division in C'olumhus and if it was felt that all of the workers released could not he absorhed localh'. an ettort would he made to have employers from other locali- ties send representatives to otter employment to those released. RELEASED WAR WORKERS HANDLED The superintendents of Employment Offices were instructed to keep constantly in touch with employers, and to keep the Central Office in Columbus informed concerning important developments. Wdienever advance information concerning the release of any large number of workers was secured, the nearest Employment C)t¥ice superintendent was instructed to arrange to establish an Employ- ment Office at the plant to distril;)ute the workers released without loss of time. Eor instance, in one city, quite recentl}-. the Central (Office was advised that a certain compan}- would release 450 men. The local Employment Office superiiitendent immediately arranged to open an office at the plant and get in touch with all of the employers in his district with respect to the men who would be released. The plant, meanwhile, had furnished a list showing the num- ber of men in each occupation who would be included in the lay-off. The Clearance Division at Columbus was notified that all of the men could not be absorbed in that city, and immediately a number of the largest firms in the state needing help were communicated with. As a result, several firms needing help of the type available sent representatives to take out as many men as ])Ossible of those that would be released. All of the 450 were absorbed without delay. About one hundred of these were sent out of the city. In another case, a company released 400 skilled and 300 un- skilled workers. An Employment Office was established at the plant and 150 men were sent out of the city, and the rest were absorbed locally. At another large plant, 2700 men and 700 women were re- leased, most of these semi-skilled or specialty workers. A number of the firms over the state were persuaded to send representatives to secure these workers. About 300 were sent out of the city. It was found possible to secure employment for the balance in the cit\' in which the plant was located. Jl'ork for Piscluvu/cd S\ldicrs 99 At the Air Nitrate Plants in Cincinnati and Toledo, about 35 52 • 16 Paper and Printing — Feeders and bindery workers 1 . . 3 3 Transportation and Public Utilities Chauffeurs and auto truck- drivers 1 Wholesale and Retail Trade — Sales people in 14 13 3 Others 3 Woodworking and Furniture — Machine woodworkers 2 2 5 25 9 • o 6 13 4 2 10 11 c> 1 1 1 15 11 in o ;i in ( 4 35 35 27 11 14 20 10 1 Clearance Diz'ision ' 107 Help Appli- Wanted by Referred Place- Trans- cants Employers to Jobs meats fers Miscellaneou; — Apprentices, all trades 2 Elevator operators 3 . . 1 Watchmen, janitors, guards, etc 1 Grand total 877 837 680 492 CLEARANCE DIVISION The Clearance Division in the Central Office of the Employ- ment Service at Columbus has done most valuable work, not only in the issuance of a daily clearance bulletin of jobs and applicants, but also in emergency clearance by telephone and telegraph. When employers were anxious to scour the state for workers, up-to-the- minute information as to the availability of men was given them. When workers began to be released because of the cancellation of war contracts after the signing of the armistice, the situation was again materially relieved by the ability of the Clearance Division to get into touch with the employers over the state who were need- ing help and who would send a representative into the city afifected by the release. In every case, however, the effort was made to place workers locally and transfers were suggested only when there was no possibility of local placement. In the office of origin, credit was taken for the placement of men hired by an authorized representative of an outside company, even though the men were to be taken to outside districts. When workers were transferred to another office for placement, the office from which they were sent took credit for transfers, and not place- ments. A daily report was made to Columbus of all movements of workers between employment districts and out of the state. The daily transfer report for December 9 shows as follows : FROM DAYTON To Lorain 24 bolters To Lorain 16 erectors To Lorain 12 reamers To Lorain" 7 buckers To Lorain 5 heaters To Lorain 5 riveters io8 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense To Lorain 12 yard helpers To Lorain 3 passers To Lorain 1 punch helper To Lorain 4 constr. helpers To Springfield 13 auto mechanics To Piqua 7 polishers To Akron 3 tire builders To Hamilton 1 carpenter To Locicington 1 carpenter To Collinwood 1 drill press To Cleveland 1 ship builder FROM CINCINNATI To Mingo Junction GO laborers To Chillicothe 14 laborers FROM CLKVELAXD To Lorain 40 laborers To Mingo Junction 36 laborers To Bellefontaine 15 laborers To Barberton 13 laborers To Agosta 11 laborers To Youngstown 15 laborers To Crestline 10 laborers To Marion 9 laborers To Canton 5 laborers To Fairport 4 laborers To Garrett, Indiana 19 laborers To New Castle Junction, Pa 7 laborers FROM TOLEDO To Lorain 7 laborers To Alliance 32 laborers To Alliance 3 carpenters To Warren 23 laborers To Ashtabula '■' laborers To Orrville 3 laborers To Walbridge 5 laborers To Walbridge 1 farm hand To Mansfield 4 laborers To. Barberton 1 polisher To Reynolds Corners 1 farm hand To Berkley 1 farm hand To Allegheny. Pa 4 laborers Clearance Dk'isioii 109 FROM COLUMIiUS To Steubenville 1 miner To San Toy 1 miner To Mansfield 2 farm hands To Nelsonville G laborers To Dennison 5 laborers To Chillicothe 4 laborers To Bradford 3 laborers To Erie, Pa 25 laborers To Erie. Pa 16 brick layers To Erie, Pa 11 carpenters To Erie, Pa 6 hod carriers To Bower, W. Va 1 miner To Williamson, W. Va 8 laborers To Wilcoe, W. Va 1 laborer FROM YOUNGSTOWN To Sufiield, — Balloon Flying Field 26 laborers FROM PORTSMOUTH To Akron 1 machinist To Chillicothe 1 lineman To Chillicothe 9 laborers FROM NF.WARK To Barberton 3 rubber workers To Chillicothe 6 laborers FRO^r STFUP.IVILLI-: To Chillicothe 10 laborer's FROM VVARREX To Niles ■ 2 carpenters FROM PIOUA To Canton 1 wireman To Akron 1 machinist To Warren 1 cook To Warren 1 laborer To Barberton 3 laborers FRO]M ANCOR To Cincinnati 3 firemen To Cincinnati 3 carpenters 1 10 Ohio Bniiicli. Council oj National Defense FROM TIFFIN To Fremont 1 machinist FROM HAMILTON To Dayton 2 milling machine hands FROM SPRINGFIELD To Chillicothe 3 laborers FROM EAST LIVERPOOL To Warren 1 heater sheet mill FROM BARBERTON To Martins Ferry 1 craneman FROM MASriLOX To Canton 1 carpenter FROM MARION To Chillicothe 3 laborers FROM ALLIANCE To Canton 1 laborer ALL KINDS OF JOBS The offices have made consistent progress away from the mere handHng of the unemployed unskilled workers toward real labor exchanges handling not only skilled and unskilled workers but also many clerical, technical and professional workers. Several positions paying $2,ooo to $3,000 and one paying $6,500 have been filled through the offices. In fact, it has been demonstrated that the highly trained worker needs and appreciates assistance as much as the unskilled worker. The trained worker ciuite often remains in one position' for several years and when it becomes necessary to seek new empoyment he finds he knows little of conditions outside his own particular circle, and the clearance facilities of the Employ- ment Service, which make it possible for his application to be circulated throughout the state or for opportunities from over the state to be presented to him, are invaluable. A partial list of the better placements on December 9 is given below, as indicative of the customary work of the offices: Clca rail cc D k' is ion 1 1 1 MALES General — ■ 1 general foreman (railroad) $15M 1 fireman 140 2 firemen 130 1 postal clerk 1100 1 clerk 105 1 clerk r2o 1 fireman 100 1 stationary engineer 1 stationary engineer 16 brick layers 4 brick layers 1 12 carpenters 6 carpenters 10 carpenters 2 carpenters 9 glaziers 1 machine designer .") tool makers 2 pattern makers 2 machinists 1 machinist 3 machinists 4 machinists 1 lathe hand 3 lathe hands 3 lathe hands 8 lathe hands 3 milling machine men 3 fitters 1 roll turner — steel mill 1 die sinker 1 buflfer-polisher 1 rigger 1 tinner 1 riveter 1 pipe fitter 1 pipe fitter 1 painter 1 car inspector 2 miners 2 molders 1 truck driver 26 1 truck driver 20 1 truck driver 3 00 per mo 00 per mo 50 per mo 00 per mo 00 per mo 00 per mo 00 per mo 60 per hr 00 per hr 85 per hr 00 per hr 75 per hr 70 per hr 65 per hr 60 per hr 65 per hf 85 per hr 75 per hr 60 per hr 70 per hr 68 per hr 60 per hr 55 per hr 70 per hr 60 per hr 55 per hr 50 per hr 50 per hr 57 per hr 85 per hr 65 per hr 60 per hr 65 per hr 65 per hr 60 per hr 62* per hr 50 per hr 50 per hr 58i per hr scale 55 per hr 00 per wk no per \vk 75 per da 112 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense Disabled Soldiers — 1 placed (a 40 per hr 1 placed @ 35 per hr 1 placed (a 30 per hr Farm Help — 1 foreman 50 00 per mo 1 man 60 00 per mo 1 man 57 00 per mo 2 men 45 00 per mo 2 men 40 00 per mo 3 men 35 00 per mo 1 man 30 00 per mo 3 men 25 00 per mo I man and wife 70 00 per mo 1 man and wife ". 80 00 per mo fi:males 1 cook 20 00 per wk 3 stenographers 80 00 per mo 2 stenographers 70 00 per mo 1 stenographer 65 00 per mo 1 stenographer 16 50 per wk 1 office clerk 8fi 00 per mo 1 typist 15 00 per wk 1 clerk ] 7 00 per wk 2 clerks 12 00 per wk 1 tailoress 14 00 per wk 1 seamstress 10 00 per wk 1 sales lady 10 00 per wk 1 chambermaid 45 00 per mo 5 dry battery assemblers 13 00 per wk SUMMARY Summarizing the work of the Employment Offices for the entire period from May i, 1917. to December 31, 1918, we find that a total of 564,570 workers were reported as placed; an average of 1,129 P6^' working day. Of the total number reported placed 405.867 were men and 158,703 were women. During the same period a total of 12,657 farm placements were reported. These figures are included in total placements reported. Totals for the entire period are as follows : Clearance Dirisioji 113 Males Females Totals Average Applications 728 , •■)89 257 , 3o7 98U , 04(J 1 , 96U Workers ordered ti 1-J . •■)29 225 . 875 840 . 904 1 . G80 Applicants referred 490.984 191 ,270 088.260 1 ,377 Reported Placed 4(»5 , 8(>7 158 . Hr.\ 504 , 570 1 , 129 ( )f the 379,187 men reported placed. 166.342 were laborer and day workers, so that it may be said that 212.845 "''^'^ o'' 56.1% of the total number of men placed were put in touch with employ- ment requiring some special qualifications. A large number were placed in positions requiring special training or skill. About fifty per cent of the women reported placed were re- ferred to positions as day workers but in the case of women day workers, many are referred to day work positions who are hired permanently for the particular day of each week. In such cases the employment office can only take credit for the first day with the employer. A study of the work of the Employment OfBces during the entire period from May i, 191 7, to December 31. 1918. by months, icvcals a steady and consistent growth, except for a very normal slovvir-g down in December. 1917. January and February. i^iS, and November cud December. 1918. The totals for all offices by montlis ;ire as follows: TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN J<^'; Nezi'Reg- Total Help Referred Reported istrations Renewals Applications Wanted to Positions Placed May 12.811 24 . 944 37 , 755 29 . 340 24 , 504 1 9 , 48 1 June 10,779 23,948 40,727 28 ',027 25,512 20,427 July 28 , 852 24 , 563 53 ,415 35 , 908 32 , 779 27 ,423 Aug 36,302 23,941 (JO, 243 43,307 38,373 33,421 Sept 23.597 22.199 45,796 36.541 31.662 26,576 Oct 17.613 26.074 43.687 32,715 30.446 24,862 Nov 10,358 26,239 42,597 29.002 27.754 22.796 Dec 15,303 20,302 41. (105 23,327 22,211 18.220 191S Jan 10,052 30,721 46,773 24.000 23.405 19.109 Feby 13,(i32 27,178 40,810 21.398 20.379 10.900 March 15,503 28.140 43.649 35.066 30.505 25.219 April 15,985 27,181 43,160 41.675 34.866 29.129 May 15 , 507 25 , 129 20 , 096 41 , 446 34 , 166 27 , 971 June 17,960 22,483 40.443 35,514 29,649 24,248 8 C, OF N D. 114 Ohio Branch. Council of National Dcfoisc New Reg- Total Help Referred KeporWJ istrations Rciiczvals Applieafions Jl'aiited to Positiuiis Placed July 22,795 24.281 47.ii7t; 4n.(l2S ::5,(;17 29,348 Aug 32,719 22,923 55,042 (JtJ.S78 4i;,7-7 3!l,09;j Oct 40.118 23 . 930 70 , 048 83 , 375 'u . ^A 9 4 , 875 Nov 35,538 24,775 60,313 66.704 48,511 38,476 Dec 35 , 765 32 , 992 &% . 757 53 .431 40 , 934 37 , 007 Grand totals 470,734 509.912 980.040 840. 9n4 08S,20ii 504,570 May 10,042 10,851 27, lie, 2n.(ll(; I(i.751 12,885 June 13,801 15.155 2!i.oit; 2n,(ill 17,775 13.922 July 25.963 15.778 41,741 27,512 25.053 21,048 Aug 33 . 630 14 . 040 48 . 27(i 33 . 555 29 . 893 20 . 302 Sept 20,779 13,482 34.261 20.999 23,501 19,739 Oct 14.481 16.511 30.992 23.850 21.994 18,026 Nov 13 . 502 17 . 290 30 . 792 2 1 . 14(i 2u . 243 10 , 597 Dec 13,194 19,009 32,203 15.071 15.344 12.531 1918 Jan 13.287 21.504 31.S51 15,3!'3 15,433. 12.705 Feb 11.258 18.714 29.972 13,877 13.503 11,305 March 13.003 18,559 31.502 23,900 21,125 17.284 April 13 . 399 17.191 3o . 590 28 . 950 24 ,491 20 , 226 May 12,882 14,523 27.405 27.190 22.79u 18,027 June 13 , 870 12 , 009 2( i , 479 23 .112 19. 870 ] , 006 July 18.673 13.397 32.u70 29.334 25.241 20.710 Aug 28 . 340 12.713 41. 053 52 . 228 34 . 949 29 .140 Sept 30.159 11,973 42,132 59,0.52 34,218 27,998 Oct 40 , 292 12 , 758 53 , 050 04.1 02 44 . 085 36 . 065 Nov 31.407 14.139 45,546 50,558 36,308 28,581 Dec 32 , 206 2 1 . 599 ' 53 , 805 38 .407 34 , 354 26 , 680 Total.'- 404.828 318.461 723.289 615,529 496.984 405,867 FEM.ALES I9I7 May . 2,109 8.003 10.202 8 , 73(» 7 , 750 6,626 June . '2.918 8 793 11.711 8.(110 1 , 1 37 6,505 July . . 2.889 ,^ 785 1 1 , 074 8 . 390 7,126 0.375 Aug. . 2,672 9 295 11,967 9.752 8.480 7,059 Sept. . 2.818 8 717 11.535 9.542 8.161 6,837 Oct. .. 3.1.32 n 563 12.095 8.859 8.472 6,836 Nov. . 2.856 8 949 11.805 7.8.56 7,511 6,199 Dec. . 2.109 7 293 9.402 7 , 1 150 0,867 5,695 'stratioiis Re nic7cals Applications Wanted to Positions Placed 2 . 765 9,157 11.922 8.613 7,972 6,404 2.374 8,464 10.838 7,521 6,816 5,595 2 . olMt 9.587 12,087' 11,106 9,380 7,935 2.586 9,990 12,576 12,725 10,375 8,903 2,685 10,606 13,291 14,256 11,376 9,944 4,090 9,874 13,964 10.402 9,779 8,182 4.122 10.884 15,006 11,294 10,406 8,638 4.37!) 10.210 14.589 14,650 11,778 9,959 5.326 9,990 15,316 15,558 12,143 9,979 5.826 11,172 16.998 19,273 13,764 10.810 4.131 10.636 14,767 16,146 12,203 9,895 3.559 11,393 14,952 15,024 12,580 10,327 Clearance Division 115 igiS .VtTc' Rcth Total Help Referred Reported Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 65.906 191,451 257,357 225.375 191.276 158, 7U3 During the war period the greatest service rendered by the Employme.it Service was that of affording protection to necessary war industries. Under the authority possible only in a federal organization, eastern war firms were time and time again prevented from 'pirating" in Ohio labor markets at a time when Ohio war industries v.ere themselves in sore straits for men. Every day for a long pe^iofl brought dozens of urgent requests and demands for hundreds and even thousands of workers from Ohio. It was pos- sible to deny these requests through an organization ready at all times to show the needs of Ohio employers and the importance of Ohio activities. This policy eft'ectively put a stop to the attempts of unscrup'.jlous labor agents. A public employment service is a business and must be gov- erned by business principles. The cost of placement must be one guage of efficiency but until it is possible to obtain accurate figures on the cost of placement of laborers as a group, skilled help as a group and technical help as a group, comparison of placement costs is impossible. During war times employers found it necessary to spend surprising amounts to secure help and the Employment Service also found it necessary to use new methods in meeting the unusual situations with which it has been confronted. The following figures indicate the cost of placements in Ohio during the year 1918. Contributed during 1918 by: Il6 ()lii() Branch. CouucU of Xatioiial Pcfcnsc Federal (iovernment $107. oTS (J'J. Ohio Branch Council of Xational Defense 7-_'.")!»2 81 Industrial Commission of Ohio iti.o-il) SI Cities, Counties and Private Funds ■-M.SIHl dO ( Xo charge (.'--timated for space in puljlic 1)uildings) Total $2:-;0,881 W Total number reported placed in HMS 'M\ .'A'>'.) Average cost per placement $0 ti2 Tlie amount contributed b}- tlie federal government includes the total amount spent for furniture, alterations, signs etc., in oj)ening the fifteen or twenty new offices that were opened during the latter part of the year. The amount contributed by cities and counties does not include any estimate for the rental \alue of space occupied by emplovment offices in public Ijuildings. .\dding an estimate for the rental value of such space figured on commercial renting values, the figures would be as follows : Total cash outlay $-J:'.(i.S81 !»(( Estimated and rental value of space occupied in pul)lic bldgs $i'4.t;i:. (Ht Total $2:):..4!i(; W Total number reported placed in liUS :')71 .■>'>'■* Average cost per placement !t=" <)!' These figures do not. of course, include anv overhead charges for the expense of the Administrative Offices of the United States Employment Service at Washington for the period since July, during which the federal government has contributed. The first placements made Ijy newely opened offices are costly as it is necessary to educate a community to a realization of the jnirpose and possibilities of the Employment Service. It is also true that the i)lacement of higher type applicants costs very much above the general average ; in fact a reliable private technical place- ment agency states that the cost of placing a technical engineer has never been reduced to less than twenty-five dollars per placement. During the period of development the Employment Service has borne the burden of increased costs due to the opening of new offices and has also made progress in effecting higher grade place- ments. It may be expected that even with further progress along the line of high grade placements, the average placement cost will dcrease with the increased efl^ectivenss of th service. If, however, the Employment Service is able to shorten the Clearance Dh'isioii ■ 117 period of unemployment between jobs by a few days, a day or even a part of a day, and if the employer can be saved loss of pro- duction by better distribution of available workers, and if the general welfare of the communitcy can be served by bringing workers into touch wjth the work for which they are best fitted, then certainly the cost per placement becomes an insignificant factor compared to the economic saving to the country at large and to the workers and employers. Figures representing the work of the offices in handling farm placements during the entire period from May i, 191 7, to December 31, 1918, are included in the summarized figures just presented, but the total farm placement figures by months are sufficiently in- teresting to deserve separate consideration. In the following table it willl be seen, of course, that the greatest number of farm place- ments was reached in harvest time when many temporary hands are sent out, bvit it will also be observed that many month bauds were sent out in the late and early months of the year : FARM AND DAIRY WORKERS 19T/' A't'w Reg- Total Help ' Referred Reported May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 19 18 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Totals ... 17.86!) 10,408 27.8(i7 20.;?-.'n 18.f)23 12, 657 ' St rations I ^ctieiK'als Ap 'plieations I Vanted to i Positions Plaeed 1.622 825 2.447 2,635 1.2.^1 599 1,178 838 2.016 1.038 1.214 714 1,508 878 2,386 1.403 1,672 1.127 718 649 1,367 963 860 833 7.S.S 462 1.195 1.086 992 708 885 501 1 , 386 1.28(i 1.253 963 662 415 1.077 1.034 1.016 730 368 370 738 404 408 263 452 371 823 296 315 199 736 449 1 . 185 568 575 291 1.710 864 2,574 1,526 1,530 906 1.124 563 1,687 1,080 1,181 738 795 385 1.180 798 847 529 1.305 616 1,921 1.588 1.499 1,091 825 477 1,302 915 944 679 524 317 841 696 640 445 800 337 1 . 137 1,123 903 642 593 368 961 815 782 552 357 300 657 502 456 329 474 513 987 564 555 319 PART IV FOOD SUPPT.Y AND CONSERVATION. So closely interrelated ar the State Council of Defense, the Ohio State University and its Extension Department, and the Food Administraticjn in Ohio, and so harmonious their activities, that this report on ( Jhio's distinctive contribution to the campaign for food supply and conservation can make little distinction, and can only attempt description in a general way of what has been accomplished during the life of the State Council. It will suffice to say that the creation and -initial operations of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in the spring and summer of k)!/, gave tremendous impetus to all the agencies of the state which were cooperating in food activities, and that all these agencies joined hands wholeheartedly under auspices of the State Council, in a tremendous drive for more war food. Illuminating, also, in this connection is the fact that Fred C. Croxton, acting director of the activities of the State Council from its creation to its disbandment, was Federal Food Administrator for Ohio during the war period, and Clark S. Wheeler, Director of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State University, was the Coun- cil's first Executive Secretary and organizer of its agricultural activities. PRODUCTION AND ACREAGE Confronting a world food shortage in the spring of 191 7 and the importance of a food supply sufficient to permit large exporta- tion in addition to home needs, ste|)s were taken which would tend to increase the supply of food for 191 7 and succeeding seasons. Acreage of spring crops in 1917 required immediate' attention ; farmers were advised as to the need for food ; newspapers of the state were mobilized to assist ; posters were displayed. Provision was made for the securing of needed farm help. Transportation of seed stocks and farm materials was speeded up through the Ohio Public Utilities Commission. Production and Acreage 119 County Commissioners in each county were requested by the Governor to nominate a War Food and Crop Commissioner, who was in turn to nominate township Commissioners to cooperate in an intensive campaign to the farmers for the careful planting of increased acreage. Such Food and Crop Commissioners rendered valuable service in 1917, without salary and without expenses. Colleges and universities throughout the state, more than 30 in number, were urged to release students for farm labor. It is estimated that 3,500 college students were so released between the dates of April 20 and May 5, 1917. At least a similar number of Ohio school boys were released for farm work, as a result of the same campaign. It may be said that these 7,000 boys Avere released on an average of 40 days prior to the end of the school year. That is to say through this action of the Council of Defense and corre- lated agencies, at least 280,000 days of labor were secured for the farmers of Ohio in excess of the normal supply. The War Emergency Food Movement in the spring of 1917 found 22 counties in the state supplied with County Agricultural Agents working under direction of the College of Agriculture. So that all counties in the state might have services of trained workers, 30 special agents were furnished temporarily, and assigned to districts consisting of one to three counties in such manner as to cover the state. Work of the County Agents, Special Agents, and the War Food and Crop Commissioners was adjusted to meet most urgent needs along the following lines : (i) Getting labor for immediate use. (2) Making arrangements for harvest labor. (3) Giving information regarding seed. (4) Assisting in expediting car-load shipments of agricultural supplies. Public meetings to arouse the farmers were held. In the period between April 26 and June i, 191 7, just prior to formal establish- ment of the Council of National Defense, 124 patriotic agricultural meetings were furnished with speakers, reaching at least 16,645 people. I20 Ohio Branch. Coinicl! of National Defense CITY GARDENING Vacant lot and back yard garden work in 191 7 was assisted by garden specialists from the College of Agriculture and experts from the State Board of Agriculture. Upon re(|uest, 76 cities and towns were visited, evening meet- ings were addressed, and, in addition, the specialists in many places talked to schools, chambers of commerce, factory workmen, city improvement associations, and other gatherings. The cooj)eration of Rotary Clubs in furnishing garden seeed and implements, of Boy Scouts, of state departments and other agencies contributed materially to the campaign. The spring and summer of 191S. of course, saw the develop- ment of the United States School (iarden .•\rmy, which gave addi- tional impetus to the whole movement, but which was conducted separately from the ( )hio Branch, Coimcil of National Defense. PUBLICATIONS The agricultural Division of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in the spring and summer of 1917, issued more than 2,000,000 pieces of printed matter, including 300,000 question- naires dealing with farm labor, and mailed to every farmer in the state residing on free delivery mail routes. 750,000 posters and leaflets were printed and distributed giving information concerning back yard gardening and the conser\ation of food in the homes. RESULTS OF THE DRIVE Ustimates compiled by the State Board of Agriculture show a corn crop in Ohio in 1917 of 122,204,661 bushels as compared with 96,352,296 in 19 16. The potato cro|) for the state in 1917 is esti- mated at 11,802,020 bushels as against 5,460.008. It is significant that the main drive in 1917 for ])roduction was directed toward an increase in these two staples, corn and potatoes. To increased planting of spring wheat, as a result of the cam- paign, is attrilnUed some credit for the 1917 crop of 43,310,387 bushels as comj)ared with that of 20,986,793 bushels in 1916. Rye, in 1917, showed a total yield of 2.058,891 as compared with 688,841 in 1916; oats, 69,354,811 bushels in 1917 as compared with 42,649.- 165 the year before; barley, 1,696,241 bushels in 1917 as compared with 710,5 19 in 1 916. Conservation I2I It is significant to note that the acreage producing the 191 7 wheat crop, including the spring planting, was 1,788,026 as com- pared with 1,623,326 in 1916; corn 3.387,459 acres as compared with 3,154, 480; rye, 101,372 acres as compared with 68,699; oats, 1,538,834 acres as compared with 801.639; barley 50,447 acres as compared with 27,683. CONSERVATION Under direction of the Federal Food Administrator for Ohio, who is also Vice Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, committees were organized for every county to carry out plans of the Food Administration and the Defense Council on con- servation. The Department of Home Economics, Ohio State University, and the Department of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State Uni- versity, functioning with the Defense Council, organized extensively, during the summer of 1917, canning clubs and demonstrations under supervision of the regular forces of both departments and ten expert instructors. More than 400 canning demonstrations were given, 250 bread making demonstrations and 363 conservation talks. Food exhibits were staged at the State Fair and the National Dairy Show at Columbus, the Cleveland Food Show, and during Farmers' Week, Ohio State University. An instruction institute was held for Home Economics students during the last week in May, 1917. Special instruction to farm women was given in various insti- tutes over the state and during Farmers' Week at Ohio State Uni- versity, and all institutions and large cities were visited for the purpose of giving home economics demonstrations and conservation instruction. City and County Home Demonstration Agents met in Colum bus for special instruction February 2 to 5, 1918. During 1917 and first two months of 1918, the governmen and the state cooperating, installed seven women Home Demonstra- tion Agents in cities and ten in counties in the state. Volunteer workers with home economics training were listed for service to the number of 400. Special programs of summer work in 1917 were carried out in the following cities, as well as 122 Ohio Branch, Cotiiicil of Nafional Defense in niaiiv smaller communities: Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, Cleveland, Akron, Youngstown and Lancaster. Under general supervision of Miss Edna N. White, head of the Department of Home Economics, Ohio State University, 14 leaflets and 2 bulletins, dealing with food conservation, were pub- lished and distributed throughout the state. A booklet on canning and preserving and a War Cook Book, running into an issue of more than 90,000 each, were published by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Bulletins and leaf- lets on meat substitutes, Victory breads, and outlines for food con- servation teaching were published by the Agricultural Extension Department, Ohio State University. The Department of Home Economics at Ohio State University, in close touch with the Defense Council, has done research work as follows : (i) Survey of bakers' bread, to discover progress made in wheat conservation. (2) Methods to prepare soy beans and soy bean pro- ducts. (3) Study of soap conservation. (4) Use of wheat substitutes in bread. (5) Experiments in sugar substitutes. (6) Listing war-time publications issued by Depart- ments of Home Economics throughout the countr}-. FOLLOW-UP IX 1018 The whirlwind campaign in the summer of 191 7, together with renewed inspiration from the LInited States Department of Agriculture and the U^nited States Food Administration, and their state agencies, netted even finer results in 1918. Crop statistics are not yet available, Init, in the opinion of agricultural authorities, the yields will break all records for the .state. In 191S, for example, 6.000 girls were registered in the Girls Club Division of the Depart- ment of Agricultural Extension ; 900 trained home economics women volunteered their services and rendered splendid assistance to their own commmiities ; and food exhibits were staged in 56 counties. Home Dciiioiisfrafion Acjcuts 123 LOCAL MEETINGS AND DEMONSTRATIONS During June, 1918, 395 demonstrations and talks were given over the state by trained home economics workers; (hiring July. 424 ; during August, 67. CONSERVATION LESSONS In order to utilize an agency that has been relatively little used for conservation teaching, a series of lessons has been prepared for pupils in the seventh and eighth grades of public, jjarochial and private schools. A mailing list of approximately 14,000 names has been prepared, including seventh and eighth grade teachers in rural, village, town and city schools. In this series, and sharing its cost, the following agencies have cooperated : Ohio Branch, Coun- cil of National Defense, United States Food Administration in Ohio, United States Fuel Administration in Ohio, Agricultural Extension Service, Ohio State University. WORK OF HOME DEMO\TSTRATION AGENTS The work of the Home Demonstration Agents of the United States Department of Agriculture was closely related at all times with the policies and program of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. The food conservation work in the ten counties where rural Home Demonstration Agents were located and in the eight cities where there were urban agents was largely carried on under their direction. The first agent was installed the last of October, 1917, and some were not installed until the summer of 1918, but they held hundreds of demonstrations before study clubs and public demon- strations, in addition to their individual work. Reports of urban agents show totals of 1,115 demonstrations, 771 individual talks, 219 public meetings — total attendance approxi- mately 332,072 in the cities of Akron, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, Cleve- land, Dayton, Toledo, Youngstown, Columbus and Canton. The reports of the rural agents show totals of 526 demonstra- • tions and 191 talks before organizations, and 53 demonstrations and 25 talks to general public — total attendance approximately 41,129. 124 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense E.AIERGEXCY AID JX INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC Shortly after outbreak of the influenza epidemic which swept the country, the federal government asked that the State Council mobilize whatever resources possible in combatting the plague. In addition to cooperation given health authorities throughout the state, the home economic workers proved invaluable. (_)n October i8th. the Home Economics Department of Ohio State Uni- versity was notified that, due to the outbreak of influenza, there was a considerable number of Student Army Training Cor])s stu ■ dents needing food supplies. Investigation showed that the new hospital not yet opened was intended for 20 patients with a])proxi- mately 107 patients needing attention. Equipment was moved over from the Department, and, with the aid of trained volunteers from the Department, the food situation w-as cared for adequately. The Home Demonstration Agents were in conference at the time, and several assisted during the first few days. On their return to their own communities they were called upon to help in the local situation. Since food is such an important factor in the treatment of influenza, this service was of great benefit to the community and it is a matter of congratulation that the agents were recognized in their res|)ective localities as the persons best able to render such help. Because all meetings were called ofif, the agents had time to devote to the relief of stricken neighborhoods, in particular choosing those where entire families were unable to prepare food for them- selves. The Home Demonstration Agents, in cooperation with the Red Cross, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, or the Women's Clubs, opened centers for the preparation and distribu- tion of cooked food. In such places as armories, schools, settlements or canteens, soups, custards, gruels, puddings, cereals, jellies and apple sauce were prepared by Home Economics Teachers, whose time was free because the schools were closed. Doctors, mail carriers. Catholic sisters, priests, merchants and district nurses, together with women who volunteered to drive their own cars, joined in a common neighborhood service, recognizing the Home Demonstration Agent as their director. Tractors 125 From stations in one city food was sent out in auto trucks titted out with tireless cookers, containing a Ijroth, or hot soft diet dish and a dessert. Each truck carried milk and fruit juices, and a trained worker, besides the driver. When the oganization of this service was completed, the finer touches were added, such as flowers, and cookies for the children. In another city 1,135 families, representing 4.850 individuals, were served by six stations in two weeks. There, as in most other places, the work was financed by the Red Cross, though other agencies were more than ready to help. The service was oiTered everywhere as a bit of neighborly helpfulness, not charity, and was everywhere so accepted and ap- preciated. The case of one family was typical. The wife and three children were ill. When volunteers reached the home, the father, who was a foreigner, wept, saying, "I\Iy wife's sister came several days ago and looked into the house. She say. 'AH sick. I'm afraid, and went away. But you. a stranger, stay and help us." Food offered in such friendliness was not only a life saver, but a means of establishing faith in this America of ours in many homes never reached by Home Demonstration Agents before. TRACTORS In the fall of m;!/. a survey was made to determine the number of tractors in use in the state. This survey was conducted through the County Food and Crop Commissioners and County Agricultural Agents. The survey showed there were approximately 2,000 trac- tors in use in this state. Early in January, 1918, a conference of tractor men and others interested was called by the Governor to consider the best means of increasing the number of these tractors in Ohio. Tractor manufacturers and tractor salesmen said their chief difficulty in the past had been to get the country banks to loan farmers monev to buy tractors. FMiilip Berg. State Superintendent of Banks, was called in and instructed to call upon all banking institutions to cooperate in the movement to see that the farmers wanting to buy tractors were financed. The State Industrial Commission was about to invest $1,000,000 of state funds in miscellaneous bonds. By direction of the Go\ernor. these funds were deposited in the country banks, under the Depository Law. instead, and arrangements made for the 126 Ohio Bnuicli, Council of Xatioiial Defense creation of an atkiilional fund of $2,000,000, if it should become necessary, to guarantee full financial aid to the farmers. Banks were requested to loan this money to farmers at reason- able rates, not exceeding six per cent, and bankers gave this move- ment loyal and patriotic support. One country bank financed the purchase of 36 tractors in its community. Tractor manufacturers a})pointed a Production Committee to cooperate with the state in the movement. It was agreed that the goal would be to place 1,500 additional tractors in Ohio the spring of 1918. There was some dif^culty in the matter of transportation — ■ getting these tractors from the factories to the farmers. The matter of transportation was taken u]i with our State Public Utili- ties Commission and an appeal made direct to \\\ G. 3*IcAdoo, Director General of Railroads, with the result that cars were fur- nished and this transportation difficulty overcome. Early in February, a Tractor School was conducted for one week at the State Capitol in Columl)us attended by about 2,000 farmers. Tractor manufacturers from all over the country sent their machines here for demonstration at this school. Thirty differ- ent concerns had machines at the schodl. A number of them were shipped by express in order that they might reach here without delay. The Tractor School was a big success It was followed up bv smaller schools in the counties, conducted by the tractor manu- facturers. Henry Ford, Detroit manufacturer, joined r)hio's farm tractor drive, held in April, by allotting i.ooo tractors to his agents to be sold in C)hio. .\11 of these activities were given widest publicity, with the result that the interest of Ohio farmers was actively aroused to the necessitv of increased crop production, and a wonderful impetus was given to the greater use of farm tractors as a factor in in- creased outi)ut. Survexs just c()m])leted by the State De])artment of Agriculture show that the whole tractor drive for increased war food produc- tion has netted an addition of at least 2,000 tractors on farms of this state. Tractor manufacturers followed up the initial selling campaign with efforts to train farmer owners to get maximum efficieucv out Seed Corn 127 of their machines. To accompHsh this, many companies established local Tractor Schools in some parts of the state, and practically all of them took steps to insure the prompt furnishing of tractor parts through agents in their districts where tractors had been sold. SEED CORN Following investigations made by the College of Agriculture early in January, 1918, it became apparent that Ohio was facing a grave seed corn situation on account of the large amount of soft corn from the former year's crop and the severe cold weather in December, 1917, which ruined much of the corn for planting. Permanent tests made by the College of Agriculture showed that on an average thirty-two per cent of the former year's corn was not fit to plant. This was the lowest germination test in the history of the state. To arouse the farmers of the state to the seriousness of the situation, the Governor, as Chairman of the Defense Council, the Federal Food Administrator for Ohio, and Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction sent out a call to all County School Superintendents to come to Columbus for a conference, for the purpose of enlisting every child in the rural schools of the state in a state-wide seed corn census. The College of Agriculture established the machinery for conducting this census, the purpose of which was to locate all of the old 1916 corn in each county and to prevent the planting of any of the 1917 corn unless it had been ear tested. This census was completed ; the cards distributed and collected by the school children were turned over to the County Farm Bureaus in each county, and were then placed in the hands of township captains who arranged for the testing of the corn and assisted farmers who had not found good seed corn to get it. Testing stations were established in various parts of the state, and every county had a special seed corn man or a county agent who looked after the work in his county. This movement resulted in 50 to 100 tests of corn in each count}-. The survey of 1916 corn resulted in discovery of one-quarter to one-third of enough corn in the counties to seed the normal acreage. In addition to these endeavors, Clark S. Wheeler, Director of Agricultural Extension at Ohio State University, and former Exec- I2ii Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense utive Secretary of the Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, announced, March 22. 1918, that his dej^artment. assisted hy federal funds, had ])urchase(l for delivery and Ohio ]jlanting more than 50.000 hushels of good corn, suitable for seeding purposes. Wide publicity was given to the seed corn situation in all of the newspapers (jf the state. jKirticularly the "'Farm Press." The Food Administration took steps to prevent profiteering in seed corn. In one instance, the Food Administrator, who was Acting Chairman of the State Council, compelled two s])jcul:itors. who had bought more than 500 bushels of old corn at $J.oo a bushel and were selling it as high as $6.50 a bushel, to resell all the corn at not to exceed $2.50 a bushel, and to refund to all those who had already ])aid for the corn, the difference. While ihe l^^ood .\dministration was not empowered to hx };rices which ])roducers could obtain for their corn, it was able to prevent speculation and profiteering. On March 4, 1918, the Federal Food Administrator for ( )hio. who is Vice Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, issued a seed corn bulletin to producers and dealers, urg- ing careful ear testing of 1917 corn, and advising as to fair prices which farmers and dealers should charge and pay for seed corn. Ten dollars per bushel was suggested as a maximuiu. except for i)edigreed stock; and a margin of not to exceed one dollar a bushel, exclusive of the cost of transportation, testing and bags, was designated as a fair margin for dealers in seed corn. Intermediate |)rices for I9i6and 1917 corn, dejjendent on germination tests, were suggested. klVE STOCK PRODUCTION The Committee on Food Supjily and Conservation. ( )hio l!ranch. Council of National Defense, meeting in Columbus Novem- ber 9, 191 7, went on record as urging the increased feeding of live stock, both on a large and small scale throughout the state, as a means of meeting a primary war necessity. The committee, on suggestion of the T'ederal Food Adminis- trator for Ohio, directed that a letter be sent to County Sheriffs, Countv Commissioners and Justices of the Peace throughout the state, urging rigid enforcement of the Pratt Law, passed l)y the Legislature in the season of 1916-17 and providing for the registra- tion of dogs. Lk'C-stock Production l2y Such enforcement, it was j^ointed out, would go a long way toward ]>reventing the ravages of sheep killing dogs, which, in 1916, killed 13,898 shee]) in Ohio and injured 8,o58, with a total property losss of approximately $66,000. Statistics are not available to show whether the actual money and economic loss from sheep killing dogs was decreased as antici- pated, but the response from county authorities in charge of the Pratt Law was vigorous and prompt, and reports received here from many of the coimties show conclusively that the action taken has resulted in checking a]:)preciably the ravages of these animals. CO-OPEU.\TI().\" WITH TH-E I-OOD .\DM IXISTRATIOX The Committee on Food Supply and Conservation, Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, went on record officially as endorsing and urging the observance in Ohio of food-saving regu- lations issued by the United States Food Administration at Wash- ington and by the Federal Food Administrator for Ohio. .MARKETIXG OF SURPLUS COMMODITIES Though letters sent to County Agricultural Agents and to War Food and Crop Commissioners during the summer of 1917, sur])]us cabbage, sweet corn and other vegetables were located in various districts in the state, and assistance given producers in marketing through commercial channels, notably canners, these surpluses which threatened to resitlt in waste. The same ])rocedure was followed in 19 18, but under direct auspices of the United States Food x\dministration in Ohio. 9 C. OF w. D PART V ADDITIUXAL, GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVrriES AMERICAXIZATIOX Raymond Moley Director of Americanization Miss Tuliette Sessions Assistant to Director of Americanization COMMITTEE OX SCHOOLS Dr. R. J. Condijn Denton Building, Cincinnati Dr. D. F. Garland Department of Public Welfare, Dayton Rev. Francis W. Howard ; 1651 East Main Street, Columbus Raymond Moley State House , Columbus Georae W. Steven- Director, Art Museum, Toledo COMMITTEE OX HOME AXD COMMUXITY H. T. Clark. ... -Squire , Sanders & Dempsey. Leader-News Bldg., Cleveland Allen T. Burns Cleveland Foundation , Cleveland F. P. Goodwin Denton Building, Cincinnati Rev. Francis W. Howard l6ol East Main Street, Columbus Miss Elinor E. Ledbetter 226 City Hall, Cleveland Gustave Ohlinger Toledo Commerce Club, Toledo George W. Stevens Director. Art Museum, Toledo COM.MITTEE OX IXDUSTRL\L PLAXTS H. T. Waller B. F. Goodricb Company, Akron George W. Savage Ruggery Building, Columbus George M. \'erity American Rolling Mills Company, Middletown The census in 1910 showed that out of Ohio's population of 4.767,121 more than 598,000 persons were foreign born", and at least 1.024,393 were of foreign or mi.xed parentage. In other words, in 1910 about one-third the people in Ohio were either immigrants or one generation removed ; that somewhere near (130) Americanization 131 one-third of the population first learned to speak in some language other than English. On April 3, 1918, in a conference at Washington, addressed by Honorable William K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, was is- sued the appeal to the states to enlist their war machinery in an active campaign for Americanization. Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman, Ohio Branch, Council of Na- tional Defense, was Ohio's official representative at the conference. Succeeding conferences in Ohio, by Mr. Croxton with the Gov- ernor and with groups of Ohio workers skilled in the Americani- zation field, resulted in appointment, on July 15, 191S, of Professor Raymond Moley, of the Department of Public Science at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, as Director of Americanization for the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. To assist Mr. Moley, Miss Juliette Sessions was appointed Assistant Director of Americanization, September first. Questionnaires as to the numbers and nationalities of foreign born residents and as to Americanization work already under way were sent superintendents of schools and secretaries of Chambers of Commerce in over thirty cities which, in the census of 1910. showed large percentages of foreign born in their populations. Questionnaires were also sent to factories and industrial plants which had large population of unnaturalized and non-English speaking employes. The questionnaires showed that very little attention had been pai'd to foreign born residents except in a few large cities, notably Cleveland, Cincinnati and Akron, and in some of the largest in- dustries. They also showed that the most acute Americanization problem lay in the industrial cities along the lake and the Ohio river, and especially in the northeastern part of the state. , On the basis of information collected, followed by personal visits and correspondence, the following Americanization .program was laid down by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense: ( I ) To encourage public school authorities to pro- vide facilities for teaching of English and citizenship to the foreign-born, to standardize instruction in these subjects by the study of methods, the publication of the results of these studies, and to provide some means for the 13- (Hiio Hraiich. Coiiiuil of Nalioiial Pcfciisc trainins^' of teachtr> in this \-erv >|)ecialize(l form of work. (2) To bring liome to tniploycrs of foreign labor the need of Americanization and the opportunity and res[)onsibiHty of industry in this work, and to secure cooperation between industry and educational authorities. (3) To carry on a campaign to encourage aliens to apply for citizenship papers, to standardize the requirements for naturalization, and to en- courage local communities to dignify the act of naturalization by public ceremonies. (4) To enlist as many agencies as i)Ossible in the work of reaching the foreign woman and the home, in order to raise the standard of living, ' improve housing conditions and child welfare. Cooperating. ad\ising and supporting the whole [jrogram have been the members of the three sub-committees on Americanization, (Jhio Branch, ('oimcil of National Defense, whose names are listed abo\e. It wa> these men and women, pioneers, and already skilled in the field, who ha\e enabled the COuncil to make much of the progress made, and on whom nnist rest largely the resj)onsibility for future necessar\- Americanization work in the state. Meanwhile, the Americanization Section of the State Council has issued five bulletins, with more in preparation. The bulletins already [jublished are : ( I ) 'A\'hat is Americanization ?"' which defines the movement as "the interpretation of America to the foreign-born and the interpretation of the foreign-I)orn to America — an attempt to unify all the people of this Nation through mutual understanding and trust, and to make America a vast fellowship of free men." (2) 'TVactical Americanization program for ( )hio cities." This bulletin makes practical sugges- tions for adequate schools to teach English and citizenship to the adult foreigner, the establish- ment of information centers for foreigners, the Americanization 133 necessity for naturalization and citizenship, the field of Americanization workers in the homes of foreigners, and with foreign women; and it places squarely upon educational authorities the responsibility for launching local Americaniza- tion activities . (3) "Americanization in Industry," prepared by H. T. Waller. Educational Director. B. F. Good- . rich Company. Akron. Ohio, which describes the spirit and the methods that prevail in the Americanization classes conducted at Akron under Mr. Waller's direction, and which makes practical appeal to employers and manufac- turers to begin Americanization work in their plants and to assimilate their foreign-born em- ployes into the ranks of intelligent, efficient and thoroughly American wage earners. (4) "Americanization through the Public Library," by Professor Sarah T. Barrows, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, a pamphlet of technical instruction to teachers of English to foreigners, designed to overcome some of the difficulties of spelling and pronunciation which harass those of foreign nationalities in their attempt to vuiderstand, write and speak the English language. (5) "English Speech for Foreign Tongues," written written by IVIrs.^ Eleanor Ledbetter of the Cleveland Public Library, based on actual Americanization work done by her in a branch library in one of Cleveland's most foreign dis- tricts and describing methods whereby libraries may become practical Americanization centers, helpful and inspiring to the foreign born and to civic benefit. Meanwhile, about twenty-five cities in the state have organized Americanization Committees which are actively at work ; with others which ha\e evidenced interest, and which are planning modest though practical and continuous campaigns. 134 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense An institute for teachers, held at Akron during the tirst week of Octoher, 1918, gave the whole Americanization movement in Ohio tremendous impetus. Among Ohio speakers at this confer- ence were : Professor Raymond Moley, Director of Americanization, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Miss Helen Bacon, Secretary of the Cleveland Committee on Americanization, Miss Shirley Leonard, Director of Y. W. C. A. work among foreign- horn women in Akron, Mrs. C. J. Parker, Chairman of the Canton .Americanization Com- mittee. Besides correspondence and communication with cities in the effort to inspire practical Americanization work, the State Defense Council has sent letters, through the Director of Americanization, to the eighty-eight County School Superintendents, accompanied by a strong appeal from B. F. Pearson, State Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction, asking definite questions as to the foreign population in rural Ohio. In this connection, the formation of rural com- munity Americanization Committees is contemplated. On request of the federal government that the State Council explain the significance of Thanksgiving Day to foreign-born resi- dents, and to arouse their interest in that holiday, a short article ' was prepared, explaining origin of the day and showing that it is as much the holiday of the foreign-born in America as of the native-born. This article was sent to all foreign language news- ]>apers in the state and a letter went also to every local American- ization Committee Chairman, suggesting that special efl:'ort be made in the communities to interest foreigners in Thanksgiving Day, and that Clergymen of churches which foreigners attend, be asked to explain the significance of the day. luly 4, 1918, was also made the occasion for a special interpre- tation of American ideals to the foreign-born in cities and towns throughout the state. Auicricaui.zatioii 135 This action was taken in answer to the direct request of the President that July 4, 1918, be made an international holiday. Governor James M. Cox, as Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, sent the following letter to Mayors of cities and towns throughout Ohio : "In line with expressed wishes of Americans of foreign birth, whose petition to President Wilson, and his reply, are enclosed, you are doubtless by this time at work perfecting arrangements for making the Fourth of July celebration in your city especially sig- nificant for those groups in your community which have sprung recently from foreign lands. "We are advised by the federal government that this matter has already been broached to you by the Committee on Public Information. "The Council of National Defense, through both its federal and state branches, is backing this idea to the utmost. "The Committee on Americanization, Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, has advanced two very pertinent suggestions. Unless they are alread}' included in some specific way in your pro- gram for the Fourth of July, may we call them strongl}- to }our attention. These suggestions are: ''(i) Arrange as part of the program, some feature which shall create deep interest and co- operation on the part of the foreign-born popula- tion — such as a chorus made up of representa- tives of all choral societies, singing well-known national hymns ; also arrange for the playing by bands of patriotic selections from the national airs of our Allies. ''(2) Wherever possible, one or more of the speakers should be an American of foreign birth, who shall voice the aspirations of the people of his native land for the freedom of America and devotion to the ideals of America, the land of his adoption. 136 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense "The singing of Anitrica !)y audiences, led by community choruses, would be titting. and the reading of the Declaration of Inde])endence will, of cour>e. be a feature of practically all Fourth of July celel^rations. There is the special suggestion made 1)\- tlie Council of National Defense, that at all Fourtli of julv celel)ra- tions there should be read the >])ecial lnde])endence Day Message from President Wilson. This message has been prepared especially for the "Four Minute Men." and should be read from the platform l)v one of them. It will not be given publicity beforehand, and will be heard by the ])eople for the tirst time. "The Fourth of July means this year more than it has ever meant before. Coming at the time when America is fighting for the freedom of all nations, it is more than a national holiday; it is an international holiday. "It is especially titting therefore, that Ameri- cans who came over here from choice, to seek our freedom, and who are now helping to extend it. l)e especially recognized on this occasion. "We rely on your cooperation. Please com- mand us for any assistance that we mav render." A special celebration of state-wide significance was arranged in Columbus on July Fourth under joint auspices of the State De- fense Council and the Columlms Chamber of Commerce, with Ignace Jan Paderewski. celel^rated Polish pianist and jjatriot, as princi])al speaker. N()N-W.\k C( )XSTKUCTI()X S'lWTE COM.MriTEE C. L. Dickey Columbus F. L. Packard Columbus E. T*". Wood Columlius The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was requested in September, 1918. by the k'ield Division, Council of National Defense, at Washington, to act as the representative of rhe War Industries Board in passing u]ioii ])ro])osed construction, in order A'oii-irar Coiistrnctio)i I37 that all buildiiiii- which was not absolutely necessary might be stopped. The state committee, with C. L. Dickey. Chairman, was ap- pointed by the Governor, as Chairman of the Defense Council, on September 2t,, 1918. Mr. Dickey, without salary, gave full time to. the work. Meet- ings of the state committee were held daily for several weeks, and an immense amount of business cleared. Tireless efforts of Mr. Dickey and his state committeemen resulted in the prompt handling of literally hundreds of cases which woukl have been delayed ma- terially if petitioners had been compelled to wait for the set-up of the local committees. Through assistance of Mr. S. J. Brandenburg, in charge of county and community organization, local conunittees were nomi- nated and appointed in each county in the state. (Membership of the local committees is hereinafter listed.) Instructions were sent to all the local committees asking them to organize and to notify those affected in their communities of the restrictions imposed by the government, and to request, so far as possible, that unnecessary building be deferred. Local committees were instructed to pass on applications for "building permits, to make their recommendations to the state com- mittee, which in turn transmitted them to the Non-War Construc- tion Section of the War Industries Board at Washington. The disapproval of countless projects, public and private, naturally created some commotion. Many building projects were already under way. There was much call in some centers for houses for munitions workers, and a great many factories were feeling the need of enlarging their facilities for the production of war materials. A distinction between building for war purposes and purely civil purposes was made, and questions of the former phase were referred to the Regional Directors of the War Industries Board. Mr. Edwin C. Gibbs, of Cincinnati, and Mr. W. B. McAllister, of Cleveland. A modification of original instructions later permitted farmers to erect small buildings up to the cost of $500.00, without permit. C. L. Dickey, Chairman of the state Non-War Construction Committee, reporting on activities of the committee, has written as follows : 138 Ohio Braiic/i. Coiiiuil of Xatioinil Defense "A great many of the count \- conniiittees were very active in their labors. The splendid spirit in which the people of C)hio received these restrictions by the government was one of the striking evidences of their loyalty and interest in winning the war. With few exceptions, when people were asked to sus- pend operations they cheerfully complied and agreed to defer further operations until a more convenient season. "Some difficulties arose in connection with the building of houses for nnmitions workers, mainly in Dayton, Youngstown and ^Mansfield. The United States Housing Corporation, in connection with the State Non-War Construction Committee, worked out a scheme for the building of houses in those centers Avhere large numbers of industrial workers had con- gregated, engaged in war work in plants furnishing material for the government, Ijy which these workers could be allowed to build houses. "Before this scheme could be put into operation, however, the happy da}- of peace came. The Chair- man of the State Xon-War Construction Committee and the \'ice-Chairman. (Jhio Branch. Council of National Defense, were in Washington in conference with the War Industries Board on November nth, when the ringing of bells and the blowing of whistles conveyed the glad intelligence that the great war was at an end, that the armistice had been signed and ])eace assured.'" On November 22, 1918, the War Industries Board wired from Washington that all restrictions were removed, which ])ractically ended activities of the state and local committees. The applications on file with the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, show that building operations were deferred dur- ing the brief history of the state committee, amounting to approxi- mately $2,000,000, and not including many projects approved by the county committees and by personal interview with the state committee. Noii-li or Const) i!cti(, II 139 COUNTY COMMITTEES ADAMS COUNTY Sherman S. Jones West Union James N. Xixon Peebles Gordon D. Lovett Manchester ALLEN COUNTY A. L. Matheny Lima N. L. Michael Lima W. C. Bradley Lima ASHLAND COUNTY J. W. Lemon Ashland J. W . Myers Ashland W. J. Weirick Loudonville ASHTABULA COUNTY F. E. Crosby Ashtabula E. Kimball Conneaut F. W. Martin Geneva ATHENS COUNTY Geo. Whipple Athens F. L. Alderman Athens Fred Beckler Athens AUGLAIZE COUNTY G. A. Wintzer Wapakoneta W. F. Brodbeck St. Marys Julius Gilberg New Bremen BELMONT COUNT\' John W. Jones Bellaire Wm. E. Thomas Bridgeport M. B. Pancoast Barnesville BROWN COUNTY Frank P. Hite Ripley J. R. Williams Decatur Walter Watson Mt. Orab BUTLER COUNT V D. E. Harlan Middletown T. A. Jones Excello S. M. Goodman Hamilton 140 Ohio Bnuuh. Council of Nafioiia! Jh-fcnsc CARROLL COUNTY Homer J. Ricliards Carrollton Mil \ IV ngsil Kilgore Isaac Moses Hibbetts CHAMPAIGN COUNTY T. E. Dye Urbana E. W. Holding Urbana D. S. Colwell Urbana CLARK COUNTY Edwin S. Houck. Springfield Robert S. Rodgers Springfield Herbert S. Forgy New Carlisle CLERMONT COUNTY Hayward D. Gatch Milford W. S. Jeremiah Tobasco Louis Buerkle Batavia COLUMBIANA COUNTY C. F. Woods East Palestine Cleaver Richardson Lisbon George Owen East Liver])ool COSHOCTON COUNTY M. Q. Baker Coshocton C. R. Fredericksi )n Coshocton H. D. Beach Coshocton CRAAVFORD COUNTY Henry Bormuth Crestline A. A. Crawford Galion A. G. Moser Bucyrus CUYAHOGA COUNTY ImIih \ KlinLi Cleveland F. A. Chapin Cleveland E. W. Cunningham Cleveland DARKE COUNTY K. M. Bickel Greenville Geo. W. Mace Greenville Burr Evans ( jreenville iVoii-U'ar Constniction 141 DEFIAXCK COUXTV Chas. Behringer Defiance J. E. Hosier Sherwood !-^r,l M.k\> Jewell DELAWARE COUNTY Geo.W. Thomas Delaware Capt. R. H. Kellogg Delaware O. W. Whitney Snnbury ERIE COUXTY C. A. Judson Sandusky Thos. B. Hoxsey Sandusky John L. Rieger Sandusky FAIRFIELD COUNTY Hon. M. A. Daugherty Lancaster Major Leroy Silbaugh Lancaster Wm. K. Alartin Lancaster FAYETTE C()UXT^■ M. S. Daugherty Washington C. H. J. D. Post \\ashington C. H. A. W. Duff Washintjton C. H. F RAX KLIN COUNT V Samuel D. Hutchins Columhus Nelson A. Sims Columbus Geo. Bareis ' Canal Winchester FULTON COUNTY Ed. Scott . . . .* Wauseon T. C. Wardley Wauseon Arnold Waldeck Delta GALLI ACOUNTY C. D. Kerr ' Gallipolis A. K. Merriman Gallipolis A. C. Safford Gallipolis GEAUGA COUNTS' R. King ; Chardon C. E. Williams Burton W. E. Spencer Chardon 14- Ohio Branch. Council of iKatioital IJcfcnsc GREENE COUNTY Thos. J. Kennedy Xenia Arthur J. Perrill Xenia John C. Huston Xenia (GUERNSEY COUNTY Roger Kirkpatrick Cambridge Frank L. Schick Cambridge HAMILTON COUNTY Col. W'm. Cooper Proctor Cincinnati Geo. W. Harris Cincinnati Walter J. Friedlander Cincinnati Charles J. Livingood Cincinnati HANCOCK COUNTY A. R. Taylor Findlay C. \\". Patterson Findlay E. D. Powell Findlay HARDIN COUNTY W. C. McGuffey McGuffey T. W. Stinchcomb Kenton L. A. Ansley Kenton HENRY COUNTY F. S. Daum Napoleon F. \Y. Riddef Napoleon G. E. Raferty Napoleon HIGHLAND COUNTY Jos. A. Head Hillsboro Thos. B. Spencer Hillsboro W'm. I. Barr Greenfield HOCKING COUNTY Chas. Seidenfeld Murray John F. White Logan L. J. Brown Haydensville HOLLIES COUNTY Dr. J. D. Fair. . '. Millcrsburg W. N. Crow Millersburg W. E. Snvder Millersburg Non-War Coiistnictioii 143 HURON COUXTY G. A. Wright Bellevue Finley Hester Norwalk Caylor Deelman Willard JACKSOX COUXTY Fred Scott Coalton Carp Stevenson Jackson D. C. Parry Oak Hill JEFFERSOX COUXTY Geo. A. Gescheider Steubenville Harry A. Zink Steubenville' Geo. H. Hamilton Steubenville KXOX COUNTY B. M. Critchfield Mt. \>rnon E. O. Arnold Mt. Vernon Walter Earlyvvine Mt. \'ernon LAKE COUXTY M. A. Tuttle Painesville W. Albert Davis Painesville E. D. Heartwell Painesville LAWRENCE COUNTY F. A. Bixby Ironton H. N. Potts Ironton E. J. Merrill Ironton E. B. Adams Ironton LICKING COUNTY J. R. Speck Newark John A. Chilcote Newark John H. Myer Newark LOGAN COUXTY Walter V. Scott Bellefontaine F. N. Johnson Bellefontaine J. G. Morris Bellefontaine LORAIN COUNTY SO. 1 John M. Harding Lorain F. A. Sanford Lorain S. \V. Mathews Lorain 144 Oliii) Branch. Council of Natioi;al Defense LORAIX COUNTY NO. 2 E. Ja\- Howenstine Elyria J. C. Crisp Elyria A. J. Curren Elyria LUCAS COUNTY Henry C. Truesdall Toledo C. C. Kilbury Toledo D. H. Goodwillif Toledo MADISON COUNTY Harry G. Beale Mt Sterling Chas. Wilson Plain City Elijah W. Bales London MARION COUNTY D. R. Crissinger Marion Geo. W'hysall Alarion J. F. Moore Pros])ect MAHONING COUNTY Thos. McDonald Youngstovvn H. D. Rhodehouse Youngstown C. H. Kennedy Youngstown MEDINA COUNTY Walter Bibbins Medina Richard Albert • ■ odi L. D. Randall Medina MEIGS COUNTY Judge Albert D. Russell Pomeroy. Wyatt G. Plantz Pomeroy. Hart Stanlierry Pomeroy. MERCER COUNTY E. J. Brookhart Celina W. F. Pixler Rockford W. E. Wilson Ft. Recovery MIAMI COUNTY A. A. Hall ■ Piqna Forest Flowers Troy L. E. Coppock Tip|)ecanoe City Non-War Constnict'wn 145 MONROE COUNTY E. D. Thompson Woodsfield W. C. Mooxey, Jr Woodsfield J. M. Loffiand Woodsfield MONTGOMERY COUNTY Wm. C. Weinman Dayton Ril T. Baker Dayton S. Ruf us Jones Dayton MORGAN COUNTY H. M. Finley ■ McConnelsville Geo. S. Ralston McConnelsville Edward Shafer. McConnelsville MORROW COUNTY Thad. E. Buck Mt. Gilead A. M. Smith Climax C. F. Heimlich Cardington MUSKINGUM COUNTY Frank W. Davis Zanesville Jos. Brelsford Zanesville James Knapp Zanesville NOBLE COUNTY Fred Combs Belle Valley B. B. Wheeler Sharon W. A. Okey Caldwell H. F. Hancher Caldwell C. I. McKee Caldwell OTTAWA COUNTY Jas. H. Mizener Port Clinton Chas. Roose Oak Harbor J. A. Gossman Elmore PAULDING COUNTY W. J. Wheeler Paulding S. A. Renollet Cecil John H. Finley Paulding PICKAWAY COUNTY O. S. Howard Circleville F. P. Berger Circleville Chas. Lewis Circleville IC C. OP N. D. 146 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense PIKE COUNTY Frank Horn Cynthiana Chas. Wynn Piketon Ernest Wells Waverly PORTAGE COUNTY C. R. Sharp Ravenna P. B. Shall Kent L. V. Miller Garrettsville PREBLE COUNTY Jos. A. Day New Paris Hon. Elam Fisher Eaton F. Brooks, Jr Eaton PUTNAM COUNTY Jas. W. McDowell Ottawa John S. Blosser .- Clnverdale Robt. Downing Vaughnsville RICHLAND COUNTY Edwin D. Baxter Mansfield Samuel Davey Mansfield C. F. Harding Mansfield ROSS COUNTY John A. Poland Chillicothe A. E. Herstein Chillicothe Timmons Harmount Chillicothe SANDUSKY COUNTY A. H. Jackson Fremont Thos. P. Dewey Clyde Dr. N. B. Ervin Gibsonburg SCIOTO COUNTY Geo. E. Kricher Portsmouth Gilbert S. Monroe Portsmouth Wade S. Kennedy Portsmouth SENECA COUNTY Wm. H. Krell Tiffin James D. Watson Tiffin B. F. Cockavne ' Tiffin Non-War Construction 147 SHELBY COUNTY Val Lee Sidney Robert Marshall Sidney A. J. Hess Sidney STARK COUNTY John F. Odea Canton E. H. Birney Massillon Chas. L Kay Alliance SUMMIT COUNTY Sam F. Ziliox Akron A. H. Commins Akron Geo. H. Kile Akron TRUMBULL COUNTY J. C. Skelly Warren James McFarlin Girard Frank Thomas Niles TUSCARAWAS COUNTY Frederick W. Andrews New Philadelphia Ed. P. Uhrich Uhrichsville Geo. Bowen Strasburg UNION COUNTY E. F. Southard Marysville J. M. Lentz Marysville Chas. M. Cloud Marysville VAN WERT COUNTY W. H. Pennell Van Wert W. T. Backus Van Wert R. F. Kiger Van Wert VINTON COUNTY Hon. D. H. Moore McArthur . R. O. Wakhal Zaleski Howard Huhn Hamden WARREN COUNTY Leon Simonton Lebanon Wm. McBurney Lebanon Henrv Suemening Lebanon 148 Ohio Branch. CoiDicil of A'atiomil Defense WASHINGTON COUNTY Geo. Weiser Marietta Fred Snodgrass Marietta L. Gruber Marietta WAYNE COUNTY Wayne Hart Wooster A. D. Metz Wooster E. S. Landes '. . . . Wooster WILLIAMS COUNTY E. T. Binns Bryan Irvin L. Burk Edgerton A. P. Rothenberger Montpelier Geo. Ely Pioneer W. T. Orton West Unity S. P. Louys Stryker WOOD COUNTY Tom Franey .■ Perrysburg R. S. Sweet .' Bowling Green Henry Sommers North Baltimore WYANDOT COUNTY C. D. Hare Upper Sandusky Chas. F. Plumb Upper Sandusky D. E. Furnbaugh Upper Sandusky FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION At the outbreak of the war, the National Board of Fire Under- writers volunteered the services of their expert inspectors to the government for the protection of the food and industrial supplies of the country. The United States government accepted this profifer of service, and the men were assigned to the different states. The Governor of Ohio referred the assignment for the Buck- eye State to the Department of State Fire Marshal for action, the department working in cooperation with the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Then began a complete and definite inspection of mills, muni- tion factories, wholesale groceries, elevators, terminals, coal mines, etc., with a view to making such free from fire hazards. Fire Prevention 149 This threw into the field over 200 men, equipped by years of study and by practical field work, to take up plant inspection in a thorough and efficient manner. These men, working hand in hand with state and federal inspectors, accomplished such splendid re- sults that Ohio fires in elevators, mills, munition plants, and other places manufacturing or storing material used for war, were re- duced at least sixty per cent. This was in spite of the fact that the speeding up of indus- tries, the employment of new man material and alien enemy activity had to be reckoned with. During the war period over 6,000 regular and special inspec- tions were made, nearly 4,000 orders were issued from the Fire Marshal's department, and ninety-two per cent of the orders have been complied with up to December 31, 1918. This does not in- clude a vast number of corrections made on the spot, at the sug- gestion of the inspectors, or by reason of letters sent from the Fire Marshal's office. As a result of this war-time conservation, Ohio goes into the winter of 1918 cleaner from fire hazards than any time in her history. For instance, there were 513 fires in October, 1917, and 183 in October, 1918. The work begun while America was at war will be continued as honestly and thoroughly as it was done when the guns were thundering, not only during the present period of reconstruction, but afterward. The expert inspectors furnished by the National Board of Fire Underwriters cooperated faithfully with the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, and with the Ohio State Fire Marshal's de- partment, and it was due to the loyalty and ef^ciency of every man and woman on the job that results were obtained. The corrections ordered ran from placing "No Smoking" and "No Admittance" signs in mills, elevators, factories, etc., up to orders that required a radical change in sixty or more conditions in some of the largest repositories in the state in which some woeful hazards were exposed, from the employment of no waichman, crippled watchmen, and alien watchmen, to electric wiring that jeopardized the plants. Among conditions found were : A car load of "strike-any- where" matches in an inflammable building adjoining a wholesale grocery carrying a $250,000 stock, employment of an alien watch- 150 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense man, speaking no English, in a plant carrying $500,000 in food- stuffs, and in this case an arson plant was discovered on one of the tipper floors. Other corrections made were on an automatic sprinkler system covering $100,000 worth of stock, and the system out of order. Remedial orders were issued on all the special hazards found, and these were sent direct to the responsible persons. The water supply of cities and towns was given special atten- tion, and faults removed. "Dead end" mains and fire plugs placed where they would become inoperative in case of fire were ordered removed and proper installation made. Also recommendations were made as to fire-tighting equipment, and the serious menace of elec- trolysis taken up. The "No Admittance" feature of war work was insisted upon ; and the danger of the promiscuous mixing of outsiders with the employees pointed out and stopped. Several infernal machine plots were miearthed and stopped before damage was done. In general, those in charge of inspection and enforcement found employers, capitalists and manufacturers eager to comply with all safety laws. During the winter of 191 7, when the intense cold threatened all the sprinklered risks in Ohio, it was insisted that proper fuel be given the plants so that they could protect themselves on fuelless days. No suspicious fire in Ohio was allowed to go uninvestigated, with the result that arson from all motives has been reduced. The matter of plant protection by fire-fighting units in the plants was taken up, and the result was very satisfactory. The cooperation between fire chiefs and chiefs of industrial plant fire- fighting units was recommended, and carried out, and thousands of letters of advice and many special pamphlets were sent where they would do the most good. The results accomplished in Ohio since war was declared in- clude: . (i) A cleaner state. ■■■.{2) A better understanding on the part of mer- ■. ■ ■ ;, chants and manufacturers of what constitute .;■ . .V fire dangers and how to eliminate them. Transportation by Highzvays i^i (3) A better understanding between city and indus- trial plant chiefs. (4) The reduction in the number of fires. (5) A firmer grasp on arson. (6) A splendid conservation — cooperation between' the insurance men, all civic bodies, the press, clergy, schools and teachers, merchants and manufacturers, etc., with the Department of State Fire Marshal. TRANSPORTATION BY HIGHWAYS The campaign to develop motor truck highway transportation in Ohio was launched on March 8, 1918, by appointment of a special sub-committee which inchided the following Chamber of Commerce traffic representatives : Guy M. P'reer, Chairman Cincinnati , James G. Young. Secretary Columbus G. L. Cory Springfield ' ' P. J. Gagen Sandusky W. W. Hall Akron B. F. Hurd Cleveland H. D. Rhodehouse Youngstown R. M. Robinson Dayton P. M. Seymour Canton C. S. Williams Mansfield H. G. Wilson Toledo This committee innovated the program by adoption of the following resolution : "In response to the request from the Council of National Defense, transmitted by the Chairman of the Transportation Committee of Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, the undersigned representatives of Chambers of Commerce in various cities of the state, constituting a sub-committee of the Transporta- tion Committee of the Ohio Council, have adopted the following resolution : "(i) We believe it advisable that, in order to provide much needed addition to present transpor- 152 Ohio Branch. Coinicil of National Defense I tation facilities, motor truck hiijlnvay transport should be encouraged. "(2) In order to conserve and oi>erate such motor truck transport as economically as possible, we believe it advisable to do everything possible to secure pay loads both ways and between intermediate points for such truck lines already in operation. "(3) To accomplish this, we recommend that the Chambers of Commerce and like organizations in the cities throughout Ohio shall constitute themselves I bureaus of information where shippers may list their needs and truckers may list their service, thus putting shipper and carrier in touch with each other. "(4) We recommend that these bureaus be given due publicity in each city, by newspaper and pamphlet." Resignation of the chairman and secretary brought about disso- lution of this committee and the appointment, on September 5, 1918, of a new State Highways Transport Committee of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, made up as follows: W. A. Alsdorf , Chairman Columbus G. F. Rudisill , Secretary Columbus W. T. Calerdine Cincinnati I. N. Lightcap Columbus S. V. Norton Akron ■ Royal R. Scott Toledo Mark W. Selby Portsmoutli Main functions of the new committee, which appointed district committees and county chairmen throughout the state, were : (i) Return Load Bureaus: The elimination of ! empty running of trucks by the bringing to- ; gether of shippers and truck owners in a sys- i tematic way, so as to provide full load wherever I possible. i (2) Rural Motor Express: Rapid development of I the use of the motor truck in regular daily i . service, over a fixed route, with a definite 1 Transportation by Highzuays 153 schedule of stops and charges gathering farm produce, milk, live stock, eggs, etc.; and, on the return trip, carrying merchandise, ma- chinery, supplies, etc., for farmers and others along the route. (3) Cooperation with Federal Railroad Administra- tion : The substitution of adequate truck serv- ice to relieve the freight service of railroads ; such cooperation as will eliminate to a large extent the short haul by railroads ; the relieving of congested terminals, through an effective store door delivery plan. (4) Educational : The organization of a campaign to place in its proper light, throughout the state, highways transport work, this result to be ac- complished through the medium of Chambers of Commerce, Rotary Clubs, newspapers, trade journals, magazines, motion picture shows, public bodies, private bodies of a public char- acter, and, especially, the enlisting of the sup- port of the owners and drivers of all transport vehicles. (5) Transport Operating Efficiency: Under this division, the making of transportation more efficient was sought through encouragement of the use of sufficient transport vehicles to avoid the making of trips with only part loads ; also,, briefly, the elimination of waste time in loading and unloading, delays in giving and signing of receipts, and other purely detail matters of this character. The new committee began its work with a study of plans, ex~ periences and results of committees in other states that had been in existence for a time, and with the consideration of conditions and needs in Ohio. In this connection, the committee has undertaken four import- ant surveys : (i) Survey of Truck Operators, in which it was sought to learn the names and addresses of all 154 OJiio Branch, Council of National Defense • -, truck operators ; number of trucks in operation, and capacity ; whether used in city or inter- city haulage; also, information as to rates, schedules, and possibilities of increased ton- nage. (2) Survey of Rural Motor Express, in which infor- mation was sought of farmers as to what pro- duce is raised, in what quantity, and where the logical market ; also the present method of marketing and the possibility of increased pro- duction. (3) Factory and Store Survey, in which informa- tion was gathered as to 1. c. 1. shipments, pres- ent method of shipping, points of origin or destination, distance of shipment ; also infor- mation as to causes of delays in shipments or deliveries, and the possibilities of enlarged shipping facilities. (4) Traffic and Terminal Survey, in which informa- tion was gathered as to the flow of traffic ; where congested ; ability of railways and steam lines to handle ; labor conditions ; f reighthouse conditions and capacity ; also information as to principal productions shipped in less than car load lots ; principal destinations ; average time consumed ; schedules, and approximate ton- nage. When compilations are completed on these questionnaires, a full grasp of the merchandise shipping conditions and possibilities in the state will be the basis of the degree or extent of service demanded. Among the other activities of the committee has been a thorough study of cost data in order to recommend uniform and fair rates for inter-city haulage, also uniform bill of lading and uniform insurance and snow removal. The committee has recom- mended legislation to establish the status of dependability in com- mercial hauling by motor trucks. It has been the purpose of the committee to bring about an increase in this new method of transportation, not with the idea Transportation by Highzvays a 55 of diverting shipments from logical channels, but with the purpose of augmenting and enlarging the transportation means of the state by saving delays in shipments and getting the raw materials, food stuffs, and merchandise moving, through more efficient and general cooordination of railways, steam lines, and highway transportation. Despite disbandment of the State Council on December 31, 1918, the Highways Transport Committee will continue its service and activities until officially released from its duties by the High- ways Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense at Washington. On request of the Council of National Defense and the War Department, the general Transportation Committee of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, M. J. Caples, Chairman, late in December, 1917, assisted the Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, in an initial test of military highway transport in this section of the country. The Transportation Committee, in cooperation with automo- bile clubs in northern Ohio, assisted in routing, piloting, quarter- ing and entertaining a motor train which moved from Detroit to the seaboard through Lucas, Sandusky, Huron, Lorain. Cuyahoga, Summit, Portage, Mahoning and Columbiana Counties. At the request of the federal government to facilitate trans- portation of war materials to the Atlantic seaboard, relieving rail- road congestion, convicts from the State Penitentiary and the State Reformatory were pressed into service by the Governor to speed the improvement of motor truck routes in Guernsey and Muskingum Counties, and to complete the last link in the National Road, the great east and west artery. The War Department informed the Governor, in April, 1918, that some 40,000 motor trucks were being constructed west of the Allegheny Mountains and east of the Mississippi River, all to be used overseas. It was the War Department's plan to send these trucks entirely over the old National Road, because they were to be shipped from Baltimore. The Governor, on investigation, found many roads down in the hills of Ohio that were well nigh impassable. State and De- fense Council officials, in consultation with the Governor, found 15^J Ohio Branch, Coniicil of National Defense that, operating" precisel)' and technically within the law, which hars use of convicts on private contracts, the state could not work effi- ciently and economically in building these roads. Negotiation was entered into with contractors, who agreed to give up their private contracts so that the state might take over and rush the work at the instance of the federal government, with the result that government trucks were crossing Ohio on improved roads not later than the first of September, 1918. PATRIOTIC EDUCATION— SPEAKERS. Shortly after America's entry in the war, at the request of leading educators in Ohio, Governor James M. Cox appointed a Committee on Patriotic i^ducation, independent of the State Coun- cil of Defense. This committee, however, made its headquarters with the State Council, and, although nominally independent, it has functioned really as an integral part of the State Council. This committee included : D. J. Ryan Columbus C. W. Chamberlain Granville T. J. Duffy Columbus John W. Hoffman Delaware Father Francis VV. Howard Columbus S. Gale Lowrie (resigned) Cincinnati Frank B. Pearson Columbus Dr. W. O. Thompson Columbus Carl E. Parry, Executive Secretary Columbus Carl E. Parry, as executive of the committee, listed names of several hundred patriotic speakers, classified them by localities and interests, and supplied to them information to be used in public addresses, to aid in building war morale and in assisting the gov- ernment in war enterprises. The handling of professional speakers, most of whom were sent from Washington, however, absorbed most of the committee's time and effort. Among prominent speakers handled through the Speaking Division of the Committe on Patriotic Education, which was financed by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, were : Patriotic Education 157 A number of speakers, some of them members of a Commis- sion sent to France by the United States Food Administration, who toured the state in March. They included : Mrs. Burnette Smith, an Enghsh woman. Major McLean Watt, Scottish Highlander chaplain. Doctor Julius Lincoln, Edwin B. Lord, Mrs. Forbes- Robertson Hale, Charles D. Crossman, Mrs. Isabelle Beecher, Mrs. William Ogden Wade, Mrs. Eleanor P. Barker. Lieutenant Paul Perigord, of the French Army, who spoke in Akron, Cleveland, Delaware, Marion, Sandusky, Bucyrus, Piqua, Hamilton, Columbus, Newark and Granville, reaching, in all, some twenty-five thousand auditors. Monsieur Albert Moulaert, Belgian Consul General at Chi- cago, who spoke in Columbus, Springfield and Cleveland. Lieutenants Renard Sauvage and DeCoux, of the French Army, one or the other of whom spoke in each of the following ])laces : Columbus, Lakeside, Cincinnati, Mount Vernon, Cleve- land, Ironton, Mount Gilead and Mansfield. Countess Madeline DeBryas, of Paris, who spoke in Columbus, Delaware, Dayton and Cincinnati. Doctor Ignace Jan Paderewski, who addressed an Americani- zation meeting in Columbus on July 4th. Lieutenant Bruno Roselli, of the Italian Army, who spoke in Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, Sandusky, Akron and Cleveland. Lieutenant David A. Constantini, of the Italian Embassy, who spoke in Columbus, Piqua, Lima and Toledo. Sergeant J. E. Webb and Corporals Morris and Cosgrove. Pershing veterans, one' or another of whom spoke in Coshocton, Columbus, West Jeft'erson, Athens, Dayton, Toledo, Middletown, Lima, Hamilton, Oxford, Cincinnati, Greenville, Napoleon, \'an Wert, St. Marys, Wapakoneta and Youngstown. COMMERCIAL ECONOMY The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense has cooperated with the Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National Defense at Washington, D. C, and later the Conservation Division, War Industries Board, in three distinct campaigns : (i) The curtailment of useless delivery service by retail merchants with special emphasis on the plan of one delivery a day over each route and 158 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense the establishment of cooperative dehvery sys- tems in smaller cities and towns. (2) The non-return of unsold bread from the re- tailer to bakers. (3) A "Win the War" drive for early and useful Christmas buying, and the early sending of gifts. Assisted by Chambers of Commerce and Retail Merchant Associations in the principal Ohio cities and towns an intensive campaign has been waged by the Council for the reduction of delivery service and mercantile reforms proposed originally as war measures by the Commercial Economy Board of the National De- fense. The Commercial Economy Board reports officially that satis- factory results have been accomplished in approximately sixty Ohio cities and towns with especially commendable achievements in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus and Dayton. Acting through the War Emergency Council of the Baking Industry, the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, petitioned all bakers in Ohio to discontinue the wasteful practice of taking back unsold bread from retailers. As a result of this campaign, it is estimated that bread materi- als fit for human consumption, were conserved in Ohio in an amount which approximates $1,500,000 on a yearly basis. Bread materials so conserved, formerly had been used for stock food or had been wasted outright. The United States Food Administration later carried on this campaign through special regulations which forbade the return of bread. The Christmas campaign inaugurated in October, 1918, was a publicity appeal to purchasers, based on agreements made by the Council of National Defense with retail merchants representatives which provided : (i) That merchants would not increase their work- ing force by reason of holiday business, and would not increase working hours of their force during the Christmas season. Legal Assistance 15^ (2) That merchants would curtail delivery service in accordance with the plan of the Conserva- tion Division, War Industries Board, for only one delivery a day over each route. (3) That merchants would use part of their adver- tising space to assist the public in buying useful articles and in sending gifts early. This campaign had already borne fruit when it was withdrawn by the War Industries Board, following signing of the armistice on November nth. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in discontinu- ing the campaign for a curtailed retail delivery system, urged that merchants who had adopted delivery reforms would continue these reforms and would not drop back into the former wasteful methods of merchandising and delivery. In other words the Council appealed for the retention, if pos- sible, of economic benefits accomplished by the campaign. LEGAL ASSISTANCE TO SOLDIERS, SAILORS, MEN ABOUT TO JOIN THE ARMY AND NAVY, AND THEIR DEPENDENTS From the federal government in March, 1918, came the appeal for a state organization which would assist soldiers, sailors, men about to join the army and navy, and their dependents, in discover- ing and taking advantage of their rights under the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act under ^^^ar Risk Insurance statutes and under the Selective Service Act. This appeal reached the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, and the State Bar Association almost simultaneously. Honorable Edward Kibler, Sr., Newark, Ohio, head of the State . Bar Association, communicated immediately with Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman, Ohio Branch, Council of National De- fense, with the result that the following attorneys were appointed by the Governor, as Chairman, to become a Legal Sub-committee of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense : i6o Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense Edward C. Kil)ler, Sr., Chairman . Newark Paul Howland Cleveland T. J. Keating Columbus Hon. Joseph McGhee, Attorney General of Ohio Columbus A. B. Williams, Jr. (Representing Am. Red Cross, Civilion Relief) Cleveland The appointment of A. B. Williams, Jr., who was Assistant Director, Civilian Relief, Lake Division, American Red Cross, at Cleveland, gave direct representation to and recognition of the legal assistance rendered by the Home Service Sections of the Red Cross, and made possible a plan of joint cooperation with that organization throughont the state. Mr. Williams was later succeeded on the committee by Reuben R. Holmes, who succeeded him on Lake Division, Red Cross head- quarters, when Mr. Williams was appointed to work in Washington. This committee immediately, in April, 1918, appointed local Legal Committees in each county, taking over bodily the extensive organization of I^egal ^Vdvisory Boards in draft districts already established and joining with these boards representatives of the Home Service Section of the American Red Cross in all localities, making such local committees responsible jointly to the State Council of Defense and the Division of Civilian Relief, American Red Cross, at Cleveland. The main purposes of the state committee and the local county committees were : (i) The preparation of a booklet of legal rules for the guidance of soldiers and sailors entering the service, and their dependents. (2) To explain the Selective Service Law to drafted men. (3) To give legal advice as to the benefits of war risk insurance, allotment of soldiers' and sail- ors' pay, the Soidiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act, and other war emergency laws relating to men entering the service or already in. (4) To draft wills and attend to caring for the prop- erty and settling business of men entering the service. Legal Assistance i6i (5) To represent soldiers and sailors in court where necessary and obtain for them the benefits of the Civil Rights Act, when in force. (6) To arrange to attend to such business matters as require and are capable of attention, in the absence of men in the service. With the assistance of the State Councils Section, Council of National Defense, at Washington, a handbook of legal rules for guidance of soldiers and sailors and for use of local Legal Com- mittees, was prepared in July, 191 8, by the state Legal Sub-com- mittee, and an issue of 100,000 copies of this booklet was distrib- uted through the following channels : (a) Through local draft boards to men about to enter military service. (b) Through local Legal Committees for instruction of attorneys locally. (c) Through the Red Cross at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, to Ohio men already in serv- ice at that cantonment. (d) Through the Red Cross at Camp Sheridan. Montgomery, Alabama, to Ohio men already in service at that cantonment. The organization in Ohio of local Legal Committees, appointed jointly by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense and the American Red Cross was unique and has served as a model for several other states. Its value has been in the equalization of prac- tically all volunteer legal talent in the local communities to help the men with the colors, and their dependents, and the committees have been uniformly industrious in fulfilling their obligations. On December 26, 1918, an urgent appeal was made to the local legal committees to assist on two important post-war readjustment propositions : (i) The finding of employment for returned soldiers and sailors. Li this connection members of local legal committees were asked to bring to the attention of all returned soldiers and sail- 11 C. OF N. D. i62 Ohio Braiic/i. Council of A'ational Defense ors, the fact that the United States Employ- ment Service has the faciHties and is anxious to help them find jobs. (2 The necessity of impressing upon returned sol- diers and sailors the importance of retaining their government insurance and of continuing to pav their premiums. As a means of putting over this campaign the local legal committees have undertaken to assist the Red Cross in placing in the hands of each returned soldier and sailor the little Red Cross Booklet entitled '*\\'hen I Get Home." ^ LIST OF LOCAL LEGAL CO^nilTTEES ADAMS COUXTY \V. P. Stephenson West Union C. E. Roebuck West Union W. C. Coryell * \\'est Union ALLEX COUXTY \Vm. Klinger Lima H. O. Bendey Lima D. C. Henderson Lima Oliver Kies Lima T. R. Hamilton Lima F. E. Mead Lima H. E. Garling Lima R. C* ASHLAND COUNTY D. H. Graven Ashland C. C. Chapman Ashland W. J. Weirick Loudonville Frank H. Patterson Ashland R. C. ASHTABULA COUNTY Judge J. W. Roberts Jefferson T. F. Munsell Ashtabula LI. F. Perrv Jefferson R C. deinite- the Red Cross representative on the local committee. Legal Assistance 163 ATHENS COUNTY J . M. Wood Athens A. B. Wells Athens John J. Wooley Athens Emmet Keenan Athens R. C. C. W. Junsper Nelsonville R. C. AUGLAIZE COUNT)' Then. Tangemann Wapakoneta R. D. Anderson ^^'apakoneta Roy E. Layton \^'apakoneta Jacob T. Koenig \\"apakoneta R. C. BELMONT COUNTY W. B. Francis . Martins Ferry W. T. Dixon, Jr Alartins Ferry J. C. Heinlein Bridgeport James C. Tallman Bellaire H. T. Tyler Bellaire R. W. Schertzer Bellaire A. M. Brown St. Clairsville T. C. Ayers St. Clairsville Earl R. Lewis St. Clairsville C. E. Timberlake Bellaire R. C. BROWN COUNTY James W. Tarbell Georgetown Omega E. Young Georgetown Jos. W. Bagby Georgetown Harry E. Parker Georgetown R. C. BUTLER COUNTY W. H. Todhunter Middletown H. L. De/ll Middletown C. W. Elliott Middletown Judge Wm. S. Giffin Hamilton Harry S. Wonnell Hamilton Walton Bowers Hamilton Judge W. S. Harlan Hamilton R. C. G. W. A. Willmore Middletown R. C. CARROLL COUNTY Judge H. J. Eckley Carrollton William Maffett Carrollton R. E. McDonald Carrollton j64 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense CHAMPAIGN COUNTY E. P. Middleton Urbana B. Frank Miller Urbana L. C. Bodey Urbana Marion B. Owen Urbana R. C. CLARK COUNTY John B. McGrew Springfield Edwin L. Arthur Springfield A. C. Link Springfield F. W. Geiger Springfield J. M. Cole Springfield Paul C. Martin Springfield J. E. Bowman Springfield R. C. CLER^IONT COUNTY W. A. Joseph Batavia Allen B. Nichols Batavia W. C. Bishop Batavia CLINTON COUNTY Judge F. M. Clevenger Wilmington W. B. Rogers Wilmington G. P. Thorpe Wilmington COLUMBIANA COUNTY Jason H. Brooks East Liverpool Walter B. Hill East Liverpool J. R. Carey Salem L. M. Kyes East Palestine W. B. Hill East Liverpool R. G. Thompson East Liverpool R. C. COSHOCTON COUNTY Judge Jas. Glenn Coshocton Thos. H. Wheeler Coshocton Cliflford R. Bell Coshocton Thos. G. Brown Coshocton R. C. CRAWFORD COUNTY Judge Daniel Babst Crestline Rufus V. Sears Bucyrus Wm. J. Schwenk Bucyrus C. F. Shaber Bucyrus R. C. W. C. Beer Bucyrus R. C. Talbott & Talbott '..... Galion R. C. Legal Assistance 165 CUYAHOGA COUNTY C. R. Cross Cleveland H. A. Beckett Cleveland D. G. Miller Cleveland C. K. Arter Cleveland R. O. Bartholamew Cleveland E. M. Bell • Cleveland E. G. Guthery Cleveland M. L. Locher ; Cleveland R. P. Abbey Cleveland J. C. Hostetler Cleveland T. R. Jewett Cleveland L. A. Kraus Cleveland J. Paul Lamb Cleveland Frederick L. Hole Cleveland Benj. L. Jenks Cleveland W. F. Maurer Cleveland W. J. Klotzbach Cleveland A. L. McGannon Cleveland Frank E. Hainen Cleveland W. L. Lister Cleveland R. A. Lang , Cleveland David E. Green Cleveland C. N. Fiscus Cleveland J. W. Tyler Cleveland Harry Cunimings Cleveland John Dowling Qeveland Robert Dawson • Cleveland ' Wallace Knight Cleveland J. A. Fenner Cleveland John M. Garfield Cleveland Frank Higley Cleveland Alfred Benesch Cleveland Samuel Horwitz Cleveland Wilfred J. Mahon Cleveland Joseph Backowski Cleveland Lad Krejci Cleveland W. A. Agnew Cleveland E. J. Abb) Cleveland Chas. Vavrina Cleveland E. S. Byers Qeveland Harry B. Howells Cleveland Richard J. Morarity Cleveland O. J. Zinner Cleveland A. A. Neiger Cleveland Max E. Meisel Qeveland Gary R. Alburn Qeveland B. D. Nicola Qeveland 1 66 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense CUYAHOGA COUNTY — Concluded Howard Couse Cleveland J. A. Alburn Cleveland Clinton DeWitt Cleveland J. Milton Dyer Cleveland VV. N. Rosenzwing Cleveland H. N. Hobart Cleveland C. R. Bissell Cleveland H. J. Doolittle Cleveland R. E. Hyde Cleveland N. J. Brewer Cleveland R. A. Baskin Cleveland Howard A. Blackett Cleveland Judge J. W. Shallenberger Cleveland R. C. DARKE COUNTY L. E. Kerlin Greenville John F. Maher Greenville H. F. Dershem Greenville Marion Murphy Greenville R. C. Harvev F. Dershem ' Greenville R. C. DEFIANCE COUNTY Fred L. Hay Defiance John P. Cameron Defiance John W. Winn Defiance Tellis T. Shaw ! Defiance R. C. DELAWARE COUNTY H. W. Jewell Delaware F. M. Alarriott Delaware W. B. Jones Delaware ERIE COUNTY John F. McCrystal Sandusky George A. Beis Sandusky John F, McCrystal Sandusky R. C. Geo. C. Steineman Sandusky R. C. Carl Clark Sandusky F.MRFIELD COUNTY Judge John G. Reeves Lancaster Frank M. Acton Lancaster Judge C. W. McCleery Lancaster Rrnoks E. Shell Lancaster R. Legal Assistance 167 FAYETTE COUXTY Judge F. G. Carpenter Washington C. H. Frank A. Chaffin Washington C. H. John Logan Washington C. H. H. M. Rankin Washington C. H., R. C. FRANKLIN COUNTY Judge T. M. Bigger Columbus Judge C. M. Rogers Columbus L. F. Sater Columbus O. H. Mosier Columbus John G. Price Columbus Judge M. G. Evans Columbus Jas. A. Allen Columbus T. J. Keating Columbus Daniel H. Sowers Columbus Chas T. Warner '. Columbus Edward L. Pease Columbus Judge E. B. Kinkead Columbus Frank M. Raymond Columbus Hugh Huntington Columbus Herbert M. Myers Columbus Judge E. B. Dillon Columbus Jas. N. Linton Columbus John E. Todd Columbus W. H. Jones Columbus John G. Price Co!umbi's R. C. FULTON COUNTY Fred H. Wol f Wauseon George B. Heise Wauseon R. B. Darby Wauseon GALLL\ COUNTY Roscoe J. Mauck. Gallipolis Matt. E. ]Merriman Gallipolis Hollis C. Johnston Gallipolis H. C. Johnston Gallipolis R. C. Judge R. T. Mauck Ga-llipolis R. C. GEAUGA COUNTY Judge Ter. Reynolds Chardon Chas. A. Wilmot Chardon Robt. S. Parks Chardon i68 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense GREENE COUNTY Judge C. H. Kyle Xenia H. L. Smith Xenia M. J. Hartley Xenia W. L. Miller Xenia R. C. GUERNSEY COUNTY Judge C. S. Turnbaugli Camliridge A. R. McCulloch Cambridge Milton Turner Cambridge MiltDU H. Turner Cambridge R. C. HAMILTON COUNTY Judge Wade Cushing Cincinnati George E. Mills Cincinnati Edward Moulinier; Cincinnati R. Z. Buchwalter Cincinnati Oliver S. Bryant Cincinnati Joseph S. Graydon Cincinnati Judge Frederick Hoffman Cincinnati James G. Stewart Cincinnati James B. O'Donnell Cincinnati W. A. Geoghegan Cincinnati John E. Fitzpatrick Cincinnati Chas. M. Leslie Cincinnati O. J. Cosgrave Cincinnati Thornton R. Snyder Cincinnati Sanford Brown Cincinnati Judge S. Hickenlooper Cincinnati Robert C. Pugh Cincinnati Edward M. Ballard Cincinnati Judge S. Merill Cincinnati Judge Joseph O'Hara Cincinnati Alfred Mack Cincinnati Judge F. Gusweiler Cincinnati Albert H. Morrill Cincinnati Chas. H. Stephens Cincinnati Judge W. H. Lueders Cincinnati Thomas Darby Cincinnati Walter DeCamp Cincinnati Judge C". W. Hoffman Cincinnati Coleman Avery Cincinnati S. C. Roettinger Cincinnati Judge A. K. Nippcrt Cincinnati David Lorbach Cincinnati Henry G. Hauck Cincinnati Legal Assistance ' 169 HAMILTON COUNTY — Concluded John A. Caldwell Cincinnati Province M. Pogue Cincinnati Howard N. Ragland Cincinnati George Hoadley Cincinnati R. C. HANCOCK COUNTY Wm. F. Duncan Findlay Chas. E. Jordan Findlay Chas. B. Dwiggins Findlay Chester Pendleton Findlay R. C. HARDIN COUNTY Judge W. H. Henderson Kenton Paul T. Mahon Kenton Donald Melhorn Kenton Hon. W. P. Henderson Kenton R. C. Cutter Dugan Kenton R. C. HARRISON COUNTY Judge W. B. Worley Cadiz Albert O. Barnes Cadiz Barclay W. Moore Cadiz HENRY COUNTY Judge J. M. Rieger Napoleon D. D. Donovan Napoleon W. W. Campbell Napoleon HIGHLAND COUNTY Judge Cyrus Newby Hillsboro Burch D. Huggins Hillsboro H. P. Morrow Hillsboro HOCKING COUNTY Elmer O. Pettit Logan _ C. V. Wright Logan H. E. Sparnon Logan HOLMES COUNTY Judge W. S. Hanna Millersburg Newton Stilwell Millersburg John Huston Millersburg I/O Ohio Branch. Council of National Dcfoisc HUROX COUNTY C. P. Wickham Xorwalk J. R. McKnight Xorwalk H. L. Stewart Xorwalk Hon. H. L. Stewart X'orwalk R. C. Hon. A. E. Rowley Xorwalk R. C. Allen Gaigler Bellevue R. C. JACKSOX COUNTY John Robbins Jackson E. E. Eubanks Jackson E. H. Willis Wellston Judge Frank Delay JEFFERSOX COUNTY Judge Carl A. Smith. . . .' Steubenville Judge J. A. Mansfield ' Steubenville D. M. Gruber Steubenville Earnest L. Finley Steubenville J. O. Naylor Steubenville Roy L. McClave Steubenville N.'d. Miller Steubenville R. C. J. A. Houston Steubenville R. C. KNOX COUXTY P. B. Blair Mt. Vernon F. O. Levering ]Mt. \'ernon Wm. M. Koons . .'. Mt. \>rnon B. O. Evans Mt. Vernon R. C. LAKE COUXTY A. G. Reynolds Painesville Geo. H. Shepherd Painesville Geo. W. Alvord Painesville LAWREXCE COUNTY Jud'^e Ed. E. Corn Ironton O. E. Irish : Ironton W. L. Elkins Ironton Fred Ross Ironton R. C. LICKING COUXTY John M. Swartz Xewark And. S. Mitchell Xewark John Howard Jones Xewark Legal Assistance 171 LICKIXG COUX'TY — Concluded J. R. Fitzgibbon Newark Carl Norpell Newark- Edward Kibler, Jr Newark F. S. Randolph " Newark R. C. J. Howard Jones Newark R. C. Judge Hunter Newark R. C. LOGAN COUNTY Judge John C. Hover Bellefontaine Jacob J. ^IcGee Bellefontaine Johnson E. West Bellefontaine Judge E. Thompson Bellefontaine R. C. LORAIN COUNTY George L. Glitsch Lorain G. A. Resek Lorain James F. Strenik Lorain C. G. Washburn Elyria H. M. Redington Elyria Frank Wilford , Elyria D. A. Cook Lorain R. C. D. A. Paint Lorain R. C. LUCAS COUNTY Judge B. F. Brough Toledo Geo. P. Hahn Toledo Frank H. Geer Toledo Byron F. Ritchie Toledo W. W. Campbell Toledo xA.lbertus Brown Toledo Judge Julian Tyler Toledo Warren L. Smith Toledo S. A. Grezezinski Toledo Judge P. Manton Toledo Alonzo G. Duer Toledo Judge Curtis Johnson Toledo Frank Lewis Toledo Meyer Geleerd Toledo George B. Orwig Toledo Geo. W. Ritter Toledo Walter A. Eversman Toledo Judge J. A. Barber Toledo O. W. Nelson Toledo A. H. Miller Toledo 17-2 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense MADISON COUNTY Judge R. G. Hornbeck London R. C. R. H. McCloud London James F. Bell London A. T. Cordray London Judge F. J. Murray London R. C. MAHONING COUNTY David F. Griffith Youngstown Ensign Brown Youngstown Chas. Koonce, Jr Youngstown Jas. B. Kennedy Youngstown W. C. DeFord Youngstown W. C. Carmen Youngstown C. D. Hine Youngstown Thomas McNamara Youngstown R. C. Henry Youngstown John B. Morgan Youngstown W. R. Graham Youngstown David G. Jenkins Youngstown John T. Harrington Youngstown MARION COUNTY Grant E. Mousor Marion D. R. Crissinger Marion H. W. Donothan Marion Louis E. Myers Marion R. C. MEDINA COUNTY Judge N. H. McClure Medina John D. Owens Wadsworth J. W. Seymour Medina A. B. Underwood Medina R. C. Fred O. Smever Wadsworth R. MEIGS COUNTY Judge A. P. Miller Pomeroy Fred W. Crow Pomeroy M. S. Webster Pomeroy MERCER COUNTY H. A. Miller Celina P. E. Kenney Celina E. J. Brookliart Celina Legal Assistance 173 MIAMI COUNTY Walter D. Jones Troy G. T. Thomas Troy D. S. Lindsey Piqua J. Clare Hughes Piqua R. C. Leonard H. Shipman Piqua R. C. ■ MONROE COUNTY D. E. Yost Woodsfield W. B. Moore Woodsfield W. H. Cooke Woodsfield MONTGOMERY COUNTY Mahlon Gebhart Miamisburg William A. Reiter Miamisburg Chester A. Eby Germantown John Shea Dayton R. C. Walter Cline Dayton R. C. Carroll Sprigg Dayton Earl H. Turner Dayton O. W. Irvin Dayton P. N. Sigler Dayton D. W. Allaman Dayton Qias. W. Folkerth Dayton Ira Crawford Dayton C. H. Kumler Dayton N. Fulton Dayton MORGAN COUNTY Judge L. J. Weber McConnelsville George H. Black McConnelsville A. H. Mercer McConnelsville MORROW COUNTY C. H. Wood ' Mt. Gilead H. H. Harlan Mt. Gilead J. C. Williamson Mt. Gilead Philips Wiel Mt. Gilead MUSKINGUM COUNTY Judge C. C. Lemert Zanesville G. A. Elliott Zanesville Frank L. Reed Zanesville Stanley J. Crew Zanesville ' C. F. Ribble Zanesville John F. Whartenby Zanesville C. T. Marshall Zanesville R. C. 174 Ohio Branch. Council of Natiojial Defense XOBLE COUNTY Judge J. M. McGiniiis Caldwell L. B. Frazier Caldwell W. H. Smith Caldwell Judge C. O. Dye Caldwell R. C. OTTAWA COUNTY Judge W. C. Wierman Port Clinton George A. True Port Clinton R. S. Gallagher Port Clinton PAULDING COUNTY E. L. Savage Paulding A. N. Wilcox Paulding O. W. Donart Paulding W. H. Snook Paulding R. C. PERRY COUNTY. Judge T. D. Price New Lexington T. ^L Potter New Lexington W. A. Allen New Lexington M. G. Enderwood New Lexington R. C. PICKAWAY COUNTY Clarence Curtan Circleville Barton Walters Circleville Irvin P. Snyder Circleville PIKE COUNTY L. G. Dill Waverly Levi B. Moore Waverly G. W. Rittenour : ; Piketon John \\'. Long Waverly PORTAGE COUNTY I. T. Siddall Ravenna .A. S. Cole Ravenna- W. E. Holden Ravenna Judge E. F. Robinson Ravenna R. C. PREBLE COUNTY -A.. C. Risinger Eaton A. AI. Crisler Eaton R. C. Dye Eaton H. L. Risinger Eaton R. C. F. J. Shuey : Crmiden R. C. Mr. Sheppard W. .-Mexundria R. C. Legal Assistance 175 PUTNAM COUNTY John P. Bailey Ottawa Julius S. Ogan Ottawa Ben A. Unverforth Ottawa RICHLAND COUNTY Judge E. Mansfield Mansfield Judge N. M. Wolfe Mansfield James M. Reed ■. Mansfield Van C. Cook Mansfield R. C. D. W. Cummins Mansfield R. C. ROSS COUNTY Judge W. Goldsberry Chillicothe Peter J. Blosser Chillicothe Wade J. Beyerly Chillicothe SANDUSKY COUNTY Lester Wilson Fremont Homer Metzger Clyde A. V. Baumann, Jr Fremont David B. Love Fremon.t R. C. SCIOTO COUNTY Will J. Meyer Portsmouth Clinton M. Searl Por'tsmouth Mark Crawford Portsmouth Wm. J. Meyer Portsmouth R. C. SENECA COUNTY Judge J. H. Piatt Tiffin Rushton D. Niles Tiffin E. G. Staley Tiffin J.D.Watson Tiffin R. C. W. M. Witherspoom Fostoria R. C. SHELBY COUNTY J. D. Barnes Sidney W. J. Emmons Sidney P. R. Taylor Sidney Judge J. D. Barnes Sidney R. C. Judge H. H. Needlis Sidney R. C. Andrew J. He^s Sidney R. C. 1/6 Ohio Branch. Coiiiuil of National Pcfciisc STARK COUNTY James E. Wilson Massilloh Thomas C. Davis Massillon Jno. V. Hammersmith Massillon H. C. Koehler Alliance E. W. Diehl Alliance A. W. Morris Alliance James H. Robertson Canton Loren E. Souers Canton Chas. S. Weintraub Canton Chas. S. McDowell Canton Russell J. Burt Canton Harry Nusbaum Canton David Day Canton R. C. Thomas Turner Canton R. C. J. T. Deford Minerva R. C. SUMMIT COUNTY Orlando Wilcox Cuyahoga Falls S. A. Decker Barberton Amos H. Engleback Akron Edwin Brouse Akron C. F. Schnee Akron Joseph Thomas Akron Frank Rockwell Akron Edward Scheck Akron Ernest E. Zesiger Akron P. B. Treash Akron Chas. H. Stahl Akron Meyer Wise Akron Geo. W. Seiber Akron W. E. Young Akron W. E. Slaybaugh Akron C. Blake McDowell Akron Dow W. Harter Akron Gordon Davies Akron Joe Thomas Akron R. C. Geo. Siever ■■ Akron R. C. W. E. Slabaugh Akron R. C. W. E. Young Akron R. C. TRUMBULL COUNTY Judge C. M. Wilkins Warren Chas. Fillius Warren Warren P. Thomas Warren Joseph Smith Niles W. F. MacQueen Niles G. P. Gilmer Niles Legal Assistance 177 TUSCARAWAS COUNTY Judge J. F. Stephenson New Philadelphia W. V. Wright New Philadelphia T. J. Russell New Philadelphia George W. Reed Urichsville A. W. Elson Dennison Benj. Baldwin Dennison Judge M. V. Ream. N. Philadelphia R. C. Judge T. M. Walter N. Philadelphia R. C. A. C. Ruff Dover R. C. UNION COUNTY Judge John M. Broderick ' . . . Marysville John H. Kinkade Marysville James McCampbell Marysville C. A. Poopes Marysville R. C. VAN WERT COUNTY Henry W. Blachly Van Wert C. V. Hoke Van Wert O. W. Kerns Van Wert Arthur C. Gilpin Van Wert R. C. VINTON COUNTY H. W. Coultrap McArthur J. W. Darby McArthur O. E. Vollenweider McArthur R. C. James W. Darby McArthur R. C. WARREN COUNTY Judge W. J. Wright Lebanon Judge R. J. Shawhan Lebanon Howard W. Ivins Lebanon WASHINGTON COUNTY Edward B. Follett Marietta Joseph C. Brenan Marietta George W. Strecker Marietta J. C. Brenan Marietta R. C. Thos. J. Summers Marietta R. C. WAYNE COUNTY W. F. Kean Wooster A. D. Metz Wooster J. C. McClarran Wooster 12 C. OF N. D. 1/8 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense WILLIAMS COUXTY Edwin Gaudern Bryan David A. Webster Bryan A. L. Gebhart Bryan J. D. Hill Montpelier R. C. WOOD COUNTY N. R. Harrington Bowling Green F. P. Reigle Bowling Green W. W. Bunnipace Bowling Green WYANDOT COUNTY Judge Chas. F. Close L'pper Sandusky A. K. Hall Upper Sandusky David C. Parker Upper Sandusky John G. Carey L'pper Sandusky R. C. ASSISTANCE TO RETURNING DISABLED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Called on by the federal government to assist in bringing to the attention of returning disabled soldiers and sailors, their rights and advantages under the Smith-Sears Act, the (Jhio Branch, Coun- cil of National Defense, late in November, joined with the Federal Board for Vocational Education, through \V. F. Shaw, Acting Dis- trict Vocational Officer at Cincinnati. Ohio, in a campaign designed to develop these essential points : (1) Cripples are not helpless and need not be de- pendents. Practically every cripple is capable of some useful self-supporting work, provid- ing the right job is found and he is trained in preparation for it. (2) The public must avoid over sentimental ill-con- sidered measures of commiseration, entertain- ment of relief, which tend to break down the independence of the disabled soldiers or sailors. (3) The knowledge that the government, through the Federal Board for Vocational Education, has made provision whereby e\ery permanently dis- aljled soldier and sailor who is no longer able to follow his former occupation may. without expense to himself. I)e trained in a new voca- Rctitniiiiy Soldiers and Sailors 179 tion, recei\ing from the government a minimum of $65,000 per month while in training, together with assistance in finding suitable employment, as soon as the soldier or sailor under training has gained proficiency. The county and local Councils of Defense were enjoined : (i) To make sure that every man discharged from the army as permanently disabled, was given the address of the District Vocational Ofifice at Cincinnati and asked to get in touch with that office at once. (2) To secure a favorable attitude of employers toward rehabilitated men. (3) To see to it that those in charge of funds raised within their communities for the relief of disabled soldiers, were put in touch with the District Vocational Oflice at Cincinnati. EMPLOYMENT EOR RETURNING SOLDIERS AND SAILORS Finding jobs for returned soldiers and sailors was one of the first after-war assignments given Ohio by the federal government. The United States Employment Service, cooperating with the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was assigned the main responsibility for finding this employment. Ohio, with its large system of Employment Offices and Federal Community Labor Boards, did not follow the general plan, adopted in many states, of establishing new local Information Bureaus in each county, but relied upon the cooperation of various organiza- tions having to do with soldiers and sailors, in placing squarely upon the Employment Service the main task of finding employment for discharged soldiers, sailors, and war workers. The section of this report devoted to "Employment" describes methods followed by the Employment Service in attempting to get Ohio soldiers back into their old jobs. A plan was worked out with the Lake Division of the Ameri- can Red Cross, at Cleveland, whereby, in those counties which had no Employment Office, the Federal Community Labor Board, or i8o Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense local Red Cross Chapter headquarters, should be known and labeled as the "Bureau for Returning Soldiers and Sailors." In those cities and towns in which .Employment Offices were located, such Em- ployment Offices were to bear the designation of "Bureau for Re- turning Soldiers and Sailors." The State Council of Defense set up contact in local communi- ties with the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the National Catholic War Council, the Knights of Columbus, the Jewish War Relief Board, the Y. W. C. A., the War Camp Community Service and the Salva- tion Army, to the end that all soldiers and sailors reached by these organizations through their special war machinery might be di- rected to the nearest Employment Office (the Red Cross Chapter where there was no Employment Service) and might be instructed that the Employment Service had the facilities and was anxiotis to find employment for them. Where Red Cross Chapters were designated as the "Bureaus for Returning Soldiers and Sailors," such Red Cross Chapters were tied up with the nearest Employment Service in such a manner that all information gathered by the Employment Service as to jobs available, etc.. might be furnished them. WAR LIBRARY SERVICE FUND On September 5, 1917, Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of N^ational Defense, was requested by Frank A. Vanderlip, Chairman of the Library War Council, War Department, to assist in making a success in Ohio the nation-wide campaign for funds to equip libraries in camps and cantonments in this country and abroad. The Governor directed the Council use its utmost efforts, at the same time appealing in the newspapers for generous contribu- tion by Ohioans. The Council thereupon sent to every library in Ohio, through Charles Galbreath. State Librarian, a letter urging an active organi- zation in each county to solicit for the fund during the week of September 24, 191 7, and thereafter. Similar communications were sent county and city school superintendents throughout the state. The response was generous. More than $110,000 was con- tributed from Ohio — largely through the libraries and the schools. IVar Risk Insurance i8i NEWSPAPERS FOR CAMPS The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in September, 1917, sent to all daily newspapers in Ohio a request that each furnish, free of charge, five copies daily for use in Y. M. C. A. buildings at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama, where Ohio National Guardsmen were stationed. Newspapers, so requested, responded favorably in almost every case, with the result that the Y. M. C. A. "huts" were stocked liberally with papers from home for soldiers stationed there. WAR RISK INSURANCE County and local Councils of Defense, at the request of the federal government, assisted the ^^'ar Risk Insurance Bureau in its efforts to stamp out frauds in connection with claims for allot- ments and allowances under the War Risk Insurance Act. In this connection, the county and local Councils were helpful in reporting. (i) Cases wdiere the dependents of former soldiers and sailors were still receiving payments after the soldiers or sailors were discharged. (2) Cases where persons were receiving allowances who were not entitled to them, under provisions of the Act. (3) Cases where women named as wives of men — but not their wives - — were receiving allow- ances. (4) Cases where allowances were being received in the names of children who were not living. In all such cases it was impressed upon the county and local Councils that their work must be done quietly and quickly, and not in the manner of official investigation. Their task in this con- nection increased tremendously during the period of demobilization. CHRISTMAS GIVING FOR MEN IN MILITARY SERVICE The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, with its pub- licity machinery, served as the agency of the War Department and i82 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense the Postoftice Department, in the instruction of those at home on how to prepare and send Christmas packages to soldiers, sailors and marines. Specific directions were transmitted to the newspapers through- out thte state and were given wide publicity. The home folks were told about how to do up their packages, maximum weight, what could go in the packages and what could not, when to ship and where. ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT IN THE AVIA- TION PROGRAM Called on by the federal government to assist in providing facilities for the training of aeroplane pilots and aviation adjutants, the state of Ohio did its part. Appealed to by the War Department, Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in cooperation with the Ohio State University at Columbus, practically turned over to the government all available facilities at the Uni- versity. On presentation of the facts by the Governor, tlie State Emergency Board, late in the fall of 1917, appropriated $80,000 to build an aeroplane laboratory and barracks for the 360 aviation students on the University Campus. This appropriation, which practically depleted the Emergency Fund of the state, was granted on short notice, and made possible a large aviation enrollment at the University. The University, itself, contributed $13,000 from tuition revenues to enlarge the Ohio Union, student building on the Campus, for barracks room for cadet aviators. HELPING TO RECRUIT THE STUDENT ARMY TRAIN- ING CORPS Early in August, 1918, machinery of the Ohio Branch, Coun- cil of National Defense, reaching into the high schools and com- munities, was utilized to assist in recruiting the Student Army Training Corps. Twenty-six Ohio colleges — more than in any other state in the country — had been selected by the War Department to carry forward the work of military training for men of draft age while Training War Telegraphers 183 in college. This meant that, in Ohio, every high school graduate of eighteen years or over and every college student under the draft age might begin his military training at once, without waiting for the draft call. Every channel of publicity at the command of the State Council was utilized to bring home to young men of high school and col- lege age the wisdom of enrolling in the Student Army Training Corps, and every attempt was made to furnish them with informa- tion as to the kind of courses which would be offered, opportunities for promotion, and requirements. Close relationship in this campaign was maintained with Doc- tor R. M. Hughes, Regional Director, and Professor William E. Smyser, State Director for Ohio. TRAINING OF WAR TELEGRAPHERS The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, assisting the Signal Corps of the Central Department, War Department, at Chicago, appealed to colleges, public schools and Y. M. C. A.'s throughout the state for the establishment of special classes to train telegraphers for the army. As a result of this campaign, such classes were organized, mainly from men of the draft age, in approximately 30 cities in Ohio. This work was later taken up and carried on in a more sys- tematic manner by the State Board for Vocational Education, operating under the Smith-Hughes Act, to give pre-draft training to young men about to enter the military service. DETECTION OF DESERTERS With cooperation of the American Protective League, through A. Clifford Shinkle, State Inspector at Cincinnati, the Ohio Banch, Council of National Defense, assisted in the tracing and apprehen- sion of soldiers absent without leave and deserting from camps in the United States. Up to December 31, 1918, more than 350 cases of A. W. O. L. and desertion had been referred to local Councils of Defense and local units of the American Protective League for joint investi- gation and action. 184 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense At the same time, the State Council of Defense, through its publicity propaganda machinery, attempted to create a public senti- ment which would discountenance desertion from camps and which would result in a moral force hostile to absence without leave. Through the Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, effort was made to create the feeling in the homes of soldiers" families that desertion and absence without leave is dishonor, not only punishable by heavy penalties, but a disgrace to the loyalty and patriotism which won the war. RENT PROFITEERING Complaints that soldiers' and sailors' families, together with war" workers, mainly in munitions industries, were being victimized by landlords in some parts of the state, resulted, in October, 1918, in action by the Legal Committee of the State Council. In cooperation with the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, United States Department of Labor, at Washing- ton, it was decided to appoint Rent Profiteering Committees in Cleveland, Cinciimati, Toledo, Youngstown, Akron. Chillicothe, Hamilton, Springfield. Dayton and Columbus. Local Rent Profi- teering Committees comprised in each case a representative of the local Legal Committee in each county, the local real estate organi- zation, the Home Service Section of the Red Cross, together with two representatives selected by the local Council of Defense. The nominations were made in each of the cities mentioned and committees appointed by the State Council of Defense in each city except where a Rent Profiteering 'Committee had already been established by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transporta- tion, United States Depatment of Labor. The following memorandum shows procedure which governed operation of the Rent Profiteering Committees during their brief existence : 'T. The main purpose for which Rent Profiteer- ing Committees are established, is the fair and equit- able adjustment of rents complained of as exorbitant. *TI. The committee shall hear and act on com- plaints of tenants — whether they be soldiers and sail- ors, the dependents and families of soldiers and sail- ors, munition workers, workers in plants doing war Rent Profiteering work or any others who should have the protection of the government because of war conditions. "III. The method of procedure in acting on rental complaints should be based on the idea of ad- justment by : "(a) Investigation of the facts. "(b) Hearing of representations by both the tenant and landlord. "(c) The indication by the committee of a fair rental and action to secure acceptance of such rental by both the landlord and tenant through conciliation and an honest presentation of the facts to both. "IV. Except in the case of soldiers and sailors or their families or dependents, the Rent Profiteering Committee has no legal authority to enforce its judg- ments.The committee must depend upon the establish- ment of a public sentiment to sustain its judgment and a sense of fairness which will appeal to the public, the landlord and the tenant as to the justice of its decisions. "V. The means of establishing a favorable opinion and of mobilizing this opinion to sustain judg- ments of the committee, is publicity. That is, the pur- poses, principles and procedure of the Rent Profiteer- ing Committee must be conveyed to the public through the newspapers, and where landlords, for example, refuse to appear for hearing or decline to follow decisions of the committee, the facts in such cases should be published without comment. "VI. Where landlords attempt the eviction of families and dependents of soldiers and sailors, the protection of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act may be invoked. "This law provides that in the case of premises, the rent of which does not exceed $50.00 per month, occupied chiefly for dwelling purposes by the wife, children or other dependents of a person in military i86 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense service, leave of Court is necessary for eviction or distress. Such proceedings for eviction or distress may be stayed for not longer than three months, un- less the tenant's ability to pay his rent was not materi- ally atlected by his military service. "The advice of the legal member of the committee and of the Red Cross representative on the committee should be utilized in handling such cases. "ATI. Rent Profiteering Committees should meet at least once each week to pass on written com- plaints and to hear cases. "VIII. Complainants should submit their cases in writing, giving their name, the address of the prem- ises in dispute, name and address of owner of the premises, name and address of the owner's agent, if any, date when present occupant rented the premises, I and any other facts bearing on the case which the complainant wishes to present. "IX. The Rent Profiteering Committee should consider the written complaint and, if the complaint seems warranted, should request both the landlord and the tenant to appear for hearing on a given date. If the committee finds the landlord justified in the rent wdiich he charges, the case is dismissed; if the rent charged is deemed extortionate, he is urged to reduce it to what the committee considers a reason- able rent. If he does not do so, the facts of the case are published without comment of any kind, in the local press. "X. Rent Profiteering Committees may find it advisable and helpful to secure the services of a vol- unteer adjuster who will be able to investigate com- plaints prior to hearing and to bring about agreements on rents in some cases, without the necessity for de- tailed hearing or judgment by the committee proper. '"Either landlords or tenants, however, should have the right of appeal from any decision of such adjuster to the Rent Profiteering Committee proper. "Some committees may find it advisable and help- ful to enlarge their membership through the appoint- Rent Profiteering 187 ment of sub- committees, one each to a given district in their territory (a ward for example). In this way, each sub-committee is compelled to handle only com- paratively few cases. If this plan is followed it may be well to provide for the right of appeal from the sub-committee to the main committee. "XL Publicity designed to build a public senti- ment that will assist the Rent Profiteering Committee in its operation, should center around tht fact that high rents mean fewer workers and delay in meeting government contracts with a consequent slowing up of vital war industries. The distress of war workers or soldiers and sailors caused by unfair or exhorbitant rentals, results also in dissatisfaction and unrest which contribute directly to the destruction of war morale. The war worker who is contented and satisfied, is the one who renders one hundred per cent efficiency in the plant. The soldier or sailor who feels that those at home are unworried and protected by the govern- ment in the matter of food, fuel, housing and living conditions, is the wholehearted fighter with the high- est morale. The families of workers and soldiers who are protected against war profiteering of all kinds, are those who will support the war and who will reflect the energy and the loyalty of civilians as a class in support of this war. "It is the policy of the government not to grant additional war contracts to industries in those cities which are without adequate housing and in which rent profiteering exists. ; "XII. Reports of cases handled and disposed of should be made at least monthly to the Executive Sec- : retary, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, State House, Columbus, and to the Division of Infor- mation and Publicity of the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, United tSates Depart- ment of Labor, 613 G. street. Northwest, Washington, D. C. "(This memorandum prepared and approved by the Legal Committee, Ohio Branch, Council i i88 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense of National Defense, in conference with repre- sentatives of the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation, United States Department of Labor.)" The committees, however, had scarcely gotten under wa}- when with the signing of the armistice it was decided to release them from responsibility to the State Council, although the committees in every case wefe instructed to continue their activities and to make report to the federal government until formally released from their duties by the federal government. LIBERTY LOAN AND WAR SAMNGS STAMPS The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, cooperated and assisted in the marketing of the successive Liberty Loans and in the sale of War Savings Stamps The main assistance of the State Council in both activities was in publicity and in the furnishing of speakers, through the Speak- ers' Bureau, to local Liberty Loan Committees in communities over the state. Special effort, liowever, was made in connection with the sec- ond Loan, at the request of the Council of National Defense, at Washington. At the rcijuest of the Council of National Defense, at Wash- ington, D. C, and of the Central Liberty Loan Committee, Cleve- land. ( )hio. Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the Council, issued a proclamation, on October i, 1917. calling to the support of the Loan all Ohioans. This was followed by bulletins from our central office to every local Council of Defense, every war unit of any kind in Ohio, every auxiliary Woman's Committee, and every one of ( )hio's eighty-eight War Food and Crop Commissioners in the eiglity-eight counties in Ohio, urging their active cooperation with Liberty Loan Committees throughout the state. At the same time, through our organized Publicity Bureau, the Council waged an intensi\e campaign in the newspapers in support of the Loan. It nuist be borne in mind, however, that local and county Councils of Defense in many parts of the state were virtually turned over to the Central Liberty Loan Committees to become local Liberty Loan Committees for the time being, and the extensive Liberty Loan and Jl^ar Saz'iiKjs Stamps 189 canvassing organizations of these local Councils in many communi- ties were the central machinery by which the bonds were sold. The State Council joined with local and county Councils throughout the state in an active propaganda against the sale and trading of Liberty Bonds by those who had bought them. The slogan of this campaign was "Keep your Liberty Bonds.'' SOLICITATION OF FUNDS Although requested by the Federal government to organize machinery within the state for the investigation and endorsement of agencies seeking funds for war relief, this step was not taken in Ohio. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, however, co- operated with the National Investigation Bureau, at New York City, through the Field Division of the Council of National De- fense, at Washington, in advising communities as to the legitimacy of this or that organization collecting funds for war relief . The Council also made one or two special investigations of suspicious organizations, with the result that a so-called "White Cross Humane Society" was exposed by the Council, in May, 1918, as unworthy to receive public support, and its agents discredited. This society had already collected some funds in Akron, Newark and Columbus, for the supposed maintenance of a corps of "White Cross Nurses" who would care for the sick and injured among laboring people, without charge. No action was taken toward the set-up of extensive machinery to investigate and endorse money collecting agencies, for the reason that Ohio, during the war, was the outstanding "War Chest" state of the Union, with some sixty communities organized for collective giving of funds for war relief, with appropriate Executive Com- mittees which investigated agencies to which funds were granted. The State Council of Defense cooperated actively in the suc- ceeding war money drives of the Red Cross and in the United War Work Campaign. Complete machinery of the organized Publicity Bureau of the .State Council and of the local Councils was turned to account in l)oth cases. lyo Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense INFLUENZA El'lDliMIC Called on by the federal government and Ijy local ;mthorities within the state to assist in combatting the influenza epidemic which swept the state and nation in the fall and winter of 1918, the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, appealed to local Councils of Defense throughout the state to meet the need of additional nurs- ing facilities. The State Council called upon the communities to can\ass and report the names of persons willing and able to nurse influenza victims, referring them to the Red Cross Influenza Bureau, which was established in Columbus, Ohio, in conjunction with the State Department of Health and the United States Public Health Service, in charge of Stockton Raymond, representing the Red Cross. FUEL The Committee on Mines and Mining, (early in the summer of 1917, attacked the problem of coal supply and prices. A special sub-committee was created to go into the problem from all angles and report to the Council. The committee consisted of : William Harper Cleveland George H. Barker Columbus Prof. M. B. Hammond Columbus T. K. Maher Cleveland Jobn M. Roan Columbus C. E. Sullivan Cleveland G. E. Witzell Columbus The report of this committee, which was exhaustive, resulted in the establishment of a State Coal Clearance House on July 25. 1917, under the direction of John M. Roan. The announced pur- pose of the Clearance House was to facilitate the production, transportation and distribution of coal, with s]iecial attention to fuel prices. The Clearance House, operating under the direction of the Governor, the Vice Chairman of the Council, and its Director, John M. Roan, secured an agreement from the principal coal oper- ators of the state for the setting aside on a pro rata basis at the mines of a minimum of 6,000,000 tons of coal for the public utilities. Fuel 191 At the same time, the Ohio Branch. Council of National De- fense, by direction of the Governor, cooperated with the Federal Trade Commission of the United States government in an ex- tensive examination of the books of the coal mining companies and of dealers to determine the cost of coal production and distribu- tion. Various state departments assisted generously in this activity by the loan of trained accountants who were sworn into temporary federal service for such examination. Data so collected by the Fed- eral Trade Commission was turned over to the United States Fuel Administration for the information of that governmental department. Late in September, 1917, the Coal Clearance House undertook a thorough survey of the fuel needs throughout the state, through questionnaires sent to the mayors of cities and towns, to Boards of Education and to hospitals. This survey uncovered the fact that an alarming shortage of coal was bound to occur almost universally over the state, that industries and utilities generally were far short of normal supplies, and that domestic consumers, for example, had on an average less than twenty per cent of coal usually in storage and on hand in late October. The Coal Clearance House, through the State Public Utilities Commission, operators and transportation companies, began the initial distribution of the 6.000,000 tons reserve prorated at the mines. More than 250 cars of coal, for example, were distributed to neeedy communities during a period of appproximately two weeks, beginning October ist. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, through the Chairman, the Vice Chairman and the Director of the Coal Clear- ance House, made insistent appeal to Washington during the period of its operation that shipments of Ohio coal to the Northwest be curtailed in an amount sufficient at least to supply the immediate needs of Ohio users and to insure the accumulation of at least a moderate reserve against winter use. On October 16, 1917, the Ohio Branch Council of National Defense, discontinued its financial responsibility for the Coal Clear- ance House, and relinquished control of the fuel situation to Homer H. Johnson, Federal Fuel Ailministrator for Ohio by appointment ig2 Ohio Braiicli, Council of National Defense of President Wilson. After that date, the Coal Clearance House ceased to function, but the United States Fuel Administration in Ohio had the cooperation at all times, mainly in publicity, of the State Council of Defense. The Coal Clearance House, during its period of activities, made special effort to exp.edite the movement of coal from the mines to destination by rail; to assist dealers in securing coal, where urgent demands were reported ; to trace cars in transit ; to force the prompt unloading of coal cars ; to control the maximum retail prices charged, pending the establishment of such prices by the government ; and, after a careful survey, to furnish proper lump coal to threshermen so that food might not be wasted, either through inability of farmers to get their grain threshed, or through faulty operation of threshing machines due to defective firing. HEALTH. HOSPITALS AND NURSING The following sub-committee of the Ohio Branch, L'ouncil of National Defense, on Health, Hospitals and Nursing, was apopinted. by the Governor in the late summer of 1917: Dr. R. H. Bishop Cleveland Fred H. Bunn Youngstown Dr. George D. Lummis ^liddletown Rev. Bernard P. O'Reilly Dayton Robert G. Paterson Columbus -Miss Mary M. Roberts Camp Sherman Dr. C. D. Selby . . Toledo Howell Wright Cleveland This committee was formed : (i) To work out a state program on health, hos- pitals and nursing. (a) To centralize in one state committee in- formation relative to these three closely related fields of work. (b) To bring all the voluntary health agencies into closer working relations with the Council of National Defense and exist- ing state departments. Health, Hospitals and Nursing 193 (2) Hospitals. (a) Gathering of complete information as to hospital facilities in the state for the care of the civilian population. (b) Gathering of complete information as to hospital facilities for the care of the civil- ian population engaged in the manufac- ture of war materials. (c) Gathering of information as to existing hospital facilities for the care of re- turned soldiers, (i) . Private hospitals. (2) County hospitals. (3) City hospitals. (a) For the care and instruction of the handicapped. (b) For the care of the tuber- culous. . (c) For the care of specific dis- eases, (d) For the care of conva- lescents. (3) Nursing. (a) Gathering of complete information as to existing nursing facilities in the state. (b) Recommendation of plans for increasing the number of nurses in the state, (i) Student nurses. (2) Graduate nurses. The Committee on Health, Hospitals and Nursing endeavored to carry out parts of the program through utilizing the services of e?cisting agencies. So far as possible, it acted as a clearing house in the various fields of work related in the program, without attempting to set up any new machinery. (i) Hospitals. At the request of the committee, the Ohio Hos- pital Association gathered information as to hospital facilities in the state. *13 C. OF N. D. 194 Ohio Hnnich. CoiDicil of National Defense (2) Nursing. The committee gave some asistance to the Ohio State Graduate Nurses Association in gather- ing information as to nursing facihties in ( )hio. Information as to such facihties, including the number of graduate and pupil nurses was re- ported from time to time and was used by the Committee on Nursing of the Woman's Com- mittee of the Defense Council in a campaign to secure an increased number of nurses in the state. Howell Wright, secretary of the committee, and for a time Executive Secretary of the State Council, was especially instru- mental in aousing the interest of the public to the importance of health and nursing activities in not only war but peace times, and in securing the cooperative efifort of the medical and nursing pro- fessions ,and of hospital authorities, in an immediate program of action. VAGRANCY A special sub-committee of the Committee on Labor and In- dustrial Relations. r)hio Branch, Council of National Defense, was ajipointed in June, 1917, to recommend a plan for the utilization in a productive wav of vagrants. The committee comprised : H. H. Shirer Columbus Fred Bisscll Toledo James L. Fieser Cleveland Dr. D. F. Garland Dayton W". A. (ireenlund Cleveland J. M. Han-on Youngstown J. (). White Cincinnati This committee urged : "(j) Active cooperation among county, town- ship, and municipal officials, particularly sheriffs, justices of the peace, mayors, police judges, and police ofificers. "(2) That a census of vagrants and loiterers be taken at once in :dl municipalities of the state and Vayrancy 195 that the laws and ordinances covering these otienders should be enforced. "It is vitally important that pool rooms, saloons, so-called lodging houses, and all other places where loiterers may congregate be carefully inspected and each person who has no regular employment be listed. "In order to find an intelligent solution of the problem, a census of all loiterers and vagrants should be taken. "(3) That local authorities be urged to enforce the laws against tramps trespassing on railroads. "(4) That a state colony or colonies under rigid supervision be established for those who have no vis- ible means of support, and that every one therein be given an opportunity at some useful employment. "The colony plan is, in our opinion, the only present solution of either the tramp or vagrancy prob- lem. "Dealing with the tramp being a state rather than a local problem, we feel that it ought to be handled by the state." The re]:)ort of this committee was not acted upon by the Council. By proclamation of the Governor and active stimulation of the State Council of Defense, city and county officials were encour- aged to revive obsolete statutes, with the result that vagrancy and loafing were made practically a thing of the past. RED CROSS AUCTION SALES The Governor, as Chairman, and the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, endorsed and assisted, to some extent, commun- ity public sales for the benefit of the Red Cross. It was the plan to auction ofT to patriotic bidders, donated live stock, household and rummage goods. Many sales of this kind were held in various counties over the state. 19^-) Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense COOPERATION OF THE CHURCHES IN THE WAR PROGRAM In response to a request by the Governor and the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, the Ohio Rural Life Association of- fered its assistance to the churches and ministers of the state to attain greater cooperation in the si)ecial service they were render- ing- during the war. The purpose was to build U[) in each community, through subordinate committees and through the churches and the ministers of the various denominations, a strong response to tlie govern- ment's war program and war needs. Special services in the churches, mass meetings and dissemina- tion of literature were means used. The more than seven thousand rural churches in Ohio were enlisted in this campaign. C. O. Gill, Secretary of the Ohio Rural Life Association, Co- liiml)us. Ohio, was the man who organized this movement. jUNK A survey undertaken at the request of the Connnercial Econ- omy Board, Council of National Defense, and completed March 20, iQiS. showed that in Ohio: • ( I ) Reclamation and utilization of waste materials including scrap iron, metals, rubber and rags, was extraordinarily efficient and complete in in- dustrial plants over tbe state, but (2) There was marked waste of junk in rural com- munities and on farms. The Executive Secretary, Ohio B>ranch, Council of National Defense, recommended to Washington: (a) The systematic collection of junk on farms, or (I)) Delivery depots for junk disposal. ( c) Pul)licity to the farmer as to means of disjiosal ;md prevailing junk prices. Explosives 197 EXPLOSIVES The danger of destruction to food stufifs, warehouses, muni- tions plants, and other property necessary to the war, was recog- nized very early by the State Council of Defense. It was patent that the careless custody or misuse of explosives must be checked. With cooperation of Thomas Kearns, Chief Inspector of work- shops and factories for the Ohio Industrial Commission, a hasty survey was made which revealed some twenty to thirty tons of dynamite unguarded in a radius of ten miles around Columbus. On the statute books of Ohio was a law providing for the registration, safeguarding, and state certification of stores of ex- plosives. At the request of the Council, Mr. Kearns secured form the explosives manufacturers throughout the state lists of their customers, including practically all large users and storers of ex- plosives, and all such persons were formally licensed under the state law. The Publicity Bureau of the State Council of Defense later was able to assist the United States Bureau of Mines in the ad- vertisement and interpretation of explosives regulations. At the request of Mr. Jasper S. Kinslow, United States Ex- plosives Inspector for Ohio, the State Council has, at various times, served as an official notification agency to persons and firms affected by explosives regulations, and attempts were made to create a public understanding of the government's program on ex- plosives regulations. PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT In the organization of the Publicity Department, the Council was particularly fortunate in having the advice of James W. Faulk- ner, Dean of Ohio newspaper correspondents at Columbus. Throughout the war, Mr. Faulkner served in an advisory capacity in all publicity matters. The actual work of issuing material for the press and bulletins was handled by J. L. Morrill and Earl W. Baird. Mr. Morrill came with the Defense Council from the Scripps-McRae League, August 7, 191 7, to handle publicity for the Council. He was sub- sequently appointed Executive Secretary of the Council and the 198 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense Food Administration in Ohio, and Mr. Baird was appointed pub- licity man for the Food Administration and Defense Council in October, 1917. The Council also had the services of Mrs. Daisy H. Krier of the Food Administration staff, in the preparation of publicity material, and Don L. Tobin, who was appointed in Oc- tober, 1918. to edit a printed bulletin for the Defense Council, and assist the Speakers' Bureau of the Council. NEWSPAPERS Our Publicity Department had the fullest cooperation of the newspapers in all war measures. They gave freely of their space to the material furnished, and backed this up with editorials and stories originated locally. Commencing August 13, 191 7. and ending December 15, 1918, there was issued a daily bulletin under the caption, "THE OHIO WAR BOARD SAYS TODAY," for publication in newspapers. This bulletin was sent in mimeograph form to all daily newspapers and in ready-to-print plate form to some 80 plate using papers. It was made a standing feature in many newspapers, being carried regularly in the large city papers, as well as the smaller papers of the state. This bulletin service served to support all war-time agencies in the state, including the War Savings Committee, the Red Cross, the War Department, United States Employment Serv- ice, United States Food and Fuel Administrations, and to keep be- fore the public all matters of vital importance to the successful prosecution of the war. The Council of National Defense at Washington, representing the various war-time agencies in a national way, cleared all its pub- licity material through the Publicity Department of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. A summary of material issued shows 483 daily ludletins is- sued to newspapers and approximately 2j^ stories at irregular in- tervals to daily and weekly newsjiapers and other publications. Our mailing list of publications included: 175 Daily newspapers. 475 Weekly newspapers. 100 Class and trade publication. 70 Religious publications. Publicity Department 199 12 Agricultural publications. 25 College publications. 46 Foreign publications. 5 Magazines. 15 Labor papers. The Associated Press and United Press incorporated, in their weekly news letters to all their clients in the state, the Defense Council news i'eleases, and handled important news stories affect- ing the Council by wire. The special correspondents and the correspondents for the United Press. Associated Press and International News Service were in daily contact with the Publicity Department of the Defense Council and gave great assistance in keeping before the public the necessary information. In conclusion, unquestionably the support of the newspapers made possible the success of the war program in Ohio. The State Council recognized that no medium of publicity or education could equal the columns of the newspapers, and the generous response of the editors to requests for publicity from the State Council was practically universal. TAPS In August, 1918. Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense, conceived the idea of sounding "Taps" from steps of the State House every afternoon at four o'clock. As the result of the following letter, addressed to County Councils of Defense throughout the state, the practice was in- augurated in many communities, most of them observing the cere- mony for the first time on September 6, 19 18, which was the birth- day of LaFayette : "Taps, which marks the end of the soldier's day, is one of the most thrilling of our military calls. Over there, where the poppies and the dead alike strew the fateful fields of Flanders, it wafts to the weary war- riors of our country, a reminder of the dear ones at home. To them their thoughts will turn as the de- scending shadows brino: the close of the dav's duties 20O Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense well done. As the bugles sing the truce of sleep there, the tuneful voice of the nation here, throbbing across the ocean's wide expanse, should carry to our champ- ions a hearty goodnight. In spirit, at least, like our parents in our childhood, we can be with them as they sink to their hard earned slumbers. "The daily call from the steps of the capitol, the very heart of the sympathetic and loving mother State, will turn our minds to the absent and beloved boys. In silent meditation we can ofifer a prayer for their safetv and their happiness and enter into a spir- itual communion with them. If, amid danger and suf- fering there, they know that here they are being thus recalled in sacred remembrance, the sleep of martial fatigue in camp and in trench, in hospital and bivouac will be sweetened by that knowledge. To us, here at home, what more beautiful sentiment can be imagined than the consciousness that, as the cadences rise and fall, somewhere within the shadow of death and under the pall of battle, our loved ones are thinking of us? 'T earnestly recommend the practice in every county seat, and in .every community possible." appendix; As explained hereinbefore, operation of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was derived from the War Emerg- ency Appropriation of $250,000 made to the Governor by the General Assembly of Ohio, in the session of 1916-17. On request of the State Council the Emergency Board has granted additional funds to the Council in an amount of $75,169.17, following depletion of the original fund. Of the total monies appropriated by the Legislature and the State Emergency Board, approximately $189,916.50 were expended by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, up to and in- cluding December 31, 1918, according to the voucher record of the State Council. Of the original $250,000 appropriation, something more than $120,000 were spent by the Adjutant General of Ohio in recruiting and equipping the Ohio National Guard. The expenditures of the State Council may have varied some- what from figures given above and listed in tables below, inasmuch as the final record of expenditures is kept by the Auditor of State, and an accounting of the fund has not yet been made by that official. Below are given tabulations of the expenditures of the State Council as taken from voucher records of the Council and expla- nation of the division captions : Agriculture covers funds spent in the original food production drive of 1917. Coal Clearing covers monies expended to main- tain the State Coal Clearance House during the fuel shortage in the fall of 1917. Federal Trade Commission covers monies ex- pended for an investigation into the cost of producing and distributing coal, made at the request of the fed- eral government in the summer and fall of 191 7. (201) 202 Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense Food Conservation And Fire Prevention cov- ers funds expended mainly by the State Fire Marshal, and described in a preceding section of this report. General covers headquarters office expense of the State Council. Labor covers monies expended for organization and maintenance of the Free Employment Bureau. Woman's Committee, which is self-explanatorv. Patriotic Education covers the expense of the Speakers' Division. County Council covers monies expended in the organization and supervision of local Councils of De- fense throughout the state. Americanization, wliich is self-explanatorv. Non-War Construction covers office expense and printing of the Committee of Non-War Construc- tion, whose activities are described hereinbefore. 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