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 MS I :■■-: E 
 
 . W, JONES, 
 
LUTHER SHELDON, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
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 MOULDINGS, BRACKETS, STAIR RAILS, NEWELS, 
 
 BUILDERS' HARDWARE, 
 
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 BUILDING MATERIAL OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
 
 GENERAL AGENT FOR 
 
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 PREPARED FOR IMMEDIATE USE. 
 
 THE BEST AND CHEAPEST PAINT IN THE 
 
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 SEND EOR CARD OE COLORS. 
 
|t£ § nnripl f ntetticM Itade 
 
 V 
 By CARY W. JONES. 
 
 '"■v-,,.. . . . .,rS'- 
 
 C. HALL WINDSOR, BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER No. 5 BANK STREET. 
 
 VIRGINIAN PRESSES, MAIN & COMMERCE STS. 
 1881. 
 
 V 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, 
 
 By Caky W. Jones, Norfolk, Va., 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 F2 3 4 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 The Publisher takes especial pleasure in presenting to the public, the 
 Second Annual Edition of this Work, greatly enlarged and improved with 
 numerous additional features. 
 
 When the first edition was inaugurated our most enterprising and open- 
 handed business men, with characteristic liberality, extended it their hearty 
 and generous co-operation, and many of its friends who were doubtful as to 
 the success of the undertaking, when it appeared, acknowledged the achieve- 
 ment. This year our merchants have attested their appreciation of its 
 influence in advancing the commercial and mercantile interests of the city 
 it represents, by even a greater degree of liberality, as a comparison of the 
 two books will show. 
 
 This flattering encouragement at their hands was appreciated, and it 
 caused the Publisher to re-double his efforts in making the present edition 
 an improvement upon the first. It remains for his patrons to determine 
 whether or not his aim has been accomplished. 
 
 The Bird's-eye View of Norfolk, Portsmouth and the Inner Harbor, has 
 been secured at great labor and expense, and will, we feel confident, prove 
 a valuable acquisition, as it defines more clearly to the outside world than 
 could possibly be done by any other means, our magnificent Harbor, from 
 the Naval anchorage and Norfolk and Western Eailroad depot on the East, 
 to Fort Norfolk on the West, and the easy adaptability of this immense 
 water front to the requirements of our rapidly increasing commerce. 
 
 The review of Norfolk's business interests begins with the year 1865, 
 when our Export trade had not commenced, and our most important interests 
 were not yet in their first stages of inception. It follows through a series 
 of sixteen years, the lassitude and subsequent revival of these interests, 
 pointing out what has already been done and the many avenues through 
 which our people have reason to expect that tide of prosperity which is to 
 make Norfolk commercially great and opulent. 
 
 The inducements offered investors by the City are enumerated, and th e 
 principal Industries and Trades, together with much accumulated data 
 in regard to them, and the most successful firms engaged in them, are also 
 presented; the whole forming a material panorama that should be of interest 
 to business men everywhere. 
 
 With the hope that this effort will benefit our city, the publisher each 
 year sends gratuitously fifteen hundred copies to merchants throughout the 
 country. 
 
SKETCH OF NORFOLK 
 
 1865-1881. 
 
 jlN giving this second annual outline of the commercial history of Nor- 
 folk, and in endeavoring to introduce it to the World of Traffic as a 
 Buisness Centre, by delineating as fully as practicable, within our some- 
 what limited space, its leading Industries and Trades, it is not proposed 
 to dwell long on our remote Past. The pens of Historians, far abler 
 and more learned in antiquarian lore, have already described its origin 
 and growth from the time of the red man, who hunted in the primeval 
 forests that covered its present location or fished in the neighboring 
 streams, even then noted for the abundance and quality of supplies, 
 most admirably adapted both to the comfort and sustenance of man. 
 Dwelling briefly on these points and passing over its progress or de- 
 cline in business until the close of the late civil war — that mighty deluge, 
 which swept away many ancient landmarks and brought to light and life 
 a new order of things — it is our purpose first to review the history of the 
 Foreign Trade of the now new and flourishing city, which has sprung, so 
 to speak, from the debris of our " Ancient Borough," from the termina- 
 tion of that great struggle to the present time. Its Waterways and 
 Railways, in fact all ways, by which it receives and distributes the 
 wealth and products of the Interior, which here seek an outlet and a 
 market, shall all be duly considered at the fit time and place. In a 
 word we have undertaken to group together all facts of general interest 
 bearing on our present condition and the bright prospects we see in 
 the near future. 
 
 It is very true that " ye goode towne of Norfolke is an antiente one," 
 but we wish it to be distinctly understood that in our reference to the 
 " deluge" we had no intention to imply that our city is an "antediluvian 
 relic," though the dark walls, with their deep salt air stains, of many of 
 
6 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 our ancient edifices taken in connection with some of the buildings of a 
 little more modern date, to which are attached porches of " most exceeding 
 altitude" have led visitors to suppose that at some very remote period of 
 our history the terrible flood had indeed swept over our city and that 
 thereafter these somewhat Babel-like efforts had been made to prevent 
 the dire consequences of a similar calamity in the future. 
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE AND POST OFFICE; 
 
 It was only about three centuries ago — a short period in the Old 
 World's history, though seemingly long in the light of our American 
 civilization — that certain adventurous Englishmen, sent out under the 
 authority of good Queen Bess by the gallant Raleigh, landed on Roa- 
 noke Island, now a part of North Carolina though then styled Virginia, 
 and in one of their wanderings came across the Indian village of " Ches- 
 apik," situated on what is now known as the Elizabeth River, and 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 7 
 
 having reported its favorable situation to the Mother Country, Raleigh 
 immediately divined the future of a town possessed of great natural 
 advantages and gave his orders accordingly. History fails to give 
 us the details of the unsuccessful attempt to plant here the first Eng- 
 lish settlement, but there is a legend that runs somewhat this way ; 
 |< The natives were incensed at this attempt by outsiders to aid them 
 in developing their natural advantages, believing that if left alone in 
 the course of ages they would develop themselves, and hotly bade the 
 
 ' Yenghis ' begone." 
 
 It is further reported that the spirits of these aboriginees lingered long 
 amon g their successors, even when the red man had, given place to the 
 
 SEABOARD COTTON PRESS (REYNOLD BROS.,) TOWN POINT. 
 
 aggressive Anglo-Saxon and the virgin soil of the forest been ruthlessly 
 torn up by imported plough shares. We are creditably informed that 
 no longer than thirty years ago a venerable citizen of this old school — he 
 has now passed away, we trust to the happy hunting grounds of his 
 red predecessors — growled unceasingly because the introduction of the 
 " then new" line of steamers to New York had deprived him of what 
 he considered at least one of our greatest natural advantages, fine fishing 
 right in the very harbor of our eity. But the " deluge " certainly swept 
 away the ground work of this old fogyism and one by one the fossil 
 monuments of a defunct system are crumbling, and we trust, to be 
 buried forever out of sight, when our regenerate city reaches the full de- 
 velopment of her promised future. 
 
8 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 In this age brimful of facts and figures, any school-boy can tell his 
 anxious father enquiring where is Norfolk, Virginia? That it is a city 
 situated in lat. 36° 50' 50" N., long. 76° 18' 47" W., on the north side 
 of an arm of the sea, called the Elizabeth River, and that directly south 
 of it on the opposite side of the river is the city of Portsmouth. These 
 are geographical facts, but when we speak in commercial par- 
 lance of the port of Norfolk, we include all the territory on both sides 
 of the river, which embraces the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, the 
 
 MAIN STREET —ATLANTIC TO BANK STREETS. 
 
 village of Berkley at the confluence of the Southern and Eastern branches 
 of the Elizabeth and the suburban villages of Brambleton and Atlantic 
 City, lying respectively above and below the corporate limits of Norfolk 
 City. Within this territory now live between 40,000and 50,000 people. 
 Here we find a magnificent port with a channel approach of 28 feet 
 water, thus open to vessels of the largest size and open too at all seasons, 
 while it presents at all times a harbor safe, and free from prevailing epi-, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 9 
 
 demies. Eight miles below the city at Seawell's Point the river flows into 
 Hampton Roads, that unsurpassed, if not unequalled roadstead of the 
 World; and in this connection a slight divergence from the immediate 
 subjects of our sketch, we think, will not be uninteresting. It is an 
 official description of this magnificent Roadstead furnished by the U. S. 
 Coast Survey : 
 
 "Hampton Roadstead is formed by the confluence of the James, 
 Nansemond and Elizabeth rivers, and is bounded on the north by Old 
 Point Comfort and the Hampton shore to Newport News ; on the east 
 
 TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS 1 — COR. MAIN STREET AND MARKET SQUARE. 
 
 by a line drawn from Old Point Comfort Lighthouse to the Rip Raps, 
 and continued to the west end of Willoughby bank ; on the south by 
 Willoughby Bay and Seawell's Point Spit; and on the southwest and 
 west by a line drawn from Seawell's Point to Newport News Point. 
 Between these limits the Roads are about four miles long, with a 
 depth from four to fifteen fathoms and excellent holding ground. 
 At the eastern boundary the anchorage is three-quarters of a mile 
 wide, and gradually widens toward the southwestward until abreast of 
 the western end of -Hampton Bar, where it is a mile and three-eighths 
 
10 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 wide, between the lines of three fathoms. " To realize to the full the 
 capacity of this grand harbor for the world's shipping, we must not 
 forget that the nautical mile referred to above is 2,028 yards, or over 15 
 per cent, more than the statute mile. With this brief review of the 
 advantages of the situation of Norfolk as a port and reserving the right 
 to ventilate this subject more fully as occasion offers, we will now enter 
 upon a brief history of our foreign trade during the past fifteen years, 
 referring incidentally to the , different avenues through which the 
 
 BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF HARBOR. 
 
 vehicles of commerce have brought the wealth of her commercial tribu- 
 taries and poured it into the lap of our beautiful and prosperous city. 
 The Summer of '65, while it found active hostilities at an end, and 
 our people once more gathered in their old home, seeking employment 
 in such avocations as seemed most likely to yield a provision for them- 
 selves and families, came upon our city in a state of comparative isola- 
 tion from all her old connections. Her railroads were cut off from their 
 termini, while her lines of water transportation were principally new or 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 11 
 
 in the hands of indifferent outsiders and used merely to earn the most 
 money possible in carrying visitors to the late fields and scenes of war, on 
 money making bent or led by idle curiosity, or else in furnishing 
 supplies for the surrounding country, still suffering from the exhaustion 
 of the war. 
 
 The good people of the neighboring counties, lying on the North 
 Carolina sounds, who had formerly sought in our city a market for 
 their rich yield of corn, found the vast supplies of grain, which the new 
 developments of our " Iron Age " were bringing from the overflowing 
 granaries of the fruitful West, precluded thought of rivalry and there- 
 fore ceased to cultivate that product of their soil and began to feel the 
 
 DISCIPLES' CHURCH- FREEMASON STREET BET. BANK AND BREWER. 
 
 first symptoms of the cotton fever, which has revolutionized the agri- 
 culture of that section of the Old North State, 
 
 There was no Board of Trade, Cotton Exchange or other organiza- 
 tion at that time to whose records we can now refer to gain the accurate 
 information about trade and the arrival and shipment of produce, 
 which is now at our fingers' ends in the carefully prepared and period- 
 ically published statistics of that excellent organization, the "Cotton 
 Exchange," which under its present admirable management is a true 
 source of pride to our business community, and which is only incom- 
 plete in that its usefulness is confined to the single staple, "King Cot- 
 ton. " A reference to the books of the Custom House enables us to 
 
12 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 present the following statistics of the Foreign trade of Norfolk in 1865 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Vessels — One Schooner and one Brig, both from Turk's Island ; 
 
 cargoes salt, valued at 
 Hides and Old Junk 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Staves to the West Indies, valued at 
 Miscellaneous merchandise, 
 
 $873 
 . 110 $983 
 
 1,163 
 375 $11,538 
 
 CITY HALL AND COURT HOUSE. 
 
 The above business was all done in the last quarter of the year. 
 
 In the next year, 1866, was seen the dawning of a brighter day for 
 the commercial prospects of our city. On the very first day of the year 
 there was a sort of involuntary direct trade movement in the shape of 
 the entry of the cargo of a wrecked British Brig, the " Victoria, " 
 consisting of an assortment of dry goods, liquors, &c, valued at $22,- 
 000. The Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange had begun a new life, 
 having been reorganized the preceding October and formally opened 
 to the public in November under the presidency of that most highly 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 13 
 
 esteemed and valuable citizen, Charles Reid, Esq., the Nestor of the 
 Stave Trade. There-opening of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad 
 to Petersburg in February of this year was welcomed with great delight 
 by all our citizens. It was the first link in that chain of events which has 
 brought our city to its present state of improvement and which promises 
 an untold prosperity in the near future. 
 
 Towards the end of February one of our enterprising citizens had 
 
 MAIN STREET— ATLANTIC TO COMMERCE STREETS, NORTH SIDE. 
 
 completed his arrangements for the sailing of the British steamship 
 Ephesus from Liverpool in April, and made strenuous efforts to procure 
 orders for a cargo to be brought thence to Norfolk and a return 
 cargo from this port for Liverpool. The efforts of this gentleman in 
 the movement for direct trade were warmly endorsed and advocated by 
 our people, and would have no doubt been at least measurably successful 
 had not a combination of unavoidable circumstances caused a delay 
 in the arrival of this steamship so far beyond the anticipated time that 
 
14 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 it became necessary to ship the cargo, originally collected for her from 
 another port. Early in June the delayed steamship put in an ap- 
 pearance, bringing an assorted cargo of merchandise, valued at $81,290. 
 
 She was a large screw steamer of tons and 310 feet long. 
 
 She lay at the wharf contiguous to the foot of Fayette street, Town 
 Point, the water at which had been deepened, by use of a dredge, by 
 her consignee, at a heavy outlay, and in a spirit of liberality which 
 showed they were somewhat imbued also with the spirit of progress, 
 the City Councils had agreed to bear half of the expense. In the nov- 
 elty of a vessel of her size lying at our wharves she seemed almost like 
 a second edition of the " Great Eastern. " An outward cargo was pro- 
 cured for her a second time, and she cleared on the first day of July for 
 the voyage to Liverpool. But the destination was never reached: the 
 
 MANISTEE SAW MILLS, BERKLEY— LeKIES & COLLINS. 
 
 vessel and cargo were lost in a thick fog off Sable Island. We subjoin 
 a copy of the manifest of the British steamship " Ephesus" on the voy- 
 age from Norfolk to Liverpool, dated June 30, 1866. As she was the 
 Pioneer vessel from our port to Liverpool, it may prove interesting : 
 
 330,621 lbs. cotton, valued at $119,023 
 
 2,296 bbls. rosin, " " ..... 7,428 
 
 736 " tar, " " ..... 1,790 
 
 Tobacco in hogsheads, tierces and other packages, weighing in 
 
 all 323,874 lbs., valued at ...... 52,299 
 
 43,000 staves, valued at ..... . , , 2,600 
 
 Total valuation . . . . . .. ' . $183,140 
 
 The anticipated arrival of the "Ephesus" created a demand for a 
 cotton compress, and this was soon supplied. Although it has long 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 15 
 
 gone the way of all man's worn-out inventions, we doubt not that Nor- 
 folk's first adventure in this line, in the spring of 1866, still lives fresh 
 and green in the memory of all the old Town Point wharf men, some 
 of whom are still loyal subjects of Old King Cotton. It was of one- 
 mule poiver, and Mike Hatton, well and favorably known among the 
 cotton boys of to-day, was the engineer. It was a power too in its way, 
 and did its work well, as far as it went, but of course in this age of high 
 pressure and steam had to give way to a more powerful competitor. 
 
 The u Ephesus " was the last as well as the first venture of the year in 
 the movement of direct foreign trade, other arrangements however had 
 
 EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK— MAIN STEEET. 
 
 been made for future importations and to this end the permission of the 
 Treasury Department had been obtained and necessary bonds given, so 
 that our city was duly provided with a Bonded Warehouse, and thus 
 for the time we had every facility for the receipt of importations to be 
 held here in bond, at convenience, either for home consumption, when 
 needed, or for transportation into the Interior. 
 
 The resumption of our Trade with the West Indies, which had once 
 been not only large but a fruitful source of profit to our Norfolk mer- 
 chants, was attempted in the Spring and continued through the year by 
 another enterprising citizen, ijow passed from life and probably 
 ".from the memory of most^f those, who should be grateful to all who have 
 added even their mite to the prosperity of our City. He com- 
 
16 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; 
 
 menced, we believe by the shipment of lumber to Barbadoes and received 
 several cargoes of rum, molasses and sugar from the West Indies in return. 
 During the year five vessels arrived consigned to him bringing the above 
 mentioned products to the value of $14,700. We fear that the results of 
 his venture were not commensurate with the energy and pluck shown by 
 him in the attempt. 
 
 The entire IMPORTS for this year— 1866— were as follows : 
 
 From Liverpool to the value of $53 073 
 
 From West Indies and British Provinces .... 22^165 
 
 Total, 
 
 $75,238 
 
 UNIQUE MILLS, G3 AND 70 WATER STREET— T. B. ANDERSON & CO. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 To Liverpool per S. S. "Ephesus" .... $183,140 
 
 Staves to West Indies, ....... 161540 
 
 Other articles to West Indies, including lumber, shingles, &c, 68,725 
 
 Total > ....... $413,405 
 
 We shall now proceed less in detail for the coming years, only giving 
 the salient points in the history of our foreign trade and trying to point 
 out causes as some new element enters in to give increased vitality to the 
 trade in some article of merchandise or creates a marked decline in an- 
 other, and drop perhaps a suggestion here and there as to a coming 
 remedy which will relieve the temporary falling off. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 17 
 
 While the " Ephesus " had no immediate successor in the trade to 
 Europe, she was followed early in January of the next year by the 
 steamship ' ( Brazilian, " which sailed for Liverpool with a cargo of cotton, 
 manufactured and leaf tobacco, and corn, of an aggregate value of about 
 $330,000, and succeeded in completing her voyage without accident. 
 Following in her wake, we find eleven other steamers loading in whole 
 or in part at Norfolk during this year. Indeed, in this early clay of our 
 foreign trade transatlantic transportation was confined almost entirely to 
 steamers, as but two sailing vessels were loaded for Europe during that 
 year, one a small brig with cotton and corn, and the other a British 
 bark, not much larger, with staves and tobacco. The export trade of 
 this year stands pre-eminent in the series of years between the close of 
 the war and the financial panic in the last months of 1873. The cotton 
 exports were valued at SI, 580,655 and largely exceed any subsequent 
 
 iUS3I|l§S§ 
 
 ATLANTIC HOTEL, MAIN AND GRAN BY STREETS— R. S. DODSON. 
 
 year until 1874, and the value of the tobacco shipments alone reached 
 $537,742, an amount since unequalled. The total exports for the year 
 reached a value of $2,514,110. 
 
 In 1868 there was a marked decline in the number of steamers arriv- 
 ing to load and no commensurate increase, though a small one, in the 
 number of sailing vessels loading here for Liverpool. At that time 
 there were no shipments to any other transatlantic port. The ship Au- 
 gusta which sailed from this port May 13, 1868, was the first ship, in- 
 deed the first large sailing vessel, which had loaded here since 1865. 
 The decrease in the shipments of cotton was marked, and in those of 
 tobacco more so. Indeed it is with regret that we have to chronicle that 
 from that year out tobacco has almost ceased to be an article of export 
 from our port; though large quantities find their way by coastwise 
 transportation from our wharves and thence through New York to 
 
IS 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 foreign countries. The total exports for 18G8 were valued at $1,739,- 
 
 849. 
 
 Feeling the necessity during this year for the establishment of a regular 
 line as the only means of insuring direct trade between the South, through 
 Virginia at Norfolk, and Europe, a strenuous effort was made, at a Direct 
 Trade Convention held in the Summer at Bristol, to raise a joint stock 
 company with a capital of $300,000, to establish a line of Ocean 
 Steamers from Norfolk. The matter was finally referred to a com- 
 mittee, of which General William Mahone of Virginia was President, 
 which should report at an adjourned meeting to be held in Norfolk in 
 October of that same year. The convention duly met in Norfolk at 
 
 
 SI p| §HT| 
 
 B.' f -.% P - .- >.;;. 
 
 U. S. NAVAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 the appointed time and its members were feted and feasted as the 
 honored guests of our city. It was believed that the " year of Jubilee" 
 had come and that thenceforth Norfolk had but to open her doors 
 and take in the commerce of the World. The Committee reported 
 favorably on a charter already granted for an "International Com- 
 mercial Company of Norfolk." The report was referred to a Com- 
 mittee on Business for the Convention, and was in due time dis- 
 cussed, wittily, wisely and well. A subscription was started. Norfolk 
 led off with $50,000, nobly seconded by Petersburg's $20,000, and 
 the representatives of Nashville generously followed with $25,000, 
 and several counties" of Virginia joined in, to swell the list, until 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 19 
 
 over $125,000 was raised. Unfortunately Memphis, deeming her rail- 
 road interests demanded her first support, took no stock in the scheme, 
 and the other Southern and Western cities and counties followed her 
 example. While the results of the convention, therefore, were not so 
 favorable as anticipated and indeed for the time seemed almost disastrous, 
 yet we believe the good seed was planted and only seemed for a while to 
 die that it might spring up and bring forth good fruit more abundantly. 
 Our people used to a commercial vassalage to the people of New York 
 
 WATER STREET— EAST FROM; COMMERCE STREET. 
 
 and other cities North have found the burden too easy and the rest too 
 pleasant, and like lssachar have bowed their backs to pay tribute. 
 But the immense growth of our vast country demands new outlets on 
 the Seaboard and the force of circumstances will ultimately compel a 
 commercial freedom that we would never voluntarily have assumed. 
 
 1869-70 and '71 showed a continued decline of exports, while steamers 
 had discontinued their calls at our port for loading and the carrying trade 
 was confined to sail. During these years however there was a spurt in 
 imports, the -value of which, reached in 1869, $2Q1,776, the principal 
 item of: which, was Welsh- railroad iron, valued, at $187,858. 
 
20 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 Imports in 1870 were valued at $64,422, of which $32,924 was Welsh 
 railroad iron, and $24,667 guano from Liverpool. Imports in 1871, 
 valued at $260,000, of which Welsh railroad iron amounted to $210,219. 
 For 1872 and 1873 our exports were again on the ascending scale and 
 there was still a show of imports though they in turn were on the decline. 
 In fact it was during; 1871-2 and 3 that we had some showing for a 
 real direct trade. The steamers of the Allan Line from Liverpool on 
 their way to'Baltimore commenced in February, 1871, and continued for 
 three years to stop at this port. During this time they landed here sev- 
 eral thousand emigrants destined for Virginia and the Southwest, and 
 merchandise to the value of .$103,383. The imports for 1872 were 
 
 LUTHER SHELDON'S— 10 W. SIDE MARKET SQUARE, AND 49 ROANOKE AVENUE. 
 
 valued at $116,713. The imports for 1873 were valued at $71,870. 
 
 From the last year mentioned our imports seem to cease, as we have 
 no record of any receipts from foreign countries except in the shape of 
 salt ballast of a ship or steamship from Liverpool or the occasional fruit 
 cargo from the West Indies of some adventurous trader. But just 
 where the imports seemed to have died out the new life of our 
 export trade begins, and with the year 1874 our city sprung forth, like 
 Minerva from the head of Jove, armed . and equipped for the battle of 
 progress. 
 
 In the matter of direct foreign shipments from the port of Norfolk we 
 find a noteworthy fact in the case of the British steamship Ontario,which 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 21 
 
 sailed December 4th, 1874, with a full cargo of cotton — 6,003 bales 
 
 for Liverpool. This was not only the largest cargo of cotton cleared 
 from Norfolk up to that time, and in fact rarely exceeded since, but was 
 the first instance where cotton from the interior to take ship here direct 
 for a foreign port had been shipped on through bills of lading. Four 
 thousand four hundred and twenty-five bales of this cotton were so 
 shipped from Memphis, Tenn., thus inaugurating a system for our port 
 which had been for some time in vogue for the leading ports north of 
 us, and which has been most successfully used since in loading vessels 
 both steam and sail, from our own. 
 
 The Railroad consolidations and combinations, of which we shall say 
 more under their respective heads, have been the leading causes of that 
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE— FREEMASON AND BREWER STREETS. 
 
 continuous increase of our cotton exports, which has given us a name 
 and high rank among the cotton ports of our country. Since 1877 the 
 steamers have resumed their loadings at our port, and for three years 
 two lines of chartered or consigned steamers, designated respectively as 
 the "South Atlantic" and the "Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk," while 
 not yet bringing cargoes here, have had their sailings at intervals 
 through the cotton season for Liverpool. 
 
 For several years there has been a steady influx among us of Greek 
 and English cotton buyers for the Liverpool market, whose number in- 
 creases with each season, and whose favorable reports of Norfolk as a 
 cotton mart bid fair to augment this increase indefinitely. While 
 purchases have commenced, in a small way, perhaps, but still 
 
22 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 good for a beginning, for direct cotton shipments to Bremen, Havre and , 
 Keval, and it needs only the coming supply of grain and tobacco, that 
 the new railroad combinations and extensions, about to be consummated, 
 promise us to make these shipments large and permanent. , 
 
 HOSPITAL St. VINCENT de PAUL-CHURCH AND WOOD STREETS; 
 
 Our f one-mule" press of the first cotton venture has grown to three 
 powerful steam presses of improved patents, which are yet wholly inad- 
 equate to do the work demanded by the cotton shippers, although a large 
 quantity of cotton comes already compressed from the interior, and pro- 
 visions are now being made to have at least double the number ready 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 23 
 
 for the next season, of the newest and most approved patents. 
 
 More buyers will certainly require more charterers to keep them sup- 
 plied with the requisite number of vessels, and more compresses to do 
 the work in season and well, while the increased number of vessels will 
 ■imperatively demand more wharf room and more stevedores, provided 
 with all the' new and improved apparatus for giving dispatch, as well as 
 thoroughness in loading. There has been heretofore cause for righteous 
 complaint against our port in some of these respects. Now let our men 
 of comnierce see to it that the cause no longer exists, for we have reached 
 :i a point in our commercial history when the old-time policy of leave 
 well enough alone must cease. We are either going ahead rapidly 
 
 T. A. WILLIAMS & DICKSON'S— 2 AND 4 ROANOKE SQUARE. 
 
 to the majesty of a mighty mistress of trade, or we will find ourselves 
 in a collapsed stage, from whose deadness there will be no further awak- 
 ening. 
 
 The growth of our foreign trade through the fifteen years we have 
 just reviewed, while it has been marked and perhaps, considered as a 
 whole, most favorable, has been by no means without fluctuations, and 
 in fact, in some of its branches this trade has been marked by a decided 
 decline. As has been shown in the course of our sketch, audit is feature 
 in our trade deeply to be regretted, our importations at no time very, large 
 or various, have dwindled down to a few cargoes of salt and an occasional 
 one of fruit. The shipments of staves to the West Indies, a business con- 
 ducted by three of our leading firms,which in T875 had attained very re- 
 spectable proportions — the exports that year being valued at $405,446— 
 
24 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 have year by year declined until those of the year just passed show an 
 aggregate value of $167,900, which is less than any year since 1866. 
 This decline, however, we think, is owing to the decrease in the demand 
 in the West Indies, and in consequence of a falling off in the yield and ex- 
 port of rum, sugar and molasses from these islands and Demerara, and 
 also from the use of second-hand staves, as there is no other source from 
 which they could derive such staves as our market has always afforded 
 and for which it is justly celebrated. We have great hopes that a fav- 
 orable turn in the business of that quarter of the world will restore 
 this branch of trade to its old status, and that an increased demand 
 
 S. A. STEVENS & CO.'S— MAIN AND GRANBY STREE1S. 
 
 from the wine-growing countries may soon expand the now very limited 
 trans- Atl an tic shipments of the article. 
 
 In 1875 our exports of grain (Indian corn) were valued at $111,800; 
 and showed a handsome increase in the two following years, reaching a cli- 
 max in the latter of $246,426. In 1880 they amounted to only $122,106, 
 which was a trifling advance, however, on their value for the preceding 
 year. This is not a matter of wonder, however, when we consider the won- 
 derful facilities for handling and loading grain at Baltimore, and remem- 
 ber that there is a centripetal force in trade which can be only overcome 
 by some other and greater pressure brought to bear upon it. As 
 we come presently to discuss the future of Norfolk's trade and our 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 25 
 
 coming advantages, we shall try to point out therein what we think will 
 remedy this great evil. 
 
 We miss, too, the advent of the immigrant direct to our shores, an ad- 
 vantage we enjoyed when the Allan Line, then calling at our port on 
 their route from Liverpool to Baltimore, from May, 1872, to May, 1874, 
 landed here 2,292 persons from the Old World, seeking homes in the 
 New. With unusual facilities as a point for the distribution of immigrants 
 — for our means of transportation to the interior are unrivalled as to cheap- 
 ness and unsurpassed as to comfort and dispatch — it seems but just that 
 
 MAYER & CO.'S— 118 WATER STREET. 
 
 we should have our full share of the benefits of this incoming tide of 
 immigration. These settlers are no pauper herd coming down upon us 
 as the locusts of Egypt to devour the substance of our goodly land, or 
 seeking to deprive our own people of employment. They all bring 
 something and oftimes infuse new life and energy into a community, 
 and are willing to take up just those burdens of life that our own 
 people are unwilling to bear, or are just ready to lay down from ex- 
 haustion. Even though our State has failed to make practical use of 
 those means suggested to her by which immigration to her borders might 
 be induced and fostered, and consequently few may tarry just yet in 
 
26 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE | 
 
 Old Virginia, their passage through our city will be an advantage. 
 For some trifle is sure to be dropped by the wayside, and the little 
 left behind by such will soon come to aggregate the much. 
 " But while the decline in certain branches of trade seem discouraging, 
 there is no denying that since the year 1873 our growth as a cotton port 
 has not only been steady, But perfectly wonderful, and we stand to-day, 
 according to the statistics of March 1st, 1881, not' only the third port in 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CHURCH— ERECTED IN 1739. 
 
 receipts of" cotton (585,514 bales), but second only to New Orleans in 
 direct shipments to Greed Britain (258,965 bales), at the conclusion of the 
 first six months of the season of 1880-'81. 
 
 In 1871 the tonnage required to carry our direct exports amounted to 
 10,398, which has steadily increased, if we except the year 1877, until 
 it reaches the very handsome figure for 1880 — 136,949. These figures, 
 we think, exliibit most strikingly the tremendous increase in our foreign 
 trade. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 27 
 
 ; The trans-atlantic shipment of timber and lumber has grown to be 
 quite an item of our trade since 1877. Beginning in that year with a 
 valuation of $47,709, the figures for the year 1880 have reached $84,375, 
 with the trade just in a vigorous infancy, and destined to an enormous 
 increase, by the active aid of those great feeders of trade, that are 
 busily at work bringing the products of the interior to the ships 
 lying at our wharves, ready to carry them to foreign markets. 
 
 COMMERCE STREET— WATER TO MAIN STREETS. 
 
 From the same sources we have also obtained a trade in manganese 
 ore, which, in its third year, 1880, has reached a valuation of $55,141. 
 But despite this handsome exhibit of the tonnage required for our exports 
 and the strong probability of a continued increase in the demand, there 
 is a lack of symmetry in our foreign commerce. It needs some of the ele- 
 ments which would make it an established and permanent direct trade. 
 Liverpool is the one grand centre to which, with but few exceptions, 
 
23 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 our whole commercial intercourse is tending. This we fear is an element 
 of weakness and we long to see the day when the grand transatlantic 
 line, with Norfolk and Flushing as the terminal points — the line pointed) 
 out by our great Maury — shall be an accomplished fact r and no pent 
 up island, bat the whole eoniinent shall not only receive but reciprocate- 
 
 NORFOLK STEAM BAKERY, 87 MAIN STREET— JAMES REID & CO, 
 
 our shipments. We must also have a further development of the grain 
 and timber trade, putting us in direct communication with other conti^ 
 nental ports, and thus remedy tin's otherwise serious defect in our for- 
 eign commerce. ',•<": 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 29 
 
 1 But the mere exportation of our products is not sufficient to establish, 
 even from a commercial point of view, the position of our City as a 
 grand centre. Commerce is a whimsical, tyrannical mistress, and her 
 votaries must be constantly at work contriving to retain her favor even 
 when once won. We must be ready to invite and receive the products 
 of other lands, as well as send out our own. We need the complete 
 inter-communication with Europe, either by sail or steam — let us have 
 both if practicable — or taking the one which is most available, grow up 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT AND WATER COMMISSIONERS' BUILDING-WILLIAMS AND 
 TALBOT STREETS. 
 
 to both by degrees. But we must have one or more permanent lines to 
 ports in Europe, coming to our port with cargoes and leaving us only 
 iwhen fully loaded and ready to return. A line of large sailing vessels, 
 each of which would tarry longer in our midst while loading, and dis- 
 burse considerable amounts among our people for necessary stores, would 
 in one aspect be preferable, And we believe this desideratum is obtain- 
 able, but it can only be reached by a united and harmonious effort of 
 our business men. 
 
30 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 We have a Cotton Exchange, so thorough in all its details, and work- 
 ing so harmoniously and usefully in its sphere that this staple is not only 
 a King among us, but seems to have usurped all power and dominion. 
 This should not be so. We need a combination of men in all branches of 
 business, brought together in a Commercial Exchange, on easy and friendly 
 terms, who may discuss not only the ways and means of handling our 
 domestic products at home or sending them abroad, but of bringing in 
 the needed products of other countries direct to our own port, and, by a 
 joint effort, in such quantities, as will make Norfolk the great trade centre 
 of the South and West for foreign commodities. We see no reason why 
 
 MARKET SQUARE, LOOKING EAST FROM MAIN AND BANK STREETS. 
 
 our merchants, by such a happy combination, could not have the buyers 
 from the interior flocking to Norfolk to select their imported commodi- 
 ties — by sample it might be— just as easily as foreign buyers are induced 
 to flock to our port to procure cotton and other merchandise for 
 shipment abroad. The problem can be solved ; it only needs the putting 
 of wise heads together to obtain a practical and beneficial solution. We 
 doubt not a joint stock company could be formed in our midst, with 
 a little canvassing, for this purpose, with a small capital but good credit 
 at first, to invite consignments from foreign houses. This would lead to 
 similar undertakings along the line of our great railroad trade feeders in 
 the South and West, with Norfolk as their entrepot. This consequent 
 direct communication with the trade and money centres of Europe would 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 31 
 
 induce our banks to deal uniformly and favorably in exchange and 
 there would be no longer any delay or difficulty in the way of the 
 shippers and importers through Norfolk effecting' all their foreign nego- 
 tiations right in our city. This would lead to true commercial and 
 financial independence. Such inducements would soon make the charter- 
 ing of steamers to load for aud at this port at lowest rates easy of accom- 
 plishment and redound materially to the benefit of ship and shipper and 
 bring constantly new shippers to our port. A permanent line once 
 established, the matter might be brought home to our Virginia Legislators 
 
 THAYER'S STABLES— ATLANTIC STREET, NEAR MAIN. 
 
 so forcibly that, urged by no sentimentality, but viewing it in an entirely 
 selfish light, they might be induced to foster this line by means of 
 -some immigration scheme, and thus effectively lighten the burden of gen- 
 eral taxation through the State, by aiding to build up her Seaport City 
 as a great trade centre, whose influence will be felt not in our Old Com- 
 monwealth only, but throughout the whole country. 
 
 We think Virginia owes this to her City by the Sea, for we have no 
 hesitation in advancing the opinion that had the Elizabeth River been 
 the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina the fostering 
 care of the State, added to her natural advantages, would have made our 
 
32 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 city quadruple her present size. But the Virginia policy forbade this. 
 Mr. Jefferson's old-time idea that large cities are sores on a Republic was 
 ever uppermost and potential in the mind of the country member. 
 Doubtless Mr. Jefferson was right and in the Bucolic age of the Republic 
 his theory should have been sustained. But the battle of progress is no 
 longer confined to the limited scope of a few agricultural communities 
 and fewer commercial towns. Our people now number over fifty millions, 
 with innumerable new pursuits and industries centring in large and 
 powerful cities, which exercise an influence unknown and unthought 
 
 gillllil§§l 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH— HOLT AND CHAPEL STREETS. 
 
 of in that early day. If then Virginia would regain her ancient pres- 
 tige, or even hold her present place in this great race of progress, she 
 must cherish her Seaport City with a most devoted and untiring love. 
 For out of her growth and progress must come many of the elements 
 necessary to the regeneration and true development of our grand Old 
 Mother State. 
 
 We turn now from a review of the foreign trade of Norfolk, which has 
 grown from the little acorn of 1866, to the young, vigorous tree, which 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 33 
 
 yet bids fair to become one of the sturdiest oaks of the forest, to consider 
 the channels of communication with the interior from which we have 
 drawn, and must necessarily continue to draw our supplies upon which 
 depend our foreign shipments. Thomas Jefferson, speaking of this city 
 in May, 1787, remarked : " Norfolk will probably be the emporium for 
 all the trade of the Chesapeake Bay and its waters, and a canal of eight or 
 ten miles will bring to it all that of Albemarle Sound and its waters." 
 To any intelligent observer of the geographical situation of Eastern 
 North Carolina, it must be obvious that this rich and opulent region is 
 the natural commercial ally of Norfolk. A long barrier of low sand 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE'S-104 WATER STREET. 
 
 hills extends along the Carolina coast, making the approach to her system 
 of sounds and rivers dangerous and difficult. These obstructions ex- 
 tend from Cape Henry to Cape Lookout, and it was in the full appreci- 
 tion of this geographical feature that Mr. Jefferson, no doubt, suggested 
 a canal connecting with Albemarle Sound; and at a later period, for the 
 same reason, Mr. Macon, of North Carolina, advised the people of his 
 State to avoid commerce and devote themselves to agriculture and 
 manufactures. Within this vast barrier there is a great system of 
 broad bays and tributary rivers which penetrate one of the most fertile 
 
M 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 regions on the Continent. Albemarle, Currituck, Cove and Pamlico 
 Sounds, with a dozen or more rivers of various sizes, empty into the 
 great sheets of water which expand within the sand- bound coast line of 
 which we have spoken. The rich counties lying upon these streams are 
 put in direct communication with Norfolk by means of that great work, 
 whose conception seems indicated in the opinion above quoted from Mr. 
 Jefferson, The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. This work 
 consists of two cuts: the first, known as the " Virginia," is eight (8) 
 miles Ions:, and connects the bold waters of the Southern branch of the 
 Elizabeth river (on which the Government dry dock, ship houses, &C, 
 
 :-v 
 
 ACADEMY, AND NORFOLK LIBRARY ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 
 Bank, Charlotte and Cumberland Streets. 
 
 are situated) with the North Landing river. The second is known as 
 the " North Carolina cut," and furnishes a highway open at all seasous 
 between North Carolina and Norfolk. This great work is. in complete 
 order, and is used by the vast numbers of freight vessels plying between 
 the waters of the two States. It has only one lock, 220 feet long by 40 
 feet wide, through which vessels from 400 to 600 tons can pass. Its 
 capacity is equal to an annual transportation of 30,000,000 tons. 
 The following comparative statement of the work done by this canal 
 in bringing supplies to our port during the fiscal years 1867-'68 (the 
 first of which we have been able to find any official record in the Mer- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 35 
 
 chants' and Mechanics' Exchange), and 1879-'80, respectively, will show 
 clearly the general increase of trade in the articles usually brought 
 from the region opened up by this great inter-State channel of comraun- 
 nication during the period of our review : 
 
 
 i867-'68. 
 
 1879-'80. 
 
 Bales of cotton 
 
 1(3,099 
 
 77,608 
 
 Barrels salt fish 
 
 . 11,547 
 
 5,980 
 
 Barrels naval stores 
 
 5,716 
 
 20,679 
 
 Casks spirits turpentine 
 
 17 
 
 1,818 
 
 Bushels of corn 
 
 111,630 
 
 221,249 
 
 Bushels of peas 
 
 4,687 
 
 29,582 
 
 Bushels flaxseed 
 Bushels potatoes 
 
 451 
 . 10,318 
 
 
 69,708 
 
 Bushels wheat 
 
 5,526 
 
 15,284 
 
 Kegs of lard 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Bacon, lbs, . 
 Staves 
 
 31,183 
 2,470,269 
 
 
 347,100 
 
 Shingles 
 
 45,813,865 
 
 30,658,314 
 
 Timber, feet 
 Lumber, feet 
 
 44,281 
 
 . 6,496,664 
 
 
 58,021,639 
 
 Wood, cords 
 
 6,523 
 
 2,406 
 
 Juniper logs, cords 
 
 
 5,090 
 
 • 
 
 Railroad ties 
 
 5,609 
 
 96,663 
 
 Rags, lbs. 
 Old iron, lbs. 
 Eggs, dozen 
 
 
 215,828 
 713,855 
 173,089 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Bushels peanuts 
 
 
 44,093 
 
 
 Bushels rice . 
 Watermelons 
 
 
 22 344 
 
 
 461,058 
 
 While these figures show that in a few articles the receipts have fallen 
 off very considerably, it is owing to the fact that their production has 
 materially diminished in the section from which they were derived, and 
 their places have been more than filled by others equally as useful. 
 It is true that the section referred to has also a large trade with Bal- 
 timore, but it is only a question of time when the growing demands of 
 our Norfolk market will absorb it all. Nearly 6,500 vessels of all 
 descriptions passed through this canal during the last year, including 
 the steamers of several lines which trade regularly between Norfolk and 
 points in North Carolina. 
 
 The Dismal Swamp Canal connects the same waters by another 
 
36 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 route, penetrating more of the swamp region. This is a very old work, 
 and we read so far back as 1791, in an account of Norfolk borough, that 
 this canal of 14 miles was about to be undertaken. From the same 
 source we learn that there was at that time only 18 feet water in the 
 channel of our magnificent harbor. No doubt the opening of this im- 
 portant work had something to do, to say the least of it, with our 
 present depth of water. During the late unfortunate war this line 
 suffered severely, and the large interest owned by the United States in 
 the improvement has proved of no advantage to it. Under orders from 
 the War Department, the work was duly inspected and a report 
 made that $325,000 would restore it to its original usefulness. 
 Assiduous and repeated efforts were made 1o get the Congress of the 
 United States to aid in the resuscitation of this valuable work, but in 
 vain. In a strange spirit of economy or generosity — it is difficult to de- 
 termine which — they preferred to sink the large amount (nearly $1,000,- 
 000) already invested to making any further outlay for the work. 
 The work was finally sold by the trustees for the holders of the mort- 
 gage bonds ($200,000), after numerous postponements of the sale, for 
 about the amount of the bonds and accrued interest. 
 
 While there are evidences of decline in the trade through this 
 canal during its last year under former auspices, we must attribute it 
 to the misfortunes which have attended the work in consequence of the 
 inadequate means available to keep it up to the necessary standard. We 
 think, therefore, this decline is neither a reflection on the old man- 
 agement nor an evidence of exhaustion of the section from which it 
 brings its supplies. At present various improvements are being made 
 all along the line of the canal. A dredge has been advantageously em- 
 ployed in Turner's cut, where it has made a depth of seven feet all 
 the way through. In the Gilmerton Level the depth of the water has 
 been increased from four and a half to six feet. Bridges for the canal 
 have been constructed, and also lighters and pile-drivers for general im- 
 provement. When the weather will permit it, the canal banks are to be 
 raised, and several dredges will be engaged in deepening the canal 
 throughout its length so as to give a uniform depth of six feet. During 
 the summer months all locks will be put in repair. Two regular pas- 
 senger steamers are now running on the route between Norfolk and Eliz- 
 abeth City. The company was recently completely reorganized, with 
 one of our most enterprising and energetic citizens as its President, and 
 an efficient general Superintendent and well-selected Board of Directors 
 composed of some of our best business men. This result was probably 
 the best thing that could have happened for the canal, as it is now 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 37 
 
 wholly untrammeled by Government control, and with the introduction 
 of a little new blood in its old veins may be made, not only what it has 
 been in the past, a useful trade-feeder to our market, but a most profit- 
 able investment to the owners. 
 
 By these canals we have not only a route to North Carolina from Nor- 
 folk and return, but a through route North up Cheasapeake bay through 
 the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to Delaware bay; then by the Delaware 
 and Raritan Canal to Raritan river, and thus to New York harbor; 
 while southwardly there is already five feet water to Beaufort, which 
 will be Improved to eight feet; thence there will be an inland waterway 
 to Wilmington, N. C, and along the whole coast of South Carolina 
 and Georgia, and there is no doubt that the time is near when 
 there will be inland navigation for the entire route from the Chesapeake 
 to Florida, forming a complete inner coast line from North to South, 
 with Norfolk as the central point of the line. 
 
 Before concluding our remarks on the water-ways by which our city 
 is connected with the surrounding world, we should, perhaps, mention 
 the different steam transportation companies, of which more extended 
 notice is given in another part of this work. 
 
 That general favorite, the old " Bay Line, " furnishes a daily 
 passenger steamer, with admirable appointments in every respect, up the 
 Bay to Baltimore and return, and supplements it with freight boats, 
 safe and good carriers, running to suit the requirements of trade. We 
 have also two popular lines up the Potomac to Washington and river 
 landings, so run jointly as to give daily communication between the 
 present Capitol and future metropolis of our great country. We are 
 connected with New York City by the Old Dominion S. S. Line, 
 whose excellent facilities enable them to meet all the demands of busi- 
 ness by tri-weekly steamers, increased to daily ones, when necessary to 
 meet a corresponding increase of shipments. This line has also a num- 
 ber of useful auxiliary ones, which have proved of incalculable advan- 
 tage to our city in affording navigation of the numerous rivers, which 
 flow into the Chesapeake, and thus bringing the products of the adja- 
 cent country to our market. We are indebted to the Clyde Line, 
 not only for direct steam communication with Philadelphia, but for their 
 great enterprise in developing a trade between our city and many inte- 
 rior points, by means of minor lines in connection with their main line. 
 The James River country is made tributary to us by a well-managed 
 company bearing the name (Virginia Steamboat Company), which 
 runs a tri-weekly steamer during six months of the year, and a daily boat 
 during the season when business demands further accommodation. A 
 
38 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 close connection with the Eastern cities is effected by the Merchants' 
 and Miners' Transportation Company, which gives us safe and 
 ample accommodation for sending our products to the New England 
 markets through Boston and Providence, and receiving their manufac- 
 tures in return. These lines have proved invaluable, in the season, to 
 our truck shippers, and afford delightful Summer excursions. Their 
 passenger accommodations give universal satisfaction, and no pleasanter 
 trip can be found for those who desire a breath of sea breeze and a short 
 ocean voyage, whose brevity prevents tedium. Space forbids special 
 mention here, but there are, in addition to these, innumerable small 
 craft, both sail and steam, spoken of at length elsewhere, which make a 
 business of plying our waters and swelling the receipts at our port from 
 the neighboring country to a very handsome figure. 
 
 The Norfolk and Petersburg Division of the A., M. & O. 
 R. R., which began its operations in September, 1858, is 80 miles in 
 length from this city to Petersburg, where it connects with the Southside 
 Road, running from Petersburg to Lynchburg, and there joins with the 
 Virginia and Tennessee Road to Bristol. These three Roads, before the 
 late war, were owned by separate and generally conflicting interests, and 
 the consequence was that little more than a way business was done by 
 any of them. The termination of the war found them all in a most 
 lamentable condition — their treasuries empty, their credit destroyed, 
 their bridges, many of them, burned, their rails, in many places, torn 
 up, and what were not torn up, worn out, and their rolling-stock in a 
 most dilapidated plight. For a year or two after the war they strug- 
 gled on in a lingering attempt, at separate existence, until finally, in an 
 auspicious hour for Norfolk, a consolidation of the three Roads was ef- 
 fected, under the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, 
 with a charter that provided for the extension of the consolidated Road 
 to meet the system of Kentucky Roads, and authorized a loan of 
 $15,000,000 to repair and properly equip the whole line. A large part 
 of this loan was negotiated in Europe, and the consolidated line became 
 an accomplished fact, giving to the city of Norfolk, as its terminus, im- 
 mediate advantages which it never before possessed, and an unbroken 
 Western communication to the Mississippi River at Memphis. 
 
 The A., M. & O. R. R. extends 408 miles from Norfolk, on the Sea, 
 to the western verge of our old Commonwealth at Bristol, where it 
 connects with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Road, to Chat- 
 tanooga, and there with the Memphis and Charleston Road toMemphis on 
 the Mississippi. Freights between Memphis and all points east of it, and 
 this city, are carried both ways without breaking bulk, and cars loaded in 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 39 
 
40 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 
 
 Memphis with cotton are brought through direct to our wharves and 
 their freight delivered to the ship that is to carry it to Europe, or other 
 foreign destination. To this consolidation of Roads is given the name 
 of Virginia and Tennessee Air Line. The Atlantic, Mississippi and 
 Ohio Road, with the connections we have mentioned, passes through 
 Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, But in most 
 of these States this trunk line is intersected by other Roads, crossing it 
 North and South, and thus forming feeders that bring their tribute to 
 swell its transportation. Among others, we may mention the Cincin- 
 nati Southern, which, coming down from Cincinnati, meets it at Chat- 
 tanooga, and being of the same guage, can deliver its freight in cars that 
 will run down over the trunk line to Norfolk with bulk unbroken. At 
 Chattanooga we also meet the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
 Railroad, connecting us with Nashville and St. Louis, and the Alabama 
 and Chattanooga Road, through Alabama to Meridan, Miss., and con- 
 necting there with the Vicksburg and Meridan Road, running through 
 the heart of Mississippi to Vicksburg. At Dalton, Ga., we meet the 
 Western and Atlantic Road from Atlanta, Ga., the great Southern Rail- 
 road centre, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton Road, running 236 miles 
 through Alabama to Selma and Montgomery. At Decatur, Alabama, 
 we cross the Louisville, Nashville and Great Southern Road, running 
 from Nashville. Tenn., to Montgomery, Ala., 300 miles. At Corinth 
 we intersect the Mobile & Ohio Road, running 250 miles due South, 
 through the State of Mississippi, and thence 83 miles to Mobile, Ala- 
 bama, where it connects with the New Orleans and Mobile Road, to New 
 Orleans. At Grand Junction, Tennessee, we connect with the Missis- 
 sippi Central, running south through Holly Springs and Grenada, to 
 Jackson, Mississippi, and thence to Vicksburg and New Orleans. And 
 at Memphis we strike the Mississippi River, the greatest of all the water 
 highways of the country, and there tap the mighty commerce that min- 
 gles in its volume, the grain of the West and the cotton of the South. 
 At Memphis, too, we find the Eastern terminus of the Memphis & Little 
 Rock Railroad, stretching out beyond the Mississippi, through the corn 
 and cotton fields of Arkansas, to Little Rock, and thence onward, with 
 its connections, to the Empire State of Texas, producing this year more 
 than a million bales of cotton, the greatest part of which must seek ulti- 
 mate shipment from the Atlantic coast. With such a system of con- 
 necting Roads, all of which contribute, more or less, to the quota of 
 our commerce, it is not strange that the receipts at Norfolk over the 
 Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road have steadily increased year to year 
 until the footings of cotton alone show the amount received from Sep- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 41 
 
 tember 1, 1880, to March 1, 1881, to be 225,949 bales, or an excess 
 of 24,294 bales over the receipts of the corresponding period of the 
 previous year. 
 
 This Road became financially embarassed in 1874 in consequence of 
 the great commercial crisis of 1873, followed by a series of mishaps 
 which rendered it impossible, despite a vigorous management, to prevent 
 a default of interest on the Mortgage Bonds. In consequence of this 
 an appeal was made to the courts by the Trustees, at the instigation 
 of the Bondholders, which resulted in the Road's passing into the hands 
 of Receivers, in June, 1876. Returning prosperity and continued good 
 management gave promise of an ability, at no remote future, to meet all 
 
 
 §S§L\ 
 
 : 
 
 gfe=»^^^^ 3 
 
 UPSHUR GUANO CO.'S FACTORY, BAIN'S WHARF, PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 its demands ; but it was deemed inexpedient to permit the Road to re- 
 main longer in a status, which, being necessarily temporary, must to a 
 considerable extent impair its growth and progress. An order of sale 
 by U. S. Circuit Court was in consequence promulgated, and the day of 
 the sale fixed for Nov. 1, 1880. A postponement was made on that day 
 till Feb. 10, 1881, and an application for further delay having been de- 
 nied, the sale was consummated. In their last report for the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, 1880, the Receivers, incidentally referring to the for- 
 eign commerce of Norfolk, remark : " The management of the Mem- 
 phis & Charleston Railroad is making preparations to transport grain in 
 large quantities from the Northwest to the Seaboard, and with proper 
 efforts a large share of this business can be secured to Norfolk." 
 
42 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 No wonder, then, under all these circumstances, that our city's deep 
 interest in the impending fate of the road kept our people in a state of 
 mingled hope and fear as to the result of the sale. The loss of the 
 city's large interest (7,000 shares) would be a small matter compared 
 with the almost utter ruin that would await her commercial prospects 
 should this road fall into unfriendly hands. 
 
 The purchase of the road, however, by Clarence H. Clarke, Esq., of 
 Philadelphia, for himself and associates, will doubtless prove a most for- 
 tuitous circumstance for our city's future, for from the best authority we 
 learn that their policy will be generally conciliatory, and that a Virginia 
 company will be shortly organized to take and exercise the franchise in 
 accord with our State laws, and the name of the road changed to the 
 Norfolk and Western Railroad. The State, Cities, and private stock- 
 holders and all just claimants against the old company will be liberally 
 and generously dealt with. The new management, moreover, propose 
 to complete the Cumberland Gap Road within two years, and look for- 
 ward to making this line a continuous one from the Pacific to the Atlan- 
 tic, with Norfolk as the eastern terminus. If these views are carried out 
 — and why should they not be, with ample means and under a liberal pol- 
 icy, which will ultimately pay well? — the two fondest hopes and bright- 
 est anticipations of our city since consolidation, will be realized, and our 
 commercial prosperity established. 
 
 The Shenandoah Valley Road, with which Mr. Clarke is identified, 
 so far from having conflicting interests with Norfolk's consolidation, 
 will be a feeder to the extent of the shipments of Manganese Qre and 
 other minerals suitable for foreign markets, in which the rich section 
 through which that Road will run, abounds, and will seek a port for 
 them at Norfolk. As evidence that our hopes and wishes have substantial 
 foundation, we give below the views of Judge Robert W. Hughes, as 
 expressed in a reply on the 14th of February to a letter of enquiry on 
 this subject, addressed to him by the Editor of The Norfolk Land- 
 mark. His opinion will be fully accredited by all who know hisjudgment 
 and experience in the matters whereof he speaks : " The speedy and cer- 
 tain result of combining our Road with the Louisville and Nashville 
 system will be to precipitate upon Norfolk, in a few seasons, a mass of 
 Western and Northwestern trade in the form of grain, meats, tobacco 
 and other products commensurate in magnitude with the cotton trade 
 that we have enjoyed for a few years past ; and to raise ours almost at 
 once into the second shipping port of the Atlantic Seaboard." 
 
 Under the management of the Receivers a new freight depot at Nor- 
 folk has recently been completed, and nearly 1,500,000 bushels of 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 43 
 
 oyster shells will have been used in raising and widening the depot 
 grounds. The excavations from the front of the wharf are also being used 
 for this purpose. Rapid progress has also been made in improving and 
 extending the Company's wharf at this point, above the old draw bridge, 
 which, when completed,will be 715 feet long^with a uniform width oi 20 
 feet, and 6 feet above high-water mark. There will be a depth of water 
 at it of about 20 feet. Upon the foundation, before referred to, and just 
 back of the wharf proper, a guano warehouse, 275 feet long by 50 feet 
 wide, and a grain elevator, 150 feet long and 50 feet wide, will be 
 erected. These buildings will be each 9 feet above high- water mark. And 
 now the old draw bridge, that relic of our good, old easy-going times, 
 
 M. A. & C. A. SANTOS'— MAIN AND ATLANTIC STREETS. 
 
 ought to be removed to make way for our progress, and the Eastern 
 branch of our River thus thrown wide open to navigation at least as far 
 up as the Railroad bridge. 
 
 But these terminal facilities are not all that the requirements of the 
 Company's growing business demands, and we are glad to learn that 
 representatives of the new management will shortly visit Norfolk, inves- 
 tigate the needs of the Road at this point, and endeavor to make ade- 
 quate preparations for the business of the near future. We will then 
 have work commenced on the anticipated grain elevator and cotton com- 
 press without longer delay ; as at least one of each will be absolutely 
 necessary at that point to begin with. As the learned gentleman, pre- 
 viously quoted from, pertinently remarks in the same connection : 
 
44 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 " The A., M. & O. Road has found its true affinity, and under its 
 new auspices it will achieve for Virginia and Norfolk all the great re- 
 sults that we have anticipated from it in our most sanguine moments. " 
 
 To which we have only to add : We had much better have sunk forever 
 the whole amount subscribed by State and City — and if need be, as much 
 more — than have lost the impetus to prosperity which the introduction 
 of this new and vitalizing element will inevitably give to the Road, and 
 through it to our City and the whole State. 
 
 The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad was completed in 1851 
 from Portsmouth to Weldon, N. C. This Road suffered greatly during the 
 war in the loss of bridges, destruction of rails and depreciation of rolling 
 stock ; but immediately after the war the work of repair and restoration 
 was beo-un, and it was soon placed in complete running order. It is one 
 
 HOME SAVINGS BANK— MAIN STREET AND ROANOKE AVE. 
 
 of the few Southern Roads that has not been compelled, through finan- 
 cial embarrassments, to change hands since the war. Forming, as it 
 does, a connecting link between Norfolk and the whole system of Roads 
 throughout the South Atlantic and Gulf States it is one of the main 
 arteries of our trade. This Road connects, at its southern terminus, 
 Weldon, with the Raleigh and Gaston Road, leading to Raleigh, the 
 Capital of North Carolina, where it is met by the Raleigh and Au- 
 gusta Railroad, from Hamlet, S. C. Beyond Raleigh the R. and A. 
 R. R. is intersected by the Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to 
 Charlotte. At Charlotte we find the Atlantic, Tennessee and Ohio, 
 connecting with the N. C. R. R. to Asheville, the Charlotte, Colum- 
 bia and Augusta R. R. to Columbia and Augusta, and the Atlanta 
 and Charlotte Air-Line leading to Augusta, Georgia, and there strik- 
 

 6 
 
 b 
 
 N 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 45 
 
 ino- the whole system of Railroads of Western Georgia. From Atlanta, 
 the Atlanta and West Point and Western Alabama Roads extend to 
 Montgomery, where they connect with the Mobile and Montgomery 
 Road to Mobile, and thence via the New Orleans and Mobile Road to 
 New Orleans. All these Roads, starling from Norfolk on the Seaboard 
 and Roanoke Railroad, with one or two exceptions, give through bills 
 of lading to Norfolk, and constitute what is known as the "Seaboard 
 
 Air Line."; 
 
 The Seaboard and Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link 
 from Norfolk with the Roads composing "The Atlantic Coast Line." 
 This system, starting from Norfolk over the Seaboard and Roanoke 
 Railroad, at Weldon takes the Wilmington and Weldon Road to Wil- 
 mington, thence connecting with the Wilmington, Columbia and Au- 
 gusta Road to Columbia, where it meets the Spartansburg and Union 
 Railroad to Spartansburg, and the Greenville and Columbia Road to 
 Greenville, with branches to Laurens and Blue Ridge, S. C. At Flor- 
 ence on the W. C. and A. Road, it connects with the Cheraw and 
 Darlington Railroad to Cheraw, and with the North Carolina Eastern 
 Railroad to Charleston, S. C. ; whence it extends by way of the Sa- 
 vannah and Charleston Road to Savannah, and thence via the Atlantic 
 and Gulf Road and the Florida Central Road to Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
 The Atlantic Coast LiNE,with its trunk roads, runs the entire length 
 of the South Atlantic Coast from Norfolk to Jacksonville, taking in the 
 chief seaport cities (whence its name), and is moreover fed by numerous 
 connections with Roads running up through the central and western 
 parts of the Carolinas and Georgia. At Columbia, S. C, the Atlantic 
 Coast Line meets the, Piedmont Air Line extending over the Charlotte, 
 Columbia and Augusta Road to Augusta, and over the Georgia Road to 
 Atlanta, Macon and Athens. 
 
 The S. & R. R., which has added materially to the trade and commerce 
 of our port, and built up for itself a magnificent business since the war, 
 has, nevertheless, suffered severely through opposing Railroad combina- 
 tions hostile to our port. But by perfecting slowly and surely its In- 
 terior connections, it is rapidly regaining the trade lost to our City a 
 few years ago. The receipts of Cotton alone from the 1st September, 
 1880, to March 1, 1881, by this Road were 277,388 bales —an ex- 
 cess of 58,451 bales over the receipts of same time in the preceding yeai. 
 We are pleased to be able to say that, to meet its growing business, this 
 road has been compelled to largely extend its wharf facilities — which are 
 on the Portsmouth side of our harbor — and build large additional store- 
 room. The erection of two, or perhaps three, cotton compresses on the 
 
46 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 wharf front of the city, which will be connected by sidetracks with the 
 main tracks of this Road, is also contemplated before the beginning of 
 the next Cotton season. 
 
 Leaving the two old-established Railroad lines, with their respective 
 termini located in the Northern and Southern Cities of our common 
 harbor, which have already demonstrated their usefulness in developing 
 our trade and commerce, we turn to the consideration of a new candidate 
 for public favor, the Elizabeth City and Norfolk Railroad. The 
 Northern division of this Road is 43 miles long, and extends from 
 Elizabeth City, N. C, to this harbor, in the village of Berkley. It is 
 designed, we learn, to build another division of 30 miles during the 
 coming Summer to the Chowan River, and afterwards to seek rail con- 
 nections with the South and Southwest. Without waiting for these more 
 remote extensions, we see great good in store for our commerce in the 
 fuller development it will give to the rich Sound country, and we be- 
 lieve that its facilities for quicker transit to market will stop at our 
 doors much of the traffic now passing us enroute to Baltimore. We also 
 learn that, notwithstanding the delay in completing the Road to Eliza- 
 beth City, caused by the unusually severe winter, very considerable pro- 
 gress has been made. The grading and bridges have been finished ; 
 material has been obtained and stored ; the equipment secured and made 
 ready for use ; the track laying begun and is now advancing at a rate 
 which will enable the Road to be opened for business within sixty days 
 from date (March 5th.) The equipment is said to be, by those who 
 have inspected it, very complete and handsome, and in accordance with 
 the approved standards of the day. The Road has been especially for- 
 tunate in acquiring terminal property, both at Elizabeth City and in 
 this harbor. The latter comprises some twelve acres, and is capable, 
 when improved, of providing unequaled facilities for all purposes. Ex- 
 tensive docks and wharves have been placed under contract, and will be 
 completed by Midsummer. Arrangements are contemplated in con- 
 nection therewith, which will give the Road great advantages in the 
 way of terminal changes. At Elizabeth City, with a water-front of 
 some eighteen hundred feet on the Pasquotank River, every facility will 
 be provided for the convenient discharge of freight by vessels of any 
 size or description. At each point there is a depth of water in excess of 
 the requirements of the largest steamers or vessels entering either har- 
 bor. We find it to be very generally believed that the certainty and 
 despatch in transportation which will be afforded by this Railroad to the 
 products of Eastern North Carolina and its waters will insure not only 
 a marked development and advanced value to that locality, but a fair 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 47 
 
 remuneration upon the capital which has been invested by those who 
 have evinced their confidence in the country tributary to the Road. 
 
 We believe that the advent of early produce by this Road will so 
 rouse the truckers in the vicinity of Norfolk to the necessity of greater 
 facilities for bringing their crops to market as to cause a demand on 
 the Ocean View Railroad for a branch to SeawelFs Point, with large 
 
 PETER SMITH & CO.— 144 MAIN STREET. 
 
 additions in the way of freight cars to its present limited rolling-stock, 
 adapted only to pleasure travel ; while the more remote dwellers on the 
 banks of the Lynuhaven River and that neighborhood will call for 
 an extension to some convenient point on that River. This must be 
 speedily followed by the construction of the Norfolk and Princess 
 Anne Railroad, the right of way for which has already been secured, 
 and the surveys duly made via London Bridge from Norfolk to the 
 
48 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 Atlantic Ocean at The Hollies. The fine stock of timber and the un- 
 developed resources of the good old county of Princess Anne only need 
 the opening of this avenue to market to have them fully appreciated. 
 
 It has often been remarked by visitors to the Seaside that one of its 
 sand-hills in a city would be a mine for builders. We think that the 
 transportation of this sand in sufficient quantities to be useful would be 
 perfectly practicable by this Road. Moreover, this Road would open 
 up a fertile region of Princess Anne county, now shut out by its distance 
 from market, which, from its proximity to the mollifying breezes of the 
 Ocean is from 10 days to two weeks in advance of the garden farms in 
 near proximity to our city. Unfortunately, the party who mainly under- 
 took the first construction of this Road, either labored under a delusion 
 as to his ability to get the necessary funds or was deceived by his friends, 
 for the consequence has been that this enterprise has received a set-back 
 of several years. But we are happy to learn that immediate steps 
 are to be taken to construct it as a pleasure road to the Ocean, and its 
 expansion into: a business corporation will soon be effected. 
 
 One more link in the iron chain that is binding us more and more 
 closely to the great West, and by which she is destined to draw us to 
 the goal of our prosperity in her qwn great march of progress, and our 
 story of the Railroad connections of our City by the Sea is complete. 
 In the honeymoon days of our Western alliance by the consolida- 
 tion of our Sopthside Roads, we were not specially drawn towards this 
 distant connection. Its probable usefulness in the remote future was per- 
 haps acknowledged ; but its possible benefits were generally lost 
 sight of in the immediate certainties of the A. M. and O. R. R. 
 Little by little, however, the Chesapeake Ohio & Railroad has 
 forced itself upon our notice by bringing to Our midst the products of 
 the great West, through its water connection at Richmond, until we have 
 begun to realize that we can be independent of Baltimore, and that we 
 have in our old Commonwealth a Road whose complete connections 
 with the West and the Northwest will soon make it a formidable rival 
 of that gigantic corporation, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, as now completed and in 
 operation, is 432 miles long, and traverses from east to west, the States 
 of Virginia and West Virginia. Its present eastern terminus is Rich- 
 mond, from which it extends to the west bank of the Big Sandy River, 
 (the dividing line between West Virginia and Kentucky). The 
 Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Road, now being rap- 
 idly pushed to completion, here joins it, and will form its connecting 
 link, via Lexington, Ky., with Railroads of the West and Southwest. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 49 
 
 In addition to its main line, it has over 100 miles of branches' to Coal 
 and Iron Mines. 
 
 This Road, like all our Virginia Roads, with rare exceptions, fell a 
 victim to the financial panic of 1873, and in consequence passed through 
 the usual hands of a Receiver, was subsequently sold, and purchased by 
 the bondholders. Now, under the vigorous management of Mr. Hunting- 
 don, who is President, assisted by an able and energetic Virginia Vice 
 President, General Wickham, the Road bids fair to win all those advan- 
 tages which its location and connections entitle it to. 
 
 The principal western terminus of this Road is at Huntingdon, on the 
 Ohio River, 150 miles above Cincinnati. Steamboat and barge trans- 
 portation on the River will give it a connection with the Western Roads 
 
 HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA— H. PHOEBUS. 
 
 until its rail connections are completed. The Elizabethtown, Lexington 
 and Big Sandy Railroad has been recently completed from its junction 
 with the Chesapeake and Ohio at the Big Sandy River, 8 miles below 
 Huntingdon, to Ashland, Ky., on the Ohio River, 15 miles below Hun- 
 tingdon, and trains are now running to that point. The distances inter- 
 vening between Ashland and rail connections West are as follows, viz : 
 From Ashland to Portsmouth, Ohio, on the north bank of the Ohio, 
 where connection will be made with the Sciota Valley Railroad for Chil- 
 licothe, Columbus, Toledo, Chicago, and the Northwest, about 33 miles. 
 Parties interested in the Sciota Valley Railroad are now building a rail- 
 road from. Portsmouth to a point opposite Ashland, to form a connection 
 with the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy and the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio, which will be completed within three months. From Ports- 
 mouth to Cincinnati, about 110 miles. From Ashland to Cincinnati, by 
 either the Kentucky or Ohio bank of the river, about 140 miles. The 
 
50 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company was or- 
 ganized under a charter from the State of Kentucky, for the purpose of 
 building a road from the junction with the Chesapeake and Ohio, above 
 referred to, to Lexington, Kentucky, where it will connect with the 
 Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad for Louisville, St. Louis, 
 and the Southwest, with the Kentucky Central and the Cincinnati South- 
 ern, northward to Cincinnati and southward to Chattanooga. Thirty- 
 three miles of this Road, from Lexington eastward to Mount Sterling, 
 were built in 1873. In the month of June last the remainder of the 
 Road was put under contract, and the route via Ashland, Kentucky, de- 
 termined upon ; since which time the Road has been completed from the 
 Big Sandy River to Ashland, as above stated, from which point there 
 are 14 miles more of completed road to Rush Station, leaving 75 miles 
 to be completed to perfect the through connection, all of which is in pro- 
 cess of rapid construction. With the completion of the above link the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Railway will become a great trunk line, having 
 decided advantages in grades and climate over the older east and west 
 lines ; and also in distances from nearly all important points west of the 
 Alleghanies to the Seaboard. 
 
 The Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad Company (whose 
 gauge is now the same as that of the C. and O., viz., the Western stand- 
 ard gauge) propose extending their road down to the Ohio River, oppo- 
 site Huntingdon, there to connect with the C. and O., which has a fran- 
 chise for bridging the Ohio at that point, and thus make a short line to 
 Chicago and the Northwest via Springfield and Dayton. Besides the 
 present through business and the additional which will soon be derived 
 from these new connections, the C. and O. has admirable resources for 
 local traffic. Among the chief of these are coal, iron, and lumber, of 
 which the quantities, qualities and varieties are probably unequaled by 
 those on the line of any other railroad in the country, and which can be 
 cheaply produced and transported to the market. This Company have 
 also made arrangements for the immediate construction of a road from 
 their eastern terminus down the Peninsula, between the York and James 
 Rivers, to Newport News, which is located on the deep waters of the 
 Chesapeake Bay, at Hampton Roads, near the Capes of Virginia and the 
 open Sea. 
 
 Mr. Huntingdon, in his report to the directors, made December 16, 
 1880, remarks : " A very good line, with easy grades, has been obtained 
 in about 75 miles distance. Nothing in the work to be done need delay 
 the completion of this line beyond the time of opening the road to Lex- 
 ington, say by the first of June next. Abundant labor is to be had on 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 51 
 
 the Peninsula during the Winter, and it is therefore to the interest of the 
 Company to have this work far advanced, so that its early completion 
 will be interfered with as little as possible by the demand for farm labor 
 in the Spring. The work of construction down the Peninsula has been 
 commenced, and should be completed, at the latest, by the first of July, 
 1881. " Ample means have been provided for the construction of this 
 Road, and lands have been secured having considerable frontage on deep 
 water, and two wharves have been contracted for to extend out to 
 twenty-five feet of water at low tide, with the necessary coal-tipples and 
 shoots for coaling both regular coastwise vessels in the trade and other 
 vessels wanting fuel, and with the most approved facilities for the hand- 
 ling and transfer of general merchandise and agricultural products. 
 
 We wish this new connection all prosperity, as we fully believe it is 
 but another step towards building a great city on the present site and 
 vicinity of our own seaport. Naturally we would have preferred that 
 this Road should have made arrangements with the two roads now run- 
 ning between this city and Richmond for the use of their roadbeds for 
 an independent track for the C. and O. But as this was deemed im- 
 practicable by the management, we think that no better route could have 
 been chosen to deep water than the one selected by them. There is no 
 more safe and commodious harbor than Hampton Roads, and the close 
 proximity of Newport News (less than 12 miles distant) will make it 
 more our ally than a rival. The beneficial result to Norfolk from the 
 completion of this Eastern extension of the C. and O. R. R. to Newport 
 News, provided our people exercise the proper energy and enterprise, 
 can readily be foreseen. Newport News would make a grand and con- 
 venient coaling depot, of which our Steamship Agents would gladly 
 avail themselves, and whose ready access and facilities for dispatch 
 would soon make very popular. This would economize wharf room at 
 Norfolk. A safe and substantial ferry-boat (such as used by the Erie R. 
 R. at New York) adapted to the simultaneous transportation of 6, or 
 even 8, loaded cars, will doubtless be provided, and the cars brought 
 directly to the wharves at Norfolk without breaking bulk. And there 
 will be ample room for a capacious depot for receiving cargoes and 
 reshipping them when it is desired, on our new wharf front so soon as 
 the improvements, designed and already commenced, are completed. 
 Even should this plan not be carried out, we might still avail ourselves 
 of the means for receiving and handling grain of this new railroad 
 terminus, so near our doors, and make Newport News our " Locust 
 Point. " An editorial representative of a Baltimore journal, on a recent 
 visit to our city, thus commented on this matter : "True, the grain will 
 
52 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 not go to Norfolk, but inasmuch as the point is only 12 miles off and 
 directly on the road to the city, it will answer all the purposes of Locust 
 Point. It does not need the eye of prophecy to see that when ships are 
 able to get cargoes of grain at the News, and cotton at Norfolk, the 
 strongest inducement for vessel owners to consign their ships to Balti- 
 more for a cargo will no longer exist. Of course all this belongs to the 
 future; but it is a future which is treading closely on the heels of the 
 present. " 
 
 In view of these grand railroad combinations ; united, we think, pre- 
 senting an irresistable power of progress in advancing the growth and 
 prosperity of Norfolk; who can doubt her ultimate destiny? And yet 
 our own people must not, cannot, afford to sit still while we have this 
 greatness thrust upon us. Let them be up and doing, and let the same 
 effort be made which proved successful, after so many years of neglect] 
 in obtaining just in time to prevent irremediable damage, Government 
 aid for the improvement or rather restoration of our harbor. There is 
 something else we would ask of the United States besides the good work 
 in this direction already progressing so favorably, and that is the retro- 
 cession to the State of Virginia of that valuable property known as Old 
 Fort Norfolk, to be used by the city of Norfolk as an immigrant depot. 
 Here We find bold water and an admirable location for a second "Castle 
 Garden and the Battery." At least a portion of the space might be re- 
 served for this purpose, and all the railroads terminating at Norfolk might 
 unite in building commodious docks for the steamships of a " Grand 
 Trans- Atlantic Transportation Company" for Great Britain and the Con- 
 tinent — (also a joint venture) — and in erecting a magnificent " Grand 
 Union Depot," connected by tracks or '$ track-laid " transports with their 
 respective depots. As the city expands under the pressure of circum- 
 stances, the distance to Seawell's Point, less than 8 miles, will rapidly 
 decrease, until it becomes practically nothing, and in the course of years 
 this location could be readily substituted for that of Old Fort Norfolk, 
 and could be speedily reached by the extended tracks of the A., M. & 
 O., S. &.R., and E. C. & N. Railroads, while the distance to Newport 
 News would be less than 4 miles. 
 
 We have already referred to the Cotton Exchange and its great 
 usefulness as far as it goes. Once develop the trade which we have been 
 discussing in reference to the new railroad connections and combinations 
 and the necessities of the case will soon compel the establishment of To- 
 bacco, Grain and other Produce Exchanges, who will be equally useful in 
 >■ recording the transactions in their respective articles of merchandise, and 
 like authority on questions of trade arising in and from them. Selected 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 53 
 
 from these various Exchanges there might be a Board of Trade, with 
 legalized functions, which would give proper force and authority to their 
 decisions in all matters of arbitration or on appeals that might be brought 
 before them from the separate Exchanges. The members of this Board 
 might also be, ex-officio, directors or trustees to guard the city's interest in 
 the great scheme of an Immigrant Depot, and the dock and warehouse 
 accommodations for Trans-atlantic Trade above referred to. We have 
 already alluded incidentally to the neglect of our valuable harbor by the 
 general Government. Certainly in our case the Scriptural precept, that 
 much shall be given to him that has much, was not obeyed. But had 
 we neglected our ten talents ? 
 
 Whatever may be the truth in this respect, and whatever may have 
 been the other causes that led to the deplorable result, two things are 
 
 COTTON EXCHANGE BUILDING— WATER STREET. 
 
 certainly facts : Our harbor had been, to some considerable extent, de- 
 teriorated by its use, and in a measure its abuse, by the Government as 
 a naval anchorage, and nothing had been done by the authorities towards 
 its restoration or improvement prior to 1876; while most liberal appro- 
 priations had been made for rivers and harbors of comparatively little 
 national importance. 
 
 Steps were taken, however, at home in this most important matter, 
 and a law passed in February, 1875, by the State Legislature, under 
 which, in the following April, the Governor appointed a Harbor Com- 
 mission for the Port of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The selection of mem- 
 
54 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 bers was an excellent one, and was strengthened by the advisory board 
 of experienced Engineer Officers, detailed by the President of the United 
 States at the request of the State Executive. 
 
 The influence of this body backing up the efforts of our Representa- 
 tives in Congress has secured appropriations for the improvement of our 
 harbor which, while insignificant when compared to the importance of the 
 work, has, under judicious management, produced most favorable results. 
 A little over $200,000 has already been secured for the work done and 
 to be done, and about as large an amount in addition will be required to 
 complete the improvements as originally projected. So far considerable 
 improvements have been made in the inner harbor, consisting in the re- 
 moval of certain mud flats which obstructed the channel way to the 
 wharves on both sides of the River, as well as up the Southern and East- 
 ern branches and at Berkley point, where the E. City and N". R. R. 
 wharf and contiguous wharves are being built. The channel way to 
 Town Point, which has been gradually filling up for some years past, 
 has now been deepened sufficiently to admit the largest vessels, which 
 yearly find cargoes at this Point. When completed these Harbor im- 
 provements will have also secured a channel at hast 500 feet wide and 25 
 feet deep (at loio water) from the inner harbor and the U. S. Navy Yard 
 to the deep water of Hampton Roads. In keeping with this improved 
 condition of our harbor, and to supply the demand of our steadily in- 
 creasing commerce, active efforts are now being made to increase our 
 wharf and dock accommodations for vessels of all sizes; to furnish addi- 
 tional room for storage of cargoes and to give greater facilities for their 
 reception and dispatch. 
 
 A resolution was passed by our City Councils in February, 1880, 
 which resulted in the appointment of a commission, consisting of ten of 
 our citizens, imbued with the spirit of progress, " to deliberate and re- 
 port on the development and improvement of the City of Norfolk, its 
 streets, sanitary condition, sewerage, drainage, and whatever may be ne- 
 cessary for the health and business prosperity of the same. " 
 
 Our City Councils are taking the necessary steps for the condemnation 
 of the lands west of Grauby street, in order to carry out the recommen- 
 dations of the Improvement Commission to dredge out and establish a 
 canal from that street to the Port Warden's line not less than 160 feet 
 wide and 20 feet deep, and to lay off on each side of the said canal a 
 street 60 feet wide. This will be but the beginning of that line of 
 improvement, which is to make useful for our trade and commerce that 
 portion of our water-front extending along a line drawn from the Boston 
 wharf, west end of Main street, to the wharves at Atlantic City just 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 55 
 
 west of the mouth of Smith's Creek. A future contingency, perhaps, 
 but not so remote as one, who has failed to mark the inarch of progress 
 in this section for the past decade, might suppose. 
 
 The improvement in the pavement of our principal thoroughfare is 
 an evidence of a general improvement in this line for the future, and 
 steps taken to remove the present barriers, which mar their usefulness by 
 suddenly terminating most of our principal streets, is most gratifying. 
 
 In connection with the adoption by our Councils of the proper sani- 
 tary measures, it may not be amiss to say a few words in regard to the 
 
 PURCELL HOUSE, MAIN AND CHURCH STREETS— R. T. JAMES. 
 
 general health of our city. Just after the war of '12, when the death- 
 rate among the troops stationed on Craney Island and other points in 
 the vicinity had been fearfully large, partly owing to bad water, but in 
 a great degree to imprudence, Norfolk enjoyed a most unenviable repu- 
 tation as to health. 
 
 Forty years of steady improvement in Sanitary Statistics had nearly 
 eradicated this unjust prejudice against our city and its neighborhood; in 
 fact, the death-rate during the Summer of 1854 was phenomenally small, 
 when the fearful scourge of 1855, introduced by the Steamship Ben 
 
56 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 Franklin, from the African coast, fell like a deadly simoon, blasting with 
 its hot breath a commercial prosperity which then gave the most bril- 
 liant promises. We have neither time nor inclination to discuss the re- 
 sponsibility of that introduction. We are dealing only with its effects. 
 It is our belief, however, that the continued healthfuless of our city for a 
 quarter of a century, at least, had produced the same result that springs 
 from continued prosperity; an overweening sense of security, that, syren- 
 like, lulled our authorities to sleep. 
 
 Two winters of unusual severity followed in due course the summer of 
 the fever, and the ill effects of that disaster continued to vanish year by 
 year. The war followed in '61, and the unsurpassed health of the troops 
 stationed in and around the city during the war fully established its 
 excellent reputation from a sanitary point of view. Subsequent years 
 have only tended to strengthen this reputation. 
 
 A careful study of a topographical map of our city demonstrates 
 clearly that a splendid drainage can be given it and the entire vicinity 
 by preserving the natural watercourses, in keeping open the channels 
 of our creeks, and connecting them by a system of cuts or canals. 
 In this connection, we find the city has reserved the right, for all time, 
 to use the canal west of Granby street, previously referred to, for sani- 
 tary purposes, by running all drains now opened, or to be opened, into 
 it, when the authorities shall see fit to do so. The " Improvement Com- 
 mission, " looking also to the sanitary improvement of the city, recom- 
 mended the cutting of a canal, at least 40 feet wide, to connect the heads 
 of Smith's and Newton's creeks, and made other very valuable sugges- 
 tions as to drainage, which, through the recent action of our Councils in 
 appointing a committee to consult with an eminent Sanitary Engineer, 
 will no doubt, with some slight modifications at most, be fully carried 
 out. 
 
 But the Commission did not consider that the sanitary advantages — 
 though paramount — thus secured any greater than the commercial re- 
 sults which they expect to immediately follow the opening of the canal. 
 They look to see a line of wharf fronts from East Main street to Atlan- 
 tic bridge at once created, to be developed and utilized by the owners 
 along the line, or condemned to the depth of 100 feet or more from the 
 city boundary for public uses as the people should deem proper. This 
 line extends more than 2f miles around our city, and becomes at once, 
 valuable property, either for its present owners or for the public good, 
 whilst it is sure to add to the taxable areas of property in the not far 
 future over $1,000,000. Nor do they consider it necessary to tax our 
 people one dollar to consummate a work that brings inevitably health to 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 57 
 
 our city, and furnishes, within one circumference, more than five times 
 our present area of wharfage. 
 
 Prior to the present decade the scarcity of pure, fresh water suitable 
 for manufactures prevented their establishment in our midst. In fact, 
 in times of great drought many of our people realized the doleful plaint 
 of "the Ancient Mariner:" "Water! water! everywhere, but not a 
 drop to drink. " A little less than eight years ago an abundant supply 
 was introduced by the Holly system, and the city water has ever since 
 grown in favor and use. It is estimated that there is a water-shed 
 now available to supply the requirements of a population of some quar- 
 ter of a million people ; with facilities for extending the present accom- 
 modation considerably, when the demand requires it. This need being 
 met for our city, and it being an easy matter now to supply our neigh- 
 boring villages as their improvement may require it, we have no longer to 
 combat this great obstacle in the establishment of manufactories. 
 
 We will now enumerate briefly the manufactures and industries al- 
 ready in operation, interspersing our account with suggestions as to 
 openings for new workers in the ground already occupied, or the chances 
 and advantages for new fields of operation. The Norfolk Knitting and 
 Cotton Manufacturing Co. was organized by a number of our enterpris- 
 ing citizens, joined by a few Northern capitalists,completed their factory, 
 located at Atlantic City, just outside our present corporate limits, and 
 got to work early in the Summer of 1880. By an unfortunate ac- 
 cident it was almost entirely destroyed and the valuable machinery ren- 
 dered useless, by fire, on the last day of the last cotton season. Phoenix- 
 like, it has risen again, and with largely increased capital and new 
 machinery, in six months from a disaster, which would have crushed a less 
 energetic, company, their factory will be once more at work. But to 
 give complete success to such enterprises, experience has taught us that 
 not one but many should be established in the same locality, thus af- 
 fording active and healthy competition and drawing skilled labor in suf- 
 ficient quantities to their vicinity. As the manufacturers of the North 
 are beginning to realize the advantage of bringing their machinery nearer 
 to the cotton fields, the great cotton centres of the South must in the near 
 future attract to them a large portion of the spinners of the far North, 
 who are now struggling against the disadvantages of distance and cli- 
 mate. Surely, with our unequaled advantages of an abundant supply of 
 the staple, adaptability of climate and propinquity to market, we pre- 
 sent that happy combination of fortuitous circumstances which will re- 
 quire but a slight effort on our part to bring them as welcomed settlers 
 amongst us. 
 
58 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 The consideration of cotton, in its various stages, and the benefits 
 which already have been and may yet be derived from it by our city, 
 very naturally leads us to an investigation of the importation and man- 
 ufacture of jute into bagging, now so greatly in demand for putting up 
 
 cotton. At present the bulk of the crude material is imported through 
 New York, manufactured in the vicinity, and sold at a large profit to 
 the Southern consumers. Of the manufactured article some 4,000,000 
 yards pass through Norfolk annually. It has been suggested that 
 

 ' ^ M- J- ^ 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 59 
 
 Norfolk would be an admirable point, both for its importation and 
 manufacture, as it could easily be brought here by cotton ships wanting 
 ballast or be used to make up a cargo with other merchandise, and the 
 cheapness of labor in this vicinity, combined with our excellent lines of 
 transportation to the cotton region, would enable us to compete success- 
 fully with other less favored rivals. It is estimated that $25,000 would 
 suffice to put up a factory here with the necessary machinery, not includ- 
 ing stock, and we know of no better investment anywhere awaiting the 
 enterprise of capitalists. 
 
 Still dwelling on cotton and its connections, we would call attention 
 to the demand fur the Oil Cake, which is made from the cotton seed, 
 and is shipped in large quantities through our Port to Great Britain and 
 the Continent, to be used in feeding stock. It is a large and growing 
 trade, and we would .suggest the advantage of having the mills or facto- 
 ries put up in our neighborhood, and thus enjoy the benefits to our 
 people, both from the manufacture and shipping of this article. 
 
 There are several very flourishing manufactories of Fertilizers in our 
 immediate vicinity, which are kept actively at work, and have done a 
 great deal of good to the lands in the section south of us, as well as the 
 adjoining country. One of these enterprising companies imported direct 
 from Hamburg during the month of January, 1881, two cargoes, con- 
 sisting of 2,000 tons of Kainit, to be used in making fertilizers. 
 
 Ship Building is another industry for which our port is admirably 
 
 adapted, but which has been sadly neglected. No where can be found a 
 
 ituation better suited by nature and circumstances for this business than 
 
 ours. There is ample space and depth of water in our harbor for build- 
 
 ng and launching the largest vessels, while an abundance of all the 
 
 nnaterials required both for iron and wooden vessels, and of the best 
 
 quality, is near at hand, and therefore cheap. To these advantages is 
 
 ldded that of a climate, which admits of active work, generally, the 
 
 whole year round. We have the best iron and finest timber brought 
 
 lown the great Roads, which are our supply feeders, magnificent spars 
 
 ind knees available through ourcanals from the great swamp, while just 
 
 icross the Chesapeake Bay, in the Eastern Shore counties of Virginia 
 
 ire to be found large tracts of land with grand virgin forests awaiting, 
 
 n close proximity to the sea, the enterprise of the ship builder. This 
 
 ombination of advantages will surely not be overlooked by capitalists 
 
 seeking such investments, when the business world is brought to a full 
 
 ealization of them. 
 
 A great need of our port is a Sectional Dry-Dock. This enterprise 
 ,vill require an outlay of $250,000, and the want of it has already been 
 
60 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 a serious disadvantage to us, and if we expect to have a continued in- 
 crease in commerce, especially the establishment of permanent lines to 
 and from this port, or vessels calling here as a port of refuge for exten- 
 sive repairs, instead of having to go 150 miles out of their way to Balti- 
 more, we can no longer defer the undertaking. It devolves upon us, 
 therefore, to invite capital from abroad to unite with us in completing 
 at once a work which is so necessary and which will undoubtedly prove 
 most profitable, as an investment. 
 
 From the building and repair of ships, involving the timber interest, 
 we naturally pass to the lumber trade, a most important business, that 
 is steadily increasing. In the last 12 months extensive additions and 
 improvements have been made in the mills in our immediate vicinity, 
 and the consequence is that piles of lumber in every direction attract the 
 eye of a visitor to the city. During the past year the estimated amount 
 of lumber manufactured and handled here exceeded 80,000,000 feet, 
 valued at nearly §1,700,000, an increase in value of nearly $200,000 
 over the amount of the previous year. There are numerous other man- 
 ufacturing interests at work in our city, many of which are noteworthy 
 and doing good service in giving employment to a number of our people 
 which will receive due attention under the appropriate heads in this 
 volume. 
 
 Commerce and manufactures after all, though, are dependent on and 
 are therefore subservient to Agriculture, and the true wealth of a people 
 is to be ascertained by looking at their natural productions and the ben- 
 efits they derive from them. In this aspect our Trucking interest looms 
 up grandly, and gives a material advantage to our people in bringing a 
 large amount of money to and disbursing it in our community in the 
 Spring and Summer seasons, just at a time when there is a serious decline 
 in all other business. The value of the productions of the truck farms 
 in the immediate vicinity of Norfolk may be put down in the aggregate 
 at over $2,000,000 for the past year, which shows a continued increase 
 since the war, despite the material shrinkage of values which has oc- 
 curred year after year during the time referred to. These productions 
 embrace the small fruits, apples, pears, peaches and vegetables. The 
 great advantage of Norfolk, in the matter of truck, is its admirable loca- 
 tion as a shipping point. In addition to which we have now splendid 
 shell and well graded roads running in all directions, thus giving the 
 truck farmer convenient and easy hauling for his products to this point 
 for sale or shipment beyond, as he may prefer. The ingathering and 
 distribution of these crops also afford congenial and remunerative em- 
 ployment to a considerable number of that element of our population- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 61 
 
 the colored people — which else at this season would drop into idleness 
 and its consequence, vice. 
 
 There is another production of Norfolk and its vicinity for which we 
 have been celebrated for many years. But as we cultivate and gather it 
 from the water and not from the land; strictly speaking, we should hardly 
 class it among the subjects of agriculture, and yet it is unquestionably a 
 production of our submarine soil. We refer to Norfolk's specialty, the 
 Oyster. The preparation of this article for export ; oyster packing, as it 
 is styled; is a new industry, commenced since the war, and is principally 
 in the hands of Northern men, who have now made a home of our city. 
 It has indeed proved a most valuable business, and gives employment to 
 over a thousand people. In this business Norfolk stands second to 
 Baltimore, and should its rate of increase in the future keep up with 
 that in the past, it will require but a few years to give our city what her 
 situation entitles her to, the first place. There are some fifteen firms in 
 this business, with a capital of nearly $100,000, occupying buildings and 
 ground attached valued at about $150,000, and employing some 1,200 
 hands, mostly colored males, as shuckers. This occupation seems to 
 follow most opportunely that of the trucking season, thus continuing in 
 employment a class who are made useful citizens by the restraints of 
 work. 
 
 But there is another " shell fruit " for which our city has more recently 
 become famous. Our Peanut business has grown, until we are now the 
 largest handler of this product in the world. This article is a large item 
 of the local traffic of the A., M. & O. R. R., being a product of the 
 neighboring counties through which it passes, on its way to our city. Nor- 
 folk handled during the year ending September 30, 1880, 1,000,000 
 bushels, valued at an average of about $1 per bushel of the Virginia 
 crop of about 1,350,000 bushels. In connection with this trade, we 
 have three large cleaning establishments or factories, supplied with pat- 
 ented machinery for thoroughly doing the work. They employ over 
 200 hands, principally females ; and one factory has paid out for peanuts 
 in the course of six weeks $120,000. 
 
 Shipments of these cleaned nuts have been made to Cincinnati and the 
 far West by the A., M. & O. R. R., and also by the C. & O. R. R via 
 James River steamers ; and there is every prospect as soon as the West- 
 ern connections of our Roads are completed and the cars which are 
 loaded at Norfolk go through to the West without delay, that these ship- 
 ments will be largely increased. Though these domestic shipments are 
 "already large, as yet no one has succeeded in building up a foreign trade. 
 
 Hoping that we have succeeded ere this in awakening an interest in our 
 
62 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 city and a desire to know more of its advantages among those of the out- 
 side world, who are either seeking new homes for themselves or invest- 
 ments for their capital, we shall touch briefly, for their benefit, on a few 
 matters connected with our city, which we think will prove interesting 
 to them, and then bring our sketch to a close. Besides the advantages 
 already enumerated, what other attractions, then, have we to present ? 
 An old established society, but one not now too exclusive or inclined to 
 ostracism of strangers, on the contrary rather disposed to give them a 
 hearty welcome. Our people are almost entirely of English stock, with 
 now and then a family of Scotch descent. Those who have come, in 
 good faith, to settle amonst us, bear uniform testimony to the fact that 
 our people are industrious, quiet and law-abiding. It is with pleasure 
 that we subjoin the following neat but forcible opinion of an English 
 settler, written to his friends in the Old Country : 
 
 "Their system of Jaws is the English common law, modified to meet 
 the exigencies of a comparatively new country and a different political 
 constitution, but the ancient landmarks of all our rights of person and 
 property are found, and as sacredly cherished and strictly observed as in 
 Westminster Hall. " 
 
 The last year's statistics showed an aggregate business for our city of 
 about $40,000,000, with a promise of a healthy increase in all branches 
 of our trade. Our trade area is rapidly increasing, our transportation 
 facilities are constantly improving and our capital is steadily on the 
 advance. Our Banking facilities are excellent; in fact, our admirable 
 institutions of this character are better able to-day to render the neces- 
 sary aid in the conduct of their larger negotiations to our business men 
 than they ever were; with an ability, moreover, to extend their facilities 
 as an increase of business demands it. The condition of our Public 
 Finances has materially improved also, as proved by the excellent credit 
 of our city shown by the high price which her bonds, whose interest is 
 promptly paid, now demand. On the 1st of July, 1880, the total 
 amount of the bonds was $2,187,371, paying an annual interest of 
 $113,492. Her 8 per cent, bonds are being rapidly retired by 6 per 
 cents, and arrangements are being perfected to substitute 5 percent, bonds 
 for those now bearing 6 per cent., which will mature in the next four 
 years. A tax of about 2 per cent, on Property, Personal and Real, is 
 found sufficient to meet current expenses, interest, &o. Certainly a rate 
 comparatively low enough for a growing and prosperous city. Our 
 system of Public Schools is good as far as it goes; excellent primary 
 and grammar schools are already provided, and a High School, for which 
 there is a growing public demand which must soon obtain it, is all that 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 is needed to make it complete. Oar private schools, both for girls and 
 boys, are of a superior order that would be a pride to any community. 
 A noteworthy feature of the Educational question is the erection, during 
 the past year, of a unique but artistic building for the " Leach-Wood 
 Female Seminary, " and a really imposing edifice for the " Norfolk Col- 
 lege for Young Ladies " on two of our principal thoroughfares. These 
 institutions opened new last Fall with most wonderful encouragement, 
 and a patronage that promises future success. Both enterprises were 
 undertaken by joint stock companies. 
 
 MAIN STREET— LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH ST. 
 
 The church-goers will find here representatives of nearly every denom- 
 ination, whether he be Catholic or Protestant, worshipping either in 
 plain and substantial or ornate and attractive buildings, as the various 
 tastes suggested, modified of course by the means available. One relic 
 of a past generation, our sole surviving inhabitant of the primitive days 
 of the ancient Borough, will be sure to draw the attention of the visitor. 
 Old St. Paul's, built nearly a century and a half ago, standing in the midst 
 of grounds kept, we are glad to say, in attractive beauty, where the 
 honored sires of our Borough sleep their silent sleep in marked contrast to 
 that lively, noisy little immigrant, the English sparrow, that nestles 
 under her old gables. For those who are not churchmen, but seek some 
 
64 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 other outlet to that charity, which seems at times to swell up in every 
 human heart, or for those who seek to supplement the church's work, 
 there will be found no lack of secret beneficial societies. Of their success 
 and influence let the magnificent Masonic Temple, the stately hall of 
 the Odd Fellows, the numerous Castles, Retreats, Glades and Lodges 
 reared or established in our midst, speak for themselves; while of that 
 higher, nobler work, known only to the Father that seeth in secret, or 
 the relieved beneficiary, hundreds of our soothed and succored inhabit- 
 ants could tell, but perhaps never may till the secrets of all hearts are 
 revealed. 
 
 Neither are we wanting in Asylums and Hospitals, in fact, in this 
 latter respect we think our city stands comparatively preeminent. 
 The Hospital St. Vincent de Paul, while under the auspices of those 
 tender, self-sacrificing nurses, the Sisters of Charity of the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church, is opened to the patronage of all who can pay and bestows 
 its gratuitous beneficiences on the indigent without regard to creed. It is 
 an admirably-conducted institution, and we have never known a stranger 
 to visit it without going away with a more favorable impression of the 
 city in which it is located. 
 
 Our Post Office and Custom House have become leading institutions 
 since the wonderful growth of our foreign trade, and will compare most 
 favorably with any similar ones in our country in the amount of 
 business done and in the handsome manner, satisfactory to all parties 
 concerned, in which it is conducted. As in every other live town, 
 the Press is here a power, and an appreciated one. The Land- 
 mark and Virginian, two morning, and the Public Ledger, an 
 afternoon paper, are the regular dailies, which supply their readers with 
 news from every quarter of the habitable globe. Besides these, with 
 their weekly editions, we have two excellent weekly papers, the 
 Sunday Gazette and Weekly Herald. They are all welcome 
 visitors to nearly every household in Eastern Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina, certainly to every one in this city. We have referred only to those 
 papers published in the city of Norfolk, to which in the main our sketch 
 is devoted, but may mention in this connection that our sister city has 
 two dailies and three weeklies. The Portsmouth Enterprise, Ports- 
 mouth Times, Tidewater Times, and the Virginia Granger. 
 
 In union, we are told, is strength, and the advocates of the nearest 
 and dearest unions, those of hearts and hands, assure us that by them 
 pleasures are doubled and troubles divided and that two or more can then 
 live on what it cost the one previously. Now whether all this will be 
 true of the union we would suggest, we don't pretend to assert, but of 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 65 
 
 this we are satisfied that a consolidated municipality of the cities and 
 villages that border on our common harbor, under the common name of 
 the City of Norfolk (county), would tend more to our mutual benefit and 
 general future advancement than any other one measure that can be ad- 
 vocated. The population of this consolidated city would give it at once 
 a position among the more prominent ones of the country, and the new 
 community of interests would break down all the petty rivalries and 
 jealousies that so unhappilly retard or prevent any joint successful efforts. 
 We indulge in no such Utopian dream as that the union could be run at 
 the present cost of our City Government, and perhaps not at the com- 
 bined cost of the whole as at present managed, though we believe it would 
 be less; still the advantages accruing to the villages from sharing city 
 
 WELLER & co:s PEANUT factory— water street . 
 
 conveniences and the enlargement of the business space in the city, afford- 
 ing further room for increased trade and commerce, without unpleasantly 
 crowding or confining our residences, which will inevitably result in dis- 
 comfort and perhaps unhealthiness, would more than repay any additional 
 outlay required. We hope our intelligent and energetic Press will take 
 up this measure and advocate it to adoption. v 
 
 Passing rapidly now from business to pleasure as our space grows 
 more and more limited, we can assure the seeker of the latter that he will 
 find ample provision for it here. Van Wyck's magnificent Academy of 
 Music, erected last Spring and Summer, is of itself- well worth a visit, 
 and has few superiors as an exhibition hall in our country; while during 
 the JTall and Winter it has been kept almost constantly opened, for 
 
66 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 the lovers of the Drama or the Opera, giving an occasional purely 
 intellectual treat in the shape of a star lecture for those who ignore 
 the stage. Young Norfolk finds pleasure and muscle in aquatic clubs 
 during the Summer, for which our safe and commodious harbor gives 
 ample field, while the bicycle and gymnasium afford equal opportuni- 
 ties for the Winter. One great need of our people has been for 
 some years a Park, and spasmodic efforts have been made to obtain one, 
 but so far in vain, because, unfortunately, those who most feel the need 
 of it have the least means and influence for procuring it. Our present 
 Mayor has recently started a move in this matter and we hope that he 
 will not desist until success has crowned his efforts, and the needy will 
 give him their blessing. 
 
 Our climate in Summer is not so hot as it is in the cities of the North 
 and West, and we possess a great advantage over all interior localities in 
 the cooling sea breeze, which every evening brings us from the Ocean, 
 giving us the great comfort of a pleasant night and refreshing sleep after 
 the weariness and lassitude always consequent on a hot day. While the 
 few leave for the mountain resorts, which are only a little over 12 hours 
 ride by rail from our city, deeming an absolute change of air indispensi- 
 ble ; the many are so fortunate as to find convenient and pleasant Summer 
 resorts almost at our very doors. The Ocean View Railroad, already 
 referred to, takes the visitor in a short and not unpleasant ride of less 
 than half an hour to the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Here the company 
 have erected quite an extensive hotel. For a day's fishing, which is here 
 excellent, or a picnic and bath in the surf of the bay, this point and other 
 locations, which will undoubtedly be selected and built upon, as the Ocean 
 View Road extends its lines towards Lynnhaven, along the south shore 
 of the Bay, will be found always attractive and pleasant. But the "Hy- 
 geia," Old Point Comfort, we think will long remain the "Queen of the 
 Bay." It is very accessible by water at all times and from our city can 
 be reached during the season by all the steamers leaving our harbor, and 
 at a very small price. There will doubtless also be rail communication 
 from Richmond as soon as the C. & O. extension is completed. The 
 " Hygeia " presents that happy mixture of half activity and halfrelaxa-- 
 tion, with its attractions of Fort Monroe, its officers, music and dress 
 parades, that brings a rest without the tedium that characterizes the gen- 
 eral country seaside resorts. There is always surf enough for a pleasant 
 bath and boats waiting to give a delightful sail on safe pleasure ground 
 or to take out those, who prefer it, to the rocks near the Rip Raps, where 
 nearly all varieties of the finny tribe may be captured. The tempera- 
 ture, too, hits a happy medium, seldom knowing an extreme. The air 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 67 
 
 is invigorating and yet sleep inviting when night comes, and we are 
 never roused here from a sound sleep by that sudden chill which pene- 
 trates sometimes the very marrow in our bones among the mountains, 
 after a sweltering day. There is but one objection to this air, it makes 
 ODe eat too much, whether the victim be man or woman, invalid or pleas- 
 ure seeker, and then feel ashamed of himself. The Normal School, the 
 Soldiers' Home with its exquisite grounds, and the quaint old town of 
 Hampton, built on a crab-shell, as the legend runs, are all in the im- 
 
 
 VIEW OF HARBOR, WITH NAVY YARD IN THE DISTANCE. 
 
 mediate vicinity, and unite to make the attractions of the Hygeia 
 irresistible, 
 
 The great coming event, however, is the projected Hotel at the 
 "Hollies," which is to be built and ready for guests when the Princess 
 Anne Railroad is completed. A short ride of seventeen miles will then 
 bring us right to Old Ocean's wave, and to those who have once enjoyed 
 his mighty roar, the waters of the gentle Chesapeake will doubtless seem 
 too tame. This beach, we are told, is perfectly safe and admirably 
 adapted for surf bathing. While on the subject of pleasure and health- 
 
68 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 seeking, we may be permitted to call attention to a locality which an out- 
 sider, who has only some vaguely romantic idea of its existence, would 
 deem almost the synonym of death and destruction. We refer to the 
 "Dismal Swamp," which is so easily reached from our city by inland 
 water navigation, and is not only rich in the finest timber, but is proved, 
 by the close observation and testimony of the old residents of Nor- 
 folk and Nansemond counties, who have known it from their boy- 
 hood, and who have either gotten shingles there themselves or employed 
 others to get them, to be a grand sanitarium. The laborers in this Swamp 
 enjoy a most remarkable exemption from the ills that flesh is heir to, 
 (and the worst of all, the doctor's bills consequent upon them), and their 
 longevity has been noticed in that region for some time past. The 
 Juniper water found here is both exceedingly healthy and palatable, and 
 said to be a specific in some forms of kidney disease. 
 
 And now if there are any kind readers who are still unsatisfied in 
 their laudable desire for information in regard to our city of wonderful 
 promise, we can suggest a method of gratifying it that will afford a com- 
 bination of pleasures. Mr. Huntingdon has promised to complete his 
 road this Summer to Newport News and thus give ample transportation to 
 visitors in the Fall coming to the " York town Centennial. " Norfolk 
 must be, to a great extent, the grand Pleasure Centre for this move. Here 
 the visitor must establish his headquarters and base of supplies at one of 
 our excellent and numerous hotels. From this port hourly steamers will 
 be plying to Newport News, and thence to the " Centennial Grounds" 
 will be a short ride by rail. The visitor having enjoyed his day at the 
 "Centennial," can return easily and spend his night in Norfolk. To 
 those who prefer an all-water trip, there will be steamers to carry them 
 in a few hours sail directly to Yorktown. 
 
 And here we may rest our case, so far as the general reader is con- 
 cerned, believing that those, who have patiently followed us in our 
 meanderings, must give us credit for having presented impartially the 
 cause of our city and that a discriminating public will give a unanimous 
 verdict in her favor. But to the people of our own State, Virginians, 
 bound to us by the nearest and dearest ties of association and consan- 
 guinity, we would drop a parting word of admonition. There is unques- 
 tionably a disposition on the part of our Western neighbors to help us, 
 but it is no question of sentiment; it is a practical business idea that our 
 Port has advantages, which can be used for their benefit, and they are 
 perfectly willing to help us so long as in doing so they are reaping them 
 for their own use. But remember we have a strong opponent, whose 
 wealth and power may more than match our unaided natural advantages; 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 69 
 
76 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 let us remind you that the clay of resolutions and childish prattle about 
 these advantages, whether of mountain, forest or stream, is past; the day 
 for action is come. The time is even now at hand, when we must either put 
 on a new-found energy and improve these advantages ourselves or others 
 will derive the profit in developing them. We must forever cast away the 
 old jealousies and rivalries between the different sections of our State — do 
 away even with the old nomenclature, if it suggests such feelings in our 
 hearts, as Northside and Southside, or Valley, Piedmont and Tidewater. 
 Brothers, we of the Seaboard have learned to love your fertile valleys 
 as our own, and to admire as ours, too, your mountains, that in lofty 
 grandeur point to your God, who is our God. Note your little streams 
 that trickle down those mountain sides, as they grow to the great rivers 
 whose waters, mingling with our inland sea, are borne by it to the Ocean 
 depths. Are they not bonds that bind us fast together ? Are we not bound 
 too by those great iron bands that traverse the length and breadth of our 
 grand old State? Let us stand, then, elbow touching elbow, moun- 
 taineer and lowlander no longer, but all Virginians, fighting under one 
 banner, in the great battle of progress, for the sake of Virginia. Away 
 with politics, and in the new order of things, let us choose as the Vir- 
 ginia policy the practical consolidation, in a new covenant between them, 
 of Agriculture, Mining and Commerce. Let Agriculture provide the 
 sustenance, and Mining tear from the very heart of the Old Mother her 
 untold wealth, while Commerce carries a share to all countries of the 
 globe and brings back their riches in exchange. To you, earnest workers, 
 who are already up and doing, we would say God speed you, be not 
 weary in well doing! Friends, who are lagging or hesitating, we warn 
 you; if like Ephrairn, you are still joined to broken idols, you will either 
 be crushed by the car of progress, or having stayed its onward move- 
 ment, the golden opportunity of our old Commonwealth will have slipped 
 through our hands, and the motto of the ancient City of Priam will mark 
 the crumbling ruins of our lost prosperity, "Ilium Fuit. " United, in 
 one solid phalanx, each one working for the good of all, and what a 
 brilliant destiny awaits us! Our city will take her true rank — that of 
 the Chief City in the greatest Commonwealth of our great American con- 
 federation. 
 
 To the strangers who seek to better their fortunes by embarking in any 
 of the diversified pursuits which our city affords ; to those whose 
 acquaintance we already enjoy, and who are seeking a location for like 
 purposes, we desire, in the name of our people, to extend a cordial wel- 
 come, with the assurance that we want you to make your homes in our 
 city, and that we will go forward, shoulder to shoulder, in the march of 
 successful business development. The principal avenues of commerce, 
 manufactories, trades and firms of the city, together with much statistical 
 and general information concerning them, useful to those having or 
 desiring business relations with the city, are presented in the following 
 pages, and for them we respectfully invite an attentive perusal. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 71 
 
 GROCERIES. 
 
 rt 
 
 in HIS is decidedly the largest, most prosperous and important 
 branch of the jobbing trade of the city, and the sales for 
 1880 are reliably estimated to have amounted to five millions of 
 dollars, not including the business done by the retail stores during the 
 same period, which amounted to between $1,500,000 and $2,000,000. 
 The business of 1880 showed an increase over 1879 of about 20 percent. 
 Jobbers have been eager to push business, while cautious as to credits, 
 and upon the whole, the year's business was much more satisfactory, both 
 in its conduct and results. One notable fact points to the reliability and 
 good judgment which characterize the management of this trade. It is 
 that there have been no failures, compromises or embarrassments, nor 
 the least evidence to show anything but the steadily-increasing financial 
 strength of every firm engaged in it. Occasionally the suspension of a 
 small, out-of-the-way establishment is chronicled, but the title of 
 grocery, when applied to such a concern, becomes a misnomer, and the 
 demise of such suburban firms attract about as little attention as their 
 creation. The stocks on hand comprise every variety of goods usually 
 found in first-class grocery houses, including Flour, Meats, Sugars, 
 Coffees, Teas, Syrups, Salt, Lard, Mackerel, Herring, Powder, Shot and 
 Fancy Articles. These are shipped to all parts of the Southern Sea- 
 board, to Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Ten- 
 nessee, in car-loads or smaller lots, as the necessity of circumstances may 
 demand. 
 
 "With ample transportation connections to the West, and innumerable 
 steam and sail vessels entering this port from the sugar refinery districts 
 of the East or foreign ports, we are unable to see why Norfolk firms in 
 this business cannot cope with those or other markets, and secure to them- 
 selves the bulk of the Southern business. Let those who control our 
 railroads see to it that freights from Norfolk to points South will be 
 taken at rates pro rata with those from more Northern points, and we 
 will guarantee that in a few years the present grocery business of Nor- 
 folk will ibe treble what it is now. The importation of Coffee direct 
 to Norfolk promises to assume some magnitude before long, when articles 
 for return cargoes can be obtained from the West, which we feel assured 
 will be when the different new routes and extensions now being built 
 between our city and the West are completed. The capital estimated to 
 be employed in the grocery business here amounts in round numbers to 
 $500,000, and total sales to $7,000,000. 
 
72 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1871 
 
 J. EASTHAM, E. T. POWELL. 
 
 EASTHAM, POWELL & CO., 
 
 90 Water Street @ 41 Commerce Street, 
 
 LARGE DEALERS IN 
 
 FLOUR, MEATS, SUGARS, 
 Coffee, Teas, Syrups, Salt, 
 Lard, Mackerel, Herring, 
 
 AND IN FACT ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERY HOUSE. 
 
 Special inducements offered to Prompt Paying and Cash 
 customers. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 73 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1865. 
 
 M. L. T. DAVIS & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALES 
 
 s 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 JL X \J V 1D1UIID 
 
 
 
 '% 
 
 CAR-LOAD SALES made a Specialty, 
 
 AND THE 
 LOWEST POSSIBLE FREIGHT RATES SECURED. 
 
 1 WATER STREET, 
 
 (CORNER COMMERCE,) 
 
 m 
 
 m ii in 
 
 &, 
 
14 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 AND 
 
 ERCHANTS, 
 
 Nos. 12, 14 and 16 Rowland's Wharf, 
 
 iFr? .^Sfes GS 
 
 
 3 @ 
 
 SHIWGTOM TAYLOR & CO, 
 
 4, 16 1 18 COMMERCE STREET, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 -A-GKEINTS FOB 
 
 ARD POWDE 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 75 
 
 W. F. ALLEN. ESTABLISHED 1864. J. T. BORUM. 
 
 "W. F. ALLEN & GO. 
 
 99 WATER ST. & 18, 22, 26 & 30 fiOTHERY'S LANE. 
 
 WMjtu 
 
 ,® 
 
 rFLOUR AND MEATS A SPECIALTY. -m 
 
 Special attention given to CAR LOAD quantities of 
 
 MOLASSES, FLOUR, MEATS AND SALT. 
 
 THEODORICK A. WILLIAMS. 
 
 WM. C. DICKSON. 
 
 T. A. WILLIAMS &. DICKS 
 
 jft-HB 
 
 ]STos. 3 and 4= Roanoke Square, 
 
 »< 
 
 JFOIlXf 
 
 h,® 
 
 SALT, MOLASSES AND FLOUR, 
 
 BY THE CAB, LOAD, A SPECIALTY. 
 
 STRICT PERSONAL ATTENTION given to all ORDERS entrusted 
 to our care, and with a FULL STOCK of all classes of goods pertaining to 
 the WHOLESALE GROCERY BUSINESS, we are enabled to offer 
 special inducements to our PATRONS. 
 
76 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 MeM 
 
 IN ONE AND TWO LB. CANS. ORIGINAL SHELLS ACCOMPANYING. 
 
 r 
 
 Our trade say they are the iiuest goods they 
 hnve ever used. 
 
 GEO. McBURNEY & SON, 
 Alexandria, Va. 
 
 The best goods packed. Give universal satisfac- 
 tion. JOSEPH R. PEEBLES' SONS, 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Gentlemen: — I have used the crabs put up by al- 
 most every packer in the United States, and I 
 must say, and that truthfully, that yours are the 
 best I ever placed before a guest, crabs fresh from 
 the water not excepted. I congratulate your suc- 
 cess, for it helps a hotel man out of many a close 
 place, especially at a summer resort 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 " J. J. VENABLE, 
 Blunt Springs, Ala. 
 
 UNITED STATES COMMISSION 
 
 FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 
 SPENCER F. BAIRD, Commissioner, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C, Aug. 7, 1880. 
 
 Dear Sirs : — It gives me pleasure to inform you 
 that at the International Fishery Exhibition re- 
 cently held in Berlin, your exhibition of Canned 
 Crabs was deemed worthy of especialand honora- 
 ble mention by the .Juries. 
 
 Yours respect fullv, 
 
 SPENCER F. BAIRD, 
 Commissioner of Fisheries. 
 
 McMenamin & Co., 
 
 Hampton, Va. 
 The Following- are Some of the Wholesale Houses that Handle onr Goods : 
 
 New York— H. K &F B. Thurber & Co., E. C Hazard & Co., Henry Welsh, F H Leggett & Co, 
 Smith & Vanderbeck, Bogle & Lyles, Houston & Stienle, Kemp, Day & Co., Austin, Nichols & Co. Phil- 
 adelphia. — Guthens & Rexamer, Mitchell & Fletcher, James H Larzelra & Sons, Mclllvaine & Co Bos- 
 ton.— W K. Lewis & Bro , Marshall Johnston, E T Cowdery & Co , H. N. Rogers & Co., F. C. Lord & 
 Co., C B. Fessenden & Co. Chicago. — A Booth, Rock wood Bros , Smith & Vanderbeck, Win M Hoyt 
 & Co , Franklin McVeigh & Co , Sprague, Warner & Co Baltimore — T A Bryan & Co , E, L Palmer 
 & Co , Thomas M Green & Co., Clark & Jones, John Martin & Co . L H Cole & Co , E C Bailey, Chas. 
 Pracht & Co , Milnor, Cochrane & Co , John F. Mitchell & Co. St. Louis— Greeley-Burnham Grocer 
 Co, Franklin Smith A Son, David Nicholson, Ira Boutelle, Jacob Furth & Co, A Moll, F H Rocfc- 
 wood. Cincinnati —J R Peebles' Sons, H L Stiles & Co., Reis Bros & Co Cleveland.— A J Wen- 
 ham & Son, Chandler & Rudd Detroit. — Dsvver & Yhay, D. D Mallory & Co , G. & R McMillan Co- 
 lumbus, O-— J B Carlisle, Maynard Bros., J H. Barcus'A. H & G. A Blood, Walker Bros Dayton.— 
 McLean & Bagen. Wm Kiefab'er & Bro., George K King. Charleston — Robertson, Taylor & Co., Otto 
 F. Wickes, F Von Oven, H. B Schroeder, F E Bonner Wheeling. — Block Bros Toronto. — William 
 Taylor Kansas City — McCord, Nave & Co. Louisville-— A. Fondee & Sons, George Gilfius, Wunock & 
 Scholtz, William Sonders. Milwaukee — George I. Robinson, Charles J. Russell. New Orleans- — A. E. 
 Morphy. Atlanta— A. McD. Wilson A Co , Frank E Block. Smyth & Perkcrson. Simmons & Druci- 
 mond, W. L. Hubbard '& Son Galveston.— George Veeligson. Houston, Tex.— William D. Cleveland. 
 San Antonio, Tex. — Hugo & Schmeltzer. Jefferson, Tex. — Markonitz Bros. & Strauss. San Francisco. 
 — R. D Hume & Co. Rochester —James McMannis, Schnarr Bros. & Feiock, Smith, Perkins & Co. 
 Williamsport, Pa.— Alexander Beede & Co. London, Eng.— H. K. & F B. Thurber & Co. Liverpool, 
 Eng.— M.C. Buck & Co. 
 
 Orders rilled at the shortest notice. Price lists, circulars, &c, on application. 
 
 Factory at HAMPTON, VA. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 77 
 
 JOHH B, laOWB* 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 Fine Family Groceries, Ship Stores, Provisions, 
 
 FINE WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS, TOBACCO, &c, &c 
 
 13 and 15, Corner Market Square and 1, 3 and 5 Union Street, 
 
 KTOnFOXiK, -V-A-. 
 
 ROASTED COFFEE AND FINE TEAS A SPECIALTY. 
 
 BANKS AND BANKERS. 
 
 jhY no more substantial evidences can a city's wealth and com- 
 oj mercial soundness be judged than by the prosperity and good 
 management of its banks. They hold the great medium of ex- 
 change between continents, and at once become the arbitrator between 
 debtors and creditors. With nearly two and a half millions of dol- 
 lars capital, a larger Banking business is carried on here than in any 
 Southern city with double our population. This capital does not appear 
 large, but it is ample for all the needs of trade, and money can be ob-' 
 tained on good commercial paper at low rates. The money market has 
 been fairly active during the year just closed, while deposits withdrawn 
 during that period have been more than balanced by new deposits, the 
 whole amounting at present to about $5,000,000. Some idea of the 
 increase in transactions in this line may be gained from the statement 
 that in the month of November, 1879, one bank shipped $1,000,000 in 
 currency to North Carolina, and for the same period in 1880 the shipments 
 amounted to an average of $1,500,000 per week. 
 
 The cotton season of course creates activity in money circles, and these 
 shipments of immense quantities of currency is partly due to it. Gold, 
 so much sought after a few years ago, has become a nuisance with our 
 people, and frequent objections are made to receiving it in any but the 
 smallest quantities. The Clearing House, where daily settlements be- 
 tween the different banks composing its membership are facilitated by 
 meetings of representatives of each bank, was organized in 1871. Its 
 members are the presidents and cashiers of the following banks, named 
 in the order in which they are entered upon the books of the Associa- 
 tion: Exchange National Bank, John B. Whitehead, President, George 
 M. Bain, Jr., Cashier ; Citizens Bank, W. H. Peters, President, Walter 
 H. Doyle, Cashier; Bank of Commerce, James E, Barry, President, W. 
 S. Wilkinson, Cashier; Marine Bank, Walter H. Taylor, President, 
 Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier ; Burruss Son & Co., and Bank of Ports- 
 mouth. From Mr. Walter H. Doyle, manager, we obtained the follow- 
 ing figures, showing the increase in transactions of the Clearing House 
 during the months of November of each year, commencing with 1876 : 
 
 1876 . . . . . . $1,252,675.40 
 
 1877 1,117,280.26 
 
 1878 . V , . . . , 1,230,756.26 
 
 1879 1,500,925.61 
 
 1880 . . . . . . . 2,024,200.02 
 
78 
 
 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 The increase of $523,274.41 in the business for November, 1880, over 
 the same month in 1879 indicates the passage of more money through 
 the banks, and it is easily seen that the increased general business of the 
 city is its prime cause. 
 
 The well-conducted Savings Banks of Norfolk do a great deal towards 
 advancing the prosperity of a large class of our citizens whose income is 
 limited to the value of their daily products as mechanics or laborers, by 
 receiving deposits of one dollar and upwards, and allowing regular in- 
 terest thereon, while affording ample security. Thus the savings of 
 the clerk, the artisan and the man of toil have been made to swell the 
 banking capital and at the same time encourage economy and thrift 
 amongst those who most need it. 
 
 That the affairs of the monied institutions of Norfolk are directed by 
 able financiers, men whose judgments have been ripened by the most 
 flattering and successful experiences, is too well known throughout the 
 country to scarcely require such a statement here. "Curb-stone " bro- 
 kerage and stock speculation are unknown terms, even in the under- 
 current of mercantile life, where obscurity begets immunity. Norfolk 
 contains one National, eight private banks and two banking firms. 
 
 WM. H. PETERS, Pres. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, Vice Pies. WALTER H. DOYLE, Cashier. 
 
 OF NORFOLK,VA. 
 
 INCORPORATED UNDER STATE LAWS, IN 1867. 
 
 ®j 1 R m 6 T J 9 E£ S a 
 
 WM. IT. PETERS, WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, GEO. C. REIT), 
 
 CHARLES H. ROWLAND, T. A. WILLIAMS, J. G. WOMBLE, 
 
 WALTER II. DOYLE. 
 
 Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount Days, Wednesday and Saturday. Interest 
 
 allowed on Savings Deposits. Exchange Issued on all 
 
 Principal Cities of Europe. 
 
 OOLLlOf] 
 
 A15STJD PROMPTLY SEII1TE®. 
 
 N. Y. Correspondent, BANK OF NEW YORK— NATIONAL BANKING 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 79 
 
 THE EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 
 
 OF NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 gjegtyuatcdi g^pa^tfory mut Jtnmmat g^ent of tut United £iato. 
 
 « 
 
 $500,000. 
 
 AUTHORIZED CAPITAL 
 PAID IN CAPITAL - 
 
 $300,000. 
 
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 Hon. JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, R. T. K. BAIN, JAMES G. BAIN, 
 
 JOHN JAMES, R. H. McDONALD, CHAS. E. JENKINS, 
 
 ORLANDO WINDSOR. 
 
 STATEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 
 
 EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK, 
 
 At the close of Business, December 31st, 1880. 
 RESOURCES. LIABILITIES. 
 
 Loans and Discounts $1,425,869 72 
 
 United States Bonds. 515,900 00 
 
 Other Securities 49,445 89 
 
 Banking House and Other 
 
 Real Estate 59,167 65 
 
 Due from Banks & Bankers, 812,230 25 
 
 Due from U. S. Treasurer.... 14,949 34 
 
 Cash on hand 421,358 08 
 
 Total - $3,298,920 93 
 
 Capital Stock............ $ 300,000 00 
 
 Surplus 150,000 00 
 
 Undivided Profits........ 51,654 00 
 
 Dividends unpaid , 15,505 00 
 
 Circulation 270,000 00 
 
 Deposits.. 2,511,761 93 
 
 $3,298,920 93 
 
80 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE MAEINE BANE 
 
 OF NORFOLK, V^l. 
 
 CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 W.H. TAYLOR, 
 
 President. 
 
 HUGH N. PAGE, 
 
 Acting Cashier. 
 
 Collections remitted for on day of payment. No charge for collections 
 
 payable with exchange. No extra charge for Collections 
 
 on Richmond, Petersburg, Lynchburg, 
 
 and Suffolk, Va. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 JAS. T. BORUM, of W. F. Allen & Co., Wholesale Grocers. 
 
 KADER BIGGS, of Kader Biggs & Co., Commission Merchants. 
 M. L. T. DAVIS, of M. L. T. Davis & Co,, Wholesale Grocers. 
 C. B. DUFFIELD, Attorney at Law. 
 
 W. W. GWATHMEY, of Gwathmey & Co., Commission Merchants. 
 L. HARM ANSON, of Harmanson & Heath, Attorneys at Law. 
 B. P. LOYALL, of Taylor & Loyall, Family Grocers. 
 WASHINGTON REED, of Peters & Reed, Commission Merchants. 
 CHAS. REID, of Chas. Reid & Son, Commission Merchants. 
 
 GEO. E. BOWDEN President. 
 
 GEO. S. OLDFIELD, Vice-Pres't 
 
 H. C. PERCY, Cashier. 
 
 m 
 
 X 
 
 USUI 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 CHARTERED 1874. 
 
 STATE INSTITUTION 
 
 Transact a Legitimate Banking Business 
 
 in all its Branches. Buy and sell exchange on all 
 Principal Cities of Europe. 
 
 Collections in Virginia and North Carolina 
 
 entrusted to us will receive prompt and 
 careful attention. 
 
 $20,000 00 
 3,000 00 
 
 Cash Capital Paid in 
 Surplus 
 
 Six Per Cent. Interest Paid on Savings Deposits. 
 
 H. B. NICHOLS, SAML. HOFFLIN, GEO. E BOWDEN, F. RICHARDSON, 
 
 J. R. GILLETT, S. E. BICKFORD, B. F. BOLSOM, Capt E. PICKUP, 
 
 GEO. S. OLDFIELD, J. H. WEMPLE. 
 
 S^° Deposits may be sent by Mail or Express and Bank Book will be 
 promptly sent. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 8l 
 
 Bankers ^Brokers, 
 
 I NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 
 
 Tender their services as Bankers, having special facilities for the collection of NOTES 
 and DRAFTS, payable in this city, or at any accessible points in this State or North 
 Carolina, WILL REMIT PROMPTLY ON DAY OF PAYMENT AT THE LOW- 
 EST RATE OF EXCHANGE on NEW YORK. 
 
 EXCHANGE ISSUED ON ALL THE CITIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 Bonds, Stocks, Mining Shares and Securities, bought, sold and negotiated on Com- 
 mission. 
 
 Virginia State Coupons, receivable for all State Taxes, Dues and Licenses, sold at 
 a liberal discount. 
 
 Uncurrent Bills, Southern Bank Notes, Mutilated Currency bought. Loans Nego- 
 tiated on Real Estate, Business Paper and Claims Discounted. 
 
 BUSINESS ACCOUNTS INVITED and INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME 
 DEPOSITS. 
 
 Particular attention paid to the purchase and sale of City and State Securities 
 on ORDERS. 
 
 Holders of Norfolk City Bonds furnished with Quotations as to the value and char- 
 acter of the same. 
 
 Coupons and Interest collected by sending Power of Attorney. 
 
 New York Correspondents, NINTH NATIONAL BANK, J. B. COLGATE 
 &. CO., KNAUTH, NACHOD &. KUHNE. 
 
 (Chartered under State Laws, 1st July, 1878.) 
 
 DIRECTORS : 
 
 JAS. E.BARRY, D. C. WHITEHTTRST, J AS. REID, SAM'L MARSH, 
 
 J. VICKERT, B. T. BOCK OVER, A. E. SANTOS, 
 
 W. A. GRAVES. 
 
 TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS. COLLECTIONS MADE 
 
 ON ALL POINTS AT CURRENT RATES. INTEREST ALLOWED ON 
 
 DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 N. Y. Correspondent, NATIONAL PARK BANK; Phila Correspondent, FIRST NATIONAL BANK; 
 Boston Correspondent, MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 ITORFOLB TRUST OQ, 9 
 
 56 ROANOKE AVE., NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 DEPOSITS OF EVERY AMOUNT RECEIVED. INTEREST ALLOWED ON 
 
 DEPOSITS. DISCOUNT DAYS, TUESDAYS 
 
 AND FRIDAYS. 
 
 WH, B. ROGERS, President. W. J. YOUNG, Secretary. 
 
82 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 IRON WORKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS. 
 
 a* 
 
 wEW persons who feel an interest in the growth and commercial pros- 
 &\ perity of Norfolk can pass through the southeastern part of the 
 city and be greeted, as one is sure to be, by the musical reverberations of 
 the boiler-maker's hammer, the caulker's mallet, the rattle of truck 
 wheels or the constant whistling of steamers and mills, without expe- 
 riencing a thrill of pleasure. Mechanics, like so many bees, are to be seen 
 scattered about the various shops, railways and saw-mills, each intent 
 upon some detail of the work in hand, which, when completed, will pro- 
 bably form a ponderous machine of great power, or shapely craft with 
 its compact body and spotless sail to bear the rich merchandise of a busy 
 people to other markets or climes. 
 
 Few people can fail to realize that in those scenes of activity in the 
 iron works, marine railways and foundries, are presented the most sub- 
 stantial and gratifying evidences of increasing wealth. No branch of the 
 manufacturing business becomes sooner effected, or more depressed 
 during seasons of financial strain than these, and when they are forced 
 to curtail their operations every fibre in the body commerce expe- 
 riences the evil results that inevitably follow. The class of people who 
 build up great cities, keep our currency constantly circulating in the 
 marts of trade, are reduced to a state of idleness and often of actual suf- 
 fering. When these industries are forced to their limit of productiveness, 
 we know that there is a demand caused by prosperity in other branches. 
 To-day the manufacturing interests of Norfolk are brighter than they 
 have ever been, and the steadily increasing demand for our manufactures 
 encourages- the belief that they will continue togrow in public favor, and 
 the means of producing them in magnitude and importance. 
 
 Our railways have as much as they can do, aud it often happens that 
 vessels are compelled to remain in the river several weeks before they 
 can obtain berth for repairs. Boilers, agricultural and narrow-gauge 
 engines of superior workmanship and artistic finish are made in Norfolk. 
 Most of them are shipped South, to be used in the timber districts of 
 North Carolina, or in the cotton fields of Georgia and South Carolina. 
 Norfolk manufacturers have lately directed their attention to the intro- 
 duction of their agricultural engines in the first-named State, and with 
 very satisfactory success. Wherever exhibited they have been awarded 
 special honor, when in competition with those of other popular makes. 
 The entire field of manufacturing enterprises here is full of remarkably 
 effective machinery, new in principle or application of principles pre- 
 viously known. We are not ashamed of the record this city has already 
 made, nor have we any fears that the future will fall behind the past in 
 sustaining the reputation which has been secured by our manufacturers. 
 The city contains four large merchant machine shops, three foundries 
 and five marine railways. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 83 
 
 bza Eaa 
 
 PROPRIETOR 
 
 Nos. 280 and 282 Water Street, 
 
 Manufacturer of Steam Engines, Boilers, 
 
 &AW AIB GRIST KEUUI, 
 
 SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGEES, FOEGINGS AND CASTINGS. 
 
 Special attention given to the repair of STEAMBOATS and MACHINERY 
 of all kinds. 
 
 JS^ MACHINISTS and BOILER MAKERS sent to any part of the Country to 
 repair work. 
 
 ¥M. A. GRAVES, 
 
 lLi 
 
 Lumber 
 Manufacturer, 
 
 Saw and Planing 
 
 HIEili s 5 
 
 Bil'i 
 
 ALL KINDS OF BRACKETS FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE. 
 
 Nos. 209 to 223 Water Street, NORFOLK, TA. 
 
84 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 Iron Yard I Metal House, 
 
 DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 
 
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 Big" Machinery of all kinds, new and second-hand, bought and sold^ 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 85 
 
 GEO. W. DUVAL & CO. 
 
 OBFOIK I 
 
 Cor. Water and Nebraska Streets, 
 
 I NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Engines, Boilers, Saw Mills, 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 MACHINERY of the MOST IMPROVED PATTERNS. 
 
 ALSO REPAIRING AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE. 
 
 «$~ PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO STEAMBOAT WORK. =©» 
 
 Duval's Patent BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect remedy for Leaky 
 Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any Engineer, and are 
 guaranteed to stop the leaks. 
 
 OLD ATLANTIC FOUNDRY, 
 
 206 Water Street, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 ■ m i m— 
 
 Manufactures every description of CASTINGS, Iron and Brass, at short notice 
 
 and at Baltimore Prices. 
 
 No extra charge for PATTERNS, of which I have an extensive variety. 
 
 HIGHEST CASH PRICES PAID FOR OLD METALS. 
 
 STOVES AND TINWARE. 
 
 <33' 
 
 HIS business was never in more prosperous condition than it is now, 
 even though competition and an increase in the number of firms 
 engaged in it have had the effect to reduce prices, and give to consumers 
 the advantages of a market almost identical with that at the largest foun- 
 dries and stove manufactories of the country. The activity and general 
 
§fr V f rj NOBFOLI>: AS A BUSINESS CENTKE ; c 
 
 busy movements observable in most of the houses, give the best ^assur- 
 ances that the trade is a vigorous and healthy one. With larger, stocks 
 and with about $60,000 actual capital, a business amounting to $200,000 
 was done in 1880, Eastern Virginia and Carolina people doing the buy--. 
 ing. With an enlarged trade the firms are doing better work, and the 
 click of the mallet resounds throughout the tinware shops of the city i 
 Every new design is introduced in this market directly it appears, and 
 our people, who a few years ago thought it necessary and economical to 
 make their largest purchases in Baltimore and Philadelphia, have begun 
 to realize that the home market affords eyery advantage to be had even 
 in the larger cities of the North. 
 
 GALVANIZED IRON CORNICES AND ORNAMENTAL WORK. 
 
 GEO. L.CROW, 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF AND DEALER IN 
 
 PLUMBING, COPPER, TIN and IRON WARE, 
 
 v HOUSE-FURNISHING GOODS, KEROSENE, &C. 
 
 Mo. 13 Commercial Root.? 
 S. S. PEED, Snpt. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SEEDSMEN. 
 
 SURROUNDED by such an immense trucking area, it is not at all 
 £-[ surprising that the seed business has grown and prospered to the 
 very great extent which it has. Sales are not made exclusively to 
 truckers, however, but shipped from here to almost all parts of the 
 United States, where people desire to cultivate vegetables, flowers, &c, 
 that have found successful propogation in this section. The seedsmen of 
 Norfolk grow most of their seed under their own, or such supervision as 
 will insure the highest state of perfection and vitality. They handle 
 very few fancy seed, but aim specially to produce such as are best adapted 
 to the Southern climate. -,:.. . : / / ; 
 
 The large and substantial patronage enjoyed by dealers in this line, in 
 this city, is sufficient proof that they conduct the business upon the most 
 correct principles. To build up and retain the trade of our truckers from- 
 year to year requires the most conscientious, earnest watchfulness, upon 
 the dealer's part, for the purity and reliability of his goods, besides, a, 
 thorough understanding of the most minute details of the business;, even., 
 to planting, cultivating, gathering and handling when in stock. 
 
ITS : PRINCIPAL 1 3ST Dtf&TRlES ANi) TEAi)ES. m 
 
 GEOBGE TAIT, 
 
 IMPORTER dF AND I)EALER IN H 
 
 Ewetiatt, %%&wMi tmnm* Canadian an 
 
 No. 7 Market Square, (East Bide), Norfolk, Ya. I 
 
 RULKOAD/ STEAMBOAT AND MACHINIST 
 
 SlfiPPX,ffiS. 
 
 (Ti. 
 
 ORFQKK city, the centre of vast steamboat, railroad, mil ling, and 
 <^p rapidly increasing manufacturing interests, necessarily controls a 
 trade in the business which heads this article, and where twelve years ago 
 one firm ventured successfully upon an unoccupied field, three now flour- 
 ish in theprqsecution of a business worth thousands of dollars, and whicli 
 extends- to shipping, milling, etc., advantages, which, a few years ago, 
 Were nbt possessed by this market. Until the date when the first house 
 began its operations, articles of themselves insignificant, butof vital im> 
 portanee to the harmonious action of some piece of machinery, could not b0 
 had here Tor five and often ten times the price charged for them now, and 
 even if such articles were to b^jhad at, prices now looked upon as extort 
 tionate, they had to go through different processes upon a blacksmith's 
 anvil before the required sizes or shapes could b'e obtained. Delays and 
 difficulties of this kind rendered the market poor and unsatisfactory to 
 those who were dependent upOn it for supplies. Advanced mechanics 
 and close Comjsetion have, however, remedied these evils, and we can in 
 safety assert that of either of the three firms here represented, goods in 
 their line of any desired quality, quantity, design or description can be 
 bought as cheaply as at any other point on the Atlantic Coast. Mill 
 supplies, used so extensively in. Eastern Virginia and North Carolina, 
 are nearly all drawn from Norfolk, and from the ponderous engine to the 
 tiniest band saw, or from the rope capable of sustaining tons of weight 
 to the most delicate thread, the stocks of the city are completely furnished. 
 The business has been developed by the most determined and intelli- 
 gent efforts until its volume has become great. Practical men have it in 
 charge and its growth will always be commensurate with the demands of 
 its dependent interests. 
 
NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 89 
 
 E. V. WHITE, 1 
 
 CHAS. SCHROEDER. j 
 
 f Consulting and 
 t Marine Engineers. 
 
 E. Y. WHITE & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS' AG-ENTS, 
 
 UHIty STEAM 
 
 m 
 
 lull 
 
 DD 
 
 m 
 
 IRON, STEEL, OILS. PAINTS § CORDAGE, 
 
 STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, TOOLS and MACHINERY, BELTING, PACKING, LACE LEATHER, 
 
 COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, GUM AND LEATHER HOSE, 
 
 WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS. 
 
 GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WASTE, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS 
 
 WHITE AND BED LEADS, BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS. 
 
 Manilla I Tarred Rigging, Cordage, Tar, 
 
 Pitch, Rosin, Oakum and Turpentine, 
 
 SHIP'S BLOCKS, 
 
 &MBW MM® 8IOfdtMi OILS, PMIMm* 
 
 Paint Oils and Paint Brushes, 
 
 LANTERNS, SIDE AND BOW LIGHTS, &C. 
 
 *Mm. II OQHKIlBfJIAIi ■ 
 
 (NEAR FERRY WHARF,) 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Wf 
 
90, NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;; J i 
 
 GUM flKD LEATHER BELTING, PACKING, WASTE, &C. 
 
 IMMllUOjj 
 
 TOOLS AND MACHINERY OF ALUMS. ' 
 
 IRON PIPE, ELBOWS, TEES, UNIONS, : '&b'., GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, 
 WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WAST#, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS, 
 
 WHITEANDEED LEADS, 
 
 OILS, BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS, 
 
 xh.o:n\ steed, 
 
 PAINTS A.TSTD CORDAGE, 
 
 STEAM GAUGES TESTED and WARRANTED. 
 
 IEIj^-IR,!} W".A_:R,:H] ! 
 
 PURE OILS A SPECIALTY. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS, 
 
 Railroad, Steamboat, and Mill Supplies* 
 
 118 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 STEAM FORCE PUMPS, SAW GUMMING MACHINES, CIRCULAR SAWS, 
 
 SWAGES, FILES, EMORY WHEELS, RAW HIDE AND OIL 
 
 TANNED LACE LEATHER, &c, &c. 
 
 Lard, Cylinder, Machinery and Lubricating Oils. 
 
 AXX-E GREASE AND TA&liOW, 
 
 SPUN YARN, OAKUM, MANILLA HOPE, 
 
 RAFTING CHAINS, WITH RINGS AND TOGGLES. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 
 
 m 
 
 WINES AND LIQUORS. 
 
 ck 
 
 T no period has the wholesale wine and liquor trade of Norfolk been 
 in better condition than at present. Always large, it has received 
 an impetus in sympathy with other wonderfully growing trades of the 
 city, and while a few years ago only a limited business was done in a 
 limited field, to-day our firms make shipments to the far South and 
 Southwest; indeed, in the Northern States many Norfolk brands of 
 liquors are in demand. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
 Georgia have proved excellent markets for our goods, and dealers have 
 not been backward in successfully occupying the field, in competition 
 with dealers of other cities. The purest and richest French, German 
 and native wines, fermented liquors, Bourbon and corn whiskies of the 
 great West are kept in stock, as are also many fancy liquors, of late so 
 popular with those who "smile. " The total sales for 1880 amounted 
 to within a fraction of $500,000, divided between firms with a consoli- 
 dated capital of $125,000. 
 
 The retail trade of the city is large, too, the annual sales reaching fully 
 $500,000. German habits and customs, now so common among our . 
 people, have succeeded in revolutionizing the retail trade. Light wines, 
 beer, ale, or similar refreshing beverages are now drunk to the partial ; 
 exclusion of stronger liquors. The retail wine and liquor stores of the 
 city are supplied with every description of goods, those of eyeryclime, 
 quality or vintage, and the mostcultivated palate can be suited. 
 
 ~ W.F.ALLEN~ 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 90 Watet Street, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Old Corn, Antler, Gaff's Star, Imperial Wedding. 
 Auroro and Gaff's WHISKIES, 
 
 
 f -°J£F f * Kk ^ 
 
 ORDERS SOLICITED. 
 
92 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 JOSEPH KLEPPER, 
 Rhine Wine Rooms. 
 
 ORCHESTRION | BILLIARD HALLS, 
 
 SUMMER 
 
 GARDEN, 
 
 143 and 145 Church Street, Nearly opp. Opera House, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 f&S^" Lunch Rooms contain all kinds of American and German delicacies. a= @a 
 
 FINE OLD LIQUORS, PRIME LACER BEER. 
 
 Orchestrion Concerts every night, and Instrumental Concerts at intervals through 
 the week. 
 
 The Entire premises have just been renovated for the Spring and Summer seasons, 
 and the Main and Billiard Halls beautifully frescoed. 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS PLACE IN EVERY PARTICULAR. 
 
 WOODIS 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 =1* 
 
 WW 
 
 m mi 
 
 I A 
 
 No. 8 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 
 CTOHIISr VEBMILLIOIT, 
 
 IMPOHTER QiS? 
 
 !hi§i § ®istii| I?§if §i§ 
 
 No. 4 ATLANTI C HOTEL, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SAW MILLS. 
 
 fURING the last eight years extensive improvements and additions 
 have been made to the milling interests of Norfolk. The towering 
 smoke-stacks and great spread of lumber are features that greet us as we 
 look around the shores of our harbor and along the streams directly 
 tributary to the Elizabeth river. Up the two canals, along the sounds 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 93 
 
 and rivers' of North Carolina, adjacent to the lines of railroads centering 
 here, are situated some of the largest saw-mills in the country, and through 
 them Norfolk enjoys a trade in lumber which last year amounted to 
 100,000,000 feet, being about double the quantity marketed in 1878. 
 The finest milling machinery to be found anywhere is in operation in 
 these mills, and one mill here is said to contain the finest and most 
 improved appliances for expeditious sawing and handling to be found 
 in any Southern State. 
 
 The six largest firms doing business in or near Norfolk have an ap- 
 proximated capital of §400,000, and their establishments turn out about 
 40,000,000 feet of boards, joist, scantling and heavy timber per annum. 
 Yellow pine, Cypress and Poplar are the principal kinds of wood manip- 
 ulated. Most of the shipments made from here, or bills cut to order, 
 are for Northern and Eastern markets. The quantity of lumber annually 
 brought through the Albemarle and Chesapeake and Dismal Swamp 
 canals increases each succeeding year, and now constitutes the bulk of 
 our business in this line. Through the A. & C. Canal alone 58,178,803 
 feet were received here during the fiscal year ending September 30th, 
 1880, being an increase in ten years of 46,054,216 feet. [The total value 
 of manufactured lumber handled by our mills iu 1880 lias been put at 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 J. L CARMAN & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 "^"IEIjIjO'W" IPIItTZE! 
 
 Lumber and Timber, 
 
 RAILROAD SUPPLIES AND LONG TIMBER, 
 
 A SPECIALTY. 
 
 Capacity of Mill 6,500,000 feet per Annum. 
 
 OFFICES: 
 
 120 Liberty Street, N. Y., and Norfolk, Va. 
 
 MILL, ATLANTIC CITY, Virginia, 
 
94 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 S. Q. COLLINS. J. B. LeKIES. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 -^ZELLQW" pine 
 
 ■ ■ Lj jMl JB IELj jE\j 
 
 113i 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 9 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO ALL ORDERS FOR 
 
 IfllA Am WOftTtt CAWl 
 
 YELLOW X»XXtB. 
 
 3 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 95 
 
 BOOTH, CARMAN & CO, 
 Gang and Circular Saw Mills, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 LATHS, BED SLABS, Etc. 
 
 m^>~ » -«■■ 
 
 JIHC HilLLS. 
 
 Orders for Domestic or Export Cargoes Cut at Short Notice. 
 
 Special Attention is called to our DRYING HOUSES and facilities 
 
 for Seasoning Lumber. 
 
 ANNUAL CAPACITY OF MILL, 6,500,000 FEET. 
 
 Offices, 120 Liberty Street, New York, 
 Norfolk, Va., Bergen Point, N. J. 
 
 MILL, BERKLEY, VIRGINIA.. 
 
 STEAM BAKERIES. 
 
 N the manufacture and sale of such articles as are usually produced by 
 bakeries, Norfolk occupies an excellent and by no means small ter- 
 ritory, which contains a trade of the safest and most desirable character. 
 We have in the city seven good bakeries, but only one that is operated 
 by steam upon a large scale, or whose manufactures find distant sale. The 
 smaller establishments are, however, well sustained by the local retail 
 trade, and the general consumption of their goods by our citizens is con- 
 clusive evidence that they merit appreciation. Our wholesale grocers and 
 commission houses are the largest handlers of Norfolk made goods, in 
 fact, the instances are very rare where staple articles of this kind, manu- 
 factured in other cities, are offered by them in competition with those 
 of Norfolk make. Fancy cakes, crackers, etc., are shipped from here 
 over the entire South, and they may be found upon the shelves of many 
 stores in foreign ports. The marine trade in this line is also very large, 
 especially since our goods are adapted to use upon salt water, and retain 
 their freshness and flavor when exposed to atmospheric changes. An- 
 other feature of this business, and one that commends it to the favor of 
 all who advocate home patronage, is that all the raw materials, such as 
 flour, molasses, sugars and others, used in the business, are bought from 
 dealers in Norfolk, and this reciprocity of trade conduces to the material 
 advancement of each. In 1880 the trade, both wholesale and retail, 
 in this line amounted to nearly $300,000, an( i the indications are that 
 the present year's business will yield a very satisfactory increase. 
 
96 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 JAMES REID. W. T. NIMMO. C. C REID. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1856. 
 
 
 4#;4J=iip 
 
 Manufacturers of all kinds of Superior Excelsior 
 
 ."-» v.. 
 
 fc-€|\Wl^ 
 
 £» "W^i 
 
 ■O^vtssm 
 
 ilSfellUltf 
 
 BREAD, CAKES, CRACKERS, &c, 
 
 ]N~o. 87 Main Street, . 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 Factory, Holt's Lane and Elizabeth Street. 
 
 N. B.— Parties ordering their Goods through their COMMISSION 
 MERCHANTS, will get them at FACTORY PRICES. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 97 
 
 PEANUTS. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING the Peanut business may to some appear 
 Cy small, it is, nevertheless, one of the many branches of trade in all 
 marts. Every village, town and city in the country annually consumes 
 this delicious little ground nut, and the increase in crops is solely in 
 response to the increased demands of consumers. The peanut season 
 commences in September, but the crop is not harvested until October, 
 except in Virginia, where the season opens earlier. This State supplies 
 about sixty per centum of the American consumption, and Tennessee 
 about thirty-five. In 1880 Tennessee produced 750,000 bushels, North 
 Carolina 120,000, and Virginia 1,350,000 bushels, the latter States fur- 
 nishing Northern and Northwestern markets, while the other States ship 
 principal I v to the West. The entire crop of the United States for 1880 
 was valued at $2,150,000. 
 
 The counties of Prince George, Sussex, Surry, Southampton, Isle of 
 Wight and Nansemond, in this State, are the greatest producers, but the 
 cultivation of peanuts has extended over to the Peninsula counties, and 
 where last year Warwick was the only county that raised to any extent, 
 Elizabeth City and York are now competing with Warwick, and the 
 counties of Mathews and Gloucester have commenced to grow them in 
 small lots; some few are also raised in Norfolk and Princess Anne 
 counties. Out of a Virginia crop of 1,350,000 bushels Norfolk handled 
 last season over 1,000,000 bushels The average price was about 4J 
 cents per pound, or 99 cents per bushel, there being twenty-two pounds 
 to the bushel. These would realize about $1,000,000 to Norfolk from 
 its peanut trade alone. The following is a comparative statement of 
 crops by year for Virginia from 1867 to 1880, inclusive : 
 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 The Virginia nut is preferred to all others, and readily sells for from 
 one to one and a half cents per pound more than the Tennessee or Caro- 
 lina nut. The low price that the Virginia nut now brings is due to the 
 competition with the inferior grades raised in Georgia and Tennessee, 
 for it matters not how low our grades are offered, holders of the Tennessee 
 and North Carolina stock continue to drop or cut in prices. However, 
 the time is coming when^the competition with inferior goods being over, 
 our growers will be enabled to reap remunerative prices. 
 
 In connection with the general handling of peanuts, there are in Nor- 
 folk three large factories for cleaning and sorting the nuts into different 
 grades, from the largest, with polished hulls, to the worthless mixture of 
 broken hulls and dirt.. 
 
 75,000 bushels. 
 
 1874 
 
 350,000 bushels 
 
 150,000 
 
 a 
 
 1875" 
 
 450,000 
 
 424,000 
 
 it 
 
 1876 
 
 780,000 " 
 
 270,000 
 
 a 
 
 1877 
 
 405,000 " 
 
 195,450 
 
 " 
 
 1878 
 
 875,000 " 
 
 324.000 
 
 a 
 
 1879 
 
 1,000,000 " 
 
 225,000 
 
 a 
 
 1880 
 
 1,350,000 
 
98 
 
 B 4 F. WALTERS. 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 JAMES MONTGOMERY, 
 
 T. A. WALTERS. ! 
 
 "WELL 
 
 CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS AND PROPRIETORS OF THE 
 
 
 
 BRANDS OF 
 
 Virginia Hand-Picked 
 
 Cor. Water and Fayette Sts., 
 
 ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 REFERENCE, BURRUSS, SON & CO., BANKERS, NORFOLK, 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 99 
 
 WHOLESALE BOOTS AND SHOES 
 
 ^gOUTHERN and Southwestern buyers have begun to realize the 
 C\ fact that prices here are in many instances identical with those at 
 the factories, and often less, as our dealers buy in large quantities and 
 when the market is dull, while the smaller dealer or the dealer further 
 South, does not make his purchases until the season has fully opened, 
 and then in smaller quantities. Thus it is that Norfolk Boot and Shoe 
 Houses obtain all the advantages offered by an advanced market, and 
 can afford to extend more liberal terms to those who buy later and in 
 smaller lots. We have here several wholesale houses, requiring a com- 
 bined capital of nearly three hundred thousand dollars to conduct them. 
 This amount is in continual activity, and manipulated by men of broad 
 business ideas and sterling integrity — men who are intimately acquainted 
 with the wants of the trade and thoroughly understand their business in 
 its most minute details. Their annual sales are large, and through the 
 agency of a competent corps of traveling salesmen, many thousands of 
 dollars worth of goods are bought by merchants in the South who rarely 
 if ever visit the market. 
 
 While Norfolk's principal trade does not extend beyond the Carolinas, 
 through this one branch her reputation has far exceeded the limits 
 marked out by less enterprising and energetic dealers. 
 
 Bills bought here are guaranteed duplicates of regular Northern 
 prices, and dealers are cordially invited to satisfy themselves by a per- 
 sonal examination. 
 
 SMITH N. BRICKHOUSE & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Boots and Shoes, 
 
 Cor. Water and Commerce Streets, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SALESMEN : 
 
 JOHN W. OLD. T. M. SAUNDERS, THOMAS OLD, 
 
 FRED FLETCHER. 
 
300 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 COAL AND WOOD YARDS. 
 
 <7T 
 
 vl ,HE great, piles of coal" seen towering above the limits of the many 
 bins in the coal yards of this city, must impress observers with the 
 fact that its handling requires the employment of a great many people 
 and a large amount of money. All along the water front these, yards 
 are located, and vessels are loaded or discharged at very small cost and 
 with little trouble. The immense coal beds situated along the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Railroad, supply a greater part of the demands of this market, 
 whije Maryland and Pennsylvania furnish an immense amount. The 
 great ocean steamers leaving this port carry with them well filled bunkers, 
 from our yards, and daily shipments are made to consumers and dealers 
 in Virginia and North Carolina, at points upon streams tributary to the 
 Elizabeth river and the sounds. The seven largest firms in the coal 
 trade do an annual business of $500,000 in coals alone, to say nothing 
 of the sales of wood, which many of them handle in quantities, exclusive 
 of business done by, the eleven wood yards. The estimated capital 
 employed by these houses is placed at the modest sum of $100,000. 
 During the Winter season, when this business is at its height, our wood 
 wharves present a most animated appearance, the docks being filled with 
 loaded lighters and the street with venders anxious for a customer. Ma-> 
 chinery for cutting and splitting is to be found in nearly all the yards, 
 and from their continual motion it may be safely concluded that business 
 is good. 
 
 ■7 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in all kinds of 
 
 Egg, Stove, Chestnut, Foundry. 
 
 AND 
 
 BLACKSMITH GOAL, 
 
 Office and Yard, Myers' Wharf, (next to Comity Ferry,) 
 PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
 HAVING INCREASED OUR FACILITIES AND AREA, WE ARE PREPARED 
 
 TO FILE ORDERS FOR ANY QUANTITIES. 
 
 SHIPMENTS MADE PROMPTLY AND GOOD COAL AND WEIGHT 
 
 GUARANTEED. 
 
 AS= OFFICE CONNECTED BY TELEPHONE, -©ft 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 101 
 
 THOS. J. NOTTINGHAM. WM. A. WRENN. 
 
 Li 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 Ice. Coal a 
 
 Nottingham and Wrenn's Wharf, AT c L rWy ,c 
 And Nos. 6 and 7 Campbell's Wharf, 
 
 IsTOE/FOLK, Vll^CS-Ilsri^.. 
 
 FOR OUR ICE BUSINESS 
 
 we have storage capacity for 4,000 Tons. Keep constantly on hand a 
 very large stock of best MAINE ICE and have cargoes arriving 
 throughout the year. Special inducements offered to the WHOLESALE 
 TRADE. 
 
 AND 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 ©IF® C?OAIi IA11 
 
 is always supplied with complete stocks of free-burning RED and 
 WHITE ASH COALS, of all sizes, also with the best GEORGE'S 
 CREEK CUMBERLAND COAL, all of which is sold in any quanti- 
 ty desired. 
 
 OUR WOOD BUSINESS 
 
 is confined to Retail. We offer best OAK AND PINE WOOD 
 Sawed and Delivered to any part of the City. 
 
 Having extensive Wharf Property and ample room for every Branch 
 of our Business, we can confidently offer our services to the Public, at 
 Home and Abroad. We guarantee Lowest Market Prices and satisfac- 
 tion in every respect. Our facilities are unsurpassed. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM & WRENN. 
 
102 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 NORFOLK'S EXPORT TRADE. 
 
 yJ iHE export trade of Norfolk, which forms the opening subject of this 
 
 * year's review, its astonishing growth, the many vicissitudes through 
 which it has successfully passed, its present permanency, its great im- 
 portance to the commercial welfare of the city, and its effect upon the 
 money market, or its own collateral branches, furnishes such an interest- 
 ing array of facts that the most enthusiastic writer could not but find in 
 it a pleasant theme, upon which the most elaborate and interesting arti- 
 cles may be based. The press of the city and State has from time to, 
 time kept our people conversant with its progress, and even then the causes 
 that have conduced to its growth have been overlooked in the haste to 
 ascertain their results. 
 
 The table of exports by articles, to date, commencing with the year 
 1865, illustrates all the variations in the value of articles shipped direct 
 since that year, as recorded at the Custom House. It will be noticed 
 that in 1865 the exports were valued at $11,538, of which $11,163 were 
 staves, and that no cotton was shipped that year; that in 1866 assorted 
 cargoes went out to the value of $413,405, of which amount $119,023 
 was cotton, the first lot exported in the steamer Ephesus, subsequently 
 wrecked on the coast of Newfoundland. 
 
 From this date forward every effort was made to establish direct trade 
 with Europe, with varying success, until in 1874, when nearly 50,000 
 bales of cotton were shipped to Liverpool and the cotton began to come 
 in from the South in such quantities as to justify reasonable hopes of its 
 ultimate establishment. From $119,023 in 1866, the value of cotton 
 exported in 1880 amounted to $17,508,724, and the total exports from 
 $413,405 to the enormous sum of $18,095,158. 
 
 These figures must remove all doubt, if any exists, intheminds of our 
 people, as to the importance of the direct trade of Norfolk. 
 
 Two compress machines, the Seaboard, owned by Messrs. Reynolds 
 Brothers, and one operated by the Virginia Compress Company, reduce 
 the size of bales nearly two-thirds, and during the busy season their fires 
 are kept up day and night. The erection of more machines will un- 
 doubtedly take place before another season opens, and when they are 
 completed there will yet be business enough for more. 
 
 Wharf facilities, already great, last season proved inadequate to the 
 demand, vessels being compelled to lie out in the stream until berths could 
 be obtained for them. This obstacle will also be partially removed by 
 another season, and many new wharves are already under construction. 
 When the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has been built to Newport 
 News, the elevators and wharves of the Norfolk and Western (late At- 
 lantic, Mississippi and Ohio) Railroad completed, the grain exports will 
 no doubt figure conspicuously in the annual list of articles and swell the 
 footings of each year's table of figures. 
 
 The attention of stock raisers in West Virginia has been drawn to the 
 superior facilities offered them for the safe and cheap shipment of cattle 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 103 
 
 through Norfolk, and last year, head cattle valued at $117,100 were 
 
 billed direct to Liverpool, with the most encouraging results. 
 
 The following tables show the vessels, tonnage, &c, cleared from this 
 
 port in 1879 and '80, their destinations, nationality, value of cargoes, 
 
 &c"; bales of cotton exported direct from season of 1865 and '6 to March 
 
 31st, 1881, and also articles, value and total footings from January 1st, 
 
 1865, to December 31st, 1880, as accurately compiled from the official 
 
 records of the Custom House : 
 
 Exports of Cotton by Bales for 16 Years, from September 1st to August 31st, each Year: 
 
 Seasons. 
 1865- ; 6 
 1866-7 
 1867-'8 
 1868-'9 
 
 1869-70 , 
 
 1870-'l 
 1871-'2 
 1872-'3 
 1873-'4 .... 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Seasons. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 733 
 
 1874-'5 
 
 67,212 
 
 14,168 
 
 1875-'6 
 
 . 108,683 
 
 8,279 
 
 1876-'7 
 
 116,855 
 
 7,527 
 
 1877-'8 
 
 . 159,357 
 
 . 4,745 
 5,142 
 
 1878-'9 
 1879-'80 
 
 203,536 
 257,065 
 
 4,687 
 
 8,282 
 
 20,346 
 
 1880-' 1 .... 
 September 1st, '80, to March 
 
 31, '81, (7 mouths) . 286, 621 
 
 s of Vessels which Cleared for Foreign Ports during tht 
 
 with their 
 
 Tonnage and 
 
 Value of Cargoes : 
 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Val. Cargoes 
 
 
 63,936 
 36,961 
 23,407 
 
 $7,960,476 
 6,477,629 
 3,135,362 
 
 
 197 
 
 6,800 
 
 
 4,738 
 
 416,277 
 
 
 7,710 
 
 99,614 
 
 
 136,949 
 
 $18,095,158 
 
 Class No. 
 
 Steamships 38 
 
 Ships 28 
 
 Barks 32 
 
 Barkentines 1 
 
 Brigs , 12 
 
 Schooners 20 
 
 Total 131 
 
 The aggregate tonnage of foreign-bound vessels during the calendar year 1879 was 
 112,485 tons, which shows a balance in favor of the calendar year 1880 of 24,464 tons. 
 
 Destinations.— Liverpool, 78; Barbadoes, 11 ; Jamaica, 8; Demerara, 6; Hamburg, 3; 
 Bremerhaven, 3; Reval, 3; Amsterdam, 2; Havre, 2; Rouen, 2; Cat Island, 2; Cork, 2; 
 Marsala, 2 ; Martinique, 1 ; St. Thomas, 1 ; Bilboa, 1 ; Nassau, 1 ; Costa Rica, 1 ; St. 
 Pierre, 1 ; Port Simon, 1. 
 
 Nationalities. — British, 75 ; American, 35; Spanish, 8; Norwegian, 7; German, 2; 
 Dutch, 1 ; Austrian, 1 ; Russian, 1; Italian, 1. 
 
 COASTWISE TRADE. 
 
 A Comparative Statement of the Coastwise Entrances and Clearances for the Calendar Years 
 Ending December 31 st, 1879 and 1880: 
 ENTRANCES. 
 Yeae. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. 
 
 1880.... 1,305 1,220,229 
 
 1879 1,068 973,459 
 
 In favor of '80. 
 
 237 
 
 CLEARANCES. 
 No. of Vessels. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1880 1,000 
 
 1879 1,020 
 
 246,734 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 1,040,083 
 1,018,699 
 
 In favor of 79.. 
 In favor of '80 . 
 
 20 
 
 21,414 
 
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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 105 
 
 WILLIAM LAMB & CO., 
 
 Ship i Steamship Agents, 
 
 GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 HORFOLK, VA. 
 
 BRANCH OFFICE, FORT MONROE, HAMPTON ROADS. 
 
 VICE CONSULATES OF GERMANY, SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 
 
 (We use Scott's Code, edition of 1878, and Anglo-American Steamship Cable 
 
 Code.) 
 
 AGBNTS *&W 
 
 ALLAN and NORTH GERMAN LLOYDS Steamship Lines. 
 
 Issuing Through Bills of Lading from Norfolk to 
 LIVERPOOL, BREMEN, AND OTHER EUROPEAN PORTS. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS ID NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE," 
 
 Consignment of First-class Freight Steamers solicited, to load upon this 
 Line. Ships chartered from all ports of the United States. 
 
 oo^-Xjiisra- depot, 
 
 Steamships consigned to us supplied with the best Steam Coals, and quick 
 dispatch in harbor or at Quarantine Station at lowest rates. 
 
 DISTRESSED VESSELS. — Consignments of distressed vessels solicited 
 and satisfaction guaranteed. 
 
 
106 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 MWWWnBB MM@W J MM J MMt 
 
 AND SHIPPEES OF 
 
 Cotton, Grain ® Naval Stores, 
 
 AND 
 
 Isiiiiiii ti Sat? wit ®i Silli 
 
 ALSO AGENTS OF 
 
 SOUTH ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINE 
 
 TO XiXYBRPOOL. 
 
 Vice Consulates of GREAT BRITAIN, Agents for LLOYD'S, LIVERPOOL, 
 
 NETHERLANDS, and GLASGOW, ITALIAN, DUTCH, 
 
 BRAZIL. FRENCH and AUSTRIAN 
 
 UNDERWRITERS. 
 
 MYERS &d CO., 
 
 (ESTABLISHED 1786.) 
 
 Steamship Agents, Ship Brokers, 
 
 AND 
 
 GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 M«aP»liK^ TA. 
 Offices, Norfolk City And Hampton Roads, Va. 
 
 Cable Address, " MYERS," Norfolk. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 107 
 
 JOBcsrsTo:^ & beo. 
 
 Ship Brokers and Agents. 
 
 No. 76 WATER STREET, UP STAIRS, 
 
 p. o. Box, 577. NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 i i m 
 
 VESSELS FURNISHED PROMPTLY FOR ALL CARGOES. 
 
 BUILDERS' MATERIAL. 
 
 jftO great has been the advances in this department of trade that the 
 p[ humblest and cheapest dwellings in the city, built during the past 
 few years, far surpass in durability, comfort and ornamentation, many 
 costly edifices of former times. While the character of these buildings 
 has improved, the cost of building has .been considerably decreased. 
 The quality of the bricks manufactured around Norfolk is good, and 
 the competing yards being numerous, prices have been brought down 
 to their lowest. Fine pressed bricks for fronts are obtained from Phil- 
 adelphia and Baltimore, Norfolk yards making only rough work. 
 
 Dealers in building material in the city occupy large warehouses, some 
 of the largest in the city, and their stocks of finishing Limes, Cement, 
 Plaster, Laths, Press, Cornice, Paving and Building Bricks, are large. 
 
 Surrounded by saw mills, Norfolk is an excellent market for Sash, 
 Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, Brackets, &c. Millions of feet of building 
 material of home manufacture find ready purchasers, the quality of the 
 material being good, at regular figures. Contractors find ample stocks 
 for regular goods, and every facility for the prompt execution of their 
 orders at the mills in and around the city. 
 
 JOH1I O. GAMAGE T 
 
 100 & 102 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 RECEIVER AND SHIPPER OF ALL KINDS 
 
 BUILDING AND FINISHING LIMES, 
 
 Portland, Roman, Keene's and Rosendale Cement, 
 
 CALCINE, DENTAL, CASTING AND LAND PLASTER, 
 
 gWmblt gu.st, (goat §ust, $ xm, gin ffllajj. 
 
 PRESS, ANGLE, CORNICE, FIRE, PAVING AND BUILDING BRICKS, 
 
 TAR, ROSIN, SLATES, &c. 
 
 B^" Special Rates in Freights and Prices for wholesale lots. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 jj>N the older sections of the country, where the land has been continu- 
 ally cropped until it has become exhausted, the application of ferti- 
 lizers is necessary to restore its productiveness. Our lands must be gen- 
 erously fed if we would reap bountiful harvests in return for the labor 
 
108 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 in their cultivation. The necessity of this course is so imperative that its 
 observance will often afford an index to the standing of the farmer, and 
 he who is most liberal and judicious in the use of fertilizers will always 
 be declared the most successful. A thorough knowledge of the wants of 
 land, of those elements necessary to the particular crop in cultivation, 
 but which are lacking, is of vita! importance to the farmer when using; 
 chemical fertilizers, as also is a thorough acquaintance with the different 
 brands in the market a matter of direct pecuniary moment, as many far- 
 mers can testify to the disastrious results following the use of recently- 
 introduced and untried brands, guaranteed by unscrupulous dealers to 
 possess the most stupendous recuperative properties, as set forth in 
 pamphlets full of the most flattering certificates from farmers in the North 
 and West, whose existence began and ended in the manufacturers' fertile 
 imagination. Impositions in fertilizers can easily be avoided by the most: 
 inexperienced farmer, if he will accept the experience of others, whose 
 opinions are the result of long and varied experiments, and, after settling 
 upon some particular fertilizer, obtain it only from a well-known, reliable 
 and responsible dealer, one whose reputation and best interests demand 
 the most absolute honesty and fair dealing on his part. The planter m 
 very frequently at the mercy of the dealer, and the ease with which fer- 
 tilizers may be adulterated with the most worthless substances, renders 
 the trade peculiarly liable to gross impositions. It is a well-known fact 
 that North Carolina and some parts of Virginia have been made success- 
 ful cotton growing sections through the use of chemical fertilizers which 
 force the plant to attain its growth, and the bulb its full development, 
 at a much earlier season than they could possibly do without this scien- 
 tific aid rendered the soil. Of late years the fertilizer dealers have turned 
 their attention to preparing fertilizers from raw materials, and their suc- 
 cess is best attested by the continually increasing patronage received from 
 the largest truckers and planters around Norfolk and in Carolina. 
 
 Last year, for the first time, German Potash Salts were imported direct 
 from Hamburg and unloaded on our wharves, for use in the manufacture 
 of fertilizers at the factories in this city. 
 
 Progress in no business is more marked than in this, and dealers have 
 been quick to extend the sphere of their operations by putting pure goods 
 upon the market, willing to have them judged solely by their merits. 
 
 In the warehouses of Norfolk may be found Peruvian Guano, direct 
 Government importation, Bone-Dust, Animal Matter, Dried Blood, Bone 
 Black, Dissolved Bone, Fish Guano, Plaster, Kainit, Sulph. Ammonia, 
 Nit. Soda, Sulph. Soda, Nit. or Sulph. Potash, in excellent mechanical 
 condition, and all kinds of fertilizers of undoubted purity, calculated to 
 recuperate impoverished soil, all of which are sold at prices identical with 
 those of other markets, or consistent with sound business principles. 
 Norfolk contains one incorporated company and two firms engaged in 
 manufacturing fertilizers, and their goods are every day winning favor 
 with Southern farmers, to the exclusion of other brands once considered 
 high in the scale of excellence. The three establishments referred to are 
 controlled by men of recognized worth, and with abundant means at 
 hand, they are pushing the business to the very climax of success. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 109 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
110 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 CHARLES RED & SON, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Commission Merchants, 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Staves, Treenails, Peruvian Guano 
 
 STANDARD FERTILIZERS, 
 
 AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 "Farmers' Favorite" § "Farmers' Challenge" 
 
 Compounds of Fish, Flesh, Blood and Bones. 
 
 The three last named articles being obtained principally from the Slaugh- 
 ter Houses in and near the City. In many instances the action of these 
 Fertilizers has been 
 
 EQUAL TO THE BEST PERUVIAN. 
 
 As testimonials in our possession will abundantly show. 
 
 We manufacture a 
 
 MILD AGRICULTURAL LIME, 
 
 NEW PROCESS. NOT BURNT. 
 
 Unlike Burnt Lime, it does not interfere with the germination of Seed, 
 or DISSIPATE the AMMONIA found in the soil, or formed from the 
 ORGANIC MATTER it prepares for the plant, but utilizes it. 
 
 One Ton represents the bulk of about 33 tons of Burnt Lime. 
 We keep constantly on hand 
 
 o. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, 
 
 10 and 6 PER CENT. 
 
 Raw and Dissolved Bone, Kainit, Land Plaster, 
 
 AND ARE AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF 
 
 YULOA2STITE Q-TTA.lSrO. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 Upshur Guano Co 
 
 111 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Wt H pp TiB 
 
 w 
 
 ssv vwwwwwvl wi^s®* v\\\\\\\w\ ^m\» mwwt , :sssm wm vwwwwm wss^m ^^s# ^ 
 AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 
 
 CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS 
 
 FOR MAKING FERTILIZERS! 
 
 No. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO, ANIMAL MATTER, DRIED BLOOD, BONE DUST, 
 
 BONE BLACK, DISSOLVED BONE, FISH GUANO, PLASTER. 
 
 KAINIT, &c, &c, &c. 
 
 ALSO, SULPH. AMMONIA, NIT. SODA, SULPH. SODA, NIT. POTASH, 
 
 SULPH. POTASH, &c, &c. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 Peruvian Guano and Bone Dust Fertilizer! 
 
 ALSO, ROYAL PHOSPHATE. 
 
 Office and Warehouse, 154 and 156 Water Street, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Factory, Bain's Wharf, Portsmouth, 
 
112 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE ; 
 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 vf /HE great principles upon which the business of insurance is founded, 
 i should be familiar to all who are engaged in commercial or mer- 
 cantile pursuits. It has become so intimately associated with every de- 
 partment of business since the year 1794, when the term " Underwriters" 
 came into existence, that its claim to our consideration as one of the most 
 beneficial and useful institutions in the civilized world, is fully conceded. 
 A few years ago, companies were organized in every direction, many of 
 them founded upon plans well calculated to secure the patronage and 
 co-operation of the masses, but with little capital in their exchequers, and 
 less practical judgment in their management. The great financial panics 
 of late years have had a most salutary effect upon these institutions, and 
 the majority of them have been forced to curtail their wild-cat operations 
 or to abandon the field altogether. The more substantial companies, 
 however, have not only held their own, but have become strengthened 
 by the growth of years, enlarging their sphere of usefulness, and each 
 year adding those elements which guarantee the most absolute safety to 
 the insured. The merchant prince whose vast enterprises are entrusted 
 to the management of other hands may now feel no alarm for their 
 safety, or the humbler artisan entertain no dread that the all-consuming 
 flame will cut off his hard-earned accumulations of years, or that his 
 family will lose the protection of that friendly roof which the labor of 
 his hands has provided, if he will only devote a small stipend to the 
 perpetuation of a policy of insurance. Men whose extravagant style of 
 living or large dependences prevent their laying up annually a sum 
 sufficient for all contingencies, can provide for their families and loved 
 ones through the medium of life insurance. 
 
 No thoughtful man of business will omit the item of insurance from 
 his list of necessary expenses, and those who are possessed of capital in- I 
 sufficient for both the conduct of their business, and the payment of 
 premiums upon the insurance of that business, directly jeopardizes the 
 interests of all who may at any time become his creditors. As we have 
 before stated, the insurance companies with agencies here, have always 
 been prompt in discharging their obligations, and rarely indeed does it 
 require the intervention of our Courts to obtain just and equitable settle- 
 ments between policy holders and the companies. The recent organiza- 
 tion of a local Board of Underwriters will, we hope, conduce to the 
 interests of all the companies represented, by securing uniform rates in 
 different branches of insurance, harmonizing all conflicting interests by 
 establishing equitable competitive ground for all the agencies. 
 
 A. M. VAUGHAPJ & SON, 
 
 General Insurance Agents and Brokers, 
 
 No. 96 MAIN" STREET. 
 
 We furnish the best Foreign and Domestic Insurance, Fire, Life, and Marine, at 
 current rates. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 113 
 
 i 
 
 ki¥§ipiil is€ &§a€is wi€ ill§liii 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 TOTAL ASSETS: 832,000,000 GOLD. 
 
 CHICAG-O LOSSES, - (1871) $3,239,091.00 
 BOSTON LOSSES, - (1872) $1,429,729.00 
 
 ST. JOHN'S, 1ST. B.,LOSSES,(1876) $465,151.00 
 
 PAID PROMPTLY AND WITHOUT USUAL DISCOUNT I 
 
 Deposited at the State Capitol $50,000, XJ. S. Bonds, for the Special 
 Security of Virginia Policy Holders. 
 
 Invested in Beal Estate in the City of Richmond, $31,000. 
 
 ®g^- The only Foreign Fire Insurance Company doing business in 
 Virginia that has invested money in the State. 
 
 GEO. W. BEY & SON, Agents, 
 
 117 ZMZ^IIsT" STREET, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 JA.MES L. CORLEY, 
 Fire 9 Life and Marine Insurance Agent, 
 
 128 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 REPRESENTS 
 
 The Royal Fire Insurance Co. 
 The Imperial and Northern Fire Insurance Co. 
 The London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co. 
 The Westchester Fire Insurance Co. 
 
 Assets Represented Over Seventy Millions. 
 
 Prompt Attention to Business. Fair Eates. Good Companies. 
 
 C. A. RICHARDSON, Solicitor. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 The Connecticut Fire Insurance Co 
 The Watertown Fire Insurance Co. 
 The Washington Life Insurance Co 
 
 C9 * 
 
 ■$} /HERE never has been a want of hotel accommodations in 
 \ Norfolk, but to-day the city contains the handsomest and best 
 kept hotels to be found almost anywhere. Surrounded by the most 
 famous truck or vegetable growing region in the world, with the diver- 
 sified products of our waters within a stone's throw of their doors, they 
 
114 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 are enabled to supply their tables with the choicest eatables of an abun-j 
 dant market. The buildings are large, well arranged and located con- 
 veniently to the business portions of the city, depots, wharves, churches, 
 places of amusement, etc., and they are fitted up with every convenience 
 and accessory, both for saving labor and promoting health ; besides which) 
 their furnishings are of the most elegant and tasteful description. They/I 
 are heated by steam, their floors are served by fine elevators, and eachi 
 room furnished with annunciators. Their parlors, reception rooms and I 
 dining halls are lofty, well ventilated and lighted, combined with which; 
 their furnishings give them an air of elegance and cheerfulness. There? 
 are many apartments arranged en suite and replete with every luxury tot 
 suit the most advanced and educated tastes of the very best class off 
 patrons. Their cuisine is always maintained at a point of excellence in 
 keeping with the appointments of the houses, and the surrounding ad- 
 vantages referred to. Commercial travelers, health and pleasure seekers ) 
 are often induced to prolong their stay in Norfolk by the comforts -s 
 offered them in hotels of the city and its accessibility to the great pleas- 
 ure resorts referred to in the general sketch of the city and its advan- 
 tages. 
 
 NEW ATLANTIC HOTEL! 
 
 Cor. Main and Granby Streets, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 TERMS, $2.50 AND $3 00 PER DAY, ACCORDING TO LOCATION. 
 
 ^ygb^Wrif^^ig, 
 
 R. S. DODSOIST, Proprietor. 
 
 Enlarged, remodelled and refurnished, rendering it one of the handsomest structures 
 in the South, possessing all the modern improvements, including first-class passenger 
 elevator, electric bells, suits of rooms with hot and cold baths. 
 
 The especial attention of Tourists and Invalids is called to the fine climate of Nor- 
 folk and vicinity, and to the accommodations afforded by the Atlantic, where noth- 
 ing will be left undone to render them comfortable. 
 
 J6@" Liberal arrangements made with Families and parties by the month. 
 
 Jg®" 1 Letters and telegrams to R. S. DODSON, will receive prompt attention." 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 115 
 
 The Hygeia Hotel, 
 
 Old Point Comfort, Va. 
 
 Situated one hundred yards from Fort Monroe, at the confluence of the Chesapeake 
 Bay and Hampton Roads, being the first point of land lying westward between the 
 capes of Virginia, about fifteen miles north of Norfolk and Portsmouth ; all passenger 
 steamers running to and from those cities touch at the pier, going and returning, with 
 the U. S. Mails, landing only twenty rods from the Hotel, which is substantially built 
 and comfortably furnished ; has hydraulic passenger elevator, gas and electric bells in 
 all rooms ; water ; rooms for bath, including Hot Sea, and closets on every floor, with the 
 most perfect system of drainage of any Hotel or public building in the country. And 
 as a resort for the pleasure-seeker, invalid, or resting-place for tourists on their way to 
 Florida or the North, this house, with accommodations for about seven hundred guests, 
 presents inducements which certainly are not equalled elsewhere as a summer resort 
 or eold weather sanitarium. Has during the cold weather over 6,000 square feet of the 
 spacious verandas (of which there are over 21,000 square feet encircling the house on 
 all sides) incased in glass, enabling the most delicate invalid to enjoy the sunshine 
 and fine water view without risking the slightest exposure. The invigorating atmos- 
 phere and mild temperature being especially adapted to that class who seek the genial 
 winters of the South and cool summers of the North. For sleeplessness and nervous- 
 ness, the delicious tonic of the pure ocean air and the lullaby of the ocean waves roll- 
 ing upon the sandy beach, but a few feet from the bedroom windows, are most health- 
 ful soporifiees at the Hygeia. 
 
 For further information, address, by mail or telegraph, 
 
 II AKEtlSOX PHOEBUS, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
116 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 PURCELL HOUSE, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 ^ * mm 
 
 R. T. JABVIES, Proprietor. 
 
 Terms, SS.OO and S2.50 Per Day. 
 
 The Hotel is conveniently and pleasantly situated, at a short distance from the 
 principal Railroad Depots and Steamboat Landings in the city. 
 
 Street Cars pass the doors going either way. 
 
 House furnished with electric call bells, elevators, hot and cold baths, and every 
 convenience for the comfort of guests. 
 
 The House has been remodelled and refurnished until it is second to none in the ' 
 South in completeness. 
 
 The Table is supplied with every luxury afforded by this market. 
 
 JORDAN HOUSE, 
 
 Hotel and Restaurant, 
 
 ON THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PLANS. 
 
 MEALS AT ALL HOURS. 
 
 Board and Lodging, $1.00, $1.25 and $1.5© Per Day. 
 
 No. 30 West Market Square, 
 
 3d door from Main Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 ALL GAME AND EVERYTHING FIRST OF THE SEASON, AT 
 
 LOWEST RATES. 
 
 AMOS P. JOBBAM, Proprietor. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 117 
 
 SMOKER'S SUPPLIES! 
 
 "VST. T. HYSLOP, 
 No. 93 Main Street Oppo. Academy of Music, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Manufacturer of the "ECLIPSE," "TRANSIT," "Hyslop's FAVORITE," 
 
 "NINETY-THREE" and "PARLOR," Brands of Cigars. 
 THE FINEST EST THE MAEKET. 
 
 CHOICE GRADES OF 
 
 Chewing and Smoking Tobaccos. 
 DRY G-OODS AND NOTIONS. 
 
 C?i 
 
 JV EXT in importance to the grocery trade is that of Dry Goods and 
 & Notions, and it has served an important part in establishing 
 smaller branches of the jobbing trade of the city. The business is con- 
 trolled by men whose experience and extensive capital enable them to 
 compete with dealers in the largest markets of the country. Their stocks 
 are as complete and varied as the wants of the Southern trade demand, 
 and are especially adapted to this and other Southern States. Layers 
 upon layers of domestic and foreign dry goods, cloths, cassimeres, &c, 
 are stored on the first floors of the elegant and capacious warehouses, 
 while notions and fancy goods generally, are displayed on the second and 
 third floors. 
 
 During the year 1880 the wholesale trade reached the sum of 
 $1,500,000, and" the retail $750,000, divided between thirty houses—five 
 wholesale and twenty-five retail. In no branch has there been more 
 general activity and success. Many new warehouses have been built, old 
 ones remodelled and new firms admitted to the field. The capital invested 
 in the jobbing business has been placed at the modest sum of $300,000. 
 Cautious credits and close collections on the part of our dealers have 
 secured for them a reliable and profitable trade in Eastern Virginia and 
 the Carolinas. Purchases are made direct of the factories, and all the 
 advantages of over-stocked markets are utilized by dealers with their 
 ready capital. Northern prices are guaranteed, and it is conceded by 
 country merchants in the trade area tributary to Norfolk, that all things 
 considered, this market offers them advantages far superior to those of 
 the North. The outlook for the present year is said to be very encour- 
 aging, and every effort will be made to strengthen and advance the trade. 
 
118 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 
 
 J. B. CORPREW & CO., 
 
 (Successors to CORPREW & HUNTER,) 
 
 42 and 44 Commerce Street, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALEKS IN 
 
 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 
 
 BUY @OOD 
 
 AND 
 
 THE LARGEST NOTION DEPARTMENT 
 
 IN THE STATE, AND WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IT. 
 
 Our entire stock is strictly adopted to the wants of 
 
 SOUTHERN MERCHANTS. 
 
 WE GUARANTEE PRICES 
 
 To Duplicate those of Other Markets. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 Pete 
 
 119 
 
 *! 
 
 THE E,EAI>ES1S ©F LOW PRICES 
 
 THE GREAT OR! GOODS EMPORIUM OF THE 
 
 b 
 
 H 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 o 
 
 hi 
 
 Our stock of Staple and Fancy Dry Goods is ALWAYS Complete. We never allow 
 it to run down. Parties can buy at all times whatever they need, without looking 
 further, and feel confident that their interest is being protected. 
 
 Our Prices GUARANTEED as Cheap as Any Other House, North or South, for the 
 same grade of goods, often times cheaper. 
 
 ORDERS CAREFULLY ATTENDED TO. 
 
 PETER SMITH & CO., 
 
 144 Main Street. 
 
120 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 DRUGS, PAINTS AND OILS. 
 
 tJiHE showing in this trade is excellent, and although its details are 
 { small, the business continues to grow in volume. Both wholesale 
 and retail stores have about them all the appearances of prosperity, and 
 they are pushing trade about as vigorously as it is possible for them to. 
 Last year's transactions represented a money value of $400,000, divided 
 between three wholesale and fourteen retail stores, having in all capital 
 amounting to $1 50,000. The stocks are large and the stores handsome, 
 the heavier goods being stored in large warehouses, where convenience 
 and safety are matters of paramount importance. Besides Drugs, Paints 
 and Oils, all our wholesale houses carry full lines of Window Glass, Per- 
 fumery, Spices, Teas, Champagnes, Wines, &c, and fancy articles of the 
 most beautiful design. The many indigeneous roots and herbs gathered 
 in Virginia and North Carolina are shipped in large quanties from this 
 city. Druggists and country merchants can secure as pure goods and at | 
 identically the same prices as can be had in any city in the Union, and 
 in many instances purchases can be made here upon better terms than 
 elsewhere. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 DRUGS, PAINTS 
 
 OILS, &c, 
 
 Cor. Water St. and Roanoke Sqr., 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 121 
 
 DEALERS XEf 
 
 Drugs, Paints, Oils, Window Glass, 
 
 VMJTISWMSb PWTW¥ 9 &€*» 
 
 118 Main Street, and 1, 2 and 3 Atlantic Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Perfumery, Soaps, Segars, Surgical Instruments, Mineral Waters, Lewis' White 
 Lead, Atlantic White Lead, English White Lead, Pure French Zinc, Colors, Varnishes, 
 Sand Paper, Chamois Skins, Brushes, Sponges, Kerosene, Pratt's Astral, Fish, Safety, 
 Linseed, Machinery and other Oils. 
 
 SOLE AGENTS FOR THE EMPIRE RUBBER PAINT, 
 
 Ready-Mixed, White and all shades. Sample card on application. 
 
 In addition to Paints, we have always on hand a heavy stock of all Goods usually 
 kept by Druggists, and invite an examination of our stock and prices. We respect- 
 fully invite the attention of buyers to our large and attractive stock of all articles in 
 our line. To cash or responsible buyers we sell very low, and will supply good and 
 saleable articles, which will give satisfaction. 
 
 M. A. & C. A. SANTOS. 
 
 G"Oia:iT "W. IBTTIR/IR/OW, 
 
 "Wholesale Druggist, 
 
 NORFOLK. VA. 
 
 Druggists, Physicians, Merchants, and those who buy in similar quantities, are offered 
 everything in the Drug line at Baltimore and New York prices. My stock is the 
 largest in the city, and as complete as any in the South. Send for quotations. 
 
 B. A. RICHARDSON, 
 XftEutXaEzxt lit 
 
 Paints, Oils, Glass, Artists' and Coach Materials, 
 
 No. 50 ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 RICHARDSON'S IMPROVED ELASTIC ROOF PAINT, the best mixture ever 
 invented for tin or iron. 
 
 STAVES. 
 
 ca* 
 
 $} iHIS city has always enjoyed a favorable and wide-spread reputation 
 I as a stave market, and although our table of exports shows a 
 marked decline in this article, its importance and value to the city is 
 felt by all branches of business. The Windward Islands have always 
 drawn their supplies from this source, and for making packages 
 
122 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE j 
 
 for rum, sugar and molasses, Norfolk staves have invariably receiv- 
 ed the preference, while many of the Mediterranean wine districts 
 obtain all their staves here. The peculiar excellence of quality and finish 
 characteristic of our staves render them superior to all others for general 
 use, as we have stated, or for the manufacture of wine casks. They are 
 subjected to a rigid inspection by licensed inspectors, and all staves that 
 do not conform to the requirements, appended below, are rejected. These 
 staves are also so clearly and carefully cut that no surplus wood is left 
 upon them, and apart from the advantage of saving freight, makers of 
 casks find that very little labor is necessary to put them in required shape. 
 From January, 1865, up to December 31st, 1880, the value of staves 
 exported direct from Norfolk amounted to exactly $4,353,649; the year 
 1872 figuring the largest, the exports that year amounted to $411,638. 
 
 The white oak timber of this region, besides being valuable for use in 
 rum and wine casks, is far superior to that grown elsewhere for ship 
 building, a fact recognized by the Navy Department and shipwrights 
 everywhere, it being of very fine close grain, tough and heavy. In for- 
 mer years, the General Government required that all white oak delivered 
 for its use should be grown within fifty miles of salt water, and it is 
 well known that vessels built during and since the war, when this re- 
 quirement became obsolete, have never compared favorably with those 
 built prior to that time, in point of durability. The famous " Pasture" 
 oaks of England are similar to those of Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 For the information and guidance of those engaged in the trade, we 
 re-publish from last year's book the 
 
 dimensions of and directions fob getting dressed staves and heading 
 for the Norfolk Market. 
 
 White Oak Pipe Staves —54 to 56 inches long, not less than 54 inches. — 3t inches 
 and upward wide; must not be less than 3} inches, and not less than 1 inch thick on 
 thin edge. White Oak Hhd. Staves— 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches — 3£ 
 inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3\ inches, and not less than f inch 
 thick on thin edge. White Oak Heading — 28, 30 and 32 inches long — 5 inches and 
 upward wide ; not less than 5 inches, and full f inch thick on thin edge. White Oak 
 Barrel Staves — 32 and 34 inches long, 3 inches and upward wide; not less than 3 
 inches, and not less than § inch thick on thin edge. Red Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 
 inches long, not less than 42 inches — should be 4 inches and upward wide ; must not 
 be less than 3} inches in any part, and from f to 1 inch and upward thick on the thin 
 edge. All Staves and Heading must be of sound wood, free from knots and all other 
 defects. Must be rived with the grain, and split from the bark to the centre — not 
 slabbed off. They must be straight, with square edges, and moderately dressed with 
 drawing knife to nearly a uniform thickness. White Oak Staves and Heading must 
 be free of sap. Red Oak Staves may have sap on them. White Oaks with sap on 
 them are classed Red Oaks. Makers of Staves should get none less than full one inch 
 thick, to allow for shrinkage in seasoning, and they should lay off the logs one or two 
 inches longer than the Staves are required to be, to allow for the " running of the saw.' f 
 Want of length is fatal to any of the classes of Staves. All Staves are sold here by 
 the long thousand of 1200 pieces. 
 
 Two wealthy and enterprising firms are large shippers of staves, in 
 fact almost the entire business of exports in that article is controlled by 
 them, one of the firms operate a large yard on the Portsmouth side of 
 the river, where unequalled wharf facilities are abundant and handling 
 and shipping can be done with little labor and at moderate cost. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 123 
 
 VM. H. PETERS. 
 
 WASHINGTON EEED. 
 
 PETERS & REED, 
 
 SHIPPING AND GENERAL 
 
 1 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 D 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Staves and Lumber, 
 
 Water Street, NORFOLK, VA., 
 Water Street, PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
124 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 MEN'S, YOUTH'S AND BOY'S 
 
 Fine, Medium and Low-G-rade Clothing, 
 
 AND GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS. Ac. 
 
 No. 124 Main Street, Norfolk, Va. 
 FURNITURE, CARPETS AND PIANOS. 
 
 a 
 
 jjtf ORFOLK can justly boast of possessing the largest and handsomest 
 ^1 warerooms and stocks in this line to be found south of Philadelphia. 
 The varieties displayed include parlor, drawing- room, chamber, office and I 
 school furniture, made from the most exquisitely chiseled rosewood or 
 the common Virginia pine — the most exacting tastes may be satisfied. 
 Among the articles usually found in these houses are also window shades, 
 clocks, mattresses, baby carriages, picture cord, tassels, &c. The firms 
 in the business are liberal and enterprising, and their goods are always 
 purchased direct from the factories. Carpets of every quality and design, 
 from the ordinary American makes to the more elegant and expensive 
 Axminster, constitute an important part of their stock, while mattings 
 and many novel floor coverings can be had in profusion. From the most 
 renowned piano and organ factories of the world these instruments are 
 obtained direct, and are offered with the most absolute guarantees, at the 
 same prices that are obtained at the factory. With $150,000 capital, 
 sales aggregating $400,000 were made in 1880. 
 
 During the dull seasons, the heads of our principal firms in this busi- 
 ness, visit in person the largest factories of the country and make such 
 selections as, in their experienced judgments, are best adapted to the 
 wants of their particular trade. 
 
 North Carolina and Virginia purchasers find Norfolk an excellent and 
 advantageous market in which to make their selections, and each succeed- 
 ing year brings increased business to our merchants. The sale of pianos 
 and organs has grown of late to be very large, owing, no doubt, to the 
 superiority of the instruments oifered, together with scrupulous guaran 
 tees of our dealers. Experience has taught our people that it is far wiser, 
 more economical and satisfactory to do business with merchants at home, 
 who are in every sense reliable and responsible, merchants whose repu- 
 tations are above imputations, and who are always accessible when guar- 
 antees are to be made good. Some of the firms in this business are com- 
 posed of men who are appreciated for their commercial and moral worth, 
 and they are recognized as enterprising, wide-awake, prominent citizens. 
 
 b| 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 125 
 
 fill CARPETING II PIANOS. 
 
 Cor. Main and G-ranby Streets. 
 
 fHE OLDEST FURNITURE HOUSE IN NORFOLK. 
 
 Hie Largest and Most Complete Stock 
 
 OF ANY HOUSE IN OUR BUSINESS IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 OUR FURNITURE DEPARTMENT 
 
 is most complete, embracing every article wanted to furnish a house, from the cheap- 
 est to the most elaborate and expensive quality. 
 
 ottir, oabpet BiR^israia: 
 
 s fully stocked with all grades of floor covering, from that wanted by the poor man 
 for his cottage to the finest Velvet or Brussells Carpet for the mansion of the rich. 
 We call especial attention to our MUSIC DEPARTMENT. We keep constantly a 
 arge assortment of the very best PIANOS made in the World, comprising the cele- 
 brated instruments of CHECKERING & SONS, STEINWAY & SONS, HENRY F. 
 flLLER and W. P. EMERSON. Every instrument sold at manufacturers' prices 
 nd guaranteed for five years. 
 
 >ur Prices are Guaranteed as Low as in New York or Baltimore. 
 
126 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 HILDRETH'S 
 
 Furnituee Depot, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 ETC., ETC., 
 
 No. 42 ROANOKE AVENUE, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 
 
 IN SUCH QUANTITIES, AND ON SUCH TERMS, AS TO INSURE THE VERY LOWEST 
 
 FIGURES. 
 
 The Establishment is strictly FIRST-CLASS, and CUSTOMERS ARE GUARAN- 
 TEED PERFECT SATISFACTION. A call from the Ladies is solicited. Stock of 
 
 CHAMBER AND PARLOR FURNITURE 
 
 IS ONE OF THE FINEST EVER EXHIBITED IN NORFOLK. 
 
 " 
 
 NEW GOODS CONSTANTLY ARRIVING. NEWEST STYLES AND RICHEST 
 DESIGNS. DEFY COMPETITION IN QUALITY AND PRICES, 
 
 GREAT REDUCTION IN 
 
 FURNITURE, LOUNGES, M. T. and EXTENSION TABLES 
 
 WALNUT PARLOR & CHAMBER SUITES, CRADLES, 
 
 SIDEBOARDS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 £j§r Correspondence from Country Merchants Solicited. 
 
so 
 
 ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 t> *^ 
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128 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 COTTON AND COMMISSION. 
 
 rffl , HE Cotton-commission business of Norfolk is decidedly its largest, 
 \ and to it is directly due the rapid advancement of the city as a 
 commercial centre. Millions of dollars worth of cotton is marketed here 
 each season, while every bale shipped through the port contributes some- 
 thing towards building up our merchant marine and to the commercial 
 growth of the city. Until the year 1865 very little cotton was handled 
 in this city, but from that year until the present the receipts have con- 
 tinued to increase, constituting now, as we have said, by far the wealth- 
 iest and most important business of the place. From one extremity of 
 Water street to the other, up the streets at right angles with it, in alleys, 
 open lots, and on the wharves, great fields of cotton, bales piled upon 
 bales, are to be seen during almost any portion of the year, and when 
 the season is at its best the streets and pavements are completely blocked 
 up with the fleecy staple. Storage cannot be had, even though the 
 warehouse accommodations are considered excellent, and the city con- 
 tains some of the largest buildings for storage in the State, Mammoth 
 steamships lie three abreast at some of the wharves, and as rapidly as 
 the compress machines can reduce the dimensions of a bale it is quickly 
 stored in the vessels by able-bodied, experienced cotton jammers. The 
 blockade, however, does not appear to be effected by the immense car- 
 goes taken from it, until late towards the Spring, when its volume be- 
 comes reduced to a state in which it is easily handled. The Virginia 
 Compress Company, Col. James L. Harway, President, and the Sea- 
 board Cotton Press, Messrs. Reynolds Brothers owners, with capacity of 
 11,000 bales per week, have been taxed to their utmost this season, 
 working relays of men night and day in order to despatch the many 
 sailing vessels and steamships with their cargoes. 
 
 In February of this year a number of prominent and influential citi- 
 zens met and organized a Cotton Compress and Shipping Company, to 
 be known as The Shippees Compress Company. The following 
 officers and directors were elected : Barton Myers, President ; Cald- 
 well Hardy, Secretary and Treasurer ; Directors, Barton Myers, Win. 
 H. Peters, Wra. J. Donald, Dr. Thomas Hardy, P. S. Galatti ; Superin- 
 tendent, James Gerow. The minimum paid up capital was placed at 
 $100,000, and maximum allowed capital at $500,000. It is the inten- 
 tion of the Company to immediately erect several powerful '• Morse " 
 patent compresses, of 2,500 tons pressure each, the largest and best ever 
 constructed. Work will be commenced at once upon the one to be built 
 on Messrs, Peters & Reed's wharf, Portsmouth. Besides the business of 
 compressing, the Company will become extensive charterers and ship- 
 pers, and it is their purpose to largely increase our facilities for foreign 
 and coastwise shipments of cotton. Possessed of abundant available 
 capital, this company will unquestionably become one of the first corpo- 
 rations in the State, certainly the largest of its kind. 
 
 The following table exhibits the receipts of cotton, by bales, at Nor- 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 129 
 
 folk for 21 years, beginning with September 1st and ending with August 
 31st, each year: 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1858-'9 
 
 . 
 
 6,174 
 
 1871 -'2 
 
 258,730 
 
 1859-'60 
 
 . 
 
 17,777 
 
 1872-'3 
 
 - 405,412 
 
 1860-'l 
 
 _ 
 
 33,193 
 
 1873-'4 
 
 472,446 
 
 [War between the States). 
 
 
 1874-'5 
 
 - 393,672 
 
 1865-'6 
 
 . 
 
 59,096 
 
 1875-'6 
 
 469,998 
 
 3866-7 
 
 ■ _ 
 
 126,287 
 
 1876-7 
 
 - 509,612 
 
 1867-'8 
 
 _ 
 
 155,591 
 
 1877-8' 
 
 430,557 
 
 1868-'9 
 
 _ 
 
 164,789 
 
 1878-9 
 
 - 443,285 
 
 1869-70 
 
 . 
 
 178,352 
 
 1879-'80 
 
 - 597,086 
 
 1870-'! 
 
 _ 
 
 302,930 
 
 Sept. 1st, 
 
 1880, to Feb. 29th, '81 
 
 
 
 
 (6 months) - 585,514 
 
 The growth of the market has been steady, and the result of causes 
 which have combined to render it permanent. 
 
 The following is a statement of receipts and shipments of cotton as 
 recorded at the Exchange : 
 
 Season 1874-'5— Receipts year ending 31st August, 1875 - - - 393,672 
 
 Shipments, coastwise - - - - 326,281 
 
 Exported Great Britain - - - 63,629 
 
 Exported Continent - - 3,583 
 
 Exports - 67,212 
 
 Total shipments 
 Season 1875-'6 — Receipts year ending 31st August, 1876 
 Shipments coastwise 
 Exported Great Britain 
 Exported France - 
 Exported Continent - 
 
 Total shipments - 
 
 Season 1876-7— Receipts year ending 31 August, 1877 
 Shipments Coastwise ... 
 Exported Great Britain - 
 Exported France - - 
 
 Exported Continent - - 
 
 Total shipments - - - 
 
 Season 1877-'8— Receipts year ending August 31, 1878 
 Shipments Coastwise - 
 
 Exported Great Britain - 
 Exported France - - 
 
 Total shipments - ... 
 
 Season 1878-'9— Receipts year ending 31 August, 1879 
 Shipments Coastwise - - 
 Exported Great Britain 
 Exported France - - 
 
 Exported Continent - - - 
 
 Total shipments - - 
 
 Season 1879-'80— Receipts ending 31 August, 1880 
 Shipments coastwise 
 Exported Great Britain 
 Exported France ■>-.-.■ 
 Exported Continent ... 
 Total exports - 
 
 Total shipments - - 594,291 
 
 _ 
 
 393,493 
 
 - 
 
 469,998 
 
 - 
 
 361,053 
 
 103,869 
 
 
 1,817 
 
 
 3,007 
 
 108,693 
 
 - 
 
 469,746 
 
 - 
 
 - 509,612 
 
 - 
 
 391,838 
 
 112,245 
 
 
 1,602 
 
 
 - 3,008 
 
 116,855 
 
 _ 
 
 508,693 
 
 - 
 
 430,557 
 
 271,144 
 
 
 157,153 
 
 
 2,204 
 
 159,357 
 
 _ 
 
 430,501 
 
 - 
 
 443,285 
 
 - 
 
 239,158 
 
 199,815 
 
 
 713 
 
 
 - 3,008 
 
 203,536 
 
 • _ 
 
 442,694 
 
 - 
 
 597,086 
 
 • - 
 
 337,226 
 
 246,674 
 
 
 1,479 
 
 
 8,912 
 
 
 - 
 
 257,065 
 
130 .. NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 From a recent article by Senator Johnston, based upon data taken 
 from the official report of the United States Bureau of Statistics, we take 
 the following comparison between the decrease and increase in the busi- 
 ness of the eight largest cotton markets, between the six years ending 
 August 31st, 1861, and the six years ending August 31st, 1879 : 
 
 MARKET. RATE. 
 
 Galveston - - - - - - Increase 197 per ct. 
 
 New Orleans ■-..„. Decrease 28 per ct. 
 
 Mobile _->..- Decrease 43 per ct. 
 
 Savannah - - - - - - Increase 44 per ct. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C. - - - Increase 222 per ct. 
 
 Charleston -'-.'- - - - - Increase Sk per ct. 
 
 Apalachicola ..„__. Decrease 83 per ct. 
 
 NORFOLK - , - - - - INCREASE 1,212 per ct. 
 
 Upon examination of the table of direct exports for 16 years, on page 
 104, it will be seen that from January 1st to December 31st, 1866, 733 
 bales of cotton, valued at only $119,023, were exported, and that in 1880 
 $17,508,724 worth was shipped; the total value of exported cotton for 
 the 16 years amounting to $65,969,450.91, with an increase for 1880 over 
 the year 1866 of $17,389,701. 
 
 With the completion of two more railroads now building, and which 
 are mentioned elsewhere in this work, the receipts of cotton will be still 
 further augmented, and with additional wharves the great bulk cf cotton 
 now sent to other ports will find Norfolk its most convenient outlet. 
 
 In 1874 the Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange was organ- 
 ized, and a year or two ago Messrs. Reynolds Brothers built that spa- 
 cious building on Water street for its accommodation. The apart- 
 ments occupied are admirably adapted to the uses of the Association, 
 and undfr the able management of a Board of Directors, and Norman 
 Bell, Esq., the efficient Superintendent, the business of the Exchange 
 goes on with systematic regularity. Adjoining the private office of the 
 superintendent is a telegraph office; from thence direct communication 
 is obtained with the principal markets in the country. 
 
 Besides the regular cotton factors of the city the general commission 
 houses handle large quantities of cotton, and many of them are members 
 of the Exchange. The actual cash capital employed in the commission 
 business is put at the round sum of $2,000,000. 
 
 C. A. FIELD. E. M. GOODEIDGE. 
 
 SOOBBlDt&B, WWH&iB M CM>«» 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 BAiit and FLOUR, 
 
 No. 22 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 «3» QUOTATIONS AND ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION, "©ft 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 131 
 
 J. W. PERRY, 
 
 Successor to McGLAUGHON & PERRY, 
 
 COTTON FACTOR, 
 
 jfc.wrm 
 
 General Commission Merchant, 
 
 Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf, 
 
 mwmm® vi 
 
 §> w <^m,® 
 
 CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED. 
 
 'The Sale oi COTTON a Specialty and do EXCLUSIVELY a 
 COMMISSION BUSINESS. 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE, 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 Commission Merchants, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Special attention paid to the sale of COTTON, PEANUTS and 
 Country Produce generally. Liberal advances made upon Consign- 
 ments in hand and the highest market prices guaranteed. Prompt 
 returns made unless otherwise instructed. 
 Refe^ ^EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK, of Noefolk, Va. 
 
132 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 S. F. PEARCE. W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM. 
 
 PEARCE, ALLEN &. BORUM, 
 
 COTTON FACTORS, 
 
 General Commission Merchants 
 
 20 and 22 Commerce Street, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE SALE OF 
 
 Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts, Peas and all other 
 Country Products. 
 
 HOUSE ESTABLISHED 1870. 
 
 JONES, LEE & CO., 
 
 Successors to SAYAGE, JONES & LEE, 
 
 «fikJKFI3 
 
 General Commission Merchants, 
 
 IS R«UMnr*B Wlarli 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 DO EXCLUSIVELY A COMMISSION BUSINESS. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 133 
 
 A. TREDWELL & CO. 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 WBMBEmmmmmwB® 
 
 REFER TO EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 Cotton Factors I Commission Merchants, 
 
 Gwathmey's Building, Town Point, 
 NORFOLK, VA, 
 
 J. V. P. QUACKENBUSH. CORNELIUS deWITT. 
 
 QUACKENBUSH, deWITT & CO., 
 
 General Commission Merchants and Brokers, 
 
 No. 9 Commerce Street, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Dealers in Cotton, Grain, Peanuts, Butter, Game, and General Farm Produce. 
 All Orders Promptly Executed. 
 
 SAM'L D. PULLER. JAMES F. DUNCAN, 
 
 PULLER & 33XJlsrCA.N, 
 
 General Commission Merchants § Merchandise Brokers, 
 
 Nos. 11 and 13 ROANOKE DOCK, NORFOLK VA. 
 
 Solicit Consignments of all kinds of Country Produce. Peanuts and Cattle 
 specialties. 
 
 Brokerage Department for the sale of Flour, and everything in this branch will 
 have our best attention. 
 
134 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 THE NORFOLK 
 
 KNITTING 1 11 1I1C1 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 © . 
 
 INCORPOEATED 1880. 
 
 K 
 
 NORFOLK, 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 GENTS' MERINO UNDERWEAR. 
 
 OFFICERS s 
 
 BARTON MYERS, President. GEO. McBLAIR, Secretary. 
 
 GEO. M. BAIN, Jr., Treasurer. H. N. BURDICK, Superintendent: 
 
 Orders from JOBBERS AND DEALERS will receive punctual attention. 
 
 BOOKS AND STATIONERY. 
 
 'rfjHE quality and quantity of reading matter in circulation among the 
 J people of any community, will be found very accurately to indicate 
 the extent of the intellectuality and refinement of lhat people. Where 
 there are large public libraries, many and successful book stores, that 
 carry large and well-selected assortments of choice works, there will be 
 found a large percentage of well-informed readers. While all kinds of 
 business here have been pushing vigorously ahead, that of Books and 
 Stationery has in no wise lagged; on the contrary, improvements have 
 been made from time to time until the stores of Norfolk will compare 
 favorably with those of any city the same size. For beautiful selections 
 of costly bound works of fiction, poems, &c, or for School, Law, Medi- 
 cal, Agricultural, Theological, Scientific and miscellaneous Books, to say 
 nothing of the numerous articles, useful and ornamental, denominated 
 fancy articles, our stores are well known. We have four excellent book 
 stores with well-filled shelves, and an examination of their prices will 
 undoubtedly result in keeping at home much of the trade now going 
 from this citv to other markets. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 135 
 
 JWO. S S^MM SWMMEF, 
 
 FUsTIE ST-ATZOlsTIEDR/y ! 
 
 The Finest and most complete asssortment in the City. ,, 
 
 BLANK BOOKS, from the smallest Pocket Memorandum to the largest 
 
 Full Bound Russia Ends and Bands. 
 IWELS, School and House Sizes ; the Best Makes. 
 
 PENS, all Styles and qualities. 
 
 Agent for FOLEY'S G-OLD PENS. 
 BIBLES, SCHOOL BOOKS, 
 MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE TO ORDER ONLY. 
 ARTISTS' BKAT&RIAL8, 
 
 The hest quality of Goods for 
 
 Ladies, Merchants, Bankers or Students. 
 
 C. HALL "WIlsTLSOIR,, 
 
 RICH'D WALKt. 
 
 WM. W. OLD. 
 
 WALKE & OLD, 
 Attorneys M Counsellors at Law, 
 
 OFFICES, 72 MAIN STREET, 
 
 OPPOSITE THE POST OFFICE, 
 
 ZrORPOIiR. vi'rqihxa. 
 
 REFERENCES : 
 
 The Citizens', Marine, Exchange National, and Farmers' Banks, of Norfolk, and 
 Bain & Bro., Bankers, Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 L. HARMANSON. JAS. E HEATH. 
 
 HARMANSON & HEATH, 
 
 jMtoraeye cut &am 9 
 
 OFFICE IN BANK OF C0IVIIV1ERCE BUILDING, 
 MAIN STREET , NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 WM. H.WHITE. THEO. S. GARNETT, Jr. 
 
 Late Judge, &c. 
 
 WHITE & GARNETT, 
 
 «a#Mi 1 QranMlluMi iii T 
 
 ROOMS? ' 1M MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. VA. 
 Practice in the State and Federal Courts in the Eastern District of Va. 
 
 liEFERENCES : 
 Exchange National Bank, Norfolk, Va. Burruss, Son & Co., Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Marine Bank, Norfolk, Va, H. B, Clafflin, New York. 
 
136 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 T. R. BORLAND. D. TUCKER BROOKE. 
 
 BOZR/LAIfcTID & :b:r,oo:k::e], 
 Hffopuiep a! And, 
 
 Corner of Main and Bank Streets, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 JOHN C. BAKER, 
 Attorney and Counsellor at Law, 
 
 Office, 78 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Notary Public and Commissioner of Deeds for the State of North 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 JAMES T. SAUNDERS, 
 
 Attorneys of £a®, 
 
 Office, No. 6 VIRGINIAN BUILDING-, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Collections attended to and remittances promptly made. 
 
 fi@ a ' Eefers to Banks and Principal Business Houses of Norfolk. 
 
 JAMES A. KERR, 
 
 OFFICE, VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Practice in the United States Courts, and in the Courts of Norfolk, Portsmouth, 
 and the Surrounding Counties. 
 
 H. E. WOODHOU8E, 
 
 Htloraoy at Sera* 
 
 VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
 M.AIN and COMMERCE STREETS, 
 NORF OLK, VA. 
 
 H. L. WOETHINGTON, 
 
 (For 8 years Deputy Clerk Ciiy Courts), 
 
 ATTORNEY AT EAW, 
 
 VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
 
 Particular Attention Given to Conveyancing- of Real Estate and Examination of 
 
 Title. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 137 
 
 BARRON'S TAG FASTENER! 
 
 The safest and most secure of any Fastener ever invented. 
 
 GIVES UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION WHEREVEE INTRODUCED. 
 
 THE CHEAPEST HOOK ON THE MARKET. 
 
 Meets with large sales wherever it has heen shown. Liberal discounts to Stationers 
 
 and Printers. 
 
 Merchants ask your Printers for BARRON'S FASTENER, and have no other. 
 
 PRICE, ONE DOLLAR PER THOUSAND. 
 
 Samples sent upon application. Manufactured in Landmark Building. 
 Correspondence solicited. Address 
 
 W. T. BARRON & CO., NORFOLK, YA. 
 
 FLOUR AND GRIST MILLS. 
 
 ytf ORFOLK is without a competitor in the superior quality of flour 
 W manufactured by her mills, and their productions find ready sale 
 in our home and foreign markets. The climate of Norfolk being humid, 
 our mills are enabled to produce a better grade of family flour than even 
 those of the famous milling districts of the State. In Eastern sections of 
 Virginia and North Carolina there are very few mills, and Norfolk 
 supplies the demand of this extensive trade area, it being a well-known 
 fact that the wholesale groceries of the city handle it in such quantities 
 that the mills are never with large stocks on hand, and that our mer- 
 sohants also deal in this specialty to a much greater extent than do those 
 of other business centres with a general trade of the same volume as ours. 
 Our mills also turn out a very superior quality of meal, which is bolted 
 through silk cloths, a process not applied in a great many mills in the 
 South. The two mills in this city are built of brick, furnished with 
 the latest and most improved machinery. Combined, they contain thir- 
 teen run of burrs, and can produce daily 150 barrels of flour, 850 bushels 
 of bolted meal, and about 200 barrels of hominy. " Old Dominion," 
 "Purity," "Ambrosia," "Eldorado," and "Unique" are six of the 
 most popular brands manufactured, and they are known to consumers as 
 the best goods obtainable in this market. With every facility for the 
 cheap delivery of coal at Norfolk, which we are sure will soon be com- 
 pleted, and the advent of grain in large quantities from the far West, 
 the milling interest will undoubtedly take the leading position in our 
 list of manufactures. A few years ago one mill sufficed to stock the 
 market with home-made goods, and even then its success was not fully 
 established, while to-day the two mills referred to are kept going at their 
 maximum capacity. 
 
138 
 
 NORFOLK. AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 IT 
 
 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 MANUFACTURES 
 
 Patent Process Flour, 
 
 BOLTED CORN MEAL, PEARL HOMINY, &G. 
 
 HAVE ALWAYS ON HAND THE FOLLOWING BRANDS OF FLOUR: 
 
 " AMBROSIA " Hungarian Process, 
 
 "ELDORADO," Straight Patent Family 
 
 "UNIQUE," Straight Patent Family. 
 
 "EXTRA AND SUPERFINE." 
 
 SUPERIOR PEARL HOMINY, BOLTED CORN MEAL, 
 
 HOMINY MEAL FOR FEED, CORN BRAN, WHEAT BRAN 
 SHIP STUFF, MIDDLINGS, &c. 
 
 T. B. ANDERSON & CO., Proprietors. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 139 
 
 MANUFACTURE ALL GRADES OF 
 
 PURCHASERS OF GRAIN 
 
 AT ALL TIMES. 
 
 Hardy's Wharf, 
 
 •5 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 dr 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 HE year 1880 has left its boldly-written record, ineffaceably upon 
 i the page of Norfolk's history. The volume and character of the. 
 improvements made in Real Estate during the past year are more than 
 satisfactory. Van Wyck's Academy of Music, the Norfolk College for 
 Young Ladies, Misses Leach and Wood's Seminary are three of the. 
 handsomest buildings erected last year, and they are indeed equal, if not 
 superior, to any buildings used, for similar purposes in Virginia. Prices 
 have advanced steadily and uniformly throughout the city and its adja- 
 cent additions, indicating a healthy, substantial and permanent growth, 
 and the absence of speculative fever. The buildings erected have been 
 more substantial in construction, ornate in design, and commodious in 
 their arrangements than those of any previous year, and attest fully the 
 confidence of our people in the general advancement and future of the, 
 city.,' 'i - ■- : . 
 
 To a close observer these changes reflect the increasing wealth of our 
 people and shadow that aesthetic development which makes all cities 
 attractive. In this city real estate has not reached a speculative value, but 
 prices to-day are regulated and governed by actual demand. The last 
 thing up in prosperous times and the first thing down in times of financial 
 depression is real estate. Owners of lots hold against the slightest reduc- 
 tion on regular prices, and the difficulty is not to find buyers and build- 
 ers, but sellers,, This applies with special force to wharf property, which 
 
140 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE J 
 
 is in the greatest demand, while new docks and wharves are being built 
 in ever direction, where deep water can he had. Since 1876 four hun- 
 dred and twenty buildings have been built — 205 of brick, and 215 oft 
 wood. Their total value is $600,000. The assessment of improved and I 
 unimproved property for 1881 amounts to $9,674,561, being $1,098,421 
 over the year 1880. Rents have remained firm, in fact, high, and 
 there is an absolute scarcity of houses to rent. Comfortable homes for 
 clerks, mechanics, laborers and people in moderate circumstances, at 
 lower rents, are much needed. 
 
 JAMBS^TCALROW' 
 
 Architect & Builder, 
 
 Washington Street near Bank, 
 NORFOLK, - VIRqiNTIA. 
 
 HARDWARE. 
 
 rjjiHIS city has always enjoyed a large trade in hardware, and its growth 
 \ each season has been steady and substantial. The most active com- 
 petition in the business has had the effect to bring prices down to the 
 lowest figures compatible with honesty and sound business principles. 
 Between the firms in the city, $200,000 capital is divided, and the total 
 annual business transacted amounted in 1880 to $450,000. The stocks 
 on hand embrace every variety of goods known to the trade, from the 
 coarsest American manufacture to the finest imported wares, all of which 
 are procured direct from first hands, and at such figures as to enable 
 dealers to compete with New York or Philadelphia. 
 
 When Norfolk's foreign trade has been so well established that mer- 
 chants in the interior will recognize the advantages which this city offers 
 as a port of entry, and when full cargoes can be obtained at foreign ports 
 for vessels bound here, the hardware trade will receive such an impetus 
 as to place it even higher in the list of trades than it is at present. 
 Jobbers in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and other States will 
 then save to themselves the profits now realized by middle-men, and 
 have their goods delivered through the Custom House here. Even 
 now the firms here do most of their importing and make it an invariable 
 rule to secure to themselves the cash discount on all their purchases. 
 
 The well-known business sagacity and enterprise of some of the hard- 
 ware firms in Norfolk have not only given to that particular branch of 
 trade its present status, but they have served to inaugurate many new, 
 important and prosperous enterprises in our midst. These enterprises 
 have been of that nature through which great commercial centres have 
 been established. We have one house here which is decidedly the largest 
 in the State, and its trade extends over the entire Southern territory, while 
 there are others with every facility at their command and in the full en- 
 joyment of a valuable trade in Virginia and the Caroliuas. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 141 
 
 PS 
 
 Ul J> 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 i) o 
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 go 
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142 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE 
 
 Tl 
 
 LIVERY, SALE AND EXCHANGE 
 STABLES, 
 
 9 
 
 HORSES, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES $ WAGONS, 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HIRE. 
 
 Private Parties, Weddings and Funerals furnished at short notice. Horses boarded 
 hy Day, Week, or Month, on reasonable terms. Carriages furnished at any hour of 
 day or night. A call solicited. 
 
 B^.C3-0-j^.C3-E "W-A-O-OIsT, 
 
 For delivering Trunks, &c, to and from Depots and Steamboats furnished upon appli- 
 cation. 
 
 TELEPHONE CONNECTION. 
 
d 
 
 4f 
 
 XT- 
 
 » Cadi* Vw t $J&* % ftWi 
 
 ^Jackson 5 Gor&m'^" f ^ Is..\^8r *^ />"-.,4?H^X« c,1Brl ' ! "S n -Vfe' 'fSSWr -3/<" <i " 
 
 ^t8 9 
 
 I'J^ stalky" 
 
 !3k 
 
 
 \Cokesbur^ 
 
 
 
 .-Mora ». 
 
 Ale/, 
 
 * M\P OF THE] 
 
 PRINCIPAL 
 
 art ni §ltw*\ 
 
 CENTERINC IN NORFOLK, 
 
 WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS. 
 
 CARY W. JONES. 
 1881. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 143 
 
 STEAMBOAT AND STEAMSHIP LINES. 
 
 *} i HE different railway lines, canals and other avenues of trade and 
 j commerce have been fully reviewed in another part of this work, 
 and it is our purpose now to call the reader's attention to the principal 
 steamboat and steamship lines regularly entering this port, from the 
 many trade centres of the country. Centuries ago Norfolk became noted 
 for its many and extensive lines of vessels, especially in connection with 
 the foreign trade, but the wealthy and enterprising ship owners of those 
 days little imagined that their crafts would be so soon superseded by the 
 superb iron vessels of to-day. Steam navigation has been adopted on 
 all coast and inland lines, and in fact on all regular lines where dispatch 
 is a desideratum ; sailing vessels carrying only such freights as are too 
 bulky and difficult to handle, or which pay insufficient freight. Imme- 
 diately after the resumption of business in 1865, a few steamers, of indif- 
 ferent construction and limited capacity, were put upon our waters, but 
 as trade grew and the demand for increased facilities became more im- 
 perative, changes were made, larger, finer and greatly improved vessels 
 for passenger and freight traffic were from time to time put on, and the 
 old ones withdrawn for use at points where their accommodations were 
 adopted to all requirements. 
 
 To minutely and fittingly describe the different lines now centering 
 here, the unsurpassed splendor of the vessels employed, or to give even 
 a brief notice of the enterprising and wealthy corporations owning them, 
 would require the services of a writer gifted with extraordinary de- 
 scriptive powers. Suffice it to say that the management of these lines is 
 in the hands of men who appreciate the wants of trade, and with un- 
 doubted ability in the conduct of the transportation business, they 
 have established influential and powerful corporations, and made the 
 harbor of Norfolk famous among the great ports of the world. 
 
 The various railroads terminating at Norfolk form the inland connec- 
 tions of these lines, and through bills of lading are issued between all 
 points of the country. The accompanying bird's-eye view of the city 
 shows the locations of the various transportation lines. 
 
 THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 
 
 Among the most creditable enterprises connected with our city, and in fact the 
 whole State, isthe business of the Old Dominion Steamship Company, whose magnifi- 
 cent fleet of ocean and river steamers ply between this port, New York, Citv Point 
 Richmond, Newbern and Washington, North Carolina, and many minor points on the 
 Sounds and Rivers of the Old North State, and also to Hampton, Old Point, Fortress 
 Monroe, Stnithfield, Cherrystone, Yorktown and Mathews The fleet comprises about 
 twenty iron and wooden vessels aggregating over twelve thousand tons burthen. 
 
 The Company was started in 1867, succeeding the old New York and Virginia 
 Steamship Company, and it has gradually grown to its present proportions as a great 
 corporation, with interests and connections in every State in the South and West. 
 
 The distance between New York and Norfolk is 285 nautical miles, and the steam- 
 ers of this line generally make the trip in twenty-five hours. The regularity with 
 which these vessels arrive may be illustrated by an incident which occurred several 
 years ago. The writer was in company with a number of gentlemen when the loud 
 
144 , NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 report of a cannon was heard, and he remarked to one of the bystanders that he was 
 not aware of the lateness of the hour, but that the Navy Yard gun had just announced 
 the time of sunset. The bystander replied that the gun fired was not at the Navy 
 Yard, but upon the forward deck of the New York steamer, and added with consid- 
 erable fervor, ; 'but she's just as regular." 
 
 The passenger accommodations of the Old Dominion steamships are of the most 
 comfortable and convenient character ; the saloons are substantially and elegantly fur- 
 nished, the tables well supplied, and in fact they are wanting in nothing calculated to 
 make a trip upon them desirable and pleasant. During the Company's career of thir- 
 teen years not a single life entrusted to its care has been lost. Through the worst 
 storms and series of marine disasters these steamships have always passed in perfect 
 safety. When the largest of them steam up the river they look as though they were 
 conscious of their beauty, and under the skillful management of their officers, glide 
 quickly but majestically into their docks, there to be relieved of their immense cargoes. 
 
 The parent offices of the Company are at 197 Greenwich street, New York city. 
 The principal officers are: N. L. McCready, President; W. H. Stanford, Secretary, and 
 H. A. Bourne, Superintendent. In Norfolk Messrs. Culpeper & Turner represent the 
 Company's interests, with their office on the extensive wharf property on Waterstreet, 
 immediately at the foot of Church street. In every department of the Company's 
 business experience and efficiency are the stepping-stones to preferment. 
 
 The principal steamers of the Company, their names, character, tonnage, route, &c, 
 are: 
 
 The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers, 2,222 tons, 
 G. M. Walker,.m»ster; New York, Norfolk, City Point and Richmond. 
 
 The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers, 2,068 tons, Geo 
 W. Couch master ; route same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Richmond, iron propellor, freight and passenger, 1,436 tons, Frank Stevens, 
 master ; route same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Manhattan, iron propellor, freight and passengers, 1,400 tons, J. A. Kelly, 
 master; route same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Breakwater, iron propellor, freight and passengers, 1,110 tons, J. Hulphers, 
 master ; route same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Hatteras, wooden side- wheel, freight, 868 tons, Richard B. Boaz, master ; 
 route same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Albemarle, wooden side- wheel, freight, 891 tons, A. B. Mallett, master; route 
 same as Old Dominion. 
 
 The Northampton, wooden side-wheel, freight and passengers, 400 tons, P. Mc- 
 Carrick, master ; daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly between Nor- 
 folk, Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester Point. 
 
 The Accomack, wooden side-wheel, freight and passengers, 434 tons, George Scher- 
 merhorn, master; daily between Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to 
 Smithfield. 
 
 The N. P. Banks, wooden side-wheel steamer, freight and passengers, 338 tons; al- 
 ternates with the Northampton when necessary. Now in ordinarj^. 
 
 The Newberne, iron propeller, freight and passengers, 400 tons, T. M. Southgate, 
 master; Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina, via Albemarle and 
 Chesapeake Canal. 
 
 The Pamlico, wooden propeller, 252 tons, Pritchard, master; route same as the 
 Newberne. 
 
 THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY. 
 
 This Company is indeed the peer of any on our seaboard, owning, as it does, the 
 splendid iron steamships running regular between Boston, Providence, Norfolk and 
 Baltimore, besides a number of equally fine vessels engaged in the Northern and 
 Southern trade. Like the Old Dominion Steamship Company, its vessels are the 
 pride of our harbor, and officered by able and experienced seamen, who dock their 
 vessels with characteristic regularity, running to Boston in 48 and to Providence in 36 
 hours. Their connections to the interior are of course the same as the others, and 
 through bills of lading are issued from either of the cities named to points South, or 
 from the latter to the East and to Europe, over the Cunard, Warren, Leyland and 
 Allen lines. 
 
 The spacious wharves at the west end of Main street, in the centre of that portion 
 of the city now regarded as the most valuable for wharf purposes, and where vast im- 
 provements are under way, are used by the Company, but owned by the corporation 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 145 
 
 known as the Boston Wharf and Warehouse Company, of which Decatnr H. 
 Miller, of Baltimore, is President, and T. B. Jackson Secretary. 
 
 . In advancing the Commercial interests of Norfolk, the Merchants' and Miners' 
 Transportation Company have proved an important factor, affording ample and speedy 
 connections between Norfolk and the cities of the North. The vessels owned by the 
 Company are as follows : 
 
 The Decatur H. Miller, iron propeller, 2,296 tons, Solomon Howes, commander. 
 
 The William Crane, iron propeller, 1,416 tons, F. M. Howes, commander. 
 
 The Johns Hopkins, iron propeller, 1,470 tons, Wm. A. Hallett, commander. 
 
 The George Appold, wooden propeller, 1,456 tons, W. Lov eland, commander. 
 
 The McClellan, wooden side- wheel, 954 tons, G. W. Billups, commander. 
 
 The William Kennedy, wooden propeller, 974 tons, M. D. Foster, commander. 
 
 The Blackstone, wooden propeller, 1,147 tons, John C. Taylor, commander. 
 
 The William Lawrence, iron propeller, 1,049 tons, John S. March, Jr., com- 
 mander. 
 
 The SARAGOSSA, wooden propeller, 788 tons, T. A. Hooper, commander. 
 
 The enterprise and good management of the officers of the Company have combined 
 to make it wealthy and powerful, exerting its influence for the best interests of Nor- 
 folk. Gen. V. D. Groner is the agent, and T. B. Jackson assistant. 
 
 THE BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY 
 (Old Bay Line.) 
 
 This Company owns and operates the most magnificent passenger steamers on the 
 Atlantic coast, and they are the palace steamers of Chesapeake Bay, being new, 
 adapted to a high rate of speed, beautiful in form, substantial in construction, and 
 furnished most sumptuously. With travellers the line is regarded as one of the finest 
 and best in the country, forming the popular trunk route between the North and 
 South, Under the able management of the president, Col. John M. Robinson, assisted 
 by an able corps of competent officers, the Company has become one of the most thor- 
 oughly equipped in the country, and proved itself a most powerful adjunct in ad- 
 vancing the best interests of Norfolk. A trip upon either of the passenger boats of 
 the Bay Line is not attended with the fatigue usually incident to ordinary travel. 
 
 The Norfolk offices of the Company are on Water street, in close proximity to the 
 Norfolk and Western (A., M. & O.) Railroad depot, Mr. R. B. Cooke, is the agent; 
 and in Portsmouth the offices of the company are at the depot of the Seaboard and 
 Roanoke Railroad. 
 
 The steamers of the Bay Line make close connection at Portsmouth with the regu- 
 lar passenger trains of the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South and 
 South-west, and at Baltimore with the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
 Railroad for Philadelphia, New York and all points North, with the Baltimore and 
 Ohio, Northern Central and Pennsylvania Railroad for the West and North-west ; 
 with the Allan, Continental, West India and Pacific, Hooper and Johnson steamship 
 lines for Liverpool ; with the Continental for London and North German Lloyds for 
 Bremen. The steamers of theBay Line are : 
 
 The Carolina, iron side-wheel, 984 tons, built in 1877 ; 75 staterooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, W. C. Whittle, commander. 
 
 The Florida, wooden side-wheel, 1,280 tons, builtin 1876 ; 75 staterooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, J. D. Bloodsworth, commander. 
 
 The Virginia, iron side-wheel, 1,300 tons, built in 1879 ; 80 staterooms, passenger 
 capacity 500, J. D. Dawes, commander. 
 
 The Seaboard, iron propellor, for freight, 662 tons, A. K. Cralle, commander. 
 The Roanoke, iron propellor, for freight, 531 tons, Fisher, commander. 
 The Transit, wooden propellor, 475 tons, North, commander. 
 The Westover, iron propellor, tons, John S. Eldredge commander, 
 
 THE CANTON INSIDE LINE. 
 
 is a daily fast freight line operated by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
 Railroad Company in connection with the freight steamers of the Bay Line, between 
 Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia and all points North, having the same connections 
 here as the Baltimore Steam Packet Company; and at Philadelphia with the Ameri- 
 can Steamship Company's steamships for Liverpool and Antwerp. Over these lines 
 through bills of lading are issued. 
 
146 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE CLYDE LINES. 
 
 Of the large steamship interests controlled hy Messrs. W. P. Clyde & Co., of 12 
 South Wharves, Philadelphia and New York, from whom these lines take their 
 name : their New England lines, coast lines to the various States, West Indies and 
 South American ports, it is hardly within our province to treat in this volume. The 
 same enterprising gentlemen have, however, exerted a considerable influence in aid- 
 ing the development of our city and State. 
 
 From Norfolk they have lines through the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal to the 
 different sections of Eastern North Carolina, where they have fostered various auxil- 
 iary lines, navigating the smaller streams far into the interior, using boats of lighter 
 draft than heretofore known. These enterprises have largely increased the receipts of 
 cotton at this port from those sections. Their assistance in reorganizing and re- 
 establishing the James River Line, when the route was about being given up by the 
 old company, by the aid extended by their Philadelphia line in developing the truck 
 growing sections adjacent to our city, are worthy of mention. They have also taken 
 large interests in different Southern roads, which connect this city and State with the 
 South and South-west. 
 
 At Norfolk the Clyde interests are represented by Captain James W. McCarrick, 
 General Southern Agent, whose office is on the Company's wharves, Water street. The 
 following vessels comprise Clyde's local fleet : 
 
 The Everman, iron propellor, 696 tons, W. L. Carr, master ; Philadelphia and Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 The Norfolk, wooden propeller, 500 tons, Thomas Travers, master ; Baltimore, 
 Norfolk and Richmond. 
 
 The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, R. F. Jones master ; Norfolk, New- 
 berne and Washington, N. C. 
 
 The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons, W. L. Pierce, master; Baltimore, Norfolk 
 and Newberne, N. C. 
 
 The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, S. C. Piatt, master; Philadelphia, Nor- 
 folk and Richmond. 
 
 The Experiment, wooden propeller, 400 tons. R. H. Cannon, master ; Baltimore, 
 Washington and Newberne, N. C. 
 
 The FANITA,iron propeller, 454 tons, Wm. Hines master; Philadelphia, Norfolk and 
 Richmond. 
 
 The Ashland, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, Wm. Nelson, master; Philadelphia, 
 Norfolk and Richmond. 
 
 THE INLAND AND SEABOARD COASTING COMPANY. 
 
 The iron side-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " 700 tons, with comfortable ac- 
 commodations for two hundred and forty passengers, is owned and operated by this 
 Company, running tri-weekly between Norfolk and Washington, D. C, leaving the 
 Boston wharf, west end of Main street. This is one of the most desirable routes to and 
 from the city, connecting us with our National Capitol. During the Summer seasons 
 regular excursions over this line are largely patronized by lovers of fresh, invigorat- 
 ing air. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY 
 (James River Line.) 
 
 The magnificent wooden side-wheel steamer "City of Richmond, " built in 1880, 
 1,001 tons, running between Norfolk and Richmond, is the property of this Com- 
 pany. It is the finest and swiftest river steuner running in Virginia waters. 
 
 The iron side- wheel steamer " Ariel, " 700 tons, also belongs on the James River 
 route, supplying the place of the "City of Richmond" when necessary, making tri- 
 weekly trips between the two cities. 
 
 Delightful excursions on these steamers constitute a pleasant feature of their Sum- 
 mer business, passing, as they do, within full view of the oldest historical points con- 
 nected with the early history of Virginia. Travellers to the Springs of Virginia and 
 West Virginia find the James River route a convenient and enjoyable one. Captain 
 James W McCarrick is the local agent of the Company, and L. B. Tatum, Esq,, 
 General Superintendent, at Richmond. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA LINES. 
 
 The steamers of this Company are the Harbinger, M> E. Gregg commander, and 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 147 
 
 the Currituck, J. J. Jones commander, the former leaving the Company's wharf, foot 
 of Commerce street, Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays for North Kiver Fisheries, 
 Hertford, Belvidere and intermediate landings in North Carolina, via Albemarle and 
 Chesapeake Canal. The Currituck leaves same wharf every Thursday for Windsor 
 and all points on the Cashie Eiver, North Carolina. Under the efficient agency of W. 
 Y. Johnson, Esq., these lines have greatly developed the carrying trade between this 
 city and the fertile sections of North Carolina, bringing to our city the rich products of 
 the Sound region. 
 
 THE EOANOKE, NOEFOLK AND BALTIMOEE STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 
 
 This Company was formed by the consolidation of several lines of steamers leaving 
 this port, and under the judicious management of Captain Henry Eoberts, the agent, 
 who is also Superintendent of the Dismal Swamp Canal Company, recently reor- 
 ganized, the business of these lines has grown to immense proportions, and the quanti- 
 ties of cotton, produce, &c, shipped over them add materially to the trade statistics of 
 the city. 
 
 The steamers of this Company, with their routes, are as follows here : 
 
 Steamer Wm. B. Eogers leaves for Elizabeth City and landings on the Dismal 
 Swamp Canal every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. 
 
 Steamer Mary E. Eoberts leaves for Columbia, Simmons' Landing and Spruill's 
 Bridge every Thursday. 
 
 Steamer Keystone leaves for Murfreesboro, Franklin and all intermediate landings 
 on the Chowan river every Monday. 
 
 Steamers Louisa and Commerce leave for Baltimore, Edenton and landings on the 
 Eoanoke river, semi-weekly. 
 
 Steamer J. W. Haring leaves for Suffolk, WhaleyviUe and landings on the Nanse- 
 mond river, every Tuesday and Thursday. 
 
 Steamer Astoria leaves every Tuesday for all landings on Eoanoke river. 
 
 J. A. KENNEDY & C07 
 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth 
 
 # 
 
 ESTABLISHED 187 5. 
 
 Baggage Called for and Checked to Destination. 
 
 • ■ 
 
 PASSENGERS TRANSFERRED TO AND FROM ANY PART OF THE 
 
 TWO CITIES. 
 OMNIBUSES and CABRIAG-ES always on call. 
 
 E^ Our Agents will receipt for Baggage on all steamboats and trains 
 before arriving at Norfolk. 
 
 W. T. WALKE & SON, General Agents, 
 Corner of Main and G-ranby Streets, Norfolk, Va. 
 
148 NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE J 
 
 STEAMSHIPS 
 
 FOR BOSTON, 
 
 Providence and Liverpool. 
 
 i* i — — — — 
 
 THE OUT DIRECT HIE TO BOSTON AID PROVIDENCE. 
 
 SPEING AND SUMMER ARRANGEMENT! 
 
 For BOSTON, the MERCHANTS' and MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY 
 
 are now running their New and Splendid First-class Steamships 
 DECATUR H. MILLER, Captain S. Howes, 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS, Captain W. A. Hallett, 
 
 WILLIAM CRANE, Captain F. M. Howes, 
 
 GEORGE APPPOLD, Captain W. Loveland, 
 
 WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Captain J. S. March, Jr. 
 LEAVING NORFOLK 
 
 Every Tuesday and Friday at 5 o'clock P. M. 
 
 The Regularity and Safety of these Steamships cannot be surpassed. 
 For PROVIDENCE.— A Steamer Leaves NORFOLK for PROVIDENCE 
 
 Every Wednesday and Saturday, at 3 P. M. 
 
 Freight not arriving here in time for shipment to Boston by the direct 
 line will be forwarded via Providence at same rates. 
 
 For LIVERPOOL, by the CUNARD, WARREN, LEYLAND and ALLAN LINES, 
 From Boston, EACH WEEK. 
 
 For further information, apply to 
 
 V. D. G-RONER, 
 
 T. B. JACKSON, Agent. 
 
 Assistant Agent. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 149 
 
 WASHINGTON, 
 
 GEORGETOWN, ALEXANDRIA, 
 
 AND POINTS 
 
 North and West. 
 
 The Inland and Seaboard Coasting Co. 
 
 Will, on and after March 10th, 1881, run their Superior 
 Iron Steamer 
 
 FROM NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Leaving the BOSTON STEAMER'S WHARF, on 
 
 TUESDAY, THURSDAY AND SATURDAY, 
 
 At 4 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 For above points, connecting with Trains for 
 
 BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK AND 
 VIRGINIA MIDLAND RAILROAD 
 
 FOR VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 
 
 Returning will leave WASHINGTON, 
 
 MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS AND FRIDAYS, 
 At 5 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 Steamer stops at Old Point each way. 
 
 g^p Tickets Sold, Staterooms Reserved, and Orders for Baggage 
 received by 
 
 W. T. WALKE, Esq., Under Atlantic Hotel. 
 
 V. D. GRONER, Agent* 
 
 T. B. JACKSON, Asst. Agent. 
 
150 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 CLYDE'S 
 
 Coastwise and West India 
 
 STEAM %0^ LINES, 
 
 BETWEEN 
 New York and Havana, Mail Line, 
 
 New York and Charleston, S. C. 
 
 New York and Wilmington, N.C. 
 New York, Hayti and San Domingo, 
 
 New York and West India Ports. 
 Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk, 
 
 Phila., Boston, Providence and Fall River, 
 Philadelphia and New York, 
 Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C. 
 Phila. and Washington, D. C. and Alexandria, 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Philadelphia, Richmond and Norfolk Line. 
 
 WM. P. CLYDE & CO. General Managers, 
 
 No. 35 Broadway, New York, - 12 South Wharves, Philadelphia. 
 JAS. W, McCARRICK, Gen'l Southern Agent, Norfolk, Ya. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 151 
 
 I PACKET Mil. 
 
 BAY LINE. 
 
 eTS^Bi&SS. 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 CAROLINA, 
 VIRGINIA, 
 GASTON, 
 
 TRANSIT. 
 ROANOKE, 
 SEABOARD, 
 WESTOVER. 
 
 Daily Passenger and Fast Freight Route 
 
 BETWEEN BALTIMORE, OLD POINT, NORFOLK, PORTSMOUTH, AND ALL 
 POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH WEST 
 
 Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily (except Sundays) from foot of Union Dock, at6:30 P.M. 
 and from Canton Wharf at 8;30 P.M. on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW YORK at 3;20 
 P.M. and PHILADELPHIA at 5;30 P.M. 
 
 Passengers leave WASHINGTON at 5;30 P-M. connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. Connect 
 at PORTSMOUTH with Expre js train, Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South. 
 
 Going NORTH leave NORFOLK at 4 P.M. PORTSMOUTH, 5;45 P.M. and connects at Canton 
 Wharf, BALTIMORE.with Express train for PHILADELPHIA and NEW YORK, reaching Philadel- 
 phia at II A.M. and NEW YORK at I P.M BAY LINE also connects at BALTIMORE for WASH- 
 INGTON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST. 
 
 THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE 
 
 Connects BALTIMORE via the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line at NORFOLK, with all points in 
 South Side and South- Western Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and via the 
 Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all points in North and South 
 Carolina, Georgia and all points South and South- West Connects Norfolk and Portsmouth at Balti- 
 more, via Baltimore and Ohio R R and Northern Central Railway, with all points west, via "North 
 German Lloyd Line" with Bremen, "Allan," "Continental," "West India and Pacific," "Hooper," and 
 Johnston's Steamship Lines for Liverpool — over all of which through Bills of Lading and rates are is- 
 sued, /©^Freight received and forwarded twice daily, except Sundays 
 
 E. B. COOKE, Agent, Norfolk. 
 R. L. POOR, General Freight Agent, Baltimore. 
 D. J. HILL, Superintendent, Baltimore. 
 
 ONLY DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 Connecting PHILADELPHIA at NORFOLK via the "Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, and at 
 Portsmouth with the Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line, for all points South and South-West. 
 
 To insure dispatch, mark and ship your goods via CANTON INSIDE LINE. Goods received in 
 Philadelphia at Depots of P W & B R. R.; in Norfolk and Portsmouth at wharves of BAY LINE. 
 
 TRUCK is received for Philadelphia on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. 
 ^§„For particulars, enquire of 
 
 JOHN S. WILSON, General Agent, 
 
 5th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
152 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 1J 
 
 111 STEAMSHIP COMPANY 
 
 OLD DOMINION, 
 
 WYANOKE, 
 BREAKWATER , 
 MANHATTAN, 
 
 STEAMSillPS ; 
 
 RICHMOND, 
 
 ALBEMARLE, 
 
 HATTERAS. 
 
 FOR IsTIEW YOR/K. 
 
 One of the magnificent Passenger Steamships of the Line leaves Norfolk 
 
 for New York, regularly every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday. 
 Leave New York for Norfolk, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, 
 
 at 3 o'clock, P.M. 
 
 RATES LOW. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATIONS UNSURPASSED, FREIGHT, 
 CAPACITY AND FACILITIES UNEQUALLED. 
 
 FOR CHERRYSTONE, MATHEWS, GLOUCESTER HKD YORKTOWN. 
 
 Steamer NORTHAMPTON, Capt. P. McCarrick, leaves Norfolk at 7 A. M. every Monday, Wednesday 
 and Friday for CHERRYSTONE, and everv Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday for MATHEWS, 
 GLOUCESTER and YORKTOWN, calling each way daily at Old Paint going and returning. Freight 
 received daily until 6 P M. That lor Mathews, Gloucester and Yorktown must be prepaid. 
 
 FOU OLD POINT, HAMPTON AND SMITHFIELD. 
 
 The Steamer ACCOMACK, Captain Schermerhorn, until further notice will leave Norfolk daily 
 
 (except Sundays) for OLD POINT, HAMPTON, and SMITHFIELD. 
 
 Returning leaves Smithfield daily (Except Sundays) at 6 AM and Hampton daily (Sundays excepted) 
 
 at 8 A. M. for Norfolk via Old Point. Touches at Portsmouth going and returning. 
 
 SEMI-WEEKLY LINE TO WASHINGTON AND IEWBERNE N. C. 
 
 The Steamer NEWBERNE will leave Norfolk every four days at 6 A.M. for WASHINGTON, SOUTH 
 CREEK, and NEWBERNE, and the PAMLICO every four days at 6 A.M. for MAKELEY'S, WASH-' 
 INGTON, and NEWBERNE. Returning, Steamers leave Newberne for Norfolk direct every foin days 
 making close connection with all steam lines for Northern Cities. Connect at Washington with Com- 
 pany's Steamers for Greenville and all points on Tar River, and at Newberne with Steamers forKinston, 
 Trenton and points on the Neuse and Trent Rivers. 
 
 >6®* Freight received daily and forwarded promptly at lowest rates. 
 
 CIJLPEPER & TURNER, Agents. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 153 
 
 |[f 
 
 ?> 
 
 Norfolk and Ba 
 
 STEAMBOAT COMPANY, 
 
 Office Taylor's Wharf, one door west Clyde's Line, 
 
 Steamer WI. B. ROGERS, 
 
 Leaves for Elizabeth City and Landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal, 
 Every TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY, at 6 A.M. 
 
 Steamer MARY E. ROBERTS, 
 
 Leaves for Columbia, Simmons' Landing and Spruill's Bridge, 
 EVERY THURSDAY, at 12 M. 
 
 Steamer KEYSTONE, 
 
 Leaves for Murfreesboro, Franklin and all intermediate landings on the 
 
 Chowan River, 
 EYERY MONDAY, AT 6 A.M. 
 
 Stmrs. LOUISA & COMMERCE, 
 
 Leave for Baltimore, Eden ton and landings on the Roanoke River, 
 
 Semi-weekly. 
 
 Steamer J. W. HARRING, 
 
 Leaves for Suffolk, Whaleyville and Landings on the Nansemond River, 
 
 Every TUESDAY and THURSDAY at 11 A.M. and every 
 
 SATURDAY AT 11 A.M. 
 
 Steamer ASTORIA, 
 
 Leaves every TUESDAY at 6 P.M. for all Landings on Roanoke River. 
 
 glgf Freights for all points received daily from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M 
 Lowest Rates guaranteed. 
 
154 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 INLAND NAVIGATION. 
 
 mi 11 
 
 THE 
 
 TOGETHER WITH THE 
 
 Chesapeake 6 Delaware Canal & Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
 
 FORM THE GREAT INLAND NAVIGATION FROM 
 
 NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE 
 
 TO 
 
 flOHTtt CtflOtllW MID Tft£ SOUTtt, 
 
 BY CANALS AND INLAND NAVIGATION FOR STEAMBOATS, SAILING 
 VESSELS, RAFTS, &c, AVOIDING THE DANGERS OF HAT- 
 TERAS AND THE COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA- 
 SAVING TIME AND INSURANCE. 
 
 DIMENSIONS OF CANALS AND LOCKS: 
 
 CANALS, 
 
 Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal 
 Erie, of New York 
 
 MILES- 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 345 
 
 LOCKS, 
 
 Length. 
 
 Width 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet- 
 
 Feet, 
 
 Feet; 
 
 220 
 
 40 
 
 7 
 
 220 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 220 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 110 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 J®" Light-draft steamers bound to Charleston, Savannah, Florida and the West 
 Indies take this route. 
 
 Steam tug-boats leave Norfolk, towing sail vessels, barges, rafts, &c, to and from 
 North Carolina to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York. 
 
 Freight steamers leave Norfolk for the following places : Edenton, Elizabeth City, 
 Hertford, Plymouth, JamesAdlle, Williamston, Hamilton, Hill's Ferry, Palmyra, Scot- 
 land Neck, Halifax, Weldon, Columbia, Fair Field, Windsor, Winton, Gatesville, Mur- 
 freesboro, Franklin, Currituck, Coinjock, Roanoke Island, Washington, Greensville, 
 Tarboro, Indiantown, Bay River and Newberne. 
 
 Jgg^* For rates of tolls, towing, maps and charts, &c, apply to 
 
 H. V. LESLIE, Treasurer C. & D. Canal Co., 
 
 528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 M. COURTRIG-HT, Esq., 
 
 Room 69 Coal and Iron Exchange, New York, 
 
 Or to MARSHAL PARKS, 
 President Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co., Norfolk, Ya. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 155 
 
 Dismal Swamp Canal Company. 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 • ■ 
 
 (RE-ORGANIZED DECEMBER 1st, 1880.) 
 
 Connecting the Waters of Chesapeake Bay with 
 Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, N. C. 
 
 The recent extensive improvements by dredging and otherwise, securing a 
 
 uniform depth of water throughout, recommend this route as a 
 
 desirable medium of transportation between the waters 
 
 of Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 JNO. B. WHITEHEAD, President. 
 
 Capt. HENRY KOBERTS, Superintendent. 
 S. W. GARY, Collector. 
 
 H. C. WHITEHEAD, Secretary and Treasurer _ 
 
 W. H. C. ELLIS, C. W. NEWTON, 
 
 JAMES Y. LEIGH, CICERO BURRUSS. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ii J1LJ1E juijiim jui^)® 
 
 STEAMER HAEBINGER, 
 
 Captain M. E. CREGG, 
 
 Leaves tlie Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every MONDAY and THURSDAY, at 
 6 A.M., for HERTFORD and BELYIDERE, N. C. 
 
 STEAMER ENTERPRISE, 
 
 Leaves the Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every MONDAY, WEDNESDAY and 
 
 FRIDAY, at 6 A. M. for ELIZABETH CITY, N.C. and Intermediate 
 
 Points via Dismal Swamp Canal. 
 
 STEAMER CURRITUCK, 
 
 Captain J. J. JONES, 
 
 Leaves the Wharf foot of Commerce Street, every THRUSDAY EVENING- for 
 WINDSOR and all points on the Cashie River, N. C. 
 
 Freights repeived,darly. For further information apply to 
 
 ; ; j ; w . y. JOHNSON, Agent. 
 
156 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE _ 
 
 " estern 
 
 PtA^ILHO^D. 
 
 (Formerly the Atlantic, Miss, & Ohio R.R.) 
 
 Is the most important link in the GREAT SOUTHERN MAIL and 
 
 KENNESAW ROUTES. It is unexcelled by any other 
 
 Line running between the 
 
 EAST AND WEST, 
 
 SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST, 
 
 In grandeur of Mountain Scenery, Beauty of Valleys and Streams, 
 Altitude of Country Traversed, Abundance of Mineral resour- 
 ces, Elegance of Equipment, and in all essentials 
 constituting 
 
 Perfection in Kail way Travel and the Acme of 
 
 Pleasure. 
 
 A single view of the PEAKS OF OTTER is well worth a trip over 
 this delightful route. The eyes of passengers grow weary while crossing 
 the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Ranges, endeavoring to " take in " 
 the magnificence and grandeur of those towering mountains. 
 
 PULLMAN CARS ON ALL NIGHT TRAINS. 
 COMFORTABLE THOROUGH FARE CARS ON DAY TRAINS. 
 
 The Especial Attention of Visitors to the VIRGINIA SPRINGS is called 
 
 to this Route as the most convenient, comfortable and lowest- 
 
 Direct and Short Route to the following favorite summer resorts: 
 
 YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, ALLEGHANY SPRINGS, COYNER'S WHITE 
 
 AND YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS. 
 
 BEDFORD ALUM SPRINGS. 
 
 Tourists and pleasure seekers will consult their convenience by secur- 
 ing tickets via this route. 
 
 A " Guide Book " to its Summer Resorts mailed free to any address, 
 upon application to the undersigned, 
 
 L. S. BROWN, General Traveling Agent, Lynchburg, Va. 
 N. M. OSBORNE, FRANK HUGER, 
 
 Master of Trans. Petersburg, Va. Supt. of Trans. Lynchburg, Va. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 157 
 
 Via PORTSMOUTH, Va. 
 
 EXPRESS FREIGHT LIN 
 
 BETWEEN ALL POINTS 
 
 North and South ! 
 
 STEAMSHIPS TO PORTSMOUTH, THENCE IN THROUGH 
 CARS VIA RALEIGH, HAMLET, CHARLOTTE, 
 ATLANTA, AND ALL POINTS SOUTH 
 AND SOUTH-WEST. 
 
 SHIP from the NORTH by the following LINES : 
 
 BOSTON.— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, 
 PROVIDENCE.— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore S. S. Co., 
 NEW YORK.— Old Dominion Steamship Company, 
 PHILADELPHIA.— Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. 
 
 " Clyde Line, 
 
 BALTIMORE.— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 
 
 For Further Information apply to 
 
 F. W. CLARK, General Agent. 
 A. POPE, SOL HAAS, 
 
 General Passenger Agent. 
 
 General Freight Agent. 
 
158 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 THE GREAT 
 
 Via PORTSMOUTH, Va. 
 
 TO AND FROM 
 
 Boston, Providence, New York, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. BALTIMORE, NORFOLK, 
 
 AND ALL 
 
 AS' 
 
 IES, 
 
 TO ALL POINTS 
 
 i#n43 
 
 
 
 itii 
 
 v m W Wei 
 
 1 
 
 ii * tm » ■ 
 
 Observe the following excellent schedule of Connections : 
 
 BOSTON— Merchants and Miners' Transportation Company. 
 
 PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamship Company. 
 NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA— Canton Inside Liue via P. W. & B. R. R. 
 BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company. 
 
 For Further Information Apply to 
 
 A. POPE, General Passenger Agent. 
 SOL HAAS, General Freight Agent. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 THIS OlfiB RESIfllABUEf 
 
 159 
 
 VIRGINIA II 111 
 
 FROM 
 
 Boston, Providence, Hew York, 
 Philadelphia £p> Baltimore, 
 
 AND FROM 
 
 NORFOLK, PETERSBURG, RICHMOND I LYNCHBURG, 
 
 TO ALL POINTS 
 
 M@miM ®mM M@w$M~W@M $ 
 
 5*-=-—^ Through Rates Given and Quick Time Made. All Claims 
 BKISl ibr Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly adjusted. 
 
 THIS LINE IS COMPOSED OF 
 
 Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co., from Providence; Old Dominion Steamship 
 
 Co., from New York ; Phila. Wilmington & Baltimore R. E., and Clyde Line 
 
 Steamers from Philadelphia; Baltimore Steam Packet Co., from 
 
 Baltimore ; Norfolk and Western (A. M.&O.) R.R.; East Tenn. 
 
 Va, & Georgia R.R.; Memphis & Charleston R.R.; 
 
 Nashville, Chat. & St. Louis R.R.; Western & Atlantic R.R.; Selma, Rome & Dalton 
 
 R.R.; Alabama Central R.R,; Vicksburg & Meridan R.R.; Mobile & Ohio R.R.; 
 
 New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago R.R.; and their connections. 
 
 Have your Goods Marked: — "VA. & TENN. AIR LINE. 
 
 AGENTS: 
 
 C. P. GAITHER, 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 E. H. ROCKWELL, .... INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE. 
 
 THOMAS PINCKNEY, General Agent, - - 303 BROADWAY, M. Y. 
 
 JOHN S. WILSON, - - - 44 S. FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 
 W . P. CLYOE & CO., •-- 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA 
 L W. H. FITZGERALD, - 157 W. BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE. 
 
 W. T. PAYNE, Agent Claims and Expenses, Norfolk, Ya- 
 
 BEFORE PURCHASING TICKETS ELSEWHERE, CALL AT THE 
 
 Branch Ticket Office of the Norfolk and Western R.R., 
 
 (Santos* ^3-u.ilcLixxg;, 3%Xgb±xx Street.) 
 
 Tickets on sale to all Local Stations. Through Tickets to points West, North-west 
 South, South-west, and Texas Points. Baggage Checked to destination. 
 
160 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 THE 
 
 Elizabeth City m Norfolk 
 
 RAILROAD. 
 
 Norfolk Harbor and Sounds of North Carolina 
 Linked by Bail. 
 
 RAPID, CERTAIN AND SAFE TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Twelve to Twenty-four Hours saved between Eastern North Carolina 
 and the Northern and Eastern Cities. 
 
 JUL 
 
 Connections at Norfolk with Steamers for 
 
 BALTIMORE, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, 
 BOSTON AND WASHINGTON. 
 
 At Southern Terminus with Steam Lines for Newberne, Washington, 
 
 Manteo, Columbia, Plymouth, Jamesville, Williamston and 
 
 other points on Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, and 
 
 Neuse, Pamlico, Tar/Alligator, Roanoke 
 
 and Chowan Rivers. 
 
 The ELIZABETH CITY AND NORFOLK RAILROAD will 
 be opened for traffic by or before May 1st, 1881. Its physical charac- 
 teristics, natural and constructed terminal, facilities and excellent equip- 
 ment will ensure quick, safe and cheap transportation. 
 
 nvr. iec kulstgk 
 
 G-eneral Manager. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 161 
 
 SET 1 YOUR TICB&TS 
 
 OVER THE 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. 
 
 THE SHORTEST AND CHEAPEST ROUTE TO 
 
 : WEST ! 
 
 This is the only route to and via 
 
 THE FAMOUS ANI> FASHIONABLE 
 
 GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS 
 
 (THE SARATOGA OF THE SOUTH) 
 
 And Other Mineral Springs .and Summer Resorts 
 
 OF THE BLUE RIDGE AND ALLEGHANIES, 
 
 Comprising every variety, from the "Mecca," where fashions votaries make their yearly 
 pilgrimage, to the quiet retreat where families find summer homes. 
 
 During the summer season, Round Trip Tickets, at very low rates, to the Springs 
 and Resorts on the C. & O. Eailway, are on sale at the Ticket Offices of connecting lines. 
 
 TheC&O 
 
 Has first-class road-bed and superstructures, and all modern improvements in equip- 
 ment. It passes through the magnificent mountain scenery of the Blue Ridge and 
 Alleghanies, and along the beautiful Valleys of the Greenbrier, New and Kanawha 
 Rivers, presenting every variety of landscape in turn throughout its length of four 
 hundred miles. 
 
 Emigrants, as well as the general traveling public, save money and gain in safety and 
 comfort by taking this route. 
 
 B®" Tickets on Sale and Baggage Checked at all principal ticket offices of the C. & 
 O. Railway and connections. 
 
 For special information concerning rates, time-schedules, &c, address 
 
 W. TALBOT WALKE, C. E. YE ATM AN, 
 
 Ticket Agent, Norfolk, Va. Agent C. & 0. Railway, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 J. C. DAME, CONWAY R. HOWARD, 
 
 Southern Agent, Richmond, Ya. G. P. & T. A., Richmond, Ya. 
 
 ''.i N. B — It is believed that the Eastern (Peninsula) Connection from Richmond to 
 Newports News, and the .Western Connections from Huntingdon to Lexington, Ky., 
 and from Ashland, Ky., to Portsmouth, O., now in progress of construction, will all be 
 completed in the early Summer. 
 
162 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY. 
 
 STEAMERS " CITY OF RICHMOND " AND "ARIEL." 
 
 Cheapest and most comfortable route to 
 
 RICHMOND AND ALL POINTS WEST, 
 
 VIA C. & O RAILROAD. 
 
 e@°- Beautiful Views of Historic and War Scenery Along James River. °^a 
 
 Steamer leaves CLYDE'S WHAiF TRI-WEEKLY, touching at Ports- 
 mouth. 
 L. B. TATUM, Snpt., Richmond. J. W. McCARRICK, Agent, Norfolk. 
 
 OUR PRESS. 
 
 Y$ ,HE well conducted newspapers of any city do more to 'aid itsmate- 
 
 \ rial progress in the march of business development than almost any 
 other agency. 
 
 To the growth and importance of Norfolk our newspapers have con- 
 tributed more than can be estimated. They have devoted their best en- 
 deavors toward acquainting our own and outside people with the great 
 opportunities which nature has showered upon this section, and defined 
 the means by which they have been made available. 
 
 The Norfolk Virginian, owned and edited by M. Glennan, Esq., 
 is published every morning, except Mondays, corner Commerce and Main 
 streets. Besides its daily and weekly issues, it has published three 
 special editions, containing valuable and comprehensive statistics of 
 Norfolk's trade; 10,000 copies of each issue were distributed gratuitously. 
 The Virginian is a vigorous advocate of Democratic principles and is 
 a first-class journal. 
 
 The Norfolk Landmark, published daily and weekly, is edited by 
 that distinguished Virginia Poet, Captain James Barron Hope. It is 
 also an unflinching exponent of Democratic principles, and the pen of 
 its gifted editor is at all times wielded for the best interests of the people 
 it represents. 
 
 The Public Ledger is one of the best evening papers published in 
 the State. Independent in politics, it is neutral in nothing. Colonel J. 
 Rich'd Lewellen presides over the editorial department, and the paper is 
 published by the firm of J. Rich'd Lewellen & Co., Walter A. Edwards 
 and Joseph G. Fiveash being the partners. 
 
 The Sunday Gazette and the Weekly Herald are two excellent 
 weekly papers, the former is published by Messrs. W. W. Degge& Co., 
 and the latter by Mr. W. S. Copes. 
 
 The Portsmouth Times is a daily, The Virginia Granger and 
 Tidewater Times are weeklies. Dr. J. M. Blanton, a conspicuous 
 and able representative of the Grange interests in this section edits the 
 three, the publishing being done by the Times Publishing Company, of 
 which Mr. W. B. Wilder is the business manager. The Enterprise, 
 another popular and enterprising Portsmouth daily, published in the Ar- 
 cade Building, is owned and edited by John W. H. Porter, Esq. 
 
ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 163 
 
 The Norfolk Landmark, 
 
 PUBLISHED DAILY, TRI-WEEKLY AND WEEKLY, 
 
 COITAIM AlzSi TIE liJLTSST MEWS 
 
 Transpiring in the World. 
 
 It Has a Complete Corps of Reporters and Correspondents. 
 
 It Pays Especial Attention to Market Quotations, 
 
 And its Reports are thoroughly accurate and to be depended upon, as a number of 
 
 merchants, both sellers and buyers, are visited daily to obtain the latest 
 
 information as to changes in prices of all articles 
 
 bought and sold in this market. 
 
 RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION : 
 
 Daily, .... 
 
 Tri-Weekly, - 
 Weekly, - 
 
 Parties sending us a club of nine subscribers to the Weekly one year will 
 be sent one copy gratis. 
 
 Parties sending us a club of five subscribers to the Daily one year will be 
 sent one paper for a year gratis. 
 
 3 mos. 
 
 6 mos. 
 
 12 mos. 
 
 $1.50 
 
 $3.00 
 
 $5.00 
 
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 2.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 - 
 
 75 
 
 1.00 
 
 OUR JOB DEPARTMENT. 
 
 We have always on hand a large stock of PAPER) and the most complete assort- 
 ment of JOB TYPE °f an .y office in the State. 
 
 Books Printed at Reasonable Rates 
 PRICES AS LOW AS THE LOWEST. 
 
 BINDING • RULING DONE AT LOW RATES. 
 
 Orders by mail promptly attended to. Estimates cheerfully furnished 
 and satisfaction guaranteed, or money refunded. 
 
 When in want give us a call. All communications should be addressed to 
 
 IP 
 
 KORFOLK f VA. 
 
164 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 ■mWBn 
 
 'KrolSX'. <S5mWTC» S5H5 
 
 c^i SHKSS^ '«««>*>' KSSSvSS WSKKBm' 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 
 Published every Afternoon, by J. Rieh'd Lewellen & Co ., 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Independent on all subjects and is specially devoted to the local interests 
 of Portsmouth and Norfolk, and to the boundless resources of Virginia. 
 
 As a local advertising medium it has no equal in this section, as it is read 
 by all classes of people. 
 
 It gives telegraphic news from our State and National Capitols, with a 
 resume of the general miscellany so important to the interests of readable 
 newspapers. 
 
 CASH TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : 
 
 By Mail, postage prepaid, per annum, - - - $4.00. 
 
 City Subscribers, per annum, - - - • 4.50. 
 
 Per Week, TEN CENTS; 
 
 Single Copies, TWO CENTS. 
 
 PUBLISHED AT PORTSMOUTH, VA. 
 
 By the Times Publishing Company. 
 
 +--^*--+- 
 
 Has a very large and daily increasing circulation, extending through Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. 
 The Granger is under the management of the Executive Committee of the State 
 Grange, and is edited by Dr. J. M. Blanton, Grand Master of Virginia. 
 All communications should he addressed to 
 
 W. B. WILDER, Business Manager, P. 0. Box 335. 
 
 THE DAILY TIMES. 
 
 PUBLISHED EVERY DAY EXCEPT MONDAY, 
 
 By the Times Publishing Co., Portsmouth, Va., 
 
 AND HAS A LARGER DAILY CIRCULATION IN PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK COUNTY 
 THAN ANY OTHER DAILY PAPER. 
 
 Dr. J. M. BLANTON, Editor. W. B. WILDER, Business Manager. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 165 
 
 KOBT. A. MARTIN. ROBT. R. HILL. A. G. M. MARTIN, 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1830. 
 
 (Without a Change in the Surname of the Senior Partner of the House since.) 
 
 MARTIN, HILL & CO., 
 Grocers and Commission Merchants, 
 
 No. 11 SYCAMORE STREET, 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA, 
 
 Faithful personal attention given to the sale of Cotton, Tobacco, Peanuts, 
 Wheat and Corn, and prompt returns made of the same. Orders for goods 
 from reliable, jDunctual parties will be filled at reasonable prices, and on 
 liberal terms. Liberal cash advances made ; especially on produce in hand. 
 Consignments respectfully solicted. 
 
 Reference — The character which our has enjoyed for OVER FIFTY 
 YEARS. 
 
 L ;.:i 
 
 
 fbzant 
 
 INDEPENDENT IN ALL THING-S ; 
 
 NEUTRAL IN NOTHING-. 
 IS DELIVERED BY CARRIERS TO ALL PARTS OF NORFOLK, 
 PORTSMOUTH, BERKLEY, ATLANTIC CITY 
 AND BRAMBLETON. 
 Circulates Extensively through Eastern North Caro- 
 lina and Virginia. 
 PRICE, POSTAGE PAID, ONE YEAR, $2.00; SIX MONTHS, $1.00. 
 
 A LARGE JOB PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 Attached, which will duplicate any prices south of Baltimore. 
 
 \ ip v 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Times Publishing Co., Every MONDAY Morning, 
 
 AT E»ai£*TSBffiaXJTT^, IT A. 
 
 The Tidewater Times is a handsome 28 column weekly, and is a fine advertising 
 medium for Virginia and Eastern North Carolina. 
 
 Dr. J. M. BLANTON, Editor. W. B. WILDER, Business Manager. 
 
166 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTEE 
 
 SHIPPEES 
 
 Compkess Company, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 INCOEPORATED 1881. 
 
 AUTHORIZED CAPITAL $500,000 
 
 3 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 BARTON MYERS, Peesident. 
 CALDWELL HARDY, 
 
 Seceetaey and Teeasueee. 
 JAS. W. GEROW, Stjpeeintendent. 
 
 DIRECTORS : 
 WM. H. PETERS, P. S, GALATTI, 
 WM. J. DONALD, THOS. HARDY., 
 
 This Company is erecting Two "Morse" 
 Cotton Compresses, of 2,500 tons pres- 
 sure each, (the largest ever erected at 
 this port, ) one being located in Norfolk 
 and the other upon Peters & Reed's 
 Wharves, in Portsmouth. 
 
 On both of these sites ample Sheds and 
 
 Warehouses are being erected, and all 
 
 Cotton or other Merchandise entrusted 
 
 k to the care of the Company will be care- 
 
 1 fully protected. 
 
 3 Cotton will be compressed promptly at 
 the lowest market rates, each Press hav- 
 ing a capacity of 70 bales an hour. 
 Steamers and Sail Vessels always on berth for Liverpool, and for other Ports 
 when required, by which any shipments of Cotton, Tobacco, Grain, Oil Cake, Timber, 
 Manganese or other Merchandise, will be promptly forwarded at the lowest market 
 rates of freight. 
 
 B^Negotiable Warehouse and Compress Receipts issued for all Merchandise 
 entrusted to the Custody of the Company. 
 
 Shipments to be forwarded should be marked care of 
 
 SHIPPERS COMPRESS COMPANY, 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 16? 
 
 W. II. TAPPEY. 
 
 ALEX. STEEL. 
 
 TAPPET & STEEL, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 I 
 
 Jl 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 ') L 
 
 u 
 
 II AND 
 
 mm 
 
 PRESSES 
 
 Saw ills, Grist Mills, Mill Irons, 
 
 FIiOWS* 
 Iron and Brass Castings, 
 
 PETERSBURG, VA. 
 
 GOOD AND CHEAP SECOND-HAND 
 
 BOILERS and ENGINES on hand- 
 
168 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 J. G. TAYLOR & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 LTIMORE STREET, 
 
 D. 
 
 Carom, Pool, and Combination 
 
 Pigeon-Hole, Jenny Lind, Bagatelle, 
 Spinners and other Tables. 
 
 OF FINEST QUALITY AND AT BOTTOM PRICES. 
 
 R TABLES ARE WARRANTED 
 
 For durability and Accuracy. 
 SKBTltt FOB CIBCUIiABS f PKICE USTS. 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 
 
 169 
 
170 
 
 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 £HUXf CHTQJNT 1 
 
 THE NEW REMINGTON. 
 
 c&c, dJC, 
 
 S LATB8T BOOBI I 
 
 HE NEW REMINGTON CLIPPER 
 
 Our hard PATENT CARBON METAL PLOWS, by thorough practical 
 test, have proved to be much superior to ordinary chilled iron plows equally 
 as hard, and much stronger, which enables us to make a Lighter Plow oi 
 like capacity, and overcome the great objections of useless extra weight m 
 handling to the farmer, and needless additional draft to the team. 
 
 Also Solid Steel Shovels, Scoops, Spades, Hoes, 
 Forks, Rakes, Mowers, Wheel Hakes, &c. 
 
 Send for Catalogue. 
 
 A. «& A. €t. AJUFORD, Southern Agents, 
 
 21 S. HOWARD STREET, - BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTKIES AND TEADES. 
 
 171 
 
 " Norfolk as a Business Centre; 
 
 Its Principal Industries and Trades." 
 
 ILLIJSTEATED. 
 
 At NOEFOLK, VA, 
 
 By CARY W. JONES. 
 
 • ■ 
 
 Unanimously endorsed and recommended by both branches of the City 
 
 Council. 
 
 It is devoted to the commercial and mercantile development of Norfolk, its 
 
 patrons being the Leading Business Houses and 
 
 Corporations of the city. 
 
 Its guaranteed minimum annual circulation is Fifteen Hundred Copies, dis- 
 tributed principally among the Merchants of Eastern Virginia, 
 the Carolinas, Tennessee and Georgia. 
 
 For the information of patrons, the bonihde circulation is each year attested 
 
 by official certificates. 
 
 Bankers, Merchants, Manufacturers and Business Men will find in it a dura- 
 ble, efficient and profitable medium of advertising through which 
 the best Merchants in the South may be reached. 
 
 The contents of each volume form a concise resume of Norfolk's most im- 
 portant business interests ; collectively, the volumes wil be found 
 to form a complete and valuable history, in detail, of the 
 establishment and growth of the city and its 
 Trades since 1682. 
 
 Copies in Excess of the Fifteen Hundred 
 
 Distributed Gratuitously 
 
 can be had at 
 
 THE BOOKSTORES OF THE CITY, 
 
 Op sent to any address, postage paid, for 
 
 FIFTY dEZLsTTS EACH. 
 
 ADVERTISING RATES: 
 
 1 Page, 
 
 $25.00 
 - - - 15.00 
 9.00 
 
 Address all communications to 
 
 & Page, 
 
 Card, - . r 
 
 Including copy of book. 
 
 $7.50 
 5.00 
 
 CARY W. JONES, 
 
 VA, 
 
172 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 LEADING BANKS, CORPORATIONS, 
 f BUSINESS HOUSES OF NORFOLK. 
 
 In all business centres are to be found individuals and firms who have attained that 
 prominence in business for which their competitors labored unsuccessfully Some are 
 in the beginning, possessed of large capital aud everything favorable to the achieve- 
 ment of success, but through mismanagement, errors in judgmentor some of the many 
 hindrances to success, never become distinguished, except perhaps as failures; others 
 with energy, enterprise and sterling integrity win their way until their names become 
 synonyms of success. It would be a pleasure, if it were in the province of this 
 work, to dwell at length and in detail upon the history of the houses here presented, 
 but we can only mention very briefly the leading incidents connected with them, de- 
 ferring, for a time, a more elaborate notice. 
 
 THE EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 
 
 Is to-day one of the most prosperous and substantial moneyed institutions in the 
 Southern States. The building, illustrated on pages 13 and 15, is strikingly hand- 
 some, its interior forming one commodious and elegant room, which is furnished with 
 every accessory for expediting and simplifying the business of the bank. The au- 
 thorized capital is $500,000, of which $300,000 is paid in ; besides it has $150,000 sur- 
 plus. The bank is also the designated depository and financial agent of the United 
 States. The officers are as follows: Hon. John B. Whitehead, President; James G. 
 Bain, Vice President; George M. Bain, Jr., Cashier; James H. Toomer, Assistant 
 Cashier. (See page 79.) 
 
 THE CITIZENS' BANK 
 
 Was incorporated in 1867, and like its sister banks, has punctually declared dividends 
 upon its capital stock, bespeaking for the inititution an able and judicious manage- 
 ment. The directory is composed of wealthy, influential men, who are yet actively 
 engaged in business pursuits, and who appreciate the subject of finance in its most 
 intricate phases. The building of the Citizens' Hank is shown in view of Main Street, 
 page 8, being the second from right-hand corner. The officers are: Win. H. Peters, 
 President ; Wm. W. Chamberlain©, Vice President ; Walter H. Doyle, Cashier. (See 
 page 78.) 
 
 THE MARINE BANK 
 
 Was chartered, under our State laws, in June, 1872, and began business at 146 Main 
 Street, subsequently the beautiful granite building, conspicuous in view of Main Street, 
 page 8, was purchased, and its interior remodeled for the accommodation of the 
 largely increased business of the bank. The officers and directors are men of ac- 
 knowledged ability, aud under their management the bank has taken high rank. The 
 officers are: Col. Walter H. Taylor, President; Hugh N. Page, Acting Cashier. (See 
 page 80.) 
 
 BURRUSS SON & CO. 
 This is one of the oldest and most successful banking firms in the city, and in addi- 
 tion to the regular routine business of banking that of brokerage has become an im- 
 portant branch. The firm receives deposits, buys and sells bonds of every description, 
 and deals in all classes of exchange. That magnificent brick building on the corner of 
 Main and Atlantic Streets, shown in view on page 13, is the banking house of the firm. 
 (See page 81.) 
 
 THE HOME SAVINGS BANK 
 
 Is, as the name implies, a savings bank, and was established under charter in 1874. 
 The cash capital of the bank is $20,000, to which is added a surplus of $3,000. The 
 authorized capital is $100,000 Since its organization it has afforded all classes an 
 opportunity to accumulate their smallest earnings, and its success is a matter of con- 
 gratulation. The building is illustrated on page 44. The officers are: George E. 
 Bowden, President; George S. Oldfield, Vice President; H. C. Percy, Cashier, (See 
 page 80.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 173 
 
 THE BANK OF COMMERCE 
 
 Was organized under State charter July 1st, 1878, and the building (shown as third 
 from the corner, on page 13) formerly owned by the People's National Bank, on Main 
 at the head of Commerce Street, is devoted to its uses. The success of the Bank of 
 Commerce has been commensurate with the rapid commercial advancement of the 
 city. The officers are: James E. Barry, President; Win. S. Wilkinson, Cashier. (See 
 page 81.) 
 
 THE NORFOLK TRUST COMPANY 
 
 Was chartered in 1S68, and is among the oldest bank organizations in the city. The 
 character of its business is the same as those mentioned. Col. Wm. B. Rogers is the 
 President, and W. J. Young, Cashier. (See page 81.) 
 
 EASTHAM, POWELL & CO., 
 Wholesale Grocers. 
 This firm occupies the large and splendid 'warehouse N. E. corner of Water and 
 Commerce Streets, including Nos. 90 Water and 41 Commerce Streets, fronting on the 
 former 40 and running back 130 feet on the latter. The building is three stories high, 
 affording ample storage capacity. The present firm is composed of two members, 
 Messrs. J. Eastham and E. T. Powell, who succeeded to the firm of Gwathmey, Dey & 
 Powell, the latter having organized in 1871. Being identified with the second largest 
 branch of business in Norfolk, and having an extensive trade in this section, the house 
 stands to-day among the most prominent in Norfolk. (See page 72.) 
 
 M. L. T. DAVIS & CO., 
 Wholesale Grocers, 
 Commenced business in 1865, on Roanoke Square, under firm style of Davis & Bro. 
 After a few years the business of the firm had so increased as to render the provision 
 of greater facilities for its accommodation necessary, when the warehouse S. E. corner 
 of Water and Commerce Streets was built. This building has three floors and base- 
 ment, 25x100 feet, with an addition in the rear forming an L. About the year 1874 
 Mr. B. D. Thomas, a former clerk, was admitted to a partnership, and the present firm 
 style adopted. With every facility for the conduct of their business, the firm controls 
 an extensive and excellent trade. (See page 73.) 
 
 McMENAMIN & CO., 
 Packers, 
 Are operating at Hampton their spacious factory for the packing and hermetically 
 sealing of canned goods in general, but particularly that of canned crab meat. They 
 make a specialty of Fresh Deviled Crabs, as is shown by their advertisement on page 
 76. This is the meat of the fresh Hard Crab, carefully picked, nicely seasoned and 
 packed in 1 and 2 pound cans ; with each case of cans they send gratuitously a case of 
 the original shells, so that no matter how far one may live from the coast, he may in- 
 dulge in the luxury of fresh Deviled Crabs; or the shells may be dispensed with and 
 the meat prepared in salads, stews, fries, etc. In this business they employ a fleet of 
 40 fishing boats, and in season operate 200 hands. Their goods are shipped to all parts 
 of the world, and their popularity is shown by the certificates published elsewhere. 
 Our own people are well acquainted with these goods, many prefer them to the Lobster, 
 and it is only necessary for the uninitiated to partake once of a dish of McMenamin & 
 Co.'s Deviled Crabs if they would experience an equal sense of appreciation. Our own 
 and the principal wholesale grocers of this country and Europe supply the retail trade. 
 (See page 76.) 
 
 JAMES M. BUTT, 
 Railroad, Steamboat and Machinists' Supplies. 
 This house was established in 1869, the firm name being Forbes, Butt & White, sub- 
 sequently Forbes & Butt ; the latter was dissolved in 1876 by the death of Mr. N. S. 
 Forbes, Mr. James M. Butt succeeding to the business. At the store No. 5 Market 
 square, which is three stories high, 25x70 feet, a large and well assorted stock of all 
 goods pertaining to the business, is kept. Mr. Butt is also a member of the Ports- 
 mouth firm of Butt & Neville. The high standing and success of the house is un- 
 questioned. (See page 88.) 
 
171 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 E. V. WHITE & CO., 
 Railroad, Steamboat and Mill Supplies. 
 The partners of this Arm are Captain E. V. While and diaries Schroeder, both of 
 whom are practical engineers. The partnership was formed in 1873, although the 
 senior member had previously been in the business since 1866, entering in 1869 the 
 Norfolk linn of Forbes, Butl & While, Prom which he withdrew in 1873 to form the 
 present firm, The spiril of enterprise and business energy of the partners have com- 
 bined to gain Cor the house n large and satisfactory trade, which continues to increase 
 
 each year. (See page Hi).) 
 
 MAYER & CO., 
 
 Steamboat, Mill and Engineers' Supplies. 
 
 The business of this house was established in January of this year, byE. L. Mayer, 
 and the firm of Taylor, Elliott & Wallers, the largest hardware establishment in 
 the city. A new building, illustrated on page 25, was creeled at lis Water Street for 
 the linn, and it contains a most complete stock of goods necessary for machinists, 
 millers, engineers, or Cor use on steamboats and railroads. The senior partner is thor- 
 oughly familiar with the wants of Southern hade, ha vine,- served eleven years appren- 
 ticeship in It. (See page 90.) 
 
 LeKIES & COLLINS, 
 M a NISTEE Saw M ills. 
 
 Much, hni noi the half, lifts been saidahoui the lumber interests of this section of 
 Virginia. II is much larger than our meagre statistics would indicate, and every in- 
 dication points to i is si ill further development. 
 
 Among the leading linns engaged in the manufacture and shipmenl of lumberstands 
 conspicuously that of Lefties & Collins, proprietors of the Manistee Mills, Berkley, 
 illustrated on page 14. The partners are J. B. LeKies and S. Q. Collins, who originally 
 conducted business al Snow 1 1 ill, Md., removing to Norfolk in 1872. Their mill premises 
 cover lo acres, has 875 feet water front, with two slips sufficiently large to accommo- 
 date eight vessels. The capacity of mill is 40,000 feet per day of 10 hours, lint from 
 selected logs 7,209 feel inch hoards have been Cut in an I '. Two hundred hands are 
 
 employed in the mill and Loging departments, and average slock of Lumber in yards 
 amounts to 1,500,000 feet. Hauling is made easy by cars connecting different parts 
 Of the yard. (See page 94.) 
 
 JAMES REID & CO., 
 
 Norfolk Steam Bakery. 
 
 This widely known establishment was started in 1856 by Mr. .lames Reid, and it 
 
 has since become one of the siaiinchesi manufactories in Norfolk, sending its products 
 
 to all parts of the country. The Bakery employs the services of between :'><> and 40 
 
 hands, and has capacity for 100 barrels Of Hour per day. The sales rooms of the 
 
 (inn are in that beautiful press brick building opposite Van Wyck's Academy of 
 Music, and shown on page 28, just hack of which, on Elizabeth Street, is the factory 
 proper. The materials used at this establishment are always obtained from Norfolk 
 dealers, ihns reducing lo practice the theory of " Home Patronage." .lames Reid, W. 
 T. Niiiinioand (!.('. Reid are the partners. (See page 96.) 
 
 WELLER & CO., 
 
 Proprietors Weller's Peanut Factory. 
 
 This factory, illustrated on page 65, was built in 1878, is three storieshigh, fronting 
 
 50 feet on Water and Fayette Streets. To the upper floor Peanuts are sent, when 
 
 received, l>.\ an endless elevator, one bushel at a time, at the rate of 150 bushels per 
 
 hour. Here they are graded and dumped into hoppers, from llience they are carried 
 
 through a succession of rubbers until their hulls are entirely free of dirl and polished. 
 
 TllOJ arelhen carried byschuleslo I he second lloor, where (KlorTO persons a re kepi busy 
 
 assort in", I he di lien ail qualities as they pass upon "carriers " to other schutes leading 
 to the first or ground floors. Here they are received in bags, I he hags sewed up, 
 
 branded and made ready for shipment. The entire machiners used, except boilers 
 
 and engines, was invented by Mr. B. F. Walters, of the firm. The other two partners 
 
 are. lames Montgomery and T. A. Walters. The original linn name has been retained, 
 although its membership has changed. During lasi year Messrs. W'ellerX' Co. handled 
 100,000 bags, or 500,000 bushels of mils, their shipments going to the extreme West 
 and North west. (See page 98.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL CNDUSTRTES AND TRADES. 1 7> r > 
 
 NOTTINGHAM & WRENN", 
 loo, Coal and Wood Dealers, 
 The wharf known as Nottingham & Wrenn's, Atlantic City, fronts on property 
 covering »j acres, with :!•'!<> Cee1 deep water front and 6J I feet depth, extending back to 
 the bridge connecting the village oi' Atlantic < 'ii v with Norfolk. I ho premises of the 
 firm, which is composed of Thomas T, Nottingham and William A. Wronn, and which 
 was organized in 1876, contains the very best facilities for the accommodation of their 
 immense trade in ice, Coal and Wood. The Lee house affords storage for 4,000 tons, 
 and I lie coal yard is supplied with all grades of Coal, Five largo oyster packinghouses 
 stand upon this property, among them thai of the Union Oyster Company, the largest 
 oyster packing concern in the United States. At Nos. Q and 7 Campbell's wharf the 
 firm has a branch office. (See page 101.) 
 
 WILLIAM LAMB & CO.', 
 Ship and Steamship Agents. 
 
 This firm, which was established h.v its senior in November, 1865, has been long and 
 successfully engaged in the foreign trade of Norfolk, chartering and loading vessels 
 between American and foreign ports. The agencies of the "Liverpool, Memphis and 
 Norfolk," "Allan" and ''North German Lloyds" steamship lines are represented by the 
 firm. The steamer "Ephesus," which was despatched by Messrs. Lamb & Co. from this 
 port June 30th, 1866, for Liverpool with an assorted cargo of merchandise valued at 
 $183,140, was the first vessel sent out from Norfolk direct for ti foreign port aftej the 
 
 war. Since that time Messrs. I, b & Co, have given almost their entire attention to 
 
 their present business, developing a trade a1 Norfolk which now ranks third in impor- 
 tance to thai of other ports in this count ry. Since the fall of 1876 the members of this 
 firm have been William and Charles Land), in December, 1874, this house completed 
 arrangements for the first through Bills of Lading from the West to Liverpool \- i .- 1. Nor- 
 lolk. The firm also represents i, lie vice-consu laics oi Germany, Sweden and Norway. 
 (See page LOS.) 
 
 FREEMAN, LLOYD, MASON & DRYDEN. 
 Fertilizes Manufacturers. 
 
 This firm began business in 1S7U at Pocomoke City, Md., under I he style of Freeman 
 & ( 'o. Last year a branch office was established at 1 1 iggins' wharf, iii this city, and it 
 is now under the personal direction of the senior partner. The factory at Pocomoke 
 is two stories high, fronts 58 feel on Pocomoke river, running back 138 feet, and has 
 storage room for 1,000 tons of guano, The capacity of the works is 50 tons per day, 
 
 and thirty hands find regular employ incut-. Since this firm has become, in pari, a, Nor- 
 folk one, its trade in Virginia and the South has grown wonderfully, the superior 
 merits of Pocomoke fertilizers winning for them the highest appreciation among farm 
 ers and planters, (Seepage L09,) 
 
 CHARLES REID & SON, 
 
 Manufacturers of Standard Fertilizers. 
 
 This house is one of the old landmarks of our city, having been founded in 1821, 
 
 Besides being largely engaged in the manufacture of standard brands of fertilizers, 
 
 such as " Farmers' Favorite " and " Farmers' < challenge," both of which are used by our 
 
 fanners, who recognize in them purity and excellence, the linn does a general COmtllis 
 
 sion business, and deals Largely in Slaves, Treenails, etc, The earliest history of the 
 firm was associated with the same trade, at one, time the largest of the port, The 
 partners are < 'harles 1,'cid and George C. Reid. The first named is also President of the 
 Board of 1 1 arbor Commissioners, and one of t he oldest, merchants continuously engaged 
 
 in business in this city. The firm stands today, as it has always done, among the mo: t 
 
 enterprising and successful in Eastern Virginia, The linn's factory is on the Eai tern 
 
 Branch, about, tWO miles from the, city, but in response to the exigencies Of trade an- 
 other will soon be erccicd a i i he ( iiimerton Lock, on the Dismal Swamp Canal, where 
 additional facilities are, abundant. (Seepage 110,] 
 
 THE UPSHUR GUANO COMPANY, 
 
 Manufacturers of Fertilizers, 
 This is the first company of its kind, chartered (December, L880,) in Norfolk, It 
 
 •succeeded to and was t he Outgrowth oil he business of its indefat igable president,, Mr, 
 
 C. L, Upshur, who began manufacturing, in a limited way, in L876, Before Mr. Up. 
 
176 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 shur's business merged into a stock company a factory had been built and successfully 
 operated on Bain's wharf, Portsmouth, (see page 41) immediately on the water, and is 
 still used by the Company, although part of the " Montalarit" estate, just opposite the 
 Navy Yard, has been secured where buildings suitable for all purposes, are being 
 erected. When completed the works will have an animal capacity of 25,000 tons, 
 giving employment to over fifty hands. The officers of the Company are: C. L. Up- 
 shur, President; E. N. Wilcox, Secretary and Treasurer; J. W, Perry, F. S.Taylor, H. 
 B. Nichols and B. A. Marsden, Directors. (Seepage 111.) 
 
 J. B, CORPRKW & CO. 
 Wholesale Dry Goods and Notions. 
 This is the largest wholesale Dry Goods and Notion House in the city, its trade ex- 
 tending through Virginia, the Carolinas and Tennessee, The business of the house 
 was established about eight years ago, the firm name undergoing several changes, but 
 the present senior, Mr. John B. Corprew, has always been at its head. The symmet- 
 rical and elegant building on Commerce street, including numbers 42 and 44, is the 
 property of the firm. The house fronts 70x00 feet, is three stories high, and on the 
 first or ground floor heavy or bolt goods are kept, while the upper floors are occupied 
 with a stock of notions not surpassed by that of any other business house in Virginia. 
 (See page 118.) 
 
 PETER SMITH & CO., 
 Dealers in Dry Goods. 
 This is the leading retail dry goods house of the city, and through the firm's quick 
 sale and small profit rule, it has gained the sobriquet of "The Leaders of Low Prices." 
 Mr. Peter Smith founded the business in I860, and for many years was alone in business. 
 In 1876 he bought and thoroughly remodeled the building No, 144 Main Street, shown 
 on page 47, in which the old firm of J, J, Bloodgood & Co. did at one time an immense 
 business, making it more convenient, better fitted up and handsomer than any other 
 used for similar purposes in the city. The store fronts 30 feet and has 160 feet depth, 
 and is three stories high. The upper floors are used for wholesale purposes. In 1878 
 Mr. Cosmos F. Smith was admitted to the firm. (See page 119,) 
 
 PETERS & REED, 
 
 Commission Merchants, Stave and Lumber Dealers. 
 This house was established in the year 1855. The present partners are William H. 
 Peters and Washington Reed. Its foreign and coastwise trade is large, and extends to 
 the West India Islands, Liverpool and many Mediterranean ports. Besides the offices 
 on Water Street, Norfolk, the firm controls on the Portsmouth side of the river supe- 
 rior storage and shipping facilities, owning wharf property fronting 226 feet on port 
 warden's line, extending back 380 feet, with two slips, capable of accommodating large 
 ocean steamers. This property is also connected with the S. & R. Railroad by tracks 
 laid across and through its entire length. The exportation of Staves has been carried 
 on successfully and largely by the firm, which is regarded as one of the most reliable 
 and progressive in this city. (See page 123.) 
 
 S. A. STEVENS & CO., 
 Furniture, Carpeting and Pianos. 
 This firm commenced business in 1864 at No. 8 Roanoke avenue, where the business 
 was continued until its volume demanded additional facilities for its accommodation. 
 In response to this demand the firm leased Johnson's Hall, occupying it until 1868, 
 when the elegant and imposing structure corner of Main and Granby Streets was 
 erected by the firm. This building, illustrated on page 24, is three stories high, front- 
 ing on Main Street 50 feet, and on Granby Street 130 feet, furnishing 27,000 square feet 
 storage, not including the cellars. The building was recently greatly improved by the 
 addition of the fourth floor and a French roof. The house contains the largest and 
 finest stock to be found in any part of Virginia, including every variety of Furniture, 
 Floor Coverings, Pianos, etc. It is the leading house of its kind in Norfolk. The 
 partners are S. A. Stevens and Jerome S. Ames. (See page 125.) 
 
 UNIQUE MILLS, 
 
 T. B. Anderson & Co., Proprietors. 
 
 The above Mill was built in 1877, as a Corn Mill, with 4 runs of 4 feet burrs, and in 
 
 1879 the best Wheat Machinery and 2 additional Burrs were put in for manufacturing 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 177 
 
 new Patent Process Flour. The building, 68 and 70 Water street, is of brick, contains 
 four floors 50x55 feet square, and the average capacity of the mill is 50 barrels of Flour,. 
 350 bushels Bolted Meal and 60 barrels of Pearl Hominy per day. They are kept 
 going day and night. Messrs. Anderson & Co.'s most popular brands of Family Flour 
 are the " Eldorado," " Ambrosia," aud " Unique," besides which they manufacture sev- 
 eral grades of Extra and Superfine. Situated conveniently to shipping by rail and 
 water, and in the centre of the wholesale houses of the city, every trade facility is 
 possessed l>y the firm. (See page 138.) 
 
 TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS, 
 
 Hardware. 
 
 This house was established in 1865 under the firm name of Taylor, Martin & Co. 
 The gentlemen composing the present firm are Col. Walter H. Taylor, Thos. E. Elliott 
 and James H. Watters. Their warehouse, which is illustrated on page 9, stands prom- 
 inently at the corner of Main Street and Market Square. It fronts 21 feet, contains 
 three floors and a cellar, and extends back 120 feet. When onr people were just re- 
 turning to their mercantile vocations in 1865, and all branches of trade were in a de- 
 moralized state, this house entered the field, and its success may be inferred from the 
 fact that it is the largest and foremost Hardware establishment here, and equally as 
 large as any in the State. (See page 141.) 
 
 ROWLAND BROS., 
 Wholesale Grocers. 
 
 This is the oldest wholesale grocery house in Norfolk, having been established in 
 1806, it is now in its 75th year. Through all the commercial changes during that 
 period, it has remained the same, except that with years it has increased in strength. 
 Warehouses Nos. 12, 14 and 16 Rowland's wharf, three stories high, and situated in 
 close proximity to the principal shipping, belong to and are occupied by the firm. (See 
 page 74.) 
 
 WASHINGTON TAYLOR & CO., 
 
 Wholesale Grocers, 
 
 Began business in 1874, at their present quarters, Nos. 14, 16 and 18 Commerce Street, 
 and although the firm is in no sense old, it has succeeded in securing for itself a large 
 and lucrative trade, taking at once its stand among the best wholesale establishments 
 here. Besides handling all goods usually kept in wholesale grocery houses, the firm 
 make a specialty of the sale of the celebrated '' Hazard" Powder, which is known 
 and appreciated by experienced sportsmen the world over. (See page 74.) 
 
 W. F. ALLEN & CO., 
 Wholesale Grocers, 
 
 Commenced business in 1864. The partners, W. F. Allen and James T. Borum, are 
 also members of the commission firm of Pearce, Allen & Borum, 20 and 22 Commerce 
 Street. The firm's warehouse, corner of Water Street and Rothery's Lane, fronts 36x200 
 feet, embracing Nos. 99 Water Street and 18 to 30 Rothery s Lane, where abundant 
 room is had for storing their large and varied stock. The firm is in the full enjoyment 
 of an extensive trade, each season increasing it in volume. No changes have occurred 
 in the firm since its original organization. (See page 75.) 
 
 T. A. WILLIAMS & DICKSON, 
 
 Wholesale Grocers. 
 
 The partners in this firm are Theoderick A. Williams and Win. C. Dickson. The 
 original firm name was T. A. Williams & Co., and Mr. Dickson was for several years a 
 member of the firm, but the present style was not adopted until about January 1st, 
 1881. The old firm commenced business in 1868, and their warehouse, 2 and 4 Roan- 
 oke Square, illustrated on page 23, is splendidly adapted to its uses. With a keen 
 appreciation of the wants of the trade, Messrs. T. A. Williams & Dickson have estab- 
 lished themselves among the most progressive of our business firms. (See page 75.) 
 
ITS NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE j 
 
 THE ELIZABETH [ROM WORKS, 
 Charles W. Pettit, Proprietor. 
 The business of these works was established by the present proprietor's father In 
 1854, at the old Gosport Iron Works, and subsequently removed to 280 ami 282 Water 
 Street. The property embraces a very large area, running through one block from 
 Water to Main Streets, fronting I 1 feel each way. and it has a depth of 290 feet. The 
 different departments of the Elizabeth Iron Works are supplied with every imagina- 
 ble kind of machinery necessary to the business. A large force of skilful mechanics 
 is kept steadily employed in the model, boiler, foundry and other rooms. The repu- 
 tation of the establishment for excellent work, secures for itextensive patronage in Vir- 
 ginia and North* Carolina. (See page--; 
 
 W. A. GRAVES, 
 Steam Sectional Marine Railway, saw and Planing Mills. 
 The extensive property known as Graves' Ship-yard, comprising Nos. 209 to 223 
 Water Street, presents at all times one of the most active scenes to lie found in this city. 
 The railway has capacity for vessels of 90ft tons register. About 75 caulkers and car- 
 penters are regularly employed. During the year 1880 three steamers were built at 
 this vavd. The property fronts on the channel •-'•20 feet and on Water Street ITS feet. 
 Saw and planing mills are also on the premises, the former are tit ted up with every 
 improvement known to the business, including large band saws. The capacity of the 
 mill is from 12,000 to 15,000 feet of boards per day. The business was established in 
 1840. (See page 83.) 
 
 JAMES POWER & CO., 
 Ikon Yard and Metal House. 
 This firm commenced business at its present stand, '2t> and 28 Rowland's wharf, in 
 1867. The business of the house consists principally in the purchase and sale of new 
 and second-hand Machinery, Metals, Chains, Anchors, etc. The purchase of old 
 Wrecks, Steamers, Vessels, Mills, etc., is made a specialty. On page 58 their warehouse 
 is illustrusted. (See page 84.) 
 
 GEO. W. DUVAL & CO., 
 Norfolk Ikon Works. 
 This well known tirm was organized in 187 6, although the senior partner established 
 himself in business in 1858. The partners are George W.Duval and W. H. Ridgwell. 
 Their works are at the northeast corner of Water and Nebraska Streets, where they 
 manufacture all classes ,>t' Machinery, Engines, Boilers, Mills, paying especial atten- 
 tion to every description of steamboat work. The famous Duval Patent Boiler Tube 
 Ferrules are manufactured by them. ^See page 85.) 
 
 W. A. ANDERSON. 
 Old Atlantic Foundry. 
 Twelve years ago Mr. Anderson inaugurated the business which he now so success- 
 fully conducts at 206 Water Street. In 1876 he erected a substantial brick building, 
 60x50 feet, fronting on a yard 75x100 feet. Adjoining the Foundry is a 30 horse-power 
 engine ; and the establishment engages 12 hands. The heaviest easting made here in 
 L880, weighed 4,300 pounds. (See page 85.) 
 
 W. F. ALLEN, 
 Wholesale Liquors. 
 
 With the growth of Norfolk, the business of this house has kept steady pace, until 
 it is without a rival in the enjoyment of a profitable trade with Eastern Virginia and 
 Carolina. Mr. Allen is also of the firm of W. F. Allen & To., Wholesale Grocers. His 
 stock at No. 90 Water Street, embraces Whiskies, Brandies, Gins, etc., of various makes 
 anil vintages, that are known and appreciated by the trade. (See page 91.) 
 
 BOOTH, CARMAN & CO.. 
 
 Saw Mill. 
 
 This Mill is situated on the Berkley side of the river, and adjoining the depot and 
 
 wharves of the Elizabeth City anil Norfolk Railroad. The members of the firm, which 
 
 was formed in March, 1880, are A. W. Booth, J. L. Carman, J. H. Wemple and C. N. 
 
 Simons. The second and third named are also of the firm of J. L. Carman £ Co. The 
 
its PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES and TRADES. 17!) 
 
 mill's capacity is 0,500,000 feel per annum, and employs in nil about 100 hands Mr. 
 Booth, v\ ii 1 1 his office at 120 Liberty Street, New STork, superintends the Ea tern busi- 
 ness of iln- linn, while tin- other partners attend i<> 1 he manufacture of Lumber here, 
 (See page 95.) 
 
 .). I.. CARMAN & CO., 
 
 Saw Mi i. i.. 
 The partners in this firm are, as above stated, of the firm of Booth, Carman & ( 'o 
 Mi ssrs. .1. L. Carman & Co. 'a Mill is in Atlantic ( 'ii.y, just east of the old Atlantic Iron 
 Works, of which ii was at one time a part, Extensive water fronl and wharf accom 
 modal ions are among I in- many facilii ies conl rolled bj i in- firm I'm I in- execut ion of its 
 business. A. specialty is made of Railroad Supplies and Extra Long Lumber. (See 
 page 93.) 
 
 S. \\ BEICKHOUSE & CO., 
 Wholesale Boots and I Iiioei 
 A fter :il years active participation in the w holesale trade of this city by the pn enl 
 • mi. i partner, the 'above Arm began bn iness in the massive brick building corner of 
 Water and Contmcrce Streets (see illustration page 27), which is three stories high, 
 .",o>: L30feet, in 1877. From the day of its inception to the present the linn has drawn 
 a large and valuable patronage from the South. The entire stock is always obtained 
 direct from the factories, and selected with special reference in the wants of the Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee trade, and offered at 
 prices identical with those of Boston or the East. (See page '■)'.).) 
 
 McBLAIR & co., 
 Coal Dealers 
 
 Messrs, M' Blair & Co.'s Coal STard, situated on the Portsmouth side of the harbor, 
 ni-xi to the Ferry Dock, fronts 200 feet on Porl Warden's line, and inn had 270 feet. 
 Centrally located, it affords unsurpassed facilities for loading or discharging cargoes ; 
 i he largest ocean steamers find ample room and water at the wharves. 1 he Arm began 
 business in May, 1879, and lasl year handled between 6,000 and 8,000 ion:-; of Coal, 
 (Sic, page 105). 
 
 REYNOLDS BROS,, 
 General Merchants a m Shipped 
 
 'I'll is is oi if of I In- most enterprising firms engaged in the Foreign trade on the South 
 Atlantic Coast, and it may be said that'the Foreign trade of Norfolk has been devel- 
 oped through its enterprise and untiring zeal, The partners are William I >. and Hi nry 
 S. Reynolds, who formed the firm of Reynolds Bros, in L867, when our export trade 
 was in its infancy. Tin- linn are extensive nippers of Cotton to Liverpool, and a 
 specialty is made of importing Salt. The first steamship cleared by th< i< i Rey- 
 nolds was tin-. "Brazilian," which left ihis port for Liverpool in January, 1867, with a 
 cargo of Cotton, ( lorn, Tobacco, of an aggregate value of $330,000, During the i easons 
 from 1875 to 1879 the firm loaded 130 steamships and sailing vessels for Foreign porl i, 
 The wharves and offices of the firm are a1 Town Point, Wes1 end of Water Street, in 
 close proximity to the Cotton centre of the city. The Seaboard Cotton Press, shown 
 on page 7, is i in- property of this firm, as i& also the property known as the "Cotton 
 E ^change Building." In Liverpool, England, the business of the firm is transacted at 
 No. 7 Rumford Street. (See page L06.) 
 
 MYEES & CO., 
 
 Steamship Agents and Ship Beokeb 
 This house was establii hed in 1786 under th< name of Moses Myers & Sons, and it 
 did a large business with the Wes1 Indies and t in- North of Europe, ow ning ' for those 
 daj i large vessels. In 1812 the senior partner became Vice Consul for France, and 
 the firm Frederick Myers & Bros., the senior was then Consul for tin- Netherlands and 
 Vice Consul for Brazil. Ai his death in 1832 Mr, Myer Myers succeeded him in th< i Con 
 ulates, and the firm continui <l in his name until 1840, w hi n hi n< phi w , Mo i Myers, 
 was admitted as a partner and the style changed to Myers & Co. In L856 Mr. Myer 
 Myers became Vice Consul of Greal Britain, succeeding the novelist G. P. R. James, 
 and was in turn succeeded by Mr. Barton Myers in 1877 in the Vice Consulates of Greal 
 Britain, Netherlands and Brazil. The bu iness of the house has, through the growth 
 of years, become extensive and important. (See page 106.) 
 
180 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 GEORGE W. DEY & SON, 
 Insurance Agents. 
 
 At this agency, 117 Main Street, companies of acknowldged wealth and financial 
 strength are represented, including the Liverpool, London and Globe, whose total assets 
 are §32,000,000 in gold, and which is the only Foreign Fire Insurance Company owing real 
 estate in Virginia. These companies adjust their losses promptly, and give to the in- 
 sured guaranteed indemnity against loss. 
 
 ATLANTIC HOTEL, 
 R. S. Dodson, Proprietor. 
 
 This magnificent structure stands at the corner of Main and Granby Streets, as 
 shown on page 17 The building fronts on Granby Street 208feet, has twoLs 140 and 
 100 feet, the latter, which is on Main Street, is now receiving an addition of 115 feet, 
 making its Main Street front 7 feet greater than that on Granby Street. Three hun- 
 dred guests find accommodations in the present building. Two passenger elevators con- 
 nect the different floors, besides wide and easy rising stairways lead from pit to roof in 
 several parts of the house. Mr. Dodson has made the Atlantic the palace hotel of the 
 South ; certainly none in the cities of this State equal it. The house is furnished with 
 gas made upon the premises from a machine having capacity of 3,000 feet per day. 
 Mr. Dodson was at the well knoAvn Maltby House, Baltimore, from 1856 to 1859, the 
 Fountain from 1859 to 1869, and at the Herdic House, Williamport, and Minnequa 
 Springs, Pa., from 1869 to 1871, when he moved to Norfolk. He also leased the Ocean 
 View Hotel last season. (See page 115.) 
 
 PURCELL HOUSE, 
 R. T. JxVMES, Proprietor. 
 
 This was originally the old and popular National Hotel, distinguished for its excel- 
 lences then, as it is now ; although the building has been so thoroughly improved and 
 altered that it does not resemble its former self except in size. The changes have mod- 
 ernized and beautified it. It is to-day one of the best furnished and most comfortable 
 hotels anywhere, affording every convenience, while the cuisine is of the very best 
 character. Mr. R. T. James, present proprietor, assumed the proprietorship in the Fall 
 of 1878, and under his direction the house was refurnished and fitted up. Electric call 
 bells, elevators and nicely carpeted wide stairways connect the five floors. The house 
 has accommodations for 250 guests. Illustrated on page 55. (See page 116.) 
 
 JORDAN HOUSE, 
 Amos P. Jordan, Proprietor, 
 
 No. 30 Market Square, was opened January 1st, 1878, and is conducted on the Ameri- 
 can and European plans. Mr. Jordan, the proprietor, is an experienced caterer and he 
 has made his house popular with a large number of people who visit the city. The 
 prices of the house are low, while the table is supplied with everything in season. (See 
 page 116.) 
 
 HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT, 
 H. Phoebus. 
 When we speak of a Summer resort we do not intend always to convey the idea that 
 it is a pleasure or health resort, but when we mention the Hygeia Hotel, at Old Point, 
 we mean both. It is also a splendid Winter sanitarium, and the house is never without 
 a very large number of guests from January to December. It has 21,000 square feet 
 of verandas encircling the house, 6,000 feet are encased in glass for the special use of 
 guests who prefer seeing the breeze to feeling it. An illustration on page 49 shows a 
 distant view of the hotel, and on pages 66-7 and 115 its advantages are partly enu- 
 merated. 
 
 WALKE & WILLIAMS, 
 Drugs, Paints and Oils. 
 
 This firm, composed of Dr. F. A. Walke and J. N. Williams, succeeded to the old 
 established business of A.E.Wilson & Co., Roanoke Avenue and Water Street, in 1874- 
 The house does a large wholesale trade in Virginia and North Carolina, supplying coun- 
 try, merchants and physicians with everything they need in Drugs, Paints, Oils, etc. 
 (See page 120.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 181 
 
 M A. & C. A. SANTOS, 
 
 Drugs, Paints, Oil, Etc, 
 Founded in 1819, this house is now in its 62d year; venerable in years, youthful in 
 its vigor, maintaining its position among the leading and successful enterprises of to- 
 day. The large and handsome store shown on page 43, corner of Main and Atlantic 
 Streets, is tilled with the richest and most elegant articles usually kept in our best 
 Drug Stores. Apart from articles of a Medicinal nature. Toilet and Fancy Articles in 
 large variety are kept in stock and sold to the wholesale and retail trade at Northern 
 or Eastern prices. The store fronts on Main 25 and on Atlantic Street 120 feet. (See 
 page 121.) 
 
 J. W. PERRY, 
 
 Cotton Factor And Commission Merchant, 
 Entered the Commission business in May, 1877, and succeeded to the firms of G. W 
 McGlaughon & Co., McGlaughon& Norman, and McGlaughon & Perry, the last named 
 dissolving in 1879. His warehouse, on Tunis' Wharf, is in close proximity to rail and 
 water transportation and 1,600 bales of Cotton can be easily stored in it. The sale of 
 Cotton is a sxDecial feature of the business, which is wholly Commission. (See page 131.) 
 
 DOBIE & COOKE, 
 General Commission Merchants. 
 Partners R. A. Dobie, M. T. and A M. Cooke Firm organized in August, 1878, but 
 the senior partner had been for 15 years previous in same business, part of the time 
 with Gwathmey Bros. & Co., New York, and W. W. Gwathmey & Co., Norfolk. From 
 1873 to 1878 he was of the firm of Gwathmey & Dobie. The present house is a large 
 receiver of Grain, and controls the trade formerly enjoyed by John James, Esq. Build- 
 ing illustrated on page 33. (See page 131.) 
 
 PEAECE, ALLEN & BORUM, 
 Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants. 
 Messrs. S. F. Pearee, Win. F. Allen and Jas. T. Borum, the two last named who are 
 also partners under firm style of W. F. Allen & Co., Wholesale Grocers, constitute this 
 firm, which was formed in 1878. The senior partner has been in the Commission bus- 
 iness here 10 years. Their warehouse, including Nos. 20 and 22 Commerce Street, is 
 40x70 feet, three stories high, and supplies convenient and abundant storage. The 
 house pays special attention to the sale of Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts and Pro- 
 duce generally. (See page 132.) 
 
 JONES, LEE & CO., 
 Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants. 
 The partners of this firm are W. M. Jones, P. H. and I. P. Lee. The first two were 
 previously partners and the latter an employee of the firm of Savage, Jones & Lee, 
 whom they succeeded in business in 1879. The original firm was established in 1870. 
 The firm's warehouse, on Rothery's Wharf, fronts 60 feet and extends in the rear 220 
 feet, with ample accommodations for storing 1 ,500 bales of Cotton. The business of 
 the firm is strictly Commission. (See page 132.) 
 
 A. TREDWELL & CO., 
 Cotton Factors, 
 
 Whose office is in the Cotton Exchange Building, are successors to the firm of Tred- 
 well & Mallory and Tredwell, Mallory & King; the latter was dissolved in August, 
 1880. Mr. A. Tredwell was for many years associated with the houses of Jno. B. Neal 
 & Co., and Baker, Neal & Shepard, and was also Secretary of the Merchants' and Me- 
 chanics' Exchange in 1872. Their office is admirably situated near the Cotton centre 
 of the city, where every facility in the Commission business can be had. (See page 133.) 
 
 THE NORFOLK KNITTING AND COTTON MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 This is the pioneer enterprise of its kind in Norfolk, and its success has been estab- 
 lished beyond all doubt. The factory at Atlantic City was destroyed August 31st, 
 1880, but it has been rebuilt, furnished with new and greatly improved machinery, the 
 capital stock has been increased and the establishment will in a few days renew its 
 operations. Gent's Merino Underware for the wholesale trade is made at the factory. 
 The officers of the company are : Barton Myers, President ; George M. Bain, Jr., 
 Treasurer; Geo. McBlair, Secretary ; H. N. Burdick, Superintendent. (See page 134.) 
 
182 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 C HALL WINDSOE, 
 Books, Stationer y, Etc. 
 
 The assortment of goods displayed at this store exceeds in quality and completeness 
 that of any other in the city. The place, No. 5 Bank Street, is the popular resort of 
 all who desire to obtain fine Stationery, Blank Books, etc., for merchants, students or 
 ladies. (See page 135.) 
 
 NORFOLK CITY MILLS, 
 Lyman & Co., Proprietors. 
 
 This mill is located on Smith's Creek, just within the corporation limits of the city. 
 It is fitted up with one 100 house power engine, 7 runs of burrs and H sets of rolls for 
 manufacturing new process flour. Its capacity is equal to 100 barrels of flour, 500 
 bushels of meal per day. This property was at one time owned by the late firm of 
 George K. Goodridge & Co. The commodious warehouse of the firm is upon Hardy's 
 wharf, where cargoes can be cheaply and quickly handled. Lyman & Co.'s principal 
 brands of flour are the "Old Dominion," and "Purity," both of which equal the Vlinne- 
 sota brands established 20 years ago. The partners are N. E. Lyman, J. M. Lyman, 
 C. G. Lyman and B. S. Cook. (See page 139.) 
 
 J. Z. LOWE, 
 Wholesale and Eeeail Grocer, 
 
 Occupies building southeast corner Union Street and Market Square, including Nos. 1, 
 3 and 5 Union Street and 13 and 15 MarketSquare, where he carriesa fineassortment of 
 Family Groceries, Ship Stores, Wines, Liquors, etc., adapted to a first class trade. (See 
 page 77.) 
 
 GEORGE L. CROW, 
 Stoves and Tinware. 
 
 This house was established in 18 -'6, and upon the death of its founder, Mr. S. S. 
 Peed assumed control of the business, the original name being maintained. The gen- 
 eral trade of the house is in Stoves, Tinware, House Furnishings and the manufacture 
 of all goods in that line. (See page 86.) 
 
 GEORGE TAIT, 
 Seedsman. 
 
 In the year 1869 Colonel George Tait founded the seed business which he now so 
 successfully conducts at No. 7 Market Square. All seeds ottered by this house are 
 grown especially for it in Germany, England, France, Canada and parts of the United 
 (States, all orders being givenjust one year in advance of delivery. Purity and vitality 
 are the two chief merits claimed for Tait's seed, and with 33 years practical experience 
 the means by which these two important elements may be secured are thoroughly 
 understood. (See page 87.) 
 
 JOSEPH KLEPPER, 
 Rhine Wine Rooms and Summer Garden, 
 
 This establishment, 143 and 145 Church Street, so well known to frequenters of local 
 places of resort and amusement, has recently undergone many improvements. The 
 main and billiard halls (the latter the best in the city), beautifully frescoed, and the 
 entire premises, covering an area of 6.O0O square feet, put in complete order for the 
 Summer season. The different departments are connected by lattice walled walks, 
 and the billiard room is so constructed that it can be closed tightly in Winter, or its 
 sides changed into lattice work in Summer. Orchestrion concerts, upon one of the 
 finest instrument of its kind in the South, are given each evening, and instrumental 
 entertainments at intervals through the week. (See page 92.) 
 
 H. R. WOODIS, 
 Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Etc. 
 
 At No. 8 Bank Street Mr. Woodis offers a select and elegant stock of goods, comprising 
 the finest Imported and Domestic Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Condiments, etc. The place 
 is favorably known as the " Tip-Top" Wine and Liquor Store. (See page 93.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 183 
 
 JOHN VERMILLION, 
 
 Wines, Cigars, Etc. 
 
 The largo, and varied assortment of Imported Wines, Cigars, Porter, Ale, etc., kept 
 
 in stock at the above store, No. 4 Granby Street, under the Atlantic Hotel, is of the 
 
 best quality and manufacture. The purest goods only are kept. With a full line of 
 
 select customers Mr. Vermillion's business enjoys an excellent trade. (See page 93.) 
 
 JOHNSTON & BRO , 
 
 Ship Brokers and Agents. 
 
 The offices of this firm are at 76 Water Street, where a large business in chartering 
 
 and supplying vessels for coastwise trade is transacted. This house has been for many 
 
 years identified with the extensive coastwise shipping interests of Norfolk. (See page 
 
 107.) 
 
 J. O. GAMAGE, 
 Builders' Material. 
 
 The above business was founded in 18S5, when our people were just beginning to re- 
 cover from the terrible effects of war, and it has become an established success. Mr. 
 Gamage's facilities for supplying all classes of Building Material are unsurpassed. At 
 his warehouse, 100 and 102 Water Street, he carries a large and varied stock. (See 
 page 107.) 
 
 A. M. VAUGHAN & SON, 
 
 Insurance Agents, 
 
 Represent at their Agency, 96 Main Street, reliable Foreign, Domestic Fire, Life and 
 
 Marine Insurance Companies. With an established line of Insurance and perfectly 
 
 solvent Companies, they do an extensive business. (See page 112.) 
 
 JAMES L. CORLEY, 
 
 Insurance Agent, 
 
 Whose office is at 128 Main Street, Citizens' Bank Building, has been identified with 
 the insurance business many years, and represents companies having combined assets 
 valued at over $70,000,000. With good companies and equitable rates, Colonel Corley 
 has established a prosperous agency, drawing his patronage from the best busiuessmen 
 and firms of Norfolk. (See page 113.) 
 
 W. T. HYSLOP, 
 Cigars and Tobacco. 
 At this cigar factory, opposite Van Wyck's Academy of Music, the celebrated 
 " Eclipse, ' '' Transit," " Hyslop's Favorite " and other brands of cigars, known and ap- 
 preciated by lovers of the weed are manufactured. Here also is kept the best quali- 
 ties and varieties of smokers' articles and chewing tobacco. (See page 117.) 
 
 JOHN W. BURROW, 
 Wholesale Druggist. 
 This house is also one of the leaders in its line of business, and enjoys a select and 
 extensive trade in the South. Special inducements are offered by it to country physi- 
 cians and the trade generally. (See page 121.) 
 
 B. A. RICHARDSON, 
 
 Paints, Oils, Glass, Artists and Coach Materials. 
 
 After many years experience as a practical painter, Mr. Richardson began business 
 
 at 50 Roanoke Avenue, where he makes a specialty of furnishing dealers and consumers 
 
 with first quality materials, separately or mixed. His Improved Elastic Roof Paint is 
 
 acknowledged the best in the market. (See page 121.) 
 
 C. T. JORDAN & BRO., 
 Clothing and Gents' Furnishings. 
 
 This firm, composed of C. T. and A. E. Jordan, succeeded the original firm of C. T. 
 & L W. Jordan, at 124 Main Street. Besides carrying a fine stock of ready-made Men's 
 and Children's Clothing and Gents' Furnishing Goods, the house represents the tailor- 
 ing establishments of Jessup & Co. and Devlin & Co., New York. (See page 124.) 
 
1 84 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ; 
 
 JOHN DORAN, 
 Furniture and Carpets. 
 This furniture and carpet house was opened at 155 and 157 Church Street, opposite 
 St. Paul's Church, in January, 1880. The two stores occupied are three stories high, 
 front 55 and depth 80 feet. The stock usually embraces Furniture, Carpets, Oil Cloths, 
 Mirrors, Window Shades, etc. The installment department is made a specialty, and 
 goods are sold to local purchasers on weekly payments. (See page 127.) 
 
 HILDRETH'S FURNITURE DEPOT. 
 This establishment is located at 42 Roanoke Avenue, where a large and varied as- 
 sortment of all kinds of Furniture for the parlor, chamber or drawing room can be had 
 upon liberal terms. (See page 126.) 
 
 GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO., 
 Commission Merchants, Grain and Flour Dealers. 
 
 This firm succeeded George K. Goodridge & Co., of which Mr. C. A. Field was a 
 member. That firm began business in 1887. The present partners, C. A. Field and 
 E. M. Goodridge, became associated together in the business in 1877. At 22 Roanoke 
 Dock they do a general commission business, principally in Grain and Flour, receiving 
 large consignments from the West. (See page 130.) 
 
 SAVAGE, SON & CO., 
 Cotton Factors. 
 Col. A. Savage, formerly of Savage, Jones & Lee, L. J. Savage and Thomas 
 A. Jones compose the membership of this firm, whose office is in Gwathmey's build- 
 ing, Town Point. The firm was organized in 1879, upon the dissolution of the firm 
 alluded to. They control warehouse accommodations for 1,500 bales of cotton. (See 
 page 133.) 
 
 QUACKENBUSH, deWITT & CO., 
 Commission Merchants. 
 Messrs. J. V. P. Quackenbush and Cornelius deWitt are the partners in this firm. 
 They do a general commission and brokerage business at No. 9 Commerce Street. (See 
 page 133.) 
 
 PULLER & DUNCAN, 
 Commission Merchants. 
 In May, 1880, Messrs. Samuel D. Puller and James F. Duncan began the commission 
 business at Nos. 11 and 13 Roanoke Dock. They, too, do a brokerage business, making 
 the sale of flour a specialty. (See page 133.) 
 
 W, T. BARRON & CO., 
 Tag Manufacturers. 
 Under patents invented and owned by this firm, the manufacture of a most admir- 
 able Tag has for several years been carried on very extensively. The Tag is strong, 
 safe, simple, easily used and cheap, its qualities commending it to shippers and mer- 
 chants everywhere. (Seepage 137.) 
 
 J. H. CALROW, 
 
 Architect. 
 Some of the handsomest and best buildings in this city were designed and their erec- 
 tion superintended by this gentleman. The Masonic Temple and Van VVyck's Acad- 
 emy of Music stand conspicuously among the number. Throughout the South Mr. C. 
 enjoys a reputation second to no Southern architect, and his work is finding its way 
 in distant sections of the country. 
 
 THAYER'S STABLES. 
 James W. Thayer, Proprietor. 
 
 These are the popular hiring stables of Norfolk, where can be had Horses, Buggies, 
 Carriages and every description of vehicle, from the ordinary wagon to the handsomest 
 and newest style Carriage. A specialty is made of furnishing weddings, private par- 
 ties and funerals. The property illustrated on page 31 comprises two brick buildings 
 on Atlantic Street. Business commenced in 1S57. (See page 142.) 
 
ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 185 
 
 J. A. KENNEDY & CO.'S CITY EXPEESS. 
 Through a corps of energetic agents, this local express firm is doing an extensive 
 business. In connection with the transportation lines of the city, upon which they 
 keep reliable agents, passengers and baggage are always called for or delivered to any 
 part of the city, and carriages or omnibuses furnished on call. (See page 147.) 
 
 RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO., 
 
 Ice Dealers. 
 
 Partners, Wm. Rawlins, C. H. Whitehurst, J. M. Haynes, H. A. De Witt and Ira D. 
 Sturgis. In 1869 the firm of Rawlins, Baum & Co. was organized, the present firm suc- 
 ceeding to the business in 1874. The three last mentioned partners look after the firm's 
 business in Maine. They handle between 8,000 and 10,000 tons of Ice per season and 
 ship as far South as Cuba. Their city trade requires the use of 6 wagons, and they 
 make a specialty of furnishing the fisheries in this State and North Carolina. Situated 
 conveniently to the different water and land transportation lines their shipping facili- 
 ties are unsurpassed. (See inside back cover.) 
 
 LUTHER SHELDON, 
 
 Sash, Doors and Blinds 
 
 The business of this house, which was established in 1870, has grown to be very ex- 
 tensive and far-reaching. The building illustrated on page 20, now occupied by Mr. 
 Sheldon, runs fram No. 49 Koanoke Avenue, through the centre of the block to 16 
 West Side Market Square ; contains four floors, including basement, 25x200 feet, with 
 elevators, speaking tubes and phones connecting the different stories. The establish- 
 ment is the largest of its kind in this section, and it represents the controlling agencies 
 of large manufacturing mills. (See inside front cover.). 
 
 NOTE — For corporations and firms not mentioned here see general index. 
 
 TAPPEY & STEEL, 
 
 Manufacturers of Engines, Boilers, Cotton Presses, Tobacco Presses, Etc, 
 
 Petersburg, Ya, 
 
 This is the largest house of its kind in Petersburg, having been many years engaged 
 in the manufacture of Engines, Boilers, Cotton and Tobacco Presses, etc. The two 
 leading articles manufactured by it are the '"Ball" Cotton and the "' Tappey " Tobacco 
 Presses, which are extensively used in the Southern States, being preferred, by the 
 most successful planters, to all others. The partners are Wm. H. Tappey and Alex. 
 Steel. Their large and commodious establishment includes a number of buildings and 
 covers a large area on Washington Street, opposite Jarratt's Hotel. (See page 167.) 
 
 MARTIN, HILL & CO., 
 
 Commission Merchants, Petersburg, Va. 
 
 This old and reputable house was established in 1830, since which time a Martin 
 has continued at its head. After a successful career of over 50 years it stands at the 
 head of the Commission firms of the city in which it does business. With ample cap- 
 ital and experience, justified by the best of tests, success, it offers it services for the 
 sale or purchase of Produce or goods on Commission. The partners are Robt. A. Mar- 
 tin, Robt, R. Hill and A. G. M. Martin. (See page 165.) 
 
 J. G. TAYLOR & CO., 
 
 Billiard Table Manufacturers, Baltimore. 
 
 The success of this house and its rapid growth in popular favor has not been equaled by 
 that of any other in th e same business in the Southern States. Messrs. Taylor & Co.'s Bil- 
 liard Tables are known aud appreciated for their durability, elegance of finish, elasticity 
 of cushions and general workmanship. Recently Messrs. Taylor & Co. moved their 
 manufactory and salesrooms to 367 West Baltimore Street, nearly opposite the Eutaw 
 House, where space and location are excellently adapted to the requirements of their 
 business. (See page 168.) 
 
186 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE; 
 
 A. & A. G. ALFORD, 
 Agricultural Implements, Sewing Machines and Fire Arms, Baltimore. 
 
 Messrs. A. & A. G. Alford, whose establishment is at 21 south Howard Street, Balti- 
 more, are agents for the world renowned Remington, Agricultural and Fire Arm Com- 
 pany of Ilion, N. Y. The firms' building, which has just been completed, is live 
 stories high, exclusive of cellars, 30x70 feet, and is one of the many elegant and impos- 
 ing structures recently erected in that city. Mr. A. G. Alford has charge of this ex- 
 tensive business, and his acquaintance with the Southern trade enables him to appre- 
 ciate its needs. Steel Plows, Sewiug Machines, Fire Arms, Type Writers, Printing 
 Presses, and the best quality of Agricultural Implements constitute the firm's princi- 
 pal stock, which is unequaled in Baltimore. Not only with the South, but with all 
 parts of Canada, South America, Europe and Africa this house enjoys a large and sat- 
 isfactory trade. (See page 170.) 
 
 BOSTON BELTING CO., 
 
 Manufactures of Rubber Goods, Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Boston Belting Co. is the oldest and by far the largest company in the United 
 States, devoted to the manufacture of Rubber Goods. It was organized in 1845 and 
 incorporated in 1855, and at the various mechanical exhibitions held in this country 
 the merits of its goods have invariably secured for them the highest awards by medal 
 or diploma. The specialties of the company are too numerous to mention here, but 
 they include every article made of rubber for mechanical uses. The officers of the 
 company are : E. S. Converse, President ; Wm H. Furber, Treasurer and General 
 Manager; J. B. Forsyth, Manufacturing Agent, with principal offices 189-195 Devon- 
 shire, 52-56 Arch Streets, Boston, and 70 Reade and 112 Duane Streets, New York. 
 (Seepage 169.) 
 
 W. T. BLACK WELL & CO., 
 
 Proprietors Blackwell's Great Tobacco Factory, Durham, N. C. 
 
 Durham is in the southeastern part of Orange county, on the North Carolina Rail- 
 road, 26 miles west of Raleigh and 55 miles east of Greensboro. Orange county is sit- 
 uated on the eastern limit of what is known as the " Golden Belt " or " bright " To- 
 bacco region of North Carolina, which is universally conceded to be the finest Tobacco 
 groiving region in the world. W. T. Blackwell & Co. commenced business in Durham 
 in the year 1869, their factory then being a small, roughly constructed frame building. 
 They manufactured then only the now world-wide known "Genuine Durham (Bull) 
 Smoking Tobacco " Their factory now is the largest of its kind known in this or any 
 other country on the globe. It is a most substantial brick building, four stories high 
 with basement, with a front of 200 feet, and two wings running back 160 feet each, to 
 the rear. In addition to the manufacture of the "Genuine Durham Tobacco" they 
 have recently commenced the manufacture of Durham Long Cut and Cigarettes, which 
 have already made a reputation for first-class quality and manufacture unsurpassed 
 by any other similar manufacture in this country. Their sales for 1880 approximated 
 four million pounds of Smoking Tobacco alone, to say nothing of the immense quanti- 
 ties of Cigarettes that have found their way, by their own merits, to all the larger 
 markets of this country, besides quantities being shipped to various foreign countries. 
 They will not allow any manufacturers anywhere to put up similar soods to theirs, 
 of better stock, or in any more superior style. They have, in connection with their 
 factory, the largest printing office in the State, doing all of their own printing, be- 
 sides a good deal for other parties in and out of the State. They are now construct- 
 ing a bag factory, 1 04x25 leet, which will give employment to 250 hands additional 
 to their present force, which numbers 600. They are also boring an Artesian well, 
 the first enterprise of the sort in North Carolina. They propose and intend during 
 the year 1881 to sell six million pounds of Smoking Tobacco and fifty millions of 
 Cigarettes. Durham in 1865 had scarcely 100 inhabitants. Now, including the 
 immediate vicinity, there are about 4,000 souls. This rapid growth never would 
 have occurred but for the grand and magnificent success of W. T. Blackwell & Co. 
 (See back outside cover.) 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Agriculture 60 
 
 Albemarle Sound 33,34 
 
 Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal 34, 35 
 
 Allan Line 20 
 
 Asylums 65 
 
 Atlantic City 8 
 
 Atlantic Coast Line 45 
 
 Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio R.R.. 38-44 
 
 Norfolk & Western R.R 38, 44 
 
 Banks and Bankers 62, 77, 78 
 
 Baltimore (The) Steam Packet Co., 
 
 (Bay Line) 37,145 
 
 Berkley 8 
 
 Board of Trade 52 
 
 Bonded Warehouse 15 
 
 Books and Stationery 134 
 
 Boots and Shoes 99 
 
 Brambleton 8 
 
 Builders' Materials 107 
 
 Buildings 139, 140 
 
 Canton (The) Inside Line 145 
 
 Canals 33, 37 
 
 Capes 33 
 
 Channel Approaches 8 
 
 Charities 64 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad 48, 52 
 
 Churches 63 
 
 City Finances and Bonds 62 
 
 Clearing House , 77 
 
 Climate 66 
 
 Clyde (The) Lines 37, 146 
 
 Comparison of Cotton Markets 130 
 
 Coastwise Shipping 103 
 
 Coal and Wood../. 100 
 
 Commission... 128, 129,130- 
 
 Consolidati.'.n of Municipalities 64 
 
 Corn 11 
 
 Cotton 
 
 11, 14, 17, 21, 26, 102, 103, 104, 128-130 
 
 Cotton Exchange 11, 30, 52 
 
 Cotton Buyers 21, 23 
 
 Cotton Compresses 15, 22, 128 
 
 Cove and Currituck Sounds 34 
 
 Custom House 64 
 
 Directions for getting Staves and Head- 
 ings 122 
 
 Dismal (The) Swamp 68 
 
 Dismal (The) Swamp Canal Co..35, 36, 37 
 
 Drainage 55 
 
 Drugs, Paints and Oils 120 
 
 Dxy Goods and Notions 117 
 
 Page 
 
 Eastern North Carolina 33 
 
 Elizabeth City & Norfolk Railroad 46 
 
 Elizabeth River 9,31 
 
 Exports 12, 24, 102, 103, 104, 129, 130 
 
 Exports by Articles and Values, 1865- 
 
 '80 104 
 
 Fertilizers 59, 107 108 
 
 First Cotton Press 15 
 
 Flour and Grist Mills 137 
 
 Foreign Trade 12, 29, 102, 104, 129, 130 
 
 Fortress Monroe, 66 
 
 Fort Norfolk 52 
 
 Furniture and Carpets 124 
 
 Grain 24,41,51, 52 
 
 Grain Elevators , 43 
 
 Grand Trans- Atlantic Trans. Co 52 
 
 Grand Union Depot 52 
 
 Groceries 71 
 
 Guano Manufacturers and Importers.. 108 
 
 Hampton 67 
 
 Hampton Normal School 67 
 
 Hampton Reads , 9, 51 
 
 Harbor Commission 53, 54 
 
 Hardware 140 
 
 Health 55 
 
 "Hollies, The" 67 
 
 Hospitals 64 
 
 Hotels 113, 114 
 
 Hygeia Hotel 67 
 
 Immigration 25, 31 
 
 Immigration Depot 52, 53 
 
 Imports 12-20 
 
 Improvement of Norfolk Harbor... 53, 54 
 
 Improvement (City) Commission 54 
 
 Indian Corn.. 24 
 
 Inland and Seaboard (The) Coasting Co, 
 
 Washington Line 37, 146 
 
 Insurance. .,..112 
 
 International Commercial Co., of 
 
 Norfolk 18, 19 
 
 Iron Works 82 
 
 James River 9 
 
 Jute 58, 59 
 
 Leading business houses of Norfolk 172-186 
 
 Legislative Aid to Immigration 31 
 
 Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk S. S. 
 
 Line 2 
 
 Lumber 60, 93 
 
 Manufactories 57 
 
 Manganese Ore 27 
 
 Marine Railways :... 82 
 
188 
 
 Index. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Maury, Com. M. F 28 
 
 Memphis and Liverpool 21 
 
 Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange.. 12 
 Merchants' and Miners' (The) Transpor- 
 tation Co 38, 144, 145 
 
 Nansemond Elver 9 
 
 Newport News 9,50-2 
 
 Norfolk's Commercial Ally 33 
 
 Norfolk Harbor 8, 9, 10 
 
 " Geographically 8, 31 
 
 " "Towne" 6 
 
 Norfolk and Petersburg R.R... 13 
 
 Norfolk and Flushing 28 
 
 Norfolk as an Entrepot for the West.30, 31 
 
 Norfolk and Western Eailroad 38, 44 
 
 Norfolk's "Castle Garden and Bowery" 52 
 
 Norfolk's Railroad Connections 38, 52 
 
 Norfolk's "Locust Point" 51 
 
 Norfolk and Princess Anne R.R 47 
 
 Norfolk's Total Annual Business 62 
 
 Norfolk and Baltimore 52 
 
 Norfolk People 62 
 
 Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manufac- 
 turing Co 57 
 
 North Carolina Sounds 33, 34 
 
 North Carolina Lines 146, 147 
 
 North Landing River 34 
 
 Ocean View (j6 
 
 Ocean View Railroad 47 
 
 Oil Cake, The Manufacture of 59 
 
 Old Dominion (The) Steamship Co., 
 
 37, 143, 144 
 
 Old Point Comfort "9, 66 
 
 Our -Press 64, 162 
 
 Pamlico Sound 34 
 
 Park 66 
 
 Peanuts... 61, 97 
 
 Population . 65 
 
 Portsmouth 8 
 
 Post Office.... 64 
 
 Purchase of A. M. & O. R.R 41, 42 
 
 Places of Amusement 66 
 
 Pleasure Resorts 65, 66 
 
 Princess Anne County 48 
 
 Railroads 21, 38, 52 
 
 Railroad, Steamboat, Mill and Machin- 
 ists' Supplies 87 
 
 Page. 
 
 Real Estate 139,140 
 
 Receipts of Cotton, 21 years 129 
 
 Rip-Raps 9, 66 
 
 Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore (The) 
 
 Steamboat Co 147 
 
 Shell Roads 60 
 
 Saw and Planing Mills 92, 93 
 
 Seaboard Air Line 45,46 
 
 Seaboard and Roanoke R.R. Co 44, 46 
 
 Seawell's Point 52 
 
 Sectional Dry Dock 59, 60 
 
 Secret Orders 64 
 
 Seedsmen 86 
 
 Shenandoah Valley Railroad Co 42 
 
 Shippers (The) Compress Co 128 
 
 Ship Building... 59, 60 
 
 Ship Timber 59,122 
 
 Ship Channel, between Smith's and 
 
 Newton's Creeks 55, 56 
 
 South Atlantic Steamship Line 21 
 
 Soldiers' Home 67 
 
 Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy 
 
 Railroad Co 50 
 
 Staves 23, 24, 121, 122 
 
 Steamship Ben Franklin 55, 57 
 
 Steamship Brazilian 17 
 
 Steamship Ontario 20 
 
 Steamboat and Steamship Lines. ..143-147 
 
 Steam Bakeries 95 
 
 St. Paul's Church 63 
 
 St. Vincent DePaul Hospital 64 
 
 Stoves and Tinware 85,86 
 
 Taxes 62 
 
 Timber 27 
 
 Tobacco.... 17 
 
 Tonnage 26, 104 
 
 Trade Area 62 
 
 Trade Convention of 1868 18 
 
 Trucking 60,61. 
 
 Van Wyck's Academy of Music 65 
 
 Virginia's Seaport City 32 
 
 Virginia (The) Steamboat Co. 37, 146 
 
 Virginia and Tenn. Air Line. 40 
 
 Water Works.... 57 
 
 Wharves 54,57 
 
 Wines and Liquors 91 
 
 Yorktown Centennial 68 
 
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Academy and Library Building 34 
 
 Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Lock 39 
 
 Atlantic Hotel— R. S. Dodson.... 17 
 
 Bank of Commerce 13, 27 
 
 Bird's Eye View of City (Inset) 
 
 Boston Steamers' Wharf 69 
 
 Brickhouse, S. N. & Co.'s 27 
 
 Burruss, Son & Co.'s 13 
 
 Page. 
 
 Citizens' Bank 8 
 
 City Hall 12 
 
 Commerce Street, Water to Main Sts.. 27 
 
 Corprew, J. B. & Co.'s 27 
 
 Cotton Exchange 53 
 
 Davis, M. L. T. & Co.'s 19 
 
 Disciples' Church 11 
 
 Dobie & Cooke's 33 
 
Index. 
 
 189 
 
 Page. 
 
 Eastham, Powell & Co.'s 27 
 
 Exchange National Bank 13, 15 
 
 Fire Department 29 
 
 Harbor 10, 67 
 
 Home Savings' Bank 44 
 
 Hospital St. Vincent de Paul 22 
 
 Hygeia Hotel, Old Point 49 
 
 Liverpool Steamer's Wharf 69 
 
 Main Street, west from Church 63 
 
 Main St., N. side, Bank to Atlantic 8 
 
 Main St.,N. side, Atlantic to Commerce 13 
 Manistee Saw Mills, LeKies & Collins.. 14 
 
 Marine Bank 8 
 
 Market Square 30 
 
 Masonic Temple 21 
 
 Mayer & Co.'s 25 
 
 Norfolk Telephone Exchange 8 
 
 Norfolk Steam Bakery — James Beid 
 
 & Co 28 
 
 Post Office 6 
 
 Power, James & Co.'s 58 
 
 Public Ledger 8 
 
 Purcell House 55 
 
 Santos, M. A. & C. A 13, 43 
 
 Seaboard Cotton Press..... 7 
 
 Section of Water Front 69 
 
 Sheldon's, Luther 20 
 
 Smith, Peter & Co.'s 47 
 
 St. Mary's Church 3"J 
 
 St. Paul's Church 26 
 
 Stevens,S A. & Co.'s 24 
 
 Taylor, Elliott & Watter's 9 
 
 Tliayer's Stables 31 
 
 Unique Mill's— T. B. Anderson & Co... 16 
 
 Upshur Guano Co 41 
 
 U. S. Custom House 6 
 
 U.S. Naval Hospital 18 
 
 U.S. Signal Office 13 
 
 Van Wyck's Academy of Music (Inset) 
 
 Virginian Building and Departments 
 
 (Inset) 
 
 Washington Steamer's Wharf 69 
 
 Water Commissioners' Building 29 
 
 Water Street, east from Commerce 19 
 
 Weller&Co.'s 65 
 
 Williams, T. A. & Dickson's 23 
 
 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF NORFOLK 
 
 This view clearly demonstrates the magnificent location of Norfolk, and its won- 
 derful advantages as a maritime city ; the area of water front, wharf property, and 
 points where extensive improvements have been, are being, and may yet be made bv 
 capitalists who seek such investments as will return enormous profits, and at the same 
 time afford the most absolute security. This map has been made at considerable ex- 
 pense to the publisher of this work, believing that the citizens of Norfolk would ap- 
 preciate the very great benefit that will accrue to the city from its circulation. 
 
 The locations designated on the view are explained bj' the following corresponding 
 numbers. 
 
 1 City Hall. 
 
 2 Custom House. 
 
 3 Atlantic Hotel. 
 
 4 Police Headquarters. 
 
 5 Cotton Exchange. 
 
 6 Market Square. 
 
 7 Norfolk Iron Works. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Iron Works. 
 
 9 Va. and Tenn. Air Line Offices. 
 
 10 Exchange National Bank. 
 
 11 Charles Eeid & Son's. 
 
 12 Upshur Guano Co.'s. 
 
 13 Eastham, Powell & Co.'s. 
 
 14 M. L. T. Davis & Co.'s. 
 
 15 Library Association. 
 
 16 S. A. Stevens & Co.'s. 
 
 17 City Gas Works. 
 
 18 Jordan House. 
 
 19 City Almshouse. 
 
 20 James Reid & Co 's. 
 
 21 Cemeteries. 
 
 22 W. F. Allen & Co.'s. 
 
 23 Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manu- 
 
 facturing Company's Factory. 
 
 24 St. Paul's Church. 
 
 25 Thayer's Stables. 
 
 27 Van Wyck's Academy of Music. 
 
 28 Hospital St. Vincent de Paul. 
 
 29 Fire Department Building. 
 
 30 Taylor, Elliott & Watters'. 
 
 31 Norfolk Virginian, 
 
 32 Public Ledger. 
 
 33 Norfolk Landmark. 
 
 34 T. A. Williams & Dickson's. 
 
 35 Rowland Bros.' 
 
 36 Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Dryden's. 
 
 37 Weller & Co.'s. 
 
 38 Naval Anchorage 
 
 39 Washington Taylor & Co.'s. 
 
 40 Purcell House. 
 
 41 Wm. Lamb & Co.'s. 
 
 41 Cnesapeake and Ohio R.R. Office. 
 
 43 Luther Sheldon's. 
 
 44 A. & C. Canal Offices. 
 
190 
 
 Index. 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Allen, W. F 91 
 
 Allen; W. P. & Co 75 
 
 Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co..l54 
 
 Alford, A. & A. G 1?!) 
 
 Atlantic (The Great) Coast Line 158 
 
 Atlantic Hotel, K. S. Dodson 114 
 
 Baker, John C 136 
 
 Baltimore Steam Packet Co., Bay Line.151 
 
 Bank (The) of Commerce 81 
 
 Barron, W. T. & Co 137 
 
 Blackwell, W, T, & Co., (outside back 
 cover.) 
 
 Booth, Carman & Co 95 
 
 Borland & Brooke 136 
 
 Boston Belting Co 
 
 Boston and Providence Steamship Co..l4S 
 
 Brickhouse, Smith N. & Co...... 99 
 
 Burrow, John W.... 121 
 
 Burrnss Son & Co 81 
 
 Butt, James M 88 
 
 Callow, J.H 140 
 
 Carman, J. L. & Co 93 
 
 Citizens' (The) Bank ".. 78 
 
 Corley James L 113 
 
 Corpiew J. B. & Co 118 
 
 Crow, George L 8(5 
 
 Chesapeake (The) & Ohio Eailway...l61 
 
 Clyde's Steam Lines .150 
 
 Davis. M, L. T. & Co 73 
 
 Ley, George W. & Son 113 
 
 Dismal Swamp Canal Co 155 
 
 Dobie & Cooke 131 
 
 Doran, John 127 
 
 East ham, Powell & Co 72 
 
 Elizabeth City and Norfolk Railroad.,160 
 
 Exchange (The) National Bank 79 
 
 Elizabeth Iron Works, C. W. Pettit... 83 
 
 Freeman, Lloyd, Mason & Dryden 109 
 
 Gamage, John O 107 
 
 Goodridgv, Field & Co 130 
 
 Graves, W. A 83 
 
 Harmanson & Heath 135 
 
 Hildreth's Furniture Depot 126 
 
 Home (The) Savings Bank 80 
 
 Dygeia Hotel, Old Point— H. Phoebus.115 
 
 Hyslop, W. T 117 
 
 Johnston & Bro 107 
 
 Jones, Lee & Co 132 
 
 Jordan, C. T. & Bro 124 
 
 Jordan House — Amos P. Jordan 116 
 
 Kennedy, J. A. & Co - City Express. ..147 
 
 Ker^ James A 136 
 
 Klepper, Joseph 92 
 
 Lamb, William & Co 105 
 
 Page. 
 LeKies & Collins— Manistee Saw Mills 94 
 
 Liverpool, London & Globe Ins. Co 113 
 
 Lowe, John Z 77 
 
 Marine (The) Bank 80 
 
 Martin, Hill. &. Co. 165 
 
 Mayer & Co.. 90 
 
 Merchants' & Miners' Trans. Co 148 
 
 McBlair&Co 100 
 
 McMenamin & Co 76 
 
 Myers & Co 106 
 
 Norfolk as a Business Centre (adv.). ..171 
 
 Norfolk City Mills —Lyman & Co 139 
 
 Norfolk (The) Landmark — James Bar- 
 ron Hope & Co , 163 
 
 Norfolk Iron Works— Geo. W. Duval 
 
 &Co 85 
 
 Norfolk (The) Knitting and Cotton 
 
 Mann facturing Co 1 34 
 
 Norfolk Steam Bakery — James Keid 
 
 &Co 96 
 
 Norfolk Sunday Gazette. 165 
 
 Norfolk (The) Trust Co 81 
 
 Norfolk (The) Virginian — M. Glennan 
 
 ( Inset.) 
 
 Norfolk (The) & Western Railroad 156 
 
 Norfolk (The) & Western Railroad 
 
 Ticket Office 159 
 
 North Carolina Steam Lines 155 
 
 Nottingham <*fc AVrenn 101 
 
 Old Atlantic Foundry — W. A. Ander- 
 son • 85 
 
 O'd Dominion Steamship Company. ..152 
 
 Pearce, Allen & Borum 132 
 
 Perry. J. W 131 
 
 Peters & Reed 123 
 
 Portsmouth (The) Daily Times 164 
 
 Power, Jas. & Co -••• 84 
 
 Public (The) Ledger 164 
 
 Puller & Duncan .:.. 133 
 
 Purcell House— R. T. James 116 
 
 Quackenbush, de Witt & Co 133 
 
 Rawlins, Whitehurst & Co— Insideback 
 cover. 
 
 Reid, Charles & Son HO 
 
 Reynods Brothers 106 
 
 Richardson, B. A 121 
 
 Roanoke, Norfolk & Baltimore Steam- 
 boat Co 153 
 
 Rowland Brothers 74 
 
 Santos, w.A.&.C. A 121 
 
 Savage, Son & < o 133 
 
 Saunders, Jas. T. 136 
 
 Seaboard Air Line 157 
 
 Sheldon, Luther— Inside front, cover. 
 
Index. 
 
 191 
 
 Page. 
 
 Shippers (The) Compress Company 166 
 
 Smith & Co., Peter 119 
 
 Stevens, S. A. & Co 125 
 
 Tait, George 87 
 
 Tappey & Steel 167 
 
 Taylor, Elliott & Watters 141 
 
 Taylor, J. G. & Co 168 
 
 Taylor, Washington & Co 74 
 
 Thayer, James W 144 
 
 Tidewater (The) Times 165 
 
 Tredwell, A. & Co 133 
 
 Unique Mills — T. B. Anderson & Co. ..138 
 
 Upshur Guano Co Ill 
 
 Vaughan, A. M. & Son 112 
 
 Vermillion, John 92 
 
 Virginia (The) Granger 164 
 
 Virginia Steamboat Co. — James River 
 
 Line 162 
 
 Virginia and Tennessee Air Line 162 
 
 Walke & Old 135 
 
 Walke & Williams 120 
 
 Washington Steamers — Inland & Sea- 
 hoard Coasting Co 149 
 
 Weller & Co 9S 
 
 White & Garnett 135 
 
 White, E. V. & Co 89 
 
 Williams, T. A. & Dickson 75 
 
 Windsor, C. Hall 135 
 
 Woodis, H. E 92 
 
 Woodhouse, H. F , 136 
 
 Worthington, H. L ........................ 130 
 
1865-1881 
 THE NORFOLK" VIRGINIAN 
 
 Cor. MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS. 
 
 PUBLISHED 
 JDJ^TTTZT -A.3STID WEEKLY. 
 
 M. G-LENNATT, Owner. 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING THE 
 BEST MEDIUM TO SUCCESS. 
 
 Success depends upon the selection of proper mediums and persistency. 
 The best medium in our judgment is a good newspaper. — Gilman, Colla- 
 
 MORE & CO. 
 
 We have tried almost every medium in advertising and long ago became 
 convinced that the results were largely in favor of newspapers. — Irvin, 
 Blakeman, Taylor & Co. 
 
 Advertise largely in first-class newspapers and you are bound to do a 
 trade. — Elrich & Co. 
 
 Of all the methods open to the merchant for advertising his business, an 
 experience of nearly half a century enables us to unhesitatingly declare in 
 favor of the newspaper. It is, without exception, the most economical, 
 persistent, painstaking and successful canvasser any business firm can 
 secure. — Lord & Taylor. 
 
 I have spent thousands of dollars in advertising in all the old and new 
 fangled methods and have long been satisfied that if a man tells the truth 
 in the newspaper, he is sure to get ample return for his money. — J. H. 
 Johnson. 
 
 ADVERTISE IN THE VIRGINIAN. 
 
THE NORFOLK VIRGINIAN. 
 
 The first number of the Virginian was issued November 21st, 1865, by 
 Messrs. G. A. Sykes & Co. A. M. Keiley, Esq., and Captain James Barron 
 Hope were the Editors, and the late Holt Wilson, Esq., had charge of the 
 Local Department. Col. J. Richard Lewellen was the business manager. 
 
 
 COUNTING ROOM. 
 
 The office was then located on Main Street, opposite the Exchange National 
 Bank, now Hoffman's Dyeing Establishment. The prospectus set forth that 
 "apart from the usual features of journalism, we design that the Virginian 
 should be specially devoted to the advancement of the prosperity of Nor- 
 folk and her sister city, and the large section of Virginia whose interests are 
 common with them." Five months after the first issue a change in the 
 ownership and staff occurred, an interest in the paper having been purchased 
 by Col. Lewellen. Capt. Hope and Mr. Wilson retired from the paper, anil 
 Col. William E. Cameron assumed the Editorship. Some months afterwards 
 a new company was formed, consisting of Col. J. R. Lewellen, Soloman 
 Hodges, Edward H. Hodges, T. B. Ruffin and J. C. Adkisson, under the 
 
firm name of J. R. Lewellen & Co. In November, 1866, Col. Lewellen 
 withdrew in order to take charge of the publication of the Norfolk Journal. 
 His interest was purchased by the remaining partners and the firm name was 
 changed to S. Hodges & Co., with J. Marshall Hanna as Editor. 
 
 In January, 1867, the management of the paper was tendered to M. Glen- 
 nan, Esq., (then only in his twenty-second year) and on the 17th of the 
 month he entered upon the discharge of the duties of the position. The new 
 firm made their purchase of the Virginian on a capital of fifty five dol- 
 lars, the total amount of spare change in their pockets, and the terms of 
 the agreement were, that the entire purchase money should be paid in two 
 years, in equal weekly installments, and a failure to meet any one of the 
 payments would be considered a forfeiture and the payments made looked 
 upon as only so much rent. Mr. Hanna retiring from the Editorship after 
 a service of a few months, the position was offered to and accepted by Capt. 
 Hope. In November, 1867, Mr. Glennan purchased an interest in the 
 paper, and on August 1st, 1868, the office was removed to Nos. 56 and 58 
 Roanoke Avenue, a building erected expressly for the purpose, enlarged 
 quarters being required in order to meet the increased business demands 
 of the paper. On February 19, 1870, Mr. Sol. Hodges disposed of his in- 
 terest to the other members of the company, and the firm name was 
 changed to Glennan, Ruffin & Co. In the following year Mr. Edward H. 
 Hodges, on account of failing health, sold his interest, and on December 14, 
 
 1872, Mr. Glennan purchased the interest of Mr. T. B. Ruffin, and the firm 
 name was changed to Glennan & Aclkisson. On 1st October, 1873, Capt. 
 Hope retired from the editorship of The Virginian, in order to enter upon 
 the same duties on The Landmark, with which paper he was likewise con- 
 nected as principal owner. Capt. John Hampden Chamberlayne was selected 
 to fill the vacancy. The business of the paper having steadily increased, it 
 was found necessary either to seek new quarters or improve the premises 
 then occupied, and the owners of the property assenting to the latter in con- 
 sideration of a renewal of the lease, then expiring, for a new term of six 
 years, a new story was added to the building for the special use of the com- 
 posing room of the newspaper department, the job room occupying the en- 
 tire second floor. This improvement was completed in the latter part of 
 
 1873. On 11th of March, 1876 Capt. Chamberlayne retired from the 
 paper, in order to commence the publication of his paper, The State, in' 
 Richmond. Capt. John S. Tucker was tendered and accepted the editorship. 
 On March 24th, 1876, Mr. J. C. Aclkisson disposed of his interest to Mr. 
 Glennan, in consequence of which the latter became sole owner of the paper. 
 
 In June, 1878, Mr. Glennan, finding that the increased business of The 
 Virginian required more commodious quarters and greater facilities, and 
 at the same time wishing a more central and convenient location, purchased 
 the large and splendidly-built four story brick building on the S. E. corner 
 of Main and Commerce streets, then known as the Goode House. This lo- 
 
cation is in the very business centre of the city, on the principal thorough- 
 fare, and in the immediate vicinity of the Post Office, banks and banking 
 houses, telegraph offices, &c. Immediate steps were taken to improve it. 
 The entire interior of the building was changed, the lower fronts on Com- 
 merce and Main Streets remodelled by putting in a handsome open front. 
 The two lower floors were divided into stores and offices from which a reve- 
 nue could be derived, not alone to pay the interest ou the investment, but 
 also materially assist in reducing the principal. The corner office on the 
 ground floor, was reserved for the counting-room of The Virginian. The 
 
 EDITORIAL ROOMS. 
 
 two upper stories were devoted entirely to the mechanical departments of 
 the office. The composing, stereotyping and drying rooms occupying the 
 upper story, and the extensive job room and bindery the third floor. On this 
 floor is also located the editorial rooms and private office. In the rear of the 
 main building was erected the press and engine room, and connecting the press 
 room with the composing and job rooms is an elevator used for lowering and 
 hoisting the newspaper and job forms. Every store, office and work room 
 in the building is supplied with water, and water closets for the needs of 
 tenants and employees are placed on each floor. Every convenience and 
 improvement for the rapid dispatch of business was introduced. Even the gas 
 that supplies the building is manufactured on the premises. Nothing was 
 overlooked that would tend to facilitate work and add to comfort. The 
 
purchase and improvements, including the cost of a magnificent press, built 
 expressly for The Virginian and capable of printing two papers at a time, 
 were made at an outlay of nearly twenty thousand dollars. On the first 
 of January, 1879, the new quarters were formally occupied, the entire removal 
 of all the effects from the old office having been made the day previous, 
 without a break in the usual business, and the event was celebrated by the 
 issue of an eight-page paper, giving a full record of the local events of the 
 previous year, a history of our municipal government, and a review of the 
 city's trade. The illustrations will give a very accurate idea of The 
 Virginian Building and some of its work rooms. On the 31st of March, 
 1880, Capt. Tucker retired from the Editorship, which department has since 
 been conducted by Mr. Glennan. 
 
 Such in brief is the sketch of the business career of The Virginian. It 
 is a record of successful journalism unparalleled in history of the press of 
 the South. And while its success as a business venture has been recognized 
 so also has its influence as a leading journal been conceded. In all matters 
 relating the advancement and prosperity of Norfolk its opinions have been 
 respected, and in the advocacy of all measures that tended to develop the 
 great natural resources of Virginia, its record has been most enviable. Its 
 establishment found Norfolk occupying " the last place among the great At- 
 lantic ports." Now Norfolk occupies a proud position and ranks as the 
 second cotton port of the country. Then military rule " foreign to the gen- 
 ius of our government, and utterly incompatible with liberty," held, sway in 
 the Commonwealth, now we enjoy the blessings of " Home Rule," and dur- 
 ing the last decade Virginia has shown an increase in population of nearly 
 three hundred and fifty thousand. Her vast mineral wealth is being rapidly 
 developed, agriculture is largely and profitably engaged in, railroads are ex- 
 tending in every direction, steamboat lines have been and are being estab- 
 lished, and on every hand, and on every side we have evidences of Avonder- 
 ful enterprise, and witness the cheering results of thrift and progress. 
 
 During its career, The Virginian has consistently supported the cardinal 
 principles and leading measures of the National Democratic Party, believ- 
 ing the success of that party best calculated to promote the prosperity of all 
 sections of our common country. It has insisted upon reform in all branches 
 of the public service and economy in the administration of National, State 
 and Local Government. It has been a faithful defender of public credit, 
 and has earnestly struggled to preserve the honor of Virginia from being 
 sullied in the slightest by the taint of repudiation. It points with satisfac- 
 tion to its advocacy of the formation of a Paid Fire Department, the estab- 
 lishment of the City Water Works, the consolidation of the railroads form- 
 ing the present Norfolk and Western Railroad, the redemption of the Sec- 
 ond Congressional District in 1876, and it is with special pride that it alludes 
 to the success that attended its efforts in bringing about a National Celebra- 
 tion of the Centennial of the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General 
 
George Washington, and the steps taken by Congress for the erection of the 
 monument voted by the Continental Congress, commemorative of the great 
 victory achieved by the combined armies of America and France, which 
 finishing the war of Independence, and establishing the United States of 
 America, was the crowning epoch of the Revolutionary struggle. In recogni- 
 tion of The Virginian's services in this matter, Mr. Glennan has teen 
 honored bv Governor Holliday with the appointment of Commissioner to 
 represent Virginia at the Centennial, and Capt. Tucker was selected by 
 Senator Johnston as the Secretary of the Yorktown Centennial Commission. 
 In its desire to advance the business and commercial interests of Norfolk, 
 
 THE PRESS ROOM. 
 
 The Virginian has spared neither labor or expense, and its , efforts in this 
 respect have elicited and commanded not only words of praise from our 
 people, but the most favorable comments from the press of the country- 
 Specially for this purpose it inaugurated the issuing of eight and twelve-page 
 "special mammoth editions," when ten thousand copies of each were issued 
 and circulated all over the country. These issues contained the first general 
 exhibit of the trade and commerce of Norfolk in all its branches. By this 
 means the outside world was made acquainted with the rapid strides our 
 city has taken in its onward march. The magnitude of this growth was ex- 
 plained by tables of statistics, showing with the brevity of figures the kind 
 and quality of business done at this port, and the "issues" contained maps of 
 
6 
 
 the city, •with a plan of proposed extension, and of its trade area, exhibiting 
 railroad, steamship and canal lines terminating at Norfolk. They 'were also 
 illustrated with views of the city and harbor. The press of the country 
 compiled statements of Norfolk's trade from these editions of The Virgin- 
 ian, and by this means our prosperity was heralded throughout the land. 
 
 Such so far has been the work of The Virginian. It has not been as 
 complete as it would wish it, yet it has been as complete as its means and its 
 labors permitted. But for the kind assistance of a generous public, who 
 have ever shown their appreciation, it could not have been as successful as 
 it has been. In the future as in the past it will seek to merit that confidence 
 and support that has always been extended. 
 
 THE VIRGINIAN BOOK AND JOB PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 This department of The Virginian's business Js the most extensive and 
 complete of any establishment in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Its 
 facilities for turning out work are unexcelled, and we are prepared to exe- 
 cute every description of job and letter press printing, from a business card 
 to a mammoth poster, Avith neatness, correctness and dispatch. Fine and 
 color printing is a specialty. Every attention will be given to the printing 
 of books, catalogues, lawyers briefs, letter and note heads, bill heads, ship- 
 ping tags, business cards, show cards, hand bills, programmes, wedding in- 
 
vitations, railroad and steamboat printing. Large experience in business, 
 the employment of skilled workmen, and the addition of new designs for 
 fancy printing are among the resources of the establishment. Its specimen 3 
 of printing are always subject to inspection, and all who desire printing are 
 invited to come and judge for themselves. We are prepared to compete 
 with Northern publishing houses, and simply ask and examination and trial. 
 
 OUE BINDERY, BLANK-BOOK MANUFACTORY, AND RULING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Besides its Job Printing Establishment, The Virginian has also an ex- 
 tensive Bindery and Blank Book Manufactory and Paper Ruling Depart- 
 ment, by which it is prepared to manufacture, in the best manner and at 
 the shortest notice, all kinds of blank books, such as ledgers, journals, cash 
 and day books, invoice and order books, check and note books, and bills of 
 lading books, in any manner that may be needed, and at figures that will 
 compete with the lowest Northern rates. This department is in the charge 
 ef experienced and competent workmen, and we guarantee our work to com- 
 pete in quality and style with any. Old books rebound, and pamphlets, 
 magazines, music, newspapers, periodicals bound in the best style. By the 
 addition of our Puling Department we are enabled to fill all orders for letter 
 heads, bill heads, note heads, railroad and steamboat blanks, and all work 
 of this nature, at reduced rates. Orders solicited and promptly attended to. 
 
 Address, " Virginian," Cor. Main and Commerce Sts. Norfolk, Va. 
 
1865-1881 
 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 
 VIRGINIAN BUILDING, 
 
 Corner Main and Commerce Streets, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 (M. G-LENN AN, Owner.) 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION, $5,00 PER, ANNUM. 
 
 The Daily Virginian is an unrivalled medium through which the public of 
 Eastern and Tide-water Virginia and North Carolina may be reached. Its success has 
 been without a parallel in the History of the Press of Virginia, Its circulation ex- 
 ceeds that of any other paper published in Eastern Virginia. Its city circulation is 
 greater that than that of any other. Proof. — Bills of Paper, Postage Receipts, and 
 Books of Subscription. 
 
 THE DOLLAR WEEKLY VIRGINIAN. 
 
 ONE OF THE CHEAPEST AND BEST NEWSPAPERS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 Its Summary of the Neivs of each week by Telegraph and Mail will be complete. Jts 
 Market Reports are accurate and compiled with great care. Its Agricultural Depart- 
 ment will make it of great interest to the Farmer and Planter. Its Family Reading 
 Matter will render it most acceptable and interesting to all. Its Political Opinions will 
 be uttered without reserve, and oppression from any quarter will be fearlessly resisted 
 on all occasions. 
 
 TO i&J3\FEE*1*lS^E*S. 
 
 We call the especial attention of advertisers to the inducements held out to them 
 through the medium of the Weekly Virginian. Its circulation is very extensive 
 through Eastern and South-western Virginia, and all through Eastern and Central 
 North Carolina, and is in excess of the combined circulation of all others in this city 
 
 We are prepared to execute with promptness all kinds of 
 TO A MAMMOTH POSTER. 
 
 FINE AND COLOR PRINTING A SPECIALTY. 
 
 MS] 
 
 BOOKS and PAMPHLETS of any Style printed neatly, in any size letter, at prices 
 to compete with Northern Publishing Houses.. 
 
 THE VIRGINIAN BOOK BINDERY 
 
 AND 
 
 PAPER RULING ROOMS. 
 
 RULING AND BINDING.— Those in need of work in this line will do well to 
 obtain figures from the Virginian Book Bindery, before giving orders elsewhere. 
 
 PAPER of any size ruled to any desired pattern. BLANK BOOKS, &c, made to 
 order. The Binding of MUSIC* a specialty. OLD BOOKS RE-BOUND in the 
 best possible manner, and at reasonable rates. GILDING promptly and neatly 
 executed. 
 
JUDICIOUS ADVERTISING 
 SECURES SUCCESS. • 
 
 He who invests One Dollar in- Business, should invest One Dollar in 
 Advertising: that Business. — A. T. Stewart. 
 
 Constant and persistent Advertising is a sure prelude to wealth. — 
 Stephen Girard. 
 
 I have most complete faith in printer's ink. Advertising is the royal 
 road to business. — P. T. Barnltm. 
 
 
 
 If a man can do Business he should let it be known. — Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 My success is owing to my liberality in Advertising. — Robert T. Bonner. 
 
 ADVERTISE IN THE VIRGINIAN 
 
RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 EASTERN ICE, 
 
 Corner Fayette and Lee Streets, 
 
 NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 Keep constantly on hand Quantities such 
 
 as to enable us to be prepared at all 
 
 times to fill orders by 
 
 Orders by Mail or Dispatch receive our 
 Prompt Attention. 
 
 We are prepared to furnish ICE by the cargo 
 DIRECT FROM MAINE. 
 
 POND OR RIVER ICE, 
 
 OF THE VERY BEST QUALITY. 
 
 Orders for Car Loads, Barrels or Hogsheads, 
 
 PROMPTLY FILLED. 
 
 All Enquiries receive our Immediate Attention. 
 
Manufactur 
 
 Is the FIN I 
 most un 
 ever pu- 
 
 MANUFACTURED ONLY 
 
 IFOR PLEASURE 
 
 ! «$MFORT,H£AL?H- 
 ■3LD- 
 
 imiMV 
 
 These Go 
 
 THAT- 
 
 They are the Finest 
 rket 
 
 ley are- free from Drugs o- 
 ■ 
 
 They corisist*of the Finest Tobac 
 
 i 
 
 SEKT) US YOUR OKI) i 
 
 SATISFACTION GUARANTEED