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 PUBL-ISHELD BV THE. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OPAORICULTUK& 
 
 AND 
 
 IMMIGRATION 
 
 COMPILED. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF GEO. W.I\OIHER, COMMISSIONER 
 
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 ^0il$^ 
 
 NATURAL BRIDGE, VIRGINIA 
 
A HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 i_/S 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 Department of Agriculture and 
 
 Immigration of the State 
 
 of Virginia 
 
 Revised Edition 1910 
 
 GEO. W. KOINER, 
 
 Commissioner 
 
 RICHMOND 
 
 Everett Waddey Co., Printers 
 
 1910 
 

 SPECIAL REQUEST. 
 
 Parties purchasing farm land in Virginia are requested to 
 send me their names and permanent Virginia address to be put 
 on the regular mailing list of the Department of Agriculture for 
 such bulletins as we issue from time to time on farm subjects. I 
 will also be glad to have letters from all new settlers as to proper 
 methods of farming in Virginia. 
 
 G. W. KOINER, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
 D. OF D. 
 
 SfP 2 1910 
 
 Third Edition Revised. 
 
Department of Ag-riciilture and Immigration of 
 
 the State of Tirginia 
 
 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION 
 
 MEMBERS 
 
 DISTRICT 
 
 P. 0. ADDRESS 
 
 N. W.NOCK 
 
 First congressional district . . 
 
 
 A. 0. MAUCK 
 
 JNO. S.TAYLOR 
 
 Second congressional district 
 
 Third congressional district 
 
 Fourth congressional district 
 
 Fifth congressional district 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 J. T. ARVIN 
 
 Double Bridge 
 Axton 
 
 J. M. BARKER 
 
 B. D. ADMiS 
 
 Sixth congressional district 
 
 Red Oak 
 
 J. JMIES MILLER 
 
 W. H. EGGBORN 
 
 JAMES R. GOODWIN. . . . 
 
 Seventh congressional district 
 
 Eighth congressional district 
 
 Ninth congressional distric^r 
 
 Hawlin 
 
 Eggbornville 
 
 Eggleston 
 
 Middlebrook 
 
 Blacksburg 
 
 W. W. SPROUL 
 
 P. B. BARRINGER 
 
 Tenth congressional district 
 
 President V. P. I. (eayofficio) ... ^ ... . 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE BOARD 
 
 President J. M. BARKER Axton, Va. 
 
 Secretary B. D. ADAMS Red Oak, Va. 
 
¥^irginia. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 Virginia, named for Elizabeth, England's virgin queen, carries a 
 certain charm in the pronunciation of its soft, harmonious 
 syllables that appeals to everyone endowed with a love for the 
 beautiful. ''A land of great forests, beautiful mountains, peace- 
 ful valleys, rippling streams, salubriovis climate health-giving 
 waters " was the chosen home of the Indians, the haven of rest 
 for the first English settlers, the birthplace and cradle of the 
 great American Republic. 
 
 The struggle for this favored section began at the point where 
 the greatest advantages were offered and was, logically, the battle- 
 ground between the Red man and White man for perpetual 
 ownership on the one hand and struggle for possession on the 
 other. This marked the beginning of a glorious nation, which 
 made Virginia rich in historical associations. The early 
 Colonial life was a period of hardship and furnished many scenes 
 of adventure and heroism, which had its beginning at Jamestown 
 and Williamsburg, and a brilliant victory at Yorktown inspiring 
 American independence. 
 
 Richmond still lives under the influence and inspiration of 
 that matchless speech of Patrick Henry, "Give me liberty or 
 give me death." Mount Vernon will always show the world the 
 tomb of Washington, Virginia's gift to the American Nation. 
 The influence of Jefferson's pen, which gave us a constitution 
 and individual liberty, has caused so many monarchies to crumble 
 over the entire world; will make Monticello, near Charlottesville, 
 Va., the Mecca of all future generations irrespective of nationali- 
 ties. 
 
6 
 
 From the shores of the East, where the ceaseless waves ever beat, 
 and the thousands of green trucking fields of the Tidewater, 
 making winter a name only, the traveler is led on to the battle- 
 grounds and the aristocracy of Middle Virginia, through the roll- 
 ing grassy fields, murmuring brooks and beautiful homes of 
 Piedmont, up to the mountains of blue with their mineral springs 
 and health resorts, which separate us from the granary of the 
 South — ^the Valley of Virginia — one of the most fertile valleys in 
 the world. We pass to the picturesque, mineral laden Alle- 
 ghanies which form the western boundary of the State. Our 
 journey is not complete imtil we visit the great Southwest, where 
 the cattle graze upon a thousand hills and where the vast iron 
 and coal fields yet scarcely touched will yield a great treasure to 
 the energy of man. 
 
 The reasons that influenced the first settlers to locate on Vir- 
 ginia soil are just as potent to-day as they were 300 year ago. 
 Men want a mild climate, good water and sunshine. Virginia 
 gives the opportunity of going out every day in the year in com- 
 fort, with none of the exti'emes of heat or cold that prevail in less 
 favored localities. 
 
 Virginia has been liberal to the American Republic, not only 
 in Presidents, Statesmen and Soldiers; but in territory that now 
 forms the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and 
 West Virginia. But more than that, she has given to other 
 States and territories a great multitude of her sons and daughters. 
 This constant drain has been a loss that was keenly felt and left 
 millions of idk acres toward which all eyes are now turned with 
 a desire to possess. This emigration from the Old Dominion has 
 stopped at last and the tide is turning. Last year two thousand 
 farms were sold to persons from other States, amounting to fifteen 
 million dollars. Now there are many things that are contribut- 
 ing to this end and change. Chiefly and foremost a mild climate, 
 giving the opportunity to work on the farm in some form the entire 
 year, our nearness to the great markets of the East, both by water 
 and by rail, and an old settled country with good, kind-hearted 
 people. The soil is good and easily improved and is adapted to 
 the growing of all kinds of crops. Stock raising is receiving a 
 great deal of attention and the breeds are being improved each 
 year. The long grazing season and kindness of the soil in furnish- 
 ing natural grasses for the flocks, is adding new interest and profit 
 
to this line of farming. Fruit growing is becoming a great indus- 
 try; small fruits and berries do well in the eastern section of the 
 State. Apples can be grown over the entire State, but the large 
 commercial orchards are in the Valley, Southwest and Piedmont, 
 which sections are best adapted to fruit growing. Shipments 
 from these districts are bringing top prices on the markets of 
 New York, London and Liverpool. 
 
 In the Tidewater section, the trucking business has made won- 
 derful progress in the last few years, and from small patches 
 large truck farms have developed, until the annual crop amounts 
 to fifteen million dollars, and in many sections lands have increased 
 five hundred per cent.; but much of this land is idle and can be 
 bought at a small cost. 
 
 The geographical position of Virginia is fortunate, and this fact 
 alone destines her to become one of the richest states in the Union. 
 Hampton Roads, one of the best harbors on the Atlantic coast, 
 free from ice the year around and large enough to accommodate 
 the navies of the world, will become a center and scene of great com- 
 mercial activity and importance. Five great trunk lines empty 
 their daily burdens of outgoing freight into the vessels to be shipped 
 to all parts of the globe, besides another great railway system 
 is being built with its western terminus in the great Northwest. 
 The sur\'eyor's compass is pointing from that cold region to this 
 warm harbor, mapping out the way of other trunk lines that will 
 follow. These facts, considered in connection with the completion 
 of the Panama Canal, which will give us the commerce of the 
 Pacific as well as the Atlantic, and the opportunity for these great 
 steamship lines to receive the agricultural products and stock 
 from the great Middle West, as well as the coal from the practi- 
 cally inexhaustible coal regions, these railroad systems penetrate. 
 This beautiiul harbor at our doors, bringing the commerce of all 
 nations in our water, not only promises that great cities will grow 
 up from Norfolk and Newport News, but all that Virginia can 
 grow, manufacture and produce, will find home markets in these 
 and other cities of the Commonwealth. 
 
 For salubrity of climate, kindness of soil, nearness to markets 
 and hospitality of the people, Virginia excells all other states. 
 The skies of Virginia are illumined with hope, and her people, 
 bravely and conservatively, are each year building a broader, a 
 richer and a more glorious commonwealth. 
 
TtrHvu^.^'yH 
 
 ^pjM-i.'^'i' 
 
 OUR NEW GOVERNOR 
 
What Governor Mann Says. 
 
 Thinking men in Virginia, familiar with conditions, have 
 reached the conclusion that our State has just entered an era of 
 agricultural development and prosperity such as v>^e have never 
 seen before. There is enthusiasm for agricultural pursuits, and 
 results are being achieved, by the use of improved methods, 
 which are astonishing men who have been farmers all their lives, 
 but have been content to walk in the beaten paths. High lands 
 in Southside Virginia, which formerly produced no grass at all 
 have been made to yield from four to five tons of hay to the acre, 
 and men who have regarded three or four barrels of corn as a fair 
 crop are amazed when furnished with indisputable evidence of the 
 production of from twenty to twenty-six barrels to the acre, and 
 are assured by those who know that the limit has not yet been 
 reached. In 1908, the average production of corn per acre in 
 Virginia, including low grounds and the rich lands of the Valley, 
 Southwest Virginia, the lands in Tidewater and the Northern 
 Neck, was twenty-six bushels. I venture to predict that in less 
 than five years the average will not be less than fifty bushels. 
 And now that our boys are making crops of 122 bushels to the 
 acre, our men must feel the stimulus, and there is at least good 
 foundation for the hope that the interest manifested and the 
 success attained by the boys will not only keep them at home 
 and on the farm, but will result in great things for our State. 
 
 Besides corn and grass, Virginia produces wheat, oats and other 
 small grain. In Tidewater the water furnishes fish, oysters, 
 clams, crabs and ducks, while the ground yields all manner of 
 truck and in the greatest abundance. Our fat cattle, raised on the 
 blue grass of the Southwest and other parts of the State, command 
 a premium in the markets of the world, and the exhibit of apples 
 at the recent annual meeting of the Virginia State Horticultural 
 Society has demonstrated that we can produce apples as good, if 
 not better, than any other State. 
 
 Our mountains are full of coal and iron; our manufacturing 
 interests are steadily growing, and on every hand there are indica- 
 tions of substantial progress. 
 
10 
 
 The interest of the people in good permanent roads has grown 
 steadily in the last few years, and the State Highway Commission 
 superintended the building and laying out of some 600 miles of 
 roads in about sixty counties of the State. Counties are voting 
 bond issues for the building of permanent highways and the people 
 have become enthusiastic under the inspiration aroused by State 
 aid. 
 
 Our schools are keeping up with the progress in other directions, 
 and have advanced their standards and increased their efficiency. 
 
 It is confidently predicted that the assessment which takes 
 place this year will show a great increase in the value of property, 
 real and personal, and give the best evidence of the progress which 
 the State has made during the last few years. 
 
 We still have a good deal of uncultivated land which by the 
 use of up to date methods can be made to produce as much crop 
 as the land of any other State. We have a healthy climate, with 
 no dread of cyclones or other of nature's destroyers, and last and 
 best, we have 2,000,000 of as good people as live, people who are 
 not surpassed anywhere, who are ready to welcome all worthy 
 men and women who come to our State for the purpose of becom- 
 ing citizens. 
 
 I do not think there can be any risk in asserting that in less 
 than ten years, land in many parts of Virginia will double in value, 
 and some who are well informed go so far as to say it will, within 
 that time, be worth three or four times its present price. 
 
 Let every citizen feel a personal pride and responsibility in 
 Virginia advancement, and use his best efforts in that direction. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 WM. HODGES MANN. 
 
Progressive Virginia. 
 
 What Virginia is to be is, perhaps, indicated by what ^Virginia 
 has become in one generation. That is epitomized in the following 
 
 table, showing the progress of the Old Dominion between 1880 
 and 1909: 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Land Area, 40,262 Square Miles. 
 
 1880. 1900. 1909. 
 
 Population 1,512,565 1,854,184 2,042,220 
 
 Density ". 37.5 46 50.7 
 
 Cotton Mills 
 
 Spindles 44,340 126,827 317,166 
 
 Looms 1,322 4,608 9,443 
 
 Cotton used, pounds 5,087,519 17,832,465 36,517,677 
 
 Pig iron made, tons 29,934 490,617 *320,458 
 
 Coke made, tons 685,156 *1, 162,051 
 
 Lumber cut, feet 315,939,000 956,169,000 *1,198,725,000 
 
 Grain products, bushels: 
 
 Corn • 45,230,000 28,183,760 47,328,000 
 
 Wheat 8,737,302 9,421,932 8,758,000 
 
 Oats 5,774,780 5,167,568 3,800,000 
 
 Mineral products, value $1,348,195 $5,658,801 *|13,127,395 
 
 Coal mined, tons 43,079 2,393,754 *4,259,042 
 
 Iron ore mined, tons t243,542 1921,821 *692,223 
 
 Railroad mileage 1,893 3,795 4,548 
 
 National Banks: 
 
 Resources $14,348,362 $39,058,368 $114,817,689 
 
 Capital r . $3,066,000 $5,171,000 $13,513,500 
 
 Individual deposits $6,690,447 $20,473,458 $64,405,072 
 
 Other banks, deposits $7,757,202 $22,451,581 *$43,637,283 
 
 Common schools, expenditures . . . $946,109 $1,989,238 §$3,357,475 
 
 Property, trae value $707,000,000 $1,102,309,696 $l,572,153i600 
 
 *Figures of 1908. flncludes West Virginia in 1880 and 1900. §Figures of 
 1906-07. 
 
 These figures are of course the mere skeleton of the history of 
 \^irginia's materialities. They simply point to a mass of interest- 
 ing facts. For instance, they tell nothing of the 2,365 square 
 miles of water area, including the noblest expanses of the Ches- 
 apeake and some of its principal estuaries, not only the bearer 
 of $120,000,000 worth of the country's annual foreign commerce, 
 but producing annually about $5,000,000 of oysters, crabs and 
 
• ^ 12 
 
 fish in the gathering of which $3,500,000 are invested. Nor 
 do they picture, save by inference, the wonderful possibihties 
 of a State ranging in altitude from the beaches at tide- water 
 to Rogers Mountain, 5,719 feet high, one of 375 elevations in the 
 State higher than a thousand feet. Of the total 25,767,680 acres 
 of the State, about 80 per cent, are in farm lands, but the possi- 
 bilities in that respect appear in the fact that only about fifty 
 per cent, of the farm acreage is improved. The unimproved 
 acreage includes, to be sure, some of the 14,000,000 acres of 
 forest land which is yielding 1,198,725,000 feet of lumber a year. 
 Under some of that forest lie the minerals producing as high as 
 $20,000,000 annually and including 1,900 square miles of coal 
 fields, with an estimated original supply of 22,500,000,000 short 
 tons, of which only about 90,000,000 tons have been mined, its 
 iron ores, pyrites, copper, slate, talc and soapstone, zinc, asbestos, 
 gold, silver, mica, clays and other sources of wealth. The figures 
 of 1908, given in the table, hardly do justice to Virginia's mineral 
 industries, as they are for a year of depression in the whole coun- 
 try. The figures of 1907 are a better index for in that year Vir- 
 ginia mined 4,710,895 tons of coal and 786,856 tons of iron ore, 
 made 478,771 tons of pig iron and 1,545,280 tons of coke. In 
 that year, too, it cut 1,412,477,000 fe6t of lumber. 
 
 On the northern border of the greatest cotton producing region 
 of the world, Virginia yields its share of the great staple, but in 
 addition, 60,000,000 bushels of corn, wheat and oats, apples 
 having international fame, live stock, forage crops, small fruits 
 and vegetables in great variety. Its Norfolk section,- the birth- 
 place about 50 years ago of the trucking industry of this country, 
 maintains the prestige it won at the start. Organized farmers 
 in its two Eastern Shore counties have during the past year mark- 
 eted 532,517 barrels of Irish potatoes, 675,886 barrels of sweet 
 potatoes and 209,893 packages of cabbages and berries. In ten 
 years trucking has increased 500 per cent., fruit growing 200 per 
 cent., and sheep raising 150 per cent. Trucking has given an 
 impetus to the canning industry which, in one county alone in 
 1908, yielding nearly $1,000,000, while small farmers are clearing 
 several hundred dollars per acre by canning their own fruits and 
 vegetables . 
 
 Between 1900 and 1904 the capital invested in Virginia factories 
 increased from $92,299,000 to $147,989,000, and the value of 
 
13 
 
 factory products from $108,644,000 to $148,856,000. It is fair 
 to estimate the capital at present invested in all manufacturing 
 enterprises in the State at $175,000,000 and the value of their 
 products at $180,000,000. 
 
 The aggregate annual output of Virginia's farms, factories, 
 mines and fisheries is at least $320,000,000, an increase of nearly 
 $100,000,000 since the turn of the century. 
 
 And yet Virginia has hardly begun to realize upon its natural 
 potentialities. Its 40,000 square miles support a population of 
 only 2,050,000, or about fifty persons to the square mile, while 
 there are nearh^ 400 persons to each of the 8,000 square miles 
 of that other American commonwealth, Massachusetts. Its 
 population of 3,200,000, have practically nothing of the advan- 
 tage that Virginia possesses, either as to latent natural resources 
 within itself, or as to closeness to food supplies and materials 
 for industry. With the density of population equal to that of 
 Massachusetts, Virginia would have 12,000,000 inhabitants. 
 It is capable of making that number of people happy as citizens. 
 
 RICHARD H. EDMONDS, 
 
 Editor Manufacturers Record, 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
General Description of Virginia. 
 
 No State in the Union otfers more attractive inducements and 
 extends a more inviting hand to the home seeker than Virginia. 
 In climate, diversity of soils, fruits, forests, water supply, mineral 
 deposits and variety of landscape, including mountain and valley, 
 hill and dale, she offers advantages that are unsurpassed. Truly 
 did Captain John Smith, the adventurous and dauntless father of 
 Virginia, suggest that "Heaven and earth never agreed better to 
 frame a place for man's habitation." 
 
 Virginia is centrally situated in the Atlantic tier of States, being 
 midway between Maine and Florida. It lies between the extremes 
 of heat and cold, removed alike from the sultry, protracted sum- 
 mers of the more southern States, and the severe winters and devas- 
 tating storms and cyclones of the North and Northwest. Its limits 
 north and south are the latitudes of 39° 27' and 36° 31', corre- 
 sponding to California and southern Europe. The area of the 
 State is 42,450 square miles, of which 2,325 are covered with water. 
 There are 40,125 square miles, or 25,680,000 acres of land. The 
 State is a little larger than Tennessee, Kentucky, or Ohio, and not 
 quite so large as Pennsylvania. The extreme length of the State 
 along its southern border is 440 miles. The extreme width from 
 north to south is 192 miles. 
 
 NATUEAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE 
 
 A somewhat more particular description of these natural divis- 
 ions of the State, their topographical features, productions and 
 resources, water-ways and climate, may be of interest. 
 
 Tidewater Virginia or the Coastal Plain, as it is sometimes 
 called, comprises approximately one-fourth of the State. It 
 receives the name Tidewater from the fact that the streams that 
 penetrate it feel the ebb and flow of the tides from the ocean up to 
 the head of navigation on the line that separates it from Middle 
 Virginia. It consists altogether of lowlands, having an average 
 altitude of about 150 feet along its inner or Avestern border (the 
 
16 
 
 line that separates it from Middle Virginia) and inclining sea- 
 ward until^ at the coast line, it dips beneath the Atlantic. It con- 
 sists chie% of broad and generally level plains, while a considera- 
 ble portion, nearest to the bay, is occupied by shallow bays and 
 estuaries, and by marshes that are in most instances reached by 
 the ocean tides. These marshes abound with wild duck and sora. 
 Tidewater is mainly an alluvial country. The soil is chiefly light, 
 sandy loam, underlaid with clay. The alluvial deposits are enriched 
 by the decomposition of shells, forming extensive beds of marl. 
 Its principal productions are fruits and early vegetables, which 
 are raised in extensive ^'market gardens," and shipped in large 
 quantities to Northern cities. This is called "trucking," and is a 
 lucrative business. The trade in potatoes, strawberries, peanuts, 
 etc., is especially large, and last year yielded altogether in the State 
 some $15,000,000. The fertilizing minerals — gypsum, marl and 
 greensand — abound, and their judicious use readily restores the 
 lands when exhausted by improvident cultivation. 
 
 Middle Virginia is a wide undulating plain, crossed by many 
 rivers that have cut their channels to a considerable depth, 
 and are bordered by alluvial bottom lands that are very produc- 
 tive. The soil consists of clays with a subsoil of disintegrated sand- 
 stone rocks that supply additional elements of fertility. The soil of 
 V^irginia varies according to the nature of the rock from which it is 
 formed. The lowlands of Tidewater are marked by light, sandy 
 loam with substratum of clay, enriched by the decomposition of 
 shells, forming marl banks, or beds: In Middle and Piedmont 
 Virginia the surface, in general, consists of clay, with subsoil of 
 disintegrated sandstone rocks. In the Valley and Appalachia 
 limestone soil predominates. This section (Middle Virginia) has 
 for its eastern border the rocky rim of Tidewater, where the average 
 elevation above the ocean is about 150 feet. It gradually rises 
 towards its western limit at Piedmont, where it attains a maximum 
 elevation of 500 feet. This is the largest of the natural divisions, 
 and contains some 12,500 square miles. Nowhere on the conti- 
 nent can there be found a region so generally penetrated by navi- 
 gable streams. Pour large rivers, having their sources in the Pied- 
 mont and Appalachian region, traverse the Tidewater and Middle 
 A''irginia sections. The Potomac below Washington, the Eappa- 
 liannock below Fredericksburg, the York, and the James below 
 Richmond, rise and fall with the ocean tides, and are navigal)le 
 
17 
 
 from Chesapeake Bay. Below the tidewater line (or head of navi- 
 gation) they broaden, and are sometimes miles in width. 
 
 The principal agricultural productions of Middle Virginia are 
 corn, wheat, oats and tobacco. The tobacco raised in this section 
 ana m Piedmont, known as the "Virginia Leaf," is the best grown 
 in the United States, and has a world-wide reputation for excel- 
 lence. In this section, as in Tidewater, the low bottom lands along 
 the streams formed by the sediment of the waters, are exceptionally 
 productive. The second bottoms, as they are called, being a more 
 elevated terrace, have usually a subsoil of dark, but sometimes 
 yellow clay; these are very rich and susceptible of constant and 
 severe tillage. 
 
 THE PIEDMONT SECTION 
 
 This belt (for it is properly a belt, extending as it does through 
 the State, with a length of 250 miles and an average width of only 
 25 miles) is marked by hills and minor mountain ranges and spurs, 
 with valleys of varied form between. The surface is diversified 
 and surpassingly picturesque. The line of separation from Mid- 
 dle Virginia contains wide plains of excellent fertility, which spon- 
 taneously cover themselves with nutritious grasses when not in 
 cultivation. The elevation of this belt varies from 300 to 1,200 
 feet. The soil is heavier than that of Middle Virginia, the subsoil 
 being of stiff and dark-red clay. The disintegrated sandstone 
 rocks supply elements of fertility. On the slopes of the Blue Eidge 
 grapes of delicious flavor grow luxuriantly. These produce excel- 
 lent wines, and the clarets have a wide fame. The pippin apples 
 of the section are of unrivalled excellence. 
 
 THE VALLEY 
 
 The "Great Valley," as it is descriptively called, is, in its general 
 configuration, one continuous valley, included between the two 
 mountain chains that extend throughout the State; but is more 
 in a particular sense, made up of five smaller valleys that succeed 
 one another in the following order, from northeast to southwest : the 
 Shenandoah Valley; the James Eiver Valley; the Koanoke Eiver 
 Valley; the Kanawha or New Eiver Valley; and the Valley of the 
 Houston or Tennessee. It is 242 feet above tidewater at Harper's 
 Ferry where the Shenandoah, uniting with the Potomac, breaks 
 
19 
 
 through the barrier of the Blue Eidge, and gradually rises until it 
 attains the height of 1,687 feet at its southwestern extremity, 
 where the waters of the Holston leave the State and pass into 
 Tennessee. The Valley is much higher along its western side, next 
 to the Alleghanies, than on its eastern side. It is one of the most 
 abundantly watered regions on the face of the globe. Deep lime- 
 stone beds form the floor of the Great Valley, and from these beds 
 the soil derives an exceeding fertility, peculiarl}^ adapted to the 
 growth of grasses and grain. One who enjoys its varied and pic- 
 turesquely beautiful landscapes; the long undulating line of the 
 ridge that takes the name of Blue from the heavens that bend to 
 bathe its summits in their own soft tints; its abundant crops of 
 cereals; its cattle grazing upon its grass-embedded meadows; its 
 orchards bearing every fruit known to the temperate zone, and its 
 vineyards bursting with the juices that produce delicious wines, 
 will not wonder that it bears the name of the "garden spot" of the 
 State. 
 
 APPALACHIA 
 
 This is the mountainous section to the west of the Great Valley. 
 It overlooks the Valley to the east, and passes into the rugged 
 upland of the Cumberland plateau on the west. Its altitude varies 
 from 1,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea level. Some of the valleys 
 and slopes are of sandstone, some of slates and shales, some of 
 limestone, so that they present a great variety of surface. The 
 sandstone ridges are poor and unproductive, but the valleys are 
 fertile, the soil being enriched by limestone. These valleys and 
 mountain slopes are heavily carpeted with grass, upon which large 
 numbers of cattle are raised. It is noted as a grazing country. 
 It is an abundantly watered region, and its mountains are covered, 
 their tops and their sides with forests that yield a variety of val- 
 uable timber. 
 
 FAVORABLE CONDITIONS 
 
 The advantages and favorable conditions that invite the home- 
 seeker may, in general terms, be included under the following 
 heads: (1) Situation and Topography, (2) Climate, (3) Agi'icul- 
 tural Eesources, (4) Elvers and Water Supply, (5) Forests, (6) 
 Fruits, (7) Minerals and Mining, (8) Commercial Facilities. In 
 these several inducements Virginia holds a place second to no 
 State in the Union; probably the pre-eminent place over them all. 
 
 Let us briefly consider these inducements in the order named : 
 
20 
 SITUATION 
 
 As heretofore stated, Virginia is midway of the Athmtic tier of 
 States, removed alike from the severe winters of the jSTorthern 
 States, and the long, debilitating summers of the States farther 
 south. She possesses every variety of surface: bold mountains, 
 broken uplands, valleys, meadows, lowlands, and the swamp lands 
 of the coastal plain. The two ranges of mountains that extend 
 through the State from northeast to southwest protect it from the 
 storms and tornadoes that devastate the Northwest. At Hampton 
 Eoads, she has the largest, deepest, safest and best sheltered har- 
 bor on the Atlantic. Her ports of Norfolk and Newport News 
 are nearer than is New York to the great centres of population and 
 areas of production, of the Northwest. Chicago is fifty miles nearer 
 by direct line to Norfolk than it is to New York. 
 
 CLIMATE 
 
 The climate of Virginia is mild and healthful. Tlie winters are 
 less severe than in the northern and northwestern States, or even 
 the western localities of the same latitude; while the occasional 
 periods of extreme heat in the summer are not more oppressive 
 than in many portions of the North. The diversified physical 
 features exercise a marked influence on the climate, the tempera- 
 ture varying in the several sections according to their elevation, 
 latitude and distance from the ocean. The variation is from a 
 mean annual temperature of 64° in the low Tidewater belt to 48° 
 in the elevated mountain regions. The average temperature of 
 the State is 56°. The summer heat of the Tidewater is tempered 
 by the sea breezes; while in the mountain section the warm south- 
 west trade winds, blowing through the long parallel valleys, impart 
 to tliem and the enclosing mountains moisture borne from the 
 Gulf of Mexico. As a place to live in all the year round, Virginia 
 has no equal. The summers are not debilitating, and the occa- 
 sional days of oppressive heat are succeeded by nights of refreshing 
 sleep. The winters are never marked by extreme or protracted 
 severity. Snow rarely covers the ground for any great length of 
 time, and the number of bright, sunny days, even in the winter 
 season, is unusually large. In the spring the bright sunshine, 
 pleasant days and budding nature invite every one out of doors, 
 and hooks and reel are in demand. Autumn, to many, is the most 
 
21 
 
 delightful time of the year. The bright, warm, sunny days, with 
 just enough edge to the air to make one feel like moving, the cool 
 nights unsurpassed for sleeping, the rich and varied colored wild 
 flowers and the many colored autumn leaves, all conspire to make 
 one stay out of doors and absorb health and life. Partridge and 
 pheasant shooting, and fox hunting in the glorious autumn weather 
 furnish the finest sport for the most exacting sportsman. 
 
 The number of murky, foggy days is very small, and conversely 
 the number of sunny days is unusually large. The United States 
 Weatlier Bureau gives as the number of fair and clear days for 
 Hampton Roads 258.8, while for Boston 237.6. Thus the num- 
 ber of days when one is kept in doors on account of the weather is 
 very small. 
 
 In the more western portion of the State the temperature is 
 lower generally, and in the southwest mountains the snow some- 
 times lies on the ground for a considerable time, but the healthful- 
 ness of this region is most excellent, and the size and physique ol 
 the men is superb. 
 
 Along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge there is a belt of coun- 
 try between 1,000 and 2,500 feet above sea level, in which the 
 humidity is exceeding^ low, and in which the number of sunny 
 days is very large. This region has little dew at night, owing to its 
 low humidity, and has been found beneficial for ccfnsumptives and 
 those troubled with pulmonary diseases. 
 
 Virginia is also exceptionally free from wind storms and hurri- 
 canes, never having any like those which frequent the Western 
 plains and the States of the Southwest. Such a thing as a dwelling 
 house being blown over is a practically unknown occurrence. 
 
 Below is the mean monthly temperature of Virginia, Fahren- 
 heit, for the last five years taken in July and December by the 
 United States Weather Bureau of Richmond : 
 
 Mean monthly temperatuie ' July Dec. 
 
 1901 78.6 35.7 
 
 1902 76.5 37.9 
 
 1903 75.5 32.8 
 
 1904 73.5 31.4 
 
 1905 75.4 37.7 
 
 The westerly winds are the prevailing wimls. 
 
33 
 
 RAIN FALL. 
 
 The annual rainfall is from forty to sixty inches. It is fairly 
 well distributed through the entire year. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 
 
 Although Virginia has very large, varied and important inter- 
 ests outside of agriculture, still agriculture has been, and is, her 
 greatest and most important interest, and is the occupation of the 
 great majority of her people. She is essentially an agricultural 
 State. The principal agricultural products are tobacco, corn, 
 wheat, oats, buckwheat, barley and the native and cultivated 
 grasses, which, together with the clovers, yield an abundance of 
 hay. 
 
 A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE ACREAGE AND CROPS IN 
 VIRGINIA FROM 1900 TO 1908. 
 
 1900 1908 
 
 Acreage Acreage 
 
 4,040,339 3,301,500 
 
 Corn $ 10,300,000 00 $ 35,500,000 00 
 
 Wheat 6,200,000 00 8,000,000 00 
 
 Oats 1,104,000 00 1,500,000 00 
 
 Hay 7,670,000 00 10,000,000 00 
 
 Tobacco 7,210,000 00 8,000,000 00 
 
 Potatoes 2,500,000 00 3,200,000 00 
 
 Peanuts 2,261,000 00 2,500,000 00 
 
 All trucks 5,000,000 00 12,500,000 00 
 
 Orchard fruit 2,662,000 00 5,000,000 00 
 
 Dairy products 1,900,000 00 7,000,000 00 
 
 Live stock 42,027,000 00 70,000,000 00 
 
 Forest products 3,800,000 00 10,000,000 00 
 
 Miscellaneous crops 470,000 00 1,300,000 00 
 
 Mineral output 30,000,000 00 35,000,000 00 
 
 $129,104,000 00 $204,500,000 00 
 
 In the seaboard section, particularly in the vicinity of Norfolk 
 and on the Eastern Shore, there are extensive areas devoted to 
 truck farming, an industry which annually sends millions of 
 dollars worth of garden and farm vegetables and products to the 
 markets of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston. In 
 this same section, especially in the counties that form the south- 
 eastern portion of the State, between the James Eiver and the 
 North Carolina line, the cultivation of the peanut is an extensive 
 and profitable industry, the annual value of the crop being about 
 two and a half million dollars. Virginia raises more and better 
 
25 
 
 peanuts than any State in the Union. The cereals are widespread 
 over the State, but the Valley is pre-eminently the grain-producing 
 region. Tobacco is, in a part of the State, the staple principally 
 relied on as a money-making crop. Only one State in the Union, 
 Kentucky, produces more tobacco than Virginia. The "Virginia 
 Leaf," the finest tobacco raised in the United States, has a world- 
 wide reputation for excellence. It thrives best in the uplands of 
 Middle Virginia and in the Piedmont. In Halifax, Pittsylvania 
 and Henry counties, bordering on the North Carolina line, midway 
 of the State and in smaller areas of contiguous counties, the famous 
 "bright tobacco" is raised. This always commands a high price. 
 
 There is every conceivable variety of soil in Virginia, from the 
 almost pure sand of the sea coast to the stiff clay of the western 
 portions. Although of such variety, there is one noteworthy fact, 
 and that is the ease with which nearly all of the soil can be culti- 
 vated, and its ready response to Judicious treatment. 
 
 Owing to the great difference of altitude of the various parts of 
 the State, giving rise to a great diversity of climate conditions, and 
 to the almost endless variety of soils within her borders, Virginia 
 can, and does, grow practically everything raised in the United 
 States except the tropical and sub-tropical fruits. If there is any- 
 one, anywhere, who desires to take up any special branch of agri- 
 culture or desires to devote his time to the raising of any variety 
 of cereal, grass, legumes, fruit or animal, he can find in Virginia 
 land and conditions ideally suitable to that identical thing. 
 
 Under the head of agricultural resources we might appropriately 
 treat fruits. But they will be assigned to a separate head. 
 
 NORTHERN AND WESTERN FARMERS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 The following letters from a few Northern and Western farmers 
 who have settled in Virginia, selected from a number of other simi- 
 lar communications, and one from Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Ex 
 U. S. Secretary of Agriculture, will be found interesting to home- 
 seekers : 
 
 By J. Sterling Morton^ 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 The New York Sun says: "J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of 
 Agriculture, has discovered that the late Horace Greeley's advice 
 to young men, to 'Go West,' is no longer sound, and, that owing 
 
37 
 
 to changed conditions in tlie South, the well-Avishers of Young 
 America should now urge them to go to Virginia. 
 
 "Were I young and about to buy a farm — and if I were young, 
 buying a farm is exactly what I'd go first about — I'd get a farm 
 in Virginia. I was out through the State the other day. To say 
 that I was amazed would not any more than express it. I was 
 fairly astonished. I never saw better fields or finer crops any 
 where. It's a garden. One has, as some fellow said about some 
 other locality, but to tickle the soil and it laughs with a harvest. 
 C*orn ? I met face to face with as vigorous and robust fields as ever 
 waved in Illinois. Other crops were the same. 
 
 "As a mere crop producer, the Virginia farm would stand 
 shoulder to shoulder with any in the West, and yet, while you buy a 
 farm of 160 acres in Texas, say, for $8,800.00, I'll take the same 
 $8,800.00 and buy and locate myself in Virginia, within three 
 hours' drive of the capital of the country, on a fraction over five 
 hundred and eighty-six acres. Just as good land, as I told you 
 before, only instead of one hundred and sixty acres, you get five 
 hundred and eighty-six acres for $8,800.00. 
 
 "Yes, I said I could cite farms and figures to support what I 
 suggest. I am not an advertising medium for any particular piece 
 of Virginia real estate, but, skipping names and boundary lines, 
 there are 800 acres, twenty-six miles from Washington, with the 
 Potomac Eiver washing its feet, covered with forest trees, and 
 you can buy it for fifteen dollar an acre, just $12,000. A friend 
 of mine bought a splendid farm of one hundred and sixty acres- — 
 richest kind of soil; magnificent brick house, one of those old 
 timers, about one hundred years old, but in perfect shape as if 
 carpenters and masons got through yesterday. What do you 
 think he paid? Perfectly appointed farm, remember; brick barn, 
 all in the best of shape, and within half a day's drive, with the 
 buggy, of Washington. Now, what do you think he gave? Pour 
 thousand dollars; just twenty-five dollars an acre. The place 
 would have been worth $16,000 or $20,000 in Iowa. It made me 
 want a Virginia farm myself when I saw it." 
 
 J. Steeling Moeton, 
 Ex. -Secretary Agriculture United States. 
 
29 
 FEOM CALIFOEJ^TIA. 
 
 I moved to Virginia with my family six years ago from Cali- 
 fornia, where we were very much disappointed in the climate, the 
 heavy fogs of the coast causing rheumatic troubles and the intense 
 heat of the inland valleys in the summer we could not stand. 
 
 Have visited nearly every State, and can honestly say I know 
 of no climate as equable and pleasant, where the water is so soft 
 and pure, where the soil responds so quickly and abundantly to 
 proper cultivation and encouragement, and where there is abso- 
 lutely no malaria or mosquitoes. 
 
 Our winter lasts about three months. Have plowed at times in 
 all winter months. Our garden soil was never frozen over three 
 inches at any time. 
 
 Dr. J. B. Ross, 
 Bedford City, Va. 
 
 FROM ILLINOIS. 
 
 I came to this State several years since and purchased a farm 
 near Forest Depot, paying $14 per acre for the same. I did not 
 expect to make more than a fair living for several years, but from 
 tlie very first season I made much more than I anticipated. I 
 produce all kinds of cereals, stock and small fruits, and trucking, 
 all of which has a home market at much better prices than I could 
 hope to receive in the West. 
 
 I am raising more and better crops than I could produce on $40 
 land in South Dakota or $100 land in Illinois. I cheerfuly send 
 this word of greeting to Northern farmers who are in search of a 
 better climate, good land at low prices and where the seasons are 
 of sufficient length to garner the crop without being in haste all 
 the time. T. J. Ong, 
 
 Forest Depot, Va. 
 
 FROM INDIANA. 
 
 I came to Virginia broken down in health and bought a broken 
 down farm about six miles from Lynchburg, which had not been 
 worked since the war, thirty-six years previous. I was very unwell 
 and could not do much work at first, but, notwithstanding that, I 
 made a fairly good crop and sold off a quantity of bark and wood, 
 and made more than I wonld have done at home. There is a 
 
EXHIBITS OF CORN AT THE STATE FAIR 
 
 VIRGINIA APPLES 
 
31 
 
 ready and good market for all you can raise^ and the prices are 
 good. The people are glad to see yon and aid yon in every way 
 in their power. There are good schools and churches^ and I have 
 never received more attention or been better entertained than I 
 have been by some of the old ex-rebels I fought against in the late 
 war. My health is good, and I feel like a new man, and would not 
 sell my place at 50 per cent, advance; and I can say if Northern 
 people come down here and attend to their business, they will be 
 received with open arms and can do well. 
 
 E. E. Burr, 
 Lynchburg , Va. 
 
 PHOM NEBEASKA. 
 
 I came to Virginia from Nebraska fourteen years ago with very 
 little money and purchased a very poor farm of 200 acres, for which 
 I paid $5 per acre, making a small cash pajonent; then went to 
 work. The soil, while worn out, has responded very quickly to 
 good farming and natural fertilizers. I soon paid for my farm and 
 improved it in every form, until now I have it in fine shape, and 
 have it well stocked, including improved machinery. Only a short 
 time since I purchased a second farm of 200 acres for cash. I am 
 very much pleased with Virginia and am convinced that it is all 
 right. John Sbdrig, 
 
 Marmora, Va. 
 
 FEOM WISCONSIN. 
 
 Two years ago I came to Appomattox County from Wisconsin 
 and purchased a farm. When I arrived I was unable to do any 
 farm work. Now I can attend to my farm and my health is greatly 
 improved. I like the country so well that last year I purchased 
 another farm for my son. I would rather live here with my present 
 health on one meal a day than in Wisconsin on three. 
 
 I have paid every dollar on both farms, and like the land bettor 
 every year I live on it. We can raise anything in Virginia that 
 can be grown in the North or Northwest. I consider this a great 
 country, and the lands are far below the real value in price. 
 
 John V. Phillips, Sr., 
 
 Vera, Va. 
 
33 
 
 FEOM CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Dear Sir : — I bought this 600-acre farm here three years ago, 
 when I came from New Haven, Conn., and I am doing well here. 
 I have 19 cows, 63 sheep and 75 hogs and 200 hens — and good 
 crops this year. E. Selchaw Hansen, 
 
 Poindexter, Va. 
 
 FEOM SCOTLAND. 
 
 In the short time I have been in Virginia some of the impres- 
 sions I have formed are, the great number of farms empty, the low 
 prices asked for them (low, when compared to Scotland), the rail- 
 way facilities to market produce, schools and churches, and the 
 good water on almost all the farms I have been on. Potatoes, beans, 
 peas, poultry, eggs and butter find ready sale at good prices. All 
 the crops grown at home can be grown here, Indian corn, tobacco, 
 sweet potatoes, etc., in addition, and the residents are very orderly 
 and law-abiding. W. McKie, 
 
 Elmsland, R. I., Box 6, Pamplin City, Va. 
 
 FKOM CANADA. 
 
 I am a native of Canada. In the year 1872 I removed to Oceania 
 county. State of Michigan^ and lived there for a number of years. 
 Finally, becoming tired of the deep snows and long, cold winters 
 of that part of the State, I decided to move to Virginia, landing 
 here in the autumn of 1.889, and purchased 107 acres of land, cheap, 
 being a part of the estate of William Branch, deceased. 
 
 I soon discovered that while the land was originally good, con- 
 tinuous cropping and renting had greatly deteriorated it. Hence, 
 I became alive to the necessity of adopting some plan whereby an 
 increase of fertility could be obtained, and maintenance for self 
 and family. I will say, at the present time, that I am the owner 
 now of one of the best small farms of the country; am living in 
 comfort, and the land is steadily improving, and condition of the 
 soil is above normal. Last year a Canadian gentleman by the name 
 of Spottswood purchased 200 acres of land adjoining mine. He has 
 a large family — there are eleven in all, and most of them workers. 
 This season he has raised a good crop of wheat (sown last fall), 
 and a specially fine crop of corn. He has had two cuttings of grass 
 and an extra fine crop of tobacco, being the first instance I know 
 
35 
 
 of where a Northern man raised tobacco the first year. They seem 
 to like the country all right, and will make first-class citizens. 
 
 As to my neighbors, I must say that I never had better, none 
 more kind, accommodating or obliging. Have felt perfectly at 
 home among them. So I expect to end my days in the Old Do- 
 minion, thankful to the giver of all good, that my rambling, wan- 
 dering days have terminated so happily. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Thos. W. Brewer, 
 
 Irwin, Va. 
 
 I have lived here for over twenty years. I was born in Canada, 
 and came over when I was sixteen. I am very much pleased with 
 Virginia because of its mild climate, because of the kind and hos- 
 pitable people here, and because of the long crop season ; two crops 
 can always be raised in one year, and I have raised three crops a 
 number of times. Very respectfully, 
 
 H. E. Scott, 
 Richmond, Va. 
 
 I take pleasure in saying that I moved from Canada to Virginia 
 in 1875, and have lived here since that time. I am much pleased 
 with Virginia, and appreciate its natural advantages of soil and 
 climate, the winters being milder and more pleasant than the win- 
 ters in Canada. I expect to live in Virginia until death takes me, 
 and I expect to be buried beneath her sod. 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 
 W. H. MiDDORGH, 
 
 Culpeper, Va. 
 
 I consider the State of Virginia much superior to either the 
 Northwestern States or Canada as regards climate and proximity 
 to the markets. The Northwest and Canadian winters are too long 
 and severe to suit any but young and very robust persons. 
 
 William H. Greene, 
 
 Staunton, Va. 
 
 CALIFOENIA. 
 
 In 1906 I spent several months in making investigations as to 
 general conditions with respect to alfalfa growing, and after satis- 
 fying myself that indications in favor of successful cultivation were 
 
37 
 
 sufficient to justify the venture, I selected two old estates at Port 
 Conway, Va., on the Eappahannock river. The soil on these prop- 
 erties was greatly depleted, but responded quickly to kind treat- 
 ment with the aid of crimson clover, cowpeas and lime. I have 
 secured some alfalfa fields that will compare favorably with the 
 best, either east or west. Although it has been only two years since 
 the work commenced, I have a little over 300 acres of alfalfa at 
 this time. But I have 200 acres more land which will be in proper 
 condition for seeding next fall, and several hundred acres more 
 which are having a crop of cowpeas each fall or crimson clover in 
 the spring. Let me here say that, favored as Virginia is, with two 
 such crops as cowpeas and crimson clover as aids in improving soil, 
 the near future should see the State standing in the front ranks for 
 fertility and production. J. F. Jack, 
 
 Port Conivay, Va. 
 PEOM DENMAEK. 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to add my testimonial to the excellent 
 climate and almost uniformly productiveness of Virginia soil. Be- 
 ing born and raised on a farm in Denmark, I determined to locate 
 in America. After going through Canada and many States of the 
 Union, especially the Western and Northwestern, I at last located 
 in Virginia, where I have been domiciled some 38 years, and have, 
 to this date, not regretted the choice I made. Too much can not be 
 said of the excellence of its climate, being neither too cold nor too 
 warm; the soil being adaptable to almost anything that grows. 
 
 Wm. Holsts, 
 Richmond, Va. 
 FEOM CANADA. 
 
 Two years ago I came to Virginia for the purpose of finding out 
 whether what I read about Virginia was true or not before I moved 
 my family, and I saw and heard enough to convince me that it was, 
 so I returned to Canada and made a sale and came the year after, 
 and we all like it ; the climate is delightful, the season to get one's 
 work done is a long one, the land is as good as any I have worked 
 or seen in Canada, if properly handled, and I was from the best 
 farming and dairying section in Elgin county, Ontario, and was 
 doing well there; but I wanted a home where I could live in com- 
 fort and do the same as I did in Canada, and I find I can do it here. 
 Yours, etc., J. E. Martin, 
 
 Ashland, Va. 
 
38 
 FEOM GERMANY. 
 
 I have been a citizen of the State of Virginia since 1867. I am 
 German by birth, and came to this country in 1857, a young man 
 of 16 years old. I married in New Jersey, and my wife's health 
 being quite bad, the doctors advised me to come South. I came 
 South, and looking over the situation, spent some time in Virginia, 
 and finally decided to come to Petersburg, Va. My wife is sixty- 
 two years old, and coming to Virginia certainly saved her life at 
 that time. We do not regret our move. The climate of Virginia is 
 excellent — none better. The people of the State are friendly and 
 hospitable, so much so that nothing could induce us to leave our 
 Virginia home. The land is cheap, and you can raise in Virginia 
 anything that can be raised in any part of the country; such as 
 corn, oats, wheat and other grains can all be raised here. Virginia 
 has ample railroad and water connection with the Eastern, North- 
 ern and Western markets. By this, I mean, that farmers living m 
 Virginia are enabled to get the best prices for their produce, as there 
 are exceptional facilities offered by the railroads and steamship lines 
 to carry same to Northern and Eastern markets. 
 
 There are opportunities for men who have some little means 
 with which to buy land that I do not believe are offered by any other 
 State. I went back to my old home in Germany last year for the 
 first time since I came to this country, and I was unfortunate in 
 being able to spend only a few days in my old home, but it has 
 always been surprising to me that the immigration of the hard- 
 working German citizens seems to be towards the West rather than 
 southward. I am certain that once a start was made, that those 
 who make their homes here will write back to those in the "Old 
 Country," urging them to come to Virginia. 
 
 Aug. Wright, 
 Petershurg, Va. 
 
 FEOM OHIO. 
 
 Editor Southampton Democrat, Franklin, Va. 
 
 Dear Sir : — We have come to Virginia, to "Tidewater Virginia," 
 to Southampton county, to stay. We are from Ohio — arrived here 
 last November — and are the first people termed "outsiders" located 
 here. We are liking our new home right well, and, if we should not 
 get "homesick," shall continue to like it still better. I wish to say 
 
39 
 
 that we find the people especially sociable and courteous, and we be- 
 lieve we already have acquaintances here who are our staunch 
 friends. 
 
 We have an equable climate, without drought, such as Western 
 droughts, and the best soils, and a good people. Southampton 
 county, we believe, is an excellent site for our Western people to 
 look up. More later. Sincerely, 
 
 I. A. McCoy, 
 Green Plain, Va. 
 
 P. S. — Just received a letter from home saying they had but one 
 little rain since last of July, and corn ripened prematurely; pas- 
 tures are dead; soil too dry for seeding to wheat, and wells are dry. 
 But here "in Virginia" we have not yet seen it too dry for crops to 
 do well, and our second crop of potatoes (on same soil) is doing 
 so well as to promise a fair yield if frost held off a couple of weeks ; 
 were planted as late as September oth. The first crop yielded 348 
 bushels to acre, small plot. 
 
 FEOM SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 I came to Prince George county in 1902, from Spink county, 
 S. D., where I resided since 1881. After spending a number of 
 years traveling about, visiting nearly all the States east of the Missis- 
 sippi in search of a genial climate and good soil, I was convinced 
 that Virginia was the place. I purchased a farm of 400 acres and 
 am now getting it in a very fine state of cultivation for all the 
 cereals and stock raising. This section is exceedingly well adapted 
 to the raising of cattle, hogs and sheep, all of which I am raising 
 successfully and making money. 
 
 There is nothing would induce me to go back to South Dakota 
 to live, since I am able to live here in comfort and receive larger 
 net dividends than I ever could expect to realize on my former 
 farm. I am more than pleased with my investment. . 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Wm. H. Denton. 
 
 FEOM NEW YOEK. 
 
 I am a former resident of the Empire State, and came to Vir- 
 ginia a number of years since; induced to do so on account of the 
 
41 
 
 genial climate, geographical location and the great future which I 
 saw in the fertile, neglected farms in Virginia. I did not remove 
 to my farm until 1898, and have resided here ever since. My plan- 
 tations are now well improved, and last year a crop of 75 acres of 
 wheat averaged 29 1-2 bushels per acre, some of this running in 
 excess of 40 bushels per acre. A neighbor of mine raised in excess 
 of 100 bushels of soy beans per acre ; this by a Canadian farmer, 
 who, like myself, does not care to return to the rigorous climate 
 we left. Gr. C. Jacobs. 
 
 FEOM OHIO. 
 
 After living here two years I find Virginia more pleasant to live 
 in than Ohio. The people are friendly and sociable, and the lithia 
 water has been a "godsend" to me. It has cured me of eczema, after 
 doctoring thirty years without relief. 
 
 In regard to the land, the best improved here is fully equal to 
 Ohio land that sells for $25 to $100 per acre, and if the Virginia 
 lands were side by side with it, it would bring the top price, and 
 this land can be bought for from $5 to $15 per acre. Next, the 
 crop. Last year's wheat was of good quality and averaged 15 to 20 
 bushels per acre; corn was unusually fine — as good as anyone 
 could ask, while fruit of all kinds was plentiful. 
 
 I am glad I came down to this healthful climate, this wonderful 
 water, these big-hearted people, and other conditions that go to 
 make life worth living. I have no desire to return North. 
 
 GrEO. E. LusK. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING SHOW^S POSSIBILITIES OF FARMING ON SMALL 
 SCALE IN VIEGINIA. 
 
 In order to prove that small farms pay, read excerpt from letter 
 
 of Mr. 0. D. B , now living in Virginia, TJ. S. A., on a small 
 
 and well-tilled farm : 
 
 "My farm comprises only 24 acres, and from this modest area 
 must be excluded eight acres of intractable ravine, of which I make 
 a limited use as pasture, my farming operations being devoted to 
 the remaining sixteen acres which are under cultivation. The use 
 of certain portions of this land for a second crop makes the annual 
 plowing area on an average, 20 acres. 
 
4:2 
 
 "During the past year my books show the following result : 
 
 300 bushels of Irish potatoes $180 00 
 
 50 bushels of sweet potatoes 25 00 
 
 Beans and black peas 25 00 
 
 Early cabbage 75 00 
 
 Garden peas 40 00 
 
 Snap beans 40 00 
 
 Apples 25 00 
 
 Cider vinegar 125 00 
 
 Milk and butter from 4 cows 210 00 
 
 Live animals 62 40 
 
 Slaughtered animals 25 00 
 
 1,000 pounds honey, 15 pounds wax from 11 hives . . 82 40 
 
 Surplus eggs 7 40 
 
 Surplus asparagus 10 00 
 
 Hay 72 40 
 
 Total $1,004 60 
 
 "These sales were made after full provision for the support of 
 three horses, four milch cows and some smaller stocky, including 
 calves, pigs and chickens. The farm pays full tribute to the home 
 table and only surplus is sold. We have the usual garden space 
 which supplies us with a variety of vegetables and fruits for the 
 home use which are not included in the list of money crops. My 
 expenses I compute as about $250, for labor, fertilizer, wheat bran 
 for cows, and for interest on original investment and taxes and 
 insurance. 
 
 "The depreciation in tools and machinery, I believe, is compen- 
 sated by the improvement in the soil under my plan of tillage. I 
 bought the farm thirteen years ago. The first crop was consumed 
 by one horse, and I was obliged to 'hire out' during part of the year 
 to meet expenses. Since then I have produced as high as 150 
 bushels of corn to the acre, and can always count on a safe average 
 of 100 bushels to the acre. The producing capacity of the land is 
 constantly increasing. Now I only plant six acres of corn a year, 
 and three acres of this are used to fill two small silos with an ag- 
 gregate capacity of fifty tons, which explains my ability to sell sur- 
 plus hay from a sixteen-acre farm after supporting seven head of 
 stock. Last year two cuttings from eight acres yielded me eighteen 
 tons of hay, which was hardly a fair average." 
 
 Farms such as the above can be bought now from $10.00 to 
 $20.00 per acre in near vicinity to the railroad. 
 
id 
 
 The following shows how cattle are profitably grazed in 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 The bunch of cattle shown on the next page, were grazed on 
 cheap land, fed no grain, and wintered on very ordinary roughage. 
 Were turned on this boundary 20th of April and driven from this 
 range October 1st, to the railroad shipping pens, where they were 
 weighed and loaded for the market, having gi-azed to a profit of 
 ten dollars a head for the owner. 
 
 This boundary was bought for $4.50 per acre, and was a 
 wilderness of brush, briars and broomsage. The owner had it 
 grubbed, chopped out and then applied a torch, making a clean 
 sweep. The cattle were turned in May 1st, and each following year 
 about April 30th. This chopping and burning was kept up for 
 two or three years, until the land became comparatively clean and 
 free of weeds and undergrowth and gradually set in blue grass 
 and other native grasses, until to-day it is worth $20.00 an acre, 
 twelve miles from the railroad. This illustrates how thousands of 
 idle acres in Virginia can be made valuable without the plow. 
 
 THE POSSIBILITIES IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA. 
 
 It is both interesting and wonderful to note the productiveness 
 of the soil in the trucking belt around Norfolk, Virginia. A 
 leading farmer and trucker this morning said, "Without doubt the 
 trucking lands around Norfolk, Virginia, are the finest in the 
 entire United States." 
 
 This gentleman was entitled to a very respectful hearing, and 
 we had the greatest confidence in his judgment and intelligence, 
 for his experience as a trucker was the very best possible evidence 
 in favor of his statement. 
 
 Our attention was called to a little 4-acre patch of land, in snaps 
 (beans), now just nicely in the pod and ready to go North in a very 
 few days. Answering our questions the owner stated that in 
 September last he sowed spinach on said four acres. Between 
 Christmas and 1st of March following he cut and sold the spinach 
 at the rate of 100 barrels to the acre, at a price ranging from $2 to 
 $7 per barrel — an average of $4.50 per barrel. Early in March 
 the four acres were set out to lettuce, setting the plants in the open 
 air with no protection whatever, 175,000 plants on the four acres. 
 He shipped 450 half-barrel baskets of lettuce to the acre, at a 
 price ranging from $2 to $2.75 per basket. 
 
45 
 
 ■ Early in April, just before the lettuce was ready to ship, he 
 planted snap beans between the lettuce rows; and today, June 2d, 
 these are the finest beans we have seen this season. 
 
 Owner says he will have 150 half -barrel baskets to the acre; 
 but we think he will surely have nearer 350. However, 150 will 
 be enough, for he will sell the same for from $1 up to $2 per basket ; 
 perhaps even higher. 
 
 The last week in May he planted cantaloupes between the bean 
 rows, which, when marketed in July, will make four crops from 
 the same in one year's time. The cantaloupes will be good for 
 850 crates to the acre, and the price will run from $1 to $1.50 
 per crate. 
 
 A careful investigation of these "facts, figures, and features" 
 will show that his gross sales will easily reach $2,000 per acre, and 
 his net profits depend largely upon the man and the management; 
 but they surely should not be less than $1,000 clear, clean profit 
 to the acre. 
 
 This is for farming done all out doors. No hot house or hot bed 
 work- — not a bit of it. It is all out-of-doors work, with no extra 
 expense for hot beds, cold frames, hot houses or extra expenses 
 whatever. 
 
 We are each day more and more thoroughly convinced that 
 "intensive" thorough tillage and care of the soil will not only pay 
 remarkably well here; but it will pay better here than at any 
 other point or place in the United States. 
 
 Without any doubt whatever, the soil is the finest market garden 
 or trucking soil in the entire country. The climate also is largely 
 in our favor, as the late and early frosts are kept off b}^ the near 
 proximity of the sea. 
 
 In regard to cost to get our farm products to market, we are 
 within twenty-five miles of fully 10,000,000 consumers, that is to 
 say, measured by freight rates, we are within twenty-five miles of 
 10,000,000 hungry consumers of our soil products. 
 
 If measured by hours, we are within twelve hours of 20,000,000 
 consumers. ' Upon the soil, climate, and markets depend the success 
 of the tillers of the soil — and these three factors are decidedly in 
 our favor. 
 
 FRUITS 
 
 Virginia is one of the most highly-favored fruit-growing States 
 in the Union. Indeed, when the variety, abundance and excellence 
 
47 
 
 of its fruits are considered^ it is doubtful if any other State can 
 compare with it in this respect. Apples, peaches, pears, cherries, 
 quinces, plums, damsons and grapes are in great abundance, while 
 the smaller fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, 
 gooseberries and currants are plentiful. The foothills of the Pied- 
 mont and Blue Eidge are specially adapted to the apple, some or- 
 chards producing as much as from $450 to $500 per acre. The 
 peach, requiring a somewhat warmer climate, abounds more plenti- 
 fully in Middle Virginia and Tidewater. The eastern slopes of the 
 Blue Eidge are especially prolific in grapes, Albemarle county 
 taking the lead in their cultivation. They are of excellent quality 
 and flavor, both for table use and wine making. The Monticello 
 Wine Company, of Charlottesville, Albemarle county, enjoys a 
 world-wide reputation for its wine, particularly its clarets. At 
 the Paris World's Exhibition in 1878, this was the only American 
 wine that received a medal and diploma; and such was also the 
 case at the Paris Exposition of 1889. 
 
 Apples may be said to be the principal fruit crop of the 
 State. They are extensively grown, and there is a yearly increas- 
 ing number of trees planted. In one of the Valley counties a 
 17-year-old orchard of 1,150 trees produced an apple crop which 
 brought the owner $10,000, another of fifty 20-year trees brought 
 $700. Mr. H. E. Vandeman, one of the best-known horticulturists 
 in the country, says that there is not in all North America a better 
 place to plant orchards than in Virginia. He says: "For rich 
 apple soil, good flavor, and keeping qualities of the fruit, and near- 
 ness to the great markets of the East and Europe, your country is 
 wonderfully favored." 
 
 The trees attain a fine size and live to a good old age, and produce 
 most abundantly. In Patrick county there is a tree 9 feet 5 inches 
 around which has borne 110 bushels of apples at a single crop. 
 There are other trees which have borne even more. One farmer 
 in Albemarle county has received more than $15,000 for a single 
 crop of Albemarle Pippins grown on twenty acres of land. This 
 Pippin is considered the most deliciously flavored apple in the 
 world. Sixty years ago the Hon. Andrew Stevenson, of Albemarle, 
 when minister from this country to England, presented a barrel 
 of "Albemarle Pippins" to Queen Victoria, and from that day to 
 this it has been the favorite apple in the royal household of Great 
 Britain. Although the Blue Eidge and Piedmont sections are 
 

 #■:; 
 
 ;/\'^'' 
 
 ^•£/'l 
 
49 
 
 more particularly adapted to the apple^ they are grown in great 
 abundance in every part of the State. 
 
 The fig, pomegranate and other delicate fruits flourish in the 
 Tidewater region. 
 
 We have mentioned the cultivated fruits; but in many sections 
 there will be found growing wild, in great abundance, the strawberry, 
 the whortleberry, the haw, the persimmon, the plum, the black- 
 berry, the dewberry, a fine variety of grapes for jellies and for 
 wines, the cherry, the raspberry and the mulberry, and also will be 
 found the chestnut, hazelnut, the walnut, the hickorynut, the 
 beechnut, and the chinquepin. 
 
 RIVERS AND WATER SUPPLY 
 
 Five large and navigable rivers, with their affluents and tribu- 
 taries, drain five-sixths of the State. These all empty into the 
 Atlantic, four of them through the Chesapeake Bay, and one 
 through Albemarle Sound. The four that empty into the Chesa- 
 peake are the Potomac, Eappahannock, York and James. The 
 one that empties into Albemarle Sound is the Eoanoke or Staunton. 
 These are all navigable to the head of Tidewater by large steamboats 
 and sailing vessels. Besides these there are other long and copious 
 streams or rivers, the Shenandoah that flows through the valley, and 
 New Eiver and Clinch in southwest Virginia. These rivers are 
 all supplied by multitudinous streams, rivulets and creeks; many 
 of these long and of sufficient size to entitle them to the name of 
 rivers. Some of these are the Potomac creek and Occoquan that 
 flow into the Potomac; the Eapid Anne that is a bold affluent of 
 the Eappahannock; the Mattapony and Pamunkey that at their 
 confluence form the York; the Chickahominy, Appomattox, Ei- 
 vanna, Willis, Slate, Eockfish, South, North,* Cowpasture and Jack- 
 son, tributaries of the James; the Dan, Otter and Pig that flow 
 into the Eoanoke. These affluents are but a few of the hundreds 
 of streams in every part of the State that fall below the dimensions 
 of rivers but which, in conjunction with the bolder streams, irrigate 
 the country, furnish inexhaustible water power, supply numerous 
 varieties of fish, furnish channels for inland navigation, and by 
 enlivening the landscapes, impart a picturesqueness to the scenery 
 on all sides. Never-failing springs of pure, sparkling water abound 
 in every section, many of them possessing medicinal properties of a 
 high order. The statement is made upon high authority, that no 
 
51 
 
 State possesses such an abundant supply of mineral waters. The 
 rainfall is abundant and evenly distributed, there being two sources 
 of rain supply, one from the Atlantic by the southeast winds and 
 one from the Gulf by the winds from the southwest. The annual 
 rainfall is 35 inches in the southwest and 55 inches on the eastern 
 coast, the average throughout the State being about 43 inches. 
 
 From the above statements it can easily be believed that Vir- 
 ginia is one of the most abundantly watered countries upon the 
 face of the earth. There can scarcely be found a square mile on 
 which there is not either a running stream or a bold spring. There 
 is probabty no other area of the world's surface, of equal dimen- 
 sions, that is so abundantly and uniformly watered. 
 
 WATER POWER 
 
 In this busy age, when every accessory of human industry is 
 eagerly utilized, it may not be amiss to call more particular atten- 
 tion to the marvelous supply of water power which the rivers and 
 streams of the State afford. In this connection we will quote the 
 following passage from the pamphlet entitled "Information for 
 the Homeseeker and Investor," published by this Department (the 
 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Immigration). 
 
 Even in Tidewater, the flattest part of the State, the numerous 
 smaller rivers and creeks have sufficient fall to furnish ample 
 water power for grist mills and, of course, the same power could 
 be used for other purposes. Where Tidewater joins Middle Vir- 
 ginia, there is a rocky ledge which rises up quite abruptly, and over 
 which all streams have to pour to reach the ocean. In pouring 
 over that ledge rapids are formed which give magnificent water 
 power. This water power is especially fine just above Alexandria, 
 on the Potomac; at Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock; at 
 Richmond, on the James, and at Petersburg^ on the Appomattox. 
 
 To take only one locality as an illustration : 
 
 At Richmond, in a distance of three and one-half miles, there 
 is a fall of 84 feet, and in a distance of nine miles there is a fall of 
 118 feet. The other streams mentioned have practically the same 
 fall. This enormous water power, occurring just at the head of 
 Tidewater and deep water navigation, gives the manufacturer who 
 uses this power the benefit of both railway and water transportation. 
 As the mountainous region is approached, every river, creek and 
 branch is capable of furnishing fine water power. The effective 
 
52 
 
 fall of the James from Lynchburg to Eichmond, a distance of 146.5 
 miles, is 429 feet; between Lynchburg and Buchanan, 50 miles, the 
 effective fall is 299 feet; between Buchanan and Covington, a dis- 
 tance of 47 miles, the effective fall is 436 feet. "Indeed," as Com- 
 modore M. F. Maury says, "the James river and its tributaries 
 alone afford water power enough to line their banks from Coving- 
 ton and Lexington, with a single row of factories, all the way to 
 Eichmond." New river also furnishes magnificent water power. 
 In fact, all through the State an abundance of the finest water 
 power is awaiting development. A very small portion of this 
 power is at present developed. 
 
 Of the four navigable rivers of Virginia that are tidal to the 
 ocean, three of them, the Potomac, Eappahannock and James, take 
 their rise in the mountain region and wind through landscapes of 
 surpassing loveliness to deliver their waters into that bay which, 
 like an inland sea, washes her eastern front. The York, a wide, 
 straight stream, navigable for the largest vessels, is less than 
 forty miles in length, and is rather an estuary, or arm of the bay, 
 than a river. The Mattapony and Pamunkey, that unite at West 
 Point to form the York, drain a considerable portion of Tidewater 
 and Middle Virginia. 
 
 The Chesapeake Bay is not only the most picturesque and beau- 
 tiful sheet of water upon the globe, but it has no equal for the 
 abundance and variety of the marine food which it supplies. It 
 is 200 miles long, with an average width of 15 miles. It has the 
 most abundant oyster beds in the world, and its Lynnhaven Bay 
 oy.ster is confessedly the largest and most delicious specimen of 
 this bivalve to be found in any water. It supplies, in inexhaustive 
 quantities, every fish known to the Southern waters, with the ex- 
 ception of the pompano, which is peculiar to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Turtles, crabs, terrapins, lobsters and clams abound, while birds 
 by tens of thousands crowd its waters and the inlets and marshes 
 that mark its borders — swans, geese, ducks and sora. The canvas 
 back duck, that feeds on the wild celery and grasses that fringe 
 its banks, possesses a game flavor that is coveted by the epicure. 
 
 "We have not overdrawn the picture of the attractive invitation 
 which Virginia extends to the homeseeker, particularly the one 
 who desires to reside in the country and follow the life of a farmer. 
 With her diversified surface and varied elevation, her mild climate, 
 fine rainfall, well distributed through the year, Virginia, with her 
 
53 
 
 numerous water courses and streams, and her fertile soil, presents 
 an opportunit}^ for all kinds of agricultural pursuits. The home- 
 seeker can find an attractive location for any line of cultivation he 
 may wish to follow. From the fish and oysters of the bays and 
 estuaries, the peanut growing and trucking of the Tidewater, the 
 raising of corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, fruits and stock of the Pied- 
 mont, to the blue grass grazing of the more mountainous section, 
 he has a varied field of selection. 
 
 FORESTS 
 
 The forests of Virginia abound in an unusual variety of woods, 
 especially the valuable hardwoods, so important in modern con- 
 struction. In these forests are found every wood known to South- 
 ern soils except the noted red cedar of Alabama. Most of the un- 
 cultivated land consists of woodland tracts. Pine forests and 
 cypress swamps cover vast areas of the Tidewater section. This 
 soil favors also the growth of the cedar, willow, locust, juniper and 
 gum, and to some extent the oak — woods that furnish the best 
 material for staves, shingles, ship-timber and sawed lumber. In 
 the central and western sections are found the oak, hickory, walnut, 
 chestnut, birch, beech, maple, j^oplar, cherry, ash, sycamore and 
 elm. In the higher altitudes are found the hemlock, spruce and 
 white pine. Oak, pines and poplar are the chief woods for building. 
 The durable hardwoods, oak, hickory, walnut and chestnut, are 
 valuable in the manufacture of agricultural implements, cars and 
 furniture. Paper is made from the pulp of the soft poplar. Oak 
 bark and sumac leaves are extensively used in tanning and dyeing. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA 
 
 Virgina presents probably the most promising field for invest- 
 ment in its vast resources of almost every known commercial min- 
 eral product. Building stone, granite, limestone, slate, soapstone, 
 mica, clays of all kinds available, from the common red brick to 
 the finest pottery clay, coal, coke, iron, lead, zinc, tin, copper, 
 manganese, pyrites, arsenic, gypsum, salt, baryta, marble, asbestos, 
 gold and silver are all found more or less in paying quantities. 
 
 Cheap labor, fuel, timber and water are abundant. Transpor- 
 tation facilities are of the best, and climatic conditions are such 
 that out-door work can be carried on the year round. 
 
 The mineral lands can be acquired at the most reasonable prices, 
 and every facility is offered to induce capital to undertake the 
 development of these products. 
 
55 
 
 No State in the Union produces such a variety of mineral waters 
 nor contains such a number of medicinal springs, situated, for the 
 most part, in a delightful summer climate in the most beautiful 
 scenic parts of the Blue Eidge and Alleghany mountains, offering 
 ideal locations for summer and health resorts; some of which are 
 now world-famous, but the most of them are not utilized on an 
 extensive scale. They, however, only lack the necessary capital 
 and enterprise to make them equally famous with their more fortu- 
 nate neighbors. 
 
 Building stones of superior quality are found in a large part of 
 the State; notably from Eichmond west to the eastern edge of 
 the Blue Eidge. Chesterfield and Henrico granites are well known 
 outside of the State, having been used in building the postoffices 
 of Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Buckingham slate is being shipped to England in competition 
 with the Scotch and Welsh slate, and orders cannot be filled fast 
 enough. This is a guarantee not only of quality but cheapness of 
 production. 
 
 Soapstone, of a very fine quality, is produced near Schuyler, in 
 Nelson county, and is mostly marketed as a finished product. 
 
 Limestone from the quarries of the Shenandoah Valley and 
 southwest is well known. 
 
 Clays, from that used for common brickmaking to pure kaolin for 
 China clay, are found in abundance east of a line running through 
 Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Eichmond, Petersburg and Emporia. 
 
 Coal-bearing formations cover an area of about 2,120 square 
 miles in the State. The most notable deposits are those of the 
 Eichmond coal basin, Pocahontas Flat Top Field, Tazewell county, 
 the Clinch Valley and Big Stone Gap districts in Wise and Lee 
 counties, and the hard coals of Price and Brush Mountains, Mont- 
 gomery county. 
 
 Copper ore is found in Grayson, Carroll, Floyd, Halifax, Char- 
 lotte, Prince Edward, Buckingham, Louisa, Fluvanna and Gooch- 
 land counties, and in the igneous rocks of the Blue Eidge, notably 
 Warren count3^ The most extensive development has been done 
 in Halifax county, where there are a number of mines producing 
 ore in paying quantities and showing most excellent prospects for 
 extensive development. 
 
 Tin is found in Eockbridge and Nelson. In Bockbridge, at least 
 two parallel workable vein systems exist. 
 
56 
 
 Lead and zinc are found in many parts of the State, notably, 
 Wythe, Pulaski, Smyth, Giles, Bland, Tazewell, Eussell, Scott, 
 and Grayson counties. The most extensive development is in 
 Wythe county, at Austinville, on New river. Work has gone to a 
 depth of 200 feet without getting to the bottom of the deposit. 
 
 The U. S. Arsenic Mines Co. have a plant near Ferris Ford in 
 Floyd county, for the production of white arsenic from their mines 
 at this point. 
 
 Asbestos is found in Franklin, Buckingham, Amelia, Wythe, 
 Floyd, Grayson, Bedford, Goochland and Fauquier counties. 
 
 Deposits of commercial mica are found in Caroline, Spotsyl- 
 vania, Hanover, Goochland, Powhatan, Buckingham, Prince Ed- 
 ward and Amelia counties. 
 
 The iron industry of Virginia is so well known that very little 
 need be said about it. The four varieties of ore used in iron manu- 
 facture — magnetite, specular ore, limonite and spathic ore — are all 
 found in the iron ore regions of Virginia; the first three in great 
 abundance. 
 
 Deposits of manganese ore, including high grade oxides and 
 manganiferous iron ore, occur widely distributed through the State, 
 particularly along the James Eiver Valley and the Valley of Vir- 
 ginia, and have been extensively developed at several points. 
 
 Of high grade ores, Virginia has for many years supplied the 
 greater part of the total output of the United States, the most of 
 it coming from the well-known Crimora mines, situated in xlugusta 
 county, about two miles east of Crimora station, on the Norfolk 
 and Western railway. 
 
 Pyrite is one of the most frequently occurring minerals, and is 
 found in the rocks in all parts of the State. It is a constituent of 
 the ore of all the gold mines in the Virginia belt below water level 
 and it is only when auriferous, or when it occurs comparatively pure 
 and in large quantities, that it is commercially valuable. 
 
 The extensive deposits of Louisa county, which are being worked 
 by the Sulphur Mines and Kailroad Company and the Arminius 
 Copper Company, are of great interest and importance, contribut- 
 ing as they do about 150,000 tons annually of high grade pyrites — 
 more than half of the total output of the United States. The 
 deposits extend in a northeast and southwest direction in the 
 vicinity of Mineral City, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, for 
 a distance of five miles, and consist of a succession of great lenticu- 
 lar masses of liigh-grade pyrite, lying conformably with the strati- 
 
57 
 
 fication of the enclosing hydromica and talcose slate rocks. In 
 extent these deposits can only be compared with those of Norway, 
 Spain and Portugal, and they possess the advantage over the 
 European deposits of being quite free from arsenic. 
 
 Gold is found in two distinct belts, crossing the State in a north- 
 easterly and southwesterly direction, the western ore passing 
 through Floyd county and the counties to the northeast and south- 
 west of it. The eastern belt which, so far as it is at present known, 
 is the more important of the two, begins at the Maryland line about 
 fourteen miles west of Washington City, and extends across the 
 State to the North Carolina line, passing through the counties of 
 Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Stafford, Culpeper, Spotsyl- 
 vania, Orange, I^ouisa, Fluvanna, Goochland, Buckingham, Cum- 
 berland, Appomattox, Campbell, Pittsylvania, and a portion of 
 Halifax. 
 
 In most of these counties mining for gold was successfully car- 
 ried on previous to the war, but since that time little or no intelli- 
 gent work has been done. Many attempts have been made on a 
 small scale with inexperienced management and insufficient capi- 
 tal and, for the most part, failure has been caused by putting all 
 available funds into a mill to treat the ore, while in no case has 
 sufficient development work been done to warrant this expenditure. 
 
 There is no doubt that were this belt worked with capital and 
 experience, such as is employed in gold mining sections in the West 
 (very few of which can show such well-defined and continuous 
 veins), results would compare favorably. 
 
 It is a matter of Mint record that the mines in the State have 
 produced from shallow workings (from 40 to 65 feet deep) several 
 millions of dollars, and that with the crudest of mills. It is also 
 a known fact that sulphide ores exist in the bottoms of some of 
 these workings of payable value. Modern appliances, capital and 
 enterprise are all that is necessar}' to develop the l)elt into a marked 
 feature in the production of gold in this country. 
 
 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES 
 
 In respect to ready access to markets for the products of her soil, 
 of her foundries and factories, and of her inexhaustible beds of 
 coal and iron, as well as in respect to facility of purchase from the 
 markets of the world without, Virginia is most favorably circum- 
 stanced. Six trunk lines of railroads penetrate and intersect the 
 
59 
 
 State. These, with their numerous branch lines, and their connec- 
 tions with other roads, place every portion of the State in com- 
 munication with every principal port and city in the country. 
 The lines of steamboats that ply the navigable streams of eastern 
 Virginia afford commercial communication for large sections of 
 the State with the markets of this country and of Europe. At 
 Norfolk and Newport News are ports that maintain communication 
 with the European markets by means of sea-going steamers and 
 vessels, while from these ports is also kept up an extensive com- 
 merce along the Atlantic seaboard. The harbor of Hampton Eoads, 
 upon which these ports sit like crowned queens of commerce, is 
 the largest, deepest and safest upon the whole Atlantic coast. Upon 
 its bosom the combined navies and commercial marine of the world 
 can ride in safety, and with ample berth. As has been before 
 stated, these ports are nearer than is New York to the great 
 centers of population, and areas of production, of the West and 
 Northwest. Chicago is nearer by fifty miles, in a direct line, to 
 Norfolk than it is to New York. The harbor on the southern coast 
 of England, between the Isle of Wight and the mainland, has 
 been named, from its safety, the "King's Chamber." Hampton 
 Eoads, sheltered by the Virginia capes from the storms of the 
 Atlantic, may well be regarded as our King's Chamber. 
 
 NATURAL WONDERS 
 
 Many of the most marvelous natural wonders of the world are 
 found in Virginia. The most widely known of these is the Natural 
 Bridge, in Eockbridge county, fourteen miles from Lexington. It 
 is a stupendous bridge of rock, and from it the county (Eockbridge) 
 received its name. It is 215 feet and six inches from the creek 
 below to the top of the span or arch above. The arch is ninety feet 
 in length, forty feet thick and sixty feet wide; and across there 
 runs a public county road. On either side of this road there are 
 trees and bushes, so that travelers frequently pass over the stupen- 
 dous chasm without being aware of its presence. This bridge is 
 part of the roof of an ancient limestone cave. 
 
 In the limestone section of the State there are numerous caves. 
 The most noted of these are Weyer's Cave in Augusta county and 
 the Luray Caverns in Page county. There are in both of these 
 numerous halls, chambers and grottoes, brilliant with stalactites 
 and stalagmites, and adorned with other forms curiously wrought 
 by the slow dripping of water through the centuries. 
 
61 
 
 Crab Tree Falls near the summit of the Blue Ridge, in Nelson 
 county, are formed by a branch of Tye river. They consist of 
 three falls, the longest of these leaps of the stream being 500 feet. 
 This freak of nature, and the unsurpassed mountain scenery of 
 the surrounding region, attract many tourists. The Balcony Palls, 
 immediately where Eockbridge, Amherst and Bedford counties 
 corner, the passage Avhere the James river cuts its way through the 
 Blue Eidge, presents a scene of grandeur, little, if any, inferior to 
 the passage of the Potomac at Harper's Perry through the same 
 range of mountains. 
 
 Mountain Lake, in Giles county, is a beautiful body of deep 
 water, some 3,500 feet above the sea level. The water is so trans- 
 parent that the bottom can be seen in every part. Pleasure boats 
 sailing upon it pass above the trunks and tops of large trees that 
 are plainly seen. This would indicate that the lake is not of very 
 great antiquity. Mountain Lake is a great summer resort. 
 
 The Dismal Swamp may properly be accounted a natural won- 
 der. It is an extensive region lying mostly in Virginia, but partly 
 in North Carolina, and covered with dense forests of cypress, juni- 
 per, cedar and gum. It is a remote, weird region, inhabited by 
 many wild animals. Its silence is broken by resounding echoes of 
 the woodman's axe in hewing its trees that are of great value for 
 the manufacture of buckets, tubs, and other varieties of wooden 
 ware, and for shingles, staves and ship timber. In the middle of 
 the swamp is Lake Drummond (lying entirely on the Virginia 
 side), a round body of water, six miles in diameter, being the 
 largest lake in the State. It is noted for the purity of its amber- 
 colored water, the hue being derived from the roots of cypress and 
 juniper. This water will remain for years without becoming stale 
 or stagnant, and is used by ships and vessels going on long sea 
 voyages. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 A'irginia has, from early colonial days, been a leader in educa- 
 tional matters. While the system of African slavery and the long 
 distances between the great plantations prevented the develop- 
 ment of a public school system like that in the New England 
 colonies, yet some of the first free schools on the continent were 
 in Virginia. William and Mary College, next to Harvard, the 
 oldest in America, was founded in the latter part of the seven- 
 
62 
 
 teenth century, and sent out from her walls fifteen United States 
 Senators, seventy members of the Federal House of Eepresenta- 
 tives, seventeen Governors, thirty-seven Judges, three Presidents — 
 Jefferson, Monroe and T3der— and the great Chief Justice John 
 Marshall. Excellent private schools abounded in Virginia prior 
 to the Eevolution ; but Mr. Jefferson, who believed that in a democ- 
 racy all the people should be educated, introduced into the General 
 Assembly, while the Eevolutionary War was going on, a bill for 
 the establishment of a complete system of public instruction from 
 the primary school to the university. The bill failed to become 
 a law, but in 1797, that portion of Jefferson's bill providing for 
 primary schools was enacted into a law, but the execution was, un- 
 fortunately, left with the old County Court, Mdiich failed to carry 
 the law into operation. Mr. Jefferson lived to see the State Uni- 
 versity opened, in 1825, but his chief concern to the day of his 
 death was the establishment of a system of primary public schools 
 in which the children of all the people could be educated. 
 
 The General Assembly enacted a public school law in 1846, 
 leaving it optional with counties and cities to adopt it. When the 
 war of secession came on, this system had been adopted in a 
 number of counties and cities, but it was wiped out by the devas- 
 tating waves of civil war. The Convention of 1867 framed a 
 constitution that provided for a system of public free schools for 
 every city and county of the State, and the General Assembly put 
 the system into operation in 1870, four years before the Consti- 
 tution required it. 
 
 The development of the public school system during recent 
 years has been remarkable, as the following figures mil show : 
 
 Total revenue for the year ending July 31, 1905 $2,432,102 45 
 
 Total revenue for the vear ending July 31, 1908 3,519,739 57 
 
 Total revenue for year ending July 31, 1909 4,379,917 37 
 
 Salaries paid teachers in 1905 1,749,316 18 
 
 Salaries paid teachers in 1908 2,336,044 73 
 
 Salaries paid teachers in 1909 2,589,069 86 
 
 Amount spent for real estate and buildings, 1905 172,030 55 
 
 Amount spent for real estate and buildings, 1908 430,992 72 
 
 Amount spent for real estate and buildings, 1909 923,288 90 
 
 The figures for last session as compared with those of the preceding 
 years show how steady the advance has been. 
 
 Em-ollment of white children in 1906 and 1907 257,654 
 
 Enrollment of colored children in 1906 and 1907 111,677 
 
 Total em-ollment for 1906 and 1907 369,331 
 
 Enrollment of white children for 1907 and 1908 262,698 
 
 Enrollment of colored children for 1907 and 1908 113,180 
 
 Total enrollment for 1907 and 1908 375,878 
 
63 
 
 Em-ollment of white childi-en for 1908 and 1909 $276,836 
 
 Enrollment of colored children for 1908 and 1909 117,517 
 
 Total enrollment for 1908 and 1909 394,353 
 
 In the matter of average attendance, the figm'es show an increase of 25,222, 
 in the time above mentioned. 
 
 There is no one indication of good teaching which can be more certainly 
 relied upon than an increase in the average attendance of pupils. 
 
 For the year ending July 31, 1907, there were 218 high schools, with an 
 enrollment of 9,196. Last session there were 229 high schools, with an 
 enrollment of 9,400, and this in the face of a more rigid construction of 
 the standard of requirements for high schools. In 1905 there were only 
 74 high schools. 
 
 In getting the high school statistics, considerable difficulty has been 
 experienced in securing the elimination of grammar grade pupils studying 
 one or two high school branches, from the reported figures, so that the 
 increase in the real high school enrollment is greater than the figures show. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION WAGONS. 
 
 3 years ago 16 
 
 2 years ago 31 
 
 1 year ago 74 
 
 This session between 140 and 150 
 
 The people of Virginia are manifesting great interest in the 
 movement for better schools. Associations for the improvement of 
 the schools have been formed in every section of the State, and 
 educators are constantly delivering addresses to interested audi- 
 ences on the value of education and the importance of increasing 
 the efficiency of our public school system. 
 
 STATE EDUCATIOIsrAL CONFERENCE. 
 
 In November, 1906, a conference of all the educational forces of 
 the State was held in the city of Eichmond. About 1,600 dele- 
 gates were present, representing private and denominational insti- 
 tutions ; the higher State institutions ; the teachers of high schools, 
 and of primary and grammar grades; division superintendents; 
 school trustees; county supervisors; members of city boards of 
 education and town councils; members of citizens' improvement 
 leagues; and others. 
 
 The sessions continued for four days, and it is not too much to 
 say that the results attained marked the beginning of a compre- 
 hensive plan of systematic and co-operative effort far beyond any- 
 thing that had ever been undertaken in the State. 
 
 ISTot only were the existing educational organizations — the Co- 
 operative Education Association, the State Teachers' Association 
 and the Superintendents' Conference — greatly strengthened and 
 encouraged, but the trustees of the State banded themselves to- 
 gether into an organization which has already proved vigorous and 
 helpful. 
 
65 ■:■ 
 
 The attendance upon these annual educational conferences has 
 steadily grown in numbers and the meetings themselves have 
 become more and more interesting and powerful. The attendance 
 at the conference held November 24th-27th in Newport News was 
 about 2,000. 
 
 The State Constitution, ordained in 1902, contains liberal pro- 
 visions for public education, under the operation of which the 
 local revenues for school purposes have been largely increased. 
 The demand is going up from every section for better school- 
 houses, better teachers and longer school terms. In addition to 
 the primary and grammar schools all the cities and towns, and 
 many of the rural districts, have excellent public high schoools. 
 
 COURSES OF STUDY. 
 
 During the past two years a standard of requirements for high 
 schools has been prepared and put into operation in all of the 
 State high schools. A course of study for primary and grammar 
 grades has also been prepared and is being largely used in the 
 State. 
 
 NORMAL TRAINING DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 The last session of the legislature appropriated $15,000 annually 
 for the establishment of normal training departments in some 
 fifteen or twenty selected high schools of the State. These depart- 
 ments will aid very materially in providing a superior class of 
 teachers for the rural schools. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 The legislature of 1908 set aside the sum of $20,000 for the pur- 
 pose of establishing departments of agriculture, manual training 
 and domestic economy in at least one high school in each of the 
 ten congressional districts. 
 
 WILLIAMS' BUILDING ACT. 
 
 The figures already given, showing the amount of money spent 
 for real estate and buildings, indicate in themselves that there has 
 been a great advance in school architecture. This has been 
 brought about largely through the Williams Building Act, which 
 provides for loans of money from the State Literary Fund for the 
 purpose of building good schoolhouses. As much as one-half of 
 the cost of a building may be borrowed at not exceeding 5 per cent. 
 
^^■i^' 
 
67 
 
 One of the great benefits of the Williams' Building Act and later 
 legislation in reference to school buildings is the fact that the 
 plans and specifications of school buildings must now be approved 
 by competent authority, and the greatest attention is being paid to 
 proper ventilation and lighting. 
 
 SCHOOL LIBEARIES. 
 
 Eecent legislation has made liberal provisions for establishing 
 
 VARINA HIGH SCHOOL, HENRICO COUNTY 
 
 both permanent and traveling school libraries. The Department 
 of Public Instruction estimates that no less than four or five hun- 
 dred new school libraries will be opened in Virginia during the 
 next twelve months. 
 
 INSTITUTIONS OP HIGHER LEARNING. 
 
 So high a standing have Virginia's institutions of learning that 
 her colleges number among their students pupils from almost 
 every State in the Union. The State is well provided with schools 
 for girls. 
 
 The State Female Normal School at Farmville and the State 
 Male Normal School at William and Mary College afford excellent 
 
68 
 
 preparation for the Avork of teaching in the public schools. The 
 last legislature provided for two additional State normal schools 
 for women to be located at Harrisonburg and Fredericksburg. 
 The former, at this writing, has opened with full attendance and 
 other new buildings will be added. 
 
 The Virginia Polytechnic Institute at Blacksburg and the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia at Charlottesville are among the foremost institu- 
 tions of the kind in this country. The Virginia Military Institute 
 at Lexington, also a State institution, affords excellent instruction 
 in military science, being second only to the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point. 
 
 At William and Mary the Virginia students get tuition free. 
 
 At the University of Virginia the academical students (but not 
 the professional) from Virginia receive their tuition free. At tlie 
 Virginia Polytechnic Institute 400 students may receive free tuition, 
 that is four for each member of the House of Delegates. 
 
 At the Virginia Military Institute there may be fifty cadets who 
 receive board and tuition free, one from each senatorial district 
 and ten from the State at large. 
 
 At the State Female Normal Schools there may be one student 
 from each county and city in the State who shall receive tuition 
 
 free. 
 
 In addition to these State institutions of higher learning, there 
 are many excellent private and denominational colleges, as well as 
 Washington and Lee University, a private institution of high rank. 
 
 It will thus be seen that Virginia has a complete system of 
 public instruction, extending from the primary grades to the uni- 
 versity and the technical schools, and many private high schools, 
 academies and colleges. 
 
 Industrial training has been introduced into the public schools 
 of some of the cities and towns, and the State Board of Education 
 has made provision for introducing instruction in agriculture into 
 the rural public schools, as well as in the high schools previously 
 mentioned. 
 
 The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind at Staunton is 
 one of the most efficient of its kind in the country. 
 
 Virginia maintains an efficient system of public schools for 
 colored children, and the Hampton Normal and Agricultural 
 Institute and the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute at 
 Farmville, both State institutions, afford unsurpassed facilities for 
 practical education. 
 
69 
 VIRGINIA AGRICULTURE IN THE LAST CENSUS 
 
 The census for 1910 is not yet available. 
 
 The following items of interest are taken from the last census, 
 1900, the crops reported being those grown in 1899 : 
 
 Virginia increased in the value of vegetables produced in the last 
 ten years 491 per cent. The value of all kinds of vegetables pro- 
 duced in the year 1899 was $9,000,000. The value of all crops was 
 $54,900,000. Average value per acre of vegetables, $47.63. Aver- 
 age value for all crops, $13.06, as compared with States like Ohio, 
 whose average value per acre for all crops was $12.59 ; of vegetables, 
 $44.97. Pennsylvania's average value per acre for all crops was 
 $13.86; of vegetables, $51.00. 
 
 Statistical report from National Government Year Book, 1908, 
 shows the following: 
 
 In corn, average value per acre — Virginia, $18.46; Illinois, $18.01; Iowa, 
 $16.48. 
 
 In wheat, average value per acre — ^Virginia, $11.51; Kansas, $11.06; Illinois, 
 $12.61. 
 
 In potatoes, average value per acre — Virginia, $63.37; New York, $61.50; 
 Ohio, $59.29; Wisconsin, $48.00. 
 
 In hay, average value per acre — Virginia, $15.94; Iowa, $9.69; Ohio, $13.31; 
 Illinois, $12.56. 
 
 In oats, average value per acre — Virginia, $10.50; Iowa, $10.21; Illinois, 
 $10.81; Indiana, $9.96. 
 
 In horses, average farm value per head — Virginia, $100.00; Minnesota, 
 $100.00; Iowa, $103.00; Nebraska, $91.00; Montana, $65.00. 
 
 In cattle, average value of cattle per head — ^Virginia, $18.50; Wisconsin, 
 $15.00; Michigan, $16.00; New York, $16.50. 
 
 Virginia is now the richest State in the South except Texas." 
 Her agricultural products sold last year for two hundred and nine 
 million dollars. 
 
 Virginia ranks first in the United States as producer of kale and 
 spinach. She ranks second in the production of cabbage, and second 
 in tobacco, and is the largest peanut-producing State. 
 
 Virginia ranks eighth in the number of apple trees growing. 
 
 In the following list those counties in the State growing more 
 than 100,000 apple trees are given: 
 
 Albemarle, 
 
 Frederick, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 Floyd, 
 
 Rockbridge, 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 Carroll, 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 Patrick, 
 
 Botetourt, 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Rockingham, 
 
 Roanoke, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 Nelson, 
 
 Pittsylvania, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Shenandoah, 
 
 Fairfax. 
 
 Rappahannock, 
 
 
 
 Crop as far back as 1899 amounted to 10,000,000 bushels apples 
 and 8,000,000 bushels peaches. 
 
state Governinent of Virginia 
 
 GOVERNOR. 
 
 Wm. Hodges Mann Nottoway County. 
 
 Private Secretary, Ben. P. Owen, Jr Manchester, Va. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. 
 
 J. Taylor Ellyson Richmond City. 
 
 ATTORNEY-GENERAL . 
 
 Sam'l W. Williams Wythe County. 
 
 Assistant, Robert Catlett Rockbridge Coimty. 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 B. O. James Goochland County. 
 
 Chief Clerk, J. G. Hankins Halifax County. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 J. D. Eggleston, Jr Prince Edward County. 
 
 R. C. Stearns, Secretary Roanoke, Va. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. 
 
 Geo. W. Koiner, Commissioner Augusta County. 
 
 DAIRY AND FOOD DIVISION. 
 
 W. D. Saunders, Commissioner . .Franklin County. 
 
 Benj. L. PurceU, Deputy Henrico County. 
 
 STATE TREASURER. 
 
 A. W. Harman, Jr Rockbridge County. 
 
 AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Morton Marye Alexandria. 
 
 Chief Clerk, C. Lee Moore Alexandria. 
 
 SECOND AUDITOR. 
 
 John G. Dew ■. King and Queen County. 
 
72 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE. 
 
 Joseph Button Appomattox County. 
 
 Deputy, J. N. Brenaman Shenandoah County. 
 
 REGISTER OF THE LAND OFFICE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC GROUNDS AND 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 John W. Richardson Smyth County. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC PRINTING. 
 
 Davis Bottom Richmond City. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENITENTIARY. 
 
 J. B. Wood Richmond City. 
 
 ADJUTANT-GENERAL . 
 
 W. W. Sale Norfolk City. 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 James B. Doherty Richmond City. 
 
 STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSIONER. 
 
 P. St. J. Wilson Richmond City. 
 
 STATE LIBRARIAN. 
 
 Dr. Henry R. Mcllwaine Richmond, Va. 
 
 Assistant, E. G. Swem Richmond, Va. 
 
 STATE CORPORATION COMMISSION. 
 
 Robert R. Prentis, Chairman Nansemond County. 
 
 Jos. E. Willard Fairfax Coimty. 
 
 Wm. F. Rhea Bristol. 
 
 Clerk, R. T. Wilson Richmond City. 
 
 SECRETARY OF VIRGINIA MILITARY RECORDS. 
 
 Robert W. Hunter Winchester. 
 
 STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 J. D. Phillips Blacksburg, Va. 
 
MEIiCBERS OF THE SENATE OF VIEGINIA. 
 
 For the Term of Four Yeais 
 Commencing the second Wednesday in January, 1908. 
 
 Fii'st District — ^Washington, Smyth and city of Bristol — ^A. T. Lincohi, Marion. 
 
 Second District — Scott, Lee and Wise — J. C. Noel, Pennington Gap. 
 
 Third District — Buchanan, Dickenson, Russell and Tazewell — Roland E. 
 Chase, Clintwood. 
 
 Fom-th District — Roanoke County, Montgomery and cities of Roanoke and 
 Radford — John M. Hart, Roanoke. 
 
 Fifth District — Giles, Bland, Pulaski and Wythe — ^A. P. Strother, Pearisbm-g. 
 
 Sixth District — Carroll, Grayson and Patrick — J. M. Parsons, Independence. 
 
 Seventh District — Craig, Botetourt, Alleghany, Bath and city of Clifton 
 Forge— F. W. King, Chfton Forge. 
 
 Eighth District — Rockingham — Geo. B. Keezell, Keezeltown. 
 
 Ninth District — ^Augusta, Highland and city of Staimton — Edward Echols, 
 Staunton. 
 
 Tenth District — Shenandoah, Frederick and city of Winchester — Robert M. 
 Ward, Winchester. 
 
 Eleventh District — Fauquier and Loudoim — Geo. Latham Fletcher, Warren- 
 ton. 
 
 Twelfth District — Clark, Page and Warren — R. S. Parks, Luray. 
 
 Thirteenth District — Spotsylvania, Stafford, Louisa and city of Fredericks- 
 bmg — Frederick Wilmer Sims, Louisa. 
 
 Fourteenth District — ^Alexandria county, Prince William, Fairfax and city of 
 Alexandria — R. E. Thornton, Fairfax. 
 
 Fifteenth District — Culpeper, Madison, Rappahannock and Orange — F. P. 
 Carter, Washington. 
 
 Sixteenth District — Goochland, Powhatan, Chesterfield and city of Manches- 
 ter — J. B. Watkins, Midlothian. 
 
 Seventeenth District — ^Albemarle, Greene and city of Charlottesville — ^N. B. 
 Early, Jr., DawsonviUe. 
 
 Eighteenth District— Appomattox, Buckingham, Fluvanna and Charlotte — 
 Sands Gayle. 
 
 Nineteenth District — ^Amherst and Nelson- — ^Aubrey E. Strode, Amherst. 
 
 Twentieth District — Campbell and city of Lynchburg — Don P. Halsey, Lynch- 
 burg. 
 
 Twenty-first District — ^Halifax — ^H. A. Edmonson, Houston. 
 
 Twenty-second District — ^Bedford, Rockbridge and city of Buena Vista — J. 
 Randolph Tucker, Bedford city. 
 
 Twenty-third District — ^Pittsylvania, Henry and city of Danville — W. A. 
 Garrett, Ridgeway. 
 
 Twenty-fourth District — Pittsylvania and city of Danville — Geo. T. Rison, 
 Chatham. 
 
 Twenty-fifth District — ^Mecklenburg and Brunswick — J. D. Elam, Ebony 
 
 Twenty-sixth District — ^Franklin and Floyd — G. O. McAlexander, Endicott. 
 
 Twenty-seventh District — Greensville, Sussex, Surry and Prince George — A. 
 E. Hobbs, Disputanta. 
 
74 
 
 Twenty-eighth District — ^Nottoway, Amelia, Lunenburg, Prince Edward and 
 Cumberland — ^J. J. Owen, Green Bay. 
 
 Twenty-ninth District — Dinwiddie and city of Petersburg — Chas. T. Lassiter, 
 Petersbiu"g. 
 
 Thirtieth District — Isle of Wight, Southampton and Nansemond — E. E. Hol- 
 land, Suffolk. 
 
 Thirty-fu-st District— Norfolk city— W. W. Sale, Norfolk. 
 
 Thirty-second District — CaroHne, Hanover and King William — Chas. U. Grav- 
 vatt. Port Royal. 
 
 Thirty-third District — -Norfolk county, and city of Portsmouth — John A. Les- 
 ner, Norfolk. 
 
 Thirty-foiu^th District — King George, Richmond, Westmoreland, Lancaster 
 and Northumberland — C. Harding Walker, Heathsville. 
 
 Thirty-fifth District — ^Henrico, New Kent, Charles City, James City and city of 
 Williamsbm'g — T. Ashby Wickham, Richmond. 
 
 Thirty-sixth District — Elizabeth City, York, Warwick and city of Newport 
 News — Saxon W. Holt, Newport News. 
 
 Thirty-seventh District — ^Accomac, Northampton and Princess Anne — Ben. T. 
 Gimter, Accomac. 
 
 Thirty-eighth District — Richmond City — ^E. C. Folkes and A. C. Harman, 
 Riclunond. 
 
 Thirty-ninth District — ^King and Queen, Middlesex, Essex, Gloucester and 
 Mathews — John R. Saunders, Saluda. 
 
 VIRGINIA HOUSE OF DELEGATES, 1910. 
 For the term of Two Years, Commencing the Second Wednesday in January, 1910. 
 
 Accomac — John R. Rew, Parksley. 
 
 Albemarle and Charlottesville — Dr. Thos. M. Dunn, Free Union and D. H. 
 Pitts, Scottsville. 
 
 Alexandria City and County — Robinson Moncure, Alexandria. 
 
 Alleghany and Craig — ^N. E. Spessard, New Castle. 
 
 Amherst — H. S. Myers, Forks of Buffalo. 
 
 Appomattox — ^Thomas J. Stratton, Spout Spring. 
 
 Amelia and Nottoway — J. A. Sydnor, Mannboro. 
 
 Augusta and Staunton — J. R. Kemper, Staunton and J. F. Templeton, 
 Waynesboro. 
 
 Bath, Highland, Rockbridge and Buena Vista — ^J. W. Stephenson, Warm 
 Springs. 
 
 Bedford — R. G. Turpin, Big Island and Thomas S. West, Goodes. 
 
 Botetourt — J. E. Hannah, Fincastle, Rep. 
 
 Brunswick — ^I. E. Spatig, Lawrenceville. 
 
 Buckingham and Cumberland — ^Paul McRae, McRae's. 
 
 Campbell — ^Frank Nelson, Rustburg. 
 
 Caroline — D. B. Powers, Port Royal. 
 
 Carroll, J. G. Ayers, Halls ville. Rep. " 
 
 Charlotte — Berkley D. Adams, Red Oak. 
 
 Chesterfield— W. W. Baker, Hallsboro, 
 
75 
 
 Chesterfield, Manchester and Powhatan — D. L. Toney, Manchester. 
 
 Clark and Warren — ^J. Ralph Grigsby, BerryviUe. 
 
 Culpeper — ^A. Bell, Culpeper. 
 
 Dickenson and Wise — ^John L. Litz, Coebiu'n. 
 
 Dinwiddle— T. E. Clark, Sutherland. 
 
 Elizabeth City and Accomac — ^H. R. Houston, Hampton. 
 
 Fairfax — ^Walter Tansil Oliver, Fairfax. 
 
 Fauquier — -J. M. Price, Warrenton. 
 
 Fauquier and Loudotm — John Orr Daniel, Leesburg. 
 
 Floyd— J. A. L. Sutphin, Floyd, Rep. 
 
 Franklin — John T. Lee, Rocky Mount. 
 
 Frederick and Winchester — R. E. Byrd, Winchester. 
 
 Giles and Bland — Martin Williams, Pearisburg. 
 
 Gloucester — J. N. Stubbs, Woods Cross Roads. 
 
 Goochland and Fluvanna — S. M. Shepherd, Palmyra. 
 
 Grayson — ^L. K. Cornett, Elk Creek, Rep. 
 
 Halifax — ^Joseph Stebbins, Jr., South Boston and James A. Glenn, South 
 Boston. 
 
 Hanover — RosweU Page, Beaver Dam. 
 
 Henrico — C. W. Throckmorton, Richmond. 
 
 Henry — J. P. Bassett, Bassett's. 
 
 Isle of Wight — ^J. R. Jordan, Smithfield. 
 
 King and Queen and Essex — J. M. Lewis, Miller's Tavern. 
 
 King William and Hanover — ^Thomas H. Edwards, West Point. 
 
 Richmond — R. Carter Welford, Warsaw. 
 
 Lee — J. M. Lucas, Pennington Gap, Rep. 
 
 Loudoun — Dr. B. F. Noland, Ashburn. 
 
 Louisa — Carl H. Nolting, TreviUians. 
 
 Lunenbm'g — S. H. Love, Kenbridge. 
 
 Lynchburg — Tipton D. Jennings, Lynchbm'g. 
 
 Madison and Green — John C. Utz, Madison. 
 
 Mathews and Middlesex — ^W. D. Evans, Saluda. 
 
 Mecklenburg — F. D. Roberts, Chase City. 
 
 Montgomery and Radford — Charles A. Johnston, Christiansburg. 
 
 Nansemond — J. E. West, Suffolk. 
 
 Nelson — George W. Whitehead, Roselands. 
 
 Newport News — ^L. P. Stearnes, Newport News. 
 
 New Kent, Charles City, James City, York, Warwick and Williamsbm'g — 
 Dr. H. U. Stephenson, Toano. 
 
 Norfolk City— M. T. Cook and J. T. Deal, Norfolk. 
 
 Norfolk County — ^E. W. Owens and L. M. Sylvester, Portsmouth. 
 
 Northampton and Accomac — ^William Bullitt Fitzhugh, Machipongo. 
 
 Northimiberland and Westmoreland — ^T. A. Jett, Reedville. 
 
 Orange — C. C. Taliaferro, Nason's. 
 
 Page and Rappahannock — ^W. J. Browning, Flint Hill. 
 
 Patrick — ^Edmund Parr, Stuart, Rep. 
 
 Pittsylvania and Danville — ^W. N. Brown, Danville; S. F. Clement, Sandy 
 Level; S. H. Wilson, Bvrdville. 
 
76 
 
 Petersburg — Samuel W. Zimmer, Petersburg. 
 
 Portsmouth — ^W. G. Parker, Portsmouth. 
 
 Princess Amie — ^A. O. Bamii, Vine. 
 
 Prince Edward — ^W. H. Ewing, Meherrin. 
 
 Prince William — ^Thomas H. Lion, Manassas. 
 
 Pulaski— J. T. Trolinger, Pulaski City. ^ 
 
 Richmond City — John S. Han\'Ood, E. P. Cox, John A. Curtis, C. E. Wingo 
 and James B. Casey. 
 
 Roanoke City — E. L. Keyser, Roanoke. 
 
 Roanoke County — ^A. M. Bowman, Salem. 
 
 Rockbridge and Buena Vista — ^Hugh A. White, Lexington. 
 
 Rockingham — ^P. B. F. Good, Montevideo; A. H. Snyder, Harrisonburg. 
 
 Russell — G. Bruce Johnson, Honaker. Rep. 
 
 Scott— C. S. Pendleton, Hill Station. Rep. 
 
 Shenandoah — B. B. Bowman, Edinbm'g, Rep. 
 
 Smyth — J. H. Wissler, Cedar Springs, Rep. 
 
 Southampton — ^J. W. Williams, Courtland. 
 
 Spotsylvania and Fredericksbm'g — C. R. Coleman, Fredericksburg. 
 
 Stafford and King George — R. C. L. Moncure, Falmouth. 
 
 Surry and Prince George — S. B. Barham, Jr., Runnymeade. 
 
 Sussex and Greensville — ^L. V. Yarrell, Emporia. 
 
 Tazewell and Buchanan — John M. Ratcliff, Grundy. 
 
 Washington and Bristol — ^L. M. McChesney, R. D. Bristol and E. C. Buck, 
 R. D., Abingdon. 
 
 Wythe — ^H. G. Robinson, Max Meadows, Rep. 
 
 VIRGINIA REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 John W. Daniel, of Lynchburg Term expires 1911. 
 
 Thomas S. Martin, of Albemarle Term expires 1913. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 First District — Wm. A. Jones, Warsaw. 
 
 Accomac, Northampton, Lancaster, Richmond coimty, Northumberland, 
 Westmoreland, Gloucester, Middlesex, Mathews, Essex, King and Queen, Caroline, 
 Spotsylvania, Elizabeth City, Warwick, York and cities of Fredericksburg and 
 Newport News. 
 
 Second District — H. L. Maynard, PortsmoutTi. 
 
 Cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, coimties of Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nanse- 
 mond. Isle of Wight and Southampton. 
 
 Third District — John Lamh, Richmond. 
 
 Cities of Richmond, Manchester and Williamsburg, and the counties of Hen 
 rico, Goochland, Chesterfield, New Kent, Hanover, King William, James City 
 and Charles City. 
 
77 
 
 Fourth District — Robert TurnbuU, Lawrenceville. 
 
 City of Petersburg, and the Counties of Prince George, Surry, Sussex, Din- 
 widdie, Greensville, Brunswick, Mecklenbiu-g, Lunenbui-g, Nottoway, Amelia, 
 Powhatan and Prince Edward. 
 
 Fifth District — E. W. Saunders, Rocky Mount. 
 
 City of Danville, and the town of North Danville and counties of Pittsylvania, 
 Franklin, Henry, Patrick, Carroll and Grayson. 
 
 SixiJi District — Carter Glass, Lynchhurg. 
 
 Citifes of Lynchburg, Roanoke and Radford, and the counties of Roanoke, 
 Montgomery, Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte, Halifax and Floyd. 
 
 Seventh District — James Hay, Madison. 
 
 Cities of Winchester and Charlottesville, and the coimties of Frederick, Clarke, 
 Warren, Rappahannock, Madison, Greene, Albemarle, Rockingham, Shenandoah 
 and Page. 
 
 Eighth District — Charles C. Carlin, Alexandria. 
 
 City of Alexandria, and coimties of Loudomi, Fairfax, Alexandria, Fauquier, 
 Culpeper, Orange, Louisa, King George, Stafford and Prince William. 
 
 Ninth District — C. Bascom Slemp, Big Stone Gap. 
 
 Lee, Scott, Wise, Dickenson, Buchanan, Russell, Washington, Smyth, Bland, 
 Tazewell, Wythe, Pulaski, Giles and city of Bristol. 
 
 TentJi District — H. D. Flood, Appomattox. 
 
 Cities of Staunton, Buena Vista and Clifton Forge, and counties of Augusta, 
 Bath, Highland, Alleghany, Rockbridge, Amherst, Nelson, Appomattox, Bucking- 
 ham, Fluvanna, Cumberland, Botetourt and Craig. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Wm. Hodges Mann, Governor. 
 Sam'l W. Williams, Attorney-General. 
 J. D. Eggleston, Jr., Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 Charles W. Kent, University of Virginia. 
 
 J. L. Jarman, President State Female Normal Institute, Farmville. 
 Col. N. B. Tucker, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington. 
 M. M. Lynch, Superintendent of Schools of Frederick county. 
 S. R. McChesney, Superintendent of Schools, Bristol. 
 R. C. Stearns, Secretarv. 
 
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 
 The Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. 
 
 Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute, 
 Blacksburg, Va. 
 
 The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 
 
 State Female Normal School, Farmville, Va. 
 
 State Normal and Industrial School for Women, Harrisonburg, Va. 
 
 State Normal and Industrial School for Women, Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 The Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind, Staunton, Va. 
 
 Virginia School for Colored Deaf and Blind Children, Newport News, Va. 
 
 The Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute (Colored), Petersburg, Va. 
 
 STATE BOARDS. 
 
 State Board of Medical Examiners — R. W. Martin, President, Lynchburg, Va. 
 State Board of Pharmacy — James L. Avis, President, Harrisonburg, Va. 
 State Board of Dental Examiners — H. Wood Campbell, President, Suffolk, Va. 
 State Board of Veterinary Examiners — Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, State Veteri- 
 narian, Burkeville, Va. 
 
 State Board of Health — ^Dr. Ennion G.Williams, Commissioner, Richmond, Va. 
 State Geological Survey — Dr. Thos. L. Watson, State Geologist, University, Va. 
 State Board of Charities — J. T. Mastin, Secretary, Richmond, Va. 
 
 STATE HOSPITALS. 
 
 Eastern State Hospital, Williamsburg, Va. — For white patients. 
 Southwestern State Hospital, Marion, Va. — For white patients. 
 Western State Hospital, Staunton, Va. — ^For white patients. 
 Central State Hospital, Petersburg, Va. — For colored patients. 
 
 JUDICIARY SYSTEM. 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS. 
 
 James Keith, President (term ten years) Fauquier County. 
 
 Richard H. Cardwell (term 4 years) Hanover County. 
 
 John A. Buchanan (term 8 years) Washington Count}'. 
 
 George M. Harrison (term 12 years) Augusta County. 
 
 Stafford G. Whittle (term 6 years) Hemy County. 
 
 The terms of the Judges commenced February 1, 1907. 
 
 PLACES AND TERMS OF SESSION. 
 
 At Richmond, on the fifth day of November, fifth day of January, and fifth 
 day of March, and continues one hundred and sixty days if necessary. Clerk — H. 
 Stewart Jones. Libi-arian — W. W. Scott. 
 
79 
 
 At Staunton, on the tenth day of September, and -continues sixty days if 
 necessary. Clerk — Joseph A. Waddell. Librarian — John M. Kinney. 
 
 At Wytheville, on the tenth day of June, and continues sixty days if necessary. 
 Clerk — J. M. Kelly. Librarian — J. J. A. Powell. 
 
 Reporter — Martin P. Burks. Secretary — M. B. Watts. 
 
 Annual examination of candidates for admission to the bar of Virginia are 
 held at Richmond on the first Friday after the second Tuesday in November, and at 
 Wytheville on the third Friday after the first Tuesday in June. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 Terms of Judges commence February 1 . 
 
 First Circuit — Jos. T. Lawless, Judge, Norfolk Term expires 1914. 
 
 Norfolk County — ^Fnst Monday in January, February, March, April, May, 
 June, July, October, November and December. 
 
 Second Circuit — James L. McLemore, Judge, Suffolk Term expu-es 1912. 
 
 Nansemond — Second Monday in January, March, May, July and October. 
 Southampton — Third Monday in January, March, May, July, and October. 
 City of Norfolk — Second Monday in February, April, June and November. 
 
 Third Circuit — J. F. West, . Judge, Waveiiy Term expires 1910. 
 
 Prince George — Third Tuesday in January, March, May, September and 
 
 November and July sixth. 
 Surry — ^Fourth Tuesday in January, Mai'ch, May, September, November, and 
 
 July twelfth. 
 Sussex — ^First Tuesday in January, March, May, September and November, 
 
 and July first. 
 GreensviUe — Fu'st Tuesday in February, April, June, October and December. 
 Brunswick — ^Third Tuesday in February, April, June and October. 
 
 Fourth Circuit — ^Walter A. Watson, Judge, Swansboro Term expires 1916. 
 
 Amelia — Fourth Thursday in January, March, May, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Chesterfield — Second Monday in February, April, June, September and 
 
 November. 
 Dinwiddle — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Nottoway — First Thm'sday in January, March, Ma)^, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 City of Petersbiu-g — ^June fifth and December fifth. 
 
 Fifth Circuit- — Geo. J. Hundley, Judge, FarmviUe Term expires 1914. 
 
 Appomattox — ^First Monday in February, second Monday in May, fourth 
 
 Monday in July, and second Monday in November. 
 Charlotte — ^First Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 
 November. 
 Cmnberland — Tuesday after fourth Monday in January, April, June and 
 
 November. 
 
80 
 
 Prince Edward — Tliird Monday in March, May, September and November. 
 Powhatan — ^Fu'st Monday in February, April, June, September and Novem- 
 ber. 
 
 Sixth Circuit — ^Wm. R. Barksdale, Judge, Houston Term expires 1912. 
 
 Lunenburg — Second Monday in April, June, October and December. 
 Mecklenbui-g — ^Third Monday in February, April, Jvme, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Halifax — Fourth Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 
 November. 
 Campbell — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 
 November. 
 City of Lynchbm-g— Third Monday in January, March, May, September and 
 
 November. 
 
 Seventh Circuit — E. J. Harvey, Judge, Stuart Term expires 1910. 
 
 Pittsylvania — Second Monday in February, third Monday in April, thu'd 
 
 Monday in June, second Monday in August, fom'th Monday in October, 
 
 and third Monday in December. 
 Franklin — March tenth, fu-st Monday in Jime, September tenth, and 
 
 December fifth. 
 Henry — Second Monday in January, fii-st Monday in April, second Monday 
 
 in July, and first Monday in October. 
 Patrick — ^Tuesday after the fom-th Monday in February, ^lay, August and 
 
 November. 
 City of Danville — ^March twenty-fifth and September twenty-fifth. 
 
 Eighth Circuit — John M. White, Judge, Charlottesville Term expires 1916. 
 
 Madison — First Monday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Greene — ^Third Monday in February, April, Jime, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Albemarle County — ^First Monday in February, April, Jime, August, October 
 
 and December. 
 
 Ninth Circuit — D. A. Grimsley, Judge, Culpeper Term expires 1914. 
 
 Culpeper — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Orange — ^Fom-th Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Louisa — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Goochland Coimty — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September 
 and November. 
 
 Tenth Circuit — R. Carter Scott, Judge, Richmond Term expires 1912. 
 
 Henrico — ^First Monday in January, April, July and October. 
 
 City of Richmond — ^First Monday in February, May and November. 
 
81 
 
 Eleventh Circuit — C. W. Robinson, Judge, Newport News. .Term expii'es 1910. 
 Accomac — First Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 Northampton — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 
 November. 
 Elizabeth City — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, September and No- 
 vember. 
 City of Newport News — ^First Monday in February, April, Jime, August, Octo- 
 ber and December. 
 
 Twelfth Circuit — -T. R. B. Wright, Judge, Tappahannocis . .Term expires 1916. 
 
 Richmond Coimty — First Monday in January, March, May, July, September 
 and November. 
 
 Northumberland — Second Monday in February, April, Jime, August, October 
 and December. 
 
 Lancaster — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Westmoreland — ^Fourth Monday in February, April, Jime, August, October 
 and December. 
 
 Essex — ^Third Monday in February, April, June, August, October and Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 Thirteenth Circuit— Claggett B. Jones, Judge, Bruington. . .Term expires 1914. 
 
 Gloucester — ^First Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Mathews — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 King and Queen^Seeond Tuesday in February, April, June, August, October 
 and December. 
 
 King WiUiam— First Tuesday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 December. 
 
 Middlesex — Tuesday after the fourth Monday in January, March, May, July, 
 September and November. 
 
 Fourteenth Circuit — D. Gardiner Tyler, Judge,SturgeonPoint,Term expires 1912. 
 
 New Kent — Second Thursday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 November. 
 
 Charles City — -Third Thursday in February, April, J une, August, October and 
 December. 
 
 York^First Tuesday in February, April, Jvme, August, October and Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 Warwick — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 City of Williamsburg and James City — Second Monday in February, April, 
 Jime, August, October and December. 
 
 Fifteenth Circuit — ^Jno. E. Mason, Judge, Fredericksburg. .Term expires 1910 
 King George — ^First Thursday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 November. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 Stafford — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Spotsylvania — First Monday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 December. 
 
 Caroline — Second Monda}' in Februarj^, April, June, August, October and De- 
 cember. 
 
 Hanover — ^Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Sixteenth Circuit — J. B. T. Thornton, Judge, Manassas Term expires 1916. 
 
 Prince William — ^First Monday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 December. 
 
 Fairfax — Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- 
 ber. 
 
 Alexandria — Third Monday in February, April, June, October and December. 
 
 City of Alexandria — First Monday in January, Maj^, September and November. 
 
 Seventeenth Circuit — Thos. W. Harrison, Judge, Winchester, Term expires 1914. 
 
 Frederick — ^First Monday in February, April, June, August, October and De- 
 cember. 
 
 Clarke — ^Fourth Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Warren — First Monday in January, March, May, July, September and Novem- 
 ber. 
 
 Shenandoah — Second Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 November. 
 
 Eighteenth Circuit — S. H. Letcher, Judge, Lexington Term expires 1912 
 
 Rockbridge — Second Monday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 
 December. 
 Augusta — ^Fourth Monday in February, April, June, August, October and De- 
 cember. 
 
 Nineteenth Circuit — Geo. K. Anderson, Judge, Clifton Forge, Term expii-es 1910 
 Alleghany — ^February first, April first, June fifteenth, September fifteenth and 
 
 December fifteenth. 
 Bath — Twentieth day of March, May, July and November. 
 Botetourt — March first, June first, August twenty-fifth and December first. 
 Craig — On the twentieth day of February and tenth of May and October. 
 Highland — Fourth Tuesday in April, July tenth, and November tenth. 
 
 Twentieth Circuit — W. W. Moffett, Judge, Salem Term expires 1916. 
 
 Bedford — First day of March, September and December and June tenth. 
 City of Roanoke — Fifteenth day of March, May, September and December. 
 Montgomery — February fifth and first day of May, July and October. 
 Roanoke — January first, April first, June first and November fifteenth. 
 Floyd — Eighteenth day of Febiaiary, sixteenth day of April, July and October. 
 
83 
 
 Taventy-first Circuit — Thornton L. Massey, Judge, Pulaski — Term expires 1914. 
 
 Wythe — Second Monday in January, April, August and first Monday in No- 
 vember. 
 
 Pulaski — Second Monday in February, first Monday in May and September, 
 third Monday in November. 
 
 Carroll — ^Tuesday after first Monday in March, Tuesday after first Monday in 
 May and September, Tuesday after first Monday in December. 
 
 Grayson — Tuesday after third Monday in March, Tuesday after first Monday in 
 June, Tuesdaj^ after second Monday in October, Tuesday after second 
 Monday in December. 
 
 TwE.VTY-SECOND CiRCUiT — Fulton Kcglcy, Judge, Bland — Term exphes 1912. 
 
 Giles — First Monday in February, second Monday in ^lay, and fourth Monday 
 in September. 
 
 Bland — Second Monday in March and July, and third Monday in October. 
 
 Tazewell — Third Monday in February and fourth Monday in Maj^, August and 
 November. (One term ma\^ be designated exclusively for the trial of 
 criminal cases.) " 
 
 Twenty-third Circuit — Frank B. Hutton, Judge, Abingdon, Term expires 1910. 
 Washington — Fourth Monday in January, March, May, November and third 
 
 Monday in September. 
 Smyth — Third Monday in February, April, August, October and December. 
 
 Twenty-fourth Circuit — H. A. W. Skeen, Judge, Big Stone Gap, Term 
 expires 1916. 
 
 Lee — Third Monday in February, May, September and second Monday in 
 December. 
 
 Wise — First Monday in January, April, August and November. 
 
 Dickenson — Third Monday in March, July, October and fourth Monday in Jan- 
 uary. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Circuit — T. N. Haas, Judge, Harrisonburg. . .Term expires 1915. 
 
 Rockingham — Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 November. 
 
 Page — Third Monday in February, April, June, August, October and Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Circuit — Edward S. Turner, Judge, Warrenton, Term exipies 1915. 
 
 Rappahannock — Second Monday in February, April, June, August, October 
 and December. 
 
 Fauquier — Fourth Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Loudoun — Second Monday in February, April, June, third Monday in August, 
 second Monday in October and December. 
 
 Twenty'-seventh Circuit — ^William E.Burns, Judge, Lebanon, Term expires 1915 
 Buchanan — Tuesday after fourth Monday in March and July and Tuesday 
 after second Monday in December. 
 
84 
 
 Russell — ^Tuesday after first Monday in January, March, May, September and 
 November. 
 
 Scott — First Monday in February, May, September, fourth Monday in Novem- 
 ber. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Circuit — B. D. White, Princess Anne Term expires 1915. 
 
 Isle of Wight — ^First Monday in March, June, October and December. 
 Princess Anne — Third Monday in January, March, May, July, September and 
 
 November. 
 City of Portsmouth — Fourth Monday in March and Septembei'. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Circuit — Bennett T. Gordon, Judge, Lovingston, Term expires 1915. 
 
 Amherst — ^Third Monday in February, April, June, August, October and De- 
 cember. 
 
 Nelson — Fourth Monday in January, March, May, July, September and No- 
 vember. 
 
 Buckingham — Tuesday after second Monday in February, April, June and 
 October. 
 
 Fluvanna — Fourth Monday in February, April, June, August, October and 
 and December. 
 
 Thirtieth Circuit — ^J. Lawrence Campbell, Bedford City. 
 Bedford and Franklin Counties. 
 
 COEPORATION COURTS. 
 
 Alexandria Louis C. Barley, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Bristol Jos. L. Kelly, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Buena Vista W. P. Houston, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Charlottesville G. Burnley Sinclair Term expires February 1 
 
 Danville A. M. Aiken, Judge Term expires Febiiiary 1 
 
 Fredericksbu]"g John T. Goolrick, Judge Term expires Februaiy 1 
 
 Lynchburg Frank P. Chi-istian, Judge. . ..Term expires February 1 
 
 Manchester Ernest H. Wells, Judge Term expires Febniary 1 
 
 Newport News T. J. Barham, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Norfolk A. R. Hanckel, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Petersburg J. M. Mullen, Judge Term expires Febniary 1 
 
 Portsmouth Kenneth A. Bain, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Radford George E. Cassell, Judge Term expires Febniary 1 
 
 Richmond S. B. Witt, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Roanoke Waller R. Staples, Judge. . . .Term expires Febniary 1 
 
 Staunton Henry W. Holt, Judge Term expires February 1 
 
 Winchester Wm. M. Atkinson, Judge. . . .Term expires February 1 
 
 1913. 
 1912. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1913. 
 1915. 
 1915. 
 1915. 
 1915. 
 1911. 
 1913. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1915. 
 1911. 
 1915. 
 
 CITY COURTS OTHER THAN CORPORATION COURTS. 
 
 Terms commencing February 1, 1907. 
 
 Law and Chancery Court of Norfolk City (term eight 
 
 years) Wm. Bruce Martin,' Judge. 
 
 Chancery Court of Richmond City (term four years) . .Daniel Grinnan, Judge. 
 
85 
 
 Law and Equity Court of Richmond City (term eight 
 
 . j^ears) J. H. Ingram, Judge. 
 
 FEDERAL JUDICIAL OFFICERS IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 U. S. CIRCUIT COURT OP APPEALS — ^FOURTH CIRCUIT. 
 
 Meets at Richmond on fii'st Tuesday in February, first Tuesday in May and 
 first Tuesday in November. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, 
 Presiding Judge. Nathan Goff and Jeter C. Pritchard, Circuit Judges. Henrj' T. 
 Meloney, Clerk. Claude M. Dean, Deputy Clerk. 
 
 EASTERN DISTRICT. 
 
 Circuit Judge Nathan Goff Clarksburg, W. Va. 
 
 Circuit Judge Jeter C. Pritchard Asheville, N. C. 
 
 District Judge Edmund Waddill, Jr Richmond, Va. 
 
 District Attorney L. L. Lewis Richmond, Va. 
 
 Assistant Disti-ict Attorney Robert H. Talley .Richmond, Va. 
 
 Marshal C. G. Smithers Cape Charles, Va. 
 
 CLERKS OF CIRCUIT AND DISTRICT COURTS. 
 
 Clerk Circuit and District 
 
 Courts Joseph P. Brady Richmond, Va. 
 
 Deputy Clerk Circuit and 
 
 District Courts R. E. Powers Richmond, Va. 
 
 Deputy Clerk District Court. . . .R. W. P. Garnett Alexandria, Va. 
 
 Deputy Clerk Circuit and 
 
 District Courts D. Ai-thur Kelsey Norfolk, Va. 
 
 TIME AND PLACE OF HOLDING COURTS. 
 
 Circuit and District Courts — First Monday in April and October, at Richmond. 
 First Monday in January and July, at Alexandi'ia. First Monday in May and No- 
 vember, at Norfolk. 
 
 WESTERN DISTRICT. 
 
 Circuit Judge Nathan Goff Clarksburg, W. Va. 
 
 Circuit Judge Jeter C. Pritchard Asheville, N. C. 
 
 District Judge Henry Clay McDowell Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 District Attorney Thomas L. Moore Chi^stiansburg, Va. 
 
 Assistant District Attorney Harris Hoge Roanoke, Va. 
 
 Marshal. . . S. Brown Allen Staunton, Va. 
 
 CLERKS OF CIRCUIT AND DISTRICT COURTS. 
 
 W. M. Mausey Danville, Va. 
 
 Stanley W. Martin Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Peyton Gray Abingdon, Va. 
 
 A. K. Fletcher Harrisonburg, Va. 
 
 TIME AND PLACE OF HOLDING COURTS. 
 
 Circuit and District Courts — At Lynchburg, Tuesday after second Monday in 
 March and September. At DauviUe, Tuesday after second Monday in April and 
 November. At Abingdon, Tuesday after first Monday in May and October. At 
 Harrisonburg, Tuesday after first Monday in June and December. At Charlottes- 
 ville, second Monday in Jaliuary. At Roanoke, second Monday in February. 
 
Counties of Virginia. 
 
 ACCOMAC COUNTY. 
 
 Accomac county is situated in what is l-cnown as the "Eastern Shore" 
 section of Virginia, eighty miles east of Richmond. It is about forty 
 miles long, with an average width of ten miles, and has an area of 478 
 square miles. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 32,570, an increase of 5,293 since census of 
 1890. Males twenty-one years and over, 7,945. 
 
 This county is among the best of the Virginia counties in almost every- 
 thing that goes to make up a great and thriving rural community. 
 
 Its natural advantages are equalled by few and surpassed by none. It 
 has a delightful climate, neither extreme of heat nor cold, the thermometer 
 larely ever reaching ninety-four degrees in summer, or falling as low as 
 ten above zero in winter. Delightful sea breezes sweep over the land 
 almost every day in summer. With the Atlantic ocean on one side and 
 the Chesapeake bay on the other, the air is cooled in summer and Avarmed 
 in winter by these bodies of water. 
 
 Heavy snows are rare, as are severe freezes. Navigation is open almost 
 every day in winter, and railroad trains are never blocked by snow. 
 
 The surface of the county is smooth, even, and almost level, drained by 
 Pocomoke river. Soil light loam, red clay subsoil, easily tilled, warm 
 and productive. 
 
 Farm products are sweet and Irish potatoes, corn, wheat, oats, vege- 
 tables, etc. There is no county in the United States that produces as many 
 sweet potatoes, nor as fine as Accomac, it yielding fully five per cent, of 
 the whole of that crop made in this country. The money value is enormous. 
 
 Trucking is the leading farm industry. Besides the millions of bushels 
 of potatoes sold annually, are abundant crops of onions, garden peas, 
 snaps, cabbage, kale, etc. 
 
 The growth of large and small fruits in constantly increasing acreage 
 bids fair to make this an important and profitable industry. Apples, 
 peaches, blackberries and strawberries are the principal fruits cultivated, 
 but all fruits common to the temperate zone thrive well. 
 
 The fish and oyster industry is probably more valuable and extensive 
 than in any other county of the State. Oysters of unequalled flavor, and 
 fish in great variety and finest kinds abound; also clams, mandanose and 
 crabs are not only a source of great revenue, but an important article of 
 food to the inhabitants. The oyster industry is one of the chief pursuits 
 of many of the inhabitants. Thousands of people make their money and 
 their living out of the waters that surround the peninsula. The planting 
 of oysters has develo])ed into the most profitable branch of this industry. 
 Thousands of acres of planting bottoms are now seeded with millions of 
 bushels of oysters, and yet this branch of the business is just in its 
 infancy; opportunities for profitable investment in this business are on 
 every "hand. Good planting grounds are being rapidly taken up, but there 
 are still thousands of acres of good land left. Recent laws have made 
 investments in this business safe and secure, and local investors are eagerly 
 taking advantage of the opportimity. The oyster business the past year 
 in this section has increased greatly, and promises large development. 
 
 This county has been termed the "Hunter's Paradise." Game is plentiful, 
 both in winter and summer, on land and on water. The fields abound 
 with partridges, the woods and meadows with snipe, woodcock, rabbits. 
 
88 
 
 squirrels, raccoons, foxes and opossums. The rivers, creeks and bays with 
 wild geese, brant ducks, curlew, plover and the sage hen. 
 
 Stock and grazing facilities are very good. Trotting horses are raised 
 with great success, also farm horses, dairy stock and sheep. Pasturage 
 is good and abundant on the ocean and bay sides of the county. This 
 county was formerly noted for its wild ponies, that were native to this 
 section, and not only a source of great interest, but of profit to the in- 
 habitants. 
 
 About sixty-five per cent, of land is in cultivation, balance in timber, 
 consisting of oak, pine, chestnut, beech, gum and holly, of which the oak 
 and pine are most abundant and valuable, but are being cut rapidly. 
 
 Manufactories consist of lumber mills, barrel factories, flour and corn 
 mills, carriage, cart and wagon factories. 
 
 Railroad transportation is excellent, no farm being more than six miles 
 from a railroad. The New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk, and Norfolk 
 and Western railroads greatly facilitate intercourse and business commu- 
 nication between this and other sections, and the Chesapeake and Atlantic 
 railroad gives daily communication with Baltimore, thus making this 
 one of the most favored portions of the State in this respect. 
 
 Water transportation cannot be surpassed, steamers and sail vessels on 
 all sides. County is indented on east and west by numerous sounds, inlets 
 and smaller water courses, navigable nearly their entire length, and 
 furnishing means of transportation to the markets of the large cities of 
 the north and east, being within eight hours of Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more and ten hours of New York. 
 
 Educational advantages are very good — two good academies, several 
 public high schools, and one hundred and fifty primary schools. 
 
 Telephone service good throughout the county, every hamlet connected. 
 
 Churches and mail facilities very desirable, many of the leading denomi- 
 nations represented and churches numerous and convenient. Mail facilities 
 excellent. 
 
 Water in upland very good; in lowlands indifferent. Unless artesian 
 wells are resorted to, good flows can be had at seventy-five or one hundred 
 feet in depth. 
 
 Health unsurpassed in eastern United States. 
 
 Lands range in price from $10 to $30 per acre. Good lands near railroad 
 or river sell for about $30 per acre, other lands as low as $10 per acre. 
 Average value may be safely placed at $15 per acre. 
 
 Financial condition of the county is excellent ; but little bonded debt, 
 and taxation very moderate. 
 
 Progress and general advancement of the county has been marked. No 
 county in the State, except those immediately around large cities, has 
 made such extensive and rapid progress as this one in the last twenty 
 years. The past year especially has been one of great prosperity. Prices 
 for all kinds of trucking have been good. This fact, together with the 
 improved distribution of products through the Produce Exchange, an 
 organization managed by the farmers, finds the people generally in a better 
 condition than they have been for years, the products of land and sea for 
 the county for the past year being safely estimated at two million dollars. 
 
 Several new lumber mills have been put in operation, a great deal of 
 building has been done, and the number of new dwellings is much in 
 excess of any recent year. On the sea and bay side, a number of oyster 
 shucking houses, employing hundreds of hands, have been built, and are 
 in successful operation; this way of handling oysters having been found 
 to be more profitable than shipment in the shell. In the town of Onancock, 
 new gas works have been established and a block of five large and com- 
 modious stores on the east side of North street erected, all of which are 
 occupied, making that one of the busy centers of the county. 
 
 Accomac, a pretty village, with an historical court house, is the county 
 seat. Its records are very old and interesting. 
 
89 
 
 ALBEMARLE COUNTY. 
 
 This is one of the big counties of Virginia and one of the oldest. It was 
 carved out of Goochland in 1744, and then embraced the large territory 
 now included in Albemarle, Amherst, Fluvanna, Nelson and portions of 
 Appomattox, all of these having been formed from it since. It is even 
 now fifth in area of the 100 Virginia counties, and contains 755 square 
 miles, nearly half a million acres, and a population of 28,473, exclusive 
 of the city of Charlottesville. Its altitude is 485 feet. 
 
 Albemarle has a most favorable location as to climate and soil, being 
 geographically near the center of the State, with its western portion in the 
 Blue Eidge region, and its eastern in the Piedmont, reaching into Midland 
 Virginia. Its extensive area, being at its greatest length about forty 
 miles, and greatest width nearly thirty, gives scope for a diversity of soil 
 and some difference in temperature. In the eastern section, the soil is a 
 dark, rich red clay, famous for wheat, which has for generations been 
 characterized as the red wheat lands of Albemarle. Other paying pro- 
 ducts of the soil are corn, grass, oats, tobacco, all of which yield abund- 
 antly mider the fine tillage, which generally prevails in this county; then 
 apples, peaches, pears and grapes are remarkably fine. In fact, the foot- 
 hills and slopes of the Blue Ridge, where the soil is lighter and grayish, 
 are the natural home of the apple, which reaches its greatest perfection 
 here. The Albemarle pippin, of rare flavor and excellent keeping qualities, 
 which finds a most remunerative market abroad, is grown in abundance. 
 (It is treated specifically under the head of "Fruits," in the "Introduc- 
 tion" to this work ) . Some of the most profitable peach orchards in 
 Virginia are to be found in this county, and in some places almost cover 
 the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge from base to summit; the warm ex- 
 posure favoring a size and flavor that makes the Albemarle peach popular 
 in every market it reaches, Staunton, Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and 
 Washington competing vigorously for the trade, which becomes active 
 early in the season. 
 
 Nowhere in Virginia does grape culture and wine production receive 
 more attention than in this favored region, where the grape grows to a 
 high degree of perfection, and large fruitful vineyards are seen on every 
 hand, furnishing through a long season, large shipments to convenient 
 city markets, to say nothing of the local demand by town, village and 
 rail-car fruit vendors. 
 
 The Monticello Wine Company, located at Charlottesville, makes as 
 good claret as is found anywhere, also excellent champagne. Many 
 farmers have their private cellars and make their own wine, and it seems, 
 around Charlottesville, to be in almost as general use as in a province of 
 France, while the trade to other home markets reaches an importance that 
 surprises the stranger, and competes successfully in the foreign market. 
 As much as 68,000 gallons of wine have been made in one season by the 
 Monticello Wine Company. 
 
 In as good a grass section as this county is, it is natural that much 
 attention should be paid to stock raising. Many fine cattle find their Avay 
 to market from the grass fields of Albemarle. As to horses, the finest 
 blooded animals are raised, and bring the best prices. This feature of 
 the county's resources has of recent years received a new impulse from 
 the successful and popular Horse Show organization, which brings together 
 annually a great many good horses, and some very superior racers and 
 hunters from this and adjoining counties. 
 
 There are good facilities also for dairying, which is becoming more 
 profitable every year, and sheep raising is a profitable industry, the long 
 woolen breeds doing especially well on the luxuriant grasses of the Pied- 
 mont lands, and the finer wool breeds on the more mountainous, in the 
 northern part of the county. Every farmer raises his own pork, cures his 
 own bacon, and a great deal finds its way to market. 
 
90 
 
 Few sections have better railroad opportunities, or better avail them- 
 selves of tliem. The Chesapeake and Oliio from west to east, straiglit 
 through tlie county, tlie Southern from north to south, intersecting the 
 former at Charlottesville, and the James river division of the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio running along the southern border, afford, by their competing 
 lines, cheapest access for freight and passenger traffic to every available 
 market. 
 
 All these superior inducements for immigration and investment have 
 been appreciated, as is notably seen, by the settling of a great many men 
 of means and enterprise from other States and countries. Fine estates 
 
 GRAPE GROWING IN VIRGINIA 
 
 have changed hands all over the county, elegant homes have been built, 
 spacious ancestral halls have been handsomely remodelled, farms have 
 been brought into a high degree of cultivation, lands in some sections 
 increased in value 100 per cent, and more; a great deal of money has been 
 profitably invested, public revenues largely increased, and the whole 
 county has advanced wonderfully along the lines of progress and prosperity. 
 Among the developments, those of the mineral resources of Albemarle 
 have not lagged. There are deposits of soapstone, iron, graphite, slate, etc. 
 Large soapstone works have been erected at Alberene, reached by a short 
 branch of the Southern railroad, and the output in bath tubs, house and 
 kitchen utensils, etc., has developed an extensive industry very useful 
 to the county. 
 
91 
 
 The Albemarle Slate Company works profitably a deposit of slate from 
 which the best pencils known to the trade, on account of absolute freedom 
 from grit, are claimed to be made. 
 
 The Baltimore Graphite Company, located on the Southern, near Bar- 
 boursville, manufactures that mineral extensively, which is widely used 
 in lubricating material. 
 
 The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, on the Rivanna river, have long ago 
 established an enviable reputation for the manufacture of fine cloths. 
 They furnish the goods for the U. S. Naval Academy, the Philadelphia 
 police uniforms, etc., and the superiority of their manufacture has brought 
 about a constant demand, which results in an ever increasing output. 
 
 The church privileges are all that can be desired, and besides the 130 
 public schools, the Miller School — one of the greatest manual labor in- 
 stitutions in the country, with ample endowment — Pantops Academy, and 
 the historical University of Virginia, furnish rare educational advantages. 
 
 Of this famous school, more special mention will be made in referring 
 elsewhere among the cities of the Commonwealth to Charlottesville, the 
 county seat, and its interesting surroundings. 
 
 Crozet, on the main line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, in 
 Albemarle county, is located in the centre of one of the most famous fruit 
 districts in the country, that of the famous Albemarle pippin, and is the 
 largest fruit shipping point in the State, as many as 20,000 barrels of 
 apples having already been shipped to all parts of the world this season. 
 The neighboring mountains and valleys are well adapted to the growing 
 of peaches, apples, strawberries, cherries and other fruits, and these 
 products have taken the grand prizes at the Chicago, St. Louis, Buffalo 
 and Jamestown Expositions. The peaches grown here are fully the equal 
 of the Georgia peach, and the October peach does not come in competition 
 with other Southern peaches, ripening as it does after the others are gone. 
 
 The Virginia blue grass, which is indigenous to this section, makes 
 excellent grazing so that the raising of cattle, horses and sheep is made 
 very profitable. Grasses and grain crops are the equal of any in the world. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA COUNTY. 
 
 This covuity embraces one of the earliest settled portioiis of the State. 
 As early as 1669 a colonial patent was laid on most of the land now 
 included in tlie county, and settlements made a few years after. It was 
 originally a part of Fairfax county, during which time it was ceded to 
 the General Government, and later (in 1846) was receded to Virginia, 
 made a separate county, and named after its principal city, Alexandria. 
 This county has ever been intimately associated with the name of General 
 Washington, the seat of much of his early life and operations, and its 
 location has rendered it prominent in many of the thrilling scenes of that 
 day, and later. It is ten miles long and averages two and one-half miles 
 in width, located in the northeast part of the State, ninety miles north of 
 Richmond. 
 
 The roads of the county are among the best in Northern Virginia, and 
 are constantly being improved. 
 
 The climate is delightful; in summer, temperate; in winter, changeable, 
 but not severe. 
 
 Excellent markets are afforded by the cities of Alexandria, Washington, 
 Georgetown, and a rapidly increasing non-productive population in the 
 various towns of the county. The transportation facilities bring the 
 producer of the county into close connection with the markets of the 
 east and west, and many products of fruit, vegetables, poultry, and flowers 
 are shipped in large quantities to these cities and bring fine returns to 
 the producer. No section affords better facilities for marketing anything 
 that can be produced by the fruit grower, the poultryman, the dairyman, 
 
92 
 
 the trucker and the florist. Lands are too high to raise ordinary farm 
 products, having increased in value in the last ten years from 100 to 
 1,000 per cent., and now range from $100 to $2,500 per acre. 
 
 The area of the county is the smallest in the State, having 32 square 
 miles — 20,480 acres. Average size farm, sixty-five acres — in 1900 — at 
 present, much less. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 6,430; of City of Alexandria, 
 , 14,528 — total 20,958. Total males twenty-one years of age and over, 
 county and city, 6,036. The population named in the Census Report has 
 been increased at least one-third since 1900; numerous villages, with hand- 
 some homes, have sprung up like magic along the electric roads, with 
 from 50 to 1,000 inhabitants, notably Clarendon, Ballston, Mt. Ida, and 
 Rosemont, the first two in the center and the last in the southern end of 
 the county. An expenditure of over $100,000 has been made for improve- 
 ments at Rosemont, which is as fine a sub-division as can be found any- 
 where. 
 
 The Potomac railroad yards belonging to the Washington-Southern, 
 are among the largest classification yards in the country, and cover over 
 1,000 acres, with a river frontage of about two miles, costing up to the 
 present time, over $4,000,000, and giving employment to about 600 people. 
 
 Manufactures are bricks (the yards supplying Washington with 80,- 
 000,000 annually ) , abattoir, pork packing, brewery, large railroad and 
 electric shops and yards, milling, lumber, sash, doors and blinds, glass and 
 fertilizers, canning, cotton seed oil, lard, etc. 
 
 This does not include those of Alexandria City, which consist of brick, 
 shoes, overalls, boxes, glass and woodwork, barytes mills, knitting mills and 
 machine shops. Canning works and fertilizers, brooms, baskets, electrical 
 supplies, brewery, bottling, soft drinks, shipyards, aprons, silk, leather, 
 drugs, factories. 
 
 The county has a national bank, and the advantages of the banks of 
 Alexandria and Washington afi'ord ample financial facilities for all in- 
 dustries. 
 
 Soil fertile, especially the bottoms along the streams (which are 
 numerous), are well adapted to fruit, grain and garden truck. 
 
 It is watered and drained by the Potomac and its tributaries, of which 
 Hunting creek, the southern boundary of Alexandria city, is worthy of 
 special mention, as a beautiful body of water fifteen or twenty feet in 
 depth, and a safe harbor for vessels. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, and potatoes, the latter, both 
 sweet and Irish, being a very important and profitable crop to the farmer. 
 
 Fruits and vegetables of all varieties do well, and are raised in great 
 abundance. There is no section of the State more highly favored as to a 
 market for trucking, dairy and poultry products, and these constitute 
 an important and profitable industry to the county. 
 
 The waters abound in water fowl, and fish of choice variety, such as 
 bass, rock, shad and herring. 
 
 There is considerable timber, such as white and red oak, chestnut and 
 chestnut oak, poplar, maple, cedar, pine and locust. 
 
 Water power consists of Great and Little Falls of Potomac, the finest 
 in the State. 
 
 Minerals and mineral waters are, of the former, brownstone, soapstone 
 and clay for brickmaking; of the latter, sulphur and iron. 
 
 Water, steam and electric transportation places this county in quick, 
 convenient and extensive communication with all sections of the country. 
 With the Potomac river as an important water highway, and the railroads 
 represented by the Baltimore and Ohio, Southern, Chesapeake and Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, Seaboard, and Atlantic Coast Line, besides electric lines 
 connecting with Mt. Vernon, Falls Church, Great Falls and Naricks. No 
 section of Virginia has better transportation facilities. 
 
 Telephone service is good, represented by the Southern Bell and Home. 
 
93 
 
 Educational advantages consist of a large number of excellent public 
 and private schools. 
 
 Churches, mail facilities, water, health and financial conditions reported 
 first-class. County and State taxes, $1.50 on $100. 
 
 Arlington, famous as having been the home of the Custis and Lee 
 families, is in this county, a few miles above Alexandria. It was pur- 
 chased by the National Government, and a portion of it appropriated to a 
 National cemetery. 
 
 Upon this historic place are also located Fort Myer, where a large 
 force of United States troops are stationed and the National Experiment 
 Station. 
 
 Three bridges connect the county with Washington — the chain bridge, 
 the aqueduct bridge and the highway bridge — the latter costing $1,000,000. 
 
 Large sales of unimproved land were made during December, 1909, 
 ranging in price from $300 to $1,000 per acre, and options were taken 
 upon a great portion of the remaining large acreage at even higher prices. 
 
 ALLEGHANY COUNTY. 
 
 Alleghany county was formed in 1822 from Bath, Botetourt and Monroe. 
 It is situated in the western part of the State, one hundred and twenty- 
 four miles west of Richmond, is twenty-six miles long, with a mean 
 breadth of twenty miles — area 452 square miles. Altitude 1,295 feet. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, is 16,330, an increase since 
 census of 1890 of 7,047. Total males twenty-one years and over, 5,023. 
 
 Climate very healthful and invigorating, and in summer delightful. 
 
 Soil light clay loam, very productive, especially on water courses. 
 Watered and drained by the Jackson and Cow Pasture rivers, and other 
 small streams, notably Potts and Dunlap creeks, which also furnish very 
 superior water power. The mountains contain immense quantities of 
 valuable timber, such as oak, hickory, poplar, pine, ash and chestnut, large 
 quantities of which are sawed and exported. 
 
 The iron ore deposits of this county are very extensive and valuable, and 
 are attracting the attention of capitalists, who have invested largely in 
 ore lands and the erection of furnaces; also granite and cement limestone 
 have been developed, and hydraulic cement manufactured. 
 
 Game of all kinds is abundant, offering an inviting field for sportsmen. 
 
 Farm products are corn, oats, wheat, fruit and dairying. Stock raising 
 is also a very valuable and important industry. This county is well 
 supplied with churches, schools, newspapers and railroads, the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio railroad traversing the county, connecting with the Warm 
 Springs branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio at Covington, in this county. 
 
 No county in the State perhaps can boast of more thrifty growing towns 
 in the last decade, notably, Covington, Clifton Forge, and Low Moor. 
 
 Low Moor, on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, is a place of consid- 
 erable importance. The Low Moor Iron Furnace is located here, producing 
 large quantities of iron of superior quality, and giving employment to a 
 large number of people. 
 
 Clifton Forge is the most populous town of the county, as shown by 
 census of 1900, and it has shown a marked increase in population since 
 1890, at which time the population was 1,790, while by the last census, 
 1900, it showed a population of 3,212, nearly doubling in the ten years. 
 A large increase in population since last census appears also in the case 
 of Covington, the county seat, which, by census of 1890 was 704, by 
 census of 1900 it is 2,950, more than quadrupling its population in ten 
 years, a remarkable growth that speaks well for the town and county. 
 
 Among the more important industries of this town are the one million 
 dollar plant of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Covington 
 
95 
 
 machine shops, and McAllister and Bell's iionring mills. There are also 
 excellent systems of water works and of lighting by electricity, and an ice 
 manufacturing jjlant, the large and valuable De Ford Company's tannery, 
 and the Covington iron furnace of the Low Moor Company. The ]\Ioffett 
 Brick Plant does a large business and has been instrumental in the 
 erection of many substantial and handsome brick residences and business 
 houses of the town and county. 
 
 Clifton Forge, as has been before stated, is the largest town in the 
 county, and some of its citizens aspire to make' it, at an early date, an 
 incorporated city, in connection with its handsome suburb. West Clifton, 
 as the population of the two towns has reached the necessary 5,000. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio shops, working a large force, are located here ; 
 also two banks, two newspapers, one a daily, several good churches, a 
 handsome and well-equipped railroad Y. M. C. A., a new building for the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio railroad offices, and superior hotel accommodations. 
 During the last few yeai-s an unusual number of large and expensive 
 business blocks and private residences have been built, also a Masonic 
 temple, all of which are equipped with steam heat, electric lights and 
 water facilities, with which the ambitious town is well supplied. There 
 were no failures in the town during the last year, indicating a healthy 
 financial condition. 
 
 Among the other smaller towns of the county are Iron Gate and Long- 
 dale, where there is a fine furnace (having been in blast thirty-five years, 
 nor missed a pay day ) , and much activity in business ; also there are 
 besides the mines at the above-named furnaces, actively worked ones at 
 Stacks, Rich Patch, and other points. Alleghany has inaugurated a 
 system of road building, by means of which the public roads of the county 
 have been much improved, and, in the more thickly settled sections of the 
 county especially, there are some excellent public thoroughfares, which 
 add greatly to the convenience and prosperity of this progressive people. 
 
 AMELIA COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed from Prince George in 1734, located in southeast 
 central portion of the State on south bank of the Appomattox river, 
 twenty-seven miles southwest of Richmond, is thirty miles long and about 
 ten miles in width; area, 355 square miles. Its altitude is 361 feet. 
 
 Surface is undulating, lands productive. Soil, chocolate, red clay, and 
 gray loam, with clay subsoil; the latter readily improved, and especially 
 adapted to wheat, corn, oats and tobacco, which are the principal farm 
 products — especially tobacco, of which about 2,000,000 pounds of fine 
 quality is produced annually. Potatoes, other vegetables, fruits, and dairy 
 products are also important and profitable industries. 
 
 The climate is temperate: winter short and mild; summers jsleasant 
 without extremes of heat. This county is well watered with freestone 
 springs, and wells are to be had at an average depth of thirty feet, besides 
 numerous springs and valuable mineral properties. Climate is healthful; 
 churches and public schools numerous and convenient. It is drained and 
 watered by Appomattox river and its tributaries. The Appomattox, in the 
 northern i^ortion of the county, is open for navigation to Petersburg. 
 
 The Southern railroad passes through the center of the county, and the 
 Norfolk and Western near the southeastern border. 
 
 Timber is abundant, consisting chiefly of oak, pine, hickory, and walnut. 
 The lumber trade is of considerable importance; also bark and sumac 
 are profitable industries. Large and valuable mineral deposits of iron, 
 kaolin, soapstone, asbestos, plumbago, and mica are found in this county, 
 especially the latter, of wh.ich there is said to be a vast amount and of 
 fine quality — perfectly clear when split down to required thickness for 
 me}-chantable use, 14x19 inches in size. Several valuable mica mines 
 
96 
 
 situated near Amelia Courthouse have been successfully worked, producing 
 several hundred thousand pounds of fine sheet mica, besides several 
 thousand tons of scrap and nearly an equal amount of felspar, so ex- 
 tensively used in the manufacture of china goods, glazing porcelain and 
 common earthenware. There exist, in large amount, a combination of 
 soapstone, asbestos, and mica, valuable for stove backs, hearths, etc.; also 
 an abundance of black mica, and in some sections beautiful amethyst of a 
 pink and purple hue, some very deep in color. Outcroppings of granite, 
 and fine indications of zinc are to be found, and valuable clays exist in 
 large quantity. It is the opinion of a competent mining engineer, who has 
 visited this section, that if a thorough inspection was made of these 
 various interests, and sufiicient capital invested to properly develop them, 
 they would prove of great value to the company working them and to the 
 county as well. 
 
 There are two tobacco factories, several roller and grist mills, and a 
 number of lumber mills. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, is 9,037. Number of males 
 twenty-one years and over is 2,009. 
 
 Amelia Courthouse, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
 county, thirty-six miles from Richmond, on the Southern railroad, and 
 has a population of about 300, one newspaper, one public school, sevgral 
 churches, seven stores, and a steam flouring mill. Jetersville, another 
 village on the Southern railway, forty-three miles from Richmond, has 
 four stores and other branches of business, and is a thriving place. These 
 are the largest villages in the county. 
 
 AMHERST COUNTY. 
 
 Amherst county, a daughter of Albemarle, was made a separate county 
 in 1761. James river skirts its whole southeast and southwest boundary 
 for fifty miles, furnishing with Pedlar and Buffalo rivers, an extent of 
 broad and fertile bottom lands, of which few counties in the State can 
 boast. The altitude is 629 feet. The county has a length of twenty-two 
 miles, and a mean width of nineteen, while its area is 464 square miles, 
 and its population, by the census of 1900, 17,864, being a gain since the 
 previous census of 313, of which the whites number 9,923, and the colored 
 7,628. The proportion of colored inhabitants has decreased considerably 
 in the last few years, and the white farmers are depending largely more on 
 their own labor, which is more reliable and efficient. 
 
 The crops raised are principally tobacco, corn, and wheat; while the 
 soil and climate are well adapted to oats and grass, but tobacco may be 
 regarded as the principal money crop, and is of fine weight and texture, 
 the farmers realizing at this time good prices, higher than of late years. 
 The red lands along the valleys of the Blue Ridge and Tobacco Row 
 mountains are very fine, easily cultivated and retentive of farm manures, 
 producing finely clover, timothy, and orchard grass, following tobacco and 
 wheat. 
 
 While Amherst is among the leading agricultural counties in the State, 
 it is rapidly advancing to the front as a fruit section, yielding that 
 popular variety, the winesap, abundantly, and the celebrated Albemarle 
 pippin succeeds admirably. The eastern slopes of the mountains are 
 favorable to the culture of grapes, the vine fiourishing and yielding kindly 
 to proper culture. 
 
 Timber is oak, hickory, pine, walnut, chestnut, and locust, principally, 
 much of the best of it being converted profitably into lumber, for there 
 are some good sawmills which are by no means idle, and transportation 
 facilities by means of the Southern, the Chesapeake and Ohio, and the 
 
97 
 
 Xorfolk and Western railroads are easy and quick to Lynchburg, Rich- 
 mond, Danville, Washington and convenient eastern and southern cities. 
 Lynchburg, one of the principal manufacturing cities of the State, presents 
 a "fine market right at the door, as the county and city are connected by 
 a good free bridge over James river. 
 
 Amherst four years ago took the lead in improved roads under the 
 State plan, and has built and will complete in the next twelve months 
 twenty-two miles of the best Macadam road in the State, leading from 
 Lynchburg through the county in two directions, one to Amherst Court- 
 house and the other through Pedlar valley. This was done by a bond issue, 
 and so far, the tax rate has not been increased and it is believed it will 
 not be. Most of those who opposed it then favor it now. It is believed 
 when this contract is completed the county will build as much more road, 
 which will put Amherst among the foremost counties in the State in road 
 improvement. The inllux of new citizens now is the result of this step. 
 
 The county contains immense and valuable outputs of minerals, such 
 as magnetic and specular iron, well suited for the manufacture of steel by 
 the Bessemer process. Brown hematite iron ores are also in great abund- 
 ance, and so situated as to be cheaply mined. These ores are found near 
 by or in contact with limestone, and there are not a few of these iron 
 mines now being profitably worked. 
 
 The celebrated soapstone vein through Albemarle and Nelson extends 
 through Amherst, and is valuable, lying between the Southern and Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio railway's, about five miles from each. 
 
 Besides the minerals named, there are copper, which has been mined, 
 slate, plumbago, pyrite, ochre, and steatite, found in the county. The 
 Blue Ridge, on the northwest, protects the county from the cold northers, 
 and guarantees for man and beast moderate winters, while the absence of 
 severe heat in summer insures a pleasant average climate all the year 
 round. 
 
 There is considerable grazing of cattle on the indigenous grass of the 
 mountains by stockmen who buy elsewhere and bring them to this section, 
 where they can be cheaply kept. This is quite a business in Amherst. 
 
 The manly sport of fox hunting is indulged in greatly to the delight 
 of the young people of Amherst, and there are some as fine mounts as can 
 be found, while game in many parts of the county, such as deer, bear, 
 wildcats, squirrels, hares, wild turkeys, partridges and pheasants abound. 
 Church and school privileges are not neglected. In fact, one of the finest 
 equipped female seminaries in the South, known as Sweet Briar Institute, 
 is located on a grand old estate two miles from Amherst Courthouse and 
 twelve from Lynchburg, on the Southern railroad. It is the result of 
 an endowment of $800,000 in money and land, and was opened in the fall 
 of 1906 and has brilliant prospects of success. 
 
 Amherst, the county seat, is a pleasant little town on the Southern 
 railway, fourteen miles from Lynchburg. It has two weekly papers, a 
 bank, six stores, and some very desirable family residences. 
 
 APPOMATTOX COUNTY. 
 
 This historic county of Appomattox was formed, in 1845, from the 
 neighboring counties of Buckingham, Campbell, Prince Edward, and Char- 
 lotte. It is about sixty-five miles air-line, 100 miles by rail, west from 
 Richmond; twenty-six miles long and eighteen miles wide, Avith an area of 
 342 square miles, and a population, by the last U. S. census, of 9,662. The 
 county is well watered by the .James river, forming its northwestern 
 boundary, and its tributaries ; by the Appomattox and its tributaries, and 
 by some of the tributaries of Staunton river. Its average altitude is 825 
 feet. 
 7 
 
98 
 
 The surface of the county is generally rolling, and even hilly in many 
 portions, though there is a large proportion of bottom land along the 
 rivers and creeks, which water the county well, and furnish ample water 
 power that is utilized to a considerable extent by several good grist and 
 sawmills, though there is much of the finest pov^er undeveloped as yet, 
 and the county as a whole is the first level county east of the Blue Ridge 
 mountains. 
 
 The soil is varied, consisting largely of a stiff red clay, easily improved, 
 responding well to the use of fertilizers and prudent cultivation, similar 
 in character to the famous red wheat lands of Albemarle, and producing 
 that grain well, when properly treated. There is also much gray, light 
 and friable slate soil, and the bottoms are rich and productive. Lands 
 can be bought here now much more reasonably than in some other sections 
 of the State, where they are naturally no better, or even as good. There 
 are no large towns, eight-tenths of the population living in the country, 
 so that Appomattox is strictly an agricultural covmty. 
 
 Land which sold in 1900 at $6.00 per acre is now held with offers at 
 $12.00 refused. 
 
 The Bank of Appomattox, at the county seat, which showed a deposit 
 in 1901 of $16,800, reported, September, 1909, $114,000. There is also a 
 prosperous bank at Pamplin, and a large new tobacco warehouse. 
 
 Tobacco is the principal crop, and grass and hay are very profitable ; 
 $146 net for one acre of white Burley tobacco ; ninety-one bushels of 
 shelled corn to the acre, and three tons of hay to the acre weighed and 
 measured, 1909 crop. Stock, fruit and vegetables do well here. 
 
 Oak, hickory, walnut, chestnut and maple timber are abundant and being 
 profitably worked. 
 
 The educational and religious facilities are ample, being furnished bj- a 
 number of good schools and prosperous churches. 
 
 The principal towns are Pamplin and Appomattox, each having a 
 population of from 500 to 700. Pamplin is widely known on account of 
 its manufacture of clay pipes, many styles of which are made at the large 
 factory here, said to be the largest clay pipe factory in the world, from 
 which pipes are ship]3ed by the carload all over the covmtry. 
 
 Appomattox, the county seat, on the Norfolk and Western railroad 
 about twenty-five miles from Lynchburg and thirty-five from Farmville, 
 is a prosperous new town, with fine new courthouse, jail and offices, two 
 live newspapers, bank, three good hotels, ten stores and handsome resi- 
 dences. Lawyers, physicians, real estate agents, with local and long 
 distance telephone connection, manufacturing mill, sawmill, a drug store, 
 and tobacco warehouses. 
 
 A handsome agricultural college has just been completed at a cost of 
 $20,000— free tuition. 
 
 Three miles northeast is Old Appomattox Courthouse, known locally as 
 "The Surrender Ground," Avhere General R. E. Lee surrendered April 9, 
 1865, the depleted remnant of the Confederate Army to the overwhelming 
 Federal forces under General Grant, thus making this one of the most 
 famous spots in the country, ranking with Yorktown, where Cornwallis 
 surrendered to Washington, 19th October, 1781. 
 
 The Federal authorities have added greatly to the attractiveness of the 
 Surrender Ground, which embraces several hundred acres, by placing en- 
 during metal tablets at various notable points, such as Lee's headquarters. 
 Grant's headquarters, the traditional apple tree, the place where the old 
 McLean house, in which the surrender took place, stood, now a ruin as 
 well as most of the houses in the old village. The Confederates have also 
 placed on the grounds two handsome monuments, one by Virginians, the 
 other by North Carolinians, and an effort is being made to have Con- 
 gress establish a National Park here, which will perhaps ultimately 
 be accomplished. 
 
99 
 
 AUGUSTA COUNTY. 
 
 Augusta was formed from Orange in 1738, and ranks among the first 
 of the counties in the great Shenandoah valley and of the State in im- 
 portance and first in area. It is situated near the head of the Shenandoah 
 valley, in the southvsrestern part of the State, 120 miles northwest of 
 Eichmond, and is the largest county in the State, being thirty-five miles 
 long and thirty miles wide, containing an area of 1,012 square miles. 
 Average size farms, 175 acres. The aggregate value of its real estate 
 exceeds any other county in the State. Altitude 1,380 feet at Staunton. 
 
 The eastern and western sections of the county are uneven and moun- 
 tainous, central portion undulating. The lands are varied in character, 
 very fertile and productive; yielding large crops of corn, oats, wheat, rye 
 and the grasses — natural and cultivated. This county ranks at the head 
 of the list of counties of the State in the production of wheat, hay and 
 oats, yielding over one-half million bushels of wheat, and 25,000 tons of 
 hay. It is also noted for the number and superior quality of its flouring 
 mills, one of which has a capacity of 500 barrels per day. 
 
 Stock raising is also one of its most profitable and important industries, 
 its mountain ranges afl'ording excellent pasturage, and its abundant hay 
 crop available for winter feed. 
 
 Under such favorable conditions, this county has become noted for its 
 fine horses, cattle, and sheep, and its abundance of dairy products. 
 
 Water supjjly is from springs and wells of excellent quality, also 
 numerous mineral springs, noted for their valuable medicinal qualities, 
 that attract a large number of visitors from this and other States. The 
 chief water courses of the county are the North, South, and Middle rivers, 
 which, uniting, form the Shenandoah river. These streams afford fine 
 water power, upon which are located numerous flouring mills, sawmills 
 and wood works. 
 
 Timber abounds in large quantities, from which a fine revenue is derived. 
 Principal varieties: Oak, hickory, walnut, ash, poplar, pine, chestnut, 
 locust, etc. Minerals are numerous, consisting of iron, manganese, coal, 
 kaolin, slate, marble and limestone, much of which has been developed. 
 The Crimora Manganese Mines Co. have sold over $1,000,000 of their 
 output, and are working to advantage. Some of the most noted natural 
 curiosities of the State are to be found in this county, such as Weyers 
 Cave of Fountains, the Cyclopean Towers or Natural Chimneys; and 
 Elliott Knob of the North moimtains, 4,437 feet high, ranks among the 
 highest points in Virginia. Churches and schools are of unusual number 
 and convenience. No section in the State is more highly favored in this 
 respect. The population of the county, including Staunton, was, by the 
 census of 1900, 39,785. Increase since census of 1890, 4,635. Number 
 of males twenty-one years and over, 10,044. 
 
 The county is well supplied with railroads, embracing the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio, the Chesapeake and Western, the Norfolk and Western and the 
 Baltimore and Ohio; the first two traversing the county from east to west, 
 and the others from north to south, intersecting the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 at Staunton, and at Basic City, twelve miles apart. The Valley pike, a 
 well-kept Macadam road between Staunton and Winchester, ninety miles, 
 is equal to any road in Virginia. Staunton, the county seat, is the most 
 important city of the Shenandoah Valley. (See Virginia cities.) 
 
 Waynesboro, the largest town, is beautifully and eligibly situated on the 
 south branch of the Shenandoah river, half mile from the junction of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio and Norfolk and Western railroads. It is an im- 
 portant business center for one of the richest sections of the county, having 
 an excellent bank, several prosperous manufactories, a large fiouring 
 mill, and some of the largest stores in the county. It has large and pros- 
 perous Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist churches, and the best of 
 schools, embracing the Fishburne Military Academy, the Valley Female 
 
101 
 
 Seminary and a well-conducted graded public school. Basic City, a good 
 new town of Augusta county, half mile from Waynesboro, on the opposite 
 side of the South Branch river, is the important junction of the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio and Xorfolk and Western railroads, and has also a bank, several 
 churches, a graded public school and several growing factories. There 
 are also in the county several prosperous villages, such as Craigsville. 
 on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad; Fordwick, the seat of the large 
 Portland Cement Works; Greenville, Middlebrook, Mt. Solon, Mt. Meridian, 
 Mt. Sidney, Stuart's Draft, and others, interspersed among the rich and 
 prosperous sections of the county. These towns are all well provided Avith 
 telephones — in fact, no county in the State has a better telephone system, 
 which reaches every village and farming community in the county. A 
 company with $250,000 capital has been organized to build and operate an 
 electric road to run from Staimton to Newport, eighteen miles, which will 
 add greatly to the transportation facilities of the county. There is also a 
 good Macadam pike from Staunton to and beyond Newport, passing through 
 a fine section of the county, which greatly enhances the value of farming 
 lands along its route. 
 
 BATH COUNTY. 
 
 This county, located on the western border of the State, 120 miles north- 
 west of Richmond, was organized in 1790 from parts of Augusta, Bote- 
 tourt, and Greenbrier counties. Eleven hours by Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railroad from Cincinnati, six and one-half hours by rail from Washington, 
 D. C, and Richmond, Virginia. Its mean altitude is 2,195 feet. 
 
 Its people are originally Scotch-Irish, having come from Pennsylvania 
 to this section, beginning about 1740. Contains a population, by census 
 of 1900, of 5,595. Increase since census of 1890, 1,008. Males twenty-one 
 3'ears of age and over, 1,481. Area of county, 548 square miles. 
 
 Portion of the county is mountainous ; balance rich bottom lands, very 
 fertile, though small in area. Well watered by its numerous springs, and 
 Cow Pasture and Jackson rivers. 
 
 The climate and scenery are imsurpassed. Reference to the Weather 
 Bureau reports of the United States show this county to possess a very 
 equable temperature of neither very great extremes of heat or cold, and 
 ample rainfall, well distributed. 
 
 In no part of the world, as shown by statistics, is there a more general 
 state of good health, or a more long-lived, vigorous people, and in no 
 country in the temperate zone do the inhabitants, from choice, stay more 
 in the open air and open their houses to the weather. 
 
 This summary is strengthened by the fact that the large hotel at the 
 Virginia Hot Springs in this county is kept open the year round as a 
 health resort, and has a goodly number of guests the entire year. 
 
 Bath county has long been famous for its numerous mineral springs, 
 to some of which invalids have resorted since the beginning of the last 
 century. The Warm Springs were known for their curative properties 
 as early as 1750. 
 
 The most widely known are the Warm Springs, the county seat; the Hot 
 Springs, five miles south of the Warm Springs; Healing Springs, eight 
 miles south of Warm Springs; Bath Alum, five miles east of the Warm 
 Springs; ^Nlillboro Springs, twelve miles east of the Warm Springs, and 
 two miles distant from Millboro depot; Walla-watoola, one mile south of 
 ]\Iillboro Springs, and Bolar Springs, seventeen miles north of Warm 
 Springs. Great numbers of visitors resort to these springs in the summer- 
 time and to the Virginia Hot Springs all the year round, bringing into 
 the cotuity and distributing much ready money for supplies. 
 
 The Hot, Warm and Healing Springs are reached by the twenty-five mile 
 branch road from Covington, on the main line of the Chesapeake and 
 
102 
 
 Ohio railroad, and they are constantly constructing buildings to meet tlie 
 increased patronage of the place. 
 
 Blowing Cave, of this county, is worthy of note as one of the great 
 natural curiosities of the State. 
 
 The industries of the county are mainly farming, grazing, tanbark and 
 lumber business. Principal products are hay, corn, wheat and oats. 
 
 Fruit culture is also important and profitable in this county, embracing 
 apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes and berries, all of which 
 produce fine crops and find a ready home market at good prices. Large 
 apple and peach orchards abound, of increasing size and number. 
 
 Grazing facilities are unexcelled. Most of the lands take naturally to 
 grass; all you have to do in most sections to obtain a sod is to cut off the 
 timber, let in the sunshine, and the grasses spring up without further 
 attention, and in the woods there is a rich growth of wild grasses and 
 other wild growth, on which cattle and sheep do well for six months in 
 the year. When they come from the mountain ranges, as they are called, 
 without any cost, other than the salting of them, they are fat and ready 
 for the markets. 
 
 Under these favorable conditions the raising of cattle, sheep and hogs 
 is one of the principal industries of the comity, and one of the most 
 profitable. 
 
 Washington, Richmond, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, in a 
 few hours' run, are excellent markets for the sale of stock. 
 
 Timber is abundant, except on the main line of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railroad, where it has been culled out. There are large and valuable 
 bodies of pine, oak, poplar and hickory timber, and some walnut, locust 
 ard cherry; scarcely a section of the county but has one or more steam 
 sawmills in operation, and some equipped with planing machinery. 
 
 For some years the shipping of tanbark has been an important industry, 
 and the volume c/ business in that line is on the increase. 
 
 A variety of minerals is to be found, such as iron, manganese, coal and 
 marble; but iron is of most extent and interest, the others as yet un- 
 developed. The development of the mineral interests of the county is 
 destined to be an important factor in its growth and progress. 
 
 Water power is excellent, affording many opportunities for the estab- 
 lishment of manufactories, etc. Streams are well stocked with trout and bass. 
 
 The county has a special recommendation in that its public roads are 
 good, well built and well kept. 
 
 Railroad transportation is ample, consisting of the main line of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio, which traverses the eastern part of the county, with 
 branch lines extending into other portions. 
 
 Telephone service is good; local lines cross the county in two directions, 
 giving good service to most important places. These connect with lines 
 into all adjoining counties. Southern Bell Telephone to Hot Springs gives 
 all long-distance connections. The free school system is kept to a high 
 standard of excellence, and, in addition, there are good private boarding- 
 schools. 
 
 The churches are Presbyterian, Episcopal, ]\Iethodist, Baptist, Dunkard 
 and Catholic. These have houses of worship at convenient points through- 
 out most of the county. 
 
 Progress and general advancement of county most encouraging in every 
 respect. Financial condition, splendid; two good banks; water and health 
 excellent. 
 
 Property, real and personal, is valued at what it would bring at a forced 
 sale for cash, and the tax rate for all purposes, including State, county 
 and district purposes of all kinds, averages about $1.00 on the one hundred 
 dollars' worth of property. 
 
 Warm Springs, the county seat, is located in the central part of tho 
 county. The courthouse, jail and county olFices are here near by the 
 famous springs, constituting an attractive village, which is deliglitfully 
 situated in the richest and most fertile part of tlie Waini Springs valley. 
 
103 
 
 BEDFORD COUNTY. 
 
 The county was formed in 1753 from Lunenburg, and lies at the 
 eastern base of the Blue Ridge mountains, in the southwest central part 
 of the State, 100 miles southwest of Richmond. It is one of the largest 
 counties of the State, being forty miles long and about thirty miles wide, 
 containing an area of 729 square miles. Its average altitude is 900 feet. 
 
 Surface is broken, and, in western portion, mountainous, but very pro- 
 ductive, and well watered by springs, brooks and creeks, with Otter river 
 in center, and the James and Staunton rivers on northeast and south- 
 west borders. 
 
 Climate is mild and healthful, attracting large numbers of visitors 
 from the South, who spend their summers at the various hotels and sum- 
 mer boarding houses that are open each season for the accommodation of 
 guests. This is one of the richest, and most productive and thickly settled 
 counties in the James River valley, containing a population, census of 
 1900, of 30,356. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 6,809. 
 
 The soil is red clay and light gray, or slate, producing abundant crops 
 of wheat, corn, rye, oats and tobacco, average yield of which is about 
 fifteen bushels of wheat, twenty-five bushels of corn, twenty bushels rye, 
 twenty-five bushels oats, and 1,000 to 1,500 pounds tobacco per acre. 
 The latter is probably the most profitable industry of the county. Fruit 
 is also worthy of special mention, and this county may be very properly 
 classed as one of the five fruit counties of the State, the mountainous por- 
 tions of which are especially adapted to fruit of all kinds, and in this 
 section blue grass is indigenous, affording most excellent grazing facilities. 
 The dairy interest is also of considerable importance and profit to this 
 section. 
 
 This county contains many diversified industries, notably, flouring and 
 saw mills of large capacity. Churches and schools are numerous and 
 convenient. 
 
 The railroads are the Chesapeake and Ohio, extending along the south 
 branch of the James river, and the Norfolk and Western through its 
 middle part, from east to west, furnishing transportation to the markets 
 north and south. 
 
 Minerals numerous, and of superior quality, such as iron, zinc, asbestos, 
 kaolin, silver, barytes, mica, slate, lead, and limestone. 
 
 Timber is extensive and valuable, embracing walnut, chestnut, hickory, 
 pine, poplar, locust and oak. 
 
 Game is abundant. Wild animals are bear, deer, fox, otter, beaver, 
 mink, weasel, raccoon, opossum and squirrel; wild fowls — turkey, goose, 
 duck, crane, snipe, woodcock, pheasant and partridge. 
 
 The celebrated Peaks of Otter, noted for their sviblime, picturesque 
 scenery, are situated in this county, a few miles from Bedford City, the 
 county seat. They have an altitude of 4,001 feet above sea level, and 
 can be seen, imder favorable conditions of atmosphere, from beyond Lynch- 
 burg, fifty-five miles distant. 
 
 Bedford City, the county seat, on the Norfolk and Western railroad, is 
 located near the center of the county, and surrounded by a beautiful, 
 picturesque section of country. It contains a number of tobacco factories, 
 several warehouses, woolen and spoke factories, flouring and planing mills 
 and machine shops, besides numerous churches, newspapers, schools — 
 public and private, including the Randolph-Macon Academy — banks, water 
 works, and plant for electric lights. Population by census of 1900, 2,416. 
 
 The past few years have been marked by the greatest industrial develop- 
 ment and building activity in this town. A new bank has been established, 
 new industries inaugurated, and more residences erected than during the 
 entire preceding ten years. The postal receipts were the largest in the 
 experience of the office. 
 
 The banking business is reported the largest since the fictitious days of 
 1890. The Lynchburg Trust and Savings Bank has built one of the most 
 attractive bank buildings in the State. 
 
105 
 
 The export tobacco business is assuming considerable proportions, and 
 the receipts for the new tobacco year will, it is thought, be between 
 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 pounds. 
 
 A very successful cigar factory has been added; an ice factory, a large 
 carriage factory, stores and storage houses have been erected. But the 
 new industry pregnant, perhaps, with the largest possibilities, is the 
 establishment of the Frazer Paint Works. This is both elastic and water 
 proof, properties possessed by no other known pigment found in this 
 county. The company developing it began with a cash capital of $60,000, 
 but men of wealth are behind the enterprise. 
 
 The asbestos mines south of Bedford City have been purchased by Penn- 
 sylvania capitalists. 
 
 Many new residences have been built, and there is not a vacant house 
 in the town for rent. The price of real estate has advanced materially, 
 especially in the business section. 
 
 BLAND COUNTY. 
 
 This coimty was formed in 1861 from Wythe, Giles and Tazewell, and is 
 located in southwestern part of the State, 195 miles southwest of Richmond. 
 Population, census of 1900, 5,497. Increase since census of 1890, 368. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,231. 
 
 It contains an area of 352 square miles. Surface is broken and moun- 
 tainous to a considerable extent. Portions of the latter are very valuable 
 for grazing purposes, and the valley lands are very rich. 
 
 Soil black loam and reddish clay, very productive and well adapted 
 to the usual farm products of this section, such as corn, rye, oats, wheat, 
 buckwheat, potatoes and the grasses, especially blue grass, which is 
 indigenous to this section, and, in consequence, stock raising has become 
 the most profitable industry of the county, especially cattle and sheep, large 
 numbers of which are of fine quality and are shipped annually to the 
 markets, or sold to the dealers who come into the county to buy. This 
 county is also well adapted to fruits of all kinds, that grow to great 
 perfection. 
 
 The timbers of this county are walnut, poplar, pine, oak, ash, hemlock, 
 sugar tree, hickory and beech, and aboimd in large quantities of excep- 
 tionally fine quality. This is destined to be a valuable industry in the 
 county when reached by railroads, which would also develop the valuable 
 mineral deposits of this section, consisting of iron, coal, lead, zinc, copper, 
 manganese, slate, kaolin, ochre, barytes, and slate. Coal is also found 
 and mined. 
 
 Mineral springs are numerous and of fine medicinal quality. Some have 
 been improved and opened to summer visitors, notably Sharon Springs, 
 which is a delightful resort 2,850 feet above sea level, with a climate 
 unexcelled, dry and exhilarating, and an abundance of clear, pure water — 
 limestone and freestone. No more healthful section of country is to be 
 found, and it is an Eldorado for the sportsman, with its abundance of 
 game and streams abounding with fish, embracing the noted mountain 
 trout. The water courses of the county are Walker's and Wolf creeks, and 
 other smaller streams, which afford rmlimited water power, and of a high 
 order, as to fall and location for development. The nearest railroad station 
 at present is Wytheville, twenty miles distant from the county seat, on 
 the Norfolk and Western railroad, but a new line of railroad is being- 
 built up Wolf creek, in the northern section of the county, which will 
 develop many industries in that portion of the county, and eventually be 
 extended to embrace a much larger portion of the county. Telephone 
 service and mail facilities are good, with daily mail and 'phone service 
 to all parts of the county. General conditions in this county are highly 
 
106 
 
 favorable, with a sober and industrious population. Schools and churches 
 are numerous and convenient. Financial conditions are good, with a very 
 flattering outlook for future progress and advancement. 
 
 Seddon, the county seat, located near the center of the county^ has a 
 flouring mill, high school, newspaper, two churches, and a population, by 
 census of 1900, of 249. It is centrally and conveniently located, with good 
 turnpike roads diverging north, south, east and west. 
 
 BOTETOURT COUNTY. 
 
 Botetourt county, named in honor of Lord Botetourt, Governor of the 
 Colony in 1768, was formed in 1770 from Augusta, extending at the time 
 of formation to the Mississippi river. Its present limits are forty-four 
 miles long and eighteen miles wide, situated between the Blue Ridge and 
 Alleghany mountains, in the western part of the State, 115 miles west of 
 Richmond. Altitude, 1,250 feet. It contains a population, by census of 
 1900, of 17,161. Increase since census of 1890, 2,307. Number of males 
 twenty-one years and over, 4,010. 
 
 Area, 548 square miles ; surface rolling, partly mountainous ; central 
 portion a beautiful valley, very fertile; soil loam, with clay subsoil, well 
 adapted tg the production of grain, grasses, tobacco, fruits, etc.; the 
 mountain ranges affording excellent pasturage for horses, cattle and sheep, 
 of which superior breeds are raised. The fine blue grass sod, to which 
 the land runs naturally, renders dairying an important industry. To- 
 bacco is also produced to some extent, and of superior quality, but fruit 
 and vegetable culture, to which this county is especially adapted, is 
 probably its most important and profitable industry, bringing to the 
 county large revenues. 
 
 It is a notable fact that Botetourt has more canneries than any other 
 county in the State, numbering about 175, and even stands near the head 
 of the list in the United States in that industry, tomatoes being the chief 
 product. So great was the demand for cans here, that in 1903 the Virginia 
 Can Company was organized at Buchanan — by Mr. 0. C. Huflfman, of 
 Staunton, Virginia, its head ever since — which succeeded from the outset, 
 making and selling 2,250,000 cans that year, the second year over 
 7,000,000, and in 1905 nearly 10,000,000 tin' cans. This company sold in 
 
 1906, 13,000,000 cans; 1907, 16,000,000 cans; in 1908, 14,000,000: and in 
 1909, 11,000,000 cans. The cause of the falling off in 1908 and 1909 was 
 due to the fact that the Old Dominion Can Company at Troutville (this 
 county), was established; this company did not make very many cans in 
 
 1907, but succeeded very well the following years. This immense product 
 of home enterprise goes in carload lots to North Carolina, Georgia and 
 Tennessee, and other Southern States, and to the far West. A well-equipped 
 box-making plant, which furnishes cases in which much of the output is 
 shipped, has been recently added to the establishment, and the orders for 
 this year indicate a larger business than ever before. Peaches, corn, 
 apples and berries are also large products of the Botetourt canneries, the 
 total amount of canned goods reaching the enormous figure of from 250,000 
 to 350,000 cases annually. 
 
 Railroads are the Chesapeake and Ohio, and Norfolk and Western, with 
 their branches, which extend through the length and breadth of the county, 
 furnishing easy and ready access to all principal markets. 
 
 Rivers are the James and its numerous tributaries, also Cow Pasture 
 and Jackson rivers, which afford superior water power. 
 
 Manufactories are numerous, embracing stave mills, planing mills, 
 foundry and shops, iron furnaces, tanneries, woolen mills, large lime plants, 
 and flour and sawmills of large capacity. There are eight sawmills in 
 Botetourt, and large quantities of poplar, oak and chestnut lumber are 
 
107 
 
 sawed. Timbers are poplar, walnut, oak, ash, pine, hickory, maple and 
 chestnut. 
 
 ^linerals are iron, coal, manganese, barytes and marble, the most ex- 
 tensive and valuable of which is iron, which exists in immense quantities. 
 ]Mineral waters are lithia, sulphur, ferro-magnesia and alum, at which 
 springs pleasant summer resorts are established, attracting numerous 
 visitors. 
 
 Trucking is a growing and important industry, furnishing the markets 
 of Roanoke, Clifton, Covington, etc. 
 
 The streams abound with fish of various kinds, such as bass, carp, 
 mountain trout, suckers, pike, etc. 
 
 Game found in the county are deer, fox, squirrel, hare, mink, beaver, 
 otter, muskrat, weasel, wildcat, and opossum. 
 
 Wild fowls are wild turkey, pheasant, partridge and woodcock, birds, 
 hawks, owls, crows, robins, snipe, blackbird, thrush, lark, wren and dove. 
 
 Climate mild and temperate — no extremes of heat or cold. 
 
 Health is good, and water abundant and pure — limestone and freestone. 
 
 Churches and mail facilities first-class; churches in all portions of the 
 county, and daily mail to every postofBice. 
 
 Educational advantages are of a high order, embracing numerous free 
 schools and several graded schools. Hollins Institute is a large female 
 school of wide reputation. 
 
 Telephone service excellent. Three lines through the county furnish 
 local and long-distance service to all sections. 
 
 JNIarket advantages are very good, there being quick and easy access to 
 all markets, north, east, south and west. 
 
 The people are sober, industrious and progressive, and their financial 
 condition highly favorable. 
 
 Principal towns are Fincastle and Buchanan. 
 
 Fincastle, the county seat, has a population of 652, daily mails, tele- 
 graph and express communications, several churches and public schools, 
 newspaper, bank, woolen mill, canning factory, foundry, planing mill, 
 tannery, harness shops, machine shops, and spoke, stave and handle factory. 
 
 Buchanan, on the James, and the section of which it is the business 
 center, has shown marked progress during the past year. A most important 
 event in the history of the town has been the completion of a water 
 works system, by which an ample supply of pure moimtain spring water 
 is brought into the town, sufficient (besides meeting the needs of the 
 town) to supply power to small industries. 
 
 The establishment of an excellent high school, with an able corps of 
 teachers, is also a recent event of importance, and the large increase in 
 the business of the bank at this place may be taken as a fair index of the 
 l)usiness conditions of the town and community. 
 
 Population of Buchanan, census of 1900, is 716. It has a good newspaper. 
 
 BRUNSWICK COUNTY. 
 
 This county, bordering on North Carolina, and about fifty miles south- 
 west of Richmond, is one of the leading agricultural counties in Virginia. 
 It was Brunswick which took the first prize at the Jamestown Exposition 
 for having the best county agricultural exhibit, and it was of this county 
 that the present C4overnor of Virginia said, "that it produces a greater 
 variety of crops than any other in the State." 
 
 The reasons that Brunswick stands foremost among her sister counties 
 are numerous : Lands naturally rich, respond to improvements with won- 
 derful celerity; the climate is ideal for agricultural purposes, the winters 
 being cool and pleasant and the summers warm enough to mature crops, 
 but not too hot to be imcomfortable, and lithia water abounds on every 
 
108 
 
 farm. All of these and other natural advantages, have attracted a popu- 
 lation without equal for industry, thrift, morality and other qualities, 
 which make the best, happiest and most independent rural life. Thus, 
 with such citizenship, churches and schools have been erected within close 
 reach of all, and every Sunday the word of God can be heard with n<i 
 inconvenience, and the children can attend the public schools without 
 trouble. The lands are rolling, and a healthier community cannot he 
 found anywhere. 
 
 Three railroads cross the countj^, and place the farmers in close and 
 immediate touch with the leading markets of the world. 
 
 Lawrenceville, the county seat, is located in the center of the county, 
 and has a population of 2,500, and with its splendid stores, excellent 
 banking facilities and market advantages, adds materially to the comfort, 
 convenience and pleasure of agricultural life in the county. 
 
 The principal crops raised are dark and bright tobacco of the finest 
 grades, cotton, peanuts, corn of unsurpassed quality, wheat, oats, alfalfa, 
 and nearly every variety of grasses, fruits, vegetables of almost all kinds 
 in delicious profusion, and stock which fill the smoke houses and which 
 would make dairying prosper, even as the "green bay tree." 
 
 The principal timbers of the county are pine, oak, hickory, poplar, and 
 other soft Avoods, and in no county do they thrive and grow more rapidly. 
 On an open field, if imcultivated, pines spring up indigenously, and will 
 become marketable timber within twenty years. A good deal of virgin 
 forest still stands, and "second giowth" can be purchased at reasonable prices. 
 
 The present prices of real estate are far below the intrinsic value, but 
 are rapidly advancing. Some lands can be bought for $10.00 an acre, but 
 the average is about $20.00, and to show their relative worth, their 
 assessed value is more than double that of those of the adjoining counties. 
 
 BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed in 1858 from Russell and Tazewell, and named in 
 honor of President Buchanan, is located in Southwest Virginia, and is 
 one of the extreme border counties of the State, 250 miles southwest of 
 Richmond. Area, 492 square miles, 039,262 acres. Average size farms, 
 236 acres. Lands are low, but have a speculative interest on account of 
 immense mineral deposits. 
 
 Surface is rugged and movmtainous. Comparatively little of the land 
 is under cultivation, balance in timber. Soil is of a sandy nature, and 
 fertile. 
 
 Farm j^roducts are corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, tobacco, potatoes, 
 buckwheat, hay and sorghum. Wheat is well adapted to this section, and 
 is receiving special attention. Stock raising and dairying are also sources 
 of some revenue. Fruits of all kinds, especially grapes, do well, but are 
 only grown sufficiently for home consumption. 
 
 The great importance attached to this county is its vast wealth of iron, 
 coal and timber, which is attracting capital, and a large influx of popu- 
 lation. Bituminous coal of fine quality and large quantity, is found in 
 veins from five to eleven feet in thickness. Timber of the usual kinds — 
 but the most valuable of which are oak, poplar, ash and walnut — abound 
 in large area, and superior quality to any county in the State, perhaps, 
 the getting out and rafting of which to Cincinnati and other points by 
 the Big Sandy river, a branch of the Ohio, and its manufacture in the 
 county by a number of extensive plants, afl'ord employment to the largest 
 number of people, and is a source of greatest revenue to the comity and 
 its inhabitants. 
 
 Reference to the various lumber plants operating in this county will 
 convey an idea of the extent of this valuable industry. 
 
109 
 
 The Yellow Poplar Lumber Company, of Grmidy, have a tramroad ex- 
 tending twenty-five miles up Slate creek, and with two locomotives bring 
 out dailj^ one hundred logs, which average forty-five cubic feet to the log. 
 iSTorth of Grundy, on Knox creek, W. M. Ritter Lumber Company liave 
 two large band mills in operation, which cut from 50,000 to 80,000 feet 
 per day. They also have a tramroad with steel rail from O'Keefe, West 
 Virginia, on Tug river, extending up Knox creek, upon which they operate 
 six mountain locomotives. South of Grundy, T. Fugate & Company, 
 Shaffer Brothers, and Pitzer & Lindsey do a very large lumber business; 
 also Vensant, Kitchen & Company, on Dismal creek, besides numerous 
 smaller mills. 
 
 Rivers are Louisa, Russell and New Garden, Forks of Big Sandy river. 
 Large quantities of timber are rafted on Louisa river to Catlettsburg, 
 Kentucky, Cincinnati, Ohio, and other points, and these streams also afford 
 excellent water power, if utilized. Nearest railroad is the Clinch Valley 
 branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad, in Tazewell county, near 
 the border. 
 
 Mineral waters are found to some extent, the most important of which 
 are the Healing Springs. 
 
 Educational advantages consist of the usual county free schools. 
 
 As to churches, mail facilities, financial condition, progress, and general 
 advancement, the conditions of this county are fairly favorable, and rapidly 
 improving. 
 
 The climate, owing to elevation, is moist and cool. The weather station 
 at Freeling (near by) reports the average temperature 52.4 degrees; 
 rainfall 60.1. 
 
 Total population of the county, census of 1900, is 9,692. Increase since 
 census of 1890 is 3,825. Number of males twenty-one years and over. 
 1,958. 
 
 Grundy, the county seat, situated near center of the county, has a popu- 
 lation of 200, several churches, mills and factories, public school, a news- 
 paper, etc. Its nearest railroad station is Richlands, on Clinch Valley 
 railroad, distant about twenty-five miles. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Buchingham county is located in the central part of the State, on south 
 side of James river, about half way between Richmond and Lynchburg, 
 and distant from eacli about fiftj^ miles. It is thirty-five miles long and 
 twenty-four miles wide; altitude, 550 feet. 
 
 It was originally a portion of Albemarle county, from which it was 
 detached and formed into a county in the year 1761, containing an area 
 of 552 square miles. 
 
 Surface is generally level, with large quantity of bottom land on the 
 rivers, but rolling and hilly in some parts. 
 
 Soil is a gray and black loam, with red clay subsoil, which produces 
 abundantly when brought to a high state of cultivation. There is a strip 
 of black land from four to six miles wide extending across the western 
 portion of the county, which, under the old regime before the war, was in 
 a high state of improvement and was considered the garden spot of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 Farm products are tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, etc. 
 Tobacco is the staple crop of the county, producing about five million 
 pounds annually. This tobacco is a dark shipping variety and is in good 
 demand for English, Austrian and Italian markets. In some sections an 
 acre of tobacco will bring to the planter $100, and the average may be 
 placed at from $40 to $60 per acre. 
 
110 
 
 Wheat in the clay lands produces abundantly, yielding as much as thirty 
 bushels to the acre, the average yield being from ten to fifteen bushels 
 per acre. Corn, oats and hay also do well under careful and systematic 
 cultivation. 
 
 Fruits and vegetables, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, 
 strawberries, melons, potatoes, garden vegetables, etc., are in abundance. 
 
 Stock and grazing facilities are fairly good; small cattle and sheep do 
 well. 
 
 Timber lands embrace a large area of the usual varieties, such as oak. 
 poplar, walnut, pine, hickory, chestnut, maple, etc., much of which is 
 sawed and marketed, and large quantities converted into hoops, staves, 
 shingles, and railroad ties. 
 
 This county is rich in minerals — copper, iron, gold, silver, slate, barytes, 
 mica, limestone, soapstone and asbestos. Her minerals are practically 
 undeveloped, and untold wealth locked up in her borders is waiting for 
 capital to liberate and utilize them for the benefit of mankind. There are 
 three distinct gold-bearing veins two to fifteen feet wide, which extend 
 across the county in a northeast direction. Before the war these were 
 worked extensively in a good many places, but owing to the crude methods 
 of reducing ore and the process of removing the sulphur they were 
 abandoned. Three companies have now acquired locations on these veins, 
 and are making investigations, preparatory to work, which promise better 
 results than ever before. 
 
 A vein one-fourth to one-half mile wide of the finest roofing slate in 
 the world crosses the county, and is worked extensively near Arvonia, in 
 the northern part of the county. Nine companies with a capitalization 
 of eight hundred thousand dollars, produce large quantities of slate, for 
 which they find ready market. The Buckingham slate retains its color and 
 hardness to an unusual degree, and has a national reputation. 
 
 Water courses are James, Slate and Willis rivers, and numerous smaller 
 streams, which afford splendid water power for all kinds of manufactories, 
 especially the James, in its long sweep of fifty miles around the county. 
 Manufactories are slate and timber factories, and tobacco industries, 
 flouring mills, saM^mills, bark mills and sumac. 
 
 Mineral waters are sulphur, chalybeate, lithia and alum. 
 
 Railroad transportation consists of a branch of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio, extending twenty-one miles through center of county, and the main 
 line of the Chesapeake and Ohio, keeping close to the north side of the 
 James river, for fifty miles. 
 
 Telephone service very good all over county. 
 
 Market advantages are Lynchburg and Richmond, with Farmville as 
 the nearest local market. 
 
 Educational advantages are public schools and graded school at Big 
 Island; churches and postoffices, numerous and convenient. Financial 
 condition excellent. Two banks afl"ord excellent facilities for handling the 
 finances of the county. Water pure, sweet and plentiful, and health un- 
 surpassed. Nature has done much for Buckingham in all that tends to 
 make a people prosperous and happy, and she now ofl'ers to home seekers 
 many inducements, such as cheap lands, a favorable climate, genial and 
 mild, a remunerative soil, good markets for the products of their labor, 
 and many others that might be mentioned; but the most convincing proof 
 of this assertion is to visit the county and see the farmers who have 
 converted the old fields into good farms, which evidence their thrift and 
 prosperity in the past few years. There is plenty of room here for the 
 home seeker, and a welcome awaits him from her hospitable citizens. 
 
 Population of the covmty. census of 1900, 15,266. Increase since census 
 of 1890, 883. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,326. 
 
 Buckingham Courthouse (Maysville), the county seat, is a thriving 
 village of 300 inhabitants, situated near the center of the county, and 
 reached by a branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio at New Canton. 
 
Ill 
 
 Arvonia is a growing town, owing to the slate mines at that place 
 employing a large number of men, and a rapidly increasing output in that 
 business. It contains a large graded school, several good churches, 
 numerous residences, and others being erected. 
 
 CAMPBELL COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed in 1781, from Bedford, and named for General 
 William Campbell, a famous Revolutionary officer, is situated in the south 
 central part of the State, five hours ride from Washington, six from 
 Baltimore, and ten from New York; 145 miles by rail southwest from 
 Richmond. 
 
 It is nearly a square, twenty-five miles each way, and contains 554 
 square miles, seventy-five per cent, of which is cultivated. Price of lands, 
 location, and facilities of transportation considered, few sections of the 
 State offer better inducements to home seekers. The surface is rolling 
 and hilly; the soil, red clay in northern part, sandy in southern, and 
 very fertile. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye and tobacco; the improved 
 lands producing from fifteen to thirty bushels of wheat, and from fifty to 
 seventy-five bushels of corn per acre; and the annual production of tobacco 
 being from four to five million pounds, and of excellent quality. The 
 grasses, such as red clover, orchard and timothy, grow well, and, with 
 proper attention and management, produce abundant crops. This county is 
 especially adapted to fruit of the various kinds, such as apples, peaches, 
 pears, plums, cherries, melons, grapes, berries, etc. ; and is especially noted 
 for the flavor, size and quality of its peaches. Vegetables and dairy 
 products are considerable sources of revenue. Stock raising is profitably 
 engaged in, but not to the extent that the favorable conditions would 
 justify. The climate and soil are especially well adapted to the raising of 
 sheep. Transportation facilities are unsurpassed; one trunk line — the 
 Southern railway — extending north and south — two trunk lines — the 
 Norfolk and Western, and the Chesapeake and Ohio — extending east and 
 west; and the third, the Lynchburg and Durham, south; The Southern and 
 the Lj-nchbui-g and Durham traverse the countj' its full length from north 
 to south; and all its lines of railway have connection at Lynchburg, on the 
 northern border, and combine to give the county superior market facilities 
 in every direction. Lynchburg also affords an extensive and lucrative 
 market for all farm products. 
 
 Iron ore, manganese, and barytes, are the most important and valuable 
 minerals; the last two being developed and worked to some extent. Iron, 
 lithia and alum springs abound, the most important being the Bedford 
 Alum, in this county, near the Bedford covuity line, which is a place of 
 considerable resort. 
 
 Timbers are pine, oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, locust, gum, ash, and 
 cedar, of which pine and oak are the most abundant and valuable. 
 
 The James and the Staunton rivers, on the north and the south, respec- 
 tively, with their interior tributary streams. Otter, and Big and Little 
 Falling rivers, furnish abundant drainage and water supply; indeed, no 
 county in the State has a greater abundance of springs, branches, creeks, etc. 
 
 Water power is abundant, and a large proportion of it is still im- 
 developed. Manufactories are a foundry, planing mill, tobacco-box factory, 
 woolen mill, bark and sumac mills, and numerous grain mills and saw- 
 mills; but these are very insignificant in comparison with the county's 
 splendid manufacturing advantages and possibilities, of water power, raw 
 material, and transportation facilities to bring the cotton from the South, 
 and coal and other ores from the Southwest, with an extensive outlet by 
 rail to the markets in all directions. 
 
112 
 
 The climate is temperate, salubrious and healthful, and the water ex- 
 cellent and abtmdant. Churches, public schools, telephone service, and mail 
 facilities are ample and convenient. 
 
 Population, independent of the city of Lynchburg, census of 1900, 
 23,256. Increase since census of 1890, 1,878. Number of males twenty-one 
 years and over, 4,988. 
 
 Eustburg. the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, on 
 the Lynchburg and Durham division of the Norfolk and Western railroad. 
 It has graded streets, two public schools, three churches, one fraternal 
 order, and a population of about 250. Value of real estate, $1,947,663; 
 personalty, $1,417,790. 
 
 CAROLINE COUNTY. 
 
 This county, located in the northeastern part of the State, eighteen miles 
 north of Eichmond, was formed in 1727 from King and Queen, Essex, 
 and King William. It is about twenty-eight miles long and twenty miles 
 wide, and contains an area of 562 square miles. 
 
 There is a large amount of bottom lands on the numerous rivers and 
 creeks which are very productive. The proportion of land rmder cultivation 
 is about fifty per cent. The surface is rolling, the soil light, easily culti- 
 vated, and readily improved. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, hay and tobacco; 
 field peas, also, are produced in great abundance, both as a fertilizer and as 
 a forage crop. Much the most profitable industry of the county, however, 
 is tobacco raising, the annual production of which is about one million 
 poimds, bringing, as estimated for last year, largely over a quarter of a 
 million dollars. The growing of fine manufacturing tobacco is a specialty, 
 and in this respect it is not surpassed by any other county in the State. 
 Other products are vegetables, butter, fruits and dairying, all of which 
 are produced in abundance; and, with the advantages of convenient and 
 extensive markets, such as Eichmond, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, 
 and New York, they constitute valuable and important industries. Stock 
 raising' is assuming some proportions, and the quality of stock is being 
 very much improved. Excelsior, for packing, is extensively and profitably 
 manufactured. Other industries have been established within the last 
 couple years, factory for making concrete blocks, several large lumber 
 plants, a number of' first-class water-power flour mills, and an excellent 
 telephone system throughout the county. 
 
 Timber is abundant, such as oak, hickory, walnut, pine, birch, etc., much 
 of which is converted into lumber. 
 
 Its railroad, the Eichmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, extends through 
 the county from north to south. 
 
 This is" one of the best watered counties in the State; its rivers are 
 the Eappahannock on the northern boundary, the North Anna on the 
 southern, and the Mattapony and its tributaries in the central portion, 
 affording much fine water power. 
 
 Climate excellent; free from storms, cyclones, blizzards, etc., and very 
 healthful as the result of its numerous fine springs of pure, soft, drinking 
 water. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 16,709. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, census of 1900, 3,474. 
 
 Bowling Green, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, 
 three miles from Milford, the nearby station on the Eichmond, Fredericks- 
 burg and Potomac railroad, from which point it has daily communication. 
 It is a flourishing town of 458 inhabitants, several churches and public 
 schools, academy, female seminary, tobacco warehouse, and carriage and 
 wagon factory. Other to^vns are' Port Eoyal, with a population of 19.",. 
 and Euther Glen, a small place, but busy railroad village. 
 
113 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1842 from the eastern jiart of Grayson, and 
 was named in honor of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. It is situated 
 on the southern border of the State, 183 miles southwest from Richmond. 
 It touches the North Carolina line. 
 
 Carroll contains a population, census of 1900, of 19,303, showing an 
 increase since census of 1890 of 3,806. Males twentv-one years and over, 
 census of 1900, 3,971. 
 
 It has an area of 445 square miles. Surface is broken and mountainous, 
 with fertile and productive valleys, the largest area of desirable lands 
 lying in the southern half of the county. It is bordered by the Alleghany 
 and the Rocky mountains, and these mountain ranges are especially 
 adapted to the pasturage of stock, large numbers of which are raised, cattle 
 raising, especially, being one of the leading industries of the county. 
 
 The lands readily produce wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, 
 and the grasses. Some tobacco is also grown, but the county is especially 
 noted for the production of rye and buckwheat, ranking among the first of 
 the counties of the State for the production of these grains. Fruits are 
 grown to great perfection, especially apples and grapes. Portions of the 
 county are noted for the growth of the cranberry. 
 
 A large proportion of the county is still in timber of original growth, 
 especially on the southern side, with good bodies of white pine in the 
 northwestern section. The most important and valuable species are oak, 
 pine, ash, cherry, walnut, poplai-, and chestnut, of Avhich a large amount 
 is annually manufactured into lumber for export. Sawmills are numerous. 
 
 This county is very rich in minerals, the principal of which are copper 
 and iron, the latter being extensively mined. IMica and asbestos are also 
 known to exist, but are not developed. The copper is on the same forma- 
 tion upon which the celebrated copper mines of Ducktown, Tennessee, are 
 situated. This valuable deposit has been comparatively unknown; but 
 Carroll is ultimately to become one of the great copper counties of the 
 southwest, and of the State. The construction of the Mt. Rogers and 
 Eastern railwaj', which is contemplated, will bring about the development 
 of some fine mineral properties, as its route lies diagonally along the 
 mineral belt through the county. There are already developments being 
 made in the section northwest of Hillsville. That Carroll, with adequate 
 means of transportation, will develop mines of great value, which will 
 form the basis of industries of large and important dimensions, there can 
 be no doubt. 
 
 The mineral waters of this county liave long been known throughout 
 this section for their curative properties; notably the old Grayson Svilphur 
 Springs, situated twenty miles south of Wytheville, on the banks of New 
 river, with its wild and romantic river and mountain scenery, rendering 
 it a very attractive and pleasant resort. Its four springs — one a white 
 sulphur, one a red, and the other two chalybeate — have their openings 
 within an area of thirty feet in diameter, and their temperature of 47 
 degrees and 48 degrees, besides furnishing a cool and refreshing draught, 
 is so low that they retain their gaseous contents in a state of combination 
 for a long while. 
 
 In other sections of the county the scenery is grand and picturesque; 
 especially along the rivers with their wild romantic dells, cascades and 
 waterfalls. The health of the county is good, the water pure, soft and 
 abundant. Every section of the covinty is well supplied with water by its 
 numerous streams. New river. Big and Little Reed Island creeks. Chestnut, 
 Poplar, Camp and Crooked creeks, which would afford water power suffi- 
 cient, if utilized, to answer an almost unlimited demand. 
 
 Hillsville, the county seat, with a poiJulation of about 300, is situated 
 near the center of the county, in the basin of the Blue Ridge momitains 
 on Little Reed Island creek, a tributarv of New river. It is about ten 
 
IM 
 
 miles south of Betty Baker depot, which is its nearest point on tlie Little 
 Reed Island branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad. It contains, 
 besides the courthouse, churches, hotels, stores, schools, newspapers, bank, 
 shops, foundry, etc. Considerable business activity prevails here since 
 the completion of the railroad to that section of busy mining operations, 
 an increase of fifteen to twenty per cent, in the volume of trade being 
 reported. 
 
 CHARLES CITY COUNTY. 
 
 This county constituted one of the original shires into which the State 
 was divided in 1634. It is located in the east central part of the State, 
 twelve miles southeast of Eichmond, on the peninsula formed by the 
 James and the Chickahominy rivers. 
 
 It is thirty miles long, with a mean width of about eight miles, and has 
 an area of 183 square miles. The surface is mostly level, or gently un- 
 dulating. The soil is varied — alluvium and gray loam predominating — 
 and is for the most part productive, especially on the rivers, where tlie 
 quality is superior. These river lands constitute a large proportion of tlie 
 area of the county, and upon them are found many fine old Colonial 
 estates and residences. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, peanuts and hay, the 
 yields of cereals being above the average for the State. Fruits and vege- 
 tables, to which the climate and soil are especially adapted, succeed ad- 
 mirably. Poultry and dairying are also profitable and growing industries. 
 No section of the county is better adapted to a profitable trucking business, 
 especially on the fine river lands, with their superior market advantages 
 by rail and Avater. Stock and grazing facilities are very good, with an 
 abundance of water and native grasses, and soil well adapted to the 
 pasturage of stock. 
 
 The fish industry is a very important and profitable one in the county; 
 all the streams abound in fish of the most valuable species, such as shad, 
 herring, sturgeon, alewives, etc. 
 
 Marl of superior quality, and in large quantity, is found, and only 
 awaits capital and development to become an important factor in the 
 business of the county. 
 
 With only about fifty per cent, of the lands under cultivation, there 
 remains an extensive area in timber. Original growth has been pretty 
 generally cut off, but the second growth of pine, oak, hickory, etc., rapidly 
 replaces it. 
 
 Rivers are the James and the Chickahominy, with their numerous 
 tributaries, which afford considerable water power, not as yet utilized. 
 The transportation advantages afforded by these streams are of great profit 
 and convenience, especially the James river, upon which there are daily 
 boats from Richmond, and tri-weekly from l?etersburg to Norfolk. 
 
 Railroad transportation consists of the Chesapeake and Ohio, which 
 runs through the upper portion, bordering the county for eighteen or 
 twenty miles. The Richmond and Newport News Telephone Co. has a 
 line near the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, seven miles from Charles 
 City Courthouse. There is also a county telephone company that has 
 buiit and is now operating a line the length of the county, extending into 
 Henrico county towards Richmond, also running to Roxbury station, and 
 connecting there with long-distance line. Public schools and roads are 
 being fostered and built, and all public enterprises and improvements are 
 being encouraged and pushed. 
 
 Manufactories consist of shingle mills, on the Chickahominy, grist, fiour 
 and saw mills, in several localities, and large brickyards, on James river. 
 
 The climate is much modified by the surroimding water, and is tem- 
 perate and pleasant, and with an abundance of pure freestone water. 
 
115 
 
 Health compares favorably with that of any other section. Cliurches and 
 public schools are numerous, mail facilities good, and financial condition 
 excellent, while the soil responds quickly to improvement, and retains 
 fertility. Situated between the Chickahominy and the James, and conve- 
 nient to the great industrial centers of the Commonwealth — -Richmond, 
 Norfolk and Newport News — the county is brought in close touch with 
 the outside world. 
 
 With all these varied attractions, home seekers and investors will find 
 here an inviting field, and a hearty welcome from its hospitable people. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, 5,040. Number of males 
 twenty-one years and over, 1,188. 
 
 The county seat, Charles City Courthouse, is located near the center 
 of the county, and has a population of about one hundred. 
 
 CHARLOTTE COUNTY. 
 
 Charlotte county^ formed in 1764 from Lunenburg county, is located 
 in central Southern Virginia, sixty-six miles southwest of Richmond. 
 
 It contains an area of 479 square miles. Tlie surface is generally 
 rolling; soil varying from loam to clay, and capable of high improvement; 
 bottom and valley lands very productive. 
 
 Farm products are tobacco, wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay, peas, etc. It is 
 especially the home of fine high-])riced shipping tobacco, and is justly 
 considered one of the finest tobacco growing counties in the State, yielding 
 annually more than four million poiuids. Vegetables and fruits of all 
 kinds, such as apples, peaches, pears, cherries, grapes, melons, etc., are 
 grown in abundance. Stock raising is also an important industry, to 
 which the lands are well adapted. Wild fruits and nuts are abundant, 
 the latter frequently almost sufllcient for the fall fattening of hogs. 
 
 Timber abounds in lai'ge quantities ; more than one-half of the surface 
 is covered with forest, miich of which is second growth, but there are 
 still much of the native timbers, such as oak, poplar, hickory, walnut, 
 ash, etc. The manufacture of lumber is one of the profitable industries 
 of the county. 
 
 The minerals consist of iron, copper, mica, kaolin, soapstone, etc., the 
 most important of which, perhaps, is iron, which has been found in veins 
 eight to sixteen feet in width ; but as yet the mineral wealth of the 
 county is comparatively undeveloped, with the exception of copper, which 
 is being mined now. 
 
 Mineral waters are lithia, sulphur, calcium, magnesia, etc. 
 
 Water courses are the Staunton river and other smaller , streams, the 
 former of which is navigable by bateaux and small steamers. Manufac- 
 toi'ies are confined chiefly to flouring and sawmills. 
 
 Railroad facilities are admirable, the Norfolk and Western on the north, 
 the Lynchburg and Durham on the west, the Richmond and Danville 
 through the center, a branch line from Keysville into North Carolina, and 
 the Virginian through the centre count}^ now built. 
 
 Educational advantages are good, with a sufficient number of piiblic and 
 private schools. Financial condition of the county is very favorable. 
 The public debt is small; county four per cent, bonds sell at par. In prog- 
 ress and geneial development, there is evident improvement in this 
 coimty. The climate is mild and healthful ; the water pure, with springs 
 abundant. Churches and mail facilities numerous and convenient. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 15,343. Increase since census of 1890, 266. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 3,254. 
 
 This county has such natural advantages of climate, soil and locality, 
 that with energy and enterprise, its immediate future is bright and 
 promising, and at the present price of lands, which are advancing, no 
 section ofi'ers a better opportvmity for investment. 
 
117 
 
 It has the distinction of having been the liome of two of Virginia's most 
 distinguished sons — John Randolph and Patrick Henry. 
 
 On account of its peculiar fitness for the purpose, it has recently been 
 chosen as the location of the State test farm, situated at Saxe, on the 
 Richmond and Danville railroad division of the Southern railway. 
 
 Charlotte Courthouse, the county seat, is situated in the central part 
 of the county, on Ward's Ford creek, a tributary of Staunton river, five 
 miles northwest of Drake's Branch, on the Southern railway, with which 
 it has daily stage communication by a fine macadam road. It contains 
 several churches and schools, a newspaper, and a population of 400. 
 
 Keysville, at the junction of the main line and a branch of the Southern 
 railway, is a thriving town of 500 population. It has a good bank, 
 and is the center of a large tobacco growing section of the State. 
 
 Drake's Branch, located on the Southern railway, five miles southeast 
 from the county seat, is one of the largest tobacco markets in the State, 
 and ships at least seven million pounds of tobacco annually. It is a 
 nourishing town of 700 inhabitants, and has sixteen mercantile establish- 
 ments, three tobacco sales warehouses, and six prizeries, where tobacco 
 is prepared for foreign markets; a bank and three hotels. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD. 
 
 This county was established in 1748, from that part of Henrico which 
 was then on the south of James river, and is a long and narrow peninsula 
 between the James and the Appomattox rivers. It is twenty-eight miles 
 long and eighteen miles wide, and is nearly divided into three equal parts, 
 one between James river and Falling creek, the next between Falling and 
 Swift creeks, and the last between Swift creek and Appomattox river, and 
 extends to Richmond, on the north, to Petersburg on the south, with an 
 area of 484 square miles. 
 
 The most valuable lands are found on James river; such as the historic 
 farms of Drewry's Bluff, Presque Island and Bermuda Hundred, with many 
 others just as productive; also some fine farms on the large creeks. These 
 lands are the equal of any in Eastern Virginia, if not any in the State, 
 producing fifty bushels of corn per acre, and other grains in proportion, 
 the uplands of the county about half so much. 
 
 The surface and soil are varied, and mostly tillable. The river and creek 
 bottoms are level, alluvial, fertile and under cultivation. The uplands 
 are rolling and less fertile, of a gray and sandy nature, and clay subsoil. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, peanuts and hay. 
 Hay is grown in larger quantities than heretofore, especially on the 
 bottom lands, and tobacco is raised to great success on the uplands. The 
 farming interests of this county are rapidly undergoing a change for the 
 better through the advent of northern and western settlers, who are 
 turning their attention to the production of butter and milk, grapes, 
 berries, small fruits and vegetables for the nearby markets of Richmond, 
 Manchester, and Petersburg, and for the northern markets by steamers 
 on James river. Chesterfield in former Virginia expositions received the 
 first premium for county agricultural products, and the second for timber, 
 wood and mineral. 
 
 This county is peculiarly adapted to the growth of fruits, beautiful 
 vineyards and" orchards being established; and on Buckingham ridge, two 
 miles north of ^lidlothian, are well known and successful nurseries, all 
 of which are bringing to their owners handsome returns. Trucking is 
 an important branch of industry. 
 
 Principal minerals are coal, ochre, fire brick clay, Venetian red, marl, 
 and granite. This co^ijty is celebrated for its inexhaustible mines of coal, 
 which have been worked for a long period, and constitute its chief source 
 
119 
 
 of wealth; the most important of which are Midlothian, Clover Hill, Black 
 Heath, and Winterpock. The last-named is now in full operation. The 
 coal fields run entirely across the county, with an average width of six 
 to eight miles, and geologists have expressed the opinion that the supply 
 of coal is practically inexhaustible. There are thought to be thousands 
 of acres of undeveloped coal lands still in the county. Ochre is success- 
 fully worked in the county, giving employment to a number of hands. 
 On Appomattox river is operated the largest ochre mine in this country; 
 two-thirds of the yellow ochre and the Venetian red consumed in the United 
 States come from these mines. On many of the farms bordering the James 
 and the Appomattox rivers immense beds of rich marl are to be found. 
 Granite ' of different varieties is extensively quarried in this county, the 
 supply of which is inexhaustible, and the quality unsurpassed, as is shown 
 by its having been adopted in the building of the City Hall of Richmond 
 and the Army and Navy buildings in Washington. The seam of granite 
 which marks the limit of tidewater, divides the county into two parts, 
 the eastern and smaller section being in Tidewater Virginia. 
 
 The industries and enterprises of Chesterfield are: at Robious Station, 
 two and a half miles above Bon Air, two large fire brick works; at Halls- 
 boro, eighteen miles west of Richmond, there is located a large steam 
 tannery and sumac mills; at Matoaca, four miles north of Petersburg, a 
 town of several himdred inhabitants, is located cotton factories, which are 
 in successful operation. At Ettrick, on the opposite side of the river from 
 Petersburg, are several large factories, notably a silk factory, employing 
 several hundred operatives. Also a very important Chesterfield enterprise 
 and industry, and one that is rapidly growing, is that of the Arsenic and 
 Lithia Springs Company. 
 
 Timber is abundant, embracing about fifty per cent, of the area of the 
 county, large quantities of which are annually manufactured into lumber 
 and exported; for which there are most excellent facilities by rail and 
 river. The interior of the county abounds in forest of original and second 
 growth timber, such as pine, oak, poplar, cedar, hickory, ash, chestnut, 
 beech, walnut, willow, mulberry, gum, holly, and persimmon; and along 
 Appomattox river extending to City Point are also large forests of more 
 valuable timber. 
 
 The county is well watered, irrigated and drained by the James and 
 Appomattox rivers and numerous small streams, which flow through the 
 cormty. Game and fish of all kinds are abundant. 
 
 Railroads are the Richmond and Danville division of the Southern 
 railway, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Atlantic Coast Line, the Farm- 
 ville and Powhatan, and the Norfolk and Western, traversing every 
 jDortion of the county, north, south, east and west. 
 
 The county roads are fairly good. Two turnpikes penetrate the county, 
 the Buckingham turnpike and the Richmond and Petersburg turnpike. 
 
 There are many places of interest and importance in the county, to 
 which allusion should be made. One of the ancient landmarks is Salis- 
 bury, the former residence of Patrick Henry; another, Matoaca, the scene 
 of John Randolph's early years; and still another, Warwick, which, prior 
 to the Revolution, was larger than Richmond, and one of the principal 
 shipping points on James river. 
 
 Of the important shipping and manufacturing points, Skinquarter, on 
 the Farmville and Powhatan railroad, is a thrifty village, at which large 
 quantities of pine and oak lumber are shipped; Bermuda Hundred, the 
 terminus of the Farmville and Powhatan railroad, is one of the best deep- 
 water harbors in the State, accommodating the largest vessels; while at 
 Swansboro, adjoining Manchester City, are located extensive car-axle 
 works, furniture factories, etc. Clover Hill, Ettrick and Matoaca are also 
 Tillages of some manufacturing importance. 
 
120 
 
 At Chester, midway between Richmond and Petersburg, and itself the 
 junction of the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Farm- 
 ville and Powhatan railroads, is a fine deposit of clay, operated by a large 
 company; also a large lumber company has been formed here for dressing 
 and shipping lumber; and a large storage and machinery house. The Rich- 
 mond and Petersburg Electric railroad has been completed through this 
 village, which unites by electricity the cities of Richmond, Manchester and 
 Petersburg. It is the center of numerous railroad lines and systems, and 
 is also a pleasant, healthful summer resort. 
 
 Bon Air and Dry Bridge Depot, on the Richmond and Danville railroad, 
 are the homes in summer of a large number of Richmond's best citizens. 
 There are few places at which there are more of the beauties of nature 
 than at Forest Hill Park, recently opened. 
 
 The public school system is in a flourishing condition, having over eighty 
 public schools, and no section of the county is destitute in this respect. 
 There are also a number of high-grade schools. The male academies at 
 Bon Air and Chester are in a flourishing condition, and the same may be 
 said of the female institutes at Chester and Skinquarter. The Virginia 
 Normal and Collegiate Institute, founded in 1882, for the higher education 
 of the colored youth of the State, is also situated in Chesterfield, near 
 Petersburg, and is doing a good work. It receives a liberal annual appro- 
 priation from the State. 
 
 Churches and postoflfices are numerous and conveniently distributed. 
 The climate of Chesterfield is salubrious and healthful; the character and 
 morals of the people of a high order. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, 18,804. Number of males 
 twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 4,613. 
 
 Chesterfield, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, 
 but the principal town of the county is Manchester, a city of considerable 
 importance, situated on the south side of James river, immediately opposite 
 Richmond, on ground gently rolling, rising from the river, which gives 
 it a very picturesque appearance as reviewed from the Richmond side, witli 
 which it is connected by electric railway. ( See Virginia cities ) . 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 Clarke was formed in 1836 from Frederick, and named in honor of 
 General George Rogers Clarke, who distinguished himself in the Indian 
 and the Revolutionary wars. 
 
 It lies in the center of the Shenandoah valley, in almost the extreme 
 northern part of the State, 106 miles northwest of Richmond, and 
 bordering on the Maryland line. 
 
 The surface of the central portion of the county, and west of the Shenan- 
 doah river, is undulating; the soil limestone, and unsurpassed for fertilitA- 
 and productiveness. The land east of the Shenandoah river is mountainou.s, 
 and valuable for its abundance of timbers, such as pine, oak, chestnut, 
 hickory, poplar, cedar, and locust, large quantities of which are annually 
 converted into timber for export. Portions of this mountain section pro- 
 duce excellent blue grass when cleared, affording fine pasturage for sheep 
 and cattle. 
 
 Altogether it may truly be said that, in proportion to its size, this is 
 one of the richest counties in the State. The county is rather below the 
 average in size, being about seventeen miles long and ten miles wide, 
 with an area of 189 miles. Farms are well improved with buildings and 
 fencing, and are in a thorough state of cultivation. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, hay, etc. Special 
 attention is given to the wheat crop, the lands being among the finest in 
 
121 
 
 the State for the production of this grain. All fruits of this latitude are 
 grown to great perfection, and large quantities of apples and peaches are 
 annually shipped to the nearby markets. 
 
 This being a native blue glass section, the raising of cattle is very 
 extensively engaged in, the cities of Washington, Baltimore and ISTew 
 York affording convenient markets for their sale. 
 
 Limestone, for building purposes, exists in large quantities. 
 
 The Shenandoah river winds its course along the base of the Blue Ridge, 
 and, with its several tributaries — Chapel, Opequon and Birch creeks — 
 plentifully waters the county. 
 
 The Shenandoah Valley branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad, 
 extending from Hagerstown, Maryland, to Roanoke, Virginia, passes 
 through the central part of the county from north to south. The Valley 
 branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad extends through the northwest 
 part, thus bringing the county into communication with all the different 
 sections of the country. 
 
 Everything conspires to make this a very highly favored section of the 
 State, with its intelligent, enterprising population, its healthful climate, 
 fine water, numerous public schools, and churches of the various denomina- 
 tions. 
 
 Total population of county, census of 1900, 7,927. Total males twenty- 
 one years and over, census of 1900, 1,904. 
 
 Berry ville, the county seat, is a thriving, growing town of 1,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It is located on the Shenandoah Valley railroad, a little north of the 
 center of the county. It has a newspaper, banks, public high school and 
 eight churches; also an ice plant, flouring mill, grain elevators, creamery 
 and a large number of mercantile and manufacturing establishments, and 
 streets well graded and paved. Since the completion of the railroad, Berry- 
 ville has experienced great activity in business, having become one of the 
 most important stations on the I'oad. Surrounded by a rich and fertile 
 country, with four macadamized roads centering in the town, it thus re- 
 ceives nearly all the staples of the countrj', and, at the same time, has fine 
 roads for drives in every direction. 
 
 Other villages of the county are Boyce, Gaylord, Wickliffe, Millwood 
 and White Post. 
 
 CRAia COUNTY. 
 
 Craig county was formed in 1850 from Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and 
 Monroe, and borders on the State of West Virginia, from which it is 
 separated by the Alleghany mountains. It is located in Southwest Vir- 
 ginia, 145 miles west of Richmond. Though the smallest of the south- 
 western counties, it is by no means the least important, containing an 
 area of 351 square miles. Lands are fertile and well kept, varying from 
 light sandy to clay, of limestone formation, and peculiarly adapted to the 
 growth of rich grasses. Accordingly we find here a pastoral people, who 
 have, for a number of years, made the raising of live stock the principal 
 industry of the comity, annually shipping to the eastern markets a large 
 number of fine horses, cattle and sheep, many of the cattle being high-grade 
 short-horns. The surface of the county is to a considerable extent rugged 
 and mountainous, but there are some very fertile valleys that challenge 
 comparison with the best sections of the State, notably, Sinking Creek 
 valley, which is twenty miles long and about four miles wide, of limestone 
 formation, covered with a rich blue grass sward, and is one of the finest 
 stock raising sections of the State, shipping its cattle for the export market 
 direct from grass. The staple agricultural products, such as wheat, corn, 
 oats, etc., are also successfully grown, and considerable attention is paid 
 
122 
 
 to the raising of poultry, especially turkeys, of which large numbers are 
 annually shipped from the county. All the fruits and vegetables common 
 to this latitude are grown with the best results. 
 
 Minerals consist mainly of iron, manganese and slate. Indications of 
 silver have been found, and fine pottery and brick clays are abundant. The 
 Manganese Iron and Coal Company own 20,000 acres of land lying in Craig 
 and Montgomery counties, extending from Craig City along the slope of 
 Craig mountain for a distance of twenty-five miles, and along the Johns 
 Creek mountain a distance of about seventeen miles. It thus embraces the 
 outcroppings of all these great ore-bearing formations for a distance of 
 about forty miles. The various ores yield from forty to sixty per cent. 
 of metallic iron, the average being fully fifty per cent, lower in phos- 
 phorus and containing no injurious substances. The supply of manganese 
 is inexhaustible and of excellent quality. 
 
 The luineral resources of this region were known more than a century 
 ago, and many years ago furnaces of the most primitive character existed. 
 Considerable business is being done in the shipment of ores by rail, to 
 distant, as well as nearby furnaces. 
 
 The timber of this section is noted for its fine quality, large portions 
 of the county being covered with original forests of oak, hickory, ash, 
 poplar, pine, maple, walnut, sycamore, wild cherry, beech, etc. Numerous 
 sawmills are in operation. 
 
 Its railroads are the Craig Valley branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio, 
 entering New Castle, and a branch of the N. & W. from Big Stoney tapping 
 the iron ore and timber of Potts Valley at Paint Bank. A branch twenty 
 miles long from the C. & O. at Covington also has its terminus near Paint 
 Bank, where unexampled activity in iron ore and timber development is 
 now taking place. The streams are Potts, Johns, Sinking and Craig 
 creeks, and their tributaries. 
 
 Total population, census of 1900, 4,29.3; increase since 1890, 458. Num- 
 ber of males twenty-one years and over, 991. 
 
 The inhabitants are prosperous, thrifty and law-abiding. Educational 
 advantages are much improved, receiving more than ordinary attention. 
 Several religious denominations are I'epresented, and churches numerous 
 and convenient. 
 
 New Castle is the county seat, and most important town in the county. 
 It is located on the Craig Valley branch of the C. & O. E. R. at the con- 
 fluence of Craig and Johns creeks at the foot of North mountain. Popu- 
 lation of 300, an increase of eighty-five since last census. Daily mail by 
 rail, and also to Salem on the N. & W. R. P., twenty-three miles distant. 
 It has a newspaper, bank, public school, academic school, and four 
 churches. Iron mining could be conducted here with profit, also manufac- 
 tures, which will be heartily welcomed and promoted by its citizens. 
 
 CULPEPER COUNTY. 
 
 Culpeper was formed in 1748 from Orange, and named in honor of Lord 
 Culpeper, Governor of the C'olony for three years, from 1680. It is 
 separated from Fauquier by the Rappahannock river, and is one of the 
 northern counties of the Piedmont region, though not wholly of that 
 region, the lower portion running down into Middle Virginia; hence its 
 surface is less rugged than that of some of the other Piedmont counties, 
 and by the U. S. Reports it is in point of health second only to Asheville, 
 in the whole country. It is 102 miles nortliwest of Richmond. Altitude 
 403 feet. 
 
 Surface generally rolling, but several detached mountains or spurs, in 
 portions of the coimty, give it a very picturesque and attractive appearance. 
 Soil is red clay, chocolate, and sometimes sandy, producing fine crops 
 
12:3 
 
 of wheat, rye, corn, oats and hay. Culpeper raises annually about 500,000 
 bushels of Indian corn, and has had the reputaticni of jjroducing the 
 largest quantity of broom corn of any county in the State. It lias also 
 one of the best and most general telephone systems in the State. Fruits 
 of all kinds, especially apples, succeed well along the mountain slopes. 
 Much attention is paid to stock raising, and the breeds of cattle, horses 
 and hogs have been greatly improved since the war by tlie introduction 
 of much tlioroughbred stock, which has gained for the county an enviable 
 reputation for the superior quality of her live stock. 
 
 The farm lands of this section have attracted considerable attention 
 during the past few years, and several fai'mei's from tlie north have 
 
 CLYDESDALK 
 PKOPKRTY (!K D.W'IU UAIXOWAY, CUI.I'Kl'EK (XJUN'PY 
 
 recently purchased and moved to tliis locality, the inci-ease of poi)u]ation 
 sliowing an advance movement in this respect. 
 
 Population, census of 1!)()0, 14,12:3; increase since census of 1890, 890; 
 males twenty-one years of age and over. 3,219; ai-ea, 399 square miles; 
 average price of improved farm lands, .$18.00 per acre; average assessed 
 value of lands, $10.00 per acre. 
 
 About one-third of the comity is in original timber, oak and pine, oak 
 predominating. Although this* county was the camping ground of botli 
 armies for much of the Civil War, and therefore denuded of much of its 
 timber, the destruction in this lespect is scarcely visible at this time, so 
 rapid has been tlie second growtli. The timbers are being utilized in the 
 manufacture of chairs, barrel staves, spokes, spools, and railroad ties, 
 plow beams, etc. There are also numei-ous grain and saw mills, and 
 several tanneries. 
 
124 
 
 The minerals of this county are gold (lieavy quartz), copper, iron, mica, 
 marble and fire clay, but they have been but slightly developed. The gold 
 mines have been favorably reported on by distinguished mineralogists and 
 mineral experts, and some have been developed and worked. 
 
 The vs^ater courses of the countj^ are the Rappahannock, Rapidan, and 
 Hazel rivers and their tributaries, which afford abundant -water for agri- 
 cultural purposes and fine water power. 
 
 The Southern railroad traverses the county from northeast to south- 
 west, furnishing most excellent transportation facilities. There is also a 
 good turnpike extending from the county seat to Sperryville, Rappahan- 
 nock county. The character of the public roads is fair, with a disposition 
 to improvement, some ten or fifteen miles of macadam having been recently 
 built. 
 
 Public- schools and churches are numerous and convenient. Culpeper, 
 the county seat, is located near the center of the county, on the Virginia 
 Midland division of the Southern railway, and has a popiilation, census of 
 1900, of 1,618, now 2,000. It has a good trade with the surrounding 
 country, and is one of the most thrifty and enterprising towns in the 
 State. Besides other attractions, there are three newspapers, three banks, 
 public schools, five churches, foundry, fiouring mill, and water works. The 
 past year has been active in the development of new enterprises and im- 
 provements, such as a very efficient sub-sewerage system, metalling and 
 macadamizing the streets, a bakery, barrel factory, machine shop, two 
 livery and feed stables, numerous fine rental dwellings and handsome resi- 
 dential houses, also a splendid new Masonic temple. The town has a 
 splendid water system, and is lighted by electricity. A large ice plant is 
 one of the latest acquisitions. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed from Goochland in 1748, lies on the south side of 
 James river and extends to Appomattox river. It is thirty-eight miles 
 west of Richmond. Dimensions, thirty miles long, and about ten miles 
 wide. Area, 297 square miles. Price of land, very reasonable, but can 
 be made to jsay well. Lands lie well for farming, and yield well, especially 
 those on the rivers, which are very fertile. Surface, to a considerable 
 extent, level, the balance is undulating. Soil, gray loam, with red clay 
 subsoil, capable of being made very productive. 
 
 Farm products are tobacco, wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, cotton, 
 and sorghum; clover also grows well, but the most important and profitable 
 industry is tobacco growing. Fruits and vegetables of the usual varieties 
 are successfully produced, such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, 
 tomatoes, sweet and Irish potatoes, cabbage, etc. 
 
 Grazing facilities are fairly good, but probably the most profitable 
 industry in that line is sheep husbandry, which is being very successfully 
 followed. There is still much of the original growth of timber in the 
 county, such as oak of various kinds, hickory, walnut, pine, poplar, ash, etc. 
 
 Minerals are found to some extent, the principal of which is coal. Fine 
 mineral springs have recently been discovered, from which, within a few 
 feet of each other, flow lithia, sulphur, chalybeate, and magnesia water. 
 Rivers are the James, Appomattox and Willis rivers, which aft'ord abundant 
 water power and fish of many varieties. 
 
 Railroads are the Chesapeake and Ohio on the northern, and Norfolk 
 and Western on the southern borders, with the Farmville and Powhatan 
 railroad running through county, a distance of thirty miles from Powhatan 
 county line on the northeast, to Farmville on the southeast. 
 
 Manufactories and industries are tobacco, tanbark, fertilizer, sassafras 
 oil, flouring and saw mills. Farmville, in Prince Edward comity, a thriving 
 town of about 3,000 inhabitants, is the principal market for the products 
 
125 
 
 of the county. Church, school and mail facilities are very good and 
 convenient, with numerous free schools, several graded schools, and daily 
 mail to all parts of county, and telephone service in southern portion. 
 
 Total population of county, census of 1900, 8,996 ; males tvrenty-one years 
 and over, 1,915. 
 
 Considerable progress is shovi^n in the improvement of the lands and 
 ]3ublic roads of the covmty, and in financial conditions, which are very 
 favorable ; and with a climate mild and healthful, water good and abundant, 
 and lands capable of high state of improvement at small cost, and adapted 
 to almost all the fruits and staple crops grown in the State, there is 
 much to invite the home seeker and others seeking investment. 
 
 Cumberland, the county seat, located about the center of the county, 
 on the Farmville and Powhatan railroad, has shown considerable improve- 
 ment in the past two or three years, in the establishment of a tobacco 
 warehouse and stemmery, both of which are to be enlarged and others built. 
 
 Cartersville, on James river, is a thriving town of about 200 inhabitants, 
 at which much of the tobacco of the county is bought, and is a principal 
 shipping point for its products. 
 
 Several smart villages have recently sprung into importance, while with 
 new settlers coming in and old ones improving their farms, much im- 
 provement is observable, and the general outlook for the county is very 
 promising. Its altitude is 474 feet. 
 
 DICKENSON COUNTY. 
 
 Dickenson was formed in the year 1880 from the counties of Wise, 
 Buchanan and Russell, and named in honor of William J. Dickenson. It 
 is situated in the extreme western section of the State. Its altitude is 
 1.800 feet. 
 
 The climate is healthful and invigorating, the average temperature being 
 52.4 degrees F., rainfall 60.1. The soil varies in texture, but is principally 
 sandy. 
 
 The county contains a^ area of 324 square miles, 313,597 acres. It has 
 700 farms averaging in size 225 acres each. Lands range in price from 
 $2.00 to $50.00 per acre, the average price per acre of improved farm 
 lands being $20.00. The average assessed value of land is $2.00 per acre. 
 
 This is one of the best counties in the States for investors, as the prices 
 of lands are comparatively low, and the resources of the county as yet 
 undeveloped. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, tobacco, potatoes, 
 sorghum, and buckwheat; also vegetables and fruits are grown to a con- 
 siderable extent. Stock and grazing facilities are fairly good, the wild 
 range excellent in some sections. Being in the great grazing region of 
 the southwest, a considerable portion of the county has, naturally, good 
 grass lands. Timbers, of most valuable kind and superior quality, are 
 found here in great abundance. A very large portion of the county, 
 probably half of its area, is in original forest of oak, hickory, poplar, 
 walnut, elm, ash, maple, wild cherry, cucumber, pine, and hemlock. 
 There are numerous sawmills in the county, and much lumber is cut and 
 hauled to various points on the Norfolk and Western railroad, and con- 
 siderable logging done, the logs being floated down the waters of the Big 
 Sandy river to Cincinnati and other points. There is an abundance of 
 coal and iron, besides many mineral springs of great medicinal value. The 
 wealth of the county in fine bituminous, splint and cannel coals, is un- 
 surpassed by the same area anywhere, but is as yet comparatively un- 
 worked. The streams of the county are Pound, Cranes Nest, and Russell 
 Fork rivers, and McClure's creek, which flow north, through breaks of the 
 Cumberland mountains, into tlie Ohio. These streams afford splendid water 
 power, but it lias not been utilized. In many places on these streams the 
 
126 
 
 scenery is very imposing, especially that on Russell Fork river, in tlie 
 deep canyon at the breaks of the Cumberland movmtains, in the northern 
 end of the county. 
 
 There is no railroad in the county, though several lines have been 
 surveyed, and a road will be built in the near future — the Elkhorn South- 
 ern, from Elkhorn, Ky., to Dante, Va. 
 
 The financial condition of the county is very satisfactory, with very 
 little or no county debt. 
 
 In church and mail facilities the conditions are favorable, and improv- 
 ing as the county is developed. Progress and general advancement has 
 been very marked within the last few years, as is evidenced by the large 
 increase in poplation. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 7,747. Increase since census of 1890, 2,670. 
 Males twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 1,521. 
 
 Clintwood, the county seat, is located in the western part of the county. 
 The town was named Clintwood in honor of State Senator Clint Wood. 
 It is the largest town in the county, and by census of 1900, has a popula- 
 tion of 225. It is located in a very beautiful, fertile valley, with fine 
 mineral springs in and around the town, and, besides the courthouse build- 
 ing, contains several churches, hotels, boarding-houses, schools, newspapers, 
 etc. The courthouse building is one of the best in Southwest Virginia. 
 Coeburn, in Wise comity, twenty miles distant, on the Norfolk and Western 
 railroad, is the nearest railroad station, and with this town it has tele- 
 phone connection. It can also be reached from Cleveland station on the 
 same road. 
 
 There will be a macadamized road built from Clintwood to the Wise 
 county line during the year 1910, a distance of fourteen miles. Wise 
 county will construct a road from Wise Courthouse to intersect, which will 
 give easy access by private conveyance to the county seat of Dickenson 
 county from the Norfolk and Western railway at Wise or Coeburn. 
 
 DINWIDDIE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Prince George in 1752, and named in 
 honor of Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant Governor of Virginia from 1752 
 to 1758. 
 
 It is situated at the head of tidewater, between the Appomattox and 
 Nottoway rivers, twenty-two miles south of Richmond, and has an area 
 of 521 square miles, one-third of which is cultivated. Its farms average 
 160 acres each. 
 
 The surface is, in some parts, undulating, but mostly level. The soil, 
 light gray in the southern and eastern parts, red stiff clay loam in other 
 portions, is very fertile, especially on the river courses, and in the vicinity 
 of Petersburg. 
 
 The principal farm products are tobacco, cotton and peanuts. The 
 grains, rye, oats, wheat, and corn, are grown to some extent, especially 
 the latter. Clover and other grasses do well, and yield good crops of hay 
 when seeded on the creek and river bottoms, or on improved lands. Pota- 
 toes likewise, both sweet and Irish, melons, berries, and vegetables of all 
 kinds, grow in abundance, and render trucking an exceedingly profitable 
 industry to the farmers, especially in the eastern portion of the county 
 and in the vicinity of Petersburg, where market and shipping facilities are 
 so extensive and convenient. 
 
 Transportation facilities are excellent, and are furnished by the Seaboard 
 Air Line, tlie Atlantic Coast Line, and the Norfolk and Western railways ; 
 als(? water navigation by the Appomattox river above and below the city 
 of Petersburg, extending to .lames river and to the sea. 
 
127 
 
 Mineral products are iron ore, marl, and granite, in abundance and of 
 the finest quality. The timbers are pine, oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, 
 gum, and maple, the greater portion of which is second growth. Numerous 
 sawmills are in operation in the county. The Appomattox river, on the 
 northern boundary, and the Nottoway river, on the southern, with their 
 numerous tributaries, furnish ample water supply and drainage, and are 
 also well stocked with fish of the usual varieties. The climate is mild and 
 healthful, and the water plentiful and good. 
 
 All sections of the county are well supplied with churches of the various 
 denominations. The public schools are in a fiourishing condition, with 
 comfortable school buildings and competent teachers. 
 
 The Central Lunatic Asylum, for colored patients exclusively, is located 
 in this county near Petersburg. It was foiuided in Richmond in 1870, but 
 subsequently, in 1885, was removed to its present location. It is one of 
 the largest asylums for colored lunatics in the United States. 
 
 Mail facilities are ample, and the financial condition of the county very 
 favorable. 
 
 Dinwiddle, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, 
 twelve miles southwest from Petersburg, on the Seaboard Air Line Rail- 
 way. It has several churches, a public school, and a fraternal order. 
 
 Population, independent of Petersburg, census of 1900, 15,374. Increasi' 
 since census of 1890, 1,859. Number of males twenty-one years and 
 over, 3,924. 
 
 ELIZABETH CITY COUNTY. 
 
 Elizabeth City county was one of the original shires into which Virginia 
 was divided in 1634, and Queen Elizabeth is the derivation of the name. 
 It is situated at the southeastern extremity of Virginia's great peninsula, 
 on Chesapeake bay, and at the mouth of James river, bordering upon the 
 historic Hampton Roads, sixty-five miles southeast from Richmond. 
 
 Its form is nearly a square of seven miles on a side. With the exception 
 of Alexandria, it is the smallest county in the State, having an area 
 of fifty square miles, one-half of which is in cultivation. Average assessed 
 value, $70.00 per acre. The surface is level, and the soil varies from liglit 
 and sandy to rich alluvial, much of it being highly fertile. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, hay and potatoes. Vegetables 
 and fruits do well, especially the small fruits, berries, etc. Farming land 
 has advanced fifty per cent. Poultry raising receives a great deal of 
 attention and finds a very remunerative home market. Trucking is a very 
 important industry in the county; but perhaps the most profitable industry 
 of the county is its fish, crab and oyster business. These abound in in- 
 exhaustible quantities, and of the finest quality, in the surrounding waters, 
 and give profitable employment to a large number of the inhabitants. 
 Wild fowl — geese, ducks, swans, etc. — are also found in large numbers on 
 the streams. There is very little stock (other than that for dairy pur- 
 poses) raised in the comity. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio railroad and different lines of electric railway 
 afl'ord ample facilities of travel and transportation, and the county, being 
 almost surrounded by navigable waters, is in daily communication, by 
 steamers, with Richmond, Norfolk, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, 
 New York and Boston, aff'ording excellent market advantages for its 
 products. 
 
 The interior water supply and drainage are furnished by Back river and 
 Hampton river. Manufactories consist of sawmills, iron foundry, and 
 shoe, sash and blind, and oil factories. 
 
 The climate is temperate, delightful and remarkably healthful. Churches 
 of the various Protestant denominations and most excellent public scliools 
 are well distributed over tlie coimty. Telephone and free delivery mail 
 
129 
 
 facilities are ample, public roads good, and the financial condition of the 
 county excellent. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 19,460. Increase since census of 1890, 3,292. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 7,831. 
 
 Hampton, which, in 1908, became a city of the second class, is the county 
 seat and. one of the most important cities of Tidewater. The census at 
 that time showed a population of 6,750, exclusive of the National Soldiers' 
 Home and the Hampton Normal and Agricultural School, which, if counted, 
 would give a population of perhaps 12,500. Five banks, in flourishing con- 
 dition, attest the wealth and progressiveness of this city. In 1909 bonds 
 in the sum of $100,000.00 were sold during the panic for $106,780.00, 
 which money is being used at this time (December, 1909) in additional 
 permanent improvements in the way of sewers, paving, bridges, etc. The 
 situation of this city, overlooking Hampton Roads, is beautiful and pic- 
 turesque. It is connected with Richmond, eighty miles distant, by railway 
 and two regular steamship lines; with Norfolk, fifteen miles distant, by a 
 number of steamship lines and three fast ferries. It is closely connected 
 with Newport News, three and one-half miles distant, by street railway 
 service. 
 
 Hampton's transportation facilities are exceptionally good, having con- 
 nection with two steamship lines to Washington, three to Baltimore, one 
 to New York direct, and one by way of Cape Charles and rail, beside one 
 to Boston. The city is also in ferry connection with Norfolk, connecting 
 with all lines South, while it is located on the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railway, connecting with the West. 
 
 Statistics compiled by a prominent physician indicate climatic conditions 
 in the county as the very best to be found anywhere. The water supply 
 is abundant. The public school system embraces high school, normal and 
 agricultural schools, and well supervised graded schools. The streets of 
 the city are paved with granolithic sidewalks. It has an excellent munici- 
 pal government, replete in all of its departments. 
 
 Located here is the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, for 
 the education and training of negroes and Indians, with a capacity of about 
 nine hundred students, and an efficient corps of teachers and professors. 
 It was opened in 1868, and incorporated in 1870, being the first permanent 
 school for freedmen in the South. It is aided by both the State and 
 National governments, but is dependent upon voluntary donations for the 
 greater part of its support. 
 
 Other institutions of learning, located here, are the Hampton Female 
 College, the Hampton High School, the Virginia State School for Colored 
 Deaf and Blind Children, and the Syms-Eaton free school, all in successful 
 operation; also numbers of other handsome buildings, notably the Bank 
 of Hampton building, constructed at a cost of about $100,000. 
 
 Truck farming in the immediate vicinity is an important factor to that 
 section. 
 
 Hampton is one of America's most conspicuous cities from an historical 
 point of view — conspicuous as being next to the oldest city in the United 
 States, and as having a frontage on the greatest harbor known to the 
 world, in which occurred (near by) the great battle between the Monitor 
 and the Merrimac. 
 
 Having been destroyed three times by fire, owing to the terrible vicis- 
 situdes of three of America's most notable wars, Hampton has risen 
 Phoenix-like from the ashes of calamity, and by her thrift, energy and 
 prosperity, proclaims that the end is not yet, in the history of the "Old 
 Oame Cock Town" of Virginia's peninsula district. 
 
 Phoebus, another important town of the county, by census of 1900, has 
 a population of 2,094. Several handsome buildings have recently been 
 •erected here, embracing residence and business houses, church, schoolhouses 
 and hotels. The streets have recently been paved and present the ap- 
 pearance of a city. 
 9 
 
130 
 
 Other points of great interest in the county are Old Point Comfort, 
 Fortress Monroe, and the National Soldiers' Home. 
 
 The former is situated at the junction of Chesapeake bay with Hampton 
 Roads, and three miles from the town of Hampton, with which it has 
 electric railway connection. It got its name from Captain Christopher 
 Newport, who found it a safe haven during a severe storm — the "Old" 
 being added to distinguish it from New Point Comfort, a few miles away. 
 It is one of the most fashionable and popular resorts on the Atlantic coast, 
 and is especially attractive for its fine bathing, boating and fishing. 
 
 Near by is Fortress Monroe, commanding the approach to Hampton 
 Roads, and at which is stationed the United States school of artillery. 
 This is now the largest artillery garrison in this country. 
 
 The National Soldiers' Home for disabled volunteer soldiers, is located 
 near Hampton. It has beautiful grounds and buildings, and expends 
 annually one and a half million dollars, much of which benefits the county. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from (old) Rappahannock in 1692, the records 
 of the original county remaining in its archives. It is a northeastern 
 county, thirty-five miles below Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock 
 river. About twenty miles of its lower river front is in the famous oyster 
 section, which produces as fine oysters as any section of the State. 
 
 This county was once the seat of great wealth, and by well directed 
 enterprise and energy could be still readily restored to its former affluence 
 and importance. 
 
 Dimensions of county are as follows : about thirty-five miles long and 
 six miles wide ; area, 277 square miles. 
 
 The lands are fertile and easily cultivated, and, being smooth, with no 
 stone, all improved agricultural machinery can be used to advantage. 
 
 Physical aspects of the county are the same as in the tidewater country 
 generally, the surface principally level, or slightly rolling. Soil is sandy 
 loam, with clay subsoil. The river lands are very good, and when properly 
 drained are very productive and valuable. On the Dragon Swamp lands, 
 which separate Essex from King and Queen, are fine wheat lands, with a 
 heavy, tenacious soil of great fertility. The lands of the county respond 
 readily to any effort at improvement, and there is no part of the State 
 where farming can be engaged in with better prospects of success. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, oats and hay. Trucking also forms a 
 very important item of agriculture in this county. The extra early English 
 pea grows to great perfection. Several thousand acres in the eastern 
 part of the county are annually cultivated in these peas. Potatoes also, 
 and other vegetables, with dairy products, are sources of much revenue. 
 This county is well adapted to the growth of fruit, such as peaches, apples, 
 pears, and the smaller fruits. There are some very fine peach and apple 
 orchards in the county — some of the former numbering as many as 
 10,000 or 12,000 trees each — the products of which are shipped in large 
 quantities, bringing the highest prices in the northern markets, or disposed 
 of to the several canneries in the county. Clover and other grasses grow 
 readily, and interest in these products has greatly increased, indicating 
 an improved condition of farming. 
 
 Growing and fattening live stock for market (especially cattle) is very 
 profitable. Owing to the mild winters they are fed with much less expense 
 than in the colder sections of the State, and numbers of native-grown 
 cattle, weighing 1,500 pounds for three-year olds, are sold every year for 
 export; but perhaps the greater portion of the cattle of the county are 
 shipped to the Baltimore market. 
 
131 
 
 The Rappahannock river is well supplied with fish and oysters. The 
 shad and herring fisheries, especially, are very valuable, employing many 
 men and vessels. 
 
 The county is well watered and drained by the Rappahannock river, and 
 its numerous tributaries, some of which are navigable; and while there are 
 no railroads in the county, this deficiency is amply supplied by river 
 navigation, both by steam and sail vessels, and the best of markets made 
 accessible by a very low rate of freight, wheat and corn being carried 
 to Baltimore, or Norfolk, for three cents per bushel. Passenger traffic, as 
 well as freight, is amply supplied by a line of steamers from Baltimore and 
 Norfolk to Fredericksburg, fifty-two miles above Tappahannock, the 
 county seat. 
 
 About fifty per cent, of the county is under cultivation, and the balance 
 embraces considerable quantities of timber in oak, pine, elm, ash, poplar 
 and chestnut. Some few lumber mills are in operation. 
 
 A general summary of the county embraces numerous attractions and 
 advantages not heretofore enumerated ; such as an excellent telephone 
 system over the county; superior educational advantages and mail facili- 
 ties; churches, numerous and convenient, of the several denominations; 
 health good, and water as fine as any in the State, being freestone from 
 wells and from springs sometimes impregnated with iron, and also from 
 .artesian wells, giving pure water in abundance; financial condition favor- 
 able, and progress and general advancement abreast of any of the neigh- 
 boring counties; brineries have become a profitable industry. Additional 
 advantages are its mild climate, and its cheap and easy living; its abun- 
 dance of fish in the rivers, wild fowls in the creeks and marshes, and 
 probably as much game of all kinds as can be found in any other portion 
 of the State. 
 
 When the tide of immigration reaches its normal condition, this will 
 be found to be one of the finest counties in the State in which to locate 
 new and desirable homes at very moderate prices. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 9,701. Number of males twenty- 
 one years and over, 2,164. 
 
 Tappahannock, the county seat, is a port of entry for the district, and 
 has a population, by census of 1900, of 554, an increase of 102 since census 
 of 1890. It is located on the Rappahannock river, in the northeast part 
 of the county, and contains several public schools, churches, a bank, news- 
 paper, large sumac mill, canning factory, foundry and machine shops. Its 
 water supply is from artesian wells, and the town is laid off on the same 
 plan and same day, as Philadelphia. Other towns of the county are 
 Loretta and Dunnsville. 
 
 FAIRFAX COUNTY. 
 
 Fairfax county was formed from Prince William in 1742, and named in 
 honor of Lord Fairfax. It lies on the west bank of the Potomac river. 
 The eastern portion of the county is in the immediate vicinity of the 
 cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria. It is situated in the 
 northeastern portion of the State seventy-eight miles north of Richmond, 
 and contains an area of 433 square miles; generally in a high state of 
 cultivation, with nice, commodious buildings. The altitude is 382 feet. 
 
 Lands near Washington City are high, but in the interior of the county 
 good farms can be bought at from $20.00 to $40.00 per acre. The surface 
 of the county is generally rolling and smooth, nine-tenths of which is 
 arable. A variety of soils exist; in some sections sandy, bvit generally red 
 clay. The lands throughout the county are generally good; in some parts 
 very fertile and capable of a high state of cultivation. 
 
132 
 
 Farm products, already very large, are rapidly increasing, and consist 
 principally of corn, wheat, oats," rye, hay, fruits, dairy, and vegetables. 
 The cultivation of vpheat has increased immensely. Fruit culture is an 
 important industry in the county, and is being rapidly developed. Apples, 
 peaches, pears, plums, cherries, quinces and grapes, are grown in great 
 abundance, and of the latter there are vineyards of over 100 acres. Fairfax 
 has formerly stood at the head of the list of coimties in the value of 
 orchard products. 
 
 The dairy business is conducted on an extensive scale, and has enor- 
 mously increased within recent years, until the daily shipments of milk and 
 cream to Washington and Georgetown amount to over 4,000 gallons. 
 There are also several butter and cheese factories in the county. Poultry 
 raising and market gardening are largely engaged in, and are sources of 
 much revenue. Its proximity to Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria 
 insures a convenient and ready market for all the products of the farm, 
 dairy and garden. 
 
 The fish industry in the Potomac and small streams gives employment 
 and remuneration to quite a large number of people. The raising of 
 cattle, sheep and hogs is carried on to a considerable extent, and is quite 
 profitable. 
 
 The transportation facilities of the county are of the very best, there 
 being hardly a place more than six or eight miles from some one or other 
 of the several railroads which traverse the county, or from the Potomac 
 river which bounds two sides of the county, and is navigable for large 
 vessels as far as Washington. Three steam and three electric railways 
 connect this county with Washington, and attract a considerable population 
 to the numerous and convenient suburbs. 
 
 Red sandstone and gray granite are found in considerable deposits, in 
 various sections of the county, as are also gold, iron, copper, asbestos, and 
 soapstone; but are not developed to any large extent. The Theodora 
 Copper Mine is in this county. Timber — generally pine, with some oak, 
 poplar, and chestnut — is found, especially in the southern part of the 
 county. Water and drainage are amply furnished by the Potomac and 
 Occoquan rivers and their tributaries, but no important water power is 
 found, except at the great falls of the Potomac. The climate is temperate 
 and salubrious; the water soft, pure, and sometimes impregnated with 
 iron; health excellent. 
 
 Educational advantages consist of the public free schools, the Episcopal 
 High School, the Theological Seminary, and convenient access to the 
 schools of Washington and those of Alexandria. Churches and mail 
 facilities are numerous and convenient. Financial condition of the county 
 is very favorable, and telephone service is very good, having direct com- 
 munication with Washington and Alexandria. 
 
 There is a steady and very marked progress and advancement in this 
 county year by year, as is evidenced by the large increase in population, 
 many families from the northern and western States having settled in 
 the county since the war. The National Bank of Fairfax is a flourishing 
 institution. There is also a State bank at Falls Church, and a banking 
 institution at Herndon, both doing a fine business. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 18,580. Increase since census of 
 1890, 1,925. Number of males twenty-one years and over, census of 
 190.0, 4,865. 
 
 Fairfax, the county seat, is located in the center of the county, midway 
 between the main line, and the Washington and Bluemont branch of the 
 Southern railway and about six miles from each. It is also the terminus 
 of the W.; A. &"r. C. electric railroad. It is a thriving inland village of 
 500 inhabitants, vi'ith streets well graded and paved, several public and 
 private schools, churches, Masonic lodges, carriage and wagon factory, 
 newspaper (the Fairfax Herald), etc. 
 
* 1-33 
 
 Centerville, another village of some importance, is located on the extreme 
 border of the county, and near the famous battlefield of Manassas. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Falls Church, with population 1,007 — 
 an increase since census of 1890 of 215; Herndon, population of 692; 
 Vienna a population of 317. These are thriving villages situated on the 
 railroad. 
 
 Mount Vernon, the beautiful home and burial place of Washington, is 
 situated in this county on the banks of the Potomac, eight miles below 
 Alexandria and fifteen miles from Washington City, from which latter 
 place steamers visit Mount Vernon daily. There is also an electric rail- 
 way connecting it with Alexandria and Washington. The grounds are in 
 charge of the Mount Vernon Association, and are visited by thousands of 
 persons from all parts of the world. 
 
 FAUQUIER COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1759 from Prince William, and named in 
 honor of Francis Fauquier, who was governor from 1758 to 1767. 
 
 This is a northern county, sixty-three miles, air line, north of Richmond. 
 It lies at the upper waters of the Rappahannock river, which separates it 
 from Culpeper and Rappahannock on the west, and at the foot of the 
 Blue Ridge mountains on the northwest, which separate it from Warren. 
 
 Besides the Blue Ridge, there are several other mountain ranges in the 
 county, the principal of which are the Carter's and Bull Run, which form 
 a chain through its central part north and south. 
 
 The length is forty-five miles, mean breadth sixteen miles, area 676 
 square miles. The surface is gently rolling, and in some portions quite 
 hilly, but with considerable level land. About eighty per cent, of the county 
 is under cultivation, and, having been judiciously managed, is generally 
 in a high state of improvement. The soil in most part is very fertile, 
 especially the noted greenstone lands, which constitute the richest part 
 of this productive county. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn (in the prodiiction of which it is second 
 in the State), oats, hay, peas, beans, potatoes, and vegetables of all kinds. 
 The productions of the county furnish a large surplus for the markets. 
 The usual fruits adapted to this latitude, such as apples, peaches, pears, 
 cherries, and the smaller fruits, succeed admirably, and are being largely 
 grown; also the grape is being successfully cultivated, especially on the 
 eastern slope of the Blue Ridge mountains. The most important products 
 of the county are the cereals and grasses, but stock raising ranks as the 
 chief industry. 
 
 This is essentially a pastoral county, being so thoroughly watered, and 
 the soil so well adapted to the growth of all the grasses, especially the 
 nutritious blue grass, which grows spontaneously, and is so valuable in 
 the production of fine cattle, for which this county is so noted in the 
 markets of Washington, Baltimore and the cities farther north, as well as 
 in the export markets of Europe. 
 
 This county is very favorably situated as to markets, with its splendid 
 railroad service, north and south, afl'ording quick, easy and cheap trans- 
 portation to the nearby cities of Alexandria, Washington and Baltimore. 
 Its railroads are the Manassas and the Warrenton branches of the Southern 
 railway. 
 
 The mineral formations of this county are various, embracing gold, iron, 
 copper, asbestos, marble, slate, sandstone, and granite, several of which 
 are mined and quarried. Timber is good, consisting principally of oak, 
 hickory, chestnut and poplar. There is an unusually large number of 
 sawmills in operation in this countj^, also spoke mills, and other small 
 factories. 
 
134 
 
 Fauquier is abundantly watered by the Rappahannock and Occoquan 
 rivers, and other small streams, which also aiford splendid water power 
 for all kinds of manufacturing purposes. 
 
 The climate is delightful, especially in summer, not objectionably severe 
 in winter, very healthful, and free from all malarious diseases or fevers. 
 Water is freestone and very abundant, never-failing springs and wells on 
 almost every tract. 
 
 There are churches of all Protestant denominations throughout the 
 county. Mail facilities ample, and public schools numerous and of a 
 high order, also several academies of excellent standing. 
 
 Warrenton, the chief town and county seat, 365 feet above sea level, 
 is located on the Warrenton branch of the Southern railway, and is the 
 center of a refined and intelligent community. It has a population, by 
 census of 1900, of 1,627, which is an increase of 281 since census of 1890. 
 It has numerous churches, schools, also newspapers, lodges of Odd Fellows 
 and Masons, a bank and a steam grist mill. Near by is the Warrenton 
 White Sulphur Springs, a popular pleasure and health resort. 
 
 There are several other thriving villages in the county; among them 
 Upperville, with a population of 376; Remington, population 198; Paris, 
 Summerville, Markham, The Plains, New Baltimore, Marshal, Rectortown, 
 Midland and Bealton. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 23,374. Increase since census of 
 1890, 784. Number of males twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 
 5,369. 
 
 Fauquier ranks high, as regards quality of soil, beauty of scenery, 
 healthfulness, and general prosperity, having among its farmers some of 
 the most successful and prosperous in the State. 
 
 FLOYD COUNTY. 
 
 ■This county is one of the three — Floyd, Carroll and Gi-ayson — that form 
 the Garden Plateau of southwest Virginia, and was taken from Mont- 
 gomery county in 1831 while the Hon. John Floyd was Governor of Vir- 
 ginia, hence its name, and lies between the Alleghany and Blue Ridge moun- 
 tains, 225 miles southwest from Richmond, and is near the southern 
 boundary line of the State. Only a small portion of Patrick county 
 separates it from North Carolina. 
 
 The county contains 238,348 acres of land. The surface is rolling, and in 
 some parts mountainous. The soil is very productive and well adapted to 
 grass. The climate is diversified and remarkably fine, with uniform 
 seasons, especially fine during the summer months, and when rendered 
 more accessible to the outside world by means of a railroad, she will 
 become a noted siunmer resort — without one, she remains the home of a 
 sturdy race of mountaineers, whose farms being inaccessible to markets, 
 are only producing a tithe of what they might. 
 
 The county is drained by Little river and its several tributaries. One 
 peculiar feature of the county is, not one drop of water flows into it from 
 an adjoining county. Floyd, though comparatively new, is not behind her 
 sister counties in the importance of resources, which only await develop- 
 ment through the introduction of capital and adequate transportation, 
 which will send her coppers to the smelters, her soapstone to the cities 
 to help make them fireproof, her fields to bloom with food for the masses 
 of the towns, her hills to be covered with those who shall love to come to 
 them for their beauty, rest and health. Land has increased in value 
 more than 100 per cent, in the last five years, and stock raising is the 
 largest source of revenue. Thousands of fine cattle are shipped each year. 
 Raising of fine horses and sheep is also a notable industry among the 
 farmers of the plateau. 
 
135 
 
 The mineral wealth of the county is of great value. Nearly every part 
 of the surface indicates the presence of ores, such as gold, silver, iron, 
 copper, lead, graphite, asbestos, soapstone, nickel and arsenic. Copper, 
 iron, nickel, gold and arsenic have been successfully worked. Floyd has 
 the marked distinction of having within her boundaries the only arsenic 
 
 SPRING LAMBS FOR THE MARKET 
 
 mine in North America, and is now making large shipments of this 
 product to various parts of the world. The New York and_ Virgmia 
 Copper Company, a corporation composed of New York capitalists, have 
 their valuable plant in this county about seven miles southwest of the 
 county seat, and have been operating for several years. This corporation 
 
136 
 
 has a capital of $2,500,000.00. The mines are very rich in copper and 
 iron, with showings of gold and arsenic. 
 
 A charter has been granted by the Corporation Commission for a rail- 
 road from Eoanoke City to the county seat of Floyd, and eventually 
 south to Mt. Airy, N. C. The line has been surveyed, and it is supposed 
 that active work of construction will commence in the early spring. This 
 line of railroad will traverse the famous Pippin territory. Already 
 thousands of acres have been set in fruits of all kinds. The Haycock 
 orchard, which was at one time the largest orchard of its kind in the 
 State, is situated on this line of railroad four miles southeast from the 
 county seat. 
 
 Many sections of the county are still covered with a fine virgin forest, 
 embracing about one-half of the area of the caunty. The more valuable 
 species are walnut, poplar, oak, hickory, ash, pine, maple, and chestnut. 
 These timbers are being rapidly converted into lumber by the numerous 
 sawmills in operation in the county. 
 
 Many of the mountain peaks afTord excellent views of the surrounding 
 country, particularly the famous ButTalo Knob in the west end of the 
 county, and the historic Storker's Knob, under whose shadows the quaint 
 but beautiful little town of Floyd is situated, are frequently visited by 
 excursion parties. This is an elevated, healthful section — no epidemics, 
 and possesses delightful climate. 
 
 Other advantages and attractions, briefly enumerated, are good mail 
 facilities, excellent freestone water, churches, public schools, high school; 
 financial conditions excellent, with not a dollar of indebtedness, with the 
 people industrious, frugal and enterprising. 
 
 Floyd, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, and 
 is a thriving inland town, with steam lumber mills, newspaper, banks, 
 stores in abundance, hotels; in fact, everything that goes to make up a 
 typical mountain town. "The Floyd Press" is one of the leading weekly 
 newspapers of the State and a great factor in the advancement of the 
 county's interest. 
 
 FLUVANNA COUNTY. 
 
 Fluvanna was organized in 1777. It lies on the north bank of James 
 river, near the center of the State, fifty-seven miles northwest of Richmond. 
 
 This county is nearly square and contains 289 square miles — 180,000 
 acres. Average size farms, 250 acres. Bottom lands on the water covirses 
 are the most valuable,- rating at from $20.00 to $75.00 per acre. Surface 
 generally rolling, self-draining and easy to cultivate; with soils of every 
 variety and capacity of productiveness, from the richest alluvial bottoms, 
 often skirted by heavy productive clay soils, to the less productive ridges 
 between the rivers. In the eastern part of the county the lands are, in 
 the main, of a grey granite soil, while in the western portion is a heavier, 
 closer, in the main red clay soil mixed with quartz rock, both of which 
 readily respond to generous treatment. The flat lands along the James, 
 Rivanna and Hardware rivers, and the many creeks which traverse the 
 county, are very fertile and productive, yielding large crops of wheat, corn 
 and hay; and perhaps the finest grain belt known to this country includes 
 the lower part of this county. 
 
 The products of the county are wheat, corn, oats, rye, grass, fruit and 
 tobacco, the latter of which is the most important and profitable. The 
 soil and climate seem to be especially adapted to the growth of tobacco, 
 large quantities — over a million pounds — being produced annually, em- 
 bracing, not only the famous sun-cured, but the finest grade of shipping 
 and mahogany wrappers. For fruits, large and small, and vegetables of 
 all kinds the soil and climate are well adapted. Grasses of various kinds 
 do well. Herds grass — red top — is in some localities indigenous, and red 
 
137 
 
 clover, timothy and orchard grass grow luxuriantly on good soil, or when 
 properly treated with manures, ashes or commercial fertilizers. 
 
 Its rolling and well-drained lands, pure water and mild climate make it 
 peculiarly fitted for sheep; also fine herds of cattle are to be found in 
 different sections of the county. 
 
 The James River Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad passes 
 along the entire southern border of the county and gives easy and quick 
 communication with the cities east and west, and the Virginia Air Line, 
 passing through the center of the county, gives additional communication 
 with the cities east and west, and also quick communication with Wash- 
 ington and the cities north. 
 
 The county is believed to be rich in various minerals — gold, silver, 
 copper, talc, soapstone, iron, building stone, slate, etc. They are, in the 
 main, undeveloped. Indications are so favorable as, in the opinion of 
 skilled mineralogists, to promise rich results. Dr. Watson, the State 
 geologist, has recently made a special and favorable report on the slate 
 and building stones of this county. Tellurium, the oldest gold mine in 
 Virginia, is situated in this county; deeper shafts are being sunk on this 
 mine at present. 
 
 There is also much valuable timber, such as oak, poplar, pine, hickory, etc. 
 
 There is no county in the State, and possibly no such extent of territory 
 anywhere better or so well watered as is this; with the James river 
 encircling its southern boundary for about twenty-two miles; the Rivanna 
 river running through the county from northwest to southeast for about 
 thirty-five miles, cutting it nearly in half; and the Hardware river travers- 
 ing its western borders with their numerous tributaries, Cunningham, 
 Raccoon, ManChunk, Ballinger, the two Byrds, Cary and Bremo, and other 
 smaller creeks, and innumerable branches intersecting the county in every 
 direction. These streams also aflford a series of fine water powers for mill 
 sites and manufactures, upon which there are already located numerovis 
 mills; the Rivanna offers special inducements with its dams. 
 
 The climate of the county is unsurpassed, being temperate and per- 
 fectly healthy. The water is abundant, and from springs of purest free- 
 stone. There are churches, postoffices with rural deliveries, and public 
 schools in every neighborhood. A telephone line ramifies through the 
 county, connecting its citizens with important business centers in and 
 out of the county. Population, by census of 1900, 9,050. 
 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,073. 
 
 Altogether, the county ofl^ers many attractions to settlers, such as cheap 
 and productive lands, healthful and salubrious climate, accessibility to 
 market, good schools and good church privileges. There is much unculti- 
 vated land now lying unimproved for the lack of capital and labor, which 
 would -make it blossom as the rose. The people will heartily welcome both 
 in their midst. 
 
 Palmyra, the county seat, is a small but growing village, located in the 
 center of the county on the Rivanna river, and on the Virginia Air Line 
 railroad. It contains wheat and corn mills, a normal high school, news- 
 paper, churches, stores, etc. Three hundred and sixty feet above tidewater. 
 
 Columbia, with a population of 216 by the census of 1900, is situated 
 at the confluence of the Rivanna and the James, 286 feet above tidewater. 
 
 Fork Union is situated on the south side of the county, near the Vir- 
 ginia Air Line railroad; has a flourishing military academy, and is quite 
 a tobacco center. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Henry and Bedford, in 1784, and lies at 
 the eastern base of the Blue Ridge mountains, in the southern part of the 
 State, 140 miles southeast of Richmond. 
 
138 
 
 It is thirty miles long and about twenty miles wide, containing an area 
 of 690 square miles. Farms average in size 150 acres. Price of lands 
 ranges from $2.50 to $25 per acre. 
 
 The surface is rolling, and in some parts mountainous. The soil, chiefly 
 a red clay, is very fertile. This is one of the most productive of the 
 Piedmont counties, producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay 
 and tobacco, especially the latter; nearly all the landholders being tobacco 
 planters to a considerable extent. The region is unexcelled for growing 
 all the fruits for which this Piedmont section is noted; such as apples, 
 pears, peaches, plums, apricots, cherries, grapes, etc. First prizes were 
 awarded at the Buffalo, St. Louis and Jamestown Expositions on the 
 Pippin apples grown in Franklin. 
 
 Dairy products and poultry also pay well, market advantages being very 
 good. Grazing facilities are not fully developed, but are very good, and 
 considerable attention is paid to raising stock for the markets, and also 
 horses. Milch cows and other cattle are shipped in large numbers. 
 
 Railroads are the Franklin and Pittsylvania railroad and the Norfolk 
 and Western, which crosses the county from north to south, furnishing 
 ample facilities for transportation. 
 
 Minerals of this county are iron, asbestos, mica, granite and soapstone, 
 the principal of which is iron, which is found in inexhaustible quantities, 
 and is the only one that has been successfully worked. 
 
 Timber of the various kinds is abundant, the most valuable being oak, 
 poplar, pine, hickory, walnut and chestnut. Furniture factories, stave 
 mills, and a large number of steam sawmills are in operation, turning 
 this timber to profitable account. 
 
 Kivers are the Staimton, on the northeast border, and the Pig and the 
 Blackwater, with their numerous tributaries, which afford ample drainage 
 and excellent water power, as is evidenced by the flour mills, some saw- 
 mills, and woodworking establishments located on them. 
 
 The climate is mild, the water unsurpassed, and the health of the county 
 excellent. A large number of churches represent the different denomina- 
 tions, and mail facilities are very fine. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 25,953; increase since census of 1890, 968. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, census of 1900, 5,098. 
 
 The people are generous, hospitable and progressive, and the stranger 
 who comes to make his home amongst them receives a hearty welcome. 
 
 Pocky Mount, the county seat, with a population of 612, is located about 
 the center of the county, on the Winston-Salem division of the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, and is also the western terminus of the Franklin 
 division of the Southern railway. It is an enterprising business place, 
 with two large tobacco warehouses and manufacturing establishments, good 
 schools, numerous churches, several fraternal orders, two national- banks, 
 newspapers, and a number of business houses. Its altitude is 1,132 feet. 
 There are five high schools in the county. 
 
 FREDERICK COUNTY. 
 
 Frederick county was formed in 1738 from Orange. It is the northern- 
 most county of the State, at the head of the Shenandoah valley, 116 miles 
 from Richmond. It is twenty miles long and about eighteen miles wide, 
 and has an area of 425 square miles, with an averaged assessed value of 
 $12.00 per acre. 
 
 The middle part of the coimty is interspersed with frequent mountain 
 ranges, with valley lands between, but the surface generally is undulating. 
 There are belts of gray slate formation, also of limestone, the latter em- 
 bracing one of the most productive sections of the State. This is one of 
 
139 
 
 the best counties of the famous Valley of Virginia, noted for its fine lands 
 and good farming. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, rye, hay and oats, of which fine crops 
 are produced. In the value of orchard products, this county stands very 
 high; some sections have attained considerable notoriety for fine apples, 
 especially near Winchester. 
 
 Fruit growing, farming and stock raising constitute most profitable in- 
 dustries, the county having most excellent market advantages. This is one 
 of the finest live stock counties in the State. Horses and cattle, in large 
 numbers, and of superior quality, are raised and shipped to northern 
 markets. 
 
 The railroads are the Valley branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 
 the Southern, and the Norfolk and Western, and the Cumberland Valley, 
 extending from Winchester to Pennsylvania, afi^ording a great through 
 
 A LARGE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD IN VIRGINIA 
 
 route of travel and traffic, from the east and northeast to the south and 
 southwest, as well as most excellent facilities for trade and travel northward. 
 
 Minerals are iron, coal and limestone. The iron is found in North 
 mountain, in large quantity and good quality. The coal is of the anthra- 
 cite formation. Timbers are oak, hickory, walnut, pine, locust and ash, 
 and are fairly good in quantity and in quality, especially in the limestone 
 belt. 
 
 Streams are Cedar creek, Opequon, Bark and Hogen creeks, and numerous 
 others, affording water power for largely increased manufacturing pur- 
 poses. This county can boast of an unusual number of manufactories, 
 such as flour mills of large capacity; numerous woolen mills; tanneries; 
 glove, cigar box and cabinet factories; sawmills and planing mills; car- 
 riage factories ; two iron foundries ; a steam paper mill ; a fertilizer factory ; 
 sumac and bark mill ; shoe factory ; wheat-fan factory ; agricultural im- 
 plement factory; glass-cutting establishment; and a number of other 
 smaller industries. 
 
140 
 
 The public roads and turnpikes are exceptionally good, eight macadamized 
 turnpikes running into Winchester. 
 
 There are numerous fine mineral springs in the county; the principal of 
 which are the Rock Enon Springs, and the Jordan White Sulphur, which 
 have an extended reputation and are liberally patronized. 
 
 Climate is healthful and salubrious, and water unsurpassed, with its 
 numerous clear streams and copious springs. Churches are numerous, and 
 
 APPLE CKOP IN FREDERICK COUNTY LA.ST YEAR WAS HALF MILLION DOLLARS 
 
 schools are of a high order, the county having been long known for its 
 superior educational advantages. Telephone service and mail facilities are 
 excellent. The financial condition of the county is good, with no public 
 debt, while in progress and general advancement there has been a marked 
 improvement in the past few years. Population of county, by census of 
 1900, not including city of Winchester, 13,239. Number of males twenty- 
 one years and over, not including city of Winchester, 3,393. Increase of 
 population of the county since census of 1890, including Winchester, 520. 
 This is the county seat, a prosperous city, the second in importance in the 
 great Valley of Virginia. (See cities of Virginia.) 
 
141 
 
 The educational, moral and social advantages of this county render it 
 one of the most attractive in the State. Its altitude is 717 feet. 
 
 Frederick county is now conceded to be the largest apple-growing 
 county in the State of Virginia. 
 
 The crop in the fall of 1909 was two lumdred thousand barrels, for 
 which one-half million dollars was received by the fruit groAvers of the 
 county. 
 
 Only a comparatively small proportion of the orchards planted are now 
 bearing, and in five years the crops will easily amount to one million 
 barrels a year. 
 
 The soil is of the very best for apple growing, and there is always a 
 ready sale for the apples, and they are known as good keepers, and a great 
 many are bought for exportation. 
 
 GILES COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed, in 1806, from Monroe and Tazewell, and was 
 named in honor of the Honorable W. B. Giles, representative in Congress 
 from this State, 1790-1802, and Governor of Virginia in 1827. It lies on 
 the western border of the State, about 185 miles southwest from Richmond, 
 and has an area of 349 square miles. 
 
 All its borders, north, south, east and west, are mountainous; the middle 
 rolling, about fifty per cent, of area being rmder cultivation. The soil is 
 limestone and clay, and generally very fertile. 
 
 Products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, hay, etc. The crop of maple sugar, 
 syrup, and sorghum is worthy of mention, especially the sorghum. This 
 county is well adapted to the growth of fruit, and considerable attention 
 is being paid to this industry, especially to the apple crop, large quantities 
 of which are shipped, and add greatly to the revenues of the people; also 
 grape culture is coming to be very extensive, and the cherry grows in great 
 abundance, being apparently, a native of this climate and soil. Some very 
 fine peaches are grown, and in large quantity, when proper attention is 
 given to their culture and protection from the borer. All these fruits and 
 berries, besides vegetables of all kinds, which grow to great perfection, find 
 a ready and remunerative market in the coal fields near by. 
 
 From the same source there is a constant demand for the dairy products, 
 butter and cheese: also poultry and eggs, large quantities of which are 
 produced. 
 
 The rich bottom lands on the river and other water courses are splendidly 
 adapted to trucking, and they are being utilized for that purpose to a 
 considerable extent. 
 
 This county is also splendidly adapted to grazing and the production of 
 hay. All the grasses do well, and in some sections blue grass grows 
 spontaneously. As a result of these favorable conditions, live-stock raising 
 is one of the most important industries of the county. Large numbers of 
 fine fat cattle and lambs are annually shipped to the northern and eastern 
 markets, and some of the former sold for the export trade. This is an 
 'exceedingly fine corn county, which renders the pork and bacon product 
 very valuable. 
 
 Eailroads are the New River division of the Norfolk and Western rail- 
 road, and two lateral lines, one the Big Stony, extending up Big Stony 
 creek a distance of twelve or fifteen miles; the other, the New River, 
 Holston and Western, extending up Wolf creek aboiit the same distance; 
 and, in addition to these, the Tidewater railroad, now being constructed 
 through the entire length of the county. These are standard gavige roads, 
 built primarily to reach the ores, timbers, tanbark, etc., of those sections, 
 but destined to be extended to other and further undeveloped portions of 
 the southwest, ultimately forming connections with through trunk lines. 
 
143 
 
 The New River division, now the main line of the Norfolk and Western rail- 
 road, extends from Radford to Columbus, Ohio; and, by a branch line, to 
 Norton, connecting with the Louisville and Nashville for Cincinnati, Louis- 
 ville, etc. The New River railroad follows the course of New river through 
 the center of the county a distance of twenty-eight miles to the West Vir- 
 ginia line, and thence into one of the finest mineral and timber regions 
 in the world. 
 
 The minerals of the county are destined, at no distant day, to be the 
 source of its greatest wealth. Iron of fine quality is found in almost 
 every section of the county, while manganese, zinc, lead, barytes, and 
 variegated marble have been found. The limestone, especially along the 
 river and railroad, in quantity and quality for building purposes or lime, 
 cannot, for the same area, be excelled in the world. Several lime works of 
 large capacity are located on this line, and have large and increasing- 
 demands froin the coal fields and elsewhere for all they can produce, and 
 still there is room and demand for more. 
 
 Timber has been very abundant in this county, but has been very ex- 
 tensively culled out. There is a very large area, 30,000 or 40,000 acres, of 
 remote mountain lands that, owing to inconvenient transportation, have not 
 been worked at all. Large areas of the mountain sides yield immensely 
 in chestnut oak, from which tanbark is obtained. The timbers of the 
 county are white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, chestnut, hickory, sugar 
 maple, locust, black pine, yellow pine, white pine, hemlock or spruce pine, 
 poplar, wild cherry, ash, linden, buckeye, walnut, dogwood and cedar, in 
 the order of their respective supply. Much of this timber is very fine for 
 cabinet and ornamental purposes. 
 
 The whole area of the county is well watered by New river, flowing 
 through it, and several of its large tributaries, such as Big and Little 
 Stony creeks, Sinking and Doe creeks on the east side. Wolf and Walker's 
 creeks on the west side. There is ample water power on nearly all the 
 streams to warrant extensive establishments. Numerous fine rolling mills 
 are located on these streams. The most extensive manufacturing enter- 
 prises of the county are the two large steam tanneries located at Bluff 
 City, near Pearisburg, and at the Narrows, five miles below. These 
 operations give employment to a large number of the laboring population 
 and a fine market for the tanbark, in which this county abounds so largely. 
 
 No description of this county would be complete without a reference to 
 its notable physical features as displayed in its grand mountains and 
 magnificent scenery. Toward the central part of the county is the lofty 
 and beautiful Angel's Rest, about 4,000 feet above sea level, and 2,000 feet 
 above the river below. Opposite to Angel's Rest, on the Taorthea^t-sixie^trf 
 the river, is Butte mountain, of the same general formation and elevation. 
 Flanking the latter on the south is the Salt Pond mountain, with its 
 Bald Knob towering nearly 5,000 feet above the sea. Answering this 
 mountain in position is the Sugar Run mountain on the opposite or 
 southwest side. Toward the southern side of the county are the important 
 iron-bearing parallel series composed of Spruce, John's Creek and Gap 
 mountains on the northeast side of New river, and of Buckeye, Guinea 
 and Walker's mountains on the southwest side of the river. Gap mountain 
 and Walker's mountain answering to each other in line of continuation. 
 But the most noted and the grandest scenery of all is Mountain Lake and 
 the Cascades, and Bald Knob, near by. Mountain Lake is a celebrated 
 health and pleasure resort on the top of Salt Pond mountain, and truly it 
 may be called the silver gem of the AUeghanies, situated, as it is, almost 
 on the summit of the highest mountain of Virginia, at an elevation of more 
 than 4,000 feet above the sea. Besides the pure moimtain air and water, 
 its chief attraction is a lake of clear, transparent water three-quarters of 
 a mile long by one-half mide wide, with a surface area of about 250 acres 
 and an average depth of about sixty feet. Another notable point in this 
 galaxy of sublime scenery is Bald Knob, three-fourths of a mile in the 
 
145 
 
 rear of Mountain Lake, and 500 feet higher ; so high that scarcely anything 
 grows on its lofty summit, from which landmarks of five different States 
 are visible. 
 
 Eggleston Springs, commonly called New River White Sulphur Springs, 
 is located on the south side of the county, nine miles from Pearisburg, the 
 county seat, on the east bank of New river, one-quarter of a mile from 
 Eggleston Springs station, on the Norfolk and Western railroad. This is a 
 popular resort, having an elevation of 2,000 feet, and said to possess 
 highly medicinal and curative properties. 
 
 In climate, health and water, this county ranks with the most favored 
 portions of the State; churches are numerous and well attended; schools 
 excellent, public and graded; mail facilities and telephone service reach 
 to every section of the county; financial condition highly favorable. The 
 people are moral, sober, industrious, enterprising, and proud of their 
 county, which is fast becoming one of the most progressive in the State, 
 as evidenced by its rapidly increasing population. 
 
 Pearisburg, the county seat, is situated in the shadow, almost, of the 
 beautiful Angel's Rest, one mile from Pearisburg station on the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, and has a population, by census of 1900, of 464 — 
 an increase since census of 1890 of 123. It contains churches of different 
 denominations, public and graded schools, hotels, stores, several fraternal 
 orders, a bank, newspaper, etc. Its altitude is 1,547 feet. Area of county, 
 349 square miles. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Narrows, Newport, Staffordsville, Eg- 
 gleston, and other business points of some importance. The first two 
 named are large business centers, vieing with the county seat in importance 
 and population. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 10,793; increase since census of 
 1890, 1,703. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,496. 
 
 To its other more notable features, Giles county adds the highly im- 
 portant one of being the great gateway of railway travel and traffic to 
 the famous coal fields of Virginia and West Virginia and to northern and 
 northwestern cities. 
 
 GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 
 
 Gloucester was formed, in 1661, from York, and named after Glouces- 
 tershire, in England, from which place most of the earliest settlers of the 
 county came. It is located in the eastern part of the State, thirty-eight 
 miles from Richmond. It is twenty-seven miles long and eight miles 
 wide, and contains 253 square miles. 
 
 On the water courses the lands are low and level; further back they 
 are higher and gently undvilating, but no portion of the county is very 
 far from deep water. The proportion of cultivated land to the area is 
 from one-fourth to one-third. The soil is generally a sandy loam, with 
 rich alluvial lands along its many streams. 
 
 Farm products are hay, corn, oats, rye and wheat, but tobacco and pea- 
 nuts can be profitably grown. The soil and climate are admirably adapted 
 to trucking, the principal crops of which are Irish and sweet potatoes, 
 peas, cantaloupes, watermelons, etc. Fruit culture is receiving more at- 
 tention, and will prove very profitable with intelligent care. All the fruits 
 are grown to some extent, but the most profitable are pears, grapes, and 
 strawberries. 
 
 Market advantages are good. Produce shipped in the evening is on the 
 Baltimore market next morning; also Norfolk and Richmond are good 
 markets for this section. 
 
 Owing to the great extent of water front, Gloucester is probably more 
 largely engaged in oyster planting than any of the counties of the oyster 
 section, and the quality of her oysters ranks with the best. The fisheries 
 10 
 
146 
 
 of the county are also very extensive and valuable, employing large capital 
 and labor, and bringing to its citizens and the State large revenue. A 
 very large proportion of the people derive a livelihood almost entirely 
 from the water, and its products may be considered the most important 
 and profitable industries of the county. 
 
 Increased attention is being given to the raising of stock and the culti- 
 vation of the grasses, for which the low grounds are well adapted; and they 
 also succeed very well on the uplands. 
 
 The nearest railroad point is West Point, the eastern terminus of the 
 York river division of the Southern railway, sixteen miles distant. Any 
 deficiency in this respect is amply supplied by the extensive water trans- 
 portation that reaches every portion of the county. Steamers and sail 
 vessels daily ply the York and Pasquotank rivers, and Chesapeake and 
 Mobjack bays, affording cheap, convenient and direct communication with 
 the cities of Baltimore, Norfolk, and Richmond, also with Philadelphia, 
 New York, and Boston, by connections at Old Point. The water courses 
 above named, together with Ware, Severn, and North rivers, and numerous 
 creeks, afford not only a magnificent water supply, but are turned to 
 valuable account for their productions and for their transportation 
 facilities. 
 
 The county is fairly well timbered; principally pine, while some oak, 
 hickory, and cypress are found. Several sawmills are successfully em- 
 ployed; lumber, cord- wood, poplar wood, and railroad ties are shipped to 
 considerable extent. Marl is fomid throughout the county a few feet 
 below the surface, and has been extensively and successfully used as a 
 fertilizer. 
 
 Owing to the proximity of the county to numerous bodies of salt water 
 and the sea, the climate is mild in winter and tempered by the sea breeze 
 in summer; and the salt water atmosphere also has the effect to render 
 it very healthful. Water is supplied by artesian wells, easily bored, and 
 by numerous si^rings, and is abundant and good. There is also excellent 
 lithia water in the county. Churches of the various denominations, Epis- 
 copal, Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian are well located. Educational 
 advantages are good, with one academy and one young ladies' school, and 
 with public schools in every neighborhood. The county is well supplied 
 with telephone service, local and long-distance, two banks, and has ex- 
 cellent mail facilities. In progress and general advancement there is a 
 decided upward tendency in this c(nmty. The farmers are adopting im- 
 proved implements and methods, and financial conditions are better than 
 for years past. A very good indication of this as a desirable section is the 
 increased population as shown below. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 12,832; increase since census of 1890, 1,179. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,004. 
 
 Gloucester, the county seat, is located on Mobjack bay, an arm of the 
 Chesapeake, and is a small country yillage of about one hundred inhabi- 
 tants, containing carriage and harness shops, lodge of Masons and daily 
 mail communications. 
 
 This county has some of the finest estates in Virginia, and, in ante- 
 bellum days, was noted for its wealth and refinement. It is also rioted as 
 having been the place of the death and burial of Nathaniel Bacon, the 
 leader of the rebellion against Governor Sir William Berkeley in 1676. It 
 is furthermore claimed to have been in this county, on the York, that 
 Pocahontas saved the life of Captain John Smith. 
 
 GOOCHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1727 from Henrico, and named in honor of 
 one of Virginia's colonial Governors. This is a central county, and lies 
 
147 
 
 along the northern bank of James river, a distance of about forty miles. 
 It is situated thirteen miles west of Richmond. 
 
 Thirty miles long and about ten miles wide, it has an area of 296 square 
 miles. Its surface is undulating. Its soil is a gray or chocolate loam, 
 with stiff red clay subsoil, and on the water courses, is very rich and pro- 
 ductive. The uplands, though not so good, are easily improved and are 
 well adapted to tobacco. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, tobacco and hay, corn, wheat and 
 tobacco being the chief — especially the last two. Fruits and vegetables of 
 the usual varieties are produced to a considerable extent, especially 
 grapes, to which much of the land is admirably adapted. Market advan- 
 tages are good, by rail and market-carts, to Richmond. Clover and 
 timothy do well, and more attention is being paid to the cultivation of 
 grasses and the introduction of improved stock. 
 
 The James river division of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, following 
 the windings of James river on the southern border of the county for over 
 forty miles, furnishes ample and convenient transportation facilities. 
 
 Minerals are gold, coal, iron, mica and plumbago. Several of the gold 
 and coal mines are being worked; also a fine mica mine near Irwin Station, 
 in the lower end of the county. Petroleum, or naphtha, has been found, 
 and the indications are that the oil is in considerable quantities. Mineral 
 waters are alkaline, chalybeate, sulphur, iron and lithia, the most im- 
 portant of which are the fine mineral springs at East Lake. 
 
 Timbers are oak, hickory, walnut, pine, poplar, chestnut, cedar, locust 
 and ash. They are limited in quantity, but of fine quality. 
 
 It is bountifully watered by the James river and its tributaries on the 
 south, and by branches of the South Anna on the north, in which many 
 varieties of fresh water fish abound. Industries and new enterprises are 
 numerous, sawmills, flour and grist mills, keg factory, stemmery, rock 
 quarries, sassafras mill, and wintergreen and poke-root mill. 
 
 The climate is salubrious and healthful; water first-class; churches and 
 public schools numerous; telephone service and mail facilities very good. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 9,519; number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 2,277. 
 
 Goochland Courthouse, the county seat, is located in the southern part 
 of the county, thirty miles west of Richmond, and one mile north of 
 Maiden's Adventure depot, James river division Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railway. It is a small country village of about fifty inhabitants; its 
 nearest market, Richmond. There are no other towns in the county. 
 Altitude, 143 feet. 
 
 Owing to the favorable location of this county, its proximity to Rich- 
 mond — the capital city — cheap lands, fine climate and water, it offers 
 many inducements for immigration and investment, and, realizing the 
 opportunities presented, manj' northern parties have purchased lands and 
 settled in this county and are much pleased. 
 
 GRAYSON COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1793 from Wythe, and named in honor of 
 Honorable William Grayson, who was a member of the Virginia Convention 
 of 1788, which adopted the Federal Constitution. It is situated on 
 the southern border of the State, 265 miles southwest from Richmond. 
 
 It contains 438 square miles. The western portion is mountainous, but 
 the central and eastern parts lie in a fertile valley, and comprise a fine 
 farming section. About forty per cent, of the land is in cultivation. The 
 soil is loam and gray granite, with clay subsoil, and quite fertile. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, etc., also a large 
 quantity of bacon is annually sold. This is an exceedingly fine fruit 
 county, varieties such as the apple, pear, peach, quince, cherry, plum. 
 
148 
 
 grape, etc., grow to great perfection. It seems to be the native home of 
 the apple, which is noted for superior flavor and excellence. 
 
 This is a good grass section, producing a considerable amount of hay, 
 and having excellent grazing facilities. The county is rapidly coming to 
 the front in the raising of stock, large numbers of cattle, sheep and other 
 live stock being sold every year. 
 
 There are no railroads in the county, except a small portion of the short 
 line extending from the North Carolina division of the Norfolk and Western 
 railroad to Fries, in this county. Besides other railroads in contempla- 
 tion, there is every indication that the Mount Rogers and Eastern rail- 
 road will be built through the county at an early day. 
 
 Of the counties lying on the Blue Ridge plateau, with their almost im- 
 measurable mineral wealth, this is one of the most important, with its 
 varied deposits of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, mica, asbestos, granite, 
 limestone and freestone. Of these, iron, copper, granite and asbestos are 
 the most important. 
 
 Timber is very abundant and of great variety, such as poplar, oak, 
 pine, walnut, hickory, chestnut, ash, etc. A large sale of timber was re- 
 cently effected in the west end of the county, involving over $100,000. 
 
 This county is splendidly watered by New river and its numerous tribu- 
 taries. The streams are especially adapted to every species of game fish. 
 The mountain trout is very common in nearly all the streams, and the 
 famous New river catfish reaches its highest perfection in these waters. 
 
 Grayson may be considered not only one of the best watered counties 
 in the State, but as having the finest water power. New river furnishing 
 more than a thousand horse-power per mile, according to government 
 survey, and all the creeks affording excellent power, every mile or two, for 
 purposes of milling and manufacturing. Grain and saw mills are very 
 numerous, also two woolen mills, and one or two forges, that partially 
 supply the home demand for iron; but the most important enterprise and 
 one of the most extensive in the State, is Washington Mills, at Fries, in 
 this county, a corporation chartered under the laws of the State of New 
 Jersey, and a few years ago capitalized at $2,250,000. A farmer's quiet 
 home on the banks of New river, in Grayson county, a few years ago, has 
 now become the scene of all the hurry and bustle of a large manufacturing 
 town. An immense factory building 900 feet long and 130 feet wide, and 
 a dam of stone and cement 450 feet long and 40 feet high across New river, 
 went up rapidly, and with 6,300 horse-power driving 1,100 looms, the 
 factory employs 1,500 women and children, besides male labor. The Nor- 
 folk and Western extension of its North Carolina division has been com- 
 pleted to the mills. This mammoth enterprise is only a beginning of what 
 will become a great manufacturing center. 
 
 A splendid, well ordered hotel is open for the reception of guests, and 
 the store and office building, 80x80 feet, and three stories high, is a 
 trading center for the people for miles around. 
 
 This county has the distinction of having the highest mountains in the 
 State, the Balsam or Mount Rogers being the highest, and White Top the 
 next in altitude, 5,530 feet above sea level; and for natural scenery it is 
 not surpassed in the State. Added to its other attractions are numerous 
 fine sulphur springs and other mineral waters. This section is noted for 
 the purity of its air and its immunity from great storms, guarded, as it 
 is, by the great Iron Mountain chain on the north and west. Its health- 
 fulness is attested by the vigor and longevity of its people. There is an 
 abundance of pure freestone water from never-failing springs, which 
 supply a wealth of fine water scarcely equalled in the State. 
 
 This county has made rapid progress in the past few years in the con- 
 struction of good, commodious and up-to-date schoolhouses and churches. 
 Several high schools, as well as the public school system, are in a pros- 
 perous condition. Telephone service and mail facilities of the county are 
 
149 
 
 very good; financial condition favorable, and the people imbued with a 
 spirit of enterprise and progress. 
 
 Total population, census of 1900, 16,853. Increase since census of 1890, 
 2,459. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,547. 
 
 Independence, the county seat, is a country village of about two hundred 
 inhabitants, situated in a fertile valley on a branch of New river, a little 
 east of the center of the county. It has several hotels, churches, stores, a 
 saddlery, smith shops, two fraternal orders, two newspapers, and a public 
 school. 
 
 A larger town, though only two years older, is Galax, situated on the 
 line of Grayson and Carroll, the line passing along the center of the main 
 street. It is the terminus of the North Carolina division of the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, and boasts of a large furniture factory, a spoke 
 and handle factory, and a considerable tannery, besides two newspapers, 
 a good bank, a wholesale grocery, and a number of retail stores. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1838 from the western part of Orange, and 
 was named after General Nathaniel Greene, of the Revolution. It is situ- 
 ated in the north central part of the State, sixty-six miles northwest from 
 Richmond, and lies on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 It contains 150 square miles. Average size of farms is 150 acres; 
 mountain lands cheap. The surface is mountainous or hilly, and about 
 one-third in cultivation; the soil red and gray loam, and very fertile, pro- 
 ducing corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, and the grasses. Fruits, such as 
 apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and the smaller kinds, are raised in con- 
 siderable abundance, and of good quality, and in fact may properly be 
 termed the county's most profitable industry. The county is also ad- 
 mirably adapted to raising stock, especially sheep. 
 
 The Southern railroad runs within a few miles of the eastern border of 
 the county. The Rockingham turnpike, macadamized from Harrisonburg 
 to Gordonsville, passes directly through the county, and affords ample 
 facilities to the farmers in getting their products to the markets. 
 
 Minerals are copper and iron, but the lack of convenient transportation 
 has retarded the development of them. 
 
 Timber is abundant, consisting of pine, oak, hickory, chestnut, walnut, 
 and poplar, the most merchantable of which are oak and pine. Numerous 
 sawmills and grain mills are in operation. There are several water courses 
 in the county, tributaries of the Rapidan and Rivanna rivers, which afford 
 abundant water power for mills, etc. On the head waters of South river, 
 in this county, is a very beautiful and romantic cascade, at which the 
 water falls over precipice 160 feet. 
 
 Climate, water and health of the county are exceptionally good; churches 
 and schools numerous and convenient. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 6,214. Increase since census of 1890, 592. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,308. 
 
 Stanardsville, the county seat, is in the central portion of the county, 
 and has a population of about three hundred. It contains several public 
 schools, churches and fraternal orders. 
 
 Ruckersville is a small village in the southeastern part of the county. 
 
 GREENESVILLE COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed in 1780 from Brunswick, is one of the southern 
 border counties, forty-eight miles south of Richmond, and eighty miles 
 west of the Atianffe" 'ofiean. 
 
151 
 
 It contains an area of 288 square miles. About one-third of the land is 
 in cultivation. The surface is level or slightly rolling, the soil generally 
 a sandy loam, easily tilled. The population last census was 9,758. 
 
 The farm products are varied and valuable, such as tobacco, corn, wheat, 
 oats, cotton, peanuts, broom corn, and sweet potatoes, the most important 
 of which are cotton and peanuts. Tobacco is also one of the chief staples. 
 Fruits of many varieties are cultivated, especially grapes and the small 
 fruits. Transportation facilities are good. The Atlantic Coast Line rail- 
 way, the Southern railway, and the Seaboard and Roanoke and Virginian 
 railways traverse the county. 
 
 Marl is the only mineral, but it is abundant and valuable as a fertilizer 
 for some of the staple crops, especially peanuts. 
 
 Timbers are principally white oak, ash, pine, sycamore, poplar, cedar, 
 hickory and chestnut. 
 
 The Nottoway river on the north, and the Meherrin in the center, with 
 their tributaries, afford an ample water supply and abundance of fish, 
 besides water power for numerous grain mills. 
 
 The climate is pleasant and healthful, and not subject to extremes of 
 either heat or cold. Water is good, churches and schools numerous, and 
 the people kind and hospitable. 
 
 Emporia, the county seat, is located in the east-central part of the 
 county, on the Meherrin river, and at the junction of the Southern and 
 the Atlantic Coast Line railroads, and has a population, by census of 
 1900, of about 6,000. This is a growing town. A great many northern 
 and western families have located here, which has settled up the county 
 a great deal. The industrial plants here are a granite quarry, a fruit- 
 packing plant, and several lumber mills. The latest enterprises are cotton 
 factories, which give employment to hundreds. A number of new and 
 handsome residences and business houses have been erected during the 
 past year. There is good water power at Emporia. Work going on 
 on the dam now will be completed in 1910. There are seven churches, 
 fraternal orders, three newspapers, three banks and one branch bank, 
 and a graded school. 
 
 Near by is North Emporia, a town of considerable importance. 
 
 HALIFAX COUNTY. 
 
 Halifax was formed in 1752 from Lunenburg, and is one of the largest 
 and most populous counties in the State. It lies in the heart of the finest 
 tobacco growing section of the State, midway from east to west of the 
 border line, ninety miles southwest from Richmond. 
 
 It contains an area of 806 square miles, about one-fourth of which is in 
 cultivation. The surface is rolling; soil of the ridge lands is of a soft 
 gray, sandy character ; that on the streams is a loam of great fertility. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay and tobacco. This 
 county ranks sixth in the production of corn; third in oats, and second in 
 tobaeco, of the counties of the State. Over 13,000,000 pounds of tobacco 
 were produced in one year. Fruits, vegetables and dairy products are of 
 considerable importance, and prove valuable, with proper care and at- 
 tention. The chief industry is tobaeco growing, and much is of the finest 
 grades of bright wrappers. Almost every farmer is engaged in this line 
 of agriculture. 
 
 The raising- of fine stock, horses, cattle and sheep, is attracting the 
 attention of the farmers as a source of profit, especially sheep raising, 
 which is being conducted very successfully. 
 
 Most excellent railroad facilities are furnished by the Southern, the 
 Lynchburg and Durham and the Atlantic and Danville railroads, which 
 traverse the county in all directions. 
 
152 
 
 Minerals are iron, copper, slate, plumbago, manganese, gold and mica, 
 several of which have been worked to some extent. The Wolf Trap Lithia 
 Well of this county, situated on the Southern railway, has attained an 
 excellent reputation, and the water is shipped to all parts of the county, 
 also beyond its limits. Gold is profitably mined at Red Bank. 
 
 Timber is plentiful, such as hickory, oak, pine, and poplar. Almost 
 every section of the county is bountifully watered by the Staunton, the 
 Dan, the Banister and Hyco rivers and their tributaries, rendering it one 
 of the best watered counties in the State, and also affording excellent 
 water power for numerous flouring and saw mills, agricultural implement 
 factories, etc., some being of large capacity. The new courthouse is a 
 model in convenience and capacity, with modern fireproof vaults. 
 
 This section of Virginia has a mean annual temperature of fifty-eight 
 degrees, and the climate is pleasant and healthful. Schools and churches 
 of the various denominations are numerous and convenient; four first- 
 class high schools in the county; finances excellent, with ten flourishing 
 banks in the county, June 1, 1906. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 37,197. Increase since census of 1890, 
 2,773. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 7,948. 
 
 Houston, the county seat, is situated on Banister river, and on the 
 Lynchburg and Durham division of the Norfolk and Western railway. It 
 is a thriving town of over seven hundred inhabitants, surrounded by a 
 fertile section of the county. It contains two flouring mills; also numerous 
 churches, schools, a high school, two banks, a newspaper, and a lodge 
 of Masons. 
 
 South Boston, a town of considerable importance, the largest in the 
 county, containing a population of 3,000, is situated in the southern part 
 of the county on the Eichmond and Danville, and Norfolk and Western 
 railroads, 109 miles from Richmond, in which is known as the bright 
 tobacco belt of Virginia. It is well drained, healthful, and has good 
 water and a fine system of water works, an electric plant, excellent graded 
 schools, numerous churches, two newspapers, and four banks, with a com- 
 bined capital and surplus of $290,000.00. It is rapidly growing as a 
 tobacco center, ranking second in the leaf tobacco markets of the State, 
 sales amounting last year to sixteen million pounds. Besides its large 
 establishments for the manufacture of tobacco, several large stemmeries 
 and prizeries, with improved machinery, have been erected of late years. 
 In addition to all enumerated, this progressive town can make the fol- 
 lowing exhibit of progress since 1901 : A cotton mill, lumber mill, foundry, 
 wagon factory, lounge factory, broom factory, table factory, show case 
 factory, a handsome new hotel, sixty-four new dwellings, a fine Masonic 
 temple, two large buggy factories, and an electric power plant on Dan river 
 for manufactories, etc. These enterprises, in connection with those already 
 in operation, siich as wagon works, woolen mills, furniture factory, etc., 
 make a town of considerable importance. The town is fast recovering 
 from the great fire of 1906, and will be built better than before. 
 
 Other towns are: Clover, population, 400; Scottsburg and Virgilina, 
 population 200, each having a bank. The last-named is one of the most 
 important copper districts in the South. There are a number of copper 
 mines in operation in this section, and extensive developments are in 
 progress; the outlook for a large output of a high grade ore is very 
 promising. 
 
 HANOVER COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1720 from New Kent, and lies in the central 
 part of the State, between the Pamunkey and Chickahominy rivers, five 
 miles north of Richmond, and contains 478 square miles. Surface is level 
 in eastern part, and undulating in central and western. 
 
153 
 
 Soil, light sandy, or gray loam; river lands very productive and valu- 
 able, yielding fine crops of corn, oats and wheat, and well adapted to 
 trucking. Sweet potatoes and melons, for which the county is noted, 
 attain here their highest perfection. The higher land in the central and 
 western portion is especially suited to the culture of tobacco and the 
 grasses. Considerable attention is paid to fruit culture. Several large 
 canneries for fruits and vegetables are in successful operation. Trucking 
 is extensively and profitably carried on, and a considerable number of the 
 farmers make dairying and poultrying a prominent and successful part of 
 their occupation. Truck farming may be considered the most profitable 
 industry of the county, the more valuable on account of the proximity to 
 the Richmond City market and others. 
 
 This is not, strictly speaking, a stock and grazing county, but it 
 produces many fine blooded horses and cattle, and winter feeding of fat 
 stock is carried on successfully. 
 
 Railroads are the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, and the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio. 
 
 Minerals are mica, feldspar, asbestos, phosphate of lime, and gneiss ; 
 also marl of several varieties and greensand are found here in large 
 quantities, and are very profitably used on the lands. 
 
 Timbers are oak, pine, hickory, ash, elm, and poplar. Considerable 
 quantities of lumber, cross-ties and cord wood are marketed. 
 
 The county is abundantly watered by the North and South Anna, Pa- 
 munkey and Chickahominy rivers and their branches. Several sawmills 
 are in operation, also a large fertilizer factory. 
 
 The climate and the health of the county will compare favorably with 
 any portion of Eastern Virginia, and with churches and schools it is well 
 supplied. Two high schools put up within the past two years. 
 
 Hanover, the county seat, is located on the Chesapeake and Ohio rail- 
 road, in the northern part of the county. It is a small village containing 
 several fraternal orders, church, public school, etc. 
 
 Ashland, the principal town of the county, is a very attractive, growing 
 to\\Ti of 1,147 inhabitants, by census of 1900, showing an increase of 199 
 since census of 1890. It is situated seventeen miles north of Richmond, 
 on the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad, with its numerous 
 daily connecting trains, and, owing to its proximity to Richmond and easy 
 communication, it has grown to be a favorite residence for business men 
 of that city. The location is healthful, the society excellent, and it is an 
 important educational center, being the seat of Randolph-Macon College, 
 one of the oldest and most noted schools in the State, besides a graded 
 school of a high order; and while mainly a residential town, with many 
 fine homes, it has an excellent trade and considerable business operations. 
 These have been stimulated the past year by the large demand for resi- 
 dences; all vacant property is now occupied by the niunerous families that 
 have moved in, and still the demand for residences continues. Progress is 
 also noted in the enlargement of the Ashland Roller Mills and the addition 
 thereto of latest improved machinery, and in the construction near by of 
 grist, saw and planing mills, that are doing a flourishing business. The 
 Henry Clay Inn is a handsome hotel and is an ornament to the town. 
 
 There are many fine estates in this county, and the farm products aggre- 
 gate a large amount, besides having taken high position for quality at 
 former Richmond expositions. 
 
 The people are intelligent, enterprising and hospitable, and extend a 
 hearty welcome to immigrants and to others who come into their midst to 
 locate and avail themselves of the splendid opportunities here presented to 
 capital and enterprise. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 17,618. Increase since census of 
 1890, 216. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 4,024. 
 
154 
 
 This sketch would be incomplete without reference to Hanover as having 
 been the birthplace of both Patrick Henry and Henry Clay, two of the 
 most eminent orators and statesmen this country has ever produced. 
 
 HENRICO COUNTY. 
 
 Henrico was one of the original shires into which Virginia was divided 
 in 1634. It is situated at the head of tidewater, on the north side of 
 the James river, which divides it from Chesterfield, and south of the 
 Chickahominy, which separates it from Hanover. 
 
 Its length is twenty-seven miles, mean breadth about eight miles, and it 
 contains 273 square miles, the greater portion of which is in cultivation. 
 The river lands are the most productive, best improved, and command the 
 highest prices. The surface is undulating; the soil, varying from light 
 loam to stiff clay, is susceptible of a high state of cultivation. The lands 
 upon the James river are generally alluvial, of a deep chocolate color, and 
 are among the best wheat lands of the State. 
 
 The city of Richmond divides the county into two nearly equal parts. 
 The portion lying below Richmond, on tidewater, is less improved than 
 that above the city ; the lands are cheaper, population less dense, and, 
 consequently, a better field is offered in this section for settlers with 
 small means. 
 
 Farm products are varied and extensive, consisting principally of corn, 
 oats, wheat and tobacco; also barley and rye are raised to some extent. 
 The grasses, clover and timothy, succeed well, and hay is an important 
 crop. 
 
 There are many large nurseries, orchards and vineyards in the county, 
 and considerable attention is given to this line of industry. There are 
 also a number of dairy and poultry farms adjacent to the city of Richmond, 
 that do a large and successful business. Market-gardening and trucking 
 are very extensively carried on, and rank as perhaps the most profitable 
 industries of the county. This county, with Richmond in the center, and 
 four railroads traversing the county, has very superior market advantages. 
 There is nothing that a farmer cannot sell at fair prices. 
 
 Considerable attention is given to the introduction and rearing of 
 blooded horses and cattle, and to the improvement of sheep for mutton and 
 spring lambs. 
 
 The county is traversed by two lines of the Chesapeake and Ohio, tlie 
 York river division of the Simthern, and the Richmond, Fredericksburg 
 and Potomac railways, furnishing to all sections convenient communication. 
 
 The Seven Pines electric railway from Richmond to the National Ceme- 
 tery, a distance of nine miles, affords accommodation to a thickly popu- 
 lated and growing section. 
 
 The minerals are granite, marble, marl, potters clay and brick clay, 
 greensand and coal. The coal and granite are found above tidewater, in 
 the upper part of the county. The latter is in great abundance and of 
 very superior quality. 
 
 Timbers are pine, oak, ash, maple, cedar, hickory, walnut, chestnut and 
 cypress. These are quite limited in quantity, but the proximity of the 
 coal and lumber yards of Richmond obviates, to a great extent, any incon- 
 venience that might arise from the scarcity of fuel and timber. 
 
 James river, on the southern border, and the Chickahominy on the 
 northern, with their tributaries, furnish abundant water supply and drain- 
 age. The lower portion of the county enjoys the advantages' afforded by 
 water navigation on the James, and also its excellent shad, herring and 
 sturgeon fisheries. 
 
 The climate is mild and healthful, and water abundant and good. The 
 only local disease is a mild type of intermittent fever, and that is chiefly 
 confined to unfavorable localities. 
 
155 
 
 « 
 
 This county enjoys exceptional educational advantages, with its admir- 
 able public schools and its close proximity to the high schools and colleges 
 of Richmond. Churches of all denominations are distributed over the 
 county, and telephone and mail facilities are ample and convenient. The 
 public roads are carefully looked after, and mvich improvement is shown 
 in this very important particular. On account of location, social ad- 
 vantages, and in many other respects, some of which have been briefly 
 alluded to, Henrico offers to home seekers superior advantages. Realizing 
 the favorable opportunities presented, quite a large number of foreigners, 
 chiefly Germans, have located in the county, which is indicated to some 
 extent by the largely increased population, as shown below. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 30,062. Increase since census of 1890, 8,056. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 7,665. 
 
 Richmond, the county seat, the capital of the State, is situated on the 
 border of the county, on the north bank of the James river, at the head of 
 tidewater. It is a most attractive city, having extensive commerce, trade 
 and manufactories, and is the chief market of the State. A full descrip- 
 tion of the city will appear in a separate sketch, under the head of cities. 
 
 Barton Heights, now a part of Richmond, is a growing and attractive 
 place. Population, 763. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1777 from Pittsylvania, and named in honor 
 of Patrick Henry. It is situated on the southern border of the State, 180 
 miles southwest from Richmond. 
 
 It is nearly a square of eighteen miles, and contains 425 square miles. 
 Average price of improved lands, $10 per acre. Averaged assessed value, 
 $5.25 per acre. Surface is undulating, and in parts, hilly and moun- 
 tainous. One-third of the land is in cultivation. Soil, a red clay and 
 fertile, producing a good crop of corn, oats, rye, wheat and tobacco. The 
 last is the staple crop, over 3,000,000 pounds of the finest bright quality 
 being raised annually. The numerous curing tobacco barns scattered over 
 sections of the county give the appearance there of a continuous country 
 village. The varieties of tobacco grown in Henry are noted for their 
 superior quality, and quality considered, this is one of the finest tobacco 
 counties in America. The soil is well adapted to the production of sweet 
 potatoes, which yield largely under good cultivation. 
 
 Grass does well in this soil, and numbers of horses, cattle and sheep of 
 fine breeds are grown. One individual crop of hay last year was valued 
 at $30,000. 
 
 Fruits of the usual kinds do well, especially apples, peaches and grapes; 
 also nectarines, apricots and figs have been grown. Dairy and garden 
 products are varied and valuable. 
 
 The county is traversed from north to south and from east to west by 
 its lines of railway, the Danville and Western and the Norfolk and West- 
 ern, which furnish ready means of communication to the markets, giving 
 impetus to its agriculture and trade. 
 
 Limestone, mica, asbestos, granite, soapstone and allanite are found in 
 paying quantities, and the iron ore is inexhaustible. There are also 
 chalybeate and alum waters, but imdeveloped. 
 
 This county compares favorably with other sections ®f the State in its 
 timber supply, the most numerous and valuable species being pine, oak, 
 poplar and hickory. 
 
 Smith and Mayo rivers, with their numerous branches, afford an ample 
 water supply and good water power. Numerous flour mills and sawmills, 
 and an agricultural implement factory and leather factory are located on 
 these waters. There are also a number of tobacco factories in different 
 portions of the county, that are doing a large and successful business. 
 
156 
 
 » 
 
 The climate is salubrious, with comparatively mild winters and 
 pleasant summers; health good, with no section of the State freer from 
 malaria; water excellent, with perennial streams of fine freestone water in 
 all parts of the county; churches and schools numerous and convenient. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 19,265. Increase since census of 1890, 1,057. 
 Number males twenty-one years and over, 4,020. 
 
 Martinsville, the county seat, located on the Danville and Western rail- 
 road, at its intersection with the Winston-Salem division of the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, is an enterprising business town of 2,384 inhabi- 
 tants, census of 1900. Its growth has been phenomenal since the com- 
 pletion of its several lines of railway. It has water works, electric plant, 
 paved streets, iron foundries, machine shops, saw, corn and wheat mills, 
 numerous churches, schools and fraternal orders, newspapers, two banks, 
 one a national, and a large number of successful business houses of all 
 kinds. But Martinsville's most important enterprise, however, is manu- 
 facturing tobacco and handling the leaf; indeed, it may be termed strictly 
 a tobacco town, with its eighteen tobacco factories, employing over two 
 thousand hands and manufacturing eight million pounds annually; and its 
 two large warehouses for the sale of leaf tobacco, at which six million 
 pounds were sold last year. Its volume of business is indicated by the fact 
 that the internal revenue tax on plug tobacco was much greater at this 
 place last year than at any other place in the State, amounting here to 
 $500,000. Situated in the heart of the county, and surrounded by a rich 
 tobacco section, it possesses all the elements essential to prosperity and 
 growth in this line. 
 
 Ridgeway, situated on the Norfolk and Western railroad south of Mar- 
 tinsville, is a village of some importance, and has a population, census of 
 1900, of 332. 
 
 Bassett is also a thriving place of 200 population, located on the Nor- 
 folk and Western railroad, eight miles west of Martinsville. It has a 
 large furniture factory and a stove factory, employing seventy-five hands, 
 and several large stores and qne bank. 
 
 This county is showing considerable progress, and with its rich lands, 
 suited to all species of agriculture, from planting to stock raising, and 
 with its favorable climate and location, it is destined to still greater 
 growth, which will be largely accentuated by the building of the Mount 
 Rogers and Eastern railroad now in contemplation. There are now four 
 higii schools in the county; numerous manufactories are springing up all 
 over the county — American Furniture Company, Henry County Canning 
 "Company, at Martinsville; Pittsburg Mica Company, Ridgeway; Gravely 
 & Gravely Woodworking Plant (locust and oak) ; G. F. Lester Hardwood 
 Working Plant, and a number of smaller ones have been established within 
 the past year or two. 
 
 HIGHLAND COUNTY. 
 
 Highland county, formed in 1847 from Bath and Pendleton counties, is 
 northwest from Richmond about 150 miles. 
 
 It is nearly a square of about twenty miles each way, and contains 407 
 square miles. The surface is mountainous with very fertile valleys be- 
 tween, the best of which will bring $100.00 per acre, and in some instances 
 more. The mountains furnish fine range for young stock and sheep, upon 
 which they grow and thrive well. About one-fourth of the land is in 
 cultivation. The soil is mainly limestone. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, butter, honey, 
 cheese, dried fruits and maple sugar, leading the State in the last product, 
 and fourth in buckwheat. The western portion of the county produces 
 abundant portions of grass and hay wherever cleared, blue grass not 
 
157 
 
 inferior to that of the best lands of Kentucky, being indigenous to this 
 soil. The grazing quality of the land can hardly be surpassed in the State; 
 some of the best cattle marketed east and north are fattened in this county 
 and taken right off the grass, no corn feeding needed, and large numbers 
 are sold each year, some for the export trade. It is also splendidly adapted 
 to sheep, large numbers of which are grown. Apples, pears, peaches and 
 all fruits suited to this latitude, can, with proper care and attention, 
 be grown in this county. Agriculture, combined with stock growing and 
 grazing, are the most profitable industries. 
 
 There is no railroad in the county, though one or more have been 
 chartered and are now in process of location. The nearest railroad station 
 is Bartow, on the west side of the Alleghany mountains, twenty-three miles. 
 A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad from Ronceverte to Winter- 
 burn, West Virginia, passes near the western border of Highland, and is 
 
 1,300 TURKEYS READY FOR THE MARKET. MONTEREY, HIGHLAND, VA. 
 
 of inestimable value to the transportation facilities of the people, both 
 freight and passenger. 
 
 Transportation is confined mainly to wagoning on the Staunton and 
 Parkersburg turnpike eastward to Staunton, and from southern part of the 
 county to the Hot Springs and Millsboro. 
 
 Iron, coal and marble are known to exist in abundance in the county ; 
 and probably other valuable minerals will be found when access to the 
 market will justify more extended explorations. 
 
 Another of the splendid natural resources of the county awaiting con- 
 venient transportation facilities is the timber, large quantities of the most 
 valuable of which are to be found, such as walnut, cherry, oak, poplar, 
 linden and other species. 
 
 The numerous streams forming the liead waters of the Potomac and the 
 James rivers have their source in this elevated watershed of the two 
 rivers, and furnish an abundant water supply and excellent water power, 
 besides abounding in fish of the choicest fresli water varieties. 
 
158 
 
 Manufactories consist of two sash and door factories, which also dress 
 large quantities of lumber for building and other purposes; several fine 
 flouring mills, equipped with modern machinery, and a large number of 
 sawmills. 
 
 A fine mineral spring, which is gaining prominence on account of its 
 curative properties and pleasant bathing, is situated in the southern part 
 of the county. 
 
 The climate is healthful and invigorating; delightful in summer, mod- 
 erate in winter for the altitude, and free from destructive wind storms. 
 Water in the greater part of the county is exceptionally fine. It is well 
 supplied with churches and schools — high school at Monterey, McDowell 
 and Crabbottom, and graded school at Doe Hill. All the principal neigh- 
 borhoods of the county have telephone communication with the outside 
 world, and most of the postoffices have daily mail. There are two K. F. D. 
 routes. Progress is being made along all lines, especially in agriculture, 
 horticulture and stock raising; and farmers are supplying themselves 
 liberally with improved machinery for agricultural purposes. This county 
 is gradualy coming to the front. A great deal of residential and other 
 building is steadily going on. The people are genial and hospitable, and 
 there is no place where a living can be more easily made and where the 
 people enjoy more the comforts of life. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 5,647. Increase since census of 
 1890, 295. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,335. 
 
 Monterey, the county seat, is located in the central portion of the 
 county, forty-six miles from Staunton, on the Staunton and Parkersburg 
 turnpike. It is a very pretty, busy little town of 246 inhabitants, and 
 each year new buildings are being erected. It has an excellent, modern 
 water and sewer system and an electric light plant. Two handsome 
 churches, two banks, two steam factories for the manufacture of lumber for 
 building purposes — sash, doors, etc. — and it contains, besides, two mills, 
 seven stores, newspaper, excellent schools and fraternal orders, one of 
 which, the Masonic, is now erecting a six-thousand-dollar temple. Mon- 
 terey is becoming famed as a summer and health resort. It now has a 
 new hotel of twenty-six rooms, and another is to be erected during the 
 present year. 
 
 McDowell, nine miles southeast of Monterey, is a flourishing village of 
 136 inhabitants, and shows considerable improvement in the last few 
 years. It is in the midst of a fine tanbark section of the county, and 
 the United States Leather Company has purchased a site for a steam 
 tannery near the village. 
 
 New Hampden is another village, nine miles from the courthouse, in 
 Crabbottom, a famous blue grass valley, and Doe Hill, another, in the 
 northern part of the county. 
 
 ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY. 
 
 This county was one of the original shires into which Virginia was 
 divided in 1634. It is situated on the south side of the lower James river, 
 ninety-eight miles southeast of Richmond, but only fifty miles air line; 
 and extends from the James river, its northern boundary, to within eight 
 miles of the North Carolina line. 
 
 It is thirty-five miles long, with a mean width of about ten miles, and 
 contains an area of 352 square miles. The surface is generally level, the 
 soil from gray medium to light sandy loam, easily tilled and productive. 
 
 Farm products are corn, oats, peanuts and potatoes. All the large and 
 small fruits, melons and vegetables find here a soil and climate admirably 
 adapted to their growth and perfection. Large quantities of these are 
 shipped from this county to the northern cities. 
 
159 
 
 Poultry succeeds well, embracing everything from the turkey to the 
 guinea fowl; and game is abundant, the streams furnishing geese, ducks, 
 swans and other water fowls; the swamps, sora, woodcock and snipe. The 
 fish and oyster industry is large and valuable; large quantities of fish are 
 taken in the spring and shipped to northern markets. Trucking is ex- 
 tensively engaged in, especially in the eastern portion of the county. This 
 industry, its fisheries, and its peanut crop, constitute the most important 
 productions of the county. Of stock raised, hogs are the most important, 
 of which it produces a considerable number. The Smithfield hams have a 
 world-wide reputation. 
 
 Market advantages are exceptionally good, both by water and by rail. 
 Water transportation is furnished by the Old Dominion Steamship Com- 
 pany, and by sailing vessels that ply in the numerous inland streams, 
 almost to their very source. Railroads are the Norfolk and Western, the 
 Seaboard Air Line, and the Atlantic Coast Line, which traverse almost all 
 sections. These roads, together with the navigable waters, place all parts 
 of the county within easy and quick communication with the markets of 
 the whole country. 
 
 This county has valuable and extensive deposits of marl, which is used 
 widely, particularly for peanut culture and for clover. 
 
 The timber supply is very good, consisting of the usual varieties. Con- 
 siderable quantities of pine, cypress, juniper, gum, etc., are sold in the 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth markets. 
 
 Ample drainage and water supply is afforded by the James river on the 
 northeast border, the Blackwater on the southern, and their numerous 
 tributaries flowing from the center; these afi'ord a sufficiency of water 
 power in every neighborhood for saw and grist mills. The climate is 
 mild, salubrious, and not subject to rapid variations of temperature; 
 health as good as any portion of tidewater; water abundant, from never- 
 failing springs of freestone, fresh and pure. 
 
 The county is well supplied with churches of the various denominations. 
 One of the most interesting relics of the past, especially to the antiquarian, 
 is St. Luke's church, which stands in the forest five miles from Smith- 
 field. Built by European hands in 1632, it is perhaps the oldest church 
 in Virginia, and said to be the oldest in America. Educational advantages 
 are very favorable, consisting of two academies of high grade, and a good 
 system of public schools. Telephone service is excellent, every village 
 connecting, and many private telephones. Mail facilities are all that could 
 be desired, and the financial condition is good. In progress and general 
 advancement there has been marked improvement in this county within 
 the last decade. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 13,102. Increase since census of 1890, 1,789. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,200. 
 
 Isle of Wight, the county seat, is an inland country village of about fifty 
 inhabitants, located near the center of the county, about eight miles from 
 Windsor and seven from Smithfield; its nearest markets are Suffolk and 
 Norfolk. Windsor station is also a town of some importance on the 
 Norfolk and Western railroad. 
 
 Smithfield is, however, the largest town and shipping point in the county. 
 It is situated at the confluence of Cypress and Pagan creeks, four miles 
 from James river, with navigable water to the town. It was an important 
 trading post long before it was incorporated in 1752. It has a population, 
 census of 1900, of 1,225; an increase of 334 since census of 1890; while 
 at present it would number about 1,800. It has two banks, fifty stores, 
 factories, chvirches, schools and all the industries that accompany a busy 
 town. 
 
 Smithfield is known first of all for its celebrated hams, which have been 
 on the market over a hundred years, and now, each year, there are packed 
 and shipped from here about ninety thousand of the finest hams that are 
 known to the world, some of which are shipped to Europe. However, the 
 
160 
 
 main enterprise of the town is the peanut business, employing large 
 numbers of hands at its factories, that are said to be the largest in the 
 State, and probably in the world. There are, on an average, at least 
 eighteen hundred bags of factory hand-picked and cleaned peanuts shipped 
 from here daily, the business having increased so much in the past few 
 years, that for five years there have been two daily steamers required to 
 transport them from this place. 
 
 Besides steamers, many sailing vessels are employed in the trade of this 
 place, which embraces the shipment of a large amount of lumber, potatoes, 
 fruit, eggs, flour, oysters and fish; also a large trade in cattle, sheep, farm 
 products, truck, etc. 
 
 During the past few years there were several new business houses erected, 
 and at least fifty new residences, many of which are very handsome and 
 costly; an ice plant, water works, and a large and well-equipped gas plant. 
 
 JAMES CITY COUNTY. 
 
 This county was one of the original shires into which Virginia was 
 divided in 1634; and here, at Jamestown, 1607, was the first settlement 
 by the English in this country. The principal portion of the county lies 
 along the north side of the lower James river, one portion extending across 
 the peninsula to the York river on the northwest. It is distant from 
 Eichmond forty-five miles, and contains an area of 160 square miles. 
 
 The surface is generally level, with comparatively a small per cent, in 
 cultivation; soil, silicious with a mixture of clay, and naturally fertile. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, oats, peanuts and potatoes. Grass 
 succeeds fairly well, especially clover. All the fruits common to this 
 latitude are successfully cultivated; also melons, truck, etc. Trucking is 
 extensively carried on, and is one of the profitable industries of the county. 
 
 Game is abundant in field, forest and stream, and the sportsman could 
 not find a more inviting country. Those of the rural population not 
 engaged in the cultivation of the soil, are employed in oystering and 
 fishing, and these latter may be considered among the most profitable 
 industries of the county. Fish of all the valuable species are very abundant 
 in all the waters, and from York river, oysters of fine size and quality are 
 obtained. These industries give employment to a large number of men, 
 and afl^ord desirable articles of food for the inhabitants. In stock, sheep 
 do very well. This county is the largest producer of Irish potatoes on the 
 Virginia peninsula. 
 
 Market advantages, by rail or water, are ample and convenient. Trans- 
 portation facilities are very convenient to every section, with steam and 
 sail vessels on the James and York rivers on either side, and the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio railroad passing through the center from east to west. 
 
 Marl is found of good quality and in large quantity, also fine brick and 
 other clays. 
 
 The timber of the county has been exhausted to a considerable extent, 
 yet there still remains some valuable pine and a fair supply of hardwoods, 
 such as oak, hickory and maple. Sawmills and grist mills, in sufiicient 
 numbers to meet the demands, are distributed over the county; one barrel 
 factory and one knitting mill. 
 
 The climate is equable, the temperature being so equalized by surround- 
 ing large bodies of water that the extremes in summer and winter are 
 avoided. Health is unsurpassed, and water supplied from artesian and 
 ordinary wells is very good. Churches are numerous, representing the 
 different Protestant denominations. Public schools are reasonably con- 
 venient to all parts of the county. Telephone service is ample, both local 
 and long-distance, and mail facilities are good. Progress and advance- 
 
161 
 
 ment has been general and rapid. The financial condition is excellent. 
 There are four banks in the county. 
 
 Population, including the City of Williamsburg, census of 1900, 5,732. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,517. 
 
 Williamsburg, the county seat, is located on the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railroad, in the southern portion of the county, about midway between the 
 York and the James rivers; and is the oldest incorporated city in the 
 State, having been settled in 1632. In 1698 the seat of government was 
 moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg, and it continued the capital until 
 1779, when it was removed to Eichmond. 
 
 Williamsburg was once the center of the wealth, fashion and learning 
 of the Old Dominion, the influence of which has left its impress, not only 
 upon the inhabitants of the city and surrounding county, but upon the 
 State at large, in the men of State and national reputation that have gone 
 out from its ancient seat of learning. William and Mary College, which 
 is located here, and is the oldest collegiate institute in the United States — 
 with the exception of Harvard College — was founded in 1693, and dates 
 from the time of England's sovereigns, William and Mary, who contributed 
 to its endowment, and for whom it was named. This institution has been 
 three times destroyed by fire, the last time by the Federal soldiers during 
 the late war, but it was rebuilt by private subscription, and is still doing 
 a noble work. The Eastern Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1773, is also 
 located here. It is a State institution containing a large number of 
 patients. There are numerous churches, the most noted of which is Bruton 
 Parish church, which contains the fount from which Pocahontas was bap- 
 tized; also several fraternal orders, a prosperous high school, and several 
 public and private schools. Under the head of "Cities," will be found a 
 more detailed account of this historic place. 
 
 Other towns of the county are Toano, Norge, and Lightfoot. At the 
 former a large flouring mill and a sawmill have been erected, and trucking 
 is extensively carried on in the vicinity. 
 
 In this county are some noted points and relics of antiquity. Of the 
 former, nothing possesses more interest than Jamestown, which was settled 
 May 13, 1607, by Captain John Smith and his companions. Of this deeply 
 interesting spot, little had remained but a churchyard and the ruins of an 
 old church till recently, when in preparation for the Jamestown tri-cen- 
 tennial, a handsome new church and hotel have been built. Another curious 
 relic of the past is the old stone house, on Ware creek, a tributary of 
 the York, which is supposed to have been built by Captain John Smith. 
 This county was the scene of two battles fought during the Revolution, the 
 first June 25, 1781, at Spencer's Ordinary; the other near Green Spring, 
 once the elegant home of Sir William Berkeley. It also felt the shock of 
 battle at Fort Magruder during the late war. May 4 and 5, 1862. 
 
 KING AND QUEEN COUNTY. 
 
 King and Queen county was formed in 1691 from New Kent, during the 
 reign of William and Mary, on account of which it takes its name. This 
 is an eastern county, thirty miles northeast from Richmond; it lies be- 
 tween the Mattapony and Piankatank rivers, and is about sixty miles 
 long by ten miles wide; area 336 square miles. 
 
 Surface along the river is level; the back county undulating and some- 
 times hilly; about thirty per cent, in cultivation; soil, gray and chocolate 
 loam, and variable in quality and productiveness. Some lands are heavy 
 and stiff; others light. The river lands, which constitute a large part of 
 the area, are very productive; and the extensive beds of marl found here 
 furnish ready and permanent means of improvement. 
 11 
 
ALFALFA HAY READY FOR THE LOADERS 
 
 LOADING ALFALFA ON CAPT. JACK'S 300 ACRE ALFALFA FIELD IN KING GEORGE COUNTY, 
 VIRGINIA— CROP IN 1909 SOLD FOR $18,000.00. 
 
163 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye and hay. Some of the light 
 lands produce profitable crops of peas, which are also used as a fallow crop. 
 Some good tobacco is raised in the upper portion of the county, and its 
 cultivation is gradually extending. Many of the farmers grow good crops 
 of clover, timothy and orchard grass hay; and stock for domestic use is 
 raised. Sheep husbandry is especially profitable. Fruits and vegetables 
 are in great variety and abundance. The adaptability of the soil and con- 
 venient water transportation are rapidly developing fruit culture and truck 
 for markets, especially Irish and sweet potatoes, to which the lands seem 
 specially adapted. These may very profitably be classed as among the 
 most profitable industries of the county. 
 
 Fish also, principally shad and herring, constitute a large item in the 
 production and exports of the county, and in the lower parts of the county, 
 on York river, large quantities of the best of oysters are caught, and the 
 business is so profitable as often to engage the attention of the people of 
 that section to the neglect of their agricultural interests. 
 
 There is only one railroad in the county, namely, the Southern to West 
 Point; but this necessity is supplied by convenient and economical water 
 transportation on its two rivers, the Mattapony and Piankatank, which 
 also afford ample drainage and water supply. 
 
 Timber is abimdant, and consists of the usual varieties, such as pine, 
 oak, hickory, walnut, beech, ash, poplar, etc. There is considerable trade 
 in lumber, also in cord wood and railroad ties. Quite a lucrative business 
 is carried on in sumac leaves, which find a ready market at good prices. 
 
 The county is amply supplied with grain mills for all domestic purposes. 
 
 Climate is mild, enabling the farmer to engage in outdoor work the year 
 round; health good, with no disease peculiar to this locality except occa- 
 sional chills and fever. The county is well supplied with public schools 
 and numerous churches of the different denominations. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 9,265. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,924. 
 
 King and Queen, the county seat, is located in the southern part of the 
 county, near the Mattapony river. It is a small country village of about 
 fifty inhabitants, and has a mill, church and several machine shops. Its 
 nearest market is Eichmond. 
 
 There is much to recommend this county to the home seeker. Society is 
 good; the people are educated, refined and religious; and there are few 
 sections in which the people live more easily and enjoy a higher standard 
 of comfort, than here in the tidewater section of Virginia. The forests 
 furnish game, the rivers the finest of fish, and the land nearly everything 
 else necessary for comfortable subsistence. 
 
 In addition to what has been said of the trucking interests of King and 
 Queen county, it is worthy of note that there are in successful operation 
 a cannery at Mantapike, and a pickle factory at Walkerton, besides several 
 brineries in different parts of the county. Large quantities of tomatoes 
 and English peas are produced for the former, as well as small fruits and 
 berries: and for the latter, cucumbers, melons and gherkins. 
 
 There are a niimber of villages through the length of the county, namely, 
 Xewtown, Owenton, Indian Neck, Biscoe, Saint Stephens, Walkerton, 
 Stevensville, Cumnor, Little Plymouth, Centreville, Buena Vista and 
 Plainview. 
 
 Telephone lines have been partially installed, and are now in successful 
 operation, with one or more other lines projected. 
 
 KING GEORGE COUNTY. 
 
 King George county was formed in 1720 from Eichmond county. It lies 
 in the northeastern portion of the State, forty-five miles from Eichmond, 
 and forms part of the peninsula known as the Northern Neck. It is 
 bordered on the north by the Potomac river, which separates it from the 
 
164 
 
 State of Maryland; and on the south by the Eappahannock river, which 
 forms the boundary between it and Caroline and Essex; with Westmore- 
 land and the Potomac on the east, and Stafford on the west; and contains 
 an area of 183 square miles. 
 
 About fifty per cent, of the land is in cultivation. The surface is 
 rolling; lands generally good, especially on the rivers, and easily 
 cultivated. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, alfalfa, tobacco, rye, oats and potatoes, 
 of which considerable quantities are produced. Commercial fertilizers 
 are generally used. Fruits of all kinds yield and pay well in this section, 
 small fruits, grapes and berries, receiving increased attention. The jDro- 
 duction of truck and vegetables is yearly increasing, the rich river lands 
 being especially adapted to their pi'oduction. Stock succeeds finely, 
 especially sheep; owing to the mild climate, very little provender is 
 required for them. Poultry raising is a profitable industry. 
 
 This county has no railroads, but this deficiency is amply supplied by 
 its splendid water navigation. With the Potomac on its northern border, 
 and the Rappahannock on its southern, it has a frontage of twenty miles 
 on each river at convenient points, upon which steamers and sail vessels 
 touch for freight and passengers to and from Fredericksburg, Alexandria, 
 Washington, Norfolk and Baltimore. Besides the valuable transportation 
 facilities afforded by these streams, they furnish large resources in fish, 
 oysters and wild fowl, the first ranking as one of the most important 
 industries of the county. A railroad from Colonial Beach to Fredericks- 
 burg is being contemplated, which will pass through King George. 
 
 Marl of various kinds is found in abundance, and has been successfully 
 used for many years as a fertilizer. 
 
 A very small proportion of the county is in original timber, the greater 
 portion yet remaining being on the water courses. 
 
 There are grain mills sufiicient for the needs of the people; mercantile 
 establishments are numerous; good telephone service from Fredericksburg 
 through the county; also a long-distance telephone; a large number of 
 churches of the various denominations, and several tomato canneries; also 
 a fish cannery. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 6,918. Increase since census of 1890, 277. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,541. 
 
 King George, the county seat, is a small village of about thirty inhabi- 
 tants, located in the central part of the county. It has a school, churches 
 and fraternal order. 
 
 The means of plenteous, and even luxurious, living are abundant in this 
 county, and, with its fine natural advantages, and low-priced lands, it 
 offers splendid inducements for investment or a home. There are some 
 large and valuable estates in the county, and when for sale, they can be 
 bouffht for much less than their intrinsic value. 
 
 KING WILLIAM COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1701 from King and Queen, and is situated 
 twenty miles northeast from Richmond, on a narrow peninsula between the 
 Mattapony and Pamunkey rivers, which unite at West Point to form the 
 York. It is thirty miles long with an average of about eight miles in 
 width, and contains an area of 246 square miles. 
 
 The lands are now being offered at a very low price, which will not 
 continue any great length of time, as present prices are attracting investors 
 from the north and west. 
 
 The surface is level on the rivers; otherwise rolling. About forty per 
 cent, of the land is under cultivation; the soil generally light chocolate, 
 with clay subsoil, and very productive, especially on and near the rivers. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, peanuts, peas, potatoes, 
 
165 
 
 etc. Clover, timothy, millet, alfalfa and other hay crops do well, and hay 
 may be considered one of the staple products of the county. Fruits of 
 all varieties are grown, and melons and early vegetables are quite profit- 
 able. Trucking, especially in the lower end of the county, is one of its 
 chief occupations, and is found very profitable, owing to easy and quick 
 marketing facilities. 
 
 In this portion of the county the fish and oyster industry is a very 
 important and profitable one.'- All the choice varieties of fish, such as 
 shad, herring, rock, trout, etc., are supplied by the Mattapony and 
 Pamunkey rivers, which bound' two sides of the county. Water fowls 
 are also abundant; and poultry does well and is profitable, especially for 
 the early market. Stock raising is very successfully engaged in on the 
 large farms, especially those on the Mattapony and Pamunkey rivers, 
 which are well adapted to this industry. 
 
 This county has good shipping facilities, and market advantages, by 
 rail or water, with the York river branch of the Southern railway, and 
 with steamers and sail vessels traversing both rivers. Regular lines ply 
 between West Point and Baltimore and Norfolk, by way of York river. 
 
 Large deposits of marl are found in many sections, which has been used 
 with much benefit to the soil. The greensand along the Pamunkey is one 
 of nature's best restorers, producing splendid results wherever applied, 
 and large quantities are shipped on the river. 
 
 About ten per cent, of the area is in original timber, and consists of 
 yellow pine, oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut, beech, ash and some walnut. 
 It is utilized for cord wood, for staves and for lumber. 
 
 Abundant water and drainage are furnished by the Mattapony and 
 Pamunkey and their tributaries. Manufactories located in different parts 
 of the county are corn and flour mills, sawmills, planing mills, veneering 
 mills, pickling industries. Several large oyster houses are found here, 
 and also a large banking company. Most of the above are new enterprises 
 recently established. 
 
 The climate is mild in winter and pleasant in summer; the health of the 
 county will compare favorably with other sections of the State; water is 
 good and abundant; churches numerous and of nearly all denominations; 
 schools are conveniently situated all over the county, and in successful 
 operation; county roads are being rapidly improved with road machinery, 
 and a systematic plan of working; telephone service is good, both local 
 and long distance; mail facilities ample; taxes are light and assessments 
 low; financial condition excellent, with healthy surplus; and in farm 
 products and industries this county is exhibiting considerable progress. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,380. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,825. 
 
 King William, the county seat, is twenty-seven miles northeast from 
 Richmond, and two miles from the Mattapony river. It is a small country 
 village, with a public school and church. 
 
 The chief town of the county is West Point, situated at the extreme 
 southeast portion of the county, at the confluence of the Mattapony and 
 the Pamunkey, and at the terminus of the York river division of the 
 Southern railway. It is an enterprising town of 1,307 inhabitants, census 
 of 1900, and located on deep water navigation at the head of York river, 
 has the best of harbors, with water of sufficient depth for the largest ocean 
 steamers, and with extensive wharves, where ships are regularly loaded 
 with cotton, flour, lumber, etc., for Europe and South America. There 
 are also several large lines of steamers from this point to New York, 
 Boston and Baltimore, and a weekly line to the head of navigation on the 
 Mattapony river. West Point suff"ered a considerable loss last fall in the 
 burning of the cellulose factory located at that place; but in spite of this 
 misfortune it has gone steadily forward, and is now on a firmer basis 
 than it has been for many years. The large pickling establishment and the 
 woodworking factory located here are actively employed; and the oyster 
 
167 
 
 business is constantly increasing. Improvements have been going on at 
 Beach Park, and much will be done to make it an attractive summer 
 resort. There is not a vacant house in the town for rent, though there is 
 a great demand for them. 
 
 LANCASTER COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1651 from Northumberland, and is located 
 in the northeastern part of the State, on the north bank of the Rappa- 
 hannock river, and on the Chesapeake bay, fifty miles from Norfolk, and 
 sixty miles, air line, from Richmond. 
 
 It contains an area of 137 square miles — 80,486 acres, 885 farms. Aver- 
 age size farms, sixty acres;' farm lands from averaged assessed value 
 $8.00 per acre. 
 
 Surface is mostly level, but in some parts rolling; soil a sandy loam, 
 with clay subsoil, and is easily improved with clover and peas and the 
 judicious use of fertilizers. Farm products are wheat, corn, oats, peas, 
 potatoes, varied trucks and grasses, of which trucking is the most im- 
 portant and profitable, owing to cheap transportation rates; but some of 
 the lands produce fine crops of corn and wheat. Fruits of all kinds are 
 abundant, and early fruits and berries are especially profitable, owing to 
 proximity to Baltimore, Washington and other markets. The most im- 
 portant source of profit and support to the people is the fish and oyster 
 interest, and this industry is attracting to the county considerable num- 
 bers of settlers from other counties of the State, and from other States. 
 As one of the counties of that isolated peninsula known as the Northern 
 Neck of Virginia, there are no railroads; but water transportation facili- 
 ties are excellent and cheap, with steamers plying daily between Baltimore, 
 Norfolk and Fredericksburg, which touch at the various landings in the 
 county. In recent years the introduction of naphtha and gasoline boats 
 has brought this section into closer communication with the rest of the 
 State, and made mail facilities among the best. 
 
 Live stock of the county consist of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, all 
 of which are raised to some extent; but poultry raising is perhaps attract- 
 ing most attention on account of easy access to market and the great de- 
 mand for eggs in the northern markets. Wild water-fowls and rabbits are 
 also shipped in great quantities from this section. 
 
 Timbers are oak, hickory, chestnut, dogwood, poplar, pine and holly, of 
 which a considerable amount is shipped; also a large quantity of cord- 
 wood. 
 
 Ample water supply and drainage are furnished by the numerous creeks, 
 tributaries of the Rappahannock river and Chesapeake bay, from the 
 interior of the county. Manufactories and enterprises are a large number 
 of grist mills, sawmills, fruit and vegetable canneries, fish factories, 
 manufacturing guano and oil, and numerous oyster packers, shipping the 
 raw oysters on ice to northern and western cities. 
 
 The climate is mild, health good; the county remarkably free of low and 
 swampy places; water clear and pure, from artesian wells, ordinary wells 
 and springs; churches are numerous and conveniently located; educational 
 advantages consist of public schools, and the Chesapeake Academy, a 
 large preparatory school of high curriculum. Telephone facilities are 
 ample, connecting with telegraph at Fredericksburg; and financial con- 
 dition of the county excellent. In progress and general advancement con- 
 ditions are very encouraging. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,949. Increase since census of 1890, 1,758. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,192. 
 
 Lancaster, the county seat, is located in the northern part of the 
 county. It has a population of about seventy-five, a church, and a public 
 and private school. 
 
168 
 
 Other towns are Whealton, in the western end of the county; Kilmar- 
 nock, in the central part; and Irvington and Whitestone near the mouth 
 of the Rappahannock. Irvington has a population of 1,100, the largest 
 town between Fredericksburg and the Chesapeake bay. Here are located 
 an academy, churches, public schools, canneries, fish factory, numerous 
 oyster houses, a national bank, home office of a fire association, and the 
 only newspaper in that section, The Virginia Citizen. 
 
 LEE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1792 from Russell and named in honor of 
 Henry Lee, then Governor of Virginia. It lies on the southeastern slope of 
 the Cumberland mountains, in the extreme Southwest corner of the State, 
 450 miles from Richmond, having Kentucky on the north and west, 
 Tennessee on the south, Scott and Wise coimties in the east, and is 
 marked at its extreme western limit by the widely known Cumberland 
 Gap. 
 
 The county is sixty miles in length, by seventeen in breadth, and contains 
 an area of 433 square miles. Undeveloped lands may be had from $5 to 
 $10 per acre. Averaged assessed value, $4 per acre. 
 
 The surface is hilly, and some parts mountainous, especially the western 
 part, but the mountains are generally rich to the top. The soil is lime- 
 stone and sandstone, and while a large proportion of the county is very 
 fertile and productive, the two principal valleys in the eastern part are 
 especially noted in this respect. About one-half of the area of the county 
 is in cultivation, and produces abundant crops of corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
 potatoes, hay, etc. Some attention is also paid to the cultivation of 
 tobacco of fine grades. Average yield of corn, twenty-five bushels per 
 acre; best crops are from fifty to seventy-five bushels per acre. Wheat 
 yields six to thirty bushels per acre. 
 
 This is a fine grass county for both the cultivated grasses and the 
 indigenous blue grass, especially in the eastern portion. The broad and 
 beautiful valleys in this section which have been for many years cultivated 
 in corn, have been principally converted into grazing lands; and the 
 county is now rapidly coming to the front in the production of horses, 
 sheep and cattle, having an annual surplus of 6,000 sheep and 5,000 
 cattle, the great proportion being stock cattle. This county has also 
 ranked among the first in the State in the production of hogs. Consid- 
 erable attention is being paid to the cultivation of fruit, having at least 
 2,500 acres in orchards of the various varieties. Fruit growing and stock 
 raising rank as the most profitable industries of the county. 
 
 The Louisville and Nashville railroad extends through the entire length 
 of the county, afl'ording excellent railroad facilities. The Virginia and 
 Southwestern, also, extends through a small portion of the county. 
 
 Lee is well watered by Powell's river and its tributaries. In the 
 southeastern and eastern corners. Black Water and Wild Cat creeks flow 
 through small sections of the county. These streams ofi'er a large number 
 of fine water powers, affording from 60 to 250 cubic feet of water per 
 second. Powell's river towards its lower end, in the county, is navigable 
 through the winter months for bateaux, and furnishes transportation for 
 large quantities of grain and forest products, 50,000 bushels of wheat 
 being shipped in this way during the winter season. This method of 
 transportation, however, has been largely superseded by railroads. 
 
 This county is rich in minerals, such as iron, coal, lead, zinc, lime- 
 stone, barytes, kaolin, but the most important are the iron and coal, 
 which with proper development, will be a source of vast wealth to the 
 county. To an almost unlimited extent of fossil red iron ores, are added 
 extensive deposits of brown ores and of coals. It contains some of the 
 finest known veins of bituminous, splint and cannel coal. There are also 
 
169 
 
 mineral waters — chalybeate, white, red and black sulphur — but not im- 
 portant to any great extent. 
 
 This county is not surpassed in the extent of its timber products, and 
 with increased transportation facilities, this will form one of its most 
 important resources. There are large quantities of oak, poplar, walnut, 
 cherry, ash, cedar, beech, chestnut, hickory, dogwood, maple, etc. The 
 seemingly boundless forests stretch unbroken for miles. The lower 
 portion of the county is noted for the extent and size of its cedar timber. 
 Manufactories consist of sawmills and four fine flouring mills. 
 
 Some of the caves of this county, especially in the great limestone belt 
 of Powell's Valley, are worthy of notice, as among the most marvelous in 
 the world for their great extent and wonderful beauty. One, King Solo- 
 mon's, a few miles from Jonesville, the county seat, is said to rival the 
 Mammoth Cave in extent, and to excel the Luray in gorgeous splendor 
 of decoration. 
 
 Climate is mild; summers not oppressive, winters not severe; health, 
 excellent; water the best, freestone and limestone. It is well supplied 
 with churches of the various denominations. Educational advantages con- 
 sist of a large number of public free schools, which run six months in the 
 year, and several high schools. The county is almost a network of tele- 
 phone lines, and mail facilities are good. Progress and general advance- 
 ment in the county is shown in the steady improvement of the lands and 
 buildings and in improved methods of farming, with introduction of farm 
 machinery. Financial conditions also are favorable, the county being out 
 of debt with some surplus. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 19,856. Increase since census of 1890, 1,640. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 4,163. 
 
 Nature has left nothing undone to stamp the area covered by Lee county 
 as one of its most favored localities; and, with all its splendid natural 
 advantages, it must excite surprise that no more strenuous efforts have 
 been made heretofore to open them up to commerce. Could it now have 
 the number of furnaces and mining and timbering stations of which it is 
 capable, it would rank as one of the foremost counties west of the Blue 
 Ridge, and the only conditions wanting are capital, enterprise and accessi- 
 bility to market. 
 
 Jonesville, the county seat, is a thriving village of six hundred inhabi- 
 tants, located about the middle of the county, within four miles of Ben 
 Hur station on the Louisville and Nashville railroad, and is a center of 
 trade for the valuable farming sections which surround it; it has numerous 
 stores of general merchandise, saw and planing mills, flour mills, tannery 
 and buggy factory. 
 
 Pennington Gap, a new town, is the largest town of the county; popula- 
 tion about 1,000. 
 
 LOUDOUN COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1757 from Fairfax. It is the northernmost 
 of the Piedmont counties, 100 miles north of Richmond, and lies on the 
 eastern slope of the Blue Ridge mountains. 
 
 It contains an area of 519 square miles. Average size farms 160 acres. 
 Loudoun's real estate value exceeds that of almost any county in the 
 State, aggregating about $7,000,000. The surface is varied, with moun- 
 tains, gently sloping hills and broad valleys. About sixty per cent, of 
 the land is under cultivation, of which the greater part is exceedingly 
 fertile; soil, clay and loam, with some sand. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay, etc. Average yield of 
 wheat is about twenty bushels, and of corn, thirty-flve bushels per acre; 
 though fifty and sixty bushels of the latter are not an unusual yield. 
 This coimty takes first rank in the production of corn, and third in 
 
170 
 
 amount of wheat and grass raised in the State. Bluegrass also is in- 
 digenous here, rivaling the best bluegrass lands of Kentucky. 
 
 Much attention is paid to improved breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and 
 hogs, and large numbers of sheep and cattle are grazed annually. This 
 county stands first in its wool clip, and third in the number of horses 
 raised, of which there are many blooded, with fine records. Loudoun 
 ranks first in the number of her milch cows, and the amount of butter 
 made, and large quantities of milk and cream are shipped daily to 
 Washington. 
 
 Fruits of the various kinds grow in great abundance, and bring heavy 
 returns when properly attended to. The county also ranks high in this 
 industry. This is strictly an agricultural county, grain and stock raising 
 being the chief interests, and it is probably not exceeded in the State for 
 
 VIRGINIA CATTLE FATTENED ON BLUE GRASS 
 
 good farming. Markets are Baltimore, Washington, Georgetown and 
 Alexandria, which are convenient and accessible. 
 
 The Washington and Ohio division of the Southern railway traverses 
 the central portion of the county from east to west, and furnishes an 
 outlet for the products of this splendid county. 
 
 Minerals are iron, copper, soapstone, hydraulic lime and marble; the 
 latter, especially, is very fine. Timber is abundant, consisting principally 
 of oak, hickory, walnut and chestnut. 
 
 This county is well watered by the Potomac, which skirts its entire 
 northern border, and its numerous tributaries, which also furnish fine 
 water-power, if properly utilized. Manufactories consist principally of 
 flour mills and some woodworking industries. Several flour mills have 
 been erected recently. 
 
 The climate is pleasant and rather more genial than other sections of the 
 same latitude, being on the eastern and southern slope of the Blue Ridge 
 and protected by it. The health of the county is good, and the water, 
 from springs and wells, of excellent quality and abiindant. Farm lands 
 
171 
 
 are exceedingly well watered, it being a rare occurrence that a farm is 
 found which has not running water in every field. Churches of the 
 various denominations are numerous; a good public school system exists, 
 and some higher grade schools; mail facilities are ample, and all parts 
 of the county connected by telephone; public roads and turnpikes are 
 excellent, and the financial condition of the county very favorable. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 21,948. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 5,482. 
 
 Progress in Loudoun for several years has been marked. Real estate 
 values have noticeably advanced. There are six banks in the county. 
 Farms have been purchased by newcomers from Southwest Virginia, New 
 York and other sections. This is one of the most beautiful, fertile 
 portions of the State, with thrifty and prosperous farmers, many of them 
 wealthy. 
 
 Leesburg, the county seat, is a thriving town of 2,000 inhabitants, 
 located on the Washington and Ohio division of the Southern railway, 
 thirty-eight miles from Alexandria and forty-one miles from Washington 
 City. It has paved streets, water works and electric lights, numerous 
 churches and fraternal orders, flour mills, public schools, newspaper and 
 four strong banks, the latter, especially, is a strong and progressive feature 
 of the town. 
 
 Another strong banking institution is located at Purcellville, this county, 
 with a handsome bank building. This town and Bluemont have been par- 
 ticularly prosperous, a number of new business houses and residences 
 having been erected in each. Other towns are: 
 
 Hamilton, population, census of 1900, 364; Waterford, population, cen- 
 sus of 1900, 383; Middleburg, population, census of 1900, 296; Hillsboro, 
 population, census of 1900, 131; Lovettsville, population, census of 1900, 
 90, now 250; Hound Hill, population, census of 1900, 200, now 200; 
 Lincoln (a new town) popvilation, now 100. 
 
 LOUISA COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1742 from Hanover. It is situated in Middle 
 Virginia, in Avhat is known as the Piedmont section, forty miles northwest 
 from Richmond. 
 
 It is thirty miles long and about eighteen miles wide, and contains an 
 area of 529 square miles. The lands, in the main, are yet in the hands of 
 the ante-bellum owners, or their descendants, and prospective purchasers 
 have not had a chance to purchase the best lands. When these lands 
 come into market, as they are gradually doing, the price will advance, but 
 now srnall farms or unimproved lands sell very cheap, and on easy terms. 
 
 The surface is gently imdulating, and about one-half of the land is under 
 cultivation. The soil is generally a granite or gray soil, with clay subsoil, 
 and of good quality. In the western part of the county the lands are 
 very fertile, and embrace the noted Green Springs district, supposed to be 
 the bed of an ancient lake. Along the borders of the streams are many 
 wide and fertile flats, while on the uplands may be found almost every 
 variety and quality of soil. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, potatoes, hay, etc., all 
 of which are very successfully produced; especially tobacco, which is the 
 staple crop of the county, over 2,000,000 pounds being produced annually, 
 and of a grade known far and wide as the best type of shipping and manu- 
 facturing tobacco. Violet-growing is proving to be a profitable horticul- 
 tural interest; in recent years the soil has been found to be especially 
 adapted to this industry, and especially is this true of the Green Springs 
 section. Fruits of every variety are successfully grown, especially small 
 fruits, grapes, berries and melons. 
 
173 
 
 The convenience of the Richmond market renders dairying and poultry 
 raising sources of considerable profit to the people. Stock raising and 
 grazing are specialties with some of the farmers, and the western, or Green 
 Springs section, is also specially adapted to this industry. 
 
 Railroad facilities are ample, and are furnished by the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio, which extends almost through the entire length of the county; and 
 the Southern, skirting the western end. These bring the county into con- 
 venient communication with Richmond City, its principal market, and with 
 the country north and west. 
 
 This county is rich in minerals, such as gold, copper, iron, mica, soap- 
 stone, ochre and pyrites. Gold has been mined with varying success, and 
 often profitably. A mica vein has also been worked, and extensive beds 
 of iron ore lie contiguous to the Chesapeake and Ohio railway. The three 
 sulphur or pyrites mines, near Mineral, in this county, are worked more 
 extensively than any other mines of the sort in the United States, employ- 
 ing large numbers of men. 
 
 Timber consists of oak, pine, poplar, hickory, walnut, maple, ash; and 
 second growth pine abounds to a considerable extent. 
 
 The county is well watered by the North and South Anna rivers, and 
 their tributaries, which also furnish abundant water power. Good flour 
 and corn mills are located in every neighborhood. Public spirit and enter- 
 prise is sho^vn in the erection of three splendid iron bridges over the rivers. 
 
 There are numerous fine residences and a tobacco factory. The climate 
 is delightful, having the milder Piedmont, blended with the pleasant 
 climate of Midland Virginia. Health there can hardly be better. The 
 water is delightful and abundant, from springs and wells. Churches are 
 numerous, representing all denominations ; no neighborhood is without 
 exceptional privileges in this respect. Facilities for a thorough education 
 in every branch of study are ample in this county. In addition to a good 
 public free school system, there are at several points in the county excel- 
 lent high schools, where children from any section of the county may enjoy 
 good educational advantages free of charge. Mail facilities and telephone 
 service are ample, a good telephone line connecting with all parts of the 
 State. The county roads are receiving extra attention, and marked im- 
 provement is being made in this respect. The financial condition of the 
 county is excellent. The people are public-spirited, refined, sociable and 
 kind, vieing with one another in hospitality, and "the latch-string hangs 
 on the outside" to those who will come and partake of their hospitality 
 and home comforts. These and other advantages, such as its great 
 agricultural and mining resources, challenge comparison with other sec- 
 tions of the State in presenting attractions to those in quest of a perma- 
 nent home. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 16,517. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 3,679. 
 
 Louisa, the county seat, is situated on the line of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio railway sixty-two miles west of Richmond, with which it has commu- 
 nication both ways by three daily passenger trains. It has a population 
 census of 1900, of 261. It has several mills, churches, fraternal orders, a 
 graded public school, a bank, and a newspaper, and is a place of considerable 
 business. 
 
 There are several smaller towTis, including Mineral, a new place, which 
 has a good bank, and is growing. 
 
 LUNENBURG COUNTY. 
 
 Lunenburg was formed in 1746 and is a southern county, lying near 
 the North Carolina border, fifty-one miles southwest of Richmond, and 
 125 miles west of Norfolk. It is thirty miles long, with an average width 
 of fifteen miles, and contains an area of four hundred and seventy-one 
 square miles. 
 
174 
 
 Lunenburg county, one of the richest and most fertile counties of the 
 State, is probably the least known. Its rich and virgin soil, its vast forest 
 of timber have long lain dormant, awaiting the shrill whistle of the locomo- 
 tive and the quickening touch of progress to awaken them to life, and to 
 bring wealth, not only to the capitalist, but also to the farmer and small 
 investor. The recent opening up of the Virginian railway, which trav- 
 erses the county from end to end, has supplied this long-felt want, and 
 the county bids fair to be, as it deserves to be, on account of its natural 
 wealth and resources, one of the foremost counties of the State. Situated 
 on the Virginian railway, 125 miles from Norfolk, easy and cheap trans- 
 portation for its products are afforded to the markets of the world. 
 
 The surface of the county is rolling, with a mean elevation of from 50 
 to 150 feet above the sea level, rising at points to 580 feet. The soil is a 
 grayish slate, easily tilled; the farm products are wheat, corn, oats, grass, 
 cotton and tobacco. All these are raised in great abundance and are 
 profitable, but tobacco, both heavy, shipping and light leaf, is the principal 
 crop, and about three million pounds are raised annually in the county. 
 Cattle raising could be made a profitable industry, and sheep do well in 
 this county; there is ample water power here, and there are four or five 
 large water mills in the county. 
 
 There are in the county five or six large planing mills, used for dressing- 
 lumber, and these are fed by numerous smaller mills located at difi'erent 
 points. The developing of timber is now one of the main industries, and 
 probably two million feet are shipped out monthly. There are three banks 
 in the county, all of which do a good substantial business, and are showing 
 a rapid increase in business. Good schools, which are being rapidly im- 
 proved, afi'ord an easy means for a good education. There are numerous 
 churches of the Protestant denominations scattered all over the county. 
 The health of the county is good; the people kind and hospitable. The 
 towns of Victoria and Kenbridge on the Virginian railway, each less than 
 five years old, now have a population of 1,000 and 500, respectively, and 
 are rapidly growing. A most excellent whetstone is found in the county, 
 large deposits of this mineral are within easy access of the railroad, and 
 could be made valuable property. The county is well watered and drained 
 by the Nottoway and Meherrin rivers on the northern and southern 
 boundaries, respectively, and their numerous tributaries, which penetrate 
 to the very center of the county. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1792 from Culpeper, and lies on the east 
 side of the Blue Ridge mountains, in the northern part of the State, 
 sixty-five miles northwest of Richmond. On the northwest is Page, from 
 which it is separated by the Blue Ridge mountains; on the north, Rappa- 
 hannock; Culpeper on the east; Orange on the southeast; Greene on the 
 southwest, the Rapidan river forming the dividing line. 
 
 It contains an area of 336 square miles; 1,200 farms; average size of 
 farms, 140 acres; assessed value, $6.00 per acre. About one-third of the 
 area is in cultivation. 
 
 The surface is rolling; the soil varies from loam, sand and slate, to red 
 clay, and is very productive, especially on tlie rivers, which embrace 
 extensive and fertile bottoms. This is an excellent grass and grain pro- 
 ducing county, and the slopes of the mountains are especially adapted to 
 tobacco, potatoes, etc. 
 
 Owing to its exemption from late frosts, this section is especially adapted 
 to fruit culture, and the pippin and other valuable apples do well, with 
 proper attention. Grape culture is also a profitable industry, especially 
 in the section bordering on Orange, the character and quality of the soil 
 
175 
 
 here being peculiarly favorable to this fruit. Vegetables do well, and the 
 dairy product is considerable. 
 
 Nearest railroads are the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Southern, and the 
 Norfolk and Western; near the northern, eastern and western boundaries, 
 respectively. 
 
 Minerals are iron, copper, ochre and graphite, but none have been fully 
 developed. Timbers are chestnut, oak, pine, walnut, hickory, ash, etc. 
 
 The county is watered by the Rapidan, Robertson and Conway rivers 
 and their tributaries. Numerous flouring and grist mills, furniture fac- 
 torios, two stove factories, one chicken coop factory, canneries, a dairy 
 and a cheese factory embrace the most important industrial enterprises 
 of the county. 
 
 The Blue Ridge mountains, which extend along the entire northwest 
 border, are 3,860 feet above sea level at the highest point. The top and 
 slopes furnish excellent grazing when cleared, and cattle there thrive well, 
 owing to lower temperature and freedom from insect annoyance. 
 
 It has macadamized and other roads. 
 
 There are numerous churches of different denominations, distributed well 
 over the county. The Woodbury Forest High School, the Warwick High 
 School, Locust Dale Academy, the Oak Park Female Institute, and the 
 Rock Spring Female Institute, all excellent schools, afford magnificent 
 educational advantages. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 10,216. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 2,190. 
 
 Madison, the county seat and principal town, occupies an elevated posi- 
 tion in the center of the county, and commands a picturesque view of the 
 surrounding country. It has a population of about five hundred, and is a 
 thriving, busy town, with graded streets, churches, public schools, news- 
 paper, Masonic lodge and one bank. 
 
 MATHEWS COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1790 from Glovicester, and is one of the ex- 
 treme eastern counties of the State, lying on the Chesapeake bay, which 
 bounds it on the east with Mobjack bay, and North river on the south and 
 west, a small portion of Gloucester on the west, and Piankatank river on 
 the north, separating it from Middlesex, thus forming a peninsula, united 
 to the mainland by a very narrow neck of country. It is twenty miles 
 long and nine miles across at the widest point, and contains an area of 
 ninety-two square miles. 
 
 Average size of farms is forty acres. Taking all the advantages ~of 
 locality, soil and climate into consideration, land is cheap and desirable, 
 selling at from $5 to $30 per acre. That, however, lying immediately on 
 the water courses, is very valuable, selling at from $20 to $110 per acre, 
 if it has an oyster shore attached to it. Average price of improved farm 
 lands is about $20 per acre, with an averaged assessed value of $10 per acre. 
 
 The surface is level, soil a sandy loam, easily cultivated and responding 
 readily to fertilizers. Farm products are corn, wheat, rye and oats. 
 Fruits do well, but it is particularly adapted to the raising of truck and 
 vegetables. 
 
 Poultry raising for the northern markets is profitable, and water and 
 marsh birds are abundant; but much the most important and profitable 
 products of the county are its fish and oysters, which are a source of 
 large revenue, and furnish employment for very many of its inhabitants. 
 It ranks as among the first counties of the State in the yield of its 
 fisheries, and is also renowned for their superior excellence. Several can- 
 ning factories are being operated successfully. 
 
 The nearest railroad station is West Point, in King William county, 
 distant about thirty miles, but this deficiency is amply supplied by daily 
 steamers from Norfolk and other seaboard cities. 
 
176 
 
 Shell marl is found in many localities, and utilized to some extent ; 
 also a species of peat, well adapted to composting, is found in the ravines. 
 Principal timbers are pine and oak. 
 
 In addition to the surrounding waters mentioned, the East river, ex- 
 tending through the central part of the county, divides it into two nearly 
 equal parts, called East and West Mathews. 
 
 Churches of the various denominations are conveniently located. Owing 
 to prevalence of salt-water breezes, the health is good, and this is one 
 of the most thickly settled counties in the State. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,239. Increase since census of 1890, 655. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,149. 
 
 Mathews, the county seat, is situated in the eastern part of the county, 
 ■on a branch of the East river, and is a town of considerable importance, 
 having a population of about three hundred, a daily mail, graded streets, 
 the usual county buildings, stores, etc. 
 
 Hicks Wharf is the next town in importance. 
 
 MECKLENBURG COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1764 from Lunenburg, and is on the southern 
 border of the State, ninety miles southwest from Richmond. It has an 
 average length of thirty-six miles and a width of twenty miles, and 
 contains an area of 640 square miles; about one-third of the lands in 
 cultivation. 
 
 Surface is generally undulating; average elevation above sea level about 
 five hundred feet; the soil variable, light sandy to stiff clay, easily culti- 
 vated, and readily responding to good treatment; along the valleys of the 
 streams it is alluvial and exceedingly fertile. 
 
 Farm products are tobacco, peanuts, wheat, corn, oats, cotton and hay. 
 This county ranks third in the State in the yield of tobacco, which is three 
 and a half million pounds annually, and of fine grade. The various grasses, 
 clover, alfalfa, orchard grass, timothy, etc., grow luxuriantly on good soils. 
 Fruits are apples, peaches, pears, apricots, cherries, grapes, melons and 
 berries of all kinds, which are produced in abundance, large areas being 
 appropriated to orchards and to grape culture. Irish and sweet potatoes, 
 and all the garden vegetables can be abundantly grown; also poultry does 
 well in this section, and wild game is abundant. Tobacco being the leading 
 crop of the county, the farmers have been so absorbed in its culture as to 
 neglect other farm industries ; but an interest has recently been awakened 
 in stock raising, and, owing to the mild climate and consequent small 
 cost of raising stock, this industry is destined to assume large and in- 
 creasing proportions. 
 
 The county is splendidly supplied with railroad facilities. Three rail- 
 roads — the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic and Danville, and the Rich- 
 mond and Danville branches of the Southern railway, traverse all sections 
 of the county, afi^ording ready access to nearest markets, and putting the 
 county in close touch with the principal cities of the eastern part of the 
 State. 
 
 Water navigation is now by bateaux, but will eventually be by steamers, 
 on Roanoke, Dan and Staunton rivers; and these streams, with the Meher- 
 rin river on the northern border, and their innumerable tributaries, 
 render this one of the finest watered counties in the State, and also aflford 
 many eligible sites for mills and manufactories. 
 
 In some portions of the county gold, copper, granite, soapstone and kaolin 
 exist, but are undeveloped. Mineral waters are abundant and noted, espe- 
 cially the celebrated Buffalo Lithia Springs, on the southern border of the 
 county, whose waters are famous the world over for their potential health- 
 
177 
 
 producing and medicinal properties. At Chase City, Clarkesville and Jef- 
 fress, near South Hill, there are also mineral waters noted for their 
 medicinal ingredients and adaption to a wide range of diseases. 
 
 Timbers are oak, hickory and pine, principally; but these are consider- 
 ably culled, although there still exists some fine bodies of timber of original 
 growth; but the greater proportion of the timber of the county is second 
 growth, which springs up spontaneously on lands left out of cultivation. 
 A large lumber company of New Jersey has recently bought timber lands 
 in 'this county, and is preparing to establish immense lumber plants for 
 its manufacture. Sawmills are in nearly every neighborhood, and several 
 wagon and buggy factories are in operation. 
 
 The climate is delightful, there being little cold weather and slight fall 
 of snow, while the heat of summer is usually tempered by gentle breezes. 
 Pure, clear water from springs, or from wells as good as from the natural 
 springs, is everywhere abundant, and largely mineral. Health of the 
 county is excellent; indeed, the county is noted for its general healthful- 
 ness and longevity of its people. 
 
 Churches of the various denominations are numerous, every section of 
 the county being supplied in this respect; and a very large proportion of 
 the population are members of some denomination. Educational advan- 
 tages are excellent, graded and public schools being so situated as to make 
 them accessible to every neighborhood. Southside Academy, located at 
 Chase City, is an incorporated institution, and is well equipped with 
 accomplished instructors to furnish the higher educational advantages. 
 
 Telephone service is ample and efficient; Chase City, Clarkesville and 
 Boydton are connected with the North Carolina system. There are a large 
 number of postofiices and a number of rural free delivery routes in the 
 county; and mail communication and facilities in every locality are all 
 that could be desired. Public roads intersect all sections, and are kept in 
 fairly good condition. 
 
 There has been considerable progress in this county on the line of small 
 manufacturing industries, and improved methods of farming. Financial 
 condition of the county is good; rate of taxation low; and lands, with few 
 exceptions, free of encumbrance. The people of the county are moral, law- 
 abiding and noted for their hospitality. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 26,551. Increase since census of 
 1890, 1,192. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 5,615. 
 
 Boydton, the county seat, located near the center of the county, on the 
 Atlantic and Danville branch of the Southern railway, and six miles from 
 the line of the Kichmond and Mecklenburg railroad, is a thriving town, in 
 the center of a rapidly-growing country, with a population, census of 
 1900, of 527. 
 
 The greatest impetus given to the business interest of Boydton is its 
 tobacco trade. Three large prizeries have recently been erected, and 
 within the past year or two the sales of tobacco have increased threefold, 
 so that it is now one of the chief industries of the town. Its two banks 
 do jointly a business of a half million dollars. A large lumber business is 
 conducted here, and the business extends into adjoining counties in this 
 State and North Carolina, a'iid has a large trade in the north. It has, 
 besides the public schools, a splendid graded school, where young men can 
 be prepared for a college or business course; also numerous churches, sev- 
 eral newspapers and sawmills and grist mills. 
 
 Chase City is a town of considerable importance, situated in the north- 
 western portion of the county, on the Keysville and Durham branch of the 
 Southern railway, three and a half hours' ride from Kichmond. It has a new 
 and progressive population, and although a comparatively new town, it is 
 already a rival of many older towns in all departments of business. It 
 contains three banks. Its sales of leaf tobacco exceed previous years about 
 forty per cent., over 3,000,000 pounds being sold. Its postoffice has been 
 advanced to a Presidential appointment. Mercantile houses are more 
 
178 
 
 numerous, and sales largely increased in volume. Two cheroot manu- 
 factories have been erected, with demand beyond their capacity to supply. 
 The wagon and buggy manufacturing companies have erected immense 
 buildings and employ over one hundred hands. Also a large furniture fac- 
 tory, which turns out beautiful work; and a spool and shuttle factory. 
 
 Not in the history of the town has there been erected so many new 
 buildings as during the past three years. A sanitarium, with hotel com- 
 bined, which cost $100,000, is in successful operation; its surroundings are 
 beautified by walks, drives, shady retreats, flower plots, etc. An electric 
 plant has been built, and mineral waters are conveyed to suitable points. 
 
 A business men's association has been organized, and has resulted in 
 great benefit to the town. Population of town by census of 1900 was 542 
 and is greatly increased since. 
 
 Clarkesville is also a town of considerable business importance, and one 
 of the .most populous in the county. It is located on the south side, at the 
 confluence of the Staunton and Dan rivers, which form the Koanoke, and on 
 the Atlantic and Danville branch of the Southern, and Keysville and Dur- 
 ham railroads. It has a population, census of 1900, of 723, which shows 
 an increase of 67 since last census. 
 
 It is surrounded by a fertile agricultural section, Avhich finds in Clarkes- 
 ville a ready market for its products. It has large tobacco warehouses 
 and is a good market for the sale of leaf tobacco. It has also wagon, buggy, 
 and coffin factories, banks, good churches and schools. 
 
 South Hill and La Crosse on the Atlantic and Danville branch of the 
 Southern railway, are new towns in the eastern portion of the county. 
 The growth of South Hill has been very remarkable. Ten years ago there 
 was nothing but the depot; now it is nearly as large as Chase City; with 
 large tobacco warehouses, churches, schools, and two prosperous banks and 
 many mercantile houses. It is located in one of the best bright tobacco 
 districts in the State, and the sales of leaf tobacco last year amounted to 
 several millions of pounds. Ogbui-n's Mineral Spring, near by, is one of 
 the best mineral waters in Virginia. 
 
 La Crosse at the crossing of the Atlantic and Danville and the Seaboard 
 Air Line railways, is a thriving little town with many business houses, 
 good schools, etc. It is destined to be a town of considerable magnitude 
 and importance. 
 
 The home seeker will find much to commend this county to his attention; 
 nor will he here find himself among strangers, for a large number of people 
 from the North and West are scattered through the county, having pur- 
 chased lands and settled here since the war, who will give the gratifying 
 assurance that they are well pleased with climate, lands arid people. 
 
 MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Lancaster in 1675. It is situated in the 
 eastern part of the State, forty miles east of Richmond, and lies between 
 the Rappahannock and the Piankatank rivers,' with Chesapeake bay on the 
 east. 
 
 It is thirty miles long with an average width of six miles; and contains 
 an area of 156 square miles. The surface is generally level, with an 
 elevation above tidewater of ten to thirty feet on the rivers, and a hundred 
 feet or more further back. The soil is light and dark loam, with clay 
 subsoil, easily cultivated and readily improved. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, etc., and the lands are 
 especially adapted in some parts to the growth of clover. Peaches, apples, 
 pears, plums, apricots, and the smaller fruits and berries do well; also 
 vegetables of the various kinds, giving employment to several fruit and 
 vegetable canneries. Being convenient to market, this county is very 
 
179 
 
 favorably located for trucking, which is carried on to a considerable extent, 
 especially in the lower part of the county. 
 
 Poultry is a profitable and increasing industry, with several large poultry 
 establishiments in the county. Stock is grown to some extent, the most 
 profitable branch of which' is spring lambs. The most extensive and 
 profitable industry, however, is in fish and oysters, for which this county 
 is scarcely second to any in the State. It has several fish and oyster 
 canneries and fish fertilizer factories. 
 
 Large deposits of marl abound, and this has been extensively used with 
 great benefit to the soil in connection with clover and cow peas, in proper 
 rotation of crops. 
 
 Timbers are oak, pine, chestnut, ash and cypress, of good quality and 
 quantity. The county is well watered by the surrounding water courses 
 and their tributary streams, which also afford water power for numerous 
 grist mills. There are also many steam mills in operation. Water com- 
 munication and transportation is direct by daily steamers to Baltimore. 
 Fredericksburg and Norfolk. 
 
 The climate is mild and pleasant, the water generally good, and the 
 health excellent. Churclies are numerous, and of all the Protestant denom- 
 inations. School facilities are ample, and there is daily mail to every 
 portion of the county. The financial condition of the county is very 
 favorable, and it is considered as progressive as any of the counties of this 
 portion of the State, and may be said to offer exceptional advantages to 
 those who wish to purchase lands in this section, the value of which is 
 increasing very rapidly. Society is good and the hospitable people extend 
 a hearty welcome to those seeking hemes in their midst. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,220. Increase since census of 1890, 762. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,968. 
 
 Saluda, the county seat, is located near the center of the coimty. It has 
 a population of about 150; several churches and public schools, an 
 academy, a grist and planing mill, and two carriage factories. 
 
 The past year has shown marked improvements in this county in 
 building, notably at the town of Urbanna a $20,000 bank building, a 
 $15,000 ice plant, a fine brick church and many excellent residences. A 
 northern gentleman has invested a large amount in the purchase and repair 
 of the Rose rJill estate, an old colonial residence on the Rappahannock 
 river, once the liome of an English governor. Several pickling plants are 
 located in different parts of the county, and a considerable amount of 
 capital has come into the county during the past few years. Good crops, 
 generally, have also contributed to the prosperity of the county; and 
 while fine steamers ply the rivers daily, the county needs railroad facilities 
 to connect it with the cities of the State. All parts of the county are 
 threaded with one of the finest telephone systems in the country, com- 
 munication on long-distance 'phone being carried on with West Point 
 and every home. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1776 from a portion of the territory then 
 knowTi as the Fincastle district. The balance of the district was merged 
 into Washington and Kentucky comities, the latter comprising the present 
 State of Kentucky. Montgomery has since been shorn of mucli of its 
 original territory by the formation of several new counties on every side. 
 
 It is 175 miles southwest from Richmond, about midway between that 
 city and the extreme southwest, and is about twenty-two miles on each of 
 its irregular sides, containing an area of 394 square miles. 
 
 The surface is rolling and mountainous generally. The soil varies ac- 
 cording to tlie geological structure, being principally clay and limestone, 
 
180 
 
 and some portions slate and freestone; the latter a lighter soil, and gener- 
 ally thin and sterile on the hills. The greater portion of the county is 
 very rich and productive, yielding line crops of corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
 tobacco, etc. It is especially adapted to the grasses, both the cultivated 
 and the natural blue grass; so that the production of hay, grazing and 
 stock raising are extensively carried on and are very profitable. Some of 
 the finest herds of shorthorn cattle in the State are found in this county, 
 and it is also specially adapted to the growing of sheep. Fruits of all 
 kinds are readily and abundantly grown, and the vegetable and dairy 
 products are also items of considerable revenue to the farmer. 
 
 A VIRGINIA SADDLE HORSE 
 
 The Norfolk and Western railroad, passing through the center from 
 northeast to southwest, a distance of twenty-eight miles, furnishes a con- 
 venient line of transportation from all points of the county. The New 
 River division of the Norfolk and Western railroad runs along the west 
 line a short distance. 
 
 The minerals of the county are iron, zinc, lead, coal, gold-bearing rocks, 
 copper, pyrites, millstone, limestone and slate. Only iron and coal are now 
 being worked, the latter quite extensivelj'. 
 
 There are numerous mineral springs in the county, the principal of 
 which are the Alleghany Springs, four miles; the Yellow Sulphur, three 
 miles, and the Montgomery White, one and a half miles from the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad. These springs are noted for the excellent medicinal 
 properties of their waters, and may justly be ranked among the most 
 attractive and desirable summer resorts in the State. 
 
181 
 
 Timber of different kinds native to this latitude is very abundant in 
 some sections of the county, especially in the north and the south sides. 
 Oak of different varieties, chestnut, walnut, hickory, elm, ash, poplar and 
 pine are found. Some of the most valuable timber is sold for export pur- 
 poses, and considerable quantities of shingles and barrel staves are manu- 
 factured and shipped. 
 
 This county is well watered by New and Little rivers and the head 
 waters of the Roanoke, which afford much valuable water power, utilized 
 to a considerable extent in manufacturing enterprises of various kinds. 
 Besides its numerous flouring mills and sawmills, it has iron furnaces, 
 foundries, stove and pipe works, woolen mills, furniture factory, etc. 
 
 The climate is delightful and healthful, and watei'. abundant and of 
 excellent quality. Churches of all the denominations are numerous; and 
 educational advantages very superior, with the Virginia Polytechnic In- 
 stitute, located at Blacksburg, in 'this county; an excellent female school 
 at Christiansburg, and the public schools of the county in a floiirishing 
 condition. Telephone service and mail facilities are good. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 15,852. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 3,623. 
 
 Christiansburg, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
 county, one mile south of Christiansburg station, Norfolk and Western 
 railroad, and on the summit of the Alleghany mountains, 2,200 feet above 
 tidewater. It is a beautiful and growing town of 659 inhabitants (last 
 census), and is surrounded by a fertile and picturesque country. The 
 streets are macadamized and lighted, and there are quite a number of 
 good hotels, wliolesale and retail stores, and establishments for the manu- 
 facture of saddlery, tinware, boots, shoes, etc.; also a flouring mill, news- 
 paper, bank, several fraternal orders, churches of the various denomina- 
 tions, and schools, both public and private. Its female schools are noted 
 throughout this section as being on a higher basis than is usual in country 
 towns. In every respect a substantial and steady growth is evidenced here, 
 as shown by the largely-increased business of the bank, and of the busi- 
 ness houses. 
 
 Other towns of the county are Radford, Blacksburg, Shawsville, EUiston 
 and Lafayette. 
 
 Radford is the most populous and important town in the county. It 
 is beautifully situated on New river, in the western boundary of the county, 
 and on the Norfolk and Western railroad, at the junction of its main line 
 with the New River division, twelve miles west of Christiansburg. 
 
 Blacksburg, an important and prosperous town of 768 inhabitants, census 
 of 1900, is located in the northwestern portion of the county, eight miles 
 north of Christiansburg station on the Norfolk and Western railroad. It 
 is beautifully situated in the midst of a fine farming country, with rolling 
 grass and grain fields, dotted here and there with handsome residences, 
 and presenting a picture of landscape scenery beautiful in the extreme. 
 It has good churches and schools, and is a very active business center and 
 a desirable residence town. The new railroad, from the Norfolk and West- 
 ern at Christiansburg to this place and the adjacent coal fields, has added 
 very largely to the importance and business of the town, besides being of 
 great benefit and convenience to the surrounding agricultural section. 
 
 Blacksburg is especially noted as the seat of the Virginia Polytechnic 
 Institute, a military institution that is doing an admirable work in edu- 
 cating the young men of the State in agriculture, the mechanical arts and 
 engineering. The buildings are principally brick, large and commodious, 
 and the college grounds extensive and very attractive. The college farm, 
 consisting of 338 acres of excellent land in fine state of cultivation, is 
 devoted to experimental purposes. The shops are well equipped with 
 valuable machinery for iron and wood work; also with foundry and forge. 
 The income of the college consists of an annuity from the Federal govern- 
 ment and a liberal g-^propriation by the State. It is one of the largest 
 
183 
 
 and most progressive schools in the State, being taxed to its full capacity 
 in the number of pupils. The military feature is decidedly attractive and 
 useful. 
 
 NAISrSEMOND COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1639 from Isle of Wight, and is located in 
 the southeastern portion of the State sixty-six miles from Richmond. It 
 is thirty-five miles long and nineteen miles wide, extending from Hampton 
 Roads on the north to the North Carolina line on the south, and contains 
 an area of 393 square miles. 
 
 Average price for improved lands $25 per acre ; average assessed value 
 about $10 per acre. About one-third of the area is in cultivation. Sixty- 
 five thousand acres of the Dismal Swamp is embraced in this county. The 
 soil is sandy loam, with clay subsoil. The lands on the river are of very 
 fine quality. 
 
 Farm products are corn, oats, wheat, cotton and peanuts. In the pro- 
 duction of the last, this county ranks among the first in the State. Vege- 
 tables of all kinds grow to great perfection, and come into market early; 
 especially melons, peas and tomatoes. The Nansemond potato has long 
 been celebrated for its superior quality. A large proportion of the land 
 is devoted to trucking. This and peanut raising are the most profitable 
 industries of the county. Fish and oysters are abundant; also water 
 fowls, such as ducks, geese and swans. 
 
 The railroads are the Seaboard Air Line, the Norfolk and Western, the 
 Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Virginian railway and the Suffolk 
 and Carolina, which not only afford large transportation facilities, but 
 are a source of much business and prosperity to the county. Access to 
 market is also furnished by steamers on Nansemond river. 
 
 A great abundance of marl of superior quality is found, and much used 
 on the lands. There is still some good timber in the county, such as pine, 
 cypress and juniper, which find a ready and profitable market. Nanse- 
 mond river, in the middle and northern portion, and Blackwater and its 
 tributaries, in the southern and western parts, afford ample water supply 
 and drainage. 
 
 In climate, health and water, this county compares favorably with other 
 portions of this section of the State. Churches are numerous and largely 
 attended; telephone service and mail facilities are all that could be de- 
 sired; the rate of taxation is low; and altogether, this is one of the most 
 prosperous counties in the State. 
 
 There are eight high schools in the county and five banks. The fol- 
 lowing is a list of a number of the industries: Six water mills for 
 grinding corn, and two steam grist mills; eight peanut factories; about 
 twenty-five lumber plants; two barrel and box factories; two butter-dish 
 factories; one knitting mill; two foundries; three factories making peanut- 
 pickers; six brick factories; two planing mills; four machine shops; two 
 ice plants; one electric and one gas plant, and one meat packing house 
 and cold storage. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 23,078. Increase since census of 1890, 3,386. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 5,634. 
 
 Suffolk, the county seat, is an exceedingly prosperous and progressive 
 town of 7,062 inhabitants — police census of 1906. 
 
 NELSON COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1807 from Amherst, and lies on the eastern 
 slope of the Blue Ridge, seventy-five miles west of Richmond. It is 
 separated from Augusta on the northwest by the Blue Ridge moimtains. 
 
184 
 
 and from Buckingham on the southeast by James river. It contains an 
 area of 472 square miles. 
 
 The surface is rolling, the soil generally is red clay, except on the rivers, 
 which is dark alluvial, and very productive. Farm products are corn, 
 wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, buckwheat and the grasses, especially clover 
 and timothy. 
 
 This county is especially adapted to the growth of fruits and vegetables 
 of all kinds; indeed, it may be considered one of the best sections in the 
 State for fruit. The Albemarle pippin, and the Pilot, another famous 
 apple, and a native of this county, flourish here. Grapes also grow to 
 perfection in this county, and have received increased attention the past 
 few years, with gratifying results. There are several large vineyards in 
 the county, and some wine cellars. Poultry is extensively and profitably 
 raised. Of the various products of the county, however, tobacco is the 
 chief money crop of the farmer. 
 
 The mountain lands furnish fine pasturage; and horses, cattle and sheep 
 especially, are raised here in large numbers for northern markets. 
 
 Railroads are the James river division of the Chesapeake and Ohio rail- 
 road, on the southeastern border ; the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad on 
 the northern border; and the Southern, extending through its middle part 
 from northeast to southwest. These afford ample and convenient com- 
 munication and transportation to the markets, north and south. 
 
 Minerals are iron ore, both hematite and magnetic; copper, manganese, 
 lead, asbestos, kaolin and soapstone; of which iron, copper and manganese 
 have been worked to a considerable extent. Four companies are working 
 up soapstone into wash-tubs, etc., and they cannot supply the demand 
 from New York and Philadelphia alone. Chalybeate and sulphur waters 
 are found in various parts. 
 
 The rutile mined in this county is of excellent quality, being very pure. 
 The market for this mineral is yet limited. For the present uses made of 
 rutile, the demand is not very great. These include a limited quantity in 
 alloys and certain grades of steel, for the manufacture of artificial teeth, 
 and of porcelain-ware, serving in both as a pigment. Up to the present 
 time the demand for rutile in the United States has not exceeded 200 to 
 300 pounds annually. The Nelson county plant is capable of producing 
 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per day. 
 
 There are six soapstone plants in the county. These are operated by 
 electric power developed on the Tye and Rockfish rivers. 
 
 Timber consists principally of walnut, pine, poplar, oak, chestnut and 
 hickory; and is abundant. 
 
 The James river, on the southeastern border, and its tributaries; the 
 Tye and the Rockfish rivers, and other streams extending through the 
 county, afl^ord ample water and drainage, and also splendid water power. 
 The famous cataract, Crabtree Falls, is situated in this county on a 
 branch of Tye river. There are a number of sawmills, and tanbark and 
 cross-ties are considerable industries. 
 
 The climate is temperate, invigorating and healthful, and the water 
 pure, fresh and everywhere abundant. There are several excellent private 
 female schools, and numerous public schools, and churches of the various 
 denominations are distributed throughout the county. Telephone and mail 
 facilities are good, and the financial condition of the county very favorable. 
 A fine estate, at Oak Ridge, in this county, has recently been purchased 
 by a party in New York, which has since added several thousand acres of 
 land and stocked it with large numbers of fine-grade sheep and cattle. 
 Doubtless others will do likewise, M'hen the splendid advantages of this 
 section shall become more generally known. 
 
 Lovingston, the county seat, is located in the central part of the county, 
 four and a half miles north of Montreal station, on the Southern railway, 
 with which it has daily mail communication. It has a population of about 
 
185 
 
 300, and several churches, public schools, wheelwright shops, a newspaper 
 'and a Masonic lodge. Other villages are Afton, Buffalo and Arlington. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 16,075. Increase since census of 
 1890, 739. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,536. 
 
 NEW KENT COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from York in 1654. It lies nine miles east of 
 Eichmond, between the Pamunkey and the Chickahominy rivers. It is 
 twenty-six miles long and from seven to nine miles wide, and contains an 
 area of 233 square miles. It has 625 farms; average size of farm, 150 
 acres. Good lands can be bought in this county at from one-tenth to one- 
 half the price of lands of the same quality in the north. 
 
 The surface is generally level, but is undulating in parts. The soil in 
 the interior is light and sandy; on the river bottoms a stiff clay or loam; 
 the latter are very extensive and exceedingly fertile. Farm products are 
 corn, wheat, oats, early vegetables, sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes, for 
 the last of which the soil is specially adapted; also red clover, vetch, rape, 
 and other valuable grasses, grow here to perfection. 
 
 Poultry and trucking are important products; perhaps the most im- 
 portant in the county. Horses, cattle and sheep do well; especially the 
 last. These can get green food the year round, except a few days when 
 there is snow, which is soon gone. Bermuda grass grows in great luxuri- 
 ance, and makes first-class pasture. 
 
 Good markets are near by, and transportation by water and rail con- 
 venient, with the York River railroad on the north, and the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio railroad in the southern part. 
 
 Marl is abundant, and of excellent quality. The timber consists of oak, 
 hickory, maple, pine, cypress, ash, gum, etc. Much cord-wood and ship- 
 timber is annually marketed from this county. 
 
 The Pamunkey, the Chickahominy and the York rivers on the northern, 
 southern and eastern borders, respectively, and their tributaries, afford 
 ample water supply. 
 
 The climate is excellent, not objectionably warm in summer, nor cold in 
 winter. Churches of the various denominations are conveniently located, 
 and public schools sufficient for all demands. Sawmills are running on 
 full time; ship-timber men are actively employed; and, with good prices 
 for their products, the farmers are in a prosperous condition. The people 
 are intelligent and cultivated, and are noted for their sociability and 
 generous hospitality. Two telephone lines are being installed. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 4,865. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,105. 
 
 This county is noted as having been the marriage place of George Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 New Kent Courthouse, the county seat, is located in the northern central 
 portion of the county, thirty miles from Richmond, and is a small inland 
 country village of about 100 inhabitants. The nearest market is Richmond. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Barboursville and Providence Forge. The 
 latter, at the head of Chickahominy navigation, and on the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio railway, is a thriving village. 
 
 NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 Norfolk county, from the earliest days, has figured conspicuously in 
 history. Its present condition is the interesting theme of this accurate 
 presentation. 
 
 Beyond doubt it is the most important of all Virginia's one hundred 
 counties. 
 
186 
 
 It is the richest in agricultural production, in general and varied 
 resources. It is the most progressive, and the most populous of the 
 counties. It is the focal figure in the State's activities. 
 
 In spite of constant diminution in area through annexation of terri- 
 tory to the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, it has suffered but little 
 loss in assessments, as is amply demonstrated by the following figures: 
 
 Since 1887 Norfolk has absorbed 3,497 acres of Norfolk county lands, 
 while Portsmouth has taken 1,175 acres from its total of 425 square miles, 
 thus reducing the total to 352 square miles. 
 
 These 4,672 acres, forming the suburban districts of the cities, had the 
 greatest value and the largest population, and hence this absorption would 
 naturally reduce the assessments and the number of its inhabitants. So 
 constant, however, has been the influx of new people, and so vast the up- 
 building of lands adjacent to the cities, that the losses were soon regained 
 in each case. 
 
 HOME OF VIRGINIA TRUCK AND EXPERIMENT STATION, NORFOLK COUNTY. WAS THREE 
 
 YEARS AGO IN TIMBER 
 
 Assessments. 
 
 1895 . 1900 1905 1909 
 
 $7,150,642 $10,659,835 $12,160,040 $15,253,990 
 
 In 1900 the population of Norfolk county was 50,780, a figure that 
 experts claim will be surpassed in the census of 1910, notwithstanding 
 these repeated losses. This faith is justified by the fact that the farms 
 are being cut up into smaller areas, and new industries are of almost 
 monthly occurrence. No section of the entire country presents a fairer 
 prospect of profit through intensive farming by those who bring their 
 own labor and exercise intelligence with their efforts. 
 
 In 1891 Virginia's trucking area was 45,375 acres, of which Norfolk 
 county supplied not less than ninety per cent. This has been greatly 
 reduced by the developments shown above, but the aggregate returns 
 have increased. In that year the receipts footed up $7,692,852, while any 
 favorable season now returns at least $8,000,000. The importance of 
 trucking can be appreciated when statistics credit it with more than 
 ten per cent, of the total agricultural values in the entire State. 
 
187 
 
 The influence of the Gulf stream so tempers the vigors of winter, and 
 prolongs the season of production, that as many as four crops are raised 
 annually from the same ground. The soil is a semi-sandy loam, render- 
 ing cultivation easy, and insuring prompt benefits from fertilizer appli- 
 cation, thus forcing growth and early shipments to the great populous 
 trade centers. 
 
 Trucking is a commercial business, requiring the highest order of in- 
 telligence and industry, and experience during a series of years has 
 amply proven its profitable character. Fortunes have been amassed 
 since 1865, when it first received seriovis consideration, although it was 
 started in Norfolk county in 1841. Rapid transportation is the great 
 factor in its enlargement, since Long Island cannot supply fresher green- 
 stuff to the New York market than can the Old Dominion steamers and 
 our railroads, which land their freights fifteen hours after leaving our 
 fields. 
 
 GATHERING SPINACH AT VIRGINIA TRUCK AND EXPERIMENT STATION, NORFOLK COUNTY 
 
 Immense local plants supply the millions of packages and the thous- 
 ands of tons of fertilizers ; laborers in large numbers earn big wages ; 
 general business is sustained; bank deposits are swelled to great propor- 
 tions, the whole bringing prosperity to more people than does any one 
 other industry in the State. All of this will be multiplied many times 
 when intensive farming is more widely practiced. 
 
 The experience of one man in Norfolk county is strikingly illustrative 
 of what is possible along this line of agriculture. On two and one-half 
 acres he raised a feAv of the more choice and delicate vegetables in cold 
 frames, and sold them in the local market in advance of regular pro- 
 duction; he netted $6,050. One great difficulty must soon find a solu- 
 tion — our farms are too large for the purchasers, both because of the 
 money needed, and the scarcity of labor. A number of farmers will do 
 well to buy conjunctively and portion the land out as best suits them. 
 In this way the lands can be had at prices far below a fair proportion to 
 their earning capacity, and much cheaper than many of our interior 
 lands. The man with a moderate sum of money, but abundant labor. 
 
188 
 
 has a chance in Norfolk county that cannot be duplicated anywhere, when 
 all the factors are properly estimated. Too little attention is paid to 
 home wants, hence the high cost of living, for no item the farmer sells 
 fails to bring big prices in all our Virginia cities. 
 
 Every variety of vegetable growth, other than trojjical plants, can be 
 successfully raised in Norfolk county, and a study of its worth in all 
 its phases, must interest every aspiring settler. Staple ci'ops respond 
 readily to careful preparation, and yield returns of great value. Horse- 
 tooth corn is a most profitable type of grain, almost the entire output 
 finding ready sale at high prices in Europe, where it is used for seed. 
 Dairying presents a most promising prospect to experienced men with 
 sufficient capital, not more than sixty per cent, of dairy products being 
 supplied from home dairies. Less than 1,200 cows are all that can now 
 be depended on by Norfolk and its suburbs, and each arrival of trains 
 and steamers bring large imports of milk, cream and ice cream, to fill 
 the wants of 100,000 people. 
 
 The perfect net-work of water courses that percolate through every 
 part of the county, and its splendid water-fronts, suitable for shipping 
 terminals, are assets of incalculable value. They afford cheap transit 
 in connection with the modern motor-boat; they give industrial sites 
 when backed by rail connection, exciting the admiration of all econom- 
 ists; they yield marine diet at once delightful and profitable, figuring 
 way up into the millions ; they give perfect drainage so necessary to all 
 low countries; they afford health properties and comfort to all fortunate 
 enough to come under the influence of the breezes that blow over them. 
 
 Two canals, which penetrate the State of North Carolina, empty into 
 local waters, and have a distinct bearing on the great commercial traffic 
 of Norfolk county's ports. 
 
 Poultry and eggs are important items in the long list of the county's 
 capabilities, for home wants and transportation facilities leave no room 
 for stagnation in those essentials. Here again is awaiting opportunity 
 that offers abundant returns for every dollar's worth raised, for the 
 demand far outstrips supply. Not yet has Norfolk county's timber been 
 exhausted, and its forests contribute largely to the cut of the thirty-five 
 sawmills that line the banks of the southern branch of the Elizabeth river. 
 Railroad shops, tracks and terminals occupy a large portion of the 
 county's lands, while factories in rapidly increasing numbers flank the 
 rail lines and deep-water courses. 
 
 The public schools of Norfolk county are a marvel of completeness, 
 having nearly 10,000 pupils. 
 
 Lack of space forbids as complete a recital of Norfolk county's claim to 
 outside interest as its possessions justify, but those who want specific 
 facts in detail can always have truthful statements by application to the 
 trade organizations of either Norfolk or Portsmouth. 
 
 NOETHAMPTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county was originally a portion of Accomac, and occupies the 
 southern portion of the Eastern Shore peninsula. It is located in the 
 extreme eastern part of the State, seventy-eight miles from Richmond, 
 with the Atlantic ocean on the east, the Chesapeake bay on the west, and 
 Accomac county on the north. Thirty miles long, with an average widtli 
 of five miles, it contains an area of 232 square miles. 
 
 The surface is level, the soil light sandy, with clay subsoil, very easily 
 improved, one-half of it being under cultivation. There are many fine 
 farms in the county. Farm products are sweet and Irish potatoes, corn, 
 rye and grasses, especially clover. Fruits do well, especially apples, and 
 the smaller fruits, berries, etc. It is especially adapted to the growth of 
 
189 
 
 vegetables of all kinds, ranking first in the State for the yield of onions 
 per acre. Trucking is carried on to a large extent; the lands are especially 
 adapted to this industry, and are scarcely excelled in this particular 
 in the State. The most important and profitable products of the county, 
 however, are Irish and sweet potatoes. Last year the growers were favored 
 with an abundant crop of both, and at remunerative prices; and it will 
 long be remembered as the best and most prosperous year within the 
 recollection of the people. A very conservative estimate of the Irish 
 potato crop marketed from this county annually is placed at 400,000 
 barrels, with an income from that source of $1,000,000. 
 
 The numerous rivers, bays and inlets with which its shores are in- 
 dented, contain fish and oysters . in great quantities, variety, and of 
 superior excellence, forming a source of cheap and luxurious living, and 
 large revenues to the inhabitants. Water fowls are also abundant, and a 
 source of much profit and sport to the huntsman. 
 
 The New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk railroad passes through the 
 center of the county for twenty miles, terminating at Cape Charles City, 
 on the Chesapeake bay, from which point a steam tug and barge line 
 connects with Norfolk, thus affording excellent transportation facilities to 
 the markets, north and south. 
 
 Pine and oak are the principal timbers, of which there is considerable 
 quantity. 
 
 The climate is mild and salubrious, its almost insular position render- 
 ing it free from extremes of heat or cold. The health of the county is 
 excellent, and the water good. Churches and public schools are numerous 
 and convenient, and it has, besides, one academy. Telephone service and 
 mail facilities are ample, and the county roads are well located and kept 
 in good condition. 
 
 I-n progress and general advancement this county is rapidly moving for- 
 ward, and it already occupies a position in the front rank in these 
 respects, of which there is no better evidence than the increase of popula- 
 tion and its excellent financial condition, having a surplus of $25,000 
 loaned on mortgage. It is also noted for its hospitality and its splendid 
 social advantages. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 13,770. Increase since census of 1890, 3,457. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,367. 
 
 Eastville, the county seat, is located on the New York, Philadelphia and 
 Norfolk railroad, and has a population by last census of 313. The streets 
 are excellent and well lighted; and it has an academy, a Young Men's 
 Christian Association building, a lodge of Masons and several churches. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Cape Charles, with a population, census 
 of 1900, of 1,040; and Franktown. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1648. It is one of the five counties consti- 
 tuting the Northern Neck, and lies at the mouth of the Potomac river, on 
 the Chesapeake bay, sixty miles northeast from Richmond. 
 
 It is twenty-five miles long and seven to eight miles wide, and contains 
 an area of 235 square miles. About forty per cent, of the area is in culti- 
 vation. Surface is level, soil rich and alluvial on the streams; on the 
 uplands, light and sandy, and easily improved. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, sweet and Irish potatoes. 
 Clover does well, and the raising of clover seed has assumed considerable 
 proportions. Garden vegetables and fruits of all kinds, and of the best, 
 are produced. Fowls and eggs in great abundance are marketed. The 
 trucking interest is largely on the increase. 
 
190 
 
 There are some very good breeds of stock kept, and conditions are im- 
 proving yearly in this respect. 
 
 This county is scarcely second to any in the State in the extent and 
 value of its fisheries and oyster beds, and water fowls abound in great 
 abundance. The fishing season lasts about half the year, employing a 
 large number of men and vessels. There are many large and important 
 fish factories in operation in the county engaged in the manufacture of 
 fish-oil and fish fertilizers ( commonly known as fish chum ) , and this in- 
 dustry ranks as the most profitable in the county. Other enterprises are 
 oyster packing plants, canneries, sawmills, planing mills, etc. Unparalleled 
 commercial facilities exist on account of its numerous navigable waters, 
 with coast-line and inland lines of steamers connecting with Baltimore, 
 Washington, Alexandria and Norfolk, affording excellent market advan- 
 tages for its products — melons, fresh vegetables, oysters, fish, wild fowls 
 and poultry. 
 
 The most valuable timbers are oak, pine, poplar and chestnut, consider- 
 ably depleted, but still yielding quantities of cord-wood, railroad ties, 
 ship-timber, etc. Poplar chiefiy is exported. 
 
 Water and drainage is amply supplied by its numerous inland rivers 
 and creeks. The climate is temperate, variable and moist, and health 
 generally good. Water is of good quality, as artesian wells are easily 
 bored, and afford excellent water. 
 
 Churches are numerous and attractive, public and private schools well 
 conducted, and telephone service is to all important points. 
 
 Taxes are low, and people generally out of debt. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the county is progressive and up-to-date along all 
 lines of public improvement and private enterprise, and offers many in- 
 ducements to homeseekers. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 9,846. Increase since census of 1890, 1,961. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,486. 
 
 Heathsville, the county seat, is located in the center of the county. 
 Population about 300. It has a graded school, lodge of Masons, and several 
 churches. Reedville is another town of considerable population and im- 
 portance, where a fish factory, for the purpose of manufacturing the im- 
 mense catches of menhaden caught in the bay into fertilizer and fish-oil, 
 does a large business. 
 
 NOTTOWAY COUNTY. 
 
 Nottoway county was formed in 1788 from Amelia, and is located in the 
 south-central part of the State, thirty miles southwest from Richmond. 
 
 It is twenty-five miles long by about twelve miles in width, and has an 
 area of 304 square miles. Average size of farms, eighty-five acres. 
 
 Lands in this county are low. Many valuable tracts can be bought at a 
 very reasonable price. The surface is rolling, and soil a clay loam. 
 
 Principal farm products are wheat, corn, oats and tobacco, especially 
 the latter, of which the yield is very large and of excellent quality. 
 
 Railroads are the Norfolk and Western and the Southern, which inter- 
 sect at Burkeville, and furnish convenient transportation facilities for the 
 products of the county. Minerals are kaolin, mica, granite and soapstone, 
 but undeveloped. There are five banks in the county. 
 
 The most valuable timbers are pine, oak, hickory, walnut, poplar, chest- 
 nut, cedar and ash. 
 
 Ample water supply and drainage is furnished by the Nottoway and 
 Little Nottoway rivers, and numerous creeks, tributaries of the Appo- 
 mattox, on which are situated Hour mills and sawmills. 
 
 Public schools and churches abound; there are three high schools. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 12,366. Increase since census of 1890, 784. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,668. 
 
191 
 
 Nottoway, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, on 
 the Norfolk and Western railroad. Population 175. It has a grist mill, 
 public graded school, private school, fraternal order, and excellent water 
 power. 
 
 Other towns are Burkeville, Crewe and Blaekstone. 
 
 Burkeville is a thriving, growing town, located in the northwestern 
 portion of the county, at the intersection of the Norfolk and Western and 
 Southern railroads. It has a population (censvis of 1900), of 510, which 
 is an increase of 106 since last census. 
 
 Crewe is a railroad town, and, although the youngest, is the most 
 populous in the county, having a population (census of 1900), of 1,329, an 
 increase of 442 since census of 1890, and growing in size and importance. 
 
 Blaekstone, also a comparatively new town (having been built up since 
 the war ) , is a place of considerable importance and business, being the 
 largest shipping point for produce on the Norfolk and Western railroad 
 from Lynchburg to Petersburg. Blaekstone is primarily a tobacco market, 
 being the fifth largest market for dark tobacco in the State. Its business 
 in this line was exceedingly prosperous last year, showing a considerable 
 increase with a number of busy warehouses. It has two very prosperous 
 banks, which show a decided increase of business over the previous year. 
 A factory for the manufacture of handles and spokes is one of the new 
 industries established recently, and is now in successful operation. The 
 Blaekstone Manufacturing Company now has an electric plant, by which 
 they can carry on their work night and day. There is an up-to-date 
 telephone exchange extending to adjoining counties, and a fine new pas- 
 senger depot has been built which would be an ornament to a larger town. 
 The Blaekstone Horse Exchange has been organized, with the result that 
 it is now one of the good horse markets in the State. Fifteen thousand 
 dollars has been invested in water works soon to be constructed, and 
 numerous business houses and private residences have been recently 
 erected, the town limits thereby being considerably extended. There have 
 been large sales of town lots, besides other large deals in real estate. The 
 freight and passenger receipts of the railroad have multiplied largely, and 
 business of all kinds shows large increase. Besides the above there are 
 numerous stores and shops, a fertilizer factory, bark, sumac and grist 
 mills, tobacco factory, several good churches, public school buildings, two 
 splendid institutes — male and female — and an influential newspaper. 
 
 ORANGE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Spotsylvania in 1734. It is situated in 
 the Piedmont section, sixty miles northeast from Richmond. Its greatest 
 length is thirty-eight miles, and width ranges from five to fourteen miles, 
 containing an area of 349 square miles. 
 
 The surface in the eastern part is undulating and hilly; mountainous 
 to some extent in the central and western portions, with about one-third 
 of the area in cultivation, of which the greater portion is of most excellent 
 quality. The soil is a dark red clay, producing large crops of grain, grass 
 and some tobacco. 
 
 This is a fine grass-growing and grazing county, and, as a result, the 
 rearing of cattle and sheep, of good quality, is extensively carriea on; and 
 for sheep especially, it is perhaps second to none outside of the blue grass 
 region. 
 
 This county is peculiarly adapted to the growing of apples, cherries, 
 grapes, and all the standard varieties of fruit. The raising of small fruits, 
 especially, is a rapidly-increasing and profitable industry. Large areas 
 are being appropriated to vineyards, and large quantities of grapes are 
 annually shipped to the northern markets. Fruit growing and stock 
 raising rank as the most profitable industries of the county. 
 
193 
 
 The Southern, Cliesapeake and Ohio, and the Fredericksburg railways 
 afford excellent transportation facilities to all parts of the county. 
 
 Minerals are iron, gold, asbestos, tire clay, marble -and limestone, some 
 of which have been successfully worked. 
 
 The supply of timber is very good, consisting of oak, hickory, walnut, 
 pine, chestnut, poplar and sycamore. The county is abundantly watered 
 by the Kapidan and North Anna rivers, and their numerous tributaries, 
 which also afford excellent water power. 
 
 Climate, health and water are all that could be desired, and churches of 
 the different denominations aie numerous and conveniently located. Pub- 
 lic and private schools afford abundant educational facilities. 
 
 This county, with its great diversity of agricultural products, fine fruit 
 and grazing facilities, fine water, pure mountain air, and ready access to 
 good markets, is a very desirable section for home seekers who want to 
 engage in agricultural pursuits. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 12,571. Number of males twenty-one years 
 a.nd over, 2,785. 
 
 Orange, the county seat, is located in the west-central part of the county, 
 eighty miles northwest from Richmond, and is the center of the railroad 
 system of the county. Elevation above sea level, 524 feet. Population, 
 census of 1900, 536.' It lias made large progress during the past few 
 years, embi-acing a handsome bank building, a new postoffice building, an 
 electric light plant, a fire department, several attractive and commodious 
 business establisliments, and a large number of new dwelling-houses. There 
 are also steam grist mills, newspapers and a graded school, lodge of 
 Masons, and numerous churches. The mills are doing the largest business 
 in their history, and tlieir products are being shipped in large quantities 
 to many points. 
 
 Gord'onsville, another town of considerable importance, is situated in 
 the extreme southwest portion of the county, at the junction of the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio, and Southei'u railways, and has a population, census of 
 1900, of 603. This place has shown marked improvement of recent years 
 in its electric plant, new concrete pavements, banks, etc. Gordonsville has 
 excellent schools^ public and private — the Piedmont Academy ranking as 
 one of the best schools in the county. Many Avestern people have settled 
 in the town and surrounding county, and both the merchants and farmers 
 report a steady growth in trade. 
 
 PAGE COUNTY. 
 
 Page county was formed in 1831 from Shenandoah and Rockingham, and 
 constitutes a part of the rich and beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. 
 
 It is. sitviated in the northern part of the State, ninety miles northwest 
 from Richmond. The whole county is a valley thirty miles in length, and 
 about eleven miles in width, with the Blue Ridge for its eastern and the 
 Massanutten mountains its western boundaries. The Shenandoah river ex- 
 tends through its entire length, and the county contains an area of 317 
 square miles. 
 
 . The surface is gently undulating, and the soil a rich limestone of great 
 fertility, yielding large crops of wheat, corn, oats, rye, and the grasses. 
 Grazing facilities, especially in the Blue Ridge section, are excellent, and 
 horses, cattle and sheep are extensively grown. Fruits and vegetables do 
 well. Dairy and poultry products are considerable and a source of much 
 profit. 
 
 The Shenandoah valley division of the Norfolk and Western railroad 
 passes throiigh the center of the county its entire length, affording to all 
 sections convenient transportation facilities, north and soutli. 
 13 
 
195 
 
 Situateil within five hours' rvm of Baltimore and Washington, these 
 cities alYord excellent markets, thongh much of the poultry, dairy and 
 vegetable products find a home market in the hotels, boarding houses, 
 tanneries and other enterprises. 
 
 Minerals are iron, copper, ochre, manganese, limestone and marble, the 
 most important of which are iron (which is in great abundance, and being 
 extensively marketed), and manganese of superior quality, which is shipped 
 to northern furnaces. There has been considerable activity recently in 
 the manganese and copper mines, and the prospect for their more extensive 
 development and operation is good. The Oxford ochre mine at Stanley, in 
 this county, is in very successful operation. There is much valuable timber, 
 such as oak, pine, walnut, ash and poplar, being worked by the large num- 
 ber of sawmills in operation in the county, and also supplying large 
 quantities of tanbark for its numerous tanneries and leather works, which 
 do an extensive business, shipping most of their product to Europe. Be- 
 sides these there are planing mills, furniture factory, twenty-five fine 
 flouring mills, woolen mill and a stave and barrel factory — one of the 
 largest enterprises of the kind in the valley. 
 
 The Shenandoah river — extending through the county its entire length — 
 and its branches afl'ord a plentiful supply of water and magnificent water 
 power. The climate is mild and invigorating, healthful, and free from 
 malaria. Water is limestone of excellent quality. There are also a num- 
 ber of chalybeate and sulphur springs in the county. Churches in every 
 neighborhood, and educational advantages all that could be desired. Tele- 
 phone service is ample, and there are excellent mail facilities. Financial 
 condition of county is good, and the farmers are prosperous, as shown by 
 their improved dwellings and barns, some of the former being handsome 
 structures in modern style. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 13,794. Increase since census of 
 1890, 702. Number of males twenty-one years and over, .3,247. 
 
 Luray, the county seat, is a beautiful town of 1,147 inhabitants (census 
 of 1900), situated on the Shenandoah valley division of the Norfolk and 
 Western railroad, and in the center of the rich and beautiful Page valley. 
 It has macadamized streets and paved sidewalks, numerous schools, churches 
 and fraternal orders, two newspapers and two banks — in a very prosperous 
 condition. A furniture factory recently established here gives employment 
 to about sixty workmen. The tannery and bark works located here are 
 large and successful enterprises. The water works and gas plant recently 
 installed have given new life and enterprise to the town. The noted Luray 
 caverns, which annually attract thousands of visitors, are one mile distant 
 from the town. Luray is becoming a very popular summer resort, with 
 its splendid hotel accommodations. Its wonderful caverns have a national 
 reputation. 
 
 Shenandoah is a growing town situated in the southern part of the 
 county. It has a population, census of 1900, of 1,220; which is an increase 
 of 469 since last census. The large iron furnace at this place was put in 
 blast many years ago, and is now in successful operation, producing a 
 maximum of 140 tons per day. 
 
 PATRICK COUNTY. 
 
 This county was foi-med from Henry in 1781. It is situated in the south- 
 western portion of Virginia, 158 miles southwest from Richmond, air line, 
 and is the most western county of the State south of the Blue Ridge, which 
 forms its western boundary. It contains an area of 489 square miles. The 
 surface is hilly and moinitainous in the western part, with fine bottom 
 lands along the numerous streams. The soil varies from sandy to a red 
 loam, and is productive. 
 
196 
 
 Farm pi'oducts are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco and the grasses. In 
 the southern half of the county, along the North Carolina line and the 
 portion adjoining Henry county, is the fine tobacco belt. About half of the 
 county is really in the famous Blue Ridge section, well adapted to grain, 
 grass and cattle, especially the northern portion on the "Meadows of 
 Dan" — a beautiful plateau on and near the top of the Blue Ridge. Stock 
 raising is a considerable industry, and with proper attention could be 
 made very profitable. 
 
 This is' an exceptionally fine county for fruit. The soil and climate are 
 peculiarly adapted to its growth, and the people, realizing these advan- 
 tages, are turning their attention largely to its culture. To those who are 
 interested in this industry, Patrick offers inducements second to none in 
 the State. Lands are cheap, and apples grown here have taken first honors 
 for size, color and flavor- wherever exhibited. There are thousands of acres 
 of first-class lands in the county, notably on the face and the foothills 
 of the Blue Ridge, and in the rich coves, that are unexcelled for apples and 
 f]-uit of all kinds; these lands can be bought for from $4 to $6 per acre, 
 producing more and better fruit than lands in other sections rating at $50 
 to $100 per acre. 
 
 Railroads are tlie Danville and Western, extending from Danville to 
 Stuart, the comity seat. The INlount Airy and Eastern railroad extends 
 from Mount Airy,' North Carolina, to the lumber districts of the western 
 part of the county, some twenty-one miles, having been built to carry out 
 the timber. The recent survey for the Mount Rogers and Eastern railroad, 
 through the northern part of the county, is also interesting the people 
 very much, and brightening the prospects for better railroad facilities in 
 the" near futiue. f lie Norfolk and Western railroad is also building a 
 branch road to the Hairston Iron Works. 
 
 The minerals of this county would be a source of material wealth if 
 developed. They are iron (magnetic and hematite), manganese and lead. 
 The iron is of very superior quality and of unlimited quantity, and was 
 worked by the Confederate government during the war. There are also 
 extensive quarries of very valuable building stone, and soapstone is found 
 in large quantities. 
 
 There aie several mineral springs in the county, notably the famous 
 "Patrick Springs," seven miles below Stuart, Avhich is filled every summer 
 to its utmost capacity by the people of Danville and Martinsville; and 
 some wonderful cures have been effected by its waters. 
 
 The forest growth of this county consists in the main of oak, walnut, 
 poplar, pine, maple, ash, hickory, chestnut, beech, cherry, sycamore and 
 other hard woods. Yellow poplar, and oak timber for staves, framing tim- 
 ber, tanbark and cross-ties, are the leading and most valuable timbers of 
 the county, and the supply — especially of the oak — is practically inex- 
 haustible. Patrick is rich in all the hard woods, except pine and walnut, 
 most of the latter liaving been shipped out. 
 
 All sections of the county are well watered by the Dan, Little Dan, Ara- 
 rat, North and South Mayo and Smith rivers and their numerous tribu- 
 taries, and the water power is abundant for manufacturing purposes. 
 Numerous sawmills and roller flour mills are located on these streams and 
 in difl^erent sections of the county. 
 
 The climate is excellent — pleasant in summer, and not too severe in 
 winter. 
 
 There are quite a number of public schools and churches in the county 
 convenient to all sections. Stuart Normal College, located at the county 
 seat, is an excellent school for the equipment of teachers for work in the 
 public free schools. Mail facilities of the county are ample, and its 
 financial condition is good. Considerable attention is being given to the 
 roads of the county, and a new turnpike from Stuart towards ]Nreadows 
 of Dan and Floyd lias been built. All that is needed to advance the county 
 to the front rank in importance is capital to develop its resources. Ten 
 
197 
 
 miles distant from Stuart is "Lover's Leap," and within about twenty 
 miles are the "pinnacdes of Dan," which are among the most beaiitiful 
 of all mountain scenery. 
 
 Stuart, the county seat, is a village of 371 inhabitants, census of 1900. 
 It is situated on South Mayo river, and is the western terminus of the 
 Danville and Western railroad, from which large quantities of fruit, 
 vegetables, poultry and other produce are shipped to the markets. The 
 streets are graded and lighted, and it has two banks, two schools, four 
 churches, two fraternal orders and a newspaper, a business men's associa- 
 tion established, and a joint stock company, organized for the purpose of 
 erecting a furniture factory, and a hardwood working establishment. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 15,403. Increase since census of 
 1890, 1.2.50. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 3,218. 
 
 PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1767 from Halifax, and is the central south- 
 ern county of the State, 110 miles southwest from Richmond, and bordering 
 the North Carolina line. It is thirty-five miles long and about twenty-five 
 miles wide, and is the second largest county in area in the State, containing 
 98G square miles. 
 
 Numerous farms in the county have been sold to northern buyers at good 
 prices. The surface is generally rolling and hilly, with sopie low moun- 
 tains ; but a very large area of fertile bottom lands along the streams. 
 The soil is varied in character and adaptable for the cultivation of almost 
 every knoM'n crop of the latitude. The soil of the uplands is light, gray 
 and gravelly, producing an immense quantity of the finest bright yellow 
 tobacco, nearly doubling in quantity any other coimty in the State, and 
 totalling over 17,000,000 pounds by last census, and constituting it the 
 money crop of the county. The soil of the lowlands along the streams 
 varies from a stiff red to a sandy character, and is very fertile, producing 
 fine crops of corn, wheat, oats, rye and grass. Fruits and vegetables of all 
 kinds common to other sections of the State are grown to great perfection, 
 and, together with the dairy products, peanuts, etc., are sources of con- 
 siderable I'evenue to the farmer. 
 
 Market advantages are excellent, supplied by its convenient railroad 
 facilities and the large demand at Danville, its manufacturing city. 
 
 For stock raising, it is principally noted for its large number of mules, 
 and very recently lands have been purchased in the county by parties from 
 without for the purpose of stocking them with high-bred horses. Stock- 
 raising presents an inviting field of operation in this comity, all the 
 conditions being favoraBle to it. 
 
 This county has excellent railroad facilities, having connection witli 
 Richmond, Lynchburg, Martinsville, Greensboro and Norfolk, through its 
 various lines — the Atlantic and Danville, Danville and Western, and the 
 Southern and its branches. 
 
 INIinerals also abound, the most notable of which is magnetic iron ore, a 
 high grade of which is found in a productive vein running from Leesville, 
 in Campbell county, southwest, through the county to the North Carolina 
 line. It is woi-ked very profitably at Pittsville, from which mines eight to 
 twenty carloads are daily shipped to furnaces at Roanoke, Lynchburg and 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mineral spiings are chalybeate and sulphur. Timbers are hickory, oak, 
 chestnut and pine, some of which is original growth, but the greater part 
 second growth pine. 
 
 Its streams are Staunton river on tlie north, and Banister, Dan and Hyco 
 rivers in the central and southern portions. These rivers and their 
 numerous ti il)ntary streams alford an ample supply of water and much 
 valuable water power. 
 
198 
 
 The manufactories of the county (other than those located at Danville, 
 which will be mentioned in connection with that city), are a large number 
 of flouring and grain mills, steam sawmills, tobacco factories, tanneries, 
 stone and marble quarries, chair factory, and a large sash, door and 
 blind plant. 
 
 This county can boast of a climate imsurpassed. Being near the 37th 
 parallel of latitude, midway between the waters of the Atlantic, warmed 
 by the Gulf Stream on the east, and the sheltering wings of the Ap- 
 palachian range of mountains on the west, it has neither of the extremes 
 of heat or cold, and is extremely healthful and free from malaria and 
 epidemics. The water is freestone, abundant and good. Churches are 
 numerous and of all denominations. With over two hundred schoolhouses, 
 and a school population of 20,000, the subject of education is a very 
 absorbing one, and it is fully met by the very efficient free school system 
 of the county, supplemented by many private schools of high standing. 
 
 Telephone service and mail facilities are first-class. Much attention is 
 given to road improvements and bridges, over $10,000 being expended 
 annually for that purpose, and as a result, the county has most excellent 
 roads. Progress and improvement is apparent in all lines of agriculture 
 and business. The financial condition of the county is good. 
 
 The population of the county (independent of Danville), census of 1900, 
 is 46,894, making it second in the State in population. Number of males 
 twenty-one years and over, 9,892. Value of real estate, $3,819,444.00; 
 personalty, $1,138,420.00. 
 
 Chatham, the county seat, situated on the Southern railway, about mid- 
 way of the county, has a population of 918 (census of 1900), which is an 
 increase of 161 since last census, and is a thriving town of considerable 
 importance. Its streets are lighted and have brick sidewalks. There are 
 numerous churches, factories and fraternal orders; also two banks, public 
 schools; newspaper and seven stores. Numerous handsome residences have 
 recently been erected, and a general era of improvement and prosperity 
 prevails. 
 
 POWHATAN COUNTY. , 
 
 This county was formed in 1777 from Cumberland. It is hicated in the 
 central portion of the State, twenty miles west of Richmond, James river 
 forming its northern and Appomattox river its southern boundary. 
 
 It is twenty-five miles long and about fifteen miles wide, and contains an 
 aiea of 284 square miles, one-third of which is under cultivation. 
 
 The surface back from the streams is gently undulating. The soil of the 
 county varies from a light gray to a stiff red claV, and is fairly fertile, 
 especially on the rivers. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, tobacco, oats and hay, tobacco being 
 the principal money crop — the annual yield amounting to 1,000,000 pounds, 
 and considered among the best of the dark tobacco sent to the Richmond 
 markets. All the grasses do well here, but those principally gro^^^l are 
 clover, timothy, herd's grass, millet and orchard grass. 
 
 This is one of the finest ajjple counties in Middle Virginia, and peaches, 
 pears, plums, grapes, berries, melons and other fruits yield just as well, 
 and but little subject to damage from insects. 
 
 Vegetables are also easily and abundantly grown. Railroads are the 
 Southern in the southeastern portion, the Chesapeake and Ohio skirting the 
 northern border, and the Farmville and I'owhatan thiough the center of 
 the county, affording ample transportation facilities to Richmond and otlier 
 markets. 
 
 Minerals are coal, mica, kaolin, iron and granite. Tlic coal and mica 
 liave been developed and successfully mined. There are several sulphur 
 and chalybeate springs in the county, the most important being the 
 
199 
 
 Huguenot.' The sulphur springs near Ballsville also possess valuable 
 medicinal qualities. Timbers are oak, pine, hickory, chestnut, beech, etc. 
 
 The James and Appomattox rivers on the north and south borders, and 
 their many tributary creeks, furnish ample water supply and excellent 
 water power for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 ; The industries of the county are important, the most extensive being the 
 Powhatan Clay Manufacturing Company, located at Clayville, which works 
 from seventy-five to one hundred hands regularly in the manufacture of 
 brick. Also the Belmead Wagon Works, located at Belmead, on James 
 ]-iver, seven miles from the county seat, is doing a thriving business in the 
 manufacture of wagons, carts, jumpers, etc. Connected with this plant is 
 a large saw and grist mill. There are several other grist mills in the 
 county, besides two fine roller flour mills, doing a large business. An- 
 other factory w^orthy of notice is the hardwood works, located at Powhatan 
 Courthouse, that manufactures croquet sets, shuttle blocks, etc., from 
 dogwood, hickory, ash, white oak and persimmon wood. They work a 
 considerable force of hands and handle large orders, some for export. 
 Other industries are a spoke factory, and pipe factory, at which the 
 famous and "original Powhatan" pipe is made. 
 
 The climate is very mild, admitting of oiitdoor work during the winter 
 months, and stock does well with very little feed. 
 
 Churches of the various Protestant denominations are numerous and 
 conveniently located to all sections. Public schools are ample and con- 
 venient to the school poj^ulation; also there are many private schools. This 
 county, as the number of Indian relics indicate, was at one time the 
 lumting and battleground of the Red Man, and is happily named for one 
 of their greatest chiefs. 
 
 The people are largely the descendants of the French Huguenots, noted 
 fin- their kindness and genuine hospitality; and with its splendid natural 
 advantages and cheap lands', capital and well-directed energy only is 
 lacking to bring it to the forefront of the counties of the State. 
 
 Population, census of 1000, 6,824. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,545. 
 
 Powhatan, the county seat, is located near the center of the county, and 
 near the Farmville and Powhatan railroad, eleven miles from Dorset 
 station on the Southern railway, ten miles from Michaux ferry on James 
 river, and eight miles from Rock Castle depot, C. & 0. R.R. It is a small 
 country village of about 125 inhabitants, and has a saw and grist mill and 
 wood-working factory. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1753 from Amelia, and is situated in the 
 south-central part of the State, sixty miles southwest from Richmond. It 
 is twenty-five miles long and about twelve miles wide, and contains an area 
 of 345 square miles (one-third of which is in cultivation). The surface is 
 rolling: soil, A^aried; gray loam, red and chocolate loams, or sandy; 
 generally productive and well adapted to the various farm products. 
 Tobacco yields from 300 to 1,000 pounds per acre; wheat, eight to thirty 
 bushels; corn, ten to fifty bushels; oats, ten to fifty bushels; potatoes, 
 fifty to. 300 bushels; and all forage crops, especially the legumes, are pro- 
 duced. But tobacco is the most profitable industry — the soil and climate 
 ])eing peculiarly adapted to it. The grasses — clover, timothy, red top, or 
 herd's grass — are also profitably grown. This is not a natural grazing 
 section save for sheep, and in that particular it lanks well. All the fruits 
 and vegetables common to Virginia do well here. 
 
 Transportation and market facilities are ample, and furnished by the 
 Southern, Norfolk and Western, and Farmville and Powhatan railroads. 
 Tlie minerals are iron, mica, copper, kaolin, coal and building stone, but 
 
200 
 
 all as yet undeveloped. Timber supply near the railroads has been much 
 culled out, but in the central portion of the county pine, oak, hickory 
 and poplar are in considerable abundance. 
 
 Ample water supply is furnished by the Appomattox river in the northern 
 part, and numerous small streams in the middle and southern portions ; 
 these latter affording considerable water power, on which are located several 
 flour and sawmills of large capacity. Climate temperate and exceedingly 
 healthful. Springs abundant and of purest freestone water. 
 
 Churches of all Protestant denominations are ample for the population. 
 Educational advantages are very superior — with Hampden-Sidney College, 
 the State Female Normal, and a fine system of public free schools and five 
 high schools. Mail facilities ample — four daily mails. Telephone service 
 now well organized and very useful. 
 
 mmUt DAIRY i'MM 
 
 Financial condition of the county is very favorable, and above the average 
 county in the State. There are five first-class banks in the county. Few 
 counties in the State are superior in the requisites for health, wealth and 
 happiness. Intelligent and refined society, a moral and hospitable people, 
 good lands and good improvements at cheap rates, are strong inducements 
 to the intending settler, a number of whom from the North and West have 
 already availed themselves of the advantages ofi'ered, and purchased farms 
 in the neighboihood of Green Bay (on the Southern railway), in this 
 county. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 15,015. Increase since census of 1890, 351. 
 Number of males twenty-one yeais and over, 3,156. 
 
 Farraville, the principal town and c(nuity seat, is situated in the northern 
 part of the county, on the Ap])omattox river, at the junction of the Norfolk 
 and Western and Farmville and Powhatan railroads. It is a thriving 
 town of 2,471 inhabitants (census of 1900), and a place of considerable 
 importance as a tobacco manufacturing center, being tlie fifth largest in 
 the State, and an educational center. 
 
201 
 
 The State Female Normal School is located here, and Hamp den-Sidney 
 College, six miles distant, reached by a good macadamized road, both 
 thrifty and popular. 
 
 The Farmville Lithia Springs are noted for the curative properties of 
 their waters, which are shipped to all parts of this and foreign countries. It 
 has water works, paved streets and electric lights, a high school, several 
 jjublic schools, newspapers, bank, numerous churches and fraternal orders, 
 and a business men's association; also a number of tobacco factories, wood- 
 working establishments, fertilizer factories, woolen mills, a cannery and 
 mill. Other towns are Prospect and Worsham. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY. 
 
 This county \\as formed in 1 702 from Charles City, and is located in 
 the eastern portion of the State, seventeen miles southeast from Eichmond, 
 on the south bank of the James river, which separates it from its mother 
 county. It is triangular in shape, and contains an area of 302 square 
 miles. 
 
 The surface is genei'ally level. Soil, sandy loam and clay subsoil, gen- 
 erally thin, though there are extensive tracts of valuable alluvial lands 
 on the rivers. 
 
 Farm products are corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, wheat, oats and the 
 grasses, the light warm lands of the southern portion being best adapted 
 to the peanut and cotton industries. The lands are well adapted to apples, 
 pears, peaches, plums, quinces and grapes, and berries, both wild and 
 cultivated, are abundant. The section adjacent to the river landings and 
 Petersburg are cultivated largely in trucking. Fish are abundant in the 
 inland ponds and James and Appomattox rivers; and the marshes furnish 
 water fowl of the choicest varieties. 
 
 Grazing facilities and the production of improved grasses is considerable, 
 and live stock of all kinds do well. Transportation facilities, supplied by 
 the navigable rivers ( the James and Appomattox ) , and the Norfolk and 
 Western railway and Atlantic Coast Line, are ample, and convenient to all 
 parts of the county, affording easy access to the local and the Jiorthern 
 and southern markets. 
 
 Marl of vaiious sorts is abundant, and has been extensively used with 
 good results. Fine white sandstone and valuable clays of several kinds 
 have been developed to some extent. Timbers are pine, poplar, oak, 
 walnut, gum, persimmon and other hard and soft woods, much of which 
 is shipped north. 
 
 The James and Appomattox livers and their tributaries on the north, 
 Blackwater river in the center, and tlie tributaries of the Nottoway river 
 in the southern portion of the county afford ample water supply and 
 drainage; and tliere is fine water power at Falls of Appomattox, as yet 
 undeveloped. Numerous saw, grist and flour mills are located in the 
 county; also cotton gins, peanut factory, brick kilns, etc. 
 
 Climate is mild and equable, health good, and hygienic conditions care- 
 fully guarded. Watei- is soft, palatable and healthful. 
 
 Churches of the various denominations are sufficient for the population. 
 Educational advantages (primary and grammar grade) very good. Mail 
 facilities and telephone service ample, the latter consisting of local and 
 long-distance service to Norfolk and Richmond. 
 
 The farmers are improving tlieir lamls and becoming more prosperous; 
 the financial condition of the county very good and growing better. 
 
 Population, census of 1900. 7,752. Number of males twentv-one vears 
 and over, 1,839. 
 
 Prince George Courthouse, the county seat, a small inland village, is 
 located in the northwest central portion of the county, and has several 
 
f€f- /., _,.,!' •' 
 
 wif 
 
 
203 
 
 churches, a • public school and Masonic lodge. The nearest market is 
 Petersburg, seven miles distant, with which it has daily mail communi- 
 cation. 
 
 Other towns are City Point and Newville. The former, situated nine 
 miles from Petersburg, at the junction of the James and Appomattox 
 rivers, is a shipping point of considerable importance, with a depth of 
 water at its wharves sufficient for the largest class of vessels, and was 
 used by the Federal government as a base of supplies dviring the siege of 
 Petersburg. 
 
 PRINCESS ANNE COUNTY. 
 
 Tills county was formed in 1691 from Norfolk county, and lies in the 
 extreme southeast corner of the State, TIO miles southeast of Richmond. 
 It contains an area of 285 square miles, one-half under cultivation. 
 
 The surface is level, soil dark loam, marshy and sandy in some sections — 
 with red clay subsoil, easily tilled and generally productive, especially the 
 swamp lands in Holland swamp. Eastern Shore swamp and Blackwater. 
 There are also some fine lands on the borders of the creeks and inlets. 
 Farm products are corn, oats, potatoes and trucks. 
 
 The people are very extensively engaged in the latter, and large quantities 
 of vegetables and fruits are annually shipped to the northern markets. 
 For general trucks this, is one of the finest sections of the State, especially 
 the Pungo district. This county is noted for its fish — notably the catches 
 in Back bay- — and oysters of unequalled quality; and wild fowls of great 
 variety are found in large quantities, the shipments of which produce 
 large revenues to its citizens. 
 
 Nature has been exceedingly lavish to this county in the bestowal of 
 natural products, not only in large extent, but of suijerior quality. This 
 is the home of the renowned Lynnhaven oysters and canvas-back ducks and 
 other water fowls; the latter being in such abundance as to make gunning 
 at certain seasons quite a profitable industry. Stock raising is principally 
 restricted to the raising of cows for dairy and family purposes, although 
 many stock cattle are fed. There are two dairies in the county. Con- 
 siderable attention is paid also to hogs. 
 
 Transportation facilities are ample and convenient to all sections of the 
 county, consisting of Norfolk and Western and Southern railway through 
 center, with branch extending south; also the Albemarle canal along the 
 southern border, and numerous navigable bays and rivers, besides an ocean 
 front of over twenty miles. These afford very superior market advantages. 
 
 Virginia Beach, a famous and attractive summer resort on the Atlantic 
 shore, is in this county. It is connected with Norfolk by rail, and largely 
 patronized. The timber consists of pine, cypress, oak, gum, cedar, elm, etc., 
 and most abundant in the northeast portion of the county. North river 
 running south, and the various sounds, bays and creeks afford ample water 
 supply and drainage. Numerous sawmills are in operation in the county. 
 Barrels, boxes and crates are manufactured; also large quantities of cypress 
 shingles. 
 
 The climate is temperate, health fairly good, and water fine in most 
 sections. Churches and schools are numerous and conveniently distributed. 
 The county is Avell supplied with telephone communication, and mail 
 facilities are good. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 11,192. Increase since census of 1890, 1,682. 
 
 Princess Anne, the county seat, is a small inland country place, situated 
 near the center of the county, 118 miles southeast of Richmond and 
 eighteen miles southeast of Norfolk. Near the village is a steam crate and 
 barrel factory. There is also a public school and church. The nearest 
 market is Norfolk. 
 
205 
 
 No utlier towns in the county except Kemjjsville, a small country 
 village situated on a branch of the Lynnhaven river, eight miles south of 
 Norfolk, Lynnhaven, a new summer resort, and Oceana, where numbers of 
 new houses have been erected and where stands a new eight-room high 
 school with all modern improvements. In the past few years education 
 has received a stimulus which bids fair to make Princess Anne one of the 
 foremost counties in the State in educational facilities. Consolidation 
 has been the motto, and in a few years high schools will be accessible to 
 every child in the county. 
 
 With good lands easily tilled, abundant sup2:)lies from the waters, cheap 
 and convenient access to market, climate pleasant and salubrious, and a 
 county showing considerable progress in many respects, it would seem that 
 this is a section' where all should be c(intented and prosperous. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1730 from Stafford and King George. It is 
 located in the northeast portion of the State, seventy miles air line north 
 from Richmond, and within about thirty miles from Washington, D. C, 
 and extends from the Bull Riui mountains on the north to the Potomac 
 river on the south. It contains an area of 353 square miles. 
 
 The lands of this section are low in price, but under a projier system of 
 cultivation can be made quite productive, and Avill undoubtedly increase 
 in value and importance, owing- to their close proximity to the' National 
 Capital. The surface is rolling, soil freestone and generally good. Some 
 portions of the county contain as fine lands as are to be found anywhere 
 in the State. 
 
 The principal farm products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, live 
 stock, poultry and fruit. Average yield per acre; corn, forty bushels; 
 wheat, thirty-two bushels; oats, twenty bushels; rye, twelve bushels; 
 potatoes, 100 bushels; and hay, one and one-fourth tons. 
 
 In the upper or northern end of the county, there are some fine blue 
 grass lands, splendidly adapted to grazing and stock raising; hence cattle 
 and sheep are raised in large numbers for the northern markets, and 
 horses of all breeds, from draft horses to hunters and racers. Fruit of 
 all kinds succeed well, and their culture is receiving increased attention. 
 Grapes have been found to do well, and quite a large acreage is devoted 
 to the vine in diiTerent sections. 
 
 Dairy products pay well, there being special facilities afforded by the 
 Southern railway for placing the milk from stations in this section on the 
 Washington market. Poultry raising has increased largely during the past 
 few years, and is a profitable industry ; in fact, the production of any food 
 supplies for the Washington market brings good returns. 
 
 Railroad facilities are excellent, and are furnished by the main line of 
 the Southern railway, which passes through the center of the county from 
 northeast to southwest, and its Manassas division, extending northwest to 
 its connection with the Baltimore and Ohio railway at Strasburg; while 
 the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railway extends through the 
 southeast portion, and on a line with the Potomac river. The principal 
 railway stations in the county, other than Manassas, are Wellington, 
 Gainsville, Haymarket and Thoroughfare, on the Manassas branch; Bj-is- 
 tow and Nnkesville on the main line of the South and Occoquan and 
 Quantico on the R., F. & P. railway. These places are growing villages, 
 and are tlie concentrating points for considerable amounts of produce, and, 
 dui'ing the summer season, the country places tributary to them are popu- 
 lar resorts for city visitors. 
 
 The Potomac river, on its southeast border, furnishes water transporta- 
 tion to tliat section and fine fishing shores. ]\Iinerals are gold, copper, 
 
207 
 
 barytes, slate, soapstone, brownstoiie, limestone, marble and coal, but un- 
 developed except brownstone and slate, which are being successfully worked. 
 
 Timbers are pine, oak, hickory, chestnut and cedar. The county is well 
 watered by the Potomac, the Occoquan and Bull Run rivers, and these 
 streams also afford considerable water power. Its manufacturing enter- 
 prises are flouring mills, candy factory, capital $50,000; spoke factory, 
 planing and sawmills, barytes mines (employing about 100 hands), and a 
 garbage factory, located at Cherry Hill. Climate is mild, being free from 
 high and low temperatures. Health is excellent. Water, freestone, from 
 springs and wells. Church buildings are good and all the principal denomi- 
 nations represented. Educational advantages consist of State Agricultural 
 Normal School, Catholic Institute, Manassas Institute, a good system of 
 public free schools, and an industrial school for colored youths. Telephone 
 service embraces local lines and Bell and Southern long-distance. Mail 
 facilities ample and extending to all sections. Public roads are well 
 located.and- in good condition. This county has greatly improved agri- 
 culturaily,,within the past fifteen years, and the financial condition of her 
 farmers- is better thair at any period since the war. Many northern, west- 
 ern and English families have located in the county, cleared and put under 
 cultivation large tracts of waste lands and erected thereon substantial 
 improvements. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, 11,112. Increase since census 
 of 1890, 1,307. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,796. 
 
 Manassas, the county seat, is situated at the junction of the main line 
 of the Southern railway with the branch that extends westward through 
 the Shenandoah valley." It is thirty-three miles southwest of Washington 
 and is a trading center for a productive, populous section of the county. 
 It has a population, census of 1900, of 817, which is an increase of 287 
 since last census. Among its industries are a spoke factory, two luniber 
 mills, cigar factorj', and confectionery factory; also near the town is a 
 brownstone quarry. There are numerous churches and public and private 
 schools, two banks, newspaper. Eastern College, State Agricultural and 
 Normal School, fraternal orders and a large number of business houses. 
 There are many fine residences both at Manassas and in the surrounding 
 country, which is very picturesque and attractive. Quite a number of 
 people' from the North have located in this section within the past few 
 years. Only a few miles distant from Manassas is the Bull Run battle- 
 field, on wiiich was fought two of the fiercest battles of the Civil War. 
 Other towns of the county are Occoquan. population 297 : Dumfries, 
 population, 160, and Brentsville and Potomac. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1839 from Montgomery and Wythe, and 
 named in honor of Count Pulaski, a hero of the Revolution. It is situated 
 in the great Southwest valley, 200 miles, air line, southwest from Richmond. 
 It is twenty-three miles long from north to south; twenty miles wide from 
 east to west, and contains an area of 245 square miles, one-half under 
 cultivation. Surface level and rolling, and in some parts mountainous. 
 The soil is rich and very productive. 
 
 Wheat and corn are the staple grain crops, the average yield of which 
 is fifteen to twenty-five bushels of wheat per acre, and from thirty-five 
 to fifty bushels of corn per acre; also oats, rye and millet are grown to a 
 considerable extent. The soil is well adapted to the artificial grasses, and 
 immense quantities of fine hay are annually produced; but the greatest 
 agricultural wealth of this county consists in its splendid grazing facilities, 
 being the natural home of what is termed the Kentucky blue grass. It is 
 imsurpassed in this respect by any county in the State for the territory 
 embraced. 
 
mtmmKJKAm^^ 
 
209 
 
 The quality of cattle produced is very fine — equal to any in the United 
 States — and the annual shipments are" very large, the great proportion 
 being sold for export to the English markets, and that sold in the Balti- 
 more markets conceded to be unsurpassed and commanding top prices. 
 A recent shipment of twenty-four cars from Dublin station averaged 
 1,465 pounds and brought the handsome sum of $33,000.00, and another 
 shipment of nine hundred head from this county averaged 1,450 pound's 
 each. Much attention is paid by the leading agriculturists of the county 
 to the introduction of superior breeds of cattle; also of horses, sheep and 
 hogs, of which they make fine exhibits at their annual coimty fair. Large 
 numbers of fine riding and driving horses are found in this county, and 
 the lamb and wool product is very extensive. 
 
 All the fruits of this latitude, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, 
 quinces and the smaller fruits, grow to great perfection here, and this 
 industry is growing very rapidly in interest and importance. The dairy 
 products and early vegetables find a ready market at the home towns, 
 and are a source of considerable revenue to the people. Other market ad- 
 vantages are the numerous furnaces and mines of the county that take a 
 large proportion of the farmers' surplus, and at good prices. 
 
 This county is well supplied with transportation facilities. The Norfolk 
 and Western railroad (the great through line of railway from the Atlantic 
 seaboard to the south and east) passes throvigh the heart of the county 
 from east to west with two important branches — one, the New River 
 division, which passes through the eastern portion of the county and ex- 
 tends to the Pocahontas, Flat Top and other coal fields; and the other 
 the Cripple Creek division, which leaves the main line at Pulaski and 
 extends up New River, opening up the rich mineral section of the Cripple 
 Creek valleys. There are also short lines of railway extending to the 
 Altoona and Tyler Brush Mountain coal mines, eight and five miles in 
 length, respectively. 
 
 Noted as this county is for its great agricultural resources, it is no 
 less so for its mineral wealth. Though small in the extent of its territory 
 in comparison with other counties of this section, Pulaski is making a 
 wide and favorable reputation in this respect — its mineral development 
 in the past few years probably equalling any county of the State. Within 
 its boundaries are found iron and coal in extensive deposits; also zinc, 
 lead, manganese, millstone, grindstone and whet-stone rock of superior 
 quality, and fine building stone, both in the limes and sandstone, the latter 
 unexcelled in quantity and quality. 
 
 Timbers are oak, pine, poplar, locust, walnut and hickory, though all 
 kinds of timber common to Virginia forests is plentiful. 
 
 The county is well watered by New River (which skirts its southern 
 and northern boundaries) and Little River, and their tributaries. Among 
 the latter Back creek. Peak creek, Big and Little Reed Island creeks and 
 Laurel are the most important. These streams are well adapted to fish, 
 the celebrated New River catfish being plentiful in that stream, and other 
 streams well stocked with black bass and many other choice varieties. 
 They are also capable of supplying a great deal of valuable water power 
 for mills and manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Pulaski occupies a prominent, if not the leading, position among her 
 sister counties in manufactories. Several large iron furnaces are located 
 in this county, and are now, and through all the recent years of depression 
 in the iron trade, have been in constant and successful operation. Here 
 are also a system of zinc furnaces, (twelve in number) and one of the 
 largest in the world, reducing the zinc ores of the New river basin to 
 metallic zinc, or speltei-, as it is called, Avhich is recognized as the standard 
 in the LTnited States, as it is in a number of European countries, for alloy 
 in its silver mintage. 
 
 Other public works are a half dozen or more laige roller flouring mills, 
 many grist mills and sawmills, and a splendidly-equipped foundry, making 
 various kinds of machinery and fixtures for mills, furnaces, etc. 
 i I 
 
210 
 
 The climate is dry, invigorating and comparatively mild. The elevation 
 being 1,800 to 2,000 feet above sea level, the atmosphere is pure and free 
 from malaria, rendering it exceedingly healthful. Water, very fine, prin- 
 cipally limestone, though freestone water is found in some sections. 
 
 Splendid churches of all Protestant denominations, with good member- 
 ship, Presbyterian and Methodist predominating. Educational advantages 
 are good, with the public schools in a flourishing condition; fine graded 
 schools at several points in the county, and good school buildings. The 
 Dublin Institute, at Dublin, is a high grade preparatory school, with an 
 able faculty of seven or eight teachers and has an annual enrollment of 
 over 200. There are three banks in the county, two at Pulaski and one 
 at Dublin. Local telephone service excellent throughout the county, and 
 long-distance service through the Virginia and Tennessee Telephone Com- 
 pany, to points east and west. Mail facilities are satisfactory, with ten 
 daily mails to Pulaski (the county seat), and a daily mail at nearly 
 every other postoffice in the county. The financial condition of the county 
 is excellent and public roads are good. 
 
 There are several mineral springs containing ^.lum, lithia and iron, the 
 most noted of which is Hunter's Alum Springs near Little Walker's 
 creek, eight and a half miles from Pulaski, which has had a growing 
 reputation among the sick dating back fifty years. 
 
 Population of county, over 20,000. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, about 5,000. 
 
 Pulaski, the chief town and county seat, is located in the western part 
 of the county on the Norfolk and Western railroad, 316 miles from Nor- 
 folk and ninety-two miles from Bristol, and is the terminus of the Cripple 
 Creek railroad, extending into the noted iron and zinc ore fields of that 
 section, and of the Altoona railroad, extending to nearby coal fields on 
 the north. It is a beautiful and flourishing town of 5,000 inhabitants, and 
 has nearly doubled its population since last census. It is extensively en- 
 gaged in manufactories, having twelve zinc furnaces in one plant in opera- 
 tion, and two large iron furnaces, which have been running continuously 
 since they were put in blast ten or twelve years ago, except when out for 
 repairs; a large sulphuric acid plant that makes its product from an ore 
 high in sulphur content that is found in inexhaustible quantity along the 
 Cripple Creek road not far from Pulaski, and this plant proposes to 
 greatly enlarge its capacity within the next year. Other manufactories 
 are two large roller flour mills, foundry, and two large wood-working 
 manufactories. These operations, especially the iron and zinc furnaces, 
 employ a large number of laborers, many of them skilled workmen, at 
 good wages. No town in Virginia is more favorably located for manufac- 
 turing purposes on a large scale. Pulaski boasts of one of the finest court- 
 houses and hotels in the State; a new gravity system water plant that 
 furnishes abundant freestone water ; ample fire protection. A new hj'dro- 
 electric plant is projected and will be shortly installed. Pulaski has 
 several miles of splendid granolithic walks, also a number of handsome 
 business houses and residences, many of them built of stone from the 
 sandstone quarries near by. The public schools of the city are good and 
 well patronized, with handsome buildings, well equipped. There are also 
 several excellent private schools. Churches are numerous, with good 
 buildings — six white, embracing Baptist, Christian, Episcopal, Lutheran, 
 Methodist and Presbyterian ; and three colored churches — two Baptist and 
 one African Methodist. Recent additions are the Pulaski Opera House, 
 two wholesale grocery firms, and a large carriage and machinery building. 
 The Crabtree Mineral Springs, near by, are improved and popular. Other 
 enterprises are a newspaper, two banks, doing a large business, and several 
 fraternal orders. 
 
 Other towns are Newburn, Churchwood, New Eiver, Dublin, Snowville 
 and Allisonia. Some of these towns have manufacturing enterprises, and 
 all have considerable population and are of business importance. 
 
211 
 
 RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1831 from Culpeper, and is located in the 
 
 . northern portion of the State, 100 miles northwest from Eichmond, and 
 
 contains an area of 264 square miles — 850 farms, average size farms 195 
 
 acres. Average price improved farm lands $10 per acre. Average assessed 
 
 value of lands $6.75 per acre. 
 
 The surface is undulating, soil generally fertile and produces fine crops 
 of corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, rye and buckwheat. The soil and climate are 
 especially adapted to the growth of fruit, and all kinds succeed well. 
 
 There are large areas of fine grazing lands in the county, and fat cattle, 
 sheep and hogs, in large numbers, are annually shipped to the eastern 
 markets. 
 
 Kaolin and iron have been found, but as yet are undeveloped. Timbers 
 are oak, chestnut, pine, hickory, poplar and walnut, and are of good 
 quality and of considerable quantity, especially along the line of the Blue 
 Ridge mountains. Owing to inconvenient transportation facilities, very 
 little timber is shipped from the county, but is manufactured into lumber 
 by the numerous sawmills in operation. The mountain sections furnish 
 large quantities of tanbark for market and local tanneries. 
 
 The county is well watered by the head waters of the Rappahannock 
 river, which also affords most excellent water power. In climate, health 
 and water it is everything that could be desired. 
 
 Society is excellent, and all sections of the county well supplied with 
 churches and schools. Mail facilities are ample, and as transportation of 
 the products of the county is wholly by wagons, considerable attention is 
 paid to the turnpike and other public roads, which are kept in better 
 condition than most counties with as broken surface; and although without 
 railroad facilities, this fine county offers great inducements to settlers on 
 its fertile lands, and the grazing is practically convenient to the Balti- 
 more, Washington and Georgetown markets. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 8,843. Increase since last census, 
 165. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,003. 
 
 Washington, the county seal, is located near the center of the county, 
 twenty-six miles from Culpeper, on the Southern railway, and eighteen 
 miles from Kimball on the Norfolk and Western road, with which place 
 it has dailj^ mail communication. Population, census of 1900, 300. In- 
 crease since last census, forty-eight. 
 
 Other towns are Flint Hill, Woodville and Sperryville. At the latter 
 place there is a large tannery and many shops for the smaller mechanical 
 industries. 
 
 RICHMOND COUNTY. 
 
 This cormty was formed in 1692 from old Rappahannock. It is situated 
 fifty miles northeast from Richmond in the section known as the Northern 
 Neck. It is thirty miles long by about seven miles in width, and contains 
 an area of 188 square miles, one-third in cultivation. Average price im- 
 proved farm lands $11 per acre. Average assessed value $5.50 per acre. 
 Surface undulating; soil a sandy loam with clay subsoil, and very fertile 
 on the low grounds. 
 
 Farm products are wheat, corn, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, fruits and vege- 
 tables, and grasses of various kinds. Trucking is of considerable import- 
 ance and largely on the increase. The most important and profitable 
 products of the count}^ are the fish and oysters, in which its streams 
 abound in large quantities and of superior quality. Game is abundant and 
 water fowl of choice varieties. Grazing facilities are fairly good. The 
 usual farm stock — horses, cattle, hogs and sheep — are grov/n, the latter 
 especially are found to be quite profitable. 
 
213 
 
 There are no railroads, but water navigation is convenient via tlie 
 Eappahannock river and inlets, tlie former being navigable for large vessels. 
 Market advantages are excellent by a daily line of steamers to Baltimore, 
 Fredericksburg and Norfolk. 
 
 Marl is found in large quantities and is used with good effect on the 
 land. Timbers consist of oak, hickory, chestnut, g-um, ash, maple, pine, 
 dogwood and elm, the pine and oak being converted into lumber by the 
 numerous sawmills in operation in the county. Rappahannock river and 
 numerous creeks afford ample water supply. There are berry and vegetable 
 canneries and a barrel manufactory for truck and oyster barrels. The 
 climate is mild, health and water good, churches convenient; and educa- 
 tional advantages consist of Farnham Academy and numerous public 
 schools. Telephone service and mail facilities ample, and public roads kept 
 in good repair. This county shows considerable progress, and its people 
 are prosperous and contented. There is much to recommend it to home- 
 seekers in its mild climate, fertile soil — easy of cultivation — cheap and 
 abundant living and convenient access to market. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 7.088. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,585. 
 
 Warsaw, the county seat, is an inland country village, situated near the 
 center of the county, six miles from the river, and contains a population 
 of about 150, one public school, newspaper, fraternal order, and several 
 churches. 
 
 ROANOKE COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed from Botetourt in 1838, is situated west of the Blue 
 Eidge mountains in the famous Roanoke valley, 175 miles almost due west 
 from Richmond. It is twenty miles long and about fifteen miles wide, and 
 contains an area of 297 square miles. Altitude at Salem, 1,006 feet. The 
 surface is undulating, being divided into valleys and mountains, the latter 
 principally on its boundaries. Soil alluvial, clay loam and limestone, very 
 fertile, especially the valleys. 
 
 This is a splendid agricultural county, producing large crops of all the 
 staple products — wheat, corn, oats, rye, hay, etc. This county has, in 
 recent years, made great progress in fruit culture, all varieties of which 
 known to this climate do well ; such as apples, pears, peaches, plums, 
 cherries, apricots, grapes and the smaller fruits. Vegetables also are grown 
 to great extent and perfection, which, together with peaches, berries, etc., 
 are put up in large quantities by the various canning establishments 
 located in the county, and Botetourt county, adjacent. The apple culture 
 especially has created much interest in the county, and it is coming to be 
 one of the foremost apple-growing counties in the State, containing some 
 of the largest orchards in the United States. Large shipments of apples 
 are annually made to the markets of Europe direct from the orchards, 
 yielding to the grower from $5,000 to $15,000 for the year's crop. Trucking 
 is quite an important industry, and Roanoke City and the coal fields fur- 
 nish excellent markets for this and other farm products. 
 
 Grazing facilities in this county, in common with all others in this 
 section of the State, are superior, especially in the blue grass section in the 
 northern part. Cattle and sheep are raised extensively, and have direct 
 and quick transportation via Shenandoah Valley railroad to the large 
 markets, besides supplying the local demand in Roanoke and Salem. 
 
 Most excellent transportation facilities are furnished by the different 
 lines of the Norfolk and Western system traversing the county, which 
 include the main line east and west — the Shenandoah valley division lead- 
 ing northeast to the great cities of that section, and the Roanoke and 
 Southern south through the tobacco counties of southern Piedmont and 
 into North Carolina, and the new Virginian railroad, which runs the 
 entire length of tl^e county. 
 
214 
 
 The minerals of the county are iron, manganese, barytes, marble, slate 
 and limestone, the most valuable and important of which are its iron ores, 
 magnetic and hematite, which are in great abundance and of superior 
 quality, and are being extensively developed and worked. There are several 
 mineral springs in the county, of high reputation for their medicinal 
 properties, the most important of which are the celebrated Roanoke Red 
 Sulphur Springs, peculiarly adapted to consumptives, which has been 
 recently acquired by the State and converted into a sanatorium. The most 
 valuable varieties of timber are walnut, poplar, oak, chestnut, pine and 
 hickory. 
 
 The county is watered and drained principally by the Roanoke river and 
 its numerous tributaries passing through the center of the county and 
 flowing southeast, and to some extent by tributaries of the James, running- 
 north. These streams furnish some very fine water powers, and are good 
 fishing streams for bass and other varieties. Trout are also found in the 
 mountain streams. Manufactories consist of flour mills and sawmills, 
 roller mill supplies, woolen mills, steam tannery, a fertilizer mill, foundry, 
 and a number of canneries. The climate is an average temperature, health 
 excellent, water very fine. Churches are numerous, and include all the 
 principal evangelical denominations. Educational advantages are very 
 superior. In addition to its excellent public school system, there are male 
 and female colleges of a high order, notably Roanoke College, located at 
 Salem, and Hollins Institute, located six miles from the city of Roanoke 
 in a most beautiful and picturesque section, and Virginia College, for 
 the education of women, on the outskirts of Roanoke. These schools are 
 conducted exclusively in the interest of the higher education of young 
 ladies and are thoroughly equipped. The mail facilities and telephone 
 service of the county are excellent, and good county roads, including a 
 splendid macadamized road, extend through the whole length of the 
 county. The county is free from debt, and progress and advancement are 
 apparent everywhere. 
 
 Population of the county (independent of Roanoke City), census of 1900, 
 15,837. Increase (independent of Roanoke City) since census of 1890, 
 1,895. 
 
 The above is a good exhibit of growth in population, as part of the 
 county has been annexed to Roanoke City since last census, and the popula- 
 tion thereof included with that city in the recent census. 
 
 Salem, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, in the 
 beautiful Roanoke valley, through which flows Roanoke river, and around 
 which rise the Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountains. Lying 1,100 feet 
 above the sea, it is deservedly noted for its salubrious and healthful 
 climate, and is surpassed by no town in the State for beauty of situation, 
 and wide expanse, fertility and picturesque scenery of the surrounding 
 country. It lies on the main line of the Norfolk and Western railroad, 
 and is connected by an electric railway line with Roanoke, six miles dis- 
 tant. The streets are well paved and macadamized. The water is of 
 exceptional abundance and quality, being supplied, by several large 
 springs owned by the town. Salem is noted not only for the intelligence 
 and refinement, but also for the high moral and religious tone of its 
 population. Its eleven churches are well attended, represented by the 
 Methodist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic. Its 
 educational advantages are of a very high order, it being the seat of 
 Roanoke College, an institution for the education of males, widely known 
 and justly celebrated as one of the leading colleges of the State; during 
 its existence of a half a century, having attracted students from almost 
 half the States of the Union, and several foreign countries. The college 
 buildings are spacious, imposing brick structures ; the grounds attractive, 
 with beautiful greensward and luxuriant growth of forest and ornamental 
 trees. Its able corps of instructors, laboratory, extensive library, location, 
 and excellent moral and religious influence of the community, render it a 
 
215 
 
 most desirable school for the yoxiiig men of our State. Other schools are 
 the Salem Female Seminary, the "Baptist Orphanage and the Lutheran 
 Orphanage. These are comparatively yoimg but growing institutions, in 
 numbers and reputation. The graded schools (white and colored) rank 
 among the first of the State for efficiency and good management. The 
 town is supplied with excellent hotels, and three strong banks, one news- 
 paper and fraternal orders. 
 
 There are a number of flourishing industries and enterprises at Salem, 
 some of them very extensive, affording employment to considerable expert 
 labor. The most prominent are the machine works, steam tannery, woolen 
 mills, carriage and wagon works, brick works, roller flour mills and ice 
 plant. 
 
 The population of Salem, census of 1890, was 3,412, and by the local 
 school census of 1905, it was over 5,000. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt in 1778, and 
 named from its great natural curiosity, the Natural Bridge. This is one 
 of the great valley counties lying between the Blue Ridge and Alleghany 
 mountains, 159 miles due west from Richmond. It is thirty-one miles in 
 length and twenty-two in width, and contains 593 square miles (about 
 three-fourths in cultivation and pasturage). Average size farms, 150 
 acres. Average price of improved lands, $25.00 per acre. Average 
 assessed value, $12.00 per acre. Farming lands have increased steadily 
 in value — some farms exchanging hands at $50.00 per acre, and it is not 
 an unheard of thing for farms to sell at $65.00 per acre. 
 
 The surface is rolling and in parts mountainous, especially on tlie 
 eastern and western borders. The soil is chiefly limestone, very fertile 
 and highly improved, especially in the central portion of the county. Like 
 all the valley counties, this is a rich agricultural and pastoral coimty, 
 producing fine crops of grain and all the cultivated grasses. Fruits of 
 all kinds do well, and farm dairying and poultry raising are sources of 
 considerable profit. This county has much very fine_ blue grass grazing 
 lands, which render stock raising profitable and the chief farm industry. 
 
 Transportation facilities are very superior, embracing the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio, the Baltimore and Ohio, and Norfolk and Western railroads. 
 
 The mineral resources of this county are important and constitute one 
 of its sources of wealth. Its various mineral deposits include iron ore of 
 exceptionally fine quality, tin ore, manganese, barytes, kaolin, gypsum, 
 marble and limestone. Several of these have been developed and are being 
 successfully Avorked. The mineral waters of this county are numerous, 
 embracing the Rockbridge Alum, Wilson's White Sulphur and Rockbridge 
 Baths — all places of popular resort for health and pleasure. The Natural 
 Bridge hotels furnish a large, popular resort. 
 
 The scenery of Rockbridge is grand and picturesque, and the county 
 contains several points of great interest to the traveler and pleasure- 
 seeker, among which the most noted is the Natural Bridge, a natural rock 
 arch 215 feet high and 100 feet wide, spanning Cedar creek, a small 
 mountain stream, ninety feet. It is famous as being one of the greatest 
 natural curiosities in the world, of which Marshall said: "It is one of 
 God's greatest miracles in stone." Other interesting points are Balcony 
 Falls on the James, and Goshen Pass on North river. 
 
 Timber is fairly abundant, of which the principal and most valuable 
 species are oak, pine, poplar, walnut, hickory and chestnut. This county 
 is rmusually well watered by James river through its southern border, 
 North river in the central portion, and by their very numerous tribu- 
 taries, streams and springs; excellent water power is afforded (some of 
 
216 
 
 Tvhich is utilized), and good supplies of fisli, especially of bass, are found. 
 The most important manufactories of the county are iron furnaces and 
 lime kilns. There are also numerous grain and sawmills. 
 
 The climate is fine, being dry, healthful and invigorating, and water 
 excellent. Churches are numerous: also educational advantages of a 
 high order. Telephone service and mail facilities afford ample communica- 
 tion to all sections. 
 
 This county is not only one of the largest, but ranks as among the 
 most populous and flourishing in the State. It is developing in wealth 
 and progressing in every way. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 21,799. Number of males twenty- 
 one years and over, 5,135. 
 
 Lexington, the county seat, is situated on North river, near the center 
 of the county, surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. It is a 
 
 VIRGINIA S LONG GBOWIXG SEASON GIVES THE OPPORTUNITY FOR THE FARMER TO 
 MAKE TWO AND THREE CROPS OF HAY ON SAME PIECE OF LAND ANNUALLY 
 
 thriving, growing and beautiful little city of 3,203 inhabitants (census 
 1900). It has excellent railroad facilities, being located on the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio and the Valley division of the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
 road. It is lighted by electricity and has an ample supply of perfectly pure 
 spring water supplied from wooded watersheds. It has well paved streets, 
 large public schools and school buildings, beautiful churches (notably 
 Grace Memorial church. Episcopal, which was erected in memory of 
 General Robert E. Lee), three banks of large capital, two newspapers, 
 several fraternal orders, a successful wholesale grocery, large flouring 
 mill and woodworking plant. But perhaps Lexington's most notable 
 feature, and of which she is justly proud, are its two famous institutions 
 of learning, the Virginia Military Institute and Washington and Lee 
 University — the former a State institution, founded in 1839 and controlled 
 by a board of visitors appointed by the Governor ; the latter chartered 
 in 1782 as Liberty Hall Academy, first endowed by Washington and later 
 receiving the added lustre of the name of Robert E. Lee, its president for 
 six years after the war. It is now a handsomely endowed, splendidly 
 
217 
 
 equipped and extensively patronized vmiveisity. Lexington is also noted 
 as the home of Stonewall Jackson before the war, and of Robert E. Lee 
 after the war, and is the burial place of both. 
 
 • Other towns of this county are Buena Vista, Glasgow, Goshen, Col- 
 lierstown, Brownsburg, Eaphine and Fairfield. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Augusta in the year 1778 — 132 years 
 ago — and is almost as old as the Federal government, and lies west of the 
 Blue Ridge mountains in the Shenandoah valley, about 130 miles north- 
 west from Richmond. It borders on the State of West Virginia on the 
 northwest, from which it is separated by the Noith or Shenandoah 
 mountains. It contains an area of 870 square miles. 
 
 Its surface is rolling and mountainous on the southeast and nortlwest 
 borders. The greater portion is valuable farm land and in cultivation, 
 very fertile, and as a grain-producing county it has no peer. In the pro- 
 duction of wheat, and average yield per acre, it ranks probably as high 
 as any county in the State. Its best farms have produced as high as 
 forty-five bushels per acre, and twenty-five bushels is considered a fair 
 average. Its yield of corn, oats, rye and barley are in like proportion — 
 the latter embracing nearly half the product of the State. Not only is 
 this a notably fine grain-producing county, but it is peculiarly a grass and 
 stock section, and this is perhaps the principal source of its great pros- 
 perity. Hay is grown in great abundance, and being a natural blue 
 grass soil, large numbers of choice cattle, horses, sheep and hogs are 
 annually shipped from this county to the northern markets. Some of 
 Virginia's finest horses are reared in this county, and it is considered one 
 of the largest and best horse markets in the State, having regular sale 
 days at Harrisonburg, at which the sales have been known to aggregate 
 in "one day $25,000 to $30,000, principally to northern buyers, and at an 
 average price of $100 per head. 
 
 Fruits of all kinds do well. No section of the State is better adapted to 
 this industry, and it is receiving increased attention. Railroad facilities 
 are excellent, with tAvo main lines (the Baltimore and Ohio and Shenandoah 
 Valley railroads) extending through the county from north to south, and 
 these connected by a cross line, affording ample facilities for marketing the 
 large quantity of grain and other products, and the vast number of cattle, 
 horses, sheep and hogs annually shipped to the markets. The extension of 
 the C. & W. will, in the early future, bring this county in direct com- 
 munication with the coal region of the west and Richmond in the east. 
 This county has also great possibilities in the way of undeveloped mineral 
 resources. ' It has iron, manganese, copper, coal, lead, ochre, marble of 
 several varieties, and limestone abundant in every section. Mineral waters 
 of great virtue are found, the most celebrated being Rawley Springs, eleven 
 miles from Harrisonburg. 
 
 Much of the original growth of timber has been culled out, but there 
 still exists a considerable quantity, especially in the mountain region, such 
 as oak, chestnut, pine, poplar, cedar, etc. 
 
 The county contains a number of rivers and creeks. Of the former the 
 principal streams are the Shenandoah, North and South rivers, and it is 
 thus well watered and supplied with power for milling and manufacturing 
 purposes. Manufactories are numerous and important, embracing more 
 than thirty roller mills with a capacity of 50 to 175 barrels flour each 
 per day. A large number of sawmills, several large tanneries, woolen 
 mills, fertilizer plant, furniture factory, agricultural implement factories, 
 plaster mill, foundries and turnaces, canning establishments, and creamery 
 and cheese plants. 
 
218 
 
 The climate is exceedingly healthful and invigorating — cooler in summer 
 and winter than the eastern section of the State, and warmer than the 
 mountains. Malarial diseases are entirely unknown. Water excellent and 
 principally limestone. Churches are numerous and convenient, all 
 Protestant denominations having houses of worship throughout the county. 
 The public schools of the county rank very high, having been pronounced 
 by the United States Commissioner of Education (Harris) the best in the 
 State. Telephone service is cheap and efficient, extending over this and 
 adjoining counties, and it is claimed that Rockingham has more rural 
 telephones than any county in the United States. Mail facilities are of the 
 best, ten rural free delivery routes having been established in this county, 
 reaching almost every section of it and making it the banner county of the 
 State in this respect. 
 
 This is a very progressive county in the improvement of its highways, 
 good buildings, and general appearance of thrift and prosperity. Finan- 
 cial condition of county and people is excellent. Wealth is probably more 
 evenly distributed than any other county of the State. Of the $1,000,000 
 on deposit in the banks, the greater part belongs to the farmers of the 
 county, and all the money wanted can be gotten from the banks at 5 per 
 cent. Its roads are among the best in Virginia, and furnish good and con- 
 venient highways to the vaiious markets throughout the county. Its 
 people are law-abiding, conservative, hospitable and progressive. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 33,527. Increase since census of 
 1890, 2,228. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 8,045. 
 
 Other towns are Bridgewater, population 800 ; Broadway, population 
 400; Dayton, population 425; Singer Glen, population 108; Timberville, 
 population 173; also Mount Crawford, McGaheyville, Dovesville, Keezel- 
 tOAvn, Mount Clinton, Linville and Port Republic. 
 
 As Rockingham ranks high among the counties of the State in point of 
 area, so it claims a place near the head of the list in wealth, industry and 
 progress. Thirtj'-five years ago, owing to the ravages of war, it lay almost 
 a barren waste; to-day, instead of lands and property devastated, plenty 
 smiles on every hand, and but for the monuments of her heroes and his- 
 tory, no one would ever dream, wlien surveying its broad acres of waving 
 grain and grass, that it had undergone the devastating influence of war. 
 At the close of that war its citizens were impoverished, its finances depleted 
 and there was a gloomy prospect for the future; but with that energy 
 characteristic of her people, houses and barns soon again dotted the land- 
 scape; fields were fenced and planted, and since that time Rockingham 
 has been taking a leading part in every line of material advancement. To 
 the enterprising farmer, one who farms on a business basis, this county 
 ofters rare advantages; indeed, among the counties of the State none 
 otters greater inducements to prospective settlers. 
 
 RUSSELL COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1786 from Washington. It is situated in 
 the southwestern portion of the State, 370 miles southwest from Richmond, 
 and bounded north by Buchanan and Dickenson, from which it is separated 
 by a mountain range known as Sandy Ridge, south by Washington ( Clinch 
 mountain forming the dividing line), west by Scott and Wise, and east by 
 Tazewell countJ^ This is a large countj^, being forty miles long from east 
 to west, and twenty miles wide from north to south, containing an area of 
 503 square miles — 370,153 acres; 1,579 farms; average size farms, 185 acres; 
 unimproved lands, $8.00 to $12.00 per acre; improved lands, $15.00 to 
 $50.00 per acre; average assessed value, $5.00. per acre; about three-quar- 
 ters of area in cultivation. 
 
219 
 
 The surface to a considerable extent is broken. There are some very 
 fertile sections in the valleys and along the streams, producing fine crops 
 of grain and grass, far exceeding the average in most of the counties of the 
 State. Especially is it noted for its extensive area of fine blue grass lands, 
 upon which are raised large numbers of fine cattle that are annually shipped 
 out to supply the export market. 
 
 The principal farm products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye and potatoes, 
 that find a readv and remtinerative market in the coal mining region near 
 bv. Fruits of all kinds common to this latitude do well, especially apples, 
 peaches, grapes, etc. Fish, such as black bass, cat and red-eye, abound in 
 laro-e quantities in the Clinch and its tributaries. The grazing and 
 feeding, not only of cattle, but of horses, sheep and hogs, is extensively 
 carried on, and" the quality and breeding is exceptionally fine. Stock 
 raising, especially of cattle," is the principal industry of the county. The 
 numbers of cattle annually sold from the county is from 10,000 to 12,000 
 
 FROM PASTURE FIELD TO MARKET, 1,500 POUND EXPORT STEERS, GRAZED IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA 
 
 head, of which about 3,000 are shipped to European markets. Of sheep 
 there are about 10,000, and horses and mules, about 5,000. 
 
 Railroad facilities are furnished by the Clinch Valley division of the 
 Norfolk and Western railroad, which traverses the county from east to 
 west. The minerals of this county are extensive and valuable, embracing 
 iron ore (red and brown hematite), manganese, coal, lead, zinc, salt, 
 sandstone, limestone, marble and barytes. Timber is abundant and of the 
 most valuable varieties, such as walnut, poplar, cherry, locust, chestnut, 
 white and chestnut oak, lynn, sugar and hemlock, in its primitive size 
 
 and beauty. . , •. . -i x • 
 
 This county is well watered, mainly by Clinch river and its tributaries, 
 in the northern portion, and Moccasin creek, a branch of the Holston, in 
 the southwest section. These streams and their tributary creeks afford 
 numerous valuable Avater powers, reliable throughout the year, upon which 
 are situated many grain and sawmills. Beautiful river scenery and fine 
 landscapes are presented to the eye on every hand. Notably of the latter 
 is Elk Garden, Eosedale and other sections, with their splendid grass 
 
220 
 
 lands limited by the high mountains and threaded by constant streams 
 flowing from bold springs ; not only tilling up the measure of the beauti- 
 ful, but carrying conviction of the great wealth and fertility of this 
 section. This elevated mountain section is noted for its healthful and 
 bracing climate and splendid water. Churches are numerous and educa- 
 tional advantages consist of the public school system in a flourishing 
 condition, private schools and a young ladies' institute. 
 
 Lebanon, the county seat, has a i^opulation of about 300, and is situated 
 near the center of the county, a short distance from Cedar creek, and six 
 miles from Cleveland, a station on the Clinch Valley division of the Nor- 
 folk and Western railroad, with which it has daily mail communication. 
 It is healthfully located, and contains churches of different denominations, 
 a female college, newspaper, fraternal orders, hotels, stores, etc. 
 
 Other towns are Hansonville, in the southwest side of the county on Moc- 
 casin creek, a handsome little village, with mill, stores, etc. Honakers- 
 ville, on Lewis creek, on tlie north side of the county — also Dickensonville 
 and other places in the county, such as Honaker, Rosedale, Castlewood and 
 Elk Garden, are convenient places of trade for the surrounding county. 
 The Clinchfield Coal Company has a valuable plant at Dante, which has a 
 capacity of 1,000 tons daily. The population of Dante is about 2,500, 
 and it is by far the largest place in the county. 
 
 Total population of county, censvis of 1900, 18,031. Increase since cen- 
 sus of 1890, 1,905. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 4,002. 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1814 from Washington, Russell and Lee, and 
 is situated in the extreme southwest portion of the State, 350 miles south- 
 west from Richmond, its southern boundary being the State of Tennessee. 
 It has a population, census of 1900, of 22,694, which is an increase of 
 1,000 since last census, and 4,927 males twenty-one years old and over. 
 It contains an area of 535 square miles, two-thirds of which is in culti- 
 vation. The surface is rather mountainous and hilly, although there are 
 some fine farming and blue grass lands along Clinch river, which flows 
 through the county from northeast to southwest, and on Holston river, in 
 the southern part; and also a large amount of land in other sections, 
 while not so smooth, is quite productive, yielding good crops of wheat, 
 corn, rye, oats and buckwheat, especially the former two. It is especially 
 noted for its large production of sorghum and maple sugar, also butter 
 and other dairy products. There is a considerable area devoted to the 
 cultivation of fruit, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries and 
 some grapes. 
 
 Grazing facilities are good and stock raising is an important and 
 profitable industry, large numljers of cattle, sheep, horses and mules, of 
 good grade, being marketed every year, and bringing into the county 
 considerable revenue. 
 
 Transportation facilities are furnished by the Yiiginia and South- 
 western railroad, extending from Bristol and passing through the county 
 to Big Stone Gap, in Wise, and there connecting with the L. & N. system. 
 This road gives a most excellent market in tTie coal fields of Wise for 
 the products of the county. A new road, the Carolina, Clinchfield & Ohio 
 railroad, has been completed, and is no\v in operation; also a branch 
 line of the Virginia and Southwestern, known as the Holsten River rail- 
 road, is nearing completion. Eight miles of this road (Holsten River 
 railroad) are in Scott county. This road will connect with the Southern 
 railway at Persia, Tenn. 
 
 This county is very rich in minerals, having an abundance of iron ore 
 (red and brown hematite), manganese, lead, coal, marble of various kinds 
 
321 
 
 and of superior quality, barytes, fire-clay and limestone in abundance. 
 Some of these have been developed and mined to some extent. Prepara- 
 tions are being made for extensive mineral developments at Fort Black- 
 more, work to begin early in 1910. There is fine coal, both cannel and 
 bituminous; zinc, lead, copper and gold, and mineralogists have pro- 
 nounced Scott the richest in mineral resources of any county in the 
 Appalachian system. Salt is also known to exist in the southeast corner 
 of the county, but to what extent is as yet undeveloped. There are 
 several sulphur and chalybeate springs of known efficacy and reputation, 
 the most important of which are the Holston Springs, on Holston river, 
 and Hagan's Springs, on Stanton's creek, in the northern part of the county. 
 Considerable areas abound in valuable timber, svich as walnut, oak of the 
 various varieties, pine, ash, cedar, lind, hickory, birch, sycamore, elm, etc. 
 The county is well watered by Clinch river and the north foi-k of the 
 Holston and their tributaries, and these streams afford unlimited water 
 power for mills and manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Manufactories consist of a large number of grain and sawmills; also 
 several bark mills and wood cording machines. A great natural curiosity 
 and one of the most wonderful in America is the great Natural Tunnel, 
 over 900 feet long, twelve miles Avest of Gate City, the county seat, on 
 Stock creek, and on the Virginia and Southwestern railroad, both of 
 which pass through it, the only place on record where a railroad can go 
 through a mountain opened by the hand of God. There can be no scenery 
 more grand and imposing than that afforded by the approach to the 
 tunnel on the lower side. An immense wall of limestone rock forms a 
 high butting cliff for several hundred yards below, which has been colored 
 in the course of time in beautiful tints of red and gray and brown by the 
 waters carrying down its face different solutions of lime, iron and mag- 
 nesia. It is situated about 1,400 feet above sea level, and when it be- 
 comes generally known to the tourist, its perfectly beautiful and en- 
 chanting attractions will draw throngs of visitors. 
 
 The climate of this county is equable, health uniformly good, and water 
 excellent; large numbers of churches of the various denominations, fine 
 public schools, and one college and six high schools; good telephone service 
 and mail facilities. Financial condition of the county first-class and on a 
 cash basis; and in the matter of progress and general advancement, condi- 
 tions are highly favorable — as much so as adjoining sections. It has a 
 splendid population of hospitable, industrious and law-abiding people, and 
 with its large undeveloped resources, it will assume a high position under 
 more favorable conditions of transportation. Gate City, the county seat, 
 situated on a branch of the Holston river, and on the Virginia and South- 
 western railroad, which extends from Bristol to Big Stone Gap, is an 
 attractive town of about 700 inhabitants, and has a factory, public school, 
 newspaper, two banks and several churches and fraternal ordei's. 
 
 Smaller towns are Clinchport, population 183; Dufiield, population 98; 
 Nickelsville, population 200; and other places of considerable business 
 importance. 
 
 SHENANDOAH COUNTY. 
 
 Shenandoah county, formed from Frederick in 1772, was originally called 
 Dunmore, and name changed to Shenandoah in 1777. It lies in the 
 northern part of the State 100 miles northwest from Richmond, and joins 
 West Virginia. It contains an area of 486 square miles. Price of lands 
 $10 to $50 per acre, some of the choicest lands ranging as high as $100 
 per acre. The surface is rolling and mountainous in some parts, especially 
 the eastern and western sections of the county. About one-half of the 
 area is cleared and cultivated. The soil is mostly disintegrated limestone, 
 very strong and durable, and a larger proportion of the comity is of the 
 best class of bottom and vallev hinds cf areat beautv and fertilitv. It is 
 
322 
 
 also noted for the high state of cultivation which characterizes its im- 
 proved lands, and is justly called, in connection with the other valley 
 counties, the Garden Spot of Old Virginia. 
 
 This county ranks as among the best grain counties of the State, 
 especially for wheat, which is exported principally in the shape of flour, 
 and has a high reputation; also corn, oats and rye in large quantities are 
 produced. The next and probably equally important industry of the 
 county is stock raising, considerable attention being paid to the introduc- 
 tion of improved grades of cattle, sheep, horses and hogs from Kentucky 
 and elsewhere, and this industry is rendered the more profitable on account 
 of the excellent grazing facilities in the blue grass uplands. 
 
 Fruit culture is receiving much attention and hundreds of thousands 
 of trees have been planted within the last few years. The Strathmore 
 Orchard Company has now 550 acres planted in fruit trees, and the 
 North Shenandoah Fruit Company have thousands of trees in their 
 extensive orchards. Shenandoah ranks among the best fruit producing 
 counties in the State. The apples are of the best quality and command 
 the highest price. 
 
 Railroads are the Southern and Baltimore and Ohio, which afford ample 
 transportation facilities to all sections of the county. 
 
 Minerals are iron ore, coal, manganese, lead, antimony, marble, lime- 
 stone, marl, and some valuable clays. Some of these are being utilized, 
 and others, as yet, very little developed. Timbers are oak, chestnut, pine, 
 hickory, poplar, walnut, ash, etc., existing in fair quantity. 
 
 Orkney Springs is a place of much resort for health by pleasure-seekers. 
 The north fork of the Shenandoah river traversing the county its entire 
 length, with its tributaries, afford ample water supply and good water 
 power for manufacturing purposes. The climate is temperate, healthful 
 and invigorating, and the water excellent. Schools and churches are 
 abundant, all denominations of the latter being represented. Telephone 
 and mail service is extensive, affording ample facilities of communication 
 with all parts of the county. 
 
 There are a number of manufacturing concerns over the county as 
 follows : Five lime kilns, hardwood factories, ten large flouring mills, ten 
 smaller roller mills, most of which are run by water power. There are 
 eight banks in the county, and six high schools. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 20,253. Increase since census of 1890, 582. 
 ISTumber of males twenty-one years and over, 5,032. 
 
 Woodstock, the county seat, is located near the center of the county on 
 the Manassas branch of the Southern railway, and has a population of 
 1,400. Its streets are in good condition, paved with macadam, have 
 brick sidewalks and lighted with electricity. A complete system of water 
 works is in operation, and a number of fine buildings have been erected, 
 and others are under construction. Its principal industries are flour mills, 
 broom and furniture factories, planing mill, lime kiln, fruit evaporatoi- 
 and sawmills. It has also good public schools, numerous churches, a 
 newspaper, several banks and fraternal orders. 
 
 Other flourishing towns of the county are Edinburg, Mt. Jackson, New 
 ]^Iarket. and Strasburg. At the latter place are located factories for the 
 manufacture of porcelain, pottery, etc., several large lime plants, pro- 
 ducing a very superior quality of lime, and a large hardwood factory. 
 
 SMYTH COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1831 from Washington and Wythe and is 
 located in Southwestern Virginia, 240 miles from Richmond. The Clinch 
 range of mountains rises to a height of 4,000 to 4,500 feet above sea level. 
 
The Iron mountain rises in its White Top and Balsam peaks (in the soutli- 
 west corner) to the magnificent height of 5,540 and 5,720 feet, respectively, 
 marking them as the highest in "S^irginia. 
 
 The county is thirty-two miles in its greatest length from north to the 
 south, and twenty-two miles wide from east to west, and contains an area 
 of 486 square miles. The surface is mainly hilly, and motmtainous in parts. 
 The valleys of the north, middle and south forks of the Holston river, 
 including Rich Valley on the north side of Walker's mountain, and 
 Eye Valley on the south side of the county, show all the fine features 
 characteristic of the best lands of the Valley of Virginia. There is a large 
 area of level or river bottom land lying along each of these rivers, affording 
 alluvial deposits of great depth and fertility, and capable of constant 
 cropping without deterioration. The lands are mainly in the limestone 
 area and yield largely of the various crops produced — corn, wheat, oats, 
 rye, buckwheat, hay and tobacco. Cabbage is a very remunerative crop, 
 large quantities of which are produced and shipped from the county to 
 Southern points and the coal fields every year. Dairy, orchard and 
 vegetable products are very considerable and sources of much revenue to 
 the farmers. Fish culture should become an important industry in this 
 county. The streams are well adapted to game fish and are very well 
 stocked with different varieties, such as bass, red eye, chub, suckers, and 
 some mountain trout. 
 
 The most profitable branch of labor in this county is stock raising and 
 grazing. The area of limestone or strictly grass lands probably embrace 
 more than half the covmty. In Eich vallej', Saltville and other sections of 
 the county are found thousands of acres of blue grass of indigenous 
 growth, equalling in every respect the far-famed blue grass lands of Ken- 
 tucky; and as a consequence large numbers of fine cattle are annually 
 raised and exported. Much attention is paid to the grade of cattle, and 
 this county can boast of having the largest herd of short horn cattle in 
 the State, and is also noted for its fine horses and sheep. 
 
 Transportation facilities are ample, with the Norfolk and Western rail- 
 road passing through the center of the county from east to west, bringing 
 the county into communication with the eastern seaboard, and the western 
 and southern lines of railway. Its Saltville branch, connecting at Glade 
 SiJring, Washington county, leads back into this county and will ultimately 
 be extended. A new line of railroad, connecting with the Norfolk and 
 Western at Marion, has been built into the Eye valley to reach the valuable 
 timber and mineral of that section. 
 
 This countj' possesses unusual importance on account of its great mineral 
 wealth, the principal source of which is the immense deposits of salt and 
 plaster at Saltville and vicinity. The latter is also developed and being 
 mined in other sections of the county. These salt and plaster deposits are 
 considered to be the most extensive and valuable to be found in the 
 United States, immense quantities of each having been mined and manu- 
 factured for many years, bringing into the county a large annual revenue. 
 There is also a large alkali plant at Saltville devoted to the manufacture 
 of alkali, soda ash, bleaching powder, etc., erected at a cost of $3,000,000, 
 and employing a large amount of labor. Besides her rich deposits of salt 
 and plaster, she has within her borders valuable deposits of iron ore of the 
 different species (brown, red, hematite, magnetite and iron pyrites), lead, 
 zinc, barytes, manganese, marble, kaolin, in brick, clay, limestone and 
 onyx stone. A full description of these minerals would require more than 
 the allotted space for this subject. Some very fine timber is still to be 
 found, especially in the mountain sections, consisting of walnut, poplar, 
 ash, oak, pine, hickory, hemlock and maple. 
 
 The county is watered almost wholly by the different branches of Holston 
 river (the north, middle and south forks), the two latter having their 
 sources in the county, and all flowing southwestwardly toward Tennessee. 
 In Eye valley, this county, are some of the head waters of Cripple creek. 
 
^225 
 
 which flows eastwardly to New river. These streams, especially the Hol- 
 ston waters and their tributaries, afford extensive w^ater power. 
 
 Besides the extensive alkali and salt works at Saltville, there are other 
 important manufactories in the county, such as iron furnaces and forges, 
 woolen mills, tanneries, brick works, and the requisite number of good 
 grist and sawmills. In the three important elements and attractions to 
 any county^ — climate, health and water — it will not be amiss to say that 
 this county equals any in the State. Churches representing the different 
 religious denominations are very numerous, and the public school system 
 is kept up to a high state of efficiency. Telephone service reaches nearly all 
 sections, and mail facilities are extensive and all that could be desired. 
 In all material, social and other respects, this may justly rank among the 
 first of the counties of the southwest, or of the State, and very few sections 
 of the United States deserve more favorable mention. Its increase in 
 population shows that it is being appreciated. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 17,121. Increase since census of 1890, 3,761. 
 
 Marion, the county seat, is a thriving, handsome town of considerable 
 business importance near the center of the county, on the middle fork of 
 Holston river, 275 miles southwest by rail from Richmond, on the line of 
 the Norfolk and Western railroad and at the terminus of the Marion and 
 Rye Valley railroad. It has a population (census of 1900) of 2,045, which 
 is an increase since last census of 394. Its streets are lighted and 
 macadamized. It has an excellent water supply, wood and other factories, 
 a fine flouring mill, good hotels, churches, stores, newspapers, fraternal 
 orders, female college, graded public school, and is the site of the South- 
 western Lunatic Asylum. Much improvement is shown in the erection and 
 repair of buildings; and the quarries, ore mines, and other works in and 
 near the town have been very active and prosperous. A very handsome and 
 complete brick courthouse, with stone trimmings, has just been completed 
 at the cost of $50,000, and a large new furniture factory also has been 
 finished and put in operation during the last year. A very important and 
 extensive new enterprise in Smyth is that of the Spruce Pine Lumber 
 Company. They purchased a large tract of 30,000 acres of virgin spruce 
 lying in Smyth and Grayson, and acquired the new Rye Valley railroad, 
 extending about thirty miles into this region, where it is stated there is 
 sufficient supply to last their extensive mills twenty years. These steam 
 sawmills are located near Marion, and are turning out daily an immense 
 quantity of lumber from the supply of timber brought over their own road. 
 
 Saltville is an exceedingly attractive town, beautifully situated in a 
 lovely vale, and is the center of an immense trade growing out of its alkali 
 works, salt manufacturing, plaster mining, etc. It has a good hotel, 
 tasteful church, handsome residences, stores, and numerous factories, with 
 their appurtenances. Holston Mills and Chilhowie are also towns of con- 
 siderable size and business. At the latter is situated the large flouring 
 mills and the Virginia Vitrified Brick and Sewer Pipe Company, which 
 ships its products of hard paving brick and pipe extensively in this State 
 and beyond its borders. A new lumber sawing plant of importance has 
 recently been established at Adkins, on the Norfolk and Western railroad. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY. 
 
 Southampton was formed in 1784 from Isle of Wight. It lies in the 
 ■southeastern portion of the State, fifty miles from Richmond, thirty-six 
 miles from Norfolk, and borders the State of North Carolina on the south. 
 It contains an area of 609 square miles. 
 
 The surface is level; soil a medium light and sandy loam, with clay sub- 
 soil, naturally very productive, .especially the broad and fertile lowlands 
 on the streams. 
 15 
 
22& 
 
 Farm products are cotton, peanuts, corn, rye, oats, potatoes and some 
 wheat. Southampton ranks above all the other counties of the State in 
 the production of cotton, raising over 5,000 bales annually. Cotton gins 
 of the most modern type, are conveniently located in different parts of the 
 county. Cotton and peanuts may be considered the most profitable products 
 of the county, though large revenue is derived from other sources, notably 
 truck, fruits and lumber. Some of the largest apple orchards of the State 
 are found here, and other fruits, such as pears, peaches, grapes, plums, 
 cherries and berries of all kinds are grown abundantly; also cranberries 
 grow to great perfection on the alluvial bottoms. The soil and climate are 
 admirably adapted to the raising of vegetables, and melons of the finest 
 quality and flavor are produced. Sweet and Irish potatoes, and peas of 
 every variety grow to great perfection and abundance. Many of the 
 farmers are turning their attention to the cultivation of the grasses, which 
 have been found to grow luxuriantly. 
 
 Cattle do well, requiring little feed and attention during the winter 
 months. Hogs are raised in large numbers, and a number of land ovsTiers 
 are paying more attention to sheep husbandry, which is carried on very 
 profitably by reason of the many fine grazing lands in different sections of 
 the county. 
 
 Transportation facilities are amply afforded by the Norfolk and Western, 
 Seaboard Air Line, Virginian, and Southern railways, which traverse the 
 county in many directions; also by steam navigation on the Blackwater 
 river. 
 
 Timber, such as oak, pine, walnut, chestnut, cypress, hickory, persimmon, 
 ash, poplar, gum, sycamore, maple, etc., abounds in considerable quantity 
 and variety, much of which is converted into lumber by the numerous saw- 
 mills in operation. Some grain mills are also located in the county. 
 Blackwater river on the eastern border, Meherrin river on the western, 
 and Nottoway river flowing through the central portion, with numerous 
 tributary streams, plentifully water every section, and furnish excellent 
 drainage and abundant water power for mills and manufacturing purposes. 
 The climate is salubrious, health good, and pure water unsurpassed, fur- 
 nished by artesian wells. Every community has its churches. Southampton 
 county stands at the forefront among Virginia counties in her excellent 
 public school system, there being six high schools, seven grammar graded 
 schools and nineteen school wagons, which transport children from the 
 most remote rural districts to these graded and high schools. In addition 
 to this, the Franklin Female Seminary, located at Franklin, is an excellent 
 high-grade school for girls and young women. There are fifteen rural 
 free delivery routes in the county, and only one neighborhood which cannot 
 be reached by telephone. Financial conditions are prosperous, and in 
 progress and general advancement there is a manifest degree of prosperity, 
 the last assessment of personal property showing considerable increase; 
 and all things considered, this ranks as among the most thriving counties 
 of this prosperous section of the State. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 22,848. Increase since census of 1890, 2,770. 
 
 Courtland, the county seat, located in the central portion of the county, 
 on the Southern railroad, has a population of 600. The streets are graded 
 and sidewalks paved, and an excellent water supply is furnished from 
 artesian wells. Besides the county building there are two hotels and three 
 churches, numerous business houses, ginning plant and a graded public 
 school, with buildings worth more than $15,000. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Franklin, Boykins, Ivor, Drewryville, 
 Capron, Branchville and Newsoms. 
 
 Franklin is the largest town in the county, having at present a popu- 
 lation of 3,000. It is on the main line of the Seaboard Air Line between 
 Norfolk and Raleigh, N. C, and on the main line of the Southern rail- 
 way between Norfolk and Danville. It is also located at the head of 
 navigation on Blackwater river, through which it has communication 
 
227 
 
 nnd a lucrative trade by the boats of the Albemarle Steam Navigation 
 Company to eastern North Carolina. Franklin is the site of the Camp 
 Manufacturing Company's plant, one of the largest lumber firms in the 
 South, and it also has a large buggy factory, tvsro large peanut factories, 
 modern cotton gins, machine shops, good banking facilities and church 
 advantages, a $25,000 public school building, is the home of the Franklin 
 Female Seminary, and has electric lights, water and sewer system and 
 granolithic sidewalks. 
 
 Boykins, population 600, is growing rapidly ; has a number of large 
 mercantile firms, cotton gin, many pretty residences, is lighted by electric 
 lights, and has splendid artesian water. Boykins is an important market 
 for cotton, peanuts and other country produce, and is the connecting 
 terminus of the Roanoke and Tar River railroad, an important branch of 
 the Seaboard Air Line railway into eastern North Carolina. 
 
 Capron is situated in a fine farming section. Has good graded school, 
 several mercantile firms, cotton gins and a large lumber plant. 
 
 Ivor is a thriving village on the Norfolk and Western railroad, and has a 
 fine trade, large quantities of peanuts being shipped from this point. A 
 large lumber plant is located here, and the towm has a fine graded school. 
 
 On the Virginian railway, which traverses the entire county from east to 
 west, several new towns have sprung up, which promise to be important 
 trading centres, and are rapidly building up. These are Burdette, Sedley 
 and Sebrell. 
 
 SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY. 
 
 Spotsylvania county was formed in 1720 from Essex, King William and 
 King and Queen, and is situated about forty-five miles (almost due north) 
 from Richmond. It is twenty-five miles long from north to south, and 
 seventeen miles wide from east to west, and contains an area of 401 square 
 miles ( about one-half cultivated ) . 
 
 The surface is rolling and the soil productive and varied in kind and 
 quality, the uplands being a stifi" clay, while that of the bottoms and 
 valleys is a sandy loam, the latter producing fine crops of corn and other 
 products. Other products are wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, hay and tobacco. 
 Fruits of all kinds, especially apples, pears and grapes, do well; also vege- 
 tables, and large quantities of both are sold in the Fredericksburg and 
 other markets. Dairying and poultry raising have largely increased and 
 are a source of considerable revenue to the farmers in connection with gen- 
 eral farming. Fish are abundant, and on the rivers are found the choicest 
 of tidewater fowls, and in the marshes sora, woodcock, etc. Considerable 
 attention is given to improved breeds of horses, sheep and cattle, of which 
 there are several fine herds of the latter in the county. 
 
 Transportation facilities are excellent. Besides water transportation, 
 this county has two railway lines — the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Poto- 
 mac railroad, which passes through the northeast portion, and the Potomac, 
 Fredericksburg and Piedmont (narrow gauge) extending through the 
 northern part from Fredericksburg to Orange Courthouse, a distance of 
 forty miles, connecting at the latter point with the Southern railway, 
 which brings large additional traffic to the county, and its principal town, 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Minerals are gold, iron, pyrites, granite and sandstone, most of which 
 have been developed and are being successfully mined and worked. The 
 most valuable timbers are oak, pine, poplar and hickory, but are limited 
 in quantity, having been culled out to a considerable extent. 
 
 The county is watered by the Rappahannock river on the northern, the 
 North Anna on the southern border, and the numerous tributaries of these 
 
229 
 
 livers and the Mattapony in the interior. The climate is mild and health- 
 ful, water good, churches and public schools ample for demand, and mail 
 facilities convenient to all sections of the county. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 9,239. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 2,137. 
 
 Spotsylvania, the county seat, is situated about the center of the coun-ty, 
 on the Po river, about ten miles from the Potomac, Fredericksburg and 
 Piedmont railroad. It is a small inland country village and contains the 
 county buildings, several churches and a public school. The nearest market 
 is Fredericksburg, the chief town of the county. 
 
 There are three banks in the county. At a recent election $100,000 was 
 voted for permanent road building. 
 
 STAFFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Stafford was formed from Westmoreland in 1765, and lies between the 
 Potomac and Eappahannock rivers in the northeastern portion of the 
 State, sixty miles north from Richmond. It contains an area of 285 square 
 miles, sixty per cent, of which is in cultivation. 
 
 The surface is generally rolling; soil a sandy loam, naturally good, and 
 with proper treatment, capable of great improvement. Farm products are 
 wheat, corn, rye and oats, of which good crops are produced; also the 
 grasses (clover and orchard grass) are successfully grown. The most 
 profitable industries of the county are its fruit, vegetable and poultry 
 products, which are extensive, and find ready sale in the nearby Washington 
 and Fredericksburg markets. The pickling industry is especially important, 
 employing from 1,000 to 1,500 hands, principally boys and girls, and bring- 
 ing into the county annually from $20,000 to $25,000. 
 
 Large fisheries on the Potomac and tributaries afford profitable employ- 
 ment to labor and an important article of food supply to the people. 
 Grazing facilities are fairly good, especially for sheep, and the rearing of 
 early lambs for the Washington and Baltimore markets is a source of 
 considerable revenue to the farmers. In addition to excellent water trans- 
 portation facilities by the Potomac and its tributaries, the Richmond, 
 Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad traverses the county north and south, 
 affording choice of markets and convenient access to same. 
 
 Minerals are gold, iron, mica and sandstone, but not operated to any 
 extent. The White House at Washington is built of white sandstone 
 from Aquia creek. Timbers are oak, hickory, pine, poplar, chestnut, 
 walnut, elm, ash, etc., which bring considerable revenue to the county as 
 lumber, railroad ties, and poplar wood pulp for paper. 
 
 The Potomac on the eastern and the Rappahannock river on the southern 
 border, with the numerous creeks emptying into these rivers, and pene- 
 trating the interior, afford ample drainage and water supply and also 
 excellent power for mills and manufactories. Flour and sawmills are 
 numerous, also shingle mills, and several pickling establishments. The 
 climate is mild and healthful; water good, embracing some mineral (alum 
 and sulphur ) . Religious and educational advantages are ample and 
 considerable progress is shown in improved condition of buildings and lands, 
 better farm stock and increased production of crops of all kinds per acre. 
 
 With a people kind and hospitable, climate genial and healthful, cheap 
 lands, facilities for easy and pleasant living and convenient access to 
 market, it would seem that this is a section presenting many attractions 
 for the intending immigrant and home-seeker. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 8,097. Increase since census of 
 1890, 735. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 1,969. 
 
 Stafford Courthouse, the county seat, is located in the eastern portion 
 of the county, about four miles from the Richmond, Fredericksburg and 
 
330 
 
 Potomac railroad. It is a small inland country village of about fifty 
 inhabitants, church and county buildings. The nearest market is Fred- 
 ericksburg, which is in Spotsylvania, on the opposite bank of the Rappa- 
 hannock river. 
 
 SURRY COUNTY. 
 
 This is one of the oldest counties in the State, having been formed from 
 James City county in 1652. It lies on the south side of James river 
 thirty-five miles southeast from Richmond. It contains an area of 292 
 square miles. Average price improved farm lands $8 per acre. 
 
 The surface is generally level and soil light and sandy. Principal 
 products are corn, wheat, oats and peanuts, especially the latter, large 
 quantities of which are produced; and so well is the soil adapted to their 
 growth that the lands on that account have very materially increased in 
 value. Fruits of all kinds are cultivated with success, and there are some 
 fine orchards, especially on James river. 
 
 This county is well supplied with railroad facilities, having the Atlantic 
 and Danville passing up from the south near the center of the county to 
 Claremont on the northwest border ; the Surry, Sussex and Southampton 
 railway, from its connection with the Norfolk and Western railway at 
 Wakefield on the southern border through the county to its water terminus 
 on James river; the Norfolk and Western along its southwestern border, 
 and eleven miles of the Surry Lumber Company's narrow-gauge road con- 
 necting with the Atlantic and Danville railroad at Spring Grove. James 
 river also affords extensive shipping facilities, daily steamers of various 
 lines touching at its numerous wharves. 
 
 Marl exists in great abundance, is very accessible, and it is utilized to 
 some extent as a fertilizer. About two-thirds of the county is in timber, 
 principally pine, oak, hickory, poplar, beech, walnut, cypress, holly and 
 the gums, much of which is converted into himber and firewood for north- 
 ern markets. 
 
 Water and drainage is supplied by James river on the north. Black- 
 water on the south, and their numerous tributary creeks. There are a 
 large number of sawmills in the coimty, some of which are of very large 
 capacity. The climate, health and water are all that could be desired. 
 Churches and schools are numerous and convenient, and mail facilities 
 ample. Conditions in the county are very favorable. Farm lands are 
 being improved, business is active, and altogether this section will com- 
 pare favorably with other portions of the State. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,469. Increase since census of 1890, 213. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,178. 
 
 Surry, the county seat, is located in the northeastern part of the county 
 on the Surry, Sussex and Southampton railway, five miles from James 
 river, and fifty-five miles southeast from Richmond, and has a population 
 of about 150. 
 
 Claremont, in the northwest portion of the coimty, on James river, and 
 the eastern terminus of the Atlantic and Danville railroad, is a new and 
 rapidly growing town of 565 population, which is an increase of 376 since 
 last census. It has several good hotels, churches and schoolhouses, news- 
 paper, and numerous business houses, money-order office, several lines of 
 steamboats, daily trains and daily mails. 
 
 SUSSEX COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed from Surry in 1754, is located in the southeast part 
 of the State, thirty-five miles from Richmond. It contains an area of 400 
 square miles — 313,600 acres, 930 farms; average size farms 225 acres. 
 
231 
 
 Lands are very cheap, ranging in price from $2 per acre up. Average 
 price improved farm lands $10 per acre; average assessed value, $3.75 
 per acre. 
 
 The surface is slightly rolling. Soil, light sandy loam, with clay sub-soil. 
 
 Peanuts are the great money crop and great quantities are shipped, the 
 yield varying from twenty-five to one hundred bushels per acre, bringing 
 from sixty cents to $1.25 per bushel. Corn, oats, cotton, wheat, Irish and 
 sweet potatoes are other principal crops, in the order named. Apples, 
 peaches, pears, grapes and small fruits yield abundantly. Clover, alfalfa 
 and the grasses are being grown more largely every year, and on account 
 of the long season, give heavy yields. The natural grasses are abundant 
 and nutritious, and stock can graze in the fields the greater part of the 
 year. 
 
 Railroad and market facilities are excellent, furnished by the Norfolk 
 and Western, Atlantic Coast Line and Southern railways, which traverse 
 the northeast, southwest and southeastern portions, respectively. 
 
 Marl is abundant, and is used to good effect. 
 
 Pine is the principal timber, considerable quantities of which are con- 
 verted into lumber. Blackwater river on the northeast border, and Notto- 
 way river in the central portion, and their branches, furnish sufficient water 
 supply and drainage. Climate mild, health and water good. Primary and 
 high schools and churches of the dift'erent denominations are numerous 
 and convenient. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 12,082. Increase since census of 1890, 982. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,749. 
 
 The county is principally agricultural, but Stony Creek and Jarratt on 
 the Atlantic Coast Line, and Wakefield and Waverly, on the Norfolk and 
 Western, are thriving towns, with good business houses, banks, high schools 
 and roomy churches. Waverly, the largest, is a town of 1,200 people, with 
 two sawmills, two stave mills, cannery, peanut factory, planing mill, 
 electric lights and paved streets. The prosperity of the county is shown 
 by its bank deposits, which average over $50 per capita. Many northern 
 and western people have settled near Waverly the past few years, among 
 them many Germans. Land values are increasing rapidly, and it is only 
 a question of a few years before this section will become a county of 
 small farms, with land values as high as those in the north. 
 
 TAZEWELL COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Russell and Wythe in 1799, and is situated 
 in the southwestern portion of the State, about 325 miles southwest from 
 Richmond. It is forty miles in length, with an average width of about 
 eighteen miles, and contains an area of 557 square miles (about one-half 
 being under cultivation) . 
 
 Much of the surface is mountainous, and lying between are many 
 extensive and very fertile valleys. The soil is principally limestone, 
 and very productive, and a striking peculiarity of this county is that the 
 lands are generally fertile to the tops of the mountains, and don't wash. 
 The lands are well adapted to the production of the various grains — corn, 
 wheat, rye, oats, etc. — and the cultivated grasses, clover, timothy, orchard 
 and herd's grass. But while bountiful crops of grain and grass can be 
 produced, the farmers prefer to preserve their fine blue grass sod and 
 engage in the much less expensive and much more congenial and profitable 
 occupation of grazing cattle, which is the leading industry of the county. 
 Large numbers of cattle (unsurpassed in quality) are annually sold from 
 this county, a large proportion of them for export purposes; also quanti- 
 ties of sheep of the finest grade, and no section of the State is better 
 supplied with fine draft and saddle horses. 
 

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333 
 
 Tazewell has perhaps the largest grazing capacity of any of the South- 
 west Virginia counties. With the exception of a part of the coal belt, 
 perhaps three-fourths of its area is well adapted to agricultural and 
 grazing purposes, and within that area there is a wealth of blue grass 
 lands which are the admiration of all who see them. Even the lofty ridges 
 and mountains to their summits are covered with a luxuriant growth^ of 
 blue grass which is indigenous. Another very important advantage, fitting 
 it for grazing purposes, is that it is exceptionally well watered. 
 
 Considerable attention is being paid to fruit culture, to which the 
 county is well adapted. The dairy, vegetable and poultry products find a 
 ready and remunerative market at the nearby coal mines. Game is 
 abundant, and the streams, being well supplied with bass and other fish, 
 furnish excellent sport. 
 
 Railroad facilities consist of the New Eiver division of the Norfolk and 
 Western railroad, which extends through the northwestern limits of the 
 county, and the Clinch Valley division of the Norfolk and Western, which 
 traverses its whole length from northeast to southwest. These railroads 
 have put the county in direct communication with all sections of the 
 country, north, east, south and west, and have given great impetus to the 
 agricultural and mineral resources of the county. 
 
 Tazewell is especially rich in minerals, both in variety and extent, the 
 principal of which are coal, iron ores (brown and red), manganese, lead, 
 zinc, barytes, salt, gypsum, building stone, soapstone and marble.^ The 
 leading minerals are coal and iron, especially the former, which exists in 
 vast quantities, and has already earned a reputation at home and abroad 
 for steam and cooking purposes. Immense quantities of coal and coke are 
 shipped from this county to all sections of the country — especially of coal 
 to Norfolk city — for the coaling of ocean steamers. The superiority of the 
 coke is acknowledged now by all iron makers, and it is in much demand. 
 The great Flat Top mountain range, from which this coal is obtained, 
 forms the northwestern border of the county, and is part of the dividing 
 line between Virginia and West Virginia. Pocahontas, the magic little 
 city that has sprung up in the midst of these mines, is a place of large 
 business and enterprise, situated on the New River division of the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad. The mines consist of a group of five, knovra as the 
 East Mines Nos. 1 and 2, Silver Ridge Mine, Baby Mine and West Mine. 
 The workings of this group of mines embrace an area of about 2,000 acres, 
 while the total acreage of the company's property is about 8,500 acres. The 
 mines of this company are the largest and oldest and most extensively 
 worked in the entire Flat Top field, having been opened in 1882. The coal 
 is of a semi-bituminous character and very easy to work. The seam is 
 about ten feet thick, and in some portions eighteen to nineteen feet in 
 thickness. Some of the mines are equipped with electric haulage, coal- 
 cutting machines, and electric pumps. In others the hauling is done by 
 steam locomotives and mules. Exhaust fans are used in all of them. To 
 admit of a more extensive use of electricity throughout the plant, a stone 
 power-house with a capacity of 1,500 horse power has been erected. The 
 coke larries and tipple are operated by electricity, and the towns of 
 Pocahontas, Va., and Coopers and Bramwell, W. Va., are lighted from 
 this plant. 
 
 Another extensive coal industry about three-quarters of a mile from 
 this place, and one of the richest in the Flat Top coal field is what is 
 known as the Brovraing Mines, owned and operated by Col. J. W. Browning, 
 and is the only individual mining operation in this field. This mining 
 property consists of from 600 to 800 acres of coal lands, extending up 
 Laurel creek a distance of about three and one-half miles. The vein of 
 coal now being mined at this point is from twelve to fifteen feet in thick- 
 ness, and of very superior quality as a steam coal, having been ordered on 
 several special occasions in the trial of war vessels. These mines are well 
 furnished with all the necessary equipments of mine locomotives, extensive 
 
234 
 
 fans for supplying fresli air, boilers and stationary engines for furnishing 
 power, etc. The output of these mines is from 250 to 300 tons per day, 
 employing about 160 men, and turning out 100,000 tons annually. 
 
 Another very important and interesting industry located at Pocahontas 
 is the By-Product Plant, owned and operated by the Pocahontas Collieries 
 Company. These by-products consist of oil and pitch, the yield of which 
 is equivalent to from two to three gallons per ton of coal distilled or 
 coked, and worth about five cents per gallon. Another product obtained 
 by the same process is commercial ammonia sulphate — known more 
 generally as sulphate of ammonia. This product is used principally as a 
 fertilizer, and is very largely in demand for such purposes, and a large 
 quantity of it is also used to make liquid ammonia for ice making. 
 
 The iron ore deposits of this county are rich and extensive, and their 
 proximity to the magnificent coal fields of this section is destined to make 
 it the iron-producing center of the State, and the county will assuredly 
 one day be as noted for mining and manufacturing as it is now for its 
 incomparable grass lands. 
 
 The mineral springs of the county are the Tazewell Sulphur Springs, 
 situated about five miles from Tazewell, the county seat; and at Mustard's, 
 in the eastern middle portion of the county, eight fine mineral springs 
 very close together, one apparently an arsenical spring, another a blue 
 sulphur, while the character of the others has not been determined. These 
 springs are regarded as highly curative, and yield a fine supply of water, 
 but the most attractive and popular watering place in the county is situated 
 at the pretty little village of Cedar Bluff, on the Clinch Valley railroad. 
 The spring is what is known as blue sulphur water, located on the bank 
 of the Clinch river in a lovely and romantic situation, and near by is 
 the Blue Sulphur Inn, with extensive and excellent accommodations. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large amount of timber that has been shipped out 
 of the county, there are still considerable quantities and a fine quality, the 
 most valuable of which for merchantable purposes are walnut, poplar, oak, 
 hickory, ash and other hard woods. 
 
 The whole of this county is well watered; the greater part by Clinch 
 river and its tributaries. Bluestone river. East river, and Wolf creek with 
 some of its tributaries, have their source in the eastern portion of the 
 county. These streams are fed by strong, never-failing limestone springs, 
 capable of running a grist mill within a few hundred yards of their source. 
 The never-failing character of the streams of the county is one of their 
 chief recommendations, and in no county of the State, perhaps, is such 
 abundance and excellence of water power so little used. The manufactories 
 of the county are several woolen mills of large capacity; brick works at 
 Tip Top with an output of 5,000,000 annually, and one of the best equipped 
 plants in the South; extensive lime works at North Tazewell; iron furnace 
 and plow and foundry company at Graham; ice plant, broom and mattress 
 factory, furniture factory, and numerous grain and sawmills. 
 
 After all that has been said of the altitude, drainage and splendid water 
 of this county, it is scarcely necessary to add that the climate and health 
 is par-excellence. 
 
 Tazewell Courthouse, and the county east and north, look like the 
 realization of pastoral perfection. There are a large number of churches 
 representing the various Protestant denominations, and in addition to the 
 numerous public schools that are in a fiourishing condition, there are two 
 colleges and five high schools. Mail facilities are excellent, and the prin- 
 cipal towns and neighborhoods have good telephone connection. The sales 
 of large boundaries of coal and timber lands at good prices have brought 
 much money here, which added to that realized from cattle, sheep, wood 
 and lumber, has made it very abundant in the county. So there is a healthy 
 and steady advance in all lines of business. Tazewell is situated in the 
 center of the county, one mile south of North Tazewell station on the 
 Clinch Valley railroad, with which it has regular communication by horse 
 
335 
 
 car and hack lines. Extensive road improvements are now in progress. 
 It is a large, prosperous county town of 1,096 inhabitants (census of 
 1900), which is an increase of 492 since last census. Its streets are in 
 good condition, graded, paved and lighted, and there are good water works. 
 It has a college, a $25,000.00 high school and other schools of high grade, 
 churches of different denominations, handsome business houses, excellent 
 hotels and shops of various kinds, also several newspapers and fraternal 
 orders. Seven banks afford ample facilities for handling the finances of 
 the county. 
 
 Other towns are C4raham, at the junction of the New River and Clinch 
 Valley railroads, a growing and important manufacturing and business 
 tomi"^of 1,554 inhabitants (census of 1900), which is an increase of 533 
 since 1890. 
 
 Richlands, population, census of 1900, 475; North Tazewell, population, 
 census of 1900, 320; Cedar Bluff, Falls Mills, Pounding Mill, Liberty, etc 
 
 Much could be said, but space forbids to speak of the grand country 
 about Tazewell, Liberty and Maiden Spring and of the beautiful Bluestone 
 Wrights and Abbs valleys, and Thompson and Woods Caves ; but more than 
 a passing notice is due to the far-famed Burks Garden of this county, one 
 of the largest valleys in the cotmty, and noted for its beauty and fertility. 
 This elevated mountain basin, 3,200 feet above sea level, contains about 
 30,000 acres of the most fertile blue grass lands, and is encircled by the 
 Clinch range of mountains (some peaks of which attain an elevation 
 of 4,700 feet), except at one point on the north side, where the waters of 
 this singularly beautiful basin break through and form W^olf creek. It is 
 about eight miles long from northeast to southwest, and about four and a 
 half wide, and looks as though it had once been a mountain lake, the waters 
 of which had burst their way through the northern escarpment that 
 restrained it, leaving the beautiful trout stream that now pours through 
 the gorge to mark its course. Burks Garden is an emerald sea in the 
 springtime, with its waving trees and noble pastures, and is doubtless the 
 finest body of land of its size in the State. 
 
 Population of the county, census of 1900, 23,384. Increase since census 
 of 1890, 3,485. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 5,474. 
 
 WARREN COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1836 from Frederick and Shenandoah, and is 
 situated in the northern part of the State, nearly 100 miles air line north- 
 west from Richmond. It lies on the western slope of the Blue Ridge 
 moimtains, which separate it from Rappahannock and Fauquier on the 
 southeast, and Frederick on the north, Clarke on the northeast, Shenan- 
 doah west, and Page southwest. It is twenty miles long and twelve miles 
 in width, containing an area of 226 square miles. 
 
 The surface is rolling and mountainous in some portions. About fifty 
 per cent, is in cultivation. The soil is limestone and very fertile. Farm 
 products are wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes and the grasses. 
 
 The climate and soil is well adapted to the growing of fruits, and much 
 care and attention is given to this industry, which is one of the most 
 profitable in the county; grape culture, especially, has been extensively and 
 successfully carried on for many years, and utilized in the manufacture of 
 much fine wine. One of the oldest and largest vineyards of the South is 
 located here. 
 
 Considerable attention is paid to the raising of poultry. Fifty thousand 
 ducks are sold annually from the largest duck farm in the world at 
 Riverton. Stock raising ranks as one of the most important and profitable 
 industries of the county. Large numbers of fat cattle are annually shipped 
 to the northern and eastern markets. 
 
337 
 
 Some experiments have been made with White Burley tobacco in Warren 
 county. Although unprecedentedly dry, the yield averaged 800 to 900 
 pounds in merchantable tobacco to the acre. That already shipped brought 
 about fifteen cents per pound after deducting all charges (freight, drayage, 
 commission, etc.) 
 
 Transportation facilities are ample and convenient, supplied by the 
 Shenandoah Valley branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad traversing 
 the center of the county from north to south, and the Manassas branch of 
 the Southern railroad crossing it from east to west at Front Royal. 
 
 Minerals of various kinds are found in considerable quantities, the 
 principal of which are iron, copper, ochre, umber, limestone and manganese. 
 There are also numerous mineral springs. The timber consists of walnut, 
 hickory, cherry, oak, pine, chestnut and poplar, but it has been cut out to 
 considerable extent. 
 
 The south fork of the Shenandoah river passing through the center of the 
 county afl'ords an ample water supply, excellent water power, and an 
 abundance of good fish. Manufactories and enterprises embrace numerous 
 grain and sawmills, locust pin and handle factories, cigar factory, broom 
 factory, lime kilns, and the Riverton Lime Company, one of the largest 
 plants of the kind in the South. As to climate, health and water, the 
 conditions are all that could be desired. Public schools are excellent and 
 numerous, and churches of the various denominations convenient to all 
 sections. Good turnpikes and country roads assist, and all that is needed 
 is capital to develop resources and improve the waste places. This is 
 truly a highly favored and most desirable section of the State, having all 
 the accessories to prosperity and the happiness of its people. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 8,837. Increase since census of 1890, 557. 
 Number of males twenty-one years and over, 2,089. 
 
 Front Royal, the county seat, is located at the junction of the Shenan- 
 doah division of the Norfolk and Western, and the Manassas branch of 
 the Southern railroad, and has a population of 1,005, including suburbs, 
 2,400 (census of 1900). It is one of the most prosperous and attractive 
 towns in the Valley of the Shenandoah, and is noted for the hospitality 
 and refinement of its people. Situated in the heart of one of the finest 
 farming sections of the State, its commercial and manufacturing in- 
 terests are varied and considerable. It has factories for making handles, 
 collars, cigars; and also several large hotels, numerous business houses, 
 educational institutions, public schools, newspapers, two banks, churches, 
 and fraternal orders. It has macadamized streets, brick sidewalks and a 
 good system of water works and electric lights. Educational institutions 
 include Randolph-Macon Academy, under the supervision of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South^a school of fine standing, elegant buildings and 
 competent faculty, Front Royal College, with four departments, and a 
 large high school building. Two large flouring mills are located at Front 
 Royal, capacity from 150 to 200 barrels daily, and an iron mining company 
 has recently opened mines near town and is shipping carloads of ore daily. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 This county, formed January 28, 1776, from Fincastle, is situated in the 
 southwestern portion of the State — 350 miles by rail, 240 air line, from 
 Richmond. It is one of the largest counties in the Southwest, containing 
 an area of 605 square miles. 
 
 The surface is generally undulating, and mountainous in parts, especially 
 on the northern and southern borders, though least mountainous of any of 
 the Southwest counties. Its valleys are broad and present a beautiful 
 picture in the alternation of hill and dale, of woodland and pasture. Soil 
 varies in character and quality, but all lie upon a stratum of yellow or 
 red clay, very fei-tile and productive and wears well. The gray or gravelly 
 
238 
 
 soil is adapted to wheat, rye and tobacco, and the dark alluvial soil to corn 
 and grass. The principal and most profitable farm products are wheat, 
 corn, rye, oats, hay and tobacco, of which abundant crops are annually 
 produced, though the tobacco production has fallen oflf from 2,000,000 
 pounds in 1889 to 500,000 in 1909. This is a superior grass-producing 
 section, especially of clover, timothy and orchard grass, that yields largely, 
 and much of which is grown. Tobacco is not as profitably grown as for- 
 merly. Fruits of the various kinds, such as apples, pears, peaches, plums, 
 grapes, etc., grow to perfection and yield abundantly. Considerable reve- 
 nue is derived from the poultry and egg product, which have a fine local 
 market. The county abounding to a large extent in the spontaneous 
 growth of blue grass, stock raising is the chosen and most profitable occu- 
 pation of a large number of the most enterprising farmers of the county. 
 
 Transportation facilities are excellent, embracing the Norfolk and West- 
 ern railroad, which traverses the county centrally from northeast to south- 
 west, and has its western terminus at Bristol, this county. The Virginia 
 and Southwestern railroad extends from Bristol northwest to Big Stone 
 Gap, reaching the vast beds of coal and iron of that section. The Virginia 
 and Carolina railroad starts from Abingdon and extends south to the 
 Tennessee line and opens up the immense timber and mineral resources of 
 that section. There is also a branch of the Norfolk and Western from 
 Glade Spring to Saltville, near the Smyth county line. Iron and marble are 
 found in this county in various localities, mainly on its southern border ; 
 but its principal wealth consists in its great deposits of salt and plaster. 
 Owing to the value of the salt wells in the Saltville basin it was made the 
 dividing line between Washington and Smyth counties, so as to throw 
 equal values of this great wealth into each of the counties, and it would 
 be difficult to estimate the approximate quantity of the Saltville deposit 
 assignable to Washington county ; but it may be confidently asserted that 
 it has inexhaustible deposits of both salt and plaster close to the Washing- 
 ton-Smyth line, and dividing as it does with Smyth this valuable territory, 
 a more specific description will suffice for both, which will be found in 
 report of Smyth county. Mineral springs are numerous and valuable, em- 
 bracing chalybeate, alum, magnesia and sulphur waters, the most noted of 
 which are the Seven Springs on the Saltville branch of the Norfolk and 
 Western railroad, at which is made the famous "Seven Springs Iron and 
 Alum Mass," of great efficacy in many forms of disease. Mongel's Springs, 
 situated nine miles northwest of Abingdon, has a high local reputation for 
 curative virtues, and with proper accommodations for visitors, should 
 command a good patronage. Washington Springs are situated one and 
 one-half miles from Glade Springs in a lovely and healthful spot amid the 
 mountains, and are regarded as having valuable medicinal and curative 
 properties. There are four distinct varieties of the water, the most eflfec- 
 tive being the Alum, Chalybeate, and the White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 There are large bodies of well timbered lands, now being developed 
 rapidly, the principal and valuable varieties of which are oak, pine, poplar, 
 walnut, hemlock, hickory, ash, chestnut and cherry. The county is finely 
 watered by the north, south and middle forks of Holston river and num- 
 erous tributaries passing through its most fertile portions, and afl^ording a 
 quantity and variety of excellent fresh water fish, besides offering facilities 
 for water power possessed by but few counties in the State. 
 
 Industries and manufactories consist of sash, door and blind factories, 
 band mills, lumber plants, woolen mills, flouring and saw mills, extract 
 plant, plaster works, soda ash and bleaching-powder works, and others that 
 will appear in the Smyth statement. The climate is temperate, and pure 
 spring water plentiful. All the Protestant denominations are represented 
 in the county, and have good church buildings in every community. This 
 county is celebrated for its superior educational advantages, on account 
 of its institutions of learning of a high order and wide reputation — its 
 public school system in a flourishing condition, and there are ten high 
 
239 
 
 schools throughout the county. Telephone service is excellent, the Bristol 
 Telephone Company's lines connecting almost all parts of the county. Mail 
 facilities are good, with postoffices in every community, and rural free 
 delivery service. The financial condition of the county is possibly as good 
 as any section of the State, and progress and general advancement (in 
 recent years) have been both rapid and permanent. There are eight banks 
 in the county. 
 
 Population of county, census of 1900, 28,995. Increase (city of Bristol 
 included) since census of 1890, 4,554. Number of males twenty -one years 
 and over, city of Bristol included, 7,85.3. 
 
 Abingdon, the county seat, is beautifully situated near the center of the 
 county on the Norfolk and Western railroad 190 miles southwest from 
 Lynchburg and fifteen miles northeast from Bristol, and lias a population, 
 census of 1900, of 1,306. Its population has more than doubled within the 
 past five years, owing to large manufactories located there; extensive street 
 and road improvements in the town, adjacent country and the county. 
 Within three or four years its streets will be splendidly macadamized, and 
 for five miles out the main thoroughfares (five) will be well macadamized, 
 means for the purpose having been provided for by the town and district. 
 It is one of the oldest towns west of the Blue Ridge, certainly the oldest 
 town of Southwest Virginia. In "'Ye Olden Time" it was really the capital 
 of Southwest Virginia, and was the great highway of the stage coach be- 
 tween the great Tennessee and Virginia valleys, and many noted celebrities 
 would pause here on their way to Washington, and rest and refresh them- 
 selves in its then celebrated hostelries; but in 1860 came the railroad, and 
 with it the telegraph and express, and the old stage horn was relegated to 
 the past, and a new order of things ushered in. Abingdon is now a town 
 of public buildings and schools, with two fine female colleges (Martha 
 Washington College and Stonewall Jackson Institute, controlled, respec- 
 tively, by the Methodist and Presbyterian denominations), with beautiful 
 grounds and buildings handsomely situated, which add much to the im- 
 portance and attractiveness of the place. Besides the county courthouse 
 there is a spacious United States court building, in which is held the district 
 court of the Federal government for the Western District of Virginia, of 
 which Abingdon is nearly the geographical center. Here are also nice 
 churches of the difi"erent denominations, a male academy and other good 
 schools, three newspapers, three banks and fraternal orders, factories of 
 difl'erent kinds, repair and smith shops, excellent hotels and livery stables, 
 numerous mercantile establishments, electric lights, water works, and 
 macadam streets. Abingdon is a town of considerable business importance, 
 commanding a large trade not only from the county of Washington, but 
 from surrounding counties in Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina. 
 The Virginia and Georgia railway starting at Abingdon and extending 
 twenty-six miles southward into the primeval forests of Tennessee, is a 
 comparatively new enterprise, and is forging to the business front in a 
 manner scarcely expected by its promoters. At Crandall, its present 
 terminus, there is an immense lumber plant. There are also other 
 industries in the same section, such as steam tanneries, extract plant, etc. 
 Damascus, a new and growing town, is situated in that vicinity, and on 
 the railroad. The culture and refinement of its people and splendid climate 
 render Abingdon a most delightful residence town, and these advantages are 
 being appreciated, as shown by the number of new residences recently 
 erected, adding much to the attractiveness of the place. 
 
 There are several other good to^vns and villages, viz. : Saltville, at the 
 terminus of a nine-mile branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad, the 
 site of the great salt works, an account of which has been previously given, 
 with a population of 1,051 (census of 1900) ; Damascus, near the foot of 
 White Top mountain, a town of about 1,500 inhabitants, where numerous 
 manufactories have sprung up, on the Virginia-Carolina railroad; Meadow- 
 view, on the Norfolk and Western railroad; Greendale, four miles north of 
 
241 
 
 Abingdon; Emory, situated twelve miles east of Abingdon, on the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, an interesting point as being the site of Emory and 
 Henry College, established in 1837, now under the patronage of the Holston 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. It has had quite a 
 successful history in the past, having been the "Alma Mater" of some of the 
 most distinguished men of this country, and with its fine facilities for 
 education, excellent faculty, convenient location, commodious buildings 
 and great natural beauty and healthfulness, it deserves and will doubtless 
 have a long and growing patronage and prosperous future; and Glade 
 Spring, a nice little village, situated on the Norfolk and Western railroad, 
 and the junction of the Saltville branch. It has a population now of 1,500, 
 and is a place of considerable business. 
 
 WESTMORELAND COUNTY. 
 
 Westmoreland was formed in 1653 from Northumberland, and is situated 
 in the northeast portion of the State on the lower Potomac river fifty-five 
 miles northeast from Richmond. Its average length is thirty miles, width 
 ten miles. It contains an area of 245 square miles, and a population by 
 last census of 9,243, a gain of 844 since 1890. 
 
 The surface is generally level, but hilly in some portions. Soil light 
 loam on river bottoms, stiffer clay soil on uplands, and easy of cultivation. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, millet, rye, clover, and peas for hay. 
 Potatoes, sweet and Irish, do well, and the raising of clover seed for market 
 is a considerable industry. Orchard grass and timothy are successfully 
 grown. Average yield per acre of corn, twenty-five bushels; of wheat, ten 
 bushels; and of hay, one and a half to two tons. Fruits of the various 
 varieties, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, etc., grow 
 well, and several canneries are located in the county. The climate and soil 
 is especially adapted to the raising of vegetables, and trucking is becoming 
 quite an important industry. The numerous creeks and inlets along the 
 Potomac boundary abound in the finest of fish, oysters and wild fowl. There 
 are large natural oyster beds on these tidal waters, and the species of fish 
 obtained embrace trout, rock, herring, shad and perch, which are caught by 
 nets, traps and seines. 
 
 Grazing facilities are fairly good, and stock does well, especially sheep, 
 which are receiving increased attention and proving quite remunerative. 
 That class of stock is being improved by the importation of better breeds. 
 There are no railroads in the county, but excellent transportation facilities 
 are afforded by steamboats on the Rappahannock and Potomac to Fred- 
 ericksburg, Washington, Baltimore and Alexandria markets. Marl is 
 abundant, also marsh mud and oyster shell lime. There is some ash, 
 poplar, etc., but the timber consists chiefly of pine, of which a large 
 amount of cord-wood and lumber are annually cut and shipped. 
 
 Water and drainage are furnished by the Rappahannock and Potomac 
 rivers; and the numerous tributaries of the latter penetrating inland about 
 ten or twelve miles, with good water power, are utilized. Besides numerous 
 saw and grain mills, the manufactories of the county consist of a number 
 of fruit-canning factories, two plants for blasting and crushing marl, and 
 one for digging and grinding infusorial earths. 
 
 The climate is temperate. Health generally good. Water good and 
 abundant in the uplands; not so good on water courses, except where 
 artesian is used. Churches numerous — principally Baptist, Methodist and 
 Episcopal. There are also a large number of public schools. Telephone 
 service from Fredericksburg to every important point in county. Financial 
 conditions excellent, and considerable progress shown in improved buildings. 
 
 This is one of the oldest settled counties in the State, and in colonial 
 days was the home of wealth and influence, the immigrants to the county 
 16 
 
243 
 
 from England comprising many of the ricli and aristocratic families of the 
 old country. There are many valuable and highly important estates in 
 the county, and by the more modern and improved system of agriculture, 
 which has been adopted the past few years, the waste lands are being 
 reclaimed and the farming interests generally improved. This coimty 
 enjoys the proud distinction of having been the birthplace of two of the 
 Presidents of the United States — George Washington and James Monroe — 
 besides another no less honored and distinguished Virginian, General E,. E. 
 Lee. Montross, the county seat, with a population of about 150, is an 
 ancient town of some importance, located near the southern border, six 
 miles distant from landings on both P otomac and Eappahannock rivers, with 
 which there is daily mail communication. There has recently been erected 
 a handsome new courthouse and clerk's office. 
 
 Town of Colonial Beach has sprung into existence and has nearly reached 
 the proportion of a city, and real estate has doubled in value and with a 
 prospective railroad in the near future, with the advantages we have for 
 trucking, etc., with men of muscular energy and brains, I see no reason 
 why this county should not occupy her former position, i. e., not only the 
 "Athens," but the "Garden Spot of America." 
 
 WISE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed in 1856 from Russell, Lee and Scott, and named 
 in honor of Henry A. Wise, then governor. It is situated in the great 
 Cumberland range', in the extreme southwestern portion of the State, 380 
 miles from Richmond, and is bounded on the north by the State of Ken- 
 tucky. It contains an area of 413 square miles (under cultivation, twenty- 
 five per cent.) 
 
 The surface is hilly and mountainous. Soil mostly sandy. 
 
 Farm products are corn, rye, oats, millet, potatoes and sorghum, and 
 the lands are also very well adapted to the growing of vegetables and 
 fruits. All the products of the farm find a ready and remunerative sale 
 with the numerous and extensive mining operations in the county. 
 
 Transportation facilities are very good, embracing the Louisville and 
 Nashville and Norfolk and Western, and Virginia and Southwestern rail- 
 roads. The South and Western, and the Virginia and Southeastern are 
 important lines now being constructed into the county. There are six 
 short independent lines in the county, used principally as feeders for the 
 mineral interests of the comity, which are various and valuable, and 
 destined to make it one of the wealthiest counties in the State. 
 
 The most important minerals are iron ores and coal (bituminous, splint 
 and cannel). Limestone and sandstone for building and other purposes 
 are of very superior quality and abundant, the latter being very cheaply 
 quarried and made ready for use in any desired shape or size. Iron is 
 found in large deposits, especially in the neighborhood of Big Stone Gap, in 
 the southwest portion of the county. Here, in close proximity to each 
 other, are the iron ore, limestone and coal, and few localities are more 
 favorably situated for the manufacture of iron. Since the construction of 
 convenient transportation facilities, these ores are being largely developed 
 and mined, and extensively worked by the furnaces here in operation. But 
 its great wealth consists in its immense deposits of coal, having the greatest 
 amormt of valuable bituminous and cannel coal to be found in any county 
 of the State, the industrial value of which can scarcely be overestimated. 
 In fact, there are few areas of like size and value in this particular to be 
 found in the world. Since the building of railroads through the county, 
 rapid progress has been made here in the coal and coke industry. From 
 year to year new mines are being opened, and coke plants constructed, 
 until this county has become a hive of industry, teeming with thousands of 
 laborers; and the indications point to the establishment here of some of 
 
245 
 
 the largest collieries and coke plants in the United States. The coke ovens 
 now in operation in the county are as follows: At Tom's Creek, 800 
 Stonega, 666; Dorchester, 550; Osaka, 300; Inman, 150; Imboden, 300 
 Blackwood, 250; Josephine, 80; Essexville, 50; Carbon, 25; Norton, 150 
 Glamur, 200, making a total of 3,521, and other new plants in course of 
 construction. 
 
 Wise is especially noted for its fine forests of valuable timber, such as 
 poplar, walnut, cherry, oak, etc., but since it has been opened up to the 
 markets by the railroads, and owing to heavy local demand, the supply 
 of timber has been largely depleted, though still a considerable quantity 
 remains. 
 
 The county is well watered in the northern part by the numerous streams 
 flowing into Eussells fork of Big Sandy river, and in the southern and 
 eastern portions by Powells and Guests rivers, and other streams, tribu- 
 taries of the Clinch. 
 
 The manufacturing enterprises of note are iron furnaces and foundries, 
 grist, saw and planing mills, a silicon brick plant, a large tannery, and an 
 extract plant at Big Stone Gap. Climate healthful and invigorating, 
 average temperature fifty-five degrees, rainfall about fifty-four inches. 
 Water fairly good. County well supplied with churches of the various 
 denominations, and the public free schools are in an exceedingly pros- 
 perous condition; also a model graded school at Big Stone Gap and a 
 college at Wise, the county seat. Most of the towns are connected by 
 telephone, and mail service with every neighborhood. The financial condi- 
 tion of the people is highly favorable, and great progress and advancement 
 is noted here in recent years, as indicated by the large increase in 
 population. 
 
 Total population, census of 1900, 19,653. Increase since census of 1890, 
 10,308. Number of males twenty-one years and over, 5,247. 
 
 There are five banks in the county, all doing a prosperous business. 
 
 Wise, the coimty seat, is located near the center of the county, five 
 miles from Norton, the junction of the Clinch Valley division of the 
 Norfolk and Western railroad and the Louisville and Nashville railroad. 
 It has a population of about 800. 
 
 The most important town is Big Stone Gap, population, census of 1900, 
 1,617. Other towns are East Stone Gap, population, census of 1900, 349; 
 Coeburn, population, census of 1900, 295 — ^now about 500; Norton, popu- 
 lation, census of 1900, 654 — now about 1,250; Tacoma, population, census 
 of 1900, 247. 
 
 Norton, especially, has made very rapid strides within the past four or 
 five years. There has been located here two wholesale grocery houses, a 
 wholesale hardware house, a branch of the Armour Packing Co.; also a 
 branch of the Standard Oil Company, two large hotels, numerous residences 
 and business houses. The coal and coke companies have constructed large 
 power plants with the latest improved electrical machinery, and the Indian 
 Creek and Pound River railroad, extending from Norton into the Pound 
 Gap country, which is very rich in lumber and coal, has been completed 
 for seven miles. Pound Gap, a widely-known place in the Cumberland 
 mountains (a depression in the crest of the mountain, whose lowest point 
 is nearly 2,300 feet above sea level) being the objective point for all rail- 
 roads leading from this part of Virginia to Kentucky, places this county 
 in a direct line of all such contemplated railroads, the necessity for which 
 will arise, and some will most surely be constructed in the near future. 
 
 WYTHE COUNTY. 
 
 This county was formed from Montgomery in 1790. It is located west 
 of the Blue Ridge, in the southwest portion of the State, 270 miles south- 
 west from Richmond, in the midst of the great mining and grazing section. 
 
247 
 
 It contains an area of 474 square miles, one-lralf being under cultivation. 
 Lands vary much in price as they do in value. 
 
 The surface is varied, alternately mountain and valley. Several movm- 
 tain ranges traverse the county, mainly from northeast to southwest, 
 between which lie extensive and very fertile valleys, notably Reed creek. 
 Cripple creek, and headwaters of Holston on the west forming an elevated 
 plateau of high table land from east to west. These valleys contain blue 
 grass and farming lands of a high order that are scarcely surpassed in the 
 State. 
 
 The staple crops are corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, millet and hay, 
 abundant yields of which are produced. Fruits and vegetables of various 
 kinds are successfully grown, and these industries are receiving increased 
 attention every year, and in portions of the county, constitute a very 
 important and profitable source of revenue to the farmers, for which there 
 is always a ready cash market. The raising of cabbage, Irish potatoes and 
 apples in the western part of the county is becoming quite an industry. 
 These products are mostly shipped to the southern markets and bring 
 remunerative prices. Being situated between the North and the South 
 gives this section an unusual advantage in disposition of her products. The 
 cabbage industry has built up an important business center at Rural 
 Retreat, with good hotels, banks, mercantile houses, etc., which attracts 
 much attention in the wholesale vegetable market. 
 
 The United States Fish Hatchery, three and a half miles west of Wythe- 
 ville, is quite an important enterprise in the county, and is rapidly stock- 
 ing the waters of the State with the best varieties of fish. 
 
 Agriculture is carried to its highest perfection in this county in the 
 department of grazing, and in this respect it is scarcely excelled in the 
 State. Its cattle, sheep and horse products are immensely remunerative, 
 much of the former being exported and commanding the highest prices. 
 Transportation facilities are excellent, furnished by the Norfolk and 
 Western railroad passing through the heart of the county, and the Cripple 
 Creek branch of the Norfolk and Western railroad extending into the great 
 mining region of the southeastern portion of the county; also a branch of 
 the latter ten or twelve miles into a rich mineral section, developing the 
 celebrated Cripple Creek iron ores. 
 
 This is one of the richest counties in the State in the variety, quality 
 and extent of its minerals, and in their development the county is making- 
 rapid strides toward a position of commercial importance well calculated 
 to excite the just pride of her citizens. Alternating with each other on 
 the south side of the county are wonderful veins and deposits of iron ores, 
 manganese ores, and lead and zinc ores of extraordinary purity; while in 
 the northern half of the county fine magnetic and brown iron ores are 
 abundant. These minerals have been developed and foimd to exist in 
 immense quantities, and are being worked on a large scale in different sec- 
 tions of the county, the large works affording an excellent home market for 
 the products of the farm. There are various mineral waters in the county, 
 the principal of which are its many alum-chalybeate springs, also the 
 arsenic bromo-lithia springs, which are fast coming into favor and are of 
 high medicinal virtue. 
 
 On the north and in the middle section there are still larger boundaries 
 of very good timber, such as white and Spanish oak, walnut, cherry, locust, 
 hickory, poplar, gum, pine and chestnut. 
 
 The county is well watered by New river, which flows through the south- 
 eastern portion of the county, and some of its principal tributaries, such 
 as Reed creek in the central and northern portions, and Cripple creek in 
 the southwestern part of the county. These streams, in their many minor 
 tributaries, leave but little of the whole area that is not thoroughly well 
 watered, and like all mountain streams of this section, are unfailing and 
 ;ifford much excellent water power. 
 
348 
 
 Manufactories consist principally of iron, zinc and lead furnaces, in 
 which it probably leads any other county of the State. These works sup- 
 ply extensive home markets besides employing the labor of the county at 
 remunerative wages. In addition to the above there are forges, smelting 
 works, rolling mills, wool factories, manufactories of wood; and flour mills, 
 sawmills and ordinary grist mills are numerous throughout the county. 
 Owing to the altitude of this section, averaging half a mile about sea level, 
 the climate resembles that of the Middle States, and may be said to be 
 almost perfect; health unexcelled and water pure as can be found. Churches 
 are numerous and of all denominations. Educational advantages are 
 excellent, consisting of colleges, high schools, and numerous public schools. 
 Telephone service in all parts of the county, and mail facilities excellent. 
 The county is in splendid financial condition and growing rapidly in wealth, 
 importance and population. There are seven banks in the county. 
 
 Total population, 20,437. Increase since census of 1890, 2,418. Number 
 of males twenty-one years and over, 4,571. 
 
 Wytheville, the chief town and county seat, is a pretty and flourishing 
 place of 3,003 inhabitants, census of 1900 (now about 3,500, an increase (rf 
 433), and is situated near the center of the county, on the line of the Nor- 
 folk and Western railroad 280 miles southwest from Richmond. Its eleva- 
 tion is 2,360 feet above the sea level, affording picturesque scenery, healthful 
 and bracing climate, pleasant days and cool nights, fine alum and chaly- 
 beate water, excellent society, well-kept hotels and boarding houses, hand- 
 some streets and residences, constituting an eligible summer resort of 
 great popularity. Churches are numerous and handsome, and its educa- 
 tional advantages are of a high order. Besides colleges and well-regulated 
 public schools, there are private boarding schools for young ladies. It has 
 also several newspapers, two banks, fraternal orders, water works, electric 
 lights and macadamized streets. In addition to several flourishing manu- 
 factories and machine shops, there are stores in every department of 
 business. A new courthouse, costing about $50,000, and one of the finest 
 in the State, has recently been erected. The Supreme Court of Appeals of 
 the State holds a session here annually during the months of June and 
 July. Other towns, besides Rural Retreat, are Ivanhoe, Max Meadows, 
 Fosters Fall and Austinville. These are all thriving manufacturing or 
 business places, and of considerable population and importance. 
 
 YORK COUNTY. 
 
 This county was one of the original shires into which Virginia was 
 divided in 1634. It was first known as Charles county, but changed to 
 York in 1642. It lies fifty miles south by east of Richmond. It is 
 thirty miles long with a mean breadth of five miles, and contains an area 
 of 124 square miles, one-half of which is in cultivation. Lands have 
 advanced in price in the past ten years about forty per cent., and near 
 Yorktown about sixty per cent. 
 
 The surface is level, the soil varying from a light loam in the south to 
 clay in the north, and generally of a good quality. 
 
 Farm products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, etc. Considerable fruit 
 of the various varieties is grown, and melons in great abundance. The 
 York and other streams abound in the finest of oysters, and this is the 
 leading money product of the county; also fish of every variety are in 
 great abundance. These and truck farming constitute the county's most 
 profitable industries. Some portions of the county are very well adapted 
 to stock raising, especially sheep. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio railroad passes through the southwest border 
 of the county, and a survey has been made for a railroad from Yorktown 
 to Hampton, which, if built, will be a great benefit to the county. 
 
249 
 
 Water courses are numerous. Besides Chesapeake bay, York, Poquoson 
 and Back rivers, there are numerous navigable creeks, all of which afford 
 excellent shipping facilities, which have been greatly improved the past 
 few years, having daily steamers to the wharves from Baltimore and Nor- 
 folk. There are no minerals except marl, which is in great abundance. 
 The county has been largely depleted of timber, and second growth now 
 constitutes the principal supply. Manufactories are limited to lumber 
 plants and barrel factories, of which there are several. In climate, health 
 and water this county compares favorably with other counties of this 
 section. Churches of all the Protestant denominations, and public schools 
 are numerous and convenient. Telephone service excellent, embracing a 
 hundred miles of line, reaching to all sections. 
 
 Population, census of 1900, 7,482. Number of males twenty-one years 
 and over, 1,790. 
 
 Yorktown, the county seat, is located on York river near its mouth, 
 thirty-three miles from Norfolk and seventy miles from Kichmond. While 
 a town of limited population and advantages, it possesses a historic interest 
 second to none other in the confines of our great country, as having been 
 the scene of the closing conflict for American independence, where, on 
 October 19, 1781, the army of Cornwallis surrendered to the combined 
 armies of America and France, which notable event was, a century later, 
 commemorated by the erection by the government, near the spot, of an 
 imposing monument, ninety-seven feet in height, adorned with patriotic 
 devices and inscriptions, and pronounced by travelers to be the handsomest 
 monument in the world. This county was also the scene of the first 
 battle of the late war fought at Big Bethel, as well as the last battle of 
 the Revolution fought at Yorktown. 
 
 ''The Moore House," on Temple farm, lying in a peninsula formed by 
 York river, Waverly creek and Mill Pond, one mile east of Yorktown, is 
 another precious relic of our past history, noted as the place of capitula- 
 tion of the army of Cornwallis to the armies of Washington, Lafayette and 
 Rochambeau. The house is still occupied as a residence, and stands about 
 fifty feet above York river, commanding a beautiful view of the Chesapeake 
 bay, Yorktown monument and quaint old Yorktown. All along the York 
 river are beautiful residential sites, breezy the year round, and overlooking 
 the placid blue waters of the broad river. 
 
 Other towns in the county are Grafton and Poquoson, and branches of 
 the Peninsula Bank are located at these points, indicating the demands of 
 a growing business in this section. 
 
Cities of Virginia. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 Alexandria, the county seat of Alexandria, is situated on the Potomac 
 river, six miles south of Washington, and is in full view of the national 
 capital, with which it is closely related in social and business affairs. 
 
 Transportation facilities are afforded by six great trunk railways and 
 six steamer lines. The largest vessels find a safe landing at the wharves 
 on the Potomac river. 
 
 The census of 1900 gave the city a population of 14,528. 
 
 Among the numerous enterprises located at Alexandria are four glass 
 factories, viz. : Old Dominion Glass Company, Belle 'Pre Bottle Company, 
 Alexandria Glass Company and Virginia Glass Company. The Bliss Silk 
 Throwing Company, Board, Armstrong & Co. Cider and Vinegar Plant, The 
 Emerson Engine Company and The Riley Basket Factory have recently 
 located here. 
 
 The city has made rapid progress in the past few years. The work of 
 paving the streets with vitrified brick has been extended to all parts of 
 the city. The water supply is of the purest. Excellent public schools are 
 conducted in this city, the educational advantages being all that could be 
 desired, and the churches are large and elegant. 
 
 During the past year the city of Alexandria has steadily advanced in 
 material prosperity along many lines, with the best indications that this 
 progressiveness will be maintained and increased in the succeeding years. 
 The general improvement has been brought about by a combination of 
 causes, including a remarkable development of the transportation facilities 
 both by rail and water, the skilful handling of the city finances, and the 
 adoption by the city council of many methods having especially in view 
 the encouragement of the growth and advancement of the citv. 
 
 BRISTOL. 
 
 Bristol is a city of opportunity, interesting alike to the investor or the 
 home-seeker. Lying in the heart of the great Appalachian section, midway 
 between Washington and Memphis, Norfolk and Nashville, Lynchburg and 
 Chattanooga, Roanoke and Knoxville, she occupies a unique position, a 
 veritable gatewaj^ between the East and West, North and South. 
 
 The altitude is 1,760 feet and the climate ideal. Although the summer 
 days are warm, the nights are cool and pleasant. Springs, creeks and 
 rivers on every side furnish abundant water for all purposes, and two 
 companies are preparing to harness some of these streams and furnish 
 cheap and limitless electric power to this city. 
 
 Extending out in every direction from Bristol, magnificent pike roads 
 are being constructed, while the streets are being macadamized or paved 
 in every section of the city. No city of its size can show more grano- 
 lithic sidewalks. 
 
 Rich farming lands surround the city, from which are produced almost 
 every variety of fruit, grain and vegetables grown in the United States, 
 except the tropical products of the extreme South. 
 
 The population of Bristol, which is eighty-five per cent, white, has more 
 than doubled since 1900, and Bristol has now more than 20,000 people. 
 
251 
 
 A few miles to the north are inexhaustible mines of coal, and steam 
 coal can be delivered in Bristol at $1.40 per ton. All along to the soutli 
 are great iron deposits, and on every side is timber of every variety. There 
 are twenty manufacturers and exporters of lumber here, some of tliem 
 shipping more than one hundred cars of export lumber monthly. 
 
 Bristol has four railroads — The Norfolk and Western, Southern, Vii- 
 ginia and Southwestern and the Holston Valley. Twenty-six passenger 
 trains arrive at and depart from her splendid union station every day. 
 
 During the past ten years the growth of the wholesale interests has 
 been phenomenal. Every line is represented by from two to four houses, 
 and the area covered by salesmen for Bristol jobbing houses has widened 
 until it embraces every Southern State, in some lines, and it is estimated 
 that the total sales for 1909 will exceed $10,000,000. 
 
 Factories are constantly being established, and it is believed that 
 what has been done here during the last ten years along commercial lines 
 will be duplicated during the next ten years along manufacturing lines. 
 Cheap fuel and dependable labor, which is fovmd here in abundance, will 
 aid materially in bringing this about. Some of the products of the 
 Bristol factories and enterprises are pig iron, bars, mine car wheels, paper, 
 leather belting, tanning extracts, barytes, hubs and spokes, all kinds of 
 lumber, sash, doors, coffins, boilers, stoves and ranges, hosiery, medicines, 
 drugs, alcohol, candy, chewing gum. flour, overalls, clothing, etc. The 
 total factories of all kinds exceed eighty-five, with a payroll of more 
 than $3,000,000 per year. There are three large roller flouring mills, 
 with a capacity of 700 barrels per day. 
 
 There are five prosperous banks, with capital and surplus of more than 
 half a million dollars, and deposits aggregating three and one-half million 
 dollars. 
 
 There are twenty-six churches, almost every denomination and sect 
 being represented, a beautiful Young Men's Christian Association building, 
 which cost $80,000, eight splendid public school buildings, and five colleges. 
 
 The advantages offered by Bristol along educational lines are attracting 
 many families here, who eventually become permanent citizens. 
 
 Bristol has a commodious public building, erected by the government 
 about seven years ago, but already outgrown, and plans are being drawn 
 for an addition that will almost double the capacity. 
 
 Tavo daily papers are published, the morning paper being The Bristol 
 Herald-Courier, a Virginia publication, and the Neivs, which is an after- 
 noon paper, published in Tennessee. 
 
 Almost every kind of secret and fraternal order has an organization 
 here, and Bristol is rapidly becoming a convention city, where many of 
 these organizations hold their State meetings. The Virginia Odd Fellows 
 met in Bristol in 1909, while the grand lodge Iv. P. of Virginia will meet 
 here in 1910. 
 
 In commercial organizations, Bristol has a Board of Trade, Jobbers' 
 and Manufacturers' Association and Retail Merchants' Association. The 
 number of traveling men who make their home in Bristol is very large, 
 as many of those who represent houses in other cities, make Bristol their 
 headquarters. 
 
 If any further information in regard to Bristol is desired by the readei-, 
 it will be gladly furnished by the Secretary of the Board of Trade. 
 Bristol needs some factories in lines other than those already represented 
 here and will offer inducements to persons desiring to establish factories. 
 
 BUENA VISTA. 
 
 Buena Vista, as a home, combines all the advantages of beautiful scenery, 
 an invigorating climate, and pure mountain water, with good schools aiid 
 churches. As a place for business, it ofi"ers abundant natural resources. 
 
352 
 
 good transportation, cheap labor and a most favorable location with 
 respect to the sources of raw material as well as to market. It is a town 
 that has survived the stress of industrial and commercial depressions and 
 fluctuations, and to-day it is enjoying greater prosperity, and has a 
 brighter future than at any other time of its history. 
 
 Buena Vista is situated in one of the most desirable parts of the Valley 
 of Virginia. 
 
 It lies between the western slopes of the Blue Ridge mountains and the 
 north branch of James river, eight miles from Lexington, and fourteen 
 miles from one of nature's greatest wonders — Natural Bridge. 
 
 Its altitude ranges from 1,000 to 1,100 feet above sea level, while the 
 mountains on the east and south rise to a height of 2,500 feet. Its climate 
 is not severe in winter, and in summer its fresh breezes and cool nights 
 bring health and comfort. In no part of this favored section has nature 
 been more lavish with her beauty or combined more varied charms of 
 scenery. 
 
 It is located on two railroads — the Shenandoah Valley division of the 
 Norfolk and Western and the James River division of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio, the latter connecting at Lexington with the Valley division of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio. 
 
 By these railroads Buena Vista is furnished coal from the Pocahontas 
 region of Virginia, and from the New river district of West Virginia, at 
 low rates. In the immediate section surrounding the town are vast mineral 
 and timber resources, and fertile blue grass lands. The water power fur- 
 nished by North river is but partially utilized. 
 
 The town has a population of 3,500 industrious and thrifty people. It 
 owns its water works, and purest freestone water is supplied by gravity 
 from limpid mountain streams. 
 
 An electric light plant, owned by the town, but now leased, furnishes 
 lights, arc and incandescent, on most reasonable terms. There are eight 
 churches, two banks, a modern and well equipped sanitarium, and num- 
 erous stores in the town. 
 
 A public graded school, with an enrollment of about five hundred and a 
 capable corps of teachers, is maintained nine months in the year, and thor- 
 ough work is being done. There is also the Southern Seminary, a college 
 for young ladies, with splendid buildings, capable of furnishing accommo- 
 dation for 150 to 200 girls. 
 
 Among the enterprises now in successful operation are the following: 
 Paper and pulp mill, blast furnace, extract plant, a silk mill, and fire 
 brick plant, a tannery and a foundry, two banks, a sash, door and blind 
 factory, fertilizer work, saddle factory, and a patent roller flour mill. 
 
 In the foothills near the town, mining operations are successfully carried 
 on. The mountains surrounding the town abound in beautiful pink sand- 
 stone. 
 
 From the character of the enterprises now in operation a large per cent, 
 of the employees are men. The women and children in the homes would 
 supply the necessary help in knitting mills, shirt factories and similar 
 industries. Buena Vista's location in the Iron Belt and its railroad 
 facilities make it a fine site for car-plant, machine shop and the manu- 
 facture of all iron products. As an index to the volume of business done 
 in the town, mention is made of the fact that the receipts for freight 
 hauled to and from the town by the two railroads passing through it for 
 the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, amounted to $324,557.67. 
 
 With its wealth of natural resources, its superior transportation facili- 
 ties, its proximity to the great markets, its central geographical position, 
 which puts the southern as near as the northern trade, Buena Vista off'ers 
 a combination of advantages that few other localities of the South can 
 equal. 
 
 Her people are liberal and broad-minded, and bid strangers welcome. 
 Cheap houses and cheap sites can be secured on easy terms. 
 
253 
 
 CHARLOTTESVILLE. 
 
 Charlottesville, the county seat of Albemarle, with about twelve thousand 
 inhabitants, at the intersection of two great trunk lines, the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio railroad east and west, and the Southern railroad north and 
 south, is near the center of the State. 
 
 Nestling along the slope of a beautiful valley, rich in educational facili- 
 ties, blessed with an equable climate, well elevated, well drained, with 
 people of culture and refinement, Charlottesville is most attractive to 
 the homeseeker and the student. 
 
 Here is situated the University of Virginia, the cap-stone of the free 
 school system of the State, set like an emerald in these eternal hills; she 
 is unique in learning and in loveliness. 
 
 The city is not lacking in advancement along the line of municipal 
 utilities. She owns her water works, sewerage system and gas plant, 
 and is lighted by electricity. Daily and weekly newspapers are published 
 here. A well-equipped electric railway adds convenience to travel. Her 
 main thoroughfare is paved with brick. 
 
 In addition to the various business and mercantile industries usually 
 found in cities like Charlottesville, there are planing mills, flouring and 
 grist mills, the Charlottesville Woolen Mills, the Monticello Wine Com- 
 pany, an overall factory, the Michie Company, law book publishers, stove 
 works, two carriage factories, a foundry, an adding machine factory, a 
 cigar factory and an up-to-date ice plant. 
 
 There are here the Moore's Brook Sanatorium, for inebriates and the 
 insane, the Martha Jefferson Sanitarium, the University Hospital, a United 
 States court and post office, a splendid new home for the Y. M. C. A., and 
 the Jefi'erson Park Hotel, a delightful and popular summer resort. 
 
 Among the secret orders, clubs and fraternal organizations here are 
 the Eagles, Elks, Red Land Club, Masons, Odd Fellows, Tribe of Ben Hur, 
 Heptasophs, J. 0. U. A. M., Maccabees, and all of the railroad orders. 
 
 All of the principal religious denominations are represented in Char- 
 lottesville. There are a number of substantial and beautiful churches, 
 many of them recently rebuilt with modern equipment. 
 
 The growth of the city is not spasmodic, but continuous and regular. 
 
 DANVILLE. 
 
 Danville is located in Pittsylvania, the largest county in the State of 
 Virginia, in the Piedmont section, on the banks of Dan river, which has 
 within easy access of her use a developed and undeveloped water power of 
 forty-four feet fall. Nature has been most lavish to this favored spot in 
 bestowing upon it climatic and hygienic conditions which render it un- 
 surpassed in healthfulness, and make it most desirable as a home. 
 
 Situated in view of, and protected by the nearby mountains, she rises 
 some 600 feet above sea level; the temperature is rarely below twenty 
 degrees in winter and scarcely ever above ninety in the summer. Being 
 built on many hills, whose feet are washed by a bold river, giving many 
 thousand horse power, she has unsurpassed natural drainage; and the 
 picturesque mountain scenery and the adjacent virgin forests make 
 Danville a city unparalleled by any in the southland in natural advantages. 
 
 In 1870 Danville was incorporated as a city, with a population of 5,000. 
 Since that time her progress has been steadily upward. She has in- 
 creased from 5,000 to 25,000 inhabitants. The year 1909 has been eventful 
 in the city's growth and development, from the fact that more building 
 has been done in that period than any corresponding period in 
 her history, and fully as much as $2,000,000 has been expended on that 
 alone. The old brick sidewalk on the main thoroughfare is fast giving 
 away to handsome granolithic sidewalks and granite curbing, and the 
 
Main Street, Danville, Va., is said to be the handsomest thoroughfare in 
 the South. A recent bond issue of $100,000 was ordered in' an election this 
 fall for the purpose of paving West Main extension and erecting the fourth 
 iron bridge across Dan river. 
 
 For the first time in many years, Danville had a fair this fall, which was 
 a decided success from every standpoint, and one who visited the fair 
 could form some idea of the attainment and possibilities of Danville and 
 surrounding territory from the mechanical and agricultural exhibits shown 
 at it. 
 
 Danville owns her own water, gas, electric light and power plants, the 
 products of which are furnished at an exceedingly low rate, and still has 
 a considerable supply of power for prospective manufacturers. Our public 
 utilities and other property are conservatively estimated to be worth one 
 million dollars in excess of our bonded indebtedness. 
 
 The water supply of Danville is ample for a city of 75,000 people. 
 Flowing from the Blue Ridge mountains, and by gravity from the Dan 
 river into our large and modern settling basin, after being clarified by the 
 most approved methods, its lightness and purity is in every respect ex- 
 cellent for household purposes, and so determined by recent analysis. The 
 commodious reservoir is of such elevation as to give the highest points 
 of the city ample supply for domestic use and fire protection to the busi- 
 ness district by natural pressure. 
 
 Danville has a most excellent sewerage system underlining the whole 
 city, which, together with the natural drainage, renders it one of the 
 most healthful cities in the South. 
 
 Our hotels are first class, the Burton and the Morgan being the leading 
 hotels in the city, not to mention the smaller ones. The new Hotel 
 Burton, with its annex, recently equipped, cost $230,000. 
 
 Danville has handsome churches, representing all denominations and 
 races. The best fellowship prevails among them. 
 
 An undenominational orphanage, a very handsome and commodious 
 building recently donated by one of our citizens, with an average of forty 
 inmates, is well supported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 Danville is proud of her General Hospital and two private sanitariums. 
 It boasts of its fine school of physicians and surgeons, and to go abroad for 
 outside talent is rarely suggested. 
 
 Danville's Y. M. C. A., built by public subscription, costing $40,000, 
 is one of the handsomest of its kind in the South. 
 
 Danville's public school system is one of the best in the State. To 
 supplement the already splendid equipment and buildings, a large and 
 commodious building has been erected in Rison Park, costing $71,000 
 completed. There are also two large colleges for young ladies — The Roan- 
 oke College and the Randolph-Macon Institute; the Danville School for 
 boys (boarding), half a mile from the city limits, splendid in its location. 
 The Roanoke College has recently purchased a lot on west Main street, 
 where a large college building will be erected; the Commercial College, 
 besides numerous private schools, night schools and kindergartens. All of 
 these institutions are -in a flourishing condition and have a large patronage. 
 
 Danville has a finely equipped electric street railway, forty miles of 
 paved streets, a new theatre costing $40,000, and two large and beautiful 
 parks, one of which, Ballou Park, contains fifty-two acres and in which 
 natural scenery and beauty of landscape equals any in the South. 
 
 Tobacco is the main staple, and Danville is the largest bright loose-leaf 
 tobacco market in the world. This market handles 45,000,000 to 65,000,000 
 pounds of tobacco annually, for which it pays to the farmers $4,000,000 
 to $7,000,000. Since 1869 this market has sold for the farmers 1,261,888,- 
 230 pounds of leaf tobacco. This estimate includes only tobacco sold in 
 loose condition on our warehouse floors, but millions of pounds of hogs- 
 head tobacco are handled annually, which are not included in the above 
 statistics. 
 
356 
 
 There are ten warehouses for the storage of leaf tobacco, some of 
 which are for private and some for public storage, with a total capacity 
 of 40,000 hogsheads, of 40,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco. 
 
 We have over $12,000,000 invested in manufacturing enterprises other 
 than tobacco, chief among which are our textile industries, employing over 
 5,000 hands. The product of these mills is known everywhere, and is of 
 the finest quality manufactured in the South. 
 
 Other important industries are two furniture factories, an elevator 
 company, manufacturing high-class electric, passenger and freight elevators, 
 overall factories, hosiery and knitting mills, brick and cement factories, 
 flouring mills, grist mills, and a number of tobacco factories and leaf 
 plants, two ice plants, wholesale lumbering and planing mills, wagon, dray 
 and truck manufactories, book binderies and job printing establishments, 
 and many other manufactories of various kinds. 
 
 We have seven banks in the most flourishing condition. Four large 
 building and loan associations, with ample capital to conduct the business 
 and supply the demands made upon them. The payroll of our city gov- 
 ernment amounts to $150,000 yearly. The large indvistries of Danville pay 
 out through the envelope system alone over $75,000 per week. 
 
 Our wholesale business is immense, and the retail business in a most 
 flourishing condition; in fact, there are few things lacking in Danville 
 which contribute to the happiness and comfort of a great city. It goes 
 without saying that we are well supplied with telegraphic and telephone 
 service ; also with a complete complement of fraternal organizations. 
 Danville is indeed metropolitan and cosmopolitan, and yet so situated in 
 its topography that none of the crowded and congested conditions exist. 
 
 Danville is on the main line of the Southern railway, 140 miles from 
 Richmond, 240 miles from Washington, 400 miles from Atlanta. The 
 Atlantic and Danville gives direct connection to the Seaboard at Norfolk, 
 208 miles distant, and the Danville and Western to Leaksville and 
 Stuart. Twenty-two passenger trains pass Danville every twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 The territory adjacent to Danville is rich in mineral ores, and min- 
 eral springs abound, adding to the health and happiness of the people. 
 
 The Piedmont section is one of the most fertile regions of the South, 
 producing bountifully the -various crops usually grown in this region. 
 Danville is the border city, being two and one-half miles from the North 
 Carolina line, and is the market, and naturally so, for a very large terri- 
 tory in the two States. 
 
 Danville, appreciating the productiveness of this section, is joining hands 
 with the adjacent counties in macadamizing every road leading into this 
 beautiful city. 
 
 Our postoffice is already one of the largest and best equipped United 
 States government buildings in the State. Due to the increased mail 
 demands, the necessity for the enlargement of the building became emi- 
 nent, and our Congressman, Hon. E. W. Saunders, succeeded in securing 
 an appropriation of $75,000 for that purpose. 
 
 Her citizens are gentle, refined and cultured and proverbially enei'getic. 
 They are ever alert to the advancement of their beloved city, hence the 
 Commercial Association was established. It is in a position to off'er cheap 
 building sites to new manufacturing enterprises, and if conditions warrant, 
 to donate others. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG. 
 
 Fredericksburg is sixty miles north of Richmond and sixty miles south 
 of Washington; is at the head of tidewater in the Rappahannock river 
 valley and is within a few hours of the big markets of the eastern sea- 
 board. Five great trunk lines run their trains through the city every 
 
357 
 
 day over the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad; the Poto- 
 mac, Fredericksburg and Piedmont railroad furnishes transportation 
 facilities west, and connection with the Southern, and Chesapeake and 
 Ohio railroad, and large steamers and freight barges ship from the city's 
 wharves, provide this section with cheap water freights. This city and 
 section are healthful, no epidemic ever having visited them, and the deatli 
 rate is extremely low. A splendid water power of a present capacity of 
 five thousand horse power, and a possible capacity of ten thousand, fur- 
 nishes cheap power to three large flour mills, two electric light plants, 
 stone cutters, large woolen mill, large silk mill, and other factories. There 
 are, in addition to the factories mentioned, two shoe factories, one shirt 
 factory, canning factory, overalls and pants factory, cigar factory, sev- 
 eral wood-working plants, the largest sumac mills in the South, and a 
 large tannery and three newspapers and several printing offices, in addi- 
 tion to numerous other smaller manufacturing plants. Several large 
 pickle factories and excelsior mills, and two large iron foundries, with the 
 other factories, furnish employment to many hundreds of workmen and 
 women and add to the business importance of the city. Fredericksburg is 
 the center of the hardwood trade of the State and is the main terminus 
 of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad. 
 
 The last few years have been marked by great material progress in this 
 city. The sound of the saw and hammer are heard on every side as 
 substantial business houses and beautiful residences are being erected. 
 The city has taken on new life and awakened to the splendid possibilities 
 possessed. Real estate values have steadily increased during the last 
 five years from thirty to one hundred per cent. The growth of population 
 has been gradual but steady. Fredericksburg offers splendid opportunities 
 for the location of factories on account of her excellent water power. 
 The credit of the city is unsurpassed, its four per cent, bonds selling at a 
 handsome premium. 
 
 In 1906 the stock of the Fredericksburg Power Company changed hands, 
 and they have approximately spent $250,000.00, increasing the magnificent 
 water power afforded by the Rappahannock river. Hydraulic experts 
 state that with the completion of this development, a constant power of 
 60,000 horse power will be afforded, resulting in cheap power, and the 
 construction of other manufacturing plants on the excellent sites here 
 obtainable. 
 
 To those in search of homes or manufacturing sites, Fredericksburg 
 offers many advantages. The city is rich in historical associations, with 
 a cultured and refined people and a mild and delightful climate, making 
 it an ideal spot for the homeseeker. 
 
 The country contiguous is the equal of any in the world for combined 
 general farming, stock raising, grasses, vegetables, fruits, grain, fuel, water, 
 fish and game, and the climate is mild and equable, the mountains to the 
 west about fifty miles sheltering this section, and the Gulf stream off the 
 capes adding to its healthfulness and genial qualities. 
 
 HAERISONBUEG. 
 
 Harrisonburg, the county seat of Rockingham county, located on the 
 Southern railway, the Chesapeake- Western and the Valley railroads, 10 
 miles southwest from Washington, 122 miles northwest from Richmond, 25 
 miles north from Staunton, and 40 miles from Charlottesville, at an eleva- 
 tion of 1,200 feet above the sea level, is in the midst of a wealthy agricul- 
 tural section, unsurpassed in healthfulness and for scenic beauty. Its popu- 
 lation of nearly 5,000 — an increase of about 2,000 over the last census — is 
 17 
 
258 
 
 progressive and almost wholly native-born. The recent opening of the 
 State Normal and Industrial School for Women, the completion of a 
 $25,000 high school building, and tvs^o thoroughly modern equipped 
 graded public schools, furnish unrivaled educational advantages — comparing 
 favorably in this regard with the large cities of the State. In commercial 
 importance it is rapidly developing. There are two national and one 
 state bank, having an aggregate capital stock of $370,000 and total re- 
 sources exceeding $2,740,000 ; two daily newspapers, the Neios, with a 
 circulation of 5,500, and the Times, of 3,000; a large wood-work manu- 
 facturing plant; a steam tannery, with an output of 1,800 hides per week; 
 two large merchant flouring mills, with combined capacity of 350 barrels 
 daily; two wholesale grocery firms; two produce exchanges; several cigar 
 factories, ice plants, a cold storage, carriage factory, furniture establish- 
 ment and other thriving business interests. It has an extensive trade with 
 many counties of West Virginia, being their principal shipping point. 
 Recently it has been made the distributing station for the International 
 Harvester Company for several states. The town owns its water supply, 
 brought by gravity from mountain springs, thirteen miles, with sufficient 
 capacity for 40,000 persons; owns its up-to-date electric plant for lighting- 
 streets and for domestic purposes, and modern sewer system. During 
 1909 over $250,000 was expended in buildings and improvements. The 
 tax rate is only sixty-five cents on the $100 of values; and $30,000 is 
 expended annually in municipal improvements. The site for the Rocking- 
 ham Memorial Hospital has been secured, and the plans are being prepared 
 for a complete building. There are fourteen churches. The town has 
 free delivery of mail; a splendid system of mutual telephone connections 
 with Rockingham and the adjoining counties, and also long-distance service 
 with large cities. 
 
 LYNCHBUIIG. 
 
 Lynchburg, the thriving city of Campbell county, was laid ovit as a town 
 in 1786, and named for John Lynch, an officer in the Revolution, and one of 
 its first settlers. He donated the land for its site. It was an important 
 crossing on James river in "Ye olden times," known as Lynch's Ferry. 
 Being for many years the western terminus of canal transportation from 
 Richmond, before the advent of railroads, it was a commercial metropolis 
 of the country, reaching to and embracing a large portion of the states 
 of North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky; and, being the natural 
 gateway and distributing point of this rich and extensive territory, it 
 still maintains its importance as a commercial center. 
 
 It is situated in the extreme northern part of the county, on the hills 
 overlooking the James river on the south and west, 524 feet above sea 
 level, and on account of its picturesque and elevated location, it has 
 acquired the name of the "Hill City." It has well paved streets, electric 
 lights and street cars; also modern municipal water service of pure water 
 piped from the mountains of Nelson at the cost of over half a million 
 dollars. 
 
 It has a delightful climate, exceedingly healthful. Mineral waters and 
 summer resorts of Made reputation are within a few hours' travel. 
 
 There are thirty churches in the city, some of which are very handsome, 
 and the Young Men's Christian Association, with $93,000 in hand, is 
 building an elegant structure. Educational advantages are very superior, 
 embracing eight public schools and a number of good private schools, a 
 business college and the famous Randolph-Macon Woman's College, with 
 a large and valuable addition in 1906, the Presbyterian Orphanage and 
 the Christian College. 
 
 The six fine banking institutions are in a flourishing condition, having 
 a combined capital of $1,200,000, surplus $910,000, with total deposits 
 
259 
 
 amounting to over six and a quarter millions. The deposits in the past 
 ten years show an increase of $3,912,857, and in the last ten months of 
 $725,230. 
 
 There are two excellent daily newspapers, morning and evening — the 
 Neias and the Advance. 
 
 Lynchburg has also two superior hotels and several smaller but popular 
 ones, and a fine United States building. The Miller Orphan Asylum, in a 
 nearby suburb, has commodious buildings, and large endowment, and a 
 beautiful and extensive park. 
 
 The city is connected with Madison — a suburban town of Amherst county, 
 two thousand inhabitants — by a free bridge across the James, and also 
 with its suburb Eivermont, by a splendid iron bridge over Blackwater 
 creek, twelve hundred feet in length, sixty feet in width, and one hundred 
 and thirty-two feet in height, with a double electric railway and two 
 roadways and walking ways. This bridge reaches an avenue ninety feet 
 wide, upon which is located Randolph-Macon Woman's College, the Pres- 
 byterian Orphanage, the Public Library and many beautiful residences. 
 
 The three largest railroad systems of the South, the Southern, Norfolk 
 and Western, and Chesapeake and Ohio, controlling 10,440 miles of rail- 
 way (also the Lynchburg and Durham railroad), center here, offering 
 competitive rates and ready communication with all parts of the country. 
 The amoimt of tonnage received in Lynchburg annually is two billion 
 pounds, the amount forwarded one billion pounds, and the number of daily 
 passenger trains is twenty. 
 
 The advantages of Lynchburg as a manufacturing center, on account of 
 its splendid water power, close proximity to a vast tributary country, 
 furnishing coal, cotton, tobacco, iron, timber and other raw material, 
 superior transportation facilities, low taxes and freight rates, have 
 attracted the attention of prospective manufacturers, and, as a conse- 
 quence, secured the establishment of new industries and development 
 along all industrial lines. 
 
 There are in the city more than fifty enterprising manufactories, of 
 which the principal are Adams-Monroe Manufacturing Company; Adams 
 Brothers-Paynes Company, brick and building material; American Cigar 
 Company; Almond Dry Goods Company; American Trunk Manufacturing 
 Company; American Snuff Company; Allen Bros. Tobacco Company; Acme 
 Mill Works; American Manganese Company; J. P. Bell Company, blank 
 books, stationery and publications; Beverly & Scott, barrels and hogs- 
 heads; T. J. Bass & Bro., cigars; Butler & Butler, cigarettes; Smith, 
 Baxandall, custom-made clothing; Commercial Printing Company; Camm 
 Bros., bottlers; P. G. Cosby & Co., coffee, baking powder and salt fish; 
 H. E. DeWitt, sash, doors and blinds; C. P. Doss, cigars; Doherty & Casey 
 and Thos. B. Dornin Company, cornice and sheet metal; M. E. Doyle, 
 saddles and harness; Fielder & Bay, tombstones and marble products; 
 Fleenor Furniture Company, mattresses; M. Goldstein, ladies' wearing 
 apparel; S. H. Franklin, custom-made clothing; Glamorgan Pipe and 
 Foundry Company; Gilliam & Co., mattresses; C. M. Guggenheimer, mil- 
 linery and women's wearing apparel; J. E. Gutman, millinery; Hancock 
 Brothers Tobacco Company, chewing tobacco; Harris Carriage Company; 
 Harris Woodson & Co., candy and confections; Hughes Buggy Company; 
 John H. Heald & Co., bark extract; Hubard Machine Shops; N. B. Handy 
 Company; sheet metal; Highlander Tobacco Company; Jones-Terry Foun- 
 dry and Machine Shops; Lynchburg Steam Bakery; Lynchburg Cotton 
 Mill Company; Lynchburg Milling Company; Lynchburg Lounge Com- 
 pany; Lynchburg Paper Box Company; Lynchburg Foundry Company; . 
 Lynchburg Diamond Ice Company; Lynchburg Furniture Company; 
 Lynchburg Hosiery Mills; Lloyd Moore, planing mill products; D. Moses 
 & Co., picture frames, window shades and millinery; J. R. Milliner Com- 
 pany, women's wearing apparel and millinery; T. E. McLaughlin, bottled 
 goods and mineral waiter; Nelson, Klein & Krausse Co., barytas; Ninth 
 
260 
 
 Street Shoe Factory; Norfolk & Western Overall Company; Old Dominion 
 Box Company; M. O'Meara, custom-made clothing; Pierce & Akers, brick 
 and building material; Payne, Seay & Anderson, druggists; Piedmont 
 Milling Company; H. A. Robinson, peanuts and popcorn; Stamford Manu-. 
 facturing Company, dyestuffs; A. M. Shaner, buggies, wagons and car- 
 riages; Southland Shoe Factory; R. H. Shepherd, cigars; Strother Drug 
 Company; G. Stalling & Co., tobacco extract; W. 0. Taylor, planing mill 
 products; Thornhill Wagon Works; I. Tonik, women's wearing apparel; 
 United Cigarette Machine Company; Virginia-Carolina Chemical Com- 
 pany; J. I. Van Ness, tombstone and marble products; S. A. Wright, 
 planing mill products; L. O. Wrenn, saddles and harness; J. A. Wilkins 
 and Liggon and Holt, stationery and printing; Wills-Camp Company, 
 custom-made clothing; J. W. West & Co., chewing tobacco; Craddock- 
 Terry Company; and Geo. DeWitt Company, shoes. 
 
 The capital employed in manufacturing plants in Lynchburg reached 
 the sum of $4,604,740, as of January 1, 1906. 
 
 The number of employees of these factories is 5,012. 
 
 The amount paid out for the annual aggregate of pay rolls is $1,460,018. 
 
 The value of manufacturing plants is $2,835,618. 
 
 The total output of the citv from its manufacturing enterprises reaches 
 the total of $15,000,000. 
 
 About four years ago similar statistics to the foregoing were compiled, 
 and the result of a comparison between the two shows an increase in the 
 value of manufactured products of nearly seven million and a half dollars, 
 or over 150 per cent. 
 
 The largest plants in the city are those manufacturing pipe, plows, 
 shoes, cotton goods, cigars, tobacco, flour and bark extract, but the mul- 
 tiplicity of the smaller plants make up in their great number what they 
 lack in" individual size of output, and contribute no little to the prosperity 
 of the community. 
 
 During the year the building permits issued in the city show a grand 
 total of $872,325, while a conservative estimate of the cost of new struc- 
 tures in the immediate suburbs places the amoimt at $300,000. The class 
 of buildings erected diu'ing the year is far aliead of anything ever before 
 seen in the city. 
 
 The Southern Bell Telephone Company has just completed the installa- 
 tion of a new underground metallic central energy system of telephones, 
 which, when completed, will represent an outlay of $200,000. 
 
 The Lynchburg Traction and Light Company has completed at Reusens, 
 several miles above the city on the -Tames river, a water power plant, 
 which has cost nearly $500,000. 
 
 The Southern Fire Insurance Company, with a capitalization of $200,- 
 000, a product of the year, is doing a splendid business, and the promoters 
 of the American National Life Insurance Company, which will be limited 
 to $500,000, has begun business recently with $100,000 of its stock sold 
 at a premium. 
 
 The Old Dominion Bridge and Iron Company has been organized, and, it 
 is said, will soon be ready to begin work on its plant in the southern 
 portion of the city. 
 
 The Krise Banking and Office Building, with its seven stories, Lynch- 
 l)urg's "sky-scraper," and a decided ornament and convenience to the city, 
 was completed and occupied early in the year 1906. 
 
 The railways have enjoyed great prosperity during the year, both the 
 freight and passenger business of all the roads being larger than ever 
 before. During the year ending July 1st, there were sold 325,869 tickets 
 out of the city. 
 
 One of the achievements of the year has been the fact that every cent 
 on an assessment of about $9,000,000 pf real estate for city purposes has 
 been collected, a condition that probably has never anywhere existed in the 
 South. 
 
261 
 
 The manufacture and trade in shoes has, of recent years, attracted much 
 attention to Lynchburg, on account of the immense business done by the 
 Craddock-Terry Company and the George De Witt Company. Their 
 success has been so marked that both of these firms are building new 
 factories, with which to largely increase, if not double, their output, and 
 the Smith-Briscoe Company is also erecting a large factory for making 
 men's shoes, and in the near future Lynchburg may threaten the monopoly 
 of the shoe business of the South. 
 
 Another leading business of the city is that of cast-iron pipes, in which 
 the Glamorgan and the Lynchburg Pipe Works are engaged. These pro- 
 ducts are now sold in every State in the Union. 
 
 In twenty-five years the volume of business done by the wholesalers of 
 Lynchburg has grown from nothing to over twenty-two millions of dollars 
 annually, and the growth for the year 1905 exceeded that of any previous 
 year. 
 
 Instead of the one or two straggling salesmen, who, at the beginning 
 of the period, sometimes made trips, there are now over four hundred 
 knights of the grip on the road representing Lynchburg houses. It costs 
 the merchants nearly three-quarters of a million dollars every year to 
 keep these men in the field. Something over five million dollars is the 
 capital actually invested by these distributers in the operation of their 
 business, and they employ over six hundred house and stock men at a 
 cost of five hundred thousand dollars in yearly salaries, thus providing 
 a circulating medium from this source alone of nearly ten thousand dollars 
 a week within the city limits. 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 
 The city of Manchester is thought to be the oldest settlement, next to 
 Jamestown, in Virginia, dating back nearly 300 years, having been settled 
 seventy-eight years before Philadelphia, May 13, 1609, by Sir Thomas 
 West (Lord De La Ware), the president of the Virginia colony. In 1773 
 the James river bank was established there, being one of the first banks in 
 America. The city is in Chesterfield county, opposite Richmond, on the 
 southern bank of James river, at the head of tidewater, having an altitude 
 of thirty-eight feet, and by the census of 1900, a population of 9,71.5 
 with a nearby suburban population of five or six thousand persons. 
 
 Manchester is virtually in the heart of Richmond. The center of Man- 
 chester is but a few squares from the corner of Seventh and Broad streets, 
 in Richmond, and Manchester is hedged in by Richmond, on three sides, 
 and Forest Hill Park, with its beauty and sylvan attractions, is as near 
 the central business part of Richmond as Richmond College or Libby Hill 
 Park. There are fine street car lines in this city, whose service has been 
 quickened and rendered more efficient. These two considerations put 
 Manchester in the very heart of Richmond. Therefore, if Richmond suc- 
 ceeds, Manchester is bound to succeed. 
 
 She has three street car lines, which connect her with all parts of Rich- 
 mond on the most favorable condition of transfer. She is connected with 
 Petersburg by a splendid electric railway, which is superbly built and 
 equipped, and which also connects her with all of the intervening portion 
 of Chesterfield county. She has fine railway and transportation facilities, 
 being in close economical contact as far as her business, manufacturing 
 and commercial interests are concerned, with the great railway systems 
 of the Atlantic Coast Line, the Southern, the Chesapeake and Ohio rail- 
 way system and the Seaboard Air Line, and the steamboat companies of 
 the James river. These railways traversing her territory, and the territory 
 of the county of Chesterfield, contiguous to her limits, aff'ord splendid 
 facilities for transportation and intercourse, and from the situation of 
 ^hese lines and their length in the city and county, together with their 
 
362 
 
 proximity to business centers, and especially to Eiclimond, present almost 
 unlimited sites of great excellence and suitability for all kinds of manu- 
 facturing enterprises and general business. 
 
 Bordering the James river for at least two miles, the city possesses one 
 of the most magnificent water powers in this State, which will most 
 favorably compare with that of any other spot in this country, as well as 
 fine harbor facilities in that part of the city opposite the wharves of 
 Richmond. 
 
 The usual summer discharge of the river is about 2,000 cubic feet per 
 second. During freshets the discharge is much greater, and at one time, 
 in 1877, the discharge was estimated to have reached the enormous quan- 
 tity of 200,000 cubic feet per second. The river, however, is so well 
 regulated and its capacity for discharge so great, that this great volume 
 of water was carried ofi" without loss or destruction of property. 
 
 The taxes in Manchester are graduated and based upon the business 
 done, not the amount of capital invested. This wise provision has induced 
 many merchants and manufacturers to locate here, prominent among 
 which are the Donnan Hardware Company; Stephen Putney Shoe Com- 
 pany; Virginia-Carolina Chemical Company; Richmond Electric Com- 
 pany; Richmond Wood Working Company; Johnson Axle Factory; Wingo- 
 Ellett & Crump Shoe Co. ; Blair-Ruhl Glass Works and James River Fur- 
 niture and Mattress Company. 
 
 The health of the city is excellent, the rate of mortality having been 
 materially decreased of late. The sewerage system, amply adequate; the 
 water works well managed and in excellent condition; and the fire depart- 
 ment is economically conducted and very efficient. 
 
 Manchester is proud of her banks, of which there are two progressive 
 and well-managed institutions, and the finances of the city are in good 
 condition and well managed. 
 
 The religious and educational opportunities of Manchester are unusual 
 for a city of its size, there being sixteen church edifices, representing all 
 denominations, of which ten are white, the others colored. Some of the 
 buildings are beautiful and costly. The children of the city are provided 
 with very good public schools, which are conducted by an experienced 
 superintendent and competent principals and teachers, and are adopting 
 progressive methods, especially in music and drawing. 
 
 The American Telephone and Telegraph Company has a very fine ex- 
 change, located in the Leader building, corner Tenth and Hull streets, in 
 this city. Employees, twenty-four. The equipment is complete and up- 
 to-date. All of the telephone business of the community, including Rich- 
 mond, as far north as Maine, south as Florida, and west as Denver, passes 
 through this office. 
 
 Manchester is connected with Richmond by seven bridges — five railroad, 
 and two wagon-way and street car bridges — and a new free bridge is con- 
 templated, which erection is considered as merely a question of time. 
 
 There are many prosperous and profitable manufacturing establishments 
 in this city, where a great variety of products are turned out, constituting 
 the business life of the city. Among these may be mentioned dynamos and 
 motors, hosiery, belting, butts, rough side leather, ground sumac, lumber, 
 flour, meal and mill feed, lace leather, brooms, washboards, woodwork, 
 paper — coated and enameled — iron bridges, railway axles, ice, tobacco, 
 furniture, shoes, paper twine, railroad material, fertilizers, brick and tiles, 
 glass bottles, stoves, etc. 
 
 Thousands of men are engaged in these manufactures, and but few idle 
 men are seen on the streets. 
 
 A great many people have come to this place to reside. Hundreds have 
 been compelled to seek homes in Richmond and the surrounding country 
 because the houses in Manchester are all occupied. It is conservatively 
 estimated that at least 400 new homes could be rented here in the next 
 few months, if built to meet the demand, which is for houses with modern 
 
263 
 
 conveniences and improvements at reasonably profitable rentals. The 
 outlook for real estate, as inquiries indicate, show renewed interest and 
 is most encouraging. 
 
 At no time in the history of this city have her prospects been brighter 
 and more flattering. 
 
 NEWPORT NEWS. 
 
 Newport News is an important port and ship building center, a modern 
 city of Tidewater Virginia. It was, according to the best authority, named 
 for Sir William Newce (a wealthy English soldier, who was granted 2,500 
 acres of land and settled at this point, October, 1621, dying soon after), 
 and not, as is sometimes stated, after Captain Newport. This old English 
 voyager died in Java prior to 1617, more than four years before he is 
 claimed to have relieved the settlement in 1621 with a shipload of pro- 
 visions. Captain John Smith, in the General History of Virginia, No- 
 vember 22, 1621, mention? the place as Newport News, which is perhaps 
 the first time the name occurs in history. 
 
 Twenty-five years ago this peninsula, which is washed by the James river 
 on the west and Hampton Roads on the south, was virtually a wilderness. 
 To-day it is a city, as modern and as enterprising as any in the country. 
 Nearby, within the range of vision, is a population of 50,000, some day 
 to become citizens of a metropolis that will extend from what is now 
 known as North Newport News to the government reservation at Old 
 Point, nine miles away. 
 
 Between the city proper and Old Point is a section already well built 
 up, embracing the towns of Hampton and Phoebus, and another stretch 
 of five miles between the former and Newport News, traversed by two 
 electric lines and a railway, and building up with marvelous rapidity. 
 
 Newport News is situated on a plateau considerably elevated above high 
 tide, at the extreme end of the Virginia peninsula, where the historic 
 James empties into Hampton Roads, twelve miles from Norfolk, seventy- 
 five miles from Richmond, and two hundred miles from Washington and 
 Baltimore. 
 
 The water supply is ample for all purposes, and is brought in under- 
 ground pipes from a lake sixteen miles north of the city. 
 
 The streets of the city are nicely paved with sheet asphalt, and there 
 are three costly viaducts, spanning the Chesapeake and Ohio yards. It is 
 well lighted by electricity and gas, and has a magnificent sanitary sewer 
 system, a splendidly equipped fire department, and a well-organized and 
 disciplined police force. 
 
 The business of the city is in a splendid condition. Real estate values 
 are firm, with no important failures. Industrial investments have recently 
 been secured, including a shoe factory, brewery and mantel and grate 
 plant, besides several other minor operations. The city has a land assess- 
 ment of $10,000,000, on personalty, $10,000,000, with assessments on in- 
 dustries, hardly more than nominal, and bonded indebtedness less than 
 $500,000. It has a tax rate of $1.50 for all purposes, $1.15 of which goes 
 into the municipal and school cofl'ers. 
 
 The admirable climate, insignificant death rate, and light percentage of 
 sickness, commends it as a place of residence and business. 
 
 There are twenty churches, representing the various denominations, 
 many of which are costly and handsome edifices. School facilities are very 
 superior, with a fine corps of efiicient teachers, and five large brick 
 school buildings and several smaller city schools, in addition to a number 
 of private educational institutions, including a kindergarten. Few cities 
 of the same age and population anywhere have done so much for the 
 education of the children. 
 
264 
 
 The city has seven banks — all sound and doing a flourishing business — 
 and two excellent daily papers. The hotels of the city have excellent 
 accommodations. The public buildings are a handsome courthouse, jail, 
 and a government building erected at a cost of $250,000, for post- 
 office and custom-house purposes. Building activity is very marked; new 
 residences — and some very handsome ones — are going up in every section ; 
 also large and handsome business houses, and office buildings, school 
 houses, engine "houses, livery establishments, etc. 
 
 Newport News has but one railroad, the Chesapeake and Ohio, which 
 has all connections from the far west, and is looked upon as one of the 
 great trunk lines of the country. It is the deep water terminal, and is 
 one of the several factors of the development of the city. 
 
 It is the largest single railway terminal in the world. It has sixty- 
 eight miles of track in its yard limits, with a storage capacity of 5,000 
 cars. It has a water front terminal of more than a mile, with eleven 
 large, up-to-date piers, with water of sufficient depth for the largest ship 
 that floats to come right up to the shore alongside without the least 
 danger of getting on the ground. The average depth of the water in the 
 harbor is about forty feet. 
 
 There are two large grain elevators, with capacity of two and a half 
 million bushels of grain. 
 
 The railway company owns a fleet of two steamers, five up-to-date tug 
 boats, two car floats and ten coal barges, representing investment of 
 probatly $8,000,000. 
 
 Newport News has the record of dumping more coal than at any port 
 on the continent. The capacity of its piers is 30,000 tons per day, and 
 the coal business is increasing year by year, which is shipped to New 
 England ports and to all foreign countries. Most of the coal that was 
 used for fuel purposes in the sixteen battleships that went around the 
 world was shipped from Newport News. There is an average of 300,000 
 cars of all kinds handled annually in the yards of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio railway. 
 
 Co-operating with the railroad are a number of shipping companies, 
 which operate regular lines from Newport News to European ports, and 
 in addition, a number of coastwise and river lines operating from this 
 port to all points north and east. 
 
 The passenger traffic in and out of Newport News is increasing year by 
 year. Eour daily trains leave for and arrive from all points west, and 
 special sleeping car arrangement from Newport News to New York and 
 Cincinnati, leaving Newport News in the afternoon and arriving in 
 New York for breakfast next morning. 
 
 Nearly 450,000,000 tons of coal are shipped annuallj'. The railway and 
 steamship companies pay out here for labor $900,000 annually. 
 
 There are several foundries in a prosperous condition, also a knitting 
 mill, shirt factory and tobacco factory. 
 
 Another vast enterprise to which Newport News largely owes its exist- 
 ence is its Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. The ship yard employs 
 7,000 men and has a weekly pay roll of $65,000. The capital invested in 
 the plant is about $15,000,000. There are two monster dry docks, one of 
 them the largest on the American continent, constructed at a cost of 
 $1,000,000, and capable of accommodating the largest vessel ever con- 
 structed. The basin holds 24,000,000 gallons, and is filled by an elec- 
 trical pumping system, with a capacity of 200,000 gallons a minute. The 
 company has also two electrical cranes above two ship ways. The yard is 
 supplied with the largest electrical lifting crane in the world, having a 
 capacity of 150 tons, and in other respects it is perfectly equipped for its 
 large business, which is perhaps twice as much annually as that of any 
 other ship yard in the United States. Large numbers of naval and mer- 
 chant ships are biiilt at this yard. The great battleship Virginia was 
 
265 
 
 launched in 1904 in the presence of 70,000 people. In addition to con- 
 struction work, the yard is kept busy day and night on repair jobs. 
 
 The Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company has recently put in another 
 dry dock, being the largest in the world. 
 
 April 2, 1910, will mark the 27th anniversary of the birth of the port 
 at this place, for it was on that day twenty-seven years ago that the 
 British steamship Paxe sailed with the first cargo of export goods brought 
 here over the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. From this modest beginning, 
 the commerce of Newport News has grown with such rapid strides, that 
 to-day it is one of the leading seaports in the United States. Indeed, it 
 would be conservative to say that the increase in trade here has been 
 hardly less than a commercial miracle. The duties collected annually 
 amount to about $1,200,000. 
 
 Newport News has one of the largest, deepest and safest harbors on the 
 Atlantic coast, with depth of water ranging from eight to eleven fathoms, 
 and capable of accommodating the navies, martial and commercial, of the 
 planet. A signal tower nearly 100 feet above sea level warns mariners of 
 approaching storms day and night. 
 
 More coal is handled here than any port on the continent, or in the 
 world, except, probably, Berry and Corduy, England. 
 
 This is perhaps, with Norfolk, the best coaling station on the conti- 
 nent, and its business in this respect has grown to enormous proportions, 
 amounting to 3,000,000 tons annually — requiring 65,324 cars, which, if 
 strung together, would reach a distance of 457 miles. The record of this 
 port for its coal business is probably not equalled anywhere in the United 
 States, and it is rapidly increasing in volume and importance. 
 
 Reference to the coal business would be decidedly incomplete without 
 particular mention of the increase in its foreign coal trade. The total 
 value of goods that pass through Newport News to and from foreign 
 countries annually is about $50,000,000, of which amount about $38,000,- 
 000 is exported and $12,000,000 is imported. The aggregate duties amount 
 to $3,200,000, which shows a large increase for the past two years, sur- 
 passing any other port in the United States in this respect. 
 
 In all respects the city continues to grow rapidly. Building operations 
 are active. The suburbs are becoming more thickly populated; Northern 
 and Western farmers are settling on lands adjacent to the city for truck- 
 ing purposes, and a large amount of outside capital is awaiting invest- 
 ment here. These and many other agencies are contributing to the up- 
 building of the city. 
 
 Population of city, census of 1900, was 19,635, which -is an increase of 
 15,186 since last census. This shows a phenomenal increase, and if the 
 city continues to grow in population the next five years as it has in the 
 past five, it will boast of 40,000 or more inhabitants. 
 
 It has a community of wide-awake and progressive people, which can 
 but prove to be an important element in its future progress and ad- 
 vancement. 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
 This city, which for generations, on account of its commanding com- 
 mercial situation on the deep and safe waters of Elizabeth river and 
 Hampton Roads, has been known among Virginians as the "City by the 
 Sea," not only maintains its prominence as the great seaport of the 
 commonwealth, but has, of late years, advanced rapidly in size, wealth 
 and importance. At the head of a harbor so deep that the largest ships 
 afloat anchor with safety there, and so wide that the combined fleets of 
 the world may float uncrowded on its smooth waters, it challenges the 
 seaports of the globe for a superior position. Virginians from the early 
 j^ears of the aspiring colony, to the present time, when as citizens of a 
 
366 
 
 great and progressive State, looking bravely and hopefully to the future, 
 have felt, and do feel proud of Norfolk. They share, with its people, 
 their exultation as they see it risen from the desolation of a long and 
 disastrous war — a desolation now forgotten in the progress and wealth 
 and opportunity of the great city by the sea. 
 
 During the last forty years, the development and prosperity of Nor- 
 folk's harbor, have, in one way and another, been impeded. Those diffi- 
 culties having been adjusted or overcome, a substantial and rapid ad- 
 vancement in every direction now prevails, and the thirty miles of wharf 
 front, embracing the contiguous cities of Portsmouth and Berkeley, are 
 alive with great and constantly increasing activity. Large amounts of 
 local capital and many thousands of foreign money are profitably invested, 
 and there is room for almost any additional amount, with sure promise 
 of large gains in present or new investments. When it is remembered 
 that Norfolk is the central port on the whole Atlantic coast for the 
 exportation of both Southern and Western products, and thus the export 
 gateway of a vast agricultural, manufacturing and mineral territory, the 
 statement just made may be understood. 
 
 The Norfolk and Western railroad. Southern, Seaboard Air Line, Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio, Atlantic Coast Line, all great trunk lines, reach out into 
 the far distant industrial and agricultural fields, and pour their immense 
 freights into foreign-bound ships. 
 
 The completion of the Tidewater railroad will add another to the same 
 class, having enormous terminals on Hampton Roads, and duplications of 
 the same on the Great Lakes of the Northwest, and will be a great road 
 for Norfolk. 
 
 Other railroads of minor importance, two canals, and numerous steam- 
 boat lines, penetrating the interior waters, and serving coastwise trade, 
 collectively make up an aggregate of transportation facilities second only 
 to New York. It may be a surprise to some to know that there are fully 
 twenty-six lines of transportation, by rail and water, at Norfolk. 
 
 The terminals of the great railways are located on one or the other 
 side of Elizabeth river, and all connected by a uniting belt line, while the 
 Trans-Atlantic and Coast Steamship Companies have wharves on both 
 sides of the river. Thus the commercial interests of Portsmouth and 
 Berkeley are closely linked with Norfolk, and frequent ferryboats con- 
 stantly plying between the three cities, constitute a passenger and freight 
 transit over the few hundred yards of intervening water, almost as rapid 
 as if by land. 
 
 The wide-awake Board of Trade of Norfolk makes the following state- 
 ment: 
 
 "Nature has been lavish in the opportunities offered to make this 
 section the great distributing point of exports and imports, for nowhere 
 between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico is there located 
 so commodious a harbor, such an abundance of anchorage ground, such 
 splendid dockage facilities. No harbor upon the Atlantic coast is so near 
 the great northwestern, central and southwestern manufacturing cities 
 of St. Paul, Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis and Kansas City 
 and their contributing territory, and it is the natural outlet for their 
 products and for the great grain-growing and cattle-raising districts. 
 
 "Within twelve hours' ride of Greater Norfolk are the agricultural and 
 manufacturing products of 21,000,000 of people, and within twenty-four 
 hours' ride there live and move and have their being and industrial life 
 39,000,000 people. 
 
 "The concentration of railroads at Norfolk will make it the port for a 
 vast commerce, and just as the development of the West and middle West 
 have built up New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, so the development 
 of the South and Southwest will build up Clreater Norfolk. 
 
 "Connected by electric lines, ferries and railroads with all points on its 
 shores, Hampton Roads becomes the larger harbor for Greater Norfolk 
 
267 
 
 and the cities of the Roads, Newport News, Hampton and Old Point, aggre- 
 gating a total population of from 160,000 to 165,000. The outer harbor 
 contains an anchorage ground of nearly 40,000 acres, Avith a depth of 
 fifty feet; while the Elizabeth river and its branches form the inner 
 harbor, with a depth of thirty feet and an area of about 1,000 acres, 
 while dredging to increase the depth is constantly going on." 
 
 The remarkable facilities and results of the trucking business in Nor- 
 folk county having been already referred to in preceding pages of this 
 work, it is pertinent in referring to the subject, right here to state, that 
 Norfolk city is the largest shipping point for "truck" or vegetables on 
 the Atlantic coast. Railroad trains and steamships of large capacity, 
 making daily and nightly trips, are taxed to their utmost — as stated in 
 a leaflet of a reliable Norfolk real estate firm — to convey the products 
 of the fields for ten miles around Norfolk to the Northern and Western 
 cities, which largely depend in season on Norfolk for their supply of "green 
 stuff," the aggregate of which is, in returns, not less than $7,500,000 
 annually; and every available hand— man, woman and child- — is pressed 
 into service to cultivate, gather and ship this large product. 
 
 The conditions of climate and soil in this vicinity, where the usual 
 rigor of winter is tempered by the Gulf Stream, are such that trucks are 
 shipped from this market every month of the year, as many as four crops 
 being often raised on the same ground annually. Large capital is required 
 in producing and handling this immense business, and all branches of 
 trade, and every citizen of Norfolk share more or less directly or in- 
 directly in the results. 
 
 Norfolk has just annexed a new ward, having about 8,000 people, and 
 active movements are now being made to add two others from the imme- 
 diate suburbs. This new territory contains about 15,000 inhabitants. When 
 this is arranged, Norfolk will have 88,000 people. Experience shows that 
 new wards increase twenty-five per cent, each year. 
 
 In 1874 the population of Norfolk was less than it was prior to 1855. 
 In 1881 Norfolk had 22,000 people. In 1900 it had increased to 46,624. 
 The United States estimate in 1904 gave 56,662; to-day it has little short 
 of 65,000. The county of Norfolk, embracing Norfolk, Portsmouth and all 
 the smaller towns, aggregate at least 130,000. 
 
 The mortality rate of the city, for many years, has averaged 34 to the 
 1,000; to-day it is 18.60 as the result of improved sewers, drainage, etc. 
 
 The manufactories of Norfolk have increased steadily and largely 
 during the last ten years, but the advance since the year 1900 has far 
 surpassed the anticipations of the most sanguine citizens, more than 200 
 per cent, in that time. Thus thousands of operatives, business officers, 
 clerks, etc., have largely swelled the population. 
 
 The census of 1900 gave 4,700 as the number of operatives at work in 
 the industries of the cities, situated in Norfolk county, whereas 1,519 
 were employed in the whole county in 1880. To-day over 20,000 are 
 paid at least $5,200,000 in annual wages in all the factories of Norfolk 
 county. Two new extensive plants to work 1,500 hands are being built. 
 
 The Norfolk navy yard, located in Portsmouth, works an average of 
 2,000 men in shipbuilding and repairing, and had last year a pay roll of 
 $1,659,214. The largest winery in the country is here, the largest creosot- 
 ing plant and the largest oyster packing plant. Over 600,000 bushels of 
 oysters are handled annually, requiring the services of more than 6,000 
 persons. This is the second fish port in the United States. One tobacco 
 stemmery employs 700 operators. The knitting industry employs 1,200 
 hands. One box factory cuts 150,000 feet of lumber daily. This is the 
 fourth cotton port of the country, having exported last year 36,400 bales, 
 the annual business amounting to more than $24,000,000. 
 
 It is reasonable to infer that where there is such a volume of business 
 provision would be made for the travelling public. This has been most 
 effectively done, and no city of its size can boast of better hotels, some of 
 
268 
 
 them large and elegant, while there are scores of less pretentious ones, 
 and many superior boarding houses, capable of meeting all such demands 
 upon the city. It is hardly necessary, in referring to a large and pro- 
 gressive city, to notice the electric transit system; but it may be stated 
 that it is modern in every particular, and supplied to every settlement and 
 seaside resort within nineteen miles, including such popular places as 
 Virginia Beach, Ocean View, Cape Henry, Willoughby Spit, and the 
 rapidly growing site of the recent Jamestown Exposition Company. 
 
 The public schools of Norfolk are widely known for their good man- 
 agement and efSciency. The High School is the pride of the city, and 
 enjoys a reputation surpassed by none of its class, and there are excellent 
 private schools and academies, male and female, of long standing. Per- 
 haps no city in Virginia is so well supplied with churches, there being 
 seventy-four in all — forty-seven white and twenty-seven colored. Of the 
 white there are thirteen Methodist, eight Presbyterian, eight Baptist, 
 six Episcopal, three Jewish, three Catholic, two Christian, one Lutheraai, 
 one Disciple, one Christadelphian, and one Christian Scientist; colored, 
 thirteen Baptist, nine Methodist, two Christian, one Episcopal, one 
 Unitarian. 
 
 Four modern hospitals supplement the splendid Marine Hospital of the 
 Government. So great has become the reputation of these resorts for 
 the relief of the suffering, that patients from all parts of the country 
 patronize them. 
 
 There are also eight or nine asylums of different kinds. 
 
 The Carnegie Library, but lately finished, fills the full measure of the 
 public's desires in that line. 
 
 PETERSBURG. 
 
 Petersburg, situated in the county of Dinwiddle, founded in 1733, and 
 incorporated in 1784, was named for Peter Jones, its founder. It is 
 very favorably and delightfully situated at the head of navigation on the 
 Appomattox river, twelve miles southwest of its confluence with the 
 James at City Point, twenty-two miles south from Richmond; eighty-one 
 miles northwest from Norfolk; sixty -three miles north from Weldon, 
 N. C, and 138 miles south from Washington City. The city proper is in 
 Dinwiddle county, though it has populous suburbs extending into two other 
 counties, Blandford in Prince George and Pocahontas in Chesterfield. 
 
 It is an active, thriving place, well supplied with all modern conveniences 
 and improvements. The streets are well paved with vitrified brick and 
 sheet asphalt, a large amount having been recently expended in this line 
 of improvement. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, and owns 
 its own water Avorks, which furnish an abundant supply of fine water 
 from springs and rivulets in the neighborhood, carefully protected by law. 
 
 The commercial bodies are the Chamber of Commerce and Young Men's 
 Business Association, the Petersburg Club, the Bicycle Club, and the 
 Appomattox Boat Club, the latter being the oldest of its kind in the 
 State, and noted for its hospitality. 
 
 All the religious denominations are represented in Petersburg, and 
 many stately and beautiful edifices adorn its streets. The combined 
 membership of the churches aggregate over one-half of the city's popula- 
 tion. There are several fine libraries, which are largely patronized. The 
 Masons, Odd Fellows and Red Men own fine properties. 
 
 The educational advantages of the city are of the highest order. The 
 municipality sets aside $24,000 annually for the use of the School 
 Board. The public schools are admirably managed, with abundant accom- 
 modations for the entire school population. The races, of course, are edu- 
 cated separately. There is a high school for the blacks as well as thp 
 
26d 
 
 whites. The colored youth of the State of both sexes have the additional 
 advantages of the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, a State in- 
 stitution founded in 1882 and erected at a cost of $150,000, for the higher 
 education of the colored youth of the State, with special reference to the 
 training of teachers. This institution has 485 students. State annuity 
 $15,000. 
 
 There are eleven private schools and academies of high grade, which 
 prepare young men and women for college. One of these, the Southern 
 Female College, was founded long anterior to the war, and is one of the 
 best female colleges in the South. It has 150 students, an able staff of 
 instructors and thorough course of study. Another high grade school is 
 the Petersburg Academy, principals Hall and Arrington, the successor to 
 the University School of Captain W. Gordon McCabe. St. Joseph's School 
 is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. It has a large patronage. The 
 Central State Hospital for colored insane is located in the suburbs of the 
 city. 
 
 Petersburg has three very prosperous banks, doing a large business, with 
 stock far above par, and paying handsome dividends. The city has ex- 
 cellent telephone service and ten miles of street railway, thoroughly 
 equipped and car shed costing $30,000. A great deal of attention has been 
 given in recent years to local improvements. Numerous new buildings have 
 been erected, and a marked change has been wrought in the appearance of 
 the city. It has two beautiful parks, abundantly supplied with pure 
 water, and adorned with lakes, flowers, and beautiful shade trees. The 
 National Government has two large cemeteries near Petersburg, where 
 rest the remains of some 12,000 or 15,000 soldiers of the Union Army 
 who fell around the city. One of these is in this county and the other at 
 City Point. In Blandford cemetery, in this city, are gathered the remains 
 of about 15,000 Confederate soldiers, whose graves are tenderly cared for 
 by the Ladies' Memorial Association. 
 
 Petersburg is not only an active business place, but a beautiful and 
 delightful residential city. On many streets are stately mansions that 
 would attract attention anywhere. There are no gambling dens; Sunday 
 law is strictly enforced, and it enjoys the reputation of being a quiet and 
 orderly community. Though the negroes constitute about one-half of 
 the population, they are as a class industrious, peaceable and steadily 
 employed, and many of them have accumulated property. 
 
 The transportation facilities of Petersburg are extensive, furnishing 
 communication by rail and water with all parts of the country. It is 
 especially important as a railroad center, being the junction point of 
 three great trunk line railroads — the Seaboard Air Line railway, the 
 Atlantic Coast Line, and the Norfolk and Western. 
 
 The Seaboard Air Line has through service from New York to Tampa 
 and Atlanta, opening up a system embracing 3,000 miles of track. The 
 Atlantic Coast Line passes along the border of the county for ten miles, 
 and is a north and south line, connecting the great Pennsylvania system 
 of the north with the Plant system of the south, forming a through route 
 to Florida. This road has large depot buildings and machine shops in the 
 city. The Norfolk and Western passes through the northern portion of 
 the county for a distance of thirty miles, and is an east and west line, 
 beginning at Norfolk, passing through Petersburg, Southside, Southwest 
 Virginia and West Virginia to Columbus, Ohio. It has handsome depot 
 buildings and large machine shops in the city, and a branch road to City 
 Point, on the James. 
 
 In addition to these transportation facilities, Petersburg has a profitable 
 commerce by navigation, by canal and river, for eighty miles west of the 
 city, and by the Appomattox and James rivers eastward to the sea. The 
 tonnage of this port is 200,000 tons annually, and value of freight $1,500,- 
 000. Petersburg offers very superior advantages for productive industries 
 in its excellent facilities for transportation, cheap and desirable sites. 
 
270 
 
 and especially in the extraordinary resources of its available water 
 power — not one-half of which is utilized. This power is furnished by tlie 
 Appomattox river and by canals within and without the city for a dis- 
 tance of many miles. 
 
 Two large granite quarries are operated near the city, and the product 
 is being used by the Government in the erection of sea walls; it is also 
 largely in demand for street paving, building purposes, and for monu- 
 ments and tombs. 
 
 Petersburg has an extensive lumber business, owing to the large quan- 
 tities of fine timber in this and the adjacent counties of Brunswick and 
 Mecklenburg, 
 
 Petersburg is a notable manufacturing center. Statistics of the city's 
 business interests and progress give the number of manufacturing estab- 
 lishments as 290; persons employed 6,000; wages paid annually $1,750,- 
 000; value of material used $5,500,000; product $11,000,000, and indica- 
 tions of constant and substantial increase from year to year. The most 
 important lines of manufacture are those of tobacco, cotton and peanuts, 
 with many others following close in point of magnitude and value. Peters- 
 burg is one of the oldest tobacco markets in the State, beginning its 
 history as such in the colonial days. The section contiguous, embracing 
 the counties of Dinwiddle, Brunswick, Amelia, Lunenburg, Prince Edward, 
 Charlotte, Mecklenburg, etc., is famous for the quality and flavor of its 
 tobacco, and for export purposes it is very superior. It has the largest 
 export tobacco manufactories in the United States, producing 8,000,000 
 pounds (valued at $1,700,000) of the total 10,000,000 pounds of plug 
 tobacco exported from the United States. There are also several large 
 factories devoted exclusively to the manufacture of tobacco for the domestic 
 trade. The capacity of the warehouses of the city is about 12,000 hogs- 
 heads, and the total number of persons employed in all branches of the 
 tobacco trade is about 3,500, whose wages aggregate $550,000. 
 
 The cotton manufacturing business is also one of the most important 
 industries of the city. There are located here five large cotton factories 
 in active operation, running on full time, and using the greater part of 
 the 10,000 bales received in the city, a large portion of which is of Virginia 
 growth, received from the adjacent counties. Osnaburgs, sheetings, duck 
 and yarns are the principal varieties of goods manufactured, much of 
 which is exported to China, Central America and other points. 
 
 The capital employed in these mills is about $600,000; hands employed, 
 750; number of spindles, 30,000; looms, 590; manufacturing annually 
 11,000,000 yards of cloth and 100,000 pounds yarn and sewing thread. 
 The annual value of the product exceeds $700,000. 
 
 Petersburg also claims pre-eminence in the peanut trade of the country, 
 and dominates to a considerable extent the markets in this commodity. 
 The peanut fields begin almost at the city line, stretching away through 
 the rich belt of counties to the east, and south down through the Caro- 
 linas. Estimates place the Virginia crop at 650,000 sacks of four bushels 
 each. 
 
 A large quantity of these nuts are handled in Petersburg, where there 
 are five large factories in which the uncleaned nuts are cleaned, assorted, 
 polished and sometimes shelled for the markets of the country. The 
 capital invested in these plants is about $100,000; hands employed, 300; 
 annual wages paid, $60,000; annual output, 1,800,000 bushels; value of 
 output, $2,500,000, and independent commission dealings, $300,000. 
 
 Another extensive industry is the manufacture of trunks and valises. 
 Four immense factories are engaged in this business, one of them the 
 largest in the world, representing alone an investment of over $100,000, 
 and giving employment to 300 or 400 hands, consuming 2,000,000 feet of 
 lumber annually, turning out 150,000 trunks, and 12,000 dozen hand bags 
 and valises and covers, and sending their products to nearly every city 
 and town in the Union, and to Central America, and West Indies. The 
 
271 
 
 daily output of all these factories is 1,200 trunks and 1,500 traveling 
 bags. Petersburg is well supplied with corn meal and flour mills, whose 
 output is widely distributed through Virginia and the Carolinas. Of 
 these there are four corn mills, with an output of 1,000,000 bushels of 
 meal ; and one flour mill, producing 40,000 barrels of flour annually. 
 
 Silk mills of large capacity and output is another industry of importance, 
 employing about 500 hands. The bark, sumac and extract works located 
 here give employment to hundreds of people in town and county, and have 
 a product of five or six thousand tons of ground bark, and 6,000,000 
 pounds of ground sumac leaves. The manufacture of fruit baskets and 
 crates is a large enterprise, in which are utilized 1,000 cords of poplar 
 and gum logs, and over 1,000,000 feet of sawed lumber annually. 
 
 Among the new industries in the city is a ship yard, not only building 
 vessels, but making the engines, boilers, etc. There are four foundries 
 and machine shops running on full time, and turning out the highest 
 grade of work. 
 
 It will be a surprise to many to learn that in Petersburg was made 
 much of the shot and shell used in the Spanish War, including some of the 
 largest and most destructive projectiles. There are also extensive fireworks 
 factories, doing a very large business. The lumber shipped, aggregating 
 50,000,000 feet per year, is valued at $400,000. There are four planing 
 mills in the city, doing a business of about $250,000, one barrel-head 
 factory, and two large ice factories, with a daily capacity of forty tons. 
 
 Many other manufacturing enterprises of less magnitude might be cited. 
 Prominent among these is a fertilizer factory, which unloads from 100 to 
 150 vessels per year, its capacity being 20,000 tons; a pants factory, which 
 turns out 3,000 pairs a week; a hosiery factory; and a number of others 
 for the manufacture of clothing, bags, hats, soap, candles, candy, snuff, 
 canned goods, cigars, harness, paper boxes and wagons. The estimate of 
 the city's jobbing business, combined with such retailings as cannot be 
 separated from it, is about the equivalent of its manufactures, $11,000,000 
 —both together, $22,000,000— to which add $5,000,000 for real estate, 
 banking, railroad and shipping and other miscellaneous lines, and sums 
 up $27,000,000. The principal jobbing lines are groceries and provisions, 
 dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, this line alone amounting to more 
 than $1,500,000. 
 
 Its building improvements will reach $300,000 a year, such investments 
 realizing from eight to ten per cent., and the average annual increase in 
 all branches of trade and manufacture in the city for the past few years 
 has been fully twenty per cent., making it necessary with the jobbing- 
 houses to materially increase their traveling force. The business of the 
 three banks has also kept pace with the growing business of the city, 
 showing a general increase of twenty per cent, over previous years. The 
 bonded debt of the city is $1,261,000, which was incurred in aid of 
 public improvements, especially of railroads. The taxable values of the 
 city, real and personal, are about $10,000,000, and the rate of taxation 
 $1.60 per $100 of value for the city, and forty cents for the State. The 
 annual income of the city from all sources is about $225,000, and the 
 annual regular expenditures about $213,000. 
 
 Rich as Petersburg is in other respects, it is no less so in historical 
 interest. Splendid old colonial sites, made historic as the homes of pa- 
 triots in the dark days preceding and following the birth of the nation, 
 dot the surrounding country. To come nearer to the present, is the memory 
 of the long and weary siege of 1S64-5, through which the devoted city 
 passed; every day and every night, shot and shell from the Federal guns 
 sweeping the town almost from end to end — a large portion of the city 
 practically deserted, and danger lurking on every hand, with houses ruined, 
 property destroyed and starvation almost in sight; but notwithstanding 
 it all, the people were brave and patient and ready to sacrifice everything 
 for the sake of honor and their beloved South. The end came in 186*5, and 
 
273 
 
 found the trade of the city practically destroyed, capital gone, and the 
 people almost in poverty. ' But with that brave, hopeful and energetic 
 spirit characteristic of them, she began to build anew, and very soon the 
 Cockade City stood forth, herself again, and is to-day making great 
 strides in the race of progress. 
 
 Population of city, census of 1900, 21,810. Number of males twenty-one 
 years and over, 5,425. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 Portsmouth is located in Norfolk county, just across the river from 
 Norfolk city. 
 
 The new Portsmouth of to-day is the vantage ground for industrial 
 pursuits, being the result of the many advantages possessed by this 
 section. From a rail and water standpoint it is unexcelled for manufac- 
 turing purposes in nearly every line, due in a large measure to the incep- 
 tion and construction of the Portsmouth Belt Line railroad, an iron liiik 
 of five miles connecting nine great radiating rail systems, besides innum- 
 erable subsidiary lines to points in the sounds of North Carolina and 
 estuaries of the Chesapeake bay, James, York and Nansemond rivers. 
 These lines connect daily, tri-weekly and weekly with the leading markets 
 of the country. The great rail systems, centering here, jointly own the 
 Portsmouth Belt Line, and the especially attractive advantage to in- 
 dustries seeking locations, is the fact that Portsmouth rates are applied 
 to all carload freights shipped to and from industries reached by its 
 tracks. 
 
 Portsmouth is also particularly favored from the standpoint of water 
 freights, enjoying as it does low rates from the West, South and South- 
 west. 
 
 Steam coal from the coal fields is abundant, reaching the city direct 
 from the mines via the Norfolk and Western and Chesapeake and Ohio 
 railways. Pocahontas coal, considered the best for steaming purposes, 
 sells for $2.65 per net ton, at times as low as $2.35 per gross ton, while 
 great quantities of George's Creek coal, preferred by some, are also used. 
 The manufacturing institutions are particularly blessed by being in such 
 close proximity to two of the country's greatest coal distributing depots — 
 the world famous Pocahontas coal piers and Chesapeake and Ohio coal piers. 
 
 Skilled labor has been sufficient to meet all requirements thus far, but 
 the introduction of new industries opens up new fields of employment, and 
 experience teaches that labor will seek the opportunity to work where all 
 living conditions are favorable to the wage earner. The markets are 
 abundantly supplied with vegetables, fruits, meats, fish and oysters, and 
 the prices are so reasonable as to make the cost of living much cheaper 
 than in less favored sections. It is said of the city "a man is poor indeed 
 who wants for a sufficiency of good nutritious food at any season of the 
 year," while rentals are very moderate, ranging from $5.00 to $25.00 per 
 month, according to location of residence. 
 
 The public free school system of this city is unsurpassed, being modern 
 and up-to-date, with a large corps of experienced teachers, while the op- 
 portunities for religious training are equal to the best. There are forty- 
 nine churches of different denominations. 
 
 The garden spot of the country is at the very doors of the city, and 
 from the products of these lands, many fortunes have been made, raising 
 early vegetables, berries and fruits, which are shipped in large quantities 
 to New York, Boston, Baltimore, Washington and the Western cities; this 
 section having the advantage of at least two weeks in point of early 
 shipments over the raisers of similar garden products in Maryland and 
 Delaware. It is estimated that the returns from this source for this part 
 of the State will average $7,000,000 annually. The famous oyster beds 
 18 
 
.274 
 
 of this section of the country are located in this vicinity, from whence they 
 are shipped to all points of the compass in great quantities and form no 
 small item of revenue. Hundreds are employed in this calling, and thous- 
 ands of dollars are paid out annually to those engaged in catching, 
 shucking and shipping them. 
 
 One of the most infallible straws that show which way the wind of 
 commerce blows is reflected in the prosperity of the banks. There has been 
 a steady increase in the growth of deposits and a commensurate increase 
 in the earnings and surplus of these institutions during the past year, 
 which is the best indication of the prosperity of their customers. Two 
 new banks have been established in the past two years. The mean annual 
 temperature of the city is 59.5; the mean for spring being 65.6; summer, 
 75.6; autumn, 51.6; and winter, 43.3. It is stated that Venice has a 
 mean annual temperature of 56.7. The Gulf Stream runs nearer the 
 shore off Cape Henry than at any other point on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 The population of the city has increased in the past eight years nearly 
 sixty per cent., which will be fully established by the next United States 
 census, while as an industrial center, the increase has been sixty-five per 
 cent, for the same period. Present population, 30,000. 
 
 RADFORD. 
 
 Radford ofi'ers exceptional advantages for manufacturing sites, because 
 of its position on the New river, with abundant low-priced power. It 
 has a large pipe works, blast furnace, veneer plant, brick yards, four 
 hotels, three banks, two postoffices, wholesale grocery, carriage manu- 
 factory, ice plant and cold storage, eleven churches, two large new 
 school buildings, including high school, and also a colored school, and is 
 practically assured of having a Normal School provided at the next 
 session of the legislature. It has fine fair grounds, with one of the 
 best tracks on the Southern circuits, two flouring mills, two livery 
 stables, newspaper and job ofiice, electric light and power plants, running 
 water, trolley line, two railway stations and freight yards, and a fine 
 private school for girls. 
 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 Richmond, the capital of the Old Dominion, though by no means the 
 largest, is yet perhaps the most widely known city in the Union. It has 
 been historic since the days of its origin, when King Powhatan held his 
 Indian court on one of its highest hills, to more recent years, when, as 
 the capital of the Southern Confederacy, the contending armies of the 
 North and South, led by the two greatest generals of the greatest con- 
 fiict of modern times, one fighting to hold, the other to win it, fixed the 
 attention and admiration of the waiting world; while inside the fortifi- 
 cations and outside the lines of the devoted city, men from every State 
 and territory of this great country and from almost every foreign land, 
 joined in the combat. Since then their sons and their grandsons have 
 watched the rebuilding of the famous city and seen it rise upon its debris, 
 an hundred times more glorious; have seen it extend its lines again and 
 again, till the city and its immediate suburbs embrace a population of 
 125,000 souls, and the smoke of hundreds of factories floats above it; 
 while the clatter of six great railways, as eighty passenger trains, daily, 
 come and go, sound the notes of business, and the bustle of a thousand 
 great stores and lesser shops keep busy throngs of people moving along 
 its well-paved streets and sidewalks. 
 
 The elevation of Richmond above the sea level is, in its principal resi- 
 dential sections, about 200 feet, and she sits, not like old Rome on her 
 seven hills, but on a dozen of them, rising from the north bank of the 
 James river, ninety miles from the seacoast, affording sites for scores 
 
275 
 
 of fine and costly monuments and heroic figures of lier and Virginia's 
 illustrious statesmen and jurists, and famous soldiers, which proclaim in 
 enduring bronze and marble her noble history and the admiration and 
 liberality of her affluent citizens. Richmond is pre-eminently the monu- 
 ment city of the South and will rank with any in the North. It was 
 founded by Colonel William Byrd in 1737. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 The educational advantages of the city are such that the people may 
 well take a just pride in them. There are twenty-eight (28) school build- 
 ings, costing with their equipment $1,181,657.02, of which eleven are for 
 colored children. The total enrollment was 15,590 by the report last 
 published (1909), of which 5,413 were colored. In addition are depart- 
 
 WASHINGTON EQUESTRIAN STATUE — CAPITOL GROUNDS, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 ments for manual training and kindergarten. The standard of scholar- 
 ship in the public and in the numerous private schools of the city is of 
 the highest. 
 
 A new high school for white children was erected last year at a cost 
 of about $575,000.00. 
 
 Richmond has two medical colleges, which have no equals south of 
 Baltimore — the Medical College of Virginia and the University College of 
 Medicine. The buildings of the latter college were destroyed by fire 
 January 6, 1910, but its educational work was continued, with practically 
 no interruption, in quarters at once generously tendered by other institu- 
 tions of the city. A movement to unite the two medical colleges, upon 
 plans which would greatly advance their interests and utility, is now 
 under consideration. The leading Theological Seminary of the Southern 
 Presbyterian Church is also here. 
 
 Richmond College is one of the oldest and best institutions of learning 
 in the South, under the auspices of the Baptist Church. 
 
276 
 
 One of the best colored theological seminaries in the South is located 
 here, and well equipped and taught. 
 
 The claim of Richmond to the title of "The City of Churches," of which 
 every denomination is represented, is justified by the fact that there are 
 123 churches and twenty-nine missions in the community. Of these 
 seventy-eight churches and nineteen missions, attended by whites, have a 
 membership of about 30,000, and Sunday Schools with an attendance of 
 about 20,000. The forty-three churches and ten missions for colored 
 people are proportionately as largely attended. 
 
 The new Catholic Cathedral, recently completed at a cost of about half a 
 million dollars, is handsome and capacious, and one of the finest church 
 structures in the South. 
 
 It is doubtful if any city in the country is better supplied with 
 accommodation for the sick and afflicted in the way of hospitals, sur- 
 geons and attendants, as there are no less than eight hospitals in Rich- 
 mond, furnished with equipments the equal of any in the United States, 
 two of which are for colored people. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 The hotel accommodations are very superioi-, there being three or four 
 large and handsome hotels and a number of smaller and well kept 
 hostelries, which accommodate well the large and constantly increasing 
 travel, and winter visitors attracted to the city by its mild climate and 
 accessibility to every section of the State and country, being immediately 
 upon the line of the immense travel between the northern and southern 
 cities. Popular and well equipped boarding houses by the hundred are 
 also to be found in every quarter of the city, affording suitable temporary 
 homes to every class of citizens. These facilities have given Richmond 
 a reputation far and wide as a convention city. This reputation has been 
 largely due to the Jefferson Hotel, one of the largest, handsomest and 
 best equipped in the country, which was partially destroyed by fire 
 several years ago, but is now restored on a larger and grander scale than 
 ever before. 
 
 POST OFFICE. 
 
 The great increase in the Richmond post office is a positive index to 
 the business development of the citv. The receipts for 1909 amounted to 
 $631,205.83, exceeding those of the preceding year by $85,877.18, or 
 nearly sixteen per cent. 
 
 Owing to the increased demands of the service, the post office and other 
 United States offices in Richmond have just been removed to a building 
 constructed for their temporary accommodation, pending the erection of 
 an enlarged Federal Building upon the old site of the post office and an 
 adjoining lot, the estimated cost of the new building being $800,000. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 In a work of this character, treating of a great manufacturing city, num- 
 bering so many plants, it is impossible to name them all. Only a few of 
 the largest industries can be given, as conveying some idea of the size 
 and importance of them ; such as the Richmond branch of the American 
 Locomotive Works, which employs 2,700 men, with a monthly pay roll of 
 $125,000; the Richmond Cedar Works, the largest in the world, 800 em- 
 ployees, with a monthly pay roll of $28,000 ; and the various Richmond 
 plants of the American Tobacco Company and the American Cigar Com- 
 pany, having about 5,300 employees, with a monthly pay roll of $130,000. 
 
 A very interesting statement, however, compiled by Mr. J. H. Whitty, 
 classifying the varied products of Richmond's factories, with number of 
 employees, amount of capital and annual sales, is given here : 
 
277 
 
 CLASS, ARTICLE OR KIND No. of No. of Capital Annual 
 
 Plants. Hands. Employed Sales. 
 
 Automobiles, bicycles, locks and gunsmiths 27 71 S 53,425$ 378,650 
 
 Bakers, confectioners, chewing gum 193 437 428,200 1,293,100 
 
 Beer bottling, mineral waters, ice 22 331 940, 100 2, 325, 500 
 
 Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting 49 293 315,000 912,125 
 
 Boots and shoes manufacturing and repairing 1.59 394 776,250 3,978,776 
 
 Boxes, barrels, paper, twine, bags 27 1, 897 950, 000 4, 175, 125 
 
 Bricks, granite, tile, marble, stone 29 1,132 715,123 1,987,500 
 
 Carpentering, contractors, builders, plastering 137 1,525 925,150 3,123,500 
 
 Carriages, wagons, carts 28 263 315.000 619,250 
 
 Clothing, men's merchant tailors, shirts 71 385 372, 100 900, 070 
 
 Clothing, women's dressmaking, millinery 153 320 255,219 610,525 
 
 Dairy products, pickles, vinegar 19 152 230, 150 625, 000 
 
 Dyeing and cleaning 17 36 29,890 58,500 
 
 Drugs, medicine, perfumery 98 390 765, 250 2, 856, 250 
 
 Electrical, typewriters, wiremakers ; 31 369 139, 200 746, 600 
 
 Fertilizers, chemicals, cement, lime, grease, tallow, 
 
 roofing, florists 33 637 5,350,000 8,975,250 
 
 Flour, corn meal, yeast powders, flavorings, bluing. . 14 356 685,000 5,250,300 
 
 Foundry, machine shops, agricultural implements. . . 33 6,875 6,500,000 10,375,000 
 Furniture, mattresses, upholstery, picture fram.es, 
 
 awnings, cabinetmakers 55 372 365,000 820,1.50 
 
 Jewelers, hair works, photography 41 345 115,000 550,000 
 
 Lumber, sash, doors, blinds 20 1, 550 525, loO 1, 965, 600 
 
 Packers, curers, butchers 129 .587 575,000 3,138,760 
 
 Painters, varnish, paper hanging, mica 54 143 45,150 235,150 
 
 Plumbing, gas, steam fitting, tin, coppersmith, sheet 
 
 iron 169 385 31,400 1,050,000 
 
 Printing and pubUshing, book, job, bookbinding, 
 
 blankbook, lithography, engraving 58 1, 525 2, 800, 000 3, 750, 000 
 
 Saddlery, harness, hides, leather 23 460 625, 000 2, 012, 500 
 
 Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, cheroots 34 4, 918 2, 865, 000 5, 328, 641 
 
 Tobacco, smoking, chewing, reprizing 19 3, 920 3, 978, 1 50 14, 567, 820 
 
 Woodenware, willoww are, trunks, brooms, brushes.. 11 1,280 2,450,000 2,175,000 
 
 Totals 1, 763 31, 338 $34, 119, 907 $85, 384, 632 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 From the same authority, the statistics of the jobbing trade for 1909 
 will indicate the importance of Richmond's commercial operations : 
 
 CLASS, ARTICLE OR KIND, JOBBING Capital in Annual 
 
 Business. Sales. 
 
 Groceries, confectioneries, cigars and tobacco 8 2, 860, 000 $18, 975, 000 
 
 Provisions 1, 975, 000 13, 768, 000 
 
 Boots and shoes 1,650,000 6,845,250 
 
 Dry goods and notions 1, 250, 000 4, 905, 850 
 
 Coal, wood, hay, seeds, nursery 950, 000 4, 125, 000 
 
 Drugs, flavorings, etc 640,000 2,750,000 
 
 Hardware, agricultural implements 646, 000 2, 495, 750 
 
 Railway, mill, plumbing supplies 550, 000 3, 565, 000 
 
 Hats, caps, clothing, millinery, straw goods 356,000 1,650,600 
 
 Sewing machines, typewriters, electrical, bicycles, auto- 
 mobiles, sporting and rubber goods .358,250 1,750,000 
 
 Ofls, paints, varnish, glass 325, 000 1, 560, 250 
 
 Leather, hides, saddlery, tanbark 265, 000 1, 675, 000 
 
 Stoves, tin, china, earthenware 298, 500 987, 500 
 
 Books, stationery, papers 325, 000 1, 250, 000 
 
 Furniture, carpets, upholstery ; 175,500 9i?7,200 
 
 Pianos, organs, musical instruments 316, 000 760, 125 
 
 Totals $12,718,260 $68,040,425 
 
 RICHMOND RETAIL TRADE. 
 
 The retail business of the city has nearly doubled within the past five 
 years. The stores in Richmond compare very favorably with the retail 
 houses of much larger cities. 
 
 Actual comparisons have proven that the department stores of Rich- 
 mond, which are among the largest in the entire South, are equal in ap- 
 pointment and service to the leading stores of the North. The quality of 
 merchandise demanded by the people of this city is equal to that of any 
 city in the country, and it is the center of a large mail order trade from 
 the surrounding territory. 
 
279 
 
 CONDENSED STATEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE RICHMOND 
 BANKS, SEPTEMBER 1, 1909. 
 
 First National Bank 
 
 Planters' National Bank 
 
 National Bank of Virginia. . . . 
 
 National State Bank 
 
 Merchants' National Bank . . . 
 
 City Bank 
 
 American National Bank 
 
 Bank of Richmond 
 
 Broad Street Bank 
 
 Bank of Commerce and Trusts. 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Capitol Savings Bank 
 
 Savings Bank 
 
 Virginia Trust Company 
 
 Commonwealth Bank 
 
 West End Bank 
 
 Loans and 
 Investments. 
 
 $ 7,721,053 63 
 
 5, 999, 135 61 
 
 3,711,229 11 
 
 3,496,356 32 
 
 5,237,488 42 
 
 1,619,990 37 
 
 3, 577, 218 45 
 
 3,471,729 34 
 
 1,200,572 56 
 
 896,155 17 
 
 1.899,207 57 
 
 ■ 554. 121 90 
 
 1,617'. 949 98 
 
 610, 267 97 
 
 497, 832 00 
 
 98.584 25 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Cash C. H. 
 
 Exchange. 
 
 •S 479,471 32 
 
 459, 324 31 
 
 350, 597 22 
 
 334,261 45 
 
 422, 306 94 
 
 83, 302 72 
 
 241,452 61 
 
 231,068 93 
 
 26,037 53 
 
 38,691 83 
 
 2, 128 48 
 
 12,029 50 
 
 15,098 93 
 
 834 96 
 
 22,619 62 
 
 5, 386 49 
 
 Total Due 
 
 from Banks 
 
 $1,105,092 21 
 
 708,225 58 
 
 487, 688, 10 
 
 344,402 14 
 
 993, 824 97 
 
 387,945 02 
 
 562,965 47 
 
 600, 356 99 
 
 149,674 62 
 
 56,837 31 
 
 281,113 70 
 
 36,357 50 
 
 58, 128 85 
 
 15, 475 88 
 
 7, 742 34 
 
 2,026 21 
 
 Total $42,208,692 65 
 
 2, 724, 612 84 
 
 Total 
 
 Assets. 
 
 $ 9,305,617 16 
 
 7, 166, 685 50 
 
 4, 549, 514 43 
 
 4,175,019 91 
 
 6,653,620 33 
 
 2,091,238 11 
 
 4, 381, 636 53 
 
 4, 303, 155 26 
 
 1,376,284 71 
 
 §91, 684 31 
 
 2,182,449 76 
 
 602. 508 90 
 
 l,69i;i77 76 
 
 626, 578 81 
 
 527, 993 96 
 
 105, 996 95 
 
 , 797, 856 89 $50, 731, 162 38 
 
 Surplus 
 Capital, and Profits. 
 
 First National Bank $1,000,000 $1,054,039 05 
 
 Planters' National Bank.. 300,000 1,209,009 41 
 National Bank of Virginia 500, 000 353, 012 54 
 
 National State Bank 500,000 455,791 72 
 
 Merchants' National Bank 200,000 913,989 89 
 
 City Bank 400,000 207,052 04 
 
 American National Bank.. 400,000 229,219 47 
 
 Bank of Richmond 1, 000, 000 496, 614 83 
 
 Broad Street Bank 200, 000 90, 830 74 
 
 Bank of Commerce and 
 
 Trusts 200, 000 54, 240 74 
 
 Union Bank 219,750 459,645 99 
 
 Capitol Savings Bank 50, 000 13, 452 17 
 
 Savings Bank 200, 000 164, 374 91 
 
 Virginia Trust Company.. 500,000 2,949 31 
 
 Commonwealth Bank 200, 000 16, 328 84 
 
 West End Bank 25, 000 7, 376 99 
 
 LIABILITIES 
 Total Other 
 
 Deposits. Liabilities. 
 6,001,328 11 $1,250,250 00 
 5, 147, 976 09 509, 700 00 
 
 3. 062. 801 
 2, 914, 228 19 
 5, 339, 630 44 
 1,484,186 07. 
 3, 046, 717 06 
 2,806,540 43. 
 1,085,453 97. 
 
 737,443 57. 
 
 1,503,053 76. 
 
 539,056 73. 
 
 1.326.802 85. 
 123,629 50. 
 248,042 23 
 
 73,619 96. 
 
 633,700 00 
 305, 000 00 
 200,000 00 
 
 63, 622 89 
 
 Total 
 Liabilities. 
 69,305,617 16 
 7,166,685 50 
 4, 549, 514 43 
 4,175,019 91 
 6, 653, 620 33 
 2,091,238 11 
 4, 381, 636 53 
 4, 303, 155 26 
 1, 376, 284 71 
 
 991, 684 31 
 2,182,449 75 
 602,508 90 
 1,691,177 76 
 626,578 81 
 527,993 96 
 105, 996 95 
 
 Total $5, 894, 750 $5, 727, 928 64 $35, 440, 510 85 S3, 667, 972 
 
 , 731, 162 38 
 
 There are also three prosperous banks owned and controlled by colored 
 citizens, which do a considerable local business among their own people. 
 
 The foregoing figures speak for themselves and are worthy of careful 
 consideration. They show that Richmond is holding its own as a manu- 
 facturing, commercial and banking center with the leading cities of the 
 country, and, population considered, stands at the very head of the list 
 among Southern cities. 
 
 SUMMARY OF BUSINESS. 
 
 The progress and present condition of the business interests of the 
 city are strikingly illustrated by the following fig-ures from the report 
 of Mr. Frank D. Williams, as President of the Richmond Chamber of 
 Commerce, submitted at the annual meeting of that organization Janu- 
 ary 13, 1910: 
 
 Manufactures: 
 
 Number plants 
 
 Capital employed 
 
 Number hands employed. . 
 
 Annual sales 
 
 Jobbing trade: 
 
 Capital in business 
 
 Annual sales 
 
 Bank, clearings 361, 207', 117 
 
 Bank, deposits 
 
 Bank, loans 
 
 Bank, capital and surplus. . . 
 
 Post office receipts 
 
 Building operations 
 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 In Year 
 
 In Year 
 
 of Inc. 
 
 In Year Inc 
 
 .Last 
 
 1909 
 
 1908 Last Yr. 
 
 1899 10 Years 
 
 1,752 
 
 1,719 
 
 2 
 
 1,245 
 
 41 
 
 34,119,907 
 
 31,252,404 
 
 9.17 
 
 17,332,232 
 
 97 
 
 31,338 
 
 28,454 
 
 10.13 
 
 21,233 
 
 48 
 
 85,384,532 
 
 79,807,692 
 
 7 
 
 41,366,923 
 
 106 
 
 12,718,250 
 
 12,271,775 
 
 3.63 
 
 8,170,500 
 
 56 
 
 68,040,425 
 
 65,555,216 
 
 3.79 
 
 35,377,265 
 
 90 
 
 361,207,117 
 
 298,532,561 
 
 21. 
 
 165,901,097 
 
 118 
 
 38,245,900 
 
 33,509,953 
 
 14. 
 
 12,459,300 
 
 207 
 
 38,495,915 
 
 31,218,994 
 
 17. 
 
 13,981,000 
 
 175 
 
 11,817,125 
 
 11,497,123 
 
 3. 
 
 5,793,907 
 
 104 
 
 631,205 
 
 545,328 
 
 15.74 
 
 243,816 
 
 1,59 
 
 3, 574, 812 
 
 3,169,431 
 
 12.79 
 
 
 
280 
 
 THE NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Richmond has four dailies — a morning and three evening papers. The 
 first, the Times-Dispatch, daily, with a large circulation covering two- 
 thirds of the State, and the oldest in the city, owns its own handsome 
 five-story building. The Neios-Leader is an afternoon paper with a large 
 circulation, and is published every day but Sunday. It also owns a fine 
 new three-story building. The Evening Journal, likewise an afternoon paper, 
 five years old, had its plant on Broad Street destroyed by fire last year 
 and moved to much more commodious and conveniently located quarters. 
 It is also published every day except Simday, and has a large and growing 
 circulation. 
 
 They are all excellent journals, none better printed and edited or more 
 devoted to the local interest of their city, of which they are invaluable 
 exponents. The third afternoon paper, The Richmond Virginian, has just 
 been established, with able and experienced newspaper men upon its staff'. 
 Like its evening contemporaries, it is published every day except Sunday. 
 In its announcement it is described as "The new State paper." 
 
 ROANOKE. 
 
 The city of Roanoke, situated on the great through line of the Norfolk 
 and Western railroad, one hundred and ninety miles by rail west from 
 Richmond, is the chief city of Southwest Virginia. It is in the county of 
 Roanoke, 907 feet above sea level, and being at the head of the Valley 
 of Virginia, has a good claim to be the gateway and the leading city of 
 both these great natural divisions of Virginia. It is convenient by rail 
 to both sections, the main line of the Norfolk and Western running through 
 the southwest 151 miles to Bristol, Va., and north 239 miles through the 
 valley to the Potomac, thus reaching all the cities and larger towns of both, 
 with which it maintains large and profitable business relations. The 
 Norfolk and Western also places the city in direct communication with 
 Norfolk, 257 miles east, while another branch of the same trunk line 
 carries Roanoke's business south through the State to Winston-Salem, 
 N. C, and southern points. The new Virginian railroad recently built 
 from Deepwater, W. Va., to Norfolk, passes through Roanoke, and fur- 
 nishes the "Magic City," as it is called, another great railroad from 
 Chesapeake bay to the Ohio river. It is a modern, up-to-date, well- 
 paved, well-watered city, possessing all the conveniences to be furnished 
 by electricity and water power. 
 
 Its twenty-seven churches embrace every leading religious denomina- 
 tion, and have handsome and commodious houses of worship. There are 
 also handsome city and railroad Young Men's Christian Association 
 buildings, an orphan asylum, and a home for the sick. The educational 
 advantages of Roanoke (in character and extent) are not surpassed by 
 any other town of its size in the State, attracting large patronage from 
 other sections. Besides its splendid public school system, supplied with 
 six handsome and commodious school buildings and equipped with every 
 modern appliance, there is the Virginia College, a flourishing female in- 
 stitution; the Business College and other schools of a private character. 
 The new Park Street School, which has been erected within the past two 
 years, affords facilities for about five hundred pupils. This school was 
 erected at a cost of $35,000. 
 
 The enterprise, culture, educational and social advantages of Roanoke 
 render it a most desirable and attractive residential town ; and as a com- 
 
381 
 
 mercial metropolis, it ranks with the best of the inland towns of the 
 State. Roanoke has many extensive and valuable industries, the most 
 important of which are the Norfolk and Western machine shops, for the 
 manufacture and repair of rolling stock, the largest and finest locomo- 
 tives and passenger coaches. These shops now employ 2,500 men, an 
 extensive addition being built which will increase the working force to 
 at least 3,800. The total number of men now employed in the Roanoke 
 shops of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company, the extensive gen- 
 eral offices and yards, including the trainmen and enginemen who have 
 their homes in this city, is, according to the Secretary of the Roanoke 
 Chamber of Commerce, about 4,700, and the aggregate amount of money 
 paid to the employees monthly is $256,000. 
 
 There are also employed by other industries in the city fully 2,000 
 men, with an average monthly pay roll of over $100,000 more. These 
 figures do not include the employees of the various wholesale and retail 
 mercantile houses nor the large force engaged now in construction of 
 various kinds. It is estimated that the total amount paid monthly to 
 employees and workmen of all descriptions is in excess of $400,000. 
 
 Among the principal industries of the city which attract the attention 
 of the interested visitor are the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, one of the largest plants of the kind in the South; Hite Medicine 
 Company; West End Furnace; American Iron Company, a Pennsylvania 
 corporation; Roanoke Elevator and Milling Company, capacity 325 barrels 
 of flour per day; twin furnaces of the Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Com- 
 pany; Roanoke Cotton Mill; Virginia Brewing Company and Cold Storage 
 Plant; Blue Ridge Overalls Company; planing mills; knitting mill; sash, 
 door and blind factories; Exchange Lumber Company; Virginia Lumber 
 Manufacturing Company; Hammond Printing Works; fertilizer factory; 
 barrel and stave factory; Rockhill Foundry and Machine Shops; Roanoke 
 Boiler and Sheet Iron Repair Shop; candy factory, and one of the 
 largest manufacturers and shippers of marble and granite monuments in 
 the South; also the Roanoke Clay Manufacturing Company near the 
 city; the Randolph Market Company; Southern Chemical Fertilizer 
 Company, and Virginia Bridge and Iron Company, the largest of the 
 kind in the South. 
 
 The Department of Commerce and Labor at Washington reports that in 
 1900 Roanoke had thirty-eight establishments, employing a capital of 
 $1,915,647. She had, in 1905, fifty-four establishments, employing a 
 capital of $2,656,626. Wage earners had increased twenty-seven per cent., 
 from 2,431 to 3,089, and wages thirty-seven per cent., from $1,106,948 to 
 $1,525,963. The large, almost palatial wholesale and retail stores and 
 other handsome business houses, and the numerous handsome banks and 
 other public buildings, to say nothing of many beautiful private resi- 
 dences, cannot be specified in a work of this character. They are equal 
 in style and appearance to those of our larger cities, and the commodious, 
 well-appointed postoffice shows yearly a large increase of business. The 
 hotel accommodations are exceptional. There are five comfortable and 
 well-eqviipped hotels, some of them luxurious in their appointments, which 
 invite much travel and many large conventions and religious gatherings. 
 
 The electric street car system is very complete, and reaches beyond 
 the corporate limits, to Salem, six miles, and to Vinton, two miles. Five 
 million gallons daily of sparkling water gush from a single spring at the 
 foot of Mill mountain, and are distributed all over the city. Sewerage is 
 good, the air is pure, the climate as healthful as an altitude of 1,000 
 feet among the Blue Ridge mountains would be expected to furnish, while 
 a very fertile adjacent country supplies an abundance of farm and dairj^ 
 products, fruits, fowls and vegetables. 
 
 With three such daily papers as the Times, Evening World, and Evening 
 Neios, and a live Chamber of Commerce to put Roanoke's advantages 
 before the public and keep them there ; and with its finances managed and 
 
283 
 
 fostered by six excellent banks, with combined resources of $7,297,414.43 
 and net surplus of $814,939.08, it is not surprising that the city chartered 
 in 1884 with a population of five thousand has forged constantly ahead. 
 In 1906 the immense dam constructed by the Roanoke Water Power 
 Company on the Roanoke river, about four miles east of this city, was 
 completed. The height of the dam is forty-eight feet at the gates, giving 
 a fall of water of sixty-four feet at the power house, developing about 
 3,000 horse power. This plant furnishes light and power for the large 
 manufacturing interests and private residences of the city. 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF ROANOKE CITY 
 
 The census of 1900 gave Roanoke a population of 21,495; the city 
 census taken in January, 1904, showed 26,443, and it is estimated that 
 the population December 1, 1909, closely approximates, if it does not 
 reach, 40,000. 
 
 The building operations for the past six years show that 2,299 dwell- 
 ings and business houses have been erected at an approximate cost of 
 $7,000,000, not taking into consideration any expenditures on account of 
 additions. This continued activity in building has not been occasioned 
 through real estate speculation, but is the result of the growth of the 
 city's manufacturing interests and general commercial development. 
 
 Roanoke has an efficient fire department, supplemented by a corps of 
 well-trained volunteers. The equipment is ample and first class in every 
 way. The loss by fire per capita as shown by the statistics of the National 
 Board of Underwriters, has been less in Roanoke than in any other city 
 in Virginia. 
 
284 
 
 Over $600,000 has been expended during the past four years for 
 municipal improvements, consisting of streets, sewers and erection of 
 additional school buildings. The assessed valuation of real and personal 
 property in January, 1906, amounted to $17,892,000, and in January, 
 1909, these figures had reached $24,000,000. 
 
 STAUNTON. 
 
 The city of Staunton, the county seat of Augusta, which, according to 
 the census of 1900, is the largest county in area in Virginia, is the leading 
 city of the Shenandoah valley, being the only city of the first class in this 
 great valley, having been advanced to that dignity by the legislature of 
 1906, as the local census taken in 1905 showed a population of 11,330. 
 
 Being one of the oldest cities of the commonwealth, incorporated in 
 1748, by the General Assembly of Virginia, it has an interesting chapter 
 of its history connected with the Revolutionary War. On June 4, 1781, 
 the Legislature of Virginia, which had been driven out of Richmond in 
 January, by the traitor, Benedict Arnold, took refuge in Charlottesville, 
 and, on the approach of Col. Tarleton, of the Royalist troops, adjourned 
 to meet in Staunton, June 7th. It met on that date in the Episcopal 
 Church, and subsequently elected a governor, Thomas Nelson, Jr., and 
 a delegation to Congress, headed by James Madison. Her history in con- 
 nection also with the Mexican war, whose veterans were among the last 
 and most gallant survivors, the war of 1812, that of the war between the 
 States and the Spanish war, has been most honorable, in all of which 
 conflicts her sons, to an unusual number, fell gloriously on the field of 
 battle, fighting for their native State, or survived, beloved and honored. 
 
 The city was named in honor of Lady Staunton, the wife of Governor 
 Gooch, and is beautifully situated among the hills of "West Augusta," 
 made historic by the boast of Washington that there, if necessary, he 
 would make his last stand against the armies of King George. 
 
 As an evidence of the willingness of the citizens to co-operate in an 
 aggressive movement for the well-being of the citj', is the fact that 
 Staunton is the first place to appoint a business manager, who acting 
 under the control and management of the City Council, and within the 
 requirements of the State Constitution, will practically be the manager 
 of the city, and devote his entire time to the development of the city's 
 best interests. The outcome, which promises the most gratifying success, 
 will be watched with much interest by the other cities of the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 It has long been the seat of two great Virginia public institutions, the 
 Western State Hospital for the Insane, with its twelve hundred patients 
 and attendants, and the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, having 
 two hundred and seventy pupils, teachers and employees. It is also pre- 
 eminently an educational center, its reputation in that regard being 
 national, based upon the successful establishment within her midst of 
 four large schools, two male and two female, which draw their patronage 
 from well-nigh every State in the Union — -the Mary Baldwin Female 
 Seminary, Virginia Female Institute, Staunton Male Academy and Duns- 
 more Business College, with a total of about one thousand students. The 
 buildings of each of these institutions are capacious and handsome, and 
 their principals and faculty are men and women of learning and ability. 
 Besides these the public schools are furnished with two large and modern 
 buildings, for white and colored separately, and are well equipped and 
 conducted, affording instruction for one thousand or more of the city's 
 youth; also there is no lack of good private schools for both sexes. 
 
 The number of churches is unusually large, nineteen in all, including 
 three chapels, the auditorium and five colored churches, with a total 
 membership of over six thousand, about one-half of the people being 
 church members, white and colored, while five of the church edifices are 
 new buildings, and all of them, with one or two exceptions, are very 
 
285 
 
 handsome. The Young Men's Christian Association owns a pretty and 
 expensive building, which is perfectly equipped and well patronized, with 
 a large and helpful Ladies' Auxiliary. The new King's Daughters Hos- 
 pital is a humane institution invaluable to the city and county. Staunton 
 is notably a church-going people and a moral and cultivated community. 
 
 Staunton is justly proud of her banking facilities. There are four 
 banks, having capital, surplus and profits, which on the 14th day of 
 May, 1908, amounted to $752,766.65, with deposits of $2,345,160.40, and 
 resources of $3,378,927.05. These figures speak volumes for the sound- 
 ness of local business conditions; and a fact that should not be overlooked 
 is that during the recent panic the banks of Staunton discounted all 
 good paper offered by their depositors, and never suspended payment of 
 currency on any checks presented. It is needless to say more than this 
 to' any thinking man. 
 
 The banks are the Augusta National, Farmers and Merchants, and 
 Staunton National. The latest and best improvement in Staunton is the 
 new Chesapeake and Ohio depot, just completed, at a cost of some $60,000. 
 It is 125 feet long by forty feet wide, of white pressed brick, heated 
 with steam, and lighted with both gas and electricity. There is a cov 
 ered train shed, curved with the track, 650 feet long, and enclosed by a 
 six-foot iron fence. It is stated, on railroad authority, that more tickets 
 are sold at Staunton than at any point on the road between Eichmond 
 and Cincinnati. Another noted improvement in the city is the Augusta 
 county building, recently completed, opposite the new and handsome court- 
 house. It is a pretty three-story brick, and cost twenty-two thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Since the completion of two large new hotels this year, near the depot, 
 Staunton is well supplied with accommodations for the traveling public, 
 having six good hotels and several fashionable boarding houses, all of 
 which are necessary to accommodate the large and increasing demand of 
 summer visitors, who divide their time, in the vacation season, between 
 this place and the nearby or convenient mineral springs from the Stribling 
 and Mount Elliott springs, in the city, to the famous White Sulphur, 
 ninety-six miles distant. Of these there are eight or ten widely known 
 mountain resorts within three hours of Staunton, which itself has an 
 altitude of 1,500 feet, and is crowded with summer visitors every season. 
 There are five live newspapers of which two — a morning and evening — are 
 dailies, besides three published at the institutions of the city. 
 
 Although Staunton has special reputation as an educatioal and society 
 city, there are a number of flourishing manufactories, the chief of wliich 
 may be named as Putnam's Organ Factory; Virginia-Carolina Chemical 
 Company; Bell's Barrel Factory; Stockton & Bros.' Iron Works; Hard- 
 wood Lumber Company; Reinhart and Swartzell's Foundry; Hardy's Car- 
 riage Factory; Partlow's Wagon Works; Larner & Smith's; Palmer Build- 
 ing Blocks; Glenn and Crawford's Ice Factory; Clem Brothers' Ice Fac- 
 tory and an overall factory, and the large White Star Roller Mills — 
 two plants — making it a fine wheat and flour market. 
 
 Staunton is located on the great Valley pike, one of the finest macadam- 
 ized roads in the State. The Parkersburg pike, the old stage line leading 
 from Staunton west, into the fertile valleys of Highland and on into West 
 Virginia, is an excellent mountain road and another valuable feeder to 
 Staunton trade, which is disproportionately large for its population, on 
 account of the thousands of non-producers in the School and State in- 
 stitutions there, who must be clothed and fed while they do not compete 
 with labor. Hence there are an unusual number of dry goods, fine shoe, 
 clothing, jewelry, drug, grocery and book stores for a city of its size, and 
 an air of business activity is the normal condition of its thoroughfares, 
 which lead into a rich adjacent farming country. The hills and shaded 
 streets furnish pretty sites for handsome residences, of which there are 
 not a few, many of "them recently built, and while proud of her historic 
 past, the people of the "Queen City" of the Valley are actively aliA'^e to 
 her present, and bravely planning for a still more prosperous future. 
 
286 
 WILLIAMSBURG. 
 
 The City of Williamsburg, like many of the old towns of Virginia, has 
 of recent years, "come out of the wilderness," and come out faster than 
 most of them. The oldest town of the oldest State in the Union, its history 
 is linked with the history of the coimtry, and while the past is interesting, 
 the present is profitable reading. It is located on a ridge midway between 
 the James and York rivers, known in colonial times as the Middle 
 Plantation. The acts passed for its settlement were in 1632 and 1633. 
 In 1644, upon the petition of the inhabitants of Middle Plantation Parish 
 and Harris Parish, the two were incorporated into Middletown Parish. 
 
 After the State House at Jamestown was burned, an act directing the 
 building of the capitol and city of Williamsburg was passed in 1699, and 
 the seat of government removed from Jamestown to Williamsburg, and 
 the General Assembly met in "His Majesties' Royall College of William 
 and Mary," until October, 1705, when it met for the first time in the new 
 capitol. The capitol building opposite the college was burned in 1746, and 
 having been rebuilt, was burned again in 1832, and a female seminary 
 .built upon the site. The palace of the governor of the colony was situated 
 on Palace Green, the site now occupied by a school, the property of William 
 and Mary College. 
 
 A magazine was erected in 1714, which long known as "the powder 
 horn," was falling into ruins, when it was repaired by the Society for the 
 Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, and is now used as a museum, and 
 viewed with much interest by visitors. The beautiful old church, Bruton, 
 with tombs more than two hundred years old; the former residence of 
 Chancellor Wythe; the headquarters of Washington, in 1787; the house 
 where Lafayette was entertained during his last visit to America — all are 
 points of interest in the old Williamsburg. 
 
 The contrast with the new is striking, and in this era of progress still 
 more interesting as follows: 
 
 The Peninsula Bank, organized in April, 1897, with a capital of $10,000, 
 has now a capital of $30,000, with a surplus fund in excess of its capital. 
 The deposits are over $300,000. The Banking Company of L. L. Dirrick- 
 son, Jr., with main office on Chincoteague Island, Accomac county, has a 
 branch in Williamsburg, established in 1904, which also does a good busi- 
 ness. Each bank has a substantial brick building in the center of the town. 
 
 The census of 1900 gives 2,044 as the population. It is conservative to 
 say there has been an increase of twenty-five per cent, since the census 
 was taken, and nothing short of 3,000 is expected to be the figure in 1910. 
 
 The principal industrial establishment is that of the Williamsburg 
 Knitting Mill Company, which has 160 employees, male and female. This 
 concern is capitalized at $80,000, and shipped men's winter underwear to 
 the amount of $200,000 in 1905, consignments going chiefly to the large 
 cities of the middle western United States, and the cities on the eastern 
 coast of the country. The demand for the product is always far in excess 
 of the supply, so the production has to be greatly increased each year. This 
 concern paid out $40,000 in wages in 1905. 
 
 There are a number of sawmills near Williamsburg, which find their way 
 to market through the city, and whose employees live there. The largest 
 of these is the permanent and modernly equipped plant of Bozarth Bros., 
 which turns out all kinds of rough lumber and finished products in wood. 
 
 The Galba Vaiden Ice Factory supplies the city and adjoining counties 
 with its product. 
 
 The Williamsburg Warehousing Company has a fireproof brick warehouse 
 for public storage. This was built in 1906. 
 
 The public schools of the city are of a very high grade, and the amount 
 spent by the municipality is twenty-five per cent, larger than that spent 
 by any place of approximately the same size in the State. The primary 
 grades, to which a modern kindergarten is attached, are managed in con- 
 junction with the college as a model school, only highly trained and well- 
 paid teachers being employed, and the methods and equipment are on a 
 
287 
 
 par with those of the very best and most modern city system in the 
 United States. 
 
 William and Mary College, antedating Harvard in all respects, except the 
 actual date of its charter (1619), is too well knovsTi to be described. Its 
 history is the history of the United States and Virginia, and it claims 
 among its alumni such men as Presidents Jefferson, Monroe and Tyler, 
 Chief Justice Marshall, General Winfield Scott, besides a host of others. 
 
 Its present is less known than its past, but the facts are that with its 
 roll of 250 students (1905-06) it is the largest college in Virginia, out- 
 side of the technical and professional schools. It is a high grade college 
 and its students take high rank at the largest universities of the country. 
 It has an appropriation of $25,000 from the State, in return for which it 
 maintains a high grade normal college and practice school. 
 
 As a commercial asset, it brings about an expenditure of about $50,000 
 to $60,000 per annum to the city. 
 
 The Eastern State Hospital (for the insane), the oldest in the United 
 States, cannot be classed under the heads just considered, but its 700 
 patients and 100 employees constitute a distinctly valuable commercial 
 asset of the city in that their care and maintenance bring about the ex- 
 penditure of $80,000 per annum, a portion of which Williamsburg gets 
 the benefits of. 
 
 Two weekly papers flourish here, the Old Virginia Gazette, established 
 in 1730, and the Williamsiurg Sun, established in 1906, one hundred and 
 seventy years later. 
 
 Williamsburg, long regarded as the private domain of students of his- 
 torical antiquities, has become, within the past few years, one of the 
 most thriving and growing places in Virginia. 
 
 WINCHESTER. 
 
 Winchester, the county seat of Frederick — the most northern county of 
 Virginia — is an incorporated city and has a population of over 7,500. 
 
 Its history dates back to March 9, 1743, when its first court was held 
 and certain lots were laid out, upon condition that the owners should at 
 once build thereon. Since then it has been the center of historic interest 
 of this section, receiving its charter as a city in 1852. It was the con- 
 tested point of both armies during the Civil War, and changed hands 
 seventy-two times. Its growth was slow after the war until 1902 ; since 
 the latter date it has increased its population over one-half, and its 
 taxable basis nearly double. The tax rate for city purposes is only eighty- 
 five cents on the $100, and' the assessed values are low. 
 
 This city is the metropolis for the lower Shenandoah valley, famous 
 for its beautiful and varied scenery, and the fertility of its soil. It has 
 been said that anything that would grow in the Temperate Zone can be 
 grown successfully in Frederick county. 
 
 Winchester is the market town for the seversfl counties, both in Virginia 
 and West Virginia, lying adjacent to Frederick county — Clarke, Warren 
 and Shenandoah, in Virginia, and Hampshire, Hardy, Warren and Berk- 
 ley in West Virginia, and a large trade is tributary to this city over its 
 two railroads and its splendid and well metaled pikes. 
 
 These eight roads are macadamized and radiate from Winchester to 
 every point of the compass. In October last the Good Roads Automobile 
 Contest of the New York Herald and Atlanta Journal was run through 
 Winchester, because the roads were the best that could be found. The 
 road from Gettysburg, Pa., through Charlestown, W. Va., to Winchester, 
 and thence to Staunton, Va., has been declared a part of the national high- 
 way between these two cities. The excellence of the roads and the beauty 
 of the scenery through this section make it most attractive for automobiles, 
 and the advertisement from this contest will cause many more to select 
 this highway for an outing. An equally good road from Harrisburg, Pa., 
 extends through Winchester on to Staunton, thus furnishing a choice of 
 routes. 
 
288 
 
 Situated at an elevation of 740 feet above sea level and between the 
 foothills of the Alleghanies and the Blue Kidge, Winchester is noted as a 
 healthy city, and its health is promoted by its well drained streets. A 
 sanitary sewerage will be completed by January 1, 1910, and everything is 
 done by the city government, aided by the efficient State Health Board, to 
 promote the sanitary condition of the city. Attracted by its pure air and 
 water and its social life, many visitors are weaned from their former 
 homes to rent houses here or build their own homes. At the present 
 writing, though late for building (November 23rd) a costly house is being 
 erected for a former resident of Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 The city has and owns a large auditorium, seating 720, and being only 
 eighty-five miles from Washington, its theatre-goers enjoy the latest 
 plays. Fourteen active churches of every denomination draw their wor- 
 shippers each Sabbath, and one male and two female schools, both private, 
 drawing scholars from many States, with its public school system, supply 
 its educational ' r ''''. The public school buildings are large, modern and 
 commodious. 1 j ^v Ition, the Handley Library, built and endowed by a 
 fund left the / ■' ; Judge John Handley, of Scranton, Pa., is nearing 
 completion. This splendid building cost over $130,000 and is fireproof. 
 It contains, besides all the rooms necessary for an up-to-date library, a 
 large and beautifully frescoed audience room, where it is proposed to give 
 lectures by prorrinent lecturers at frequent intervals. In addition to the 
 sum left for the building and endoAvment of this building and library, 
 Judge Handley left the remainder of his estate, amounting to over one 
 million doll-^' "for the erection and maintenance of industrial schools 
 for the poor of Winchester." 
 
 In 1902, Winchester had two banks, with a capital of $150,000 and 
 deposits of $821,000. It now has three banks, with a capital of $400,000 
 and deposits of over two and one-half millions. 
 
 A large flouring mill has been successfully operated here for many 
 years, shipping its production of two hundred barrels per day to all parts 
 of the country. Its textile industries employ several hundred operatives 
 and are operated by the Virginia Woolen Company and the Lewis Jones 
 Knitting Company, the former with a weekly pay roll of over $1,100, and 
 the latter over $700. The home office of the Winchester and Washington City 
 Railroad Company is located here, and this company supplies electricity, 
 generated by water of the Shenandoah river, to the above mentioned com- 
 panies at so low a cost that they have discarded steam power. In addition 
 to supplying these companies, electricity is furnished many large enter- 
 prises in Martinsburg and Charlestown, W. Va., and Berryville, Va. The 
 city is lighted by electricity furnished by this company, at an annual cost 
 of $50 per lamp for all and each night of the year. An electric railway 
 will soon be built by this company from this city to Bluemont, connecting 
 there with the Southern for Washington, D. C. 
 
 Two large wholesale grocery houses, one with a dry goods branch, supply 
 the merchants of this and the surrounding counties with their goods, and 
 enjoy a large and lucrative business. Its many retail stores, carrying 
 wares of all kinds, supply, in competition with the large department stores 
 of Baltimore, the people with goods, suited to the wants of all purses. 
 
 Two large planing mills and three lumber yards furnish building material 
 for weather boarded houses, and a large brick yard and two manufacturers 
 of cement blocks supply the demand for more fireproof buildings. 
 
 One daily newspaper, the Evening Star, furnishes news to its people. 
 
 The city lies in the heart of the apple belt, and its output of apples this 
 year brought in over $350,000 of outside money. One orchardist sold from 
 his orchard more than six thousand barrels at $3.50 per barrel on the 
 cars here, and realized from them and his drop apples more than $25,000. 
 
 The city of Winchester and the county of Frederick offer exceptional 
 opportunities for investment, and manufacturers desiring to locate will 
 be welcomed, and every inducement offered them. At present any manu- 
 facture, employing men with families, Avould be especially welcome, as 
 girls are needed in the textile works and can find ready employment. 
 
IIIEF ClTltl. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION 
 
 WRITE FOR INFORMATION TO G. W. KOINEB, COIVIIVIISSIONER. RICHIVIOND. VIRGINIA 
 
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