EUCALYPTUS 
 
 Abbot Kinney 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 Conquest of Death," " Tasks by Twilight," " Under the Shadow of the Dragon, 
 
 ''Money," " Protection vs. Free Trade," "Australian Ballot," 
 
 " Forestry," Etc. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 
 uu 
 
 
 E. R. BAUMGARDT & CO. 
 
 LOS ANGELES, CAL. 
 
 1895. 
 
 \ 
 
Copyrighted 1895. 
 
 
 
/ 
 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 The planting of trees of various species of Eucalyptus 
 in California has been carried on since January, 1856, 
 when Mr. C. L. Reimer successfully introduced 14 species. 
 During all this time neither nurserymen nor the general 
 public have had any work on this genus by which they 
 could identify the various species. Everything depended 
 on the seedsmen primarily and in a secondary way on 
 the accuracy of the records of planters. From mistake 
 in both these respects the greatest confusion and uncer- 
 tainty has arisen. Of the large number of useful species 
 introduced into California but three or four are certainly 
 and generally known today. The botanical works cover- 
 ing this genus are inaccessible to the public on account 
 of their great cost. There are only three copies of the 
 Eucalyptographia and two of Bentham's books in this 
 State, as far as I know. The importance of this genus 
 as producers of kino, oils, timber and fuel, for ornament 
 and the reclamation of waste places and for the probable 
 sanitary effects of several of the species together with 
 the rapidity of growth of nearly all and the remarkable 
 adaptability to the major portion of California makes a 
 means of identification a want that should be supplied. 
 -fj Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller has, in the broad spirit 
 of a true scientific man, given me the use of his great 
 work on this genus, even to copying the plates. 
 
 Jl* 
 
FORE WORD. 
 
 I have taken advantage of the courtesy of this distin- 
 guished man but the cost of using the plates would have 
 defeated the main object I had in view, which is to make 
 the knowledge of the Eucalyptus accessible to the largest 
 possible number of enquirers. 
 
 I have also received very valuable aid from Mr. J. 
 Ednie Brown, the prominent Australian Forester and 
 botanist, and from Mr. Walter Gill, the present Forest 
 Conservator of South Australia. The fine forest work in 
 this colony under Messrs. Brown and Gill offers a wide 
 field of knowledge to Eucalyptus planters. 
 
 Prof. A. J. McClatchie, of the Throop Polytechnic 
 Institute of Pasadena, Cal., has given me specially valuable 
 assistance, and I take pleasure in speaking of the import- 
 ant aid he has rendered in this work. 
 
 To many others I am much indebted for aid and infor- 
 mation. Amongst them I may mention Hon. Thos. F. 
 Bayard, now our ambassador to Great Britain, E. M. Shel- 
 ton, Instructor in Argiculture, Queensland, Messrs. Scharf 
 and Shorting, Pasadena, to Mr. Geo. S. Davis, publisher of 
 the Bulletin of Pharmacy, Detroit, Mich., and to Prof. Tom- 
 masi Crudelei. Prof. J. H. Maiden, of Sydney, who is the 
 authority on the chemistry of the Eucalyptus, has given 
 me important help in various directions. Prof. B. E. Fer- 
 non, Chief of the Division of Forestry at Washington, has 
 given me aid and comfort. The Rev. G. Montgomery, 
 Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, assisted me in ob- 
 taining the original data of the Tre Fontane experiments 
 for which I owe him much. Prof. S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. 
 D., Hon. El wood Cooper, Mrs. Jennie C. Carr, together 
 with many more have rendered me valuable assistance. 
 Both our own Federal and all foreign officials appealed to 
 
FORE WORD. 
 
 have gone to much trouble and pains to promote my work. 
 Two Secretaries of State, one Secretary of the Interior and 
 several scientific men of the Department of Agriculture 
 have, by their kindly help, demonstrated the public spirit 
 of our high officers. It is difficult for a reader of this book 
 to appreciate what this help has been. Sometimes two or 
 three words in a line will represent voluminous and pro- 
 longed correspondence. Sometimes the result of a year's 
 investigation is to leave some statement out entirely. 
 
 This work is arranged in two divisions. The first con- 
 tains a popular account of the species of Eucalyptus intro- 
 duced into California as far as known. The location of 
 illustrative specimens is in each case indicated so that en- 
 quirers may readily see for themselves what the tree looks 
 like. The second division will contain the special exam- 
 ination of points of interest in this genus including 
 methods of planting, timber strength, the oils and kinos, 
 the medicinal value, the sanitary influence, vernacular 
 names and lists of species suited to different conditions of 
 soil and climate. This division will also contain a con- 
 densed botanic description of all the species of Eucalyptus 
 described by Baron Von Mueller and taken from his great 
 work. A few notes regarding varieties and points noted 
 in California will be added to this. To facilitate the use 
 of these botanic descriptions there will be a key and an 
 illustration of the typical anthers, magnified sixty times, 
 prepared by Prof. McClatchie, of the four classes estab- 
 lished by Von Mueller. I believe that the key, plate and 
 descriptions will enable any intelligent person to identify 
 the leading species of Eucalyptus. To complete this part 
 of the plan there will be a botanic glossary. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 GENERAL POINTS. 
 
 The Eucalyptus is a genus of hard wood, evergreen 
 trees and shrubs. It belongs to the order Myrtaceae 
 and to the tribe Leptospermeae. The name was suggested 
 by the lid or cap-like covering over the immature flower. 
 It is from the Greek and may be translated "well hidden." 
 This genus was discovered and described first by I/Heritier, 
 in 1788; who based it on the species "obliqua." The 
 blue gum was discovered ten years later by Eabilliardiere, 
 who described Eucalyptus cornuta at the same time. In 
 1806 Eabilliardiere described two other of the more valuable 
 species, viz: Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus amygdalina. 
 It is said that so large were the trees of the blue gum first 
 seen by Labilliardiere in Tasmania, that he could ascertain 
 that they were in flower only by his telescope. The flowers 
 were brought down after prolonged firing at the upper 
 branches with guns. Labilliardiere says in his own notes 
 that he obtained the flowers and fruit by chopping down 
 a tree. 
 
 The genus just escaped being called Aromandendrum. 
 This name was given by Dr. Wm. Anderson, who des- 
 cribed it independently when with Cook's second voyage 
 
io EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 of discovery. Baron Von Mueller, coming into this field 
 late, has described and named more species than any one 
 person; in fact he is now the recognized authority on 
 this genus. Anyone desiring to study the Eucalyptus 
 should by all means procure Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller's 
 Eucalyptographia, together with his other numerous works 
 on the genus. Bentham's Flora Australiensis is reliable. 
 The splendid work commenced by J. Ednie Brown on the 
 Forest Flora of South Australia is in folio size and con- 
 tains colored plates of each tree described. This work 
 unfortunately was never finished. Prof. J. H. Maiden's 
 "useful native plants of Australia" contains valuable infor- 
 mation on the kinos, oils and timbers of the genus. Many 
 valuable and interesting articles on the Eucalyptus are scat- 
 tered about in scientific journals or in monographs practically 
 inaccessible to us in California. Bentham's and Von Muel- 
 ler's works are expensive. Most of the popular and many 
 of the scientific monographs on these valuable trees and 
 their products are out of print, and a considerable percent- 
 age are in French, and a few in Italian and Spanish. It 
 seems useful, therefore, to bring some of this scattered in- 
 formation together in this work. To it I have added our 
 Californian experiences. Indeed, it is especially to furnish 
 a popular statement of facts for Californian use that I have 
 undertaken this monograph on the Eucalyptus. 
 
 The first great acclimatizer and .Eucalyptus missionary 
 was M. P. Ramel. This gentleman was so struck with 
 the extraordinary qualities of this genus while at Mel- 
 bourne, in 1854, that he started a crusade in its favor. 
 Planchon calls Von Mueller the prophet and Ramel the 
 apostle of the Eucalyptus. The first Eucalyptus tree 
 known to have grown outdoors in Europe is said to have 
 
EUCALYPTUS. u 
 
 been planted at Hyeres, in the South of France, in 1857. 
 In 1875 this tree was 20 metres high, the trunk 1 metre 
 from the soil was 2 metres 10 centimetres in circumference. 
 
 Certainly Ramel's enthusiasm for the Eucalyptus is well 
 justified. 
 
 The highest monument in Europe, for instance, is 460 
 feet high, while the tallest Eucalyptus is 480 feet high. 
 
 Eucalyptus trees had, even in 1854, been planted by 
 different gardeners in Europe, and at least one, by M. 
 Hardy, in Algiers; but he did not know the tree until 
 1863, two years after the Hamma and Cordier plantations 
 in that African province. 
 
 It was first called Eucalyptus glauca in Europe (Euca- 
 lyptus globulus) when grown from seed. 
 
 The Eucalyptus was introduced into this State in 1856. 
 Hon. Ell wood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, has been prob- 
 ably the most active agent in bringing Californians to 
 a knowledge of the Eucalyptus. Col. Warren of the Cali- 
 fornia Farmer, Mrs. Jeanne C. Carr and General Stratton 
 were also very active and enthusiastic as apostles of these 
 trees on the Pacific Coast. It seems indeed regrettable 
 that the work of Prof, and Mrs. Carr, at and about our 
 University, in planting should be today so little available 
 through the loss of the records. 
 
 The genus contains about 150 species, rather less than 
 more, and the number is still not fully settled. This is 
 on account of the doubt of the specific value of some now 
 ranked as varieties and of others now ranked as species, 
 and also on account of the incomplete study of the 
 tropic flora of Australia, New Guinea, Timor and 
 the Moluccas. If we consider the island of Tasmania as 
 a part of Australia there are about five species of Euca- 
 
12 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 lyptus found outside of that continent and all of these in 
 the adjacent islands of New Guinea and Timor, and one 
 only in the Moluccas. There is not a single species found 
 in New Zealand. It seems indeed strange that the most 
 adaptable of all forest trees to the semi-tropic world belt 
 should be derived from so confined a genus. Besides this 
 the most friendly to new conditions of all its species is 
 one naturally limited to the damp gorges of Tasmania and 
 Victoria. At least twenty important species of Eucalyptus 
 have a wider Australian range than Eucalyptus globulus 
 or the common blue gum. Still it is the blue gum that 
 has been found thus far the best suited as a tree for other 
 countries and wide ranges of soil - and moisture. In Cali- 
 fornia when any one speaks of Eucalyptus trees in a gen- 
 eral way the blue gum is meant. By this we may judge 
 how completely our Eucalyptus plantations are dominated 
 by this species. 
 
 The blue gum is a remarkable tree. It is about third 
 as to height in the genus, being surpassed only by E. 
 amygdalina and Eucalyptus di versicolor. The tallest blue 
 gum measured was found in Tasmania and was 330 feet in 
 height. Numbers have been measured over 250 feet, and 
 a height of even 400 feet is claimed for it. In this matter 
 of height measurement Von Mueller calls attention to the 
 fact that extreme height in the Eucalyptus is due to long 
 slim branches reaching skyward. In this respect it is quite 
 different from the great stems of timber of our pines and 
 Sequoias which have only very short vertical branches. 
 Those of an ultra patriotic humor ma}' still claim that for 
 tree height of solid stem and for cubic wood contents our 
 Sequoias lead the world. In dry, open plains it is not 
 likely that blue gums will grow to be very tall. In fact 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 13 
 
 there are few in California over 150 feet high. If, however, 
 some were planted in any of the burned and desolated 
 redwood coast canyons of California where the conditions 
 of moisture and exposure are similar to those in its native 
 haunts we might reasonably expect to see blue gum trees 
 eventually as tall as any in Australia. In its native haunts 
 the blue gum is often, nay, generally, exposed to light 
 frosts. Some very observant planters in the warmer parts 
 of New South Wales state that the Eucalyptus globulus is 
 never a long lived and really successful tree unless subjec- 
 ted to occasional nipping airs. Other authorities, however 
 claim successful experiments in tropical highlands with this 
 species, locations probably free from frost. But such reports 
 are only made from tropical sections wdth a heavy rainfall. 
 The tree has failed in Arizona and Texas. But, in those 
 places, its failure is due, doubtless, to excessive frost on the 
 one hand, and prolonged excessive heat on the other. 
 
 Mr. J. Ednie Brown and Mr. Walter Gill both found 
 the blue gum unsuited to their interior plains (South Aus- 
 tralia) generally similar in dryness and heat to our interior 
 valleys. We have fully confirmed their experience except 
 where the subsoil is moist. 
 
 In Arizona even this condition fails, apparently, to 
 reconcile them to the prolonged heats of that section. 
 
 In Australia Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Eucalyptus corynoc- 
 alyx and Eucalyptus polyanthema seem specially suited to 
 sections too dry for the blue gum, and Eucalyptus rostrata 
 for air too dry and hot and frosts too severe. 
 
 The blue gum is the fastest growing tree in the world. 
 There are, indeed, trees that for a short time, or under 
 special conditions, grow as fast as the blue gum. In fact 
 in the damp Vitorian gorges the variety regnans of 
 
i 4 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina is reported to grow faster than any 
 wood-making plant. Nothing in our experience with 
 regnans shows it to be a fast growing plant. So also, in 
 experiments at and near Santa Monica we have found 
 several species growing for a short time in that situation 
 as fast as the blue gum. Of these experiments we 
 may mention a Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna-gum) that, 
 nineteen months from the seed, and fourteen months from 
 the transplanting, without cultivation, on a side hill, grew 
 fourteen feet six and three-fourths inches. 'A Eucalyptus 
 corynocalyx (sugar gum) of the same age and in the same 
 place grew only one-fourth of an inch less. I have seen 
 an E. Gunnii for the first two or three years, grow faster 
 than a blue gum by its side. But taking dry and wet 
 canyon and plain the blue gum will exceed in growth any 
 tree in the long run. 
 
 Some of the records are as follows : 
 
 GROWTH OF E. GLOBULUS. 
 
 Malaga. Spain, 6 yrs. ------- 65 feet 
 
 Nielgherry hills, India, 18 mos. from seed, 20to25 feet 
 Eago Maggiore, Italy, 9 years, - - - - 60 feet 
 
 Nice, France, 5 years, 50 feet 
 
 Kinneloa, California, 8 years, ----- 71 feet 
 
 Experimental plantation of trees reported on by J. Ednie 
 Brown, Conservator of Forests, S. Australia, showing com- 
 parative rate of growth of different trees similarly situated. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 15 
 
 Plantation C. 
 Height, Age and Girth of Trees. 
 
 Date of 
 Plant- 
 ing 
 
 1880 
 
 iss, 
 
 Pinis insignis 
 
 " pinaster 
 
 " halepensis 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus 
 
 " longifolia 
 
 " oblique (Tasmanian Stringybark) 
 
 " diversicolor (karri) 
 
 " siderophloia (Ironbark) 
 
 Melia azedarach 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta 
 
 " obliqua (South Australian Strtngybark) 
 Pinus insignis 
 
 ^Eucalyptus globulus 
 
 " longifolia 
 
 " siderophloia 
 
 " obliqua (South Australian Stringybark) 
 
 " corynocalyx 
 
 " cornuta 
 
 fCatalpa speciosa 
 
 |Fraxinus Americana 
 
 || Walnut 
 
 Wattles (Acacia pycnantha) 
 
 " (small tree measurements) 
 
 Cupressus sempervirens 
 
 Age 
 
 Height 
 
 years 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 33 8 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 22 8 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 33 6 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 14 10 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 23 8 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 27 6 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 35 6 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 20 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 29 6 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 25 8 
 
 6 
 
 23 3 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 25 6 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 21 8 
 
 6 
 
 24 6 
 
 S 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 Girth 2 
 ft. from 
 ground 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 2 4 
 
 I "2 
 
 I 10 
 
 I 10 
 
 O 10 
 
 o 10 
 
 9 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 6 
 1 5 
 1 5 
 1 6 
 1 10 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 * Numbers averaging 40ft., and girthing from ift. 6in. to 2ft. 3m t Averaging 
 
 20ft. and ift. girth in best land. I Averaging 20ft. and 15m. in moist land, 
 
 leveraging 20ft. and isin. in girth, and in good bearing. 
 
 Measurements taken September 1st, 1886. 
 
i6 
 
 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Plantation E. 
 Height, Age and Girth of Trees. 
 
 Date of 
 Plant- 
 ing 
 
 SS2 
 
 Name of Tree 
 
 * Eucalyptus viminalis 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx 
 
 Pinus maritima or pinaster 
 fPinus insignis 
 
 J Pinus maritima 
 
 Age 
 
 years 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 Height 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 27 o 
 30 o 
 
 40 o 
 
 41 o 
 
 28 o 
 27 o 
 II o 
 14 o 
 25 o 
 
 24 o 
 
 25 o 
 24 6 
 
 Girth 
 at 2ft. 
 Height 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 o 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 o 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 o 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 ♦Numbers of these 20ft. in height. fA great number from 17ft. to 20ft. high. 
 
 Measurement taken August 31st, 1886. Height. 
 
 //eight, Age and Girth of Trees at White Park. 
 
 Date of 
 Plant- 
 ing 
 
 1883 
 
 1885 
 
 Name of Tree 
 
 Plantation G 
 
 Pinus radiata 
 
 " maritima 
 
 " insignis 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis 
 
 globulus 
 
 leucoxylon 
 
 corynocalyx 
 
 gomphocephala 
 
 Plantation I 
 
 Quercus peduuculata 
 
 Catalpa speciosa 
 
 Populus fastigita 
 
 Ulmus suberosa 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon 
 
 corynocalyn 
 
 ■' viminalis 
 
 Pinus insignis 
 
 " maritima 
 
 Plantation J 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx 
 
 viminalis 
 
 
 
 Girth 
 
 Age 
 
 Height 
 
 2ft. 
 
 Height 
 
 years 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 1 11 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3t04 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4to5 
 
 
ECCALYPTUS. 
 
 n 
 
 Experimental plantation of trees at Santa Monica made 
 by W. S. Lyon, Forester to the California State Board of 
 Forestry. 
 
 Tract A. 
 
 Tract B. 
 
 Best. 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 Best 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 1. Eucalyptus polyanthema (Many- 
 
 Flowered Gum) 
 
 2. Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian 
 
 BUie Gum 
 
 3. Eucalyptus cornuta 
 
 4. Eucalyptus obliqua (Stringy Bark 
 
 or Messmate 
 
 5. Eucalyptus leucoxylon (Victorian 
 
 Iron Bark 
 
 6. Eucalyptus rostrata (Red Gum).... 
 
 7. Eucalyptus corynocalyx (Sugar 
 
 Gum) 
 
 8. Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna 
 
 Gum) 
 
 9. Eccalyptus Stuartiana ( A p p 1 e- 
 
 Scented Gum) 
 
 10. Acacia mollissima (Soft Leaf 
 
 Wattle) 
 
 11. Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wat- 
 
 tle) 
 
 12. Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood).. 
 
 9.6 
 
 4.6 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 6.6 
 6 
 3 6 
 
 5-6 
 46 
 
 5-6 
 5-6 
 4 6 
 5 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 5 6 
 5-6 
 
 5-6 
 
 3 6 j Growth 
 
 in B small but thrifty. 
 None planted in B 
 
 4 Sent out last year 
 
 as the "Tooart Gum," 
 remarkably thrifty in 
 both plantations. 
 
 Moribund in 1!. 
 
 Lacks good color in A. 
 
 Richer, better 
 
 color in the iron soil. 
 
 ..Not planted in A. 
 
 4.6 
 
 Not planted in B. 
 
 4 6 "Off" color in B. 
 
 Not planted in B. 
 
 Not planted in B. 
 
 Strongly 
 
 vigorous in both. 
 Sickly in A. Dead in B. 
 
 Analysis of Soil in Tracts. 
 
 Tract B. 
 
 Insoluble matter 
 
 Soluble silica 
 
 Potash (K..O) 
 
 Soda (N.,6) 
 
 Lime (CaO) 
 
 Magnesia (MgO) 
 
 Br. ox. manganese (Mr 2 4 
 Peroxide ot iron (Fe 2 3 )... 
 
 Alumina (A1 2 3 ) 
 
 Phosphoric acid (P 2 0-,) 
 
 Sulphuric acid (SO ;i ) 
 
 Carbonic acid (CO J 
 
 Water and organic matter... 
 
 Totals 
 
i8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Report of Byron O. Clark, Eucalyptus sideroxydon, 
 (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) on the side of a zanja at Anahiem. 
 Cut when 4^2 years old. Height 71 feet. 
 
 In Dr. Aber's plantations on the Rio de La Plata, Argen- 
 tine the Karri, Eucalyptus diversicolor, grew fastest and 
 Eucalyptus corymbosa ranked with blue gum. 
 
 At from ten to twelve years of age the blue gum in 
 California ceases to maintain its phenomenal fast growth. 
 The other species cease their fast growth, as a general rule, 
 some years sooner. In this matter some ratio seems to 
 exi«t between the duration of rapid growth and the event- 
 ual height of the tree. 
 
 The blue gum is like all the valuable species of Eucalyp- 
 tus in not being able to stand prolonged or very heavy frost. 
 What it will stand depends something on the humidity, the 
 condition of the tree as to sap flow and the age of the tree. 
 Old trees have withstood a temperature of 15 F. without 
 material injury. Young trees will, however, stand no such 
 temperature. A minimum temperature of 24 may be 
 deemed safe. Von Mueller has noted the blue gum shoots 
 on giant trees along the Dandenong range in Victoria, frost 
 burned, and has also noted these trees covered with snow 
 for long periods without injury. In California, one species 
 of our indigenous Rhus of the disagreeable smelling leaf, 
 what we call the evergreen sumac, is often frost burned in 
 its native haunts. So in the blue gum and the sumac we 
 find imperfect adaptation to their present native conditions, 
 due perhaps to a changing climate. 
 
 This year we have had, in Southern California, nights 
 colder than usual, that is, temperatures that occur once or 
 twice in a decade. After these cold nights I visited two 
 sandy washes along the foot hills, in one of which were 2 
 
EUCALYPTUS. ig 
 
 year old small sugar gums (Eucalyptus corynocalyx) out 
 one year, and in the other some yearling blue gums and 
 many older, but stunted trees. In both washes the native 
 sumac was frosted, and in nearly every case the whole 
 foliage killed. The sugar gums were not all touched, but 
 nearly all had the outer top leaves frost burned. Hardly 
 any of the young blue gums were touched and these only 
 very lightly. However, the young blue gums were among 
 the older trees and doubtlessly received some protection. 
 
 Our common Rhus is comparatively rare along the 
 coast further south, and another ornamental and very at- 
 tractive Rhus, well worthy of gardeners' attention, takes 
 its place. This latter, rare here, has not been frosted at 
 all this year. This seems rather a strange thing, a south- 
 ern type to be so resistant. 
 
 I am quite convinced that we could obtain a more reli- 
 able frost resistance in the blue gum by a careful gathering 
 of seeds from trees thriving in the coldest places to which 
 this species is indigenous. Although the native habitat of 
 the blue gum is restricted, it still is subject to a consider- . 
 able climatic range. Both in Victoria and Tasmania it 
 climbs well into the mountain valleys, and it seems only 
 reasonable that seed from some of the more exposed trees 
 would resist more cold than those on the warm mesas. The 
 seeds of all other plants are eventually impressed by the 
 climates in which they are produced. This fact is availed 
 of by agriculturists in vegetables, grains, etc. We know 
 also that certain tree seeds all of the same species produce 
 plants of different capacities in resisting cold on one side 
 and heat and drought on the other. Take, for instance, the 
 Douglass spruce indigenous from British Columbia to the 
 Mexican line. Seeds of this spruce show great variations 
 
20 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 in the resistance of the trees they produce to unfavorable 
 climatic conditions, and these variations correspond with 
 the climatic conditions where the seed produced grew. 
 
 It seems only resonable to presume that this quality 
 would extend also to the seeds of the blue gum. Our 
 California plantations of blue gum are now practically all 
 made from locally gathered seeds. 
 
 Doubtless, too, the prevalence of conditions, such as 
 prolonged drought, whereby the tree remains dormant 
 during the periods of exposure, would prove favorable to 
 resistance of frost. The vegetable world, in this respect, 
 is the opposite of the animal. There are indeed hiber- 
 nating animals that remain dormant during the winter, 
 living on themselves, but no animal can resist extreme 
 cold so well with diminished as with active circulation. 
 In the vegetable world the opposite condition prevails. 
 
 Animals suffer most from cold when exposed to wind. 
 With plants it is exactly the reverse. At least such is the 
 fact in the semi-tropics. A breeze on a cold night is con- 
 sidered a protection against frost. It is a wise precaution 
 to discourage active sap circulation in delicate plants as 
 periods of possible frosts approach. In irrigated sections 
 this may be done by withholding water in the fall. 
 
 As the young Eucalyptus is more susceptible than the 
 old to frost so we find numerous sections where this tree 
 does well if the young are protected with straw, gunny- 
 sacks or any light covering; indeed just as young orange 
 and lemon trees are in some of our interior plateaus. In 
 these sections the citrus fruits are a success, but every now 
 and again a great deal of snow falls in the neighboring 
 mountains and the night air descending to the valleys is 
 colder than usual. When to this condition we have added 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 21 
 
 a dry still atmosphere the rapid radiation causes frosts severe 
 enough to seriously injure and even kill young citrus trees. 
 The shortness of the young trees is one element of their 
 danger. The nearer the ground the greater the danger. 
 One writer says that the climatic range of the orange tree 
 is that of the blue gum and where one will grow so will 
 the other. In contradiction to this, reports to me from Ari- 
 zona mention citrus trees as successful and Eucalyptus a 
 failure. In this case however it is said to be the prolonged 
 dry heat that unfavorably affects the Eucalyptus (Eucalyp- 
 tus globulus.) On the other hand the blue gum thrives 
 remarkably in the damp cool climate of the California coast 
 where the orange is a sad failure. About the Southern 
 confines of Los Angeles city where the blue gum is in 
 superb health and has a great development the orange tree 
 also thrives but gives an inferior fruit with excess of 
 acidity. 
 
 I think that the orange and blue gum will resist about 
 the same degree of frost. 
 
 It should not be forgotten that water is an equalizer of 
 temperature and helps frost resistance. Therefore if a frost 
 threatens, a full flooding irrigation will diminish the 
 danger. 
 
 In a Washington, D. C, nursery there is a Eucalyptus, 
 species unknown, that for a number of years has been 
 frozen every winter, but which sprouts anew each spring. 
 In Paris the blue gum is sometimes used for ornament in 
 the parks. The way this is done is to plant the seed in 
 the open, transplant it to hot-house for winter, and set out 
 the second summer, leaving it to its fate in the succeeding 
 winter. 
 
 In Australia the numerous species of Eucalyptus have 
 
22 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 an extraordinary reported capacity of varying according to 
 the soil and climate which they occupy. Some species 
 have persistent bark in one geological formation and shed 
 their bark in another. Some have green leaves, horizon- 
 tal and broad near the coast and sickle shaped gray ones 
 hanging vertical in the interior. The same species often 
 vary, even in the color of their flowers. A number vary 
 in the essential oils and odor of their foliage, and all are 
 affected in the character and qualit} r of their timber by 
 situation and climate. The forest trees indigenous to Cali- 
 fornia have also often a strong tendency to vary, and 
 again, like some Australian species, many of our trees are 
 indigenous to very narrow limits. The Brewer, or beauti- 
 ful weeping spruce, the Foxtail Balfour pine, the Torrey 
 pine, the L,awson and Monterey Cypress, are amongst 
 those so confined. One of our pines, the Monterey, P. 
 iusignis, the fastest growing pine in the world, and more 
 largely planted in Australia than any foreign tree, has a 
 very restricted natural range about Monterey. We have in 
 this pine some counterpart to the blue gums. 
 
 First — That it renders soil, air and water aseptic. 
 
 Second — That it is the most adaptable of our coniferous 
 trees. 
 
 Third— That it is of so confined a natural habitat. 
 
 Fotirth — That other trees about it of very wide range 
 like the Douglas spruce do not succeed in our plantations 
 anything like so well. 
 
 So the blue gum of naturally restricted range succeeds 
 better in plantations than very widely distributed Eucalyp- 
 tus like, for instance, Eucalyptus rostrata, found in every 
 division of Australia proper and absent only in Tasmania 
 
 The Monterey pine is a better tree than the blue gum. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 23 
 
 for cold places, and on the blue gums' limit of tempera- 
 ture it is better for all sandy places and especially better 
 for beaches exposed to sea winds. The Monterey pine, 
 however, is not a valuable timber tree nor a good fuel 
 one. Its uses are to hide scars, cover waste places, stop 
 sand drift and look as handsome as a young pine can. It 
 stands cutting and breaking better than any pine with 
 which I am familiar. I know of one case where it 
 sprouted from a blown over tree and grew well. The 
 main tree was not cut off until the sprout had started. 
 
 Mr. L. Stengel, an experienced and careful nurseryman, 
 is of opinion that Eucalyptus has a strong tendency to 
 hybridize. There is just now a demand for Eucalyptus 
 robusta (swamp mahogany). In preparing for this Mr. 
 Stengel gathered robusta seed from four handsome spec- 
 imens on Downey avenue, East Los Angeles. Recently 
 while visiting his nursery Mr. Stengel showed me the 
 results of his seed planting. The vast majority were true 
 to the parent tree, but many in his large planting varied 
 very widely from Eucalyptus robusta. One specimen was 
 identical with globulus, several were like amygdalina var- 
 regnans; in fact about fifteen distinct species apparently 
 came from these robusta seed. If hybridization be accepted 
 as the cause of these nursery results, we may account for 
 some of the truly extraordinary surprises Australian Euca- 
 lyptus seeds have given us. I have personally known seed 
 from the collection of Baron von Mueller, and forwarded 
 most kindly by him, come up in form quite foreign to the 
 tree as described by him. I believe that every Californian 
 experimenter in Eucalyptus has had a similar experience 
 with Eucalyptus seeds. 
 
 Mr. Scharf, of Pasadena, who has taken a great interest 
 
24 EUCALYPTI'S. 
 
 in introducing new species of Eucalyptus, has a number 
 of sketches in color of the flowers of the ornamental 
 Eucalyptus ficifolia, introduced for its brilliant red flowers. 
 These sketches were largely of flowers from trees growing 
 from seed gathered by himself from Eucalyptus ficifolia in 
 his own nursery. The difference in the colors is radical, 
 from pale orange yellow to deep red. The foliage in these 
 ficifolias also varies greatly. 
 
 I am, however, not ready to accept these results as due 
 to hybridization. Natural variation under new conditions 
 and careless seed handling must be considered in the solu- 
 tion. Stengel's robusta is not the true robusta but a 
 variety. 
 
 The blue gum is the best all round tree within its cli- 
 matic range. It makes fire wood and timber fast; growing 
 rapidly into an effective wind-break, contains a large 
 amount of essential oil in its foliage ; its leaves are 
 amongst the most efficient agents in cleaning out the in- 
 crustation of boilers. It is available for the medicinal pre- 
 paration of Eucalyptol and is altogether the best tree 
 for any considerable range of condition in semi-tropic cli- 
 mates as far as now known. The introduction of this tree 
 has done more to change radically the appearance of wide 
 ranges of country in California than any other one thing. 
 In the reclamation of many arid plains of the central and 
 southern parts of California the blue gum has worked 
 almost like magic. It modifies the winds, breaks the 
 lines of view all so quickly that one can scarcely realize 
 that a valley of clustered woods and lines of trees was 
 but a year or two before a brown parched expanse of 
 shadeless summer dust. I do not think that the power of 
 the blue gum in modifying the appearance of a country can 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 25 
 
 be appreciated by any one who has not seen some stretch 
 of country before and after its introduction. 
 
 The seedling of the blue gum possesses a peculiarity 
 general to the genus. It does not look in the least like 
 the grown tree. The seedling varies as a plant as much 
 from the mature tree as do some insects in the larval state 
 from their mature form. The blue gum seedling has a 
 sharply square stem and branches, leaves opposite, sessile, 
 round, and horizontal to the branch. Occasionally the 
 young stem is six-sided and in this case the leaves and 
 stipules spring in threes, each group from alternate sides. 
 These early square or six-sided stems are so winged as to 
 resemble the bottom of a Sonoma snow shoe or the under 
 side of a skate runner. Ii is colored bright gendarme 
 blue, both in stems and leaves, with an appearance of 
 being slightly dusted with flour. The mature tree has 
 round stems and branches, with white bark or tan brown 
 just before the outer part is shed, the leaves are sickle- 
 shaped, alternate with long stems, hang edgewise to the 
 sky, and they vary from a dark and often glossy green 
 to a dull gray color. 
 
 This surprising difference between the seedling and the 
 more aged tree, caused several botanists in Europe to set 
 up a new species from the seedlings first raised in their 
 hot houses. 
 
 In nearly every considerable plantation of blue gums 
 will be found a few specimens of what appears to be a re- 
 version to a more primitive type. This sort is usually in 
 the form ot a bush with numerous stems, though excep- 
 tionally with but one, and foliage of the yearling gum 
 that is to say, opposite, oval, sessile and blue, tending to 
 persist longer than in the regular globulus. It is quite 
 
26 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 ornamental. E. cordata is a dwarf Tasmanian species, 
 that maintains through life this opposite, oval and sessile 
 foliage. When a blue gum is pollarded, or cut back, the 
 new sprouts always have at first the seedling or yearling 
 foliage in a dense mass of oval leaves, blue as a gendarme 
 blue can be. 
 
 In very dry places, or after continued cool weather, the 
 young blue gum foliage may be seen to vary in an extra- 
 ordinary way. At times the whole tree will have a pink 
 sheen in its blue foliage, again the under veining of the 
 leaves will be bright crimson, and sometimes the square 
 stems will change from their peculiarly assertive blue to 
 the crimson of the leaf veins. A few leaves, too, will turn 
 red, as red as any eastern Autumn leaf. Yet the general 
 blue aspect will not be lost. In the older trees the young 
 stems of the ultimate sickle-shaped leaves are usually a 
 lemon yellow, but sometimes are a dull red. The branch- 
 lets are more often red, in fact, generally these are red and 
 only the youngest shoots are yellow. 
 
 I have spoken of Eucalyptus globulus seedling foli- 
 age as gendarme blue. This, however, is not exact. The 
 color is a sort of silvery grey done in blue. It is bluer 
 than the leaf of a century plant, but of that type of color. 
 The foliage of the old trees, it must be remembered, is of 
 an entirely different color. While the blue gum is not 
 a desert plant, it has been most planted in countries that 
 have a natural tendency in that direction, and is well fitted 
 at least for the outskirts of the arid districts. Its first 
 color suggests the frequency of blue shades, in the foliage 
 of plants subjected to such conditions. In the dry portions 
 of California we have many blue foliaged plants, cactus, 
 yucca, many of the artemesia, manzanita, and in trees, 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 27 
 
 several pines and oaks. Both the Quercus Douglassi and 
 Q. Engelmanii are bluish and often quite blue. Nearly 
 all our scrub oaks are blueish gray. In pines, P. Sabini- 
 ana is our ugly blue-grey foothill pine, P. Torreyana and 
 P. Parryana blueish grey, and there are several others. 
 The pines in many cases have the blue gum characteristic 
 of having the seedlings bluer than the mature tree. 
 
 The blue-grey foliage, so frequent in the Eucalypti, is 
 not accompanied by blue flowers. The genus Eucalyptus 
 has red, white and yellow, but no blue flowers, the same 
 range of color, in fact, as the rose. The Eucalyptus 
 flowers, as a rule, are handsome and decorative, but diffi- 
 cult to handle as cut flowers. 
 
 The three colors, red, blue and yellow, in their purity, 
 have an antipathy to union in one genus of plants. Any 
 two may be found together in kinds of flowers, but the 
 three in full character are not. Exceptions to this are 
 claimed, as in the Hyacinth. With this beautiful flower 
 the reds and blues are distinct enough, but the claimed 
 yellow is usually a dirty dull color, verging to red. 
 Whether a few exceptions exist or not, to the rule, the 
 general refusal of all these three colors to occur in the 
 flowers of any one genus of plants, is w r orthy of more at- 
 tention and investigation than it has received. With this 
 rule in mind, the blue foliage of the Eucalyptus without 
 the blue flowers, becomes a matter of much more interest. 
 
 One of the advantages of the blue gum is the small size 
 of the seeds, their reliable fertility and excellent keeping 
 powers. In an ounce of well sifted blue gum seeds there 
 will be 10,000 fertile grains. The sizes of the seeds of the 
 noted species of the Eucalyptus are as follows : 
 
z8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 SIZE OP EUCALYPTUS SEEDS. 
 
 The proportionate as well as absolute size of the fer- 
 tile and sterile seeds is at an average so different in many 
 Eucalyptus, as to afford often important marks of specific 
 distinctions. The subjoined notes of measurement may 
 thus aid not only in recognizing species scientifically, but 
 also in controlling to some extent the purchase of seeds 
 of particular kinds in the trade. — (Von Mueller.) 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata: fertile seeds y to y line long, 
 about yi line broad, sterile seeds y to y line long, about 
 y line broad; — E, polyanthema, E. melliodora, E. panicu- 
 lata, E. hemiphloia: fertile seeds y to y line long, about 
 y line broad, sterile seeds about x /i line long, l 4 to y 
 line broad; — E. goniocalyx, E. cornuta, E. Gunnii, E. 
 Sturtiana, E. tereticornis, E. botryoides, E. siderophloia, 
 E. cinerea, E. Leucoxylon: fertile seeds ^ to 1 line long, 
 y to y line broad, sterile y? to y line long, about % 
 line broad; E. amygdalina: fertile seeds f's to i line long, 
 % to 2 /i line broad, sterile seeds Y / 2 to y line long, $& to 
 y 2 line broad; — E. haemastoma: fertile seeds ^ to i line 
 long, about y line broad, sterile seeds about y line long, 
 y line broad; — E. obliqua, E. macrorrhyncha, E. pauci- 
 flora, E. Sieberiana: fertile seeds i to i)4 lines long, y 
 to i line broad, sterile seeds y to i line long, y to y 
 line broad; — E. cosmophylla: fertile seeds y to i line 
 long, about y line broad, sterile seeds y to iy lines 
 long, Vi line broad; — E. gomphocephala: fertile seeds i to 
 \y lines long, ^ to i line broad, sterile seeds i to i^ 
 lines long, y, to y line broad; — E. globulus: fertile seeds 
 i to iy lines long, ^ to i line broad, sterile seeds i 
 to i x 2 inches long, about } 4 line broad; — E. megacarpa; 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 2 9 
 
 fertile seeds i to i l / 2 lines long, V± to 1 line broad, 
 sterile seeds 1 to i}4 lines long, y 2 to y lines broad; — 
 E. marginata, E. buprestinm: fertile seeds 2 to 3 lines 
 long, 1 to 2 lines broad, sterile seeds ij( to 2 lines long, 
 )( to i){ lines broad; — E. Abergiana: fertile seeds with 
 their membranous appendage 3*2 to 5 lines long, \)A to 
 
 2 lines broad, sterile seeds 1)4 to 3 lines long, y 2 to ~A 
 line broad; — E. calophylla: fertile seeds 6 to 9 lines long, 
 
 3 to 4 lines broad, sterile seeds 2^ to 4 lines long, 1 to 
 1 y? lines broad. 
 
 The seed cases or fruit ot the blue gum, in some 
 places, change color after they fall. I have several times 
 made collections of them at Santa Monica to enjoy the 
 brilliant and beautiful shadings of color that these assume 
 and for a considerable time maintain. 
 
 The Eucalyptus flowers have no ornamental petals. 
 Their form and coloring depend on the numerous stamens. 
 Most of them look like beautiful pompons. The blue gum 
 flowers are decorative and striking, especially when natur- 
 ally surrounded with the sickle-shaped leaves. These 
 flowers have the filaments white, and the anthers a delicate 
 cream yellow. The general appearance is white. 
 
 The stem, as has been said, is deeply grooved on the 
 four sides in the young square stage. Upon this the oppo- 
 site sessile leaves are placed in pairs, alternately springing 
 from one side of the square and then from the other. The 
 stem often, however, has a spiral twist, in which case the 
 alternate effect of this placing is lost. 
 
 In this young stage a small stipule accompanies each 
 leaf. Quite often this stipule grows and branches out, and 
 founds new branches. 
 
 The smaller seeds of the Eucalyptus when carefully 
 
3 o EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 kept retain their vitality for four years at least. While 
 even the very small amygdalina seed are recorded as all 
 fertile six years after gathering, experimenters have had 
 too many sad experiences in California with worthless Euca- 
 lyptus seed to trust to any but the freshest. Several Aus- 
 tralian authorities state that the majority of Eucalyptus 
 seeds are sterile. This has not been my experience. 
 
 Amongst the Eucalypti there seems to exist a rule that 
 the size of the seed shall be inverse to the size of the 
 plant. Thus, about the smallest seeds are those of the 
 amygdalina, the tallest of the genus, while the largest are 
 on far smaller trees or even bushes like the Eucalyptus min- 
 iata. A seed of this very ornamental crimson flowered 
 species was planted after being for thirteen years in the 
 museum at Melbourne and promptly sprouted. This indi- 
 cates a seed vitality that is a frequent characteristic of 
 plants indigenous to countries with prolonged dry seasons. 
 In the contrast of the size of seeds to the size of the trees 
 bearing them California has a parallel for Australia. Our 
 Sequoia is our largest tree and its seeds are very 
 small while our dwarf pines and mesquite have pretty 
 good sized ones. 
 
 I have alluded to disappointments due to sterile Euca- 
 lyptus seeds but troubles from this source are slight com- 
 pared to those arising from fertile seed not true to name. 
 To such an extent has this unreliability of seed gone that 
 even so important a species as Eucalyptus rostrata, (red 
 gum,) is still represented in our plantations by half a 
 dozen different species. 
 
 This confusion has been attributed to the carelessness 
 or even fraud of the seed sellers. My own opinion is that 
 it is more due to ignorance and mistake than to anything 
 
EUCALYPTUS. j/ 
 
 else. One of my most reliable correspondents in years 
 gone by has sent me seed marked Eucalyptus polyanthema, 
 which turned out to be Eucalyptus Gunnii, and packages 
 of Eucalyptus rostrata that in one case contained six (lif- 
 erent species of Eucalyptus. Perhaps the hybridization 
 already alluded to is the real solution of our surprises. On 
 the other hand carefully collected seed by an experienced 
 man under my orders showed all the seedlings true to the 
 parent tree. This was our experience with a number of 
 species. 
 
 The common substitute for the red gum and the species 
 most generally planted for it in California has been Euca- 
 lyptus viminalis, also a useful tree but not valuable like the 
 others for lumber. While this tree is radically different 
 from the red gum there is an extensive district in Aus- 
 tralia where the mature trees of these generally dissimilar 
 species are said to appear much alike. A person in such 
 a district shown a true red gum might easily mistake a 
 manna gum in another location for it. 
 
 The utility of these two species is absolutely different, 
 therefore the mistake in confusing the manna with the red 
 is the more to be regretted. Every old plantation that I 
 have visited in California, except at Elwood, reputed as 
 red gum has turned out to be either viminalis or a tree 
 entirely different from either — E. occidentalis. This lat- 
 ter is a very valuable timber tree and well suited to 
 California. I have recently made arrangements to identify 
 all the numerous Eucalyptus species now growing in Cali- 
 fornia, an undertaking made all the easier by the remark- 
 ably early flowering of most of the genus. It certainly is 
 a striking thing to observe these finally giant trees so 
 often flowering when no more than a bush. The utility of 
 
3 2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 work of this kind is apparent when we consider the 
 wide range of conditions in California. The blue gum, 
 while so generally suited to California, has a hard time in 
 some places and will not grow at all in others. In the 
 boulders or sands of the torrent beds of Southern Cali- 
 fornia the blue gum is often over-matched by the lightness 
 or dryness of the soil or lack of soil. Again, in exposed 
 places like the old alkali districts of such elevated plateaus 
 as that which we used to call the Mojave desert, the blue 
 gum is sometimes killed by the alkali and sometimes by 
 low temperature. The thermometer in these places some- 
 times falls to 2 above zero, and in one or two places even 
 zero has been recorded. 
 
 It is doubtful whether any valuable Eucalyptus will do 
 well under such conditions, but it is certain that the blue 
 gum will not. The species to try would be Eucalyptus 
 rostrata, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus urnigera, Euca- 
 lyptus robusta, Eucalyptus amygdalina and Eucalyptus 
 Gunnii. No Eucalyptus has resisted the conditions at 
 Lancaster on the Mojave. Numbers of fruit trees do well 
 there and the Fremont poplar seems quite at home. At 
 points nearer the Sierra Madre in this ex-Mojave section, 
 now called Antelope Valley, various species ot Eucalyptus 
 have succeeded, but only locally, at or near Palmdale and 
 the Rock Creek mesa. Mr. John J. Jones, of Palmdale, 
 writes me that viminalis with him has stood more cold 
 without leaf-burning by five degrees than Eucalyptus glob- 
 ulus or Eucalyptus rostrata. His minimum in a protected 
 porch is 1 6° F. The West Australian Eucalyptus cornuta 
 was killed outright, while the red and blue gums live but 
 are very often frost burnt. 
 
 Reports from Kew gardens, England, recently sent to 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 33 
 
 me, state that Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus coccifera, 
 Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus Gunnii are ' ' by far 
 the hardiest species in England, and have withstood tem- 
 peratures as low as io° above zero. In the Channel. 
 Islands Eucalyptus globulus and others grow freely." 
 
 The two first species have only recently been intro- 
 duced into California. 
 
 When it comes to the dry sandy situations we have a 
 better tree in the Eucalyptus haemastoma or Eucalyptus 
 hemiphloia. And for dry places with strong soil Eucalyp- 
 tus cornuta and especially Eucalyptus corynocalyx are 
 more successful than the blue gum. For wet soils and sea 
 coast exposure the best species is Eucalyptus robusta. The 
 Eucalyptus which has stood the most frost in California is 
 probably one at Chico. This tree is reported uninjured by 
 two severe winters. One of my ex-forestry officers, Mr. 
 W. S. Lyon, on the authority of Baron Von Mueller, calls 
 it Eucalyptus amygdalina variety angustifolia. Amygdalina 
 is said by Von Mueller to be one of the best frost resisters 
 of the genus, but I can find no such variety credited to it 
 as angustifolia. There is a variety named angustifolia, 
 however, of Eucalyptus crebra, which is a very good tree. 
 So we have some confusion about this frost resister until 
 we can examine it botanicaily and learn to a certainty 
 where it belongs. (I have recently seen a specimen of this 
 tree. It is an amygdalina and a narrow leaf variety.) 
 
 Reports from the large number of experiments with 
 
 species of Eucalyptus throughout California, from seeds or 
 
 plants introduced and sent out by me, when Chairman of 
 
 the State Board of Forestry, are generally unsatisfactory. 
 
 Upon a resume of these we may say that the sugar gum 
 
 will stand more drought than the blue gum, but no more 
 3 
 
34 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 frost; that the red gum (Eucalyptus rostra ta) stands more 
 frost than the blue gum; that the manna gum (Eucalyptus 
 Viminalis) stands both frost and drought better than the 
 blue gum. I feel a great regret that I cannot give definite 
 figures on temperature resisted by the different species. 
 Frosty places, at least in Southern California, hate to 
 confess the whole truth, or, as they say, the exceptional 
 facts about frost. From my own plantings some exper- 
 iences will be occasionally given. These plantings were 
 made at Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean, and at Kin- 
 neloa ranch on the foot-hills of the Sierra Madre, in the 
 San Gabriel Valley. The lowest temperature recorded at 
 the ranch house, with a self-registering thermometer, has 
 been 32 , and this but twice in 15 years. At Santa 
 Monica, Mr. Hugh Casey generally has a tomato vine 
 running to the roof of his house and fruiting all winter, 
 so there also it is very mild. 
 
 The lowest temperature recorded at the Forestry station, 
 Santa Monica, was 30 * Fahrenheit. The extraordinary dif- 
 ferences of degrees of frost within short distances, in Cali- 
 fornia, makes it essential to look carefully into temperature 
 records as evidences of what plants will stand in the way 
 of cold. The examination is necessary, not in doubt about 
 the record, but in discovering its applicability to the plan- 
 tations under consideration. The thermometer at my ranch 
 is on the inside of an outer pillar, on the south side of the 
 piazza, about ten feet from the ground. On the terrace in 
 front and close to the piazza grows a banana that has 
 never been cut back, but the ends of the top leaves have 
 been frost burned several times. Close below on a bank 
 is a scarlet flowered passion vine ; part of it grows to the 
 top of a palm tree. On the bank, the vine leaves have 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 35 
 
 been frosted about every third year ; but the vine in the 
 palm, even close to the ground, has never been touched. 
 The thermometer may easily vary many degrees at the 
 same time, on the same ranch, or in the same valley. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. 
 
 The blue gum being the most valued of the genus 
 Eucalyptus, it will be appropriate to give some more intim- 
 ate account of this wonderful hard wood Jack's-bean-stalk 
 growing tree. I will commence with some account of my 
 own acquaintance with it at Santa Monica, and at the 
 ranch in the San Gabriel. 
 
 The town streets at Santa Monica were planted with 
 Eucalyptus globulus, blue gum, about 1876, and the 
 trees were not subsequently cared for. It has done remark- 
 ably well and made large trees. The lines are now broken 
 on account of the town policy to allow lot owners to chop 
 down the trees on the streets at their front. Many have 
 been thus used for fire wood. The first line of blue gums 
 on the bluff at the ocean front have been much deformed 
 and stunted and sea burned by the trade wind, which 
 steadily blows at this place through the whole summer. 
 These gums were alternated with Monterey Cypress, which 
 have been deformed also by the trade wind, but not so 
 badly sea burned. Where there was summer moisture, as 
 at a stand pipe for the street watering, the blue gums 
 withstood the trade wind effects and have grown to be 
 large trees. The second line of blue gums across the 
 ocean front avenue have been practically unaffected by the 
 
3 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 trade wind. Every three or four years, great numbers of 
 blue, gum seedlings have come up about the town. These 
 have been taken up by the people and sold to the nur- 
 series. The years of these seedlings have been ones of 
 more than average rain fall. The blue gum is at home 
 at Santa Monica. 
 
 At Kinneloa the blue gum does well in strong soil. On 
 the very light sandy places without water or cultivation 
 trees have died of drought. In the late summer of years 
 following a season of light rains nearly all the trees in 
 sandy wastes have lost foliage to a perceptible extent, but 
 in spite of all this I have cut considerable fire wood from 
 a sand wash plantation and the trees are now coming out 
 again vigorously from the stumps. At Santa Monica there 
 is a scale on the blue gums that I have seen only on the 
 fruit. It seems to do no harm and looks to me like our 
 willow scale. It may be appropriate to mention that in 
 Australia there is a scale, a species of Lecanium, that in- 
 fests both the red and manna gums. This scale causes a 
 viscid sweet juice to exude from the tree and to drop on 
 the leaves and branchlets, which is very attractive to ants. 
 In this effect we are reminded of the black scale and its 
 sweet secretion on our orange trees. It is probably very 
 lucky that our Eucalyptus have been imported by seed 
 thus avoiding the introduction of this scale. The impres- 
 sion prevalent in California that all Eucalypti are free 
 from insect pests is not in accordance with the reports from 
 Australia in regard to the L,ecanium as well as in regard 
 to certain cicadae. Some of these latter do considerable 
 injury by boring while others eat the tree leaves. Baron 
 Von Mueller reports that these foliage eaters seem to be 
 increasing in Australia. Quite frequently extensive districts 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 37 
 
 have the trees killed by the repeated destruction of the 
 leaves in the same season thus giving the tree no oppor- 
 tunity to recuperate. The blue gum however has not been 
 reported to have been destroyed by the cicadse. Consul 
 Baker reports from the Argentine that the Eucalyptus is 
 the only tree introduced to the wide plains of that Repub- 
 lic not destroyed by locusts. 
 
 The borers attack Eucalyptus viminalis more than any 
 other tree. From their punctures exudes a sweet, amorphous 
 and whitish substance, much prized by the natives. From 
 this mellitose substance the viminalis has obtained the name 
 of manna gum. When this manna is found in comb -like 
 pieces on the ground it is quite a pleasant sweet. We 
 could doubtless obtain this manna by instrumental punc- 
 tures. It is not the same as the true orcus-manna as John- 
 ston's* Australian analysis shows^C^ H14 O14, and the quan- 
 titative analysis of viminalis manna by Anderson is sugar 
 49.06, gum 5.77, starch 4.29, inulin 13.80, cellulose 12.04, 
 water 15.01. This manna falls also from Eucalyptus oleosa 
 and Eucalyptus odorata and occasionally from other Euca- 
 lypti but never to anything like the same extent as from 
 Eucalyptus viminalis. I have only once seen manna on a 
 gum tree in California. This was on Eucalyptus viminalis 
 at Santa Monica Heights. 
 
 In mentioning these insect injuries to various species of 
 Eucalyptus it is only proper to say that this genus has so 
 far proved practically free irom injurious insect effects 
 wherever it has been introduced. Its introduction by seed 
 alone has prevented the introduction of its Australian ene- 
 mies and no exotic enemy of moment has thus far ap- 
 peared. I may say, too, that in my own wanderings in 
 
 * From Von Mueller. 
 
38 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 the Australian bush I have not observed insects injuring 
 the Eucalyptus. 
 
 In South Australia Eucalyptus leucoxylon is called blue 
 gum and in New South Wales Eucalyptus goniocalyx goes 
 by the same name. Eucalyptus globulus is not indigenous 
 to South Australia and is not a feature of the forests of 
 New South Wales, except perhaps in a small far southern 
 district adjacent to Victoria. Both of these species are hardy, 
 fast growers, and valuable timber trees. In various dis- 
 tricts the name blue gum is locally given also to Eucalyp- 
 tus haemastoma, Eucalyptus megacarpa, Eucalyptus rudis 
 and to Eucalyptus saligna. Again, in other districts these 
 trees have different popular names as may be seen by an 
 accompanying index of Vernacular names taken from Von 
 Mueller. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus may always be distinguished by its 
 glandular appearing fruits. These are of an unhealthy, 
 bluish-white color until the seeds are fertilized. The col- 
 oring suggests a case of erysipelas painted with nitrate of 
 silver. There is only one other species of Eucalyptus that 
 has this rough, glandular seed box. This is Eucalyptus 
 Alpina, a bush restricted in its native habitat to a few 
 acres on Mt. William, in the Grampian Range, Victoria. 
 Eucalyptus Alpina is the closest botanic ally of Eucalyptus 
 globulus and still while the blue gum is the fastest grower 
 of the genus, the Alpina is the slowest ; while one is a 
 giant tree, the other is a dwarf bush ; while one is' intro- 
 duced into every section where the climate permits, the 
 other is but a curiosity. A Eucalyptus Alpina planted in 
 the botanic garden, at Melbourne, grew twelve feet in 
 twenty-five years and had no central stem. When we 
 consider the systemic affinity of these two species and 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 39 
 
 their divergent qualities we may well recall the little nur- 
 sery rhyme about the star : 
 
 " Thou art so near 
 And yet so far." 
 
 This Mt. William seems to be a sort of botanic island, 
 for upon it are found a considerable number of plants 
 found nowhere else. 
 
 An experiment made with the blue gum by the South- 
 ern Pacific Railroad Company, showed it to be above the 
 average for a tie in all respects but one. It checked to 
 such an extent that room could hardly be found to bolt 
 down the rails. 
 
 Wood cut at a different season, or better cured, might 
 show very different results. 
 
 At the Chicago World's Fair specimens of blue gum 
 wood from Australia worked for wagon wheels, in boards, 
 and exhibited as a hard wood of general utility, sug- 
 gests that the use of this wood in Australia, even for 
 ship building, and its comparative neglect here, except for 
 fire wood, is due to a difference in blue gum wood in the 
 two countries, arising from situation, soil, climate, or the 
 age of the tree. 
 
 More care and more experiments may demonstrate that 
 we have, or will obtain as good blue gum wood here as 
 there. * 
 
 The blue gum is a sort of average Eucalyptus, tall but 
 not the tallest ; used for general purposes, even to piling 
 and ship building ; it is not the best of timber for any of 
 these purposes ; not the most lasting in the air, ground, 
 or water ; not the highest yield of oil ; not the best honey- 
 making tree for bees. It is still well up in all these 
 respects. Like nearly all Eucalypti the tree should be 
 
4 o EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 cut when the sap is least active, and should be worked 
 into its final form of fire wood, boards, etc., as soon as 
 possible after it is felled. I have seen blue gum logs 
 become so hard that the cost, from increased difficulty of 
 handling, ate up more than the final value. In cutting blue 
 gums for piles, it is probable that the reverse course will 
 be best— that is, when the sap is active. The wharfinger 
 of the Port of San Francisco assures me that a pile cut 
 when the sap is flowing — say in the spring — will last three 
 to five times longer than when cut dormant. 
 
 The best success with the blue gum in California has 
 been in situations where moisture is not far from the sur- 
 face and where the ocean influence has affected the air, such 
 as in the great Eucalyptus groves south of Los Angeles 
 City. In many places this tree does well singly and in single 
 lines, and it will furnish a continuous supply of fire wood, 
 as on the borders of fields and orchards that are cultivated, 
 when it will amount to little or nothing in a solid planta- 
 tion. Thus, a new comer to some of our interior mesas 
 will see with his own eyes, splendid specimens of blue 
 gums in gardens, near a ditch or reservoir, or he may 
 observe, by the side of cultivated fields, long rows of 
 strong looking trees. Acting upon this, he may plant a 
 forest of blue gums and get only a spindling, stunted 
 growth, better than nothing, but that is about all one can 
 say. Eucalyptus globulus will amount to little in groves 
 where the soil is light or the subsoil dry. A continuous 
 supply of fire wood can be obtained from blue gum by 
 pollarding or cutting the tree back every three or four 
 years. This Eucalyptus stands such treatment especially 
 well. Some of the other species do not take kindly to 
 this cutting back, but I believe none of them make the 
 
EUCAL YPTl .s. 4 i 
 
 complete revolt against it of the pine. To insure a new 
 growth the pollarding should be done when the sap is 
 running actively. Our redwood is, I believe, the only con- 
 iferous tree with this sprouting quality. Alone amongst 
 its compeers, in this quality, the redwood exceeds in its 
 persistent vitality for sending out suckers and shoots when 
 cut down, all known trees. 
 
 The sprouting of the blue gum when cut adds to its 
 value as a fuel tree, for in plantations it makes its first 
 crop in about seven years and then for an indefinite per- 
 iod renews the crop every three to five years. 
 
 The blue gum to give best results for either timber or 
 fuel should be planted 6x8 or 8x8, or certainly not more 
 than 10 feet apart. The most successful pine plantation in 
 California is at Monterey and of the Monterey pine. These 
 trees are now eleven years old average 35 feet in height, 
 are straight and clean in the stem and are planted 10 feet 
 apart. This is the proper form for all forest tree planta- 
 tions with but slight variation. The object of close plant- 
 ing is to obtain the maximum of a clear straight stem. 
 This gives the best return with the most economical condi- 
 tion for gathering the crop, and is alike advantageous whe- 
 ther the crop is lumber, fire-wood, gum or bark. If the 
 trees crowd each other as they grow they can be thinned 
 out. 
 
 In European forestry it has generally been found best 
 to mix plantations of forest trees. That is, plantations of 
 one kind of tree solid are not found to succeed well. We 
 have not had this experience in California. The Eucalyp- 
 tus has certainly been tried enough to say that the great 
 advantage and economy of solid plantation to one kind of 
 tree is not neutralized by indifferent growing in this genus. 
 
42 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 In passing to other species we may leave the Eucalyp- 
 tus globulus with this statement: 
 
 It accommodates itself to more conditions in a satisfac- 
 tory way than any other Eucalyptus. Yet there is no one 
 condition for which some other species of this genus is not 
 better adapted. So also there is no use to which the blue 
 gum is put for which another species is not more service- 
 able. 
 
 The blue gum is a jack-of-all-trades tree. 
 
 A fine specimen of a single Eucalyptus globulus is to 
 be seen on the Banning estate at Wilmington, Eos Angeles 
 County, California. There is in another form a fine single 
 tree at Mr. Rosenbaum's garden, Pasadena, and still another 
 type in the L. J. Rose Company's garden, San Gabriel. A 
 fine old roadside effect of these trees may be seen near the 
 East San Gabriel Hotel. The growth and appearance of 
 the blue gnm in groves is well illustrated at and about 
 Nadeau Station, south of the city limits of Los Angeles. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS MARGINATA, 
 
 My experiments at Santa Monica together with those at 
 the old forestry station show that all the important species 
 do well at that point except the jarrah, Eucalyptus margi- 
 nata. This valuable tree is not only slow in growth but 
 appears to have a tendency to foliage disease. Part of the 
 trouble is probably caused by a fungus. The outer edge of 
 the leaves commence to die during the winter or rainy 
 season. Eucalyptus obliqua is also slow and unsatisfactory 
 at Santa Monica. This is the par excellence stringy bark 
 of Tasmania and Victoria. This tree does well, however, 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 43 
 
 in the middle interior. We lose little in losing the 
 obliqua as a tree to recommend compared to the jarrah. 
 This latter tree is reported to be teredo proof. It has 
 been extensively used for piling and also for railroad ties 
 in parts of India subject to the white ant. The reputation 
 of the jarrah rests as to teredo resistance on the early 
 constructed Australian wharves. It may be that the teredo 
 was not native to Australian waters. The natural absence 
 of the teredo, at least from the open coasts of California, 
 has been asserted and the frequent wharves built out into 
 the^ placid waters of the Southern coast are said to have 
 at first enjoyed an immunity from teredo attacks. We 
 have a verv injurious pile enemy, even worse than the 
 teredo that works only at the tide limits of the piles. 
 This is the limnoria. 
 
 The early Australian experiences may have been due 
 to an absence of teredo. A careful inquiry shows that sev- 
 eral other species are very distasteful to insects. The most 
 resistant of these are the Eucalyptus rostrata — red gum, 
 Eucalyptus robusta — swamp mahogany, Eucalyptus diversi- 
 color — karri. 
 
 This advantageous characteristic seems to depend on the 
 wood of these trees containing a large proportion of kino- 
 red. Frequent experiment in Australia has shown a marked 
 difference in the amount of kino-red in the same species of 
 Eucalyptus. The jarrah growing in light soil and gener- 
 ally in the open lowlands is very deficient in kino-red as 
 compared to the trees growing on the strong iron soil of 
 its native mountains. The jarrah, red gum and karri 
 each contain a maximum of from 16 to 17 per cent, of 
 this substance while the robusta contains 19 per cent., and 
 exceeds all Australian trees in kino-red. 
 
44 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Some jarrah piles were brought to San Francisco a 
 long time ago and tried by the harbor commissioners. 
 These were destroyed by the teredo and other pile eaters 
 in eighteen months. I saw the specimens when taken up 
 and they were entirely riddled and were worthless. The 
 question then arose as to whether the piling imported from 
 Australia really was jarrah. To satisfy their doubt another 
 lot of jarrah was ordered with such precautions as to 
 insure the importation of the real thing. Unfortunately 
 the record of this experiment was not made, or if made 
 has been lost. I learn from the present engineer of the 
 Board that there is mention of Karri piles but that these 
 were taken out some time ago without examination to 
 make way for the sea wall. So while several kinds of 
 Eucalyptus piling reputed resistant to toredo, etc., have 
 been tried in San Francisco, no reliable record appears 
 to exist of them. 
 
 The San Francisco Harbor Commission is \>y no means 
 up to the average as an example of the extravagance and 
 inefficiency in our public service. 
 
 Our machine system of politics develops the faculties of 
 trades, combines, direct or indirect briberies and political 
 fence walking in public men. The lower qualities are de- 
 veloped, the higher ones dwarfed by non-user — certainly 
 never developed. 
 
 Our public service is now manned by those who have 
 rendered partisan service, by their friends or by persons 
 with a pull, as by those going on official bonds, or by 
 those paying the police blackmail on dives and prostitution 
 or by large corporate interests using direct and indirect 
 influence both in elective and appointive officers. 
 
 Merit and capacity are wholly secondary as a means of 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 45 
 
 notice in the public employ. In fact indifference and inca- 
 paeit\ is a recommendation to machine boss methods for 
 political employment. Even rank scandals involving cor- 
 rupt catering to corporate interest hy public officers often 
 fails to neutralize the strength of our political machine 
 and the outcry of public indignation is deadened b\- the 
 din of the partisan tom-tom. 
 
 How long the supposedly intelligent American people 
 will continue to be played by the partisan pannel game is 
 impossible to foretell. 
 
 I have a particular prejudice against our partisan follies 
 because they continually confront me in all public interests. 
 Even good and able men in public office secure and main- 
 tain their places by. their lower and not by their higher 
 faculties. The political machine generally dominates the 
 public business, but its indifference to public interests, its 
 incapacities and degradations are distinctly countered by 
 the currents of public opinion. The growing altruism of 
 humanity is against the use of faction, sordid private in- 
 terest or the ministering of personal pride to organize 
 bands of partisans to exploit public office and public taxes 
 for private plunder. 
 
 Well, well ! Eet us look on the bright side for the 
 future and trust that the strong young seedlings of popu- 
 lar demand for capacity, honesty and responsibility in the 
 public service will grow like blue gum saplings and like 
 them clear the political malaria away that makes us all 
 sick. 
 
 In repeating experiments, such as those in San Fran- 
 cisco harbor, it may be noted that the teredo thrives best 
 in clear sea water and dies in clear sewage. The resist- 
 ance of piling to teredo may therefore be very different 
 
4 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 though of the same kind of wood when differently ex- 
 posed in a harbor. The jarrah has grown in several shel- 
 tered places in California as at the Cahuenga, but so slowly 
 and it so often tails to grow at all, that there is little en- 
 couragement to plant it. 
 
 While a large number of instances of teredo resistance 
 in the Eucalyptus marginata are reported, carefully con- 
 ducted experiments like that in Auckland Harbor, do not 
 substantiate them. 
 
 We will know more about this teredo pest after awhile. 
 The introduction of some natural enemy of the teredo has 
 been suggested and a great variety of experiments are 
 being tried, amongst them is one at San Pedro, where the 
 piles are protected by vitrified sewer pipe. 
 
 I have a report of a Jarrah, 65 feet high, 25 years old, 
 at Santa Clara. The identification of the species has not 
 been verified, however. 
 
 The best specimens of Eucalyptus marginata are at the 
 Cahuenga, Eos Angeles County. The general type of poor 
 growth in California, can be seen at the Forestry Station, 
 Santa Monica, and at the Paradise Nurseries, South 
 Pasadena. 
 
 It may be well to mention here that the common blue 
 gum produces, about Santa Barbara, a pile that resists both 
 the teredo and limuaria better than the Oregon spruce 
 sticks, better even than these creosoted. In consequence, 
 the wharf at that point is now maintained by blue gum 
 piling. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 47 
 
 EUCALYPTUS R0BU6TA. 
 
 For convenience we may consent to the name Eucalyp- 
 tus robusta for the fine tree thus known in California. It 
 is, however, either a variety or another species, probably 
 Eucalyptus Kirtoniana. The variation in our so-called 
 Eucalyptus robusta from the true type, seems to be only 
 in the flower cap. In the typical Eucalyptus robusta this 
 cap is much broader than the calyx tube, bulging out some- 
 thing like the cap of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, while in 
 the tree we have as Eucalyptus robusta the cap is long 
 and not broader than the calyx tube. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta is a good fast grower, and among the 
 handsomest of the genus. It has large, dark green leaves, 
 and, like so many of the Eucalypti, flowers early and pro- 
 fusely. The flowers are cream colored. We know that 
 Eucalyptus robusta has done well on the bluff at Santa 
 Monica, in Eos Angeles, and in the San Gabriel Vallej'. 
 The tree is a swamp tree, and naturally takes to low wet 
 ground, and thrives even in sour and alkali land. I was 
 surprised to find it doing so exceptionally well in upland 
 situations. Eucalyptus robusta has not been tried very 
 long here, and it may not continue to grow fast after a few 
 years. Many Australian trees, especially in the acacias, 
 grow wonderfully for four or five years and then become 
 scrawny and miserable. The Grevillia, with its feathery 
 foliage and deep yellow flowers, is one of these beautiful 
 disappointments. Eucalyptus robusta is very promising, 
 but in the numerous forest plantations of South Australia, 
 the largest and most complete forest stations dealing with 
 Eucalypti in the world, it seems but little noticed. 
 
 This colon}' has 29 forest stations and several small ex- 
 
4 8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 perimental grounds. These were for a long time under the 
 charge of Mr. J. Ednie Brown, a distinguished forester, 
 afterward Director General of Forests to the Colony of New 
 South Wales. It was under his excellent management that 
 the value of many of the Eucalyptus species was demon- 
 strated. Amongst these we ma}' mention specially Eucalyp- 
 tus viminalis, Eucalyptus leucoxylon, and Eucalyptus cory- 
 nocalyx, for dry and arid locations, and of the first two as 
 frost resisters. After long and careful trial, the Eucalyptus 
 corynocalyx was shown to be the best Eucalyptus for the 
 very dry and trying stations in the north and hotter parts 
 of South Australia. 
 
 There are a few Eucalyptus robustas in plantations about 
 Los Angeles, and quite a number alone or in rows. When 
 alone, it grows in an excellent shape for a road tree, with 
 a well formed head, round and not too tall, making a good 
 shade for the sidewalk, without shutting off sunshine from 
 adjacent houses. 
 
 The timber of this tree is a dark, handsome red, due 
 to the very large amount of kino it contains. 
 
 Specimens of Eucalyptus robusta as a single tree can 
 be seen at the Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and as a 
 roadside tree on Downey Avenue, near Mr. Hancock 
 Johnson's place. The form of growth of this tree in a 
 grove can be seen at Dr. Wernigk's place, Alhambra, Cal. 
 There is a very pretty effect from a plantation of these 
 trees at the railroad entrance to the county farm near Eos 
 Angeles. My experiments on very alkaline ground show 
 that Eucalyptus rostrata is more resistant than robusta. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. /o 
 
 EUCALYPTUS CORYINOCALYX. 
 
 Eucalyptus eorynoealyx is the sugar guin. This popu- 
 lar name is due to the character of the foliage which, while 
 sweetish, contains comparatively little oil, and is, therefore, 
 acceptable to stock. In chewing the leaves of the sugar 
 gum, the first taste is agreeable, but immediately a bitter 
 resinous flavor succeeds. It leaves a persistent after taste 
 of almonds. There is no suggestion of sweetness to me. 
 Australian reports say that it is the only Eucalyptus, 
 unless perhaps Eucalyptus Gunnii, that stock and sheep 
 will eat. This is not an especially desirable quality in a 
 tree, but in any case it is not true of California that the 
 sugar gum has this monopoly. 
 
 While a road master in the Santa Monica district, I 
 undertook the planting of trees by the roadsides. Too 
 otten roads ran for considerable distances through open, 
 unsettled plains, used by stock and traversed by sheep. 
 
 I planted Eucalyptus trees, for the small fund available 
 permitted only the use of trees that could be transplanted 
 to roadside, conditions small, and therefore at low cost, 
 and that would soon need no care at all. The cattle 
 would break down the young Eucalyptus trees, but did 
 not seem to eat them ; the sheep, however, crossing in the 
 fall, with scant feed, would eat off every leaf from the 
 young trees in their path, and from trees of several species 
 including the blue gum. The ground squirrels, then plen- 
 tiful, had the curious habit of biting off the young trees 
 at the root crown and leaving them dead. Rabbits do the 
 same thing, and will do it over and over again on re- 
 
5 o EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 plants, for reasons that I cannot guess at, unless it be an 
 antipathy to forests from hereditary experience of unfavor- 
 able conditions for rabbits and ground squirrels. It may 
 be interesting to some prospective planter to know how 
 the squirrels were conquered. I poisoned them with strych- 
 nine in watermelons for six miles in a strip sixteen hun- 
 dred feet wide, then had boys cover the holes. All the 
 holes reopened within ten days were reclosed, after placing 
 a piece of cotton saturated with bi- sulphide of carbon in- 
 side. The first method is a cheap, wholesale scheme, but 
 will not kill on a second trial those few that escape the 
 first. The squirrels will not again take it. The second 
 is too expensive for wholesale work, but is excellent as a 
 sort of amen. The trees on these six miles of road are 
 now safe, and make a most pleasing difference in the ap- 
 pearance and comfort of the roads. In this road planting 
 I used a number of varieties. In fact, most of the trees 
 were donated and we took what we could get, otherwise 
 the business and frequent re-plants could not, from financial 
 reasons, have been brought to a successful finish. I hope that 
 I so grouped the trees and arranged the lines that the pres- 
 ent pleasing effect will not be lost. In general, good effects 
 in road side tree planting are best obtained by a single 
 species of tree. When a street or road has trees planted 
 on it without either a unity of species or a unity of 
 plan it is incapable of an inspiring effect. The old elm 
 lined streets in New England are both beautiful and glo- 
 rious. Once seen they cannot be forgotten. The striking 
 beauty of these roads is due to the monopoly of the 
 elm. But a medley of trees on a street is a confused 
 bungle incapable of greatness. In our remarkable South- 
 ern California progress we see a good many cases of this 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 5 j 
 
 error. The development being due to individual initiative 
 instead, as in Kurope, to government authority, we find a 
 progress rapid and sound but with minor defects, such as 
 streets and roads connecting with nothing and often platted 
 into a confusion of no-thoroughfare and mixed direction 
 as in Los Angeles. The tree-planting on streets is one 
 of our systemic defects. Real estate men putting tracts 
 on the market will often plant trees on their new streets. 
 As a rule they select cheap ones that require little care. 
 Blue gum and pepper are from this view the most popu- 
 lar. Then comes the lot owner. Nearly always one 
 or more will be found on a stretch of road who do not 
 like the tree planted, no matter what it is. Occasionally 
 the kicker rebels against any tree and wants sunshine 
 instead. Thus we often find tract-streets and roadways 
 with well grown trees of Eucalyptus or pepper but with 
 the lines broken and the effects destroyed by lot-owners 
 here and there who chop out the established tree and re- 
 place it with something of their own fancy. We may all 
 hope that after awhile it will be recognized that an ave- 
 nue with one kind of tree well established may be a 
 thing of beauty and renown and, to be practical, a thing 
 of money value to the lot owner; while such a line, 
 broken here for a few grevillias, at another point for 
 palms, etc., loses all individual identity as a grand 
 avenue. Such a massacre leaves the avenue perhaps bet- 
 ter than if quite divested of trees, but the confusion and 
 barbarism of such treatment is so painful to one capable 
 of artistic feeling that an entirely fresh start on an har- 
 monious plan would be preferable to any such inconse- 
 quent muddling. Dr. Charles P. Murray, a road master in 
 the Sierra Madre district, was one of the few road officers 
 
52 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 here in the South who appreciated this fact and acted up 
 to it. His planting of sugar gums on the Lamanda and 
 vSierra Madre road is a growing monument to his memory. 
 But even this active and public spirited man was unable 
 to secure unity along this entire line. 
 
 These roadside gums bring us back to our muttons, 
 or rather to the tree they eat. Part of this sugar gum 
 road is in a sandy wash and part on a firm, strong soil. 
 The trees are five years old but on the two soils appear 
 to be of very different ages. Those on the sand, while 
 attractive are inferior in size, density of foliage and gen- 
 eral vigor to those on the red soil, and they do not look 
 as old. I do not know anything that more often recalls 
 in tender memories a friend and noble citizen than these 
 trees which he took such care to start strongly and in 
 which he took such pleasure. 
 
 Walter Gill, Forest Conservator of South Australia, 
 writes me of the great difference in the value of sugar 
 gums as timber producers, due to the soil, exposure and 
 climate to which they are subjected. On heavy and strong 
 soil this tree, he finds, makes a valuable timber, while on 
 sand locations it is not a good timber maker. The bole 
 is unusually straight, stocky and clear. 
 
 All timber trees are affected in their products in the 
 same way. Cordier (Algiers) does not think sugar gum 
 a good forest tree — but finds it ornamental. 
 
 The sugar gum naturally makes a more symmetrical top 
 than most of the Eucalypti. This is favorable in a road 
 tree, and then, its dark green glossy foliage and striking- 
 white stem with red branches, make it very attractive. 
 Another good point is its resistance to heat and drought. 
 To Mr. J. Ednie Brown is due the credit of discover- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 53 
 
 ing the merits of this tree for hot and dry places. In 
 his report of 1 88 1-2, he says, page 12 : 
 
 " Undoubtedly the sugar gum is the best of all our 
 Eucalyptus for planting in a district where the rainfall is 
 somewhat uncertain. Some 12,000 trees of this species 
 were planted here (Bundaleer Reserve.) 'Of these there 
 are 9,000 which have survived the dry season and have 
 made excellent progress. During the dryest and most 
 trying period of the year they continued to grow and looked 
 well at all times. From my experience of this gum I 
 cannot too highly recommend its general use for plauting 
 in the drier portion of the colony." (South Australia). 
 
 Again, in his report of 1883-4, page 25, he says of an 
 interior dry reserve that the following trees did poorly and 
 were unsuited to the dry interior : Eucalyptus longifolia, 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, Eucalyptus resinefera, Eucalyptus 
 marginata, Eucalyptus sideropholia. "The Eucalyptus 
 globulus, also all died off during the summer. This 
 tree requires more moisture than is precipitated on the 
 reserve under review (Mt. Brown) and the planting of it 
 will consequently be discontinued here in future." 
 
 ' ' Those kinds of trees which have given satisfaction in 
 the plantation of this reserve are Eucalyptus corynocalyx 
 (sugar gum), Eucalyptus leucoxylon (South Australian 
 blue gum) Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum), Eucalyptus 
 cornuta (yate gum), and E. gomphocephala (tooart gum)." 
 
 Coming down to '92 we find in that year's report from 
 South Australia an inventory of the colony's nursery stock 
 available for planting which shows the favor in which the 
 leading trees stood from the experiences of the 29 Reser- 
 ves and numerous planting grounds. Here are the princi- 
 pal trees : 
 
54 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx, sugar gum 281,958 
 
 " globulus, blue gum 4,7 10 
 
 leucoxylon, S. A. blue gum 6,498 
 
 rostrata, S. A. red gum 1,741 
 
 viminalis, manna gum 18,149 
 
 cornuta, yate gum 17,481 
 
 calophylla, W. A. red gum i,499 
 
 gomphoeephala, tooart gum. .... 935 
 
 marginata, jarrah 2,000 
 
 Pinus insignis, Monterey pine 60, 174 
 
 " maritima, cluster pine 36,814 
 
 " halepensis, Aleppo pine 21,604 
 
 " pinea, stone pine 1.695 
 
 Cupressus sempervirens 2,298 
 
 Ulmus suberosa, cork elm 1,700 
 
 Quercus robur, English oak 15,712 
 
 pedunculata, English oak 3,000 
 
 Acer pseudo-platanus, sycamore 1,880 
 
 Melia azederach, white cedar 4,019 
 
 Schinus molle, pepper tree 6,645 
 
 Tamarix gallica 5,864 
 
 Juglans regia, walnut 8,270 
 
 Salix Babylonica, weeping willow 2,566 
 
 Olea Europea, olive 5,655 
 
 Populus fastigata, poplar 4,742 
 
 This nursery stock was planted under the direction of 
 Mr. Walter Gill, Mr. Brown's successor, thus eliminating 
 the personal equation. 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon in the above list, is the white, 
 smooth barked or typical tree of that species. It is gen- 
 erally spoken of as the South Australia blue gum, while 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon is called an ironbark. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 55 
 
 The same proportion is presumable in the popularity of 
 the trees, as is shown in this list. Such a list would not 
 correspond with California tree popularity. It demonstrates 
 however the high esteem in which the sugar gum has 
 come to be held in South Australia. The South Australian 
 reports show continued popularity of the sugar gum over all 
 other trees. 
 
 Another South Australian report gives the principal 
 trees planted in that colony during the year to have been: 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx 422,687 
 
 globulus 48,360 
 
 leucoxylon (S. A. blue gum) .... 14,453 
 
 rostrata 44.040 
 
 Pinus insignis 87,230 
 
 pinaster 42 ,060 
 
 Quercus robur 59,000 
 
 The young sugar gum has nearly round leaves of the 
 same dark color as the mature form and generally has a 
 steel blue glint in or over the dark green. This young 
 form is much more persistent in the sugar than in the blue 
 gum, in fact, trees at least six years old still have the 
 lower third of their foliage more or less oval. The mature 
 form is lanceolate in shape. The new growth is a lively 
 reddish color similar to the new wood of an apricot orchard 
 seen from a distance just before the bloom. In the grow- 
 ing season the tops and often one side of the trees have a 
 red appearance which on the dark green foliage is pleasing. 
 The botanical name of this tree (corynocalyx) refers to 
 the club shape of the calyx before flowering; a shape 
 peculiar to this tree alone amongst the Eucalyptus (Von 
 Mueller.) The fruit is shaped similar to an Indian club and 
 according to Yon Mueller is striped or grooved. The sugar 
 
5 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 gum fruits on my ranch have not the latter characteristic. 
 The genus has one other tree similar in its fruits to the 
 corynocalyx, this is Eucalyptus urnigera, a species confined 
 to the alpine districts of Tasmania, there reaching a height 
 of fifty feet. The descriptions of this tree that I have found 
 are so meagre that I am unable to say whether the simi- 
 larity renders the distinction of these difficult or not. As 
 it is, the sugar and the blue gums are the two Eucalypti 
 which in Southern California are now deemed most surely 
 and easily recognizable. The style in the sugar gum 
 is exactly like an Indian club in shape. The tree reaches 
 a height of 120 feet, makes a thick stem and is exceed- 
 ingly durable as posts, ties, etc. In this connection it may 
 be noted that many of the most durable of Eucalyptus woods 
 contain large amounts of kino-red. Sugar gum timber is 
 about the least likely to warp of that of any of the gums, 
 a point of high recommendation. It also resists white ants 
 and insects generally and is more and more recognized as 
 one of the most valuable of South Australian timbers running 
 close to Eucalyptus rostrata in popularity. The sugar gum 
 has been extensively planted in Southern California but in 
 a scattering, ornamental way only. No bodies of this tim- 
 ber in commercial quantities exist. In fact I may as well 
 say here that the blue gum is the only forest tree of any 
 kind planted here with a commercial end in view. The 
 sugar gum resists frost better than the cornuta. At my 
 ranch cornutas in the same plantation with the sugar gums 
 were lightly frost burned in our recent severe weather, '93, 
 while the same sized sugar gums were untouched. The 
 young sugar gums, however, were lightly frosted. (These 
 trees however were located in an extra cold low torrent bed). 
 The sugar gum does well at the sea side when not 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 57 
 
 directly exposed to the strong sea breeze. It cannot 
 stand the conditions of the trade wind immediately on the 
 bluff at Santa Monica without protection. A line of these 
 trees planted on the bluff side of the Arcadia garden by Mr. 
 J. W. Scott were badly sea burned and would have died had 
 not this gentleman erected a high picket fence on the 
 windward side of them. These have remained vigorous but 
 cannot grow far above the fence because the sea breeze kills 
 them back above that point. I first saw this open style of 
 windbrake at Woodward's Garden, a zoological garden and 
 place of resort in San Francisco. It was in the shape of 
 an enormously high lath fence and had replaced one of 
 solid boarding which had failed in its purpose. It is this 
 fact which doubtless makes a tree windbreak so effective, 
 and an open growing tree like Eucalyptus better than a 
 close growing one like the Monterey cypress. I have seen 
 orange trees that had been blown over immediately under 
 the lee of a dense cypress hedge over 50 feet high while 
 the orange trees immediately to windward were unmoved. 
 In this case there was protection from the windbrake but 
 in its front instead of in its rear. Seventh street, a great 
 thoroughfare in Los Angeles, has been planted at its west 
 end by the property owners with sugar gums. From this 
 extensive experiment we will soon be able to judge how 
 the sugar gum will succeed on a city street with sidewalks, etc. 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx does well all over this county. 
 One of the best single specimens is in my garden at Santa 
 Monica. Many more can be seen at Santa Monica Heights. 
 One of the oldest roadside plantings of the sugar gum is 
 on the Eamanda Park road in Sierra Madre, Cal. This 
 road shows well what can be expected of Eucalyptus cory- 
 nocalyx on both sand and good soil in our interior valleys. 
 
$8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALPTU6 ROBUSTA. 
 
 Previously allusion has been made to the fact that Euca- 
 lyptus robusta, as we have it, varies in the cap part of the 
 calyx from the typical tree of this name, in that the cap 
 is the same size, or a little narrower, than the calyx tube 
 while, in Von Mueller's plate the cap lid, or operculum, is 
 much broader. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta is one of several trees known in 
 Australia as mahogany, a vernacular name which excites 
 the opposition of Von Mueller. 
 
 The reddish coloring of the wood has doubtless dubbed 
 these trees mahogany. There is however nothing else to 
 warrant the name. Several other species of Eucalyptus 
 containing considerable kino are also called mahogany. 
 
 Eucalyptus Kirtoniana, a variety of robusta, perhaps 
 the one we have, is according to experiments in India 
 (Oude) reported by Von Mueller well suited to tropical 
 conditions. Under these conditions this tree has grown 45 
 feet in ten years (Lucknow'). Eucalyptus robusta is reported 
 as specially tolerant of wet, sour or alkali lands. An experi- 
 ment of Mr. Ryan and myself at the Ballona will soon 
 test their value in this regard with us. 
 
 The indications of the experiment are that Eucalyptus 
 rostrata is a better tree for alkali. Eucalyptus robusta has 
 now a great popularity as a road tree. Its head is 
 compact and symmetrical, its leaves dark green, its flow- 
 ers profuse and creamy white . The bark is rough and 
 persistent. The oldest Eucalyptus robusta on a street 
 that I know are on Downey avenue, East Eos Angeles, 
 near Mr. Hancock Johnson's place. Fine specimens may- 
 be seen at Santa Monica, one of them is at the Forestry 
 
 I 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 59 
 
 Station. The timber is of a beautiful red color and is 
 used in building, etc. It also makes a good fuel. I have 
 reports that indicate brittleness of mature trees in strong 
 winds. 
 
 This variety resembles somewhat Eucalyptus resinifera. 
 
 EUCALYPTU6 RE6INIPERA, 
 
 Eucalyptus resinifera, is a valuable tree with a large per- 
 centage of kino in the wood. It does well in Southern Cali- 
 fornia. While probably of equal utility with Eucalyptus 
 robusta it is not so handsome a tree. Eucalyptus robusta 
 under favorable conditions near the sea coast and in moist 
 land is likely to prove the handsomest foliaged tree of the 
 genus we have introduced. A fine specimen of the resin- 
 ifera can be seen at the Forestry Station.. There are a 
 number of old specimens, '76, in the Nevada Ave., park, 
 Santa Monica. 
 
 The kino of commerce is largely derived from districts 
 about Sydney, and has been attributed to Eucalyptus 
 resinifera. In fact it is named after this tree. It now ap- 
 pears that this kino is mainly derived from Eucalyptus sid- 
 erophloia and that little if any is from Eucalyptus resinifera. 
 
 The Eucalypti containing a large percentage of kino in 
 the wood have usually a small amount of oil in the foliage. 
 
 It is therefore to be presumed that the best sanitary 
 effects can not be obtained from such species. 
 
6o EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS R06TRATA. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata, red gum, has both a large per- 
 centage of kino in the wood and a fair percentage of oil 
 in the foliage, not indeed enough oil for the best commer- 
 cial results, but probably enough to give encouragement 
 for its production for special sanitary effects. The valer- 
 aldehyde with the oil in Eucalyptus rostrata leaves is 
 claimed to have a peculiar medicinal value. The Austra- 
 lian natives are reported as preferring the leaves of the 
 rostrata for medicinal purposes to those of other Eucalypti. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata is a stocky tree about ioo feet tall 
 when mature, though occasionally observed to be 250 feet. 
 It contains a considerable amount of timber for its height. 
 The tree is widely distributed throughout the interior of 
 Australia, along flood courses and on wet lands. 
 
 Just as its desert habitat would indicate, we ■ find it 
 resistant to extremes of heat and to more cold than the 
 coast species of Eucalyptus can stand. Our experiments 
 show Eucalyptus rostrata to be the all round hardiest 
 species of Eucalyptus introduced into California. I am con- 
 fident that it will succeed in Arizona, where so many 
 Eucalypti have failed. One of our surprises was the 
 drought resisting power of this species. It is one of the 
 best in this respect. 
 
 It prefers and does bast in heavy to wet lands, but 
 grows well also on our dry plains in strong soil with 10 to 
 15 inches of rain. While not naturally often found near 
 the Australian coasts, my experiments at Santa Monica 
 demonstrate that a little back from the bluff it thrives 
 with vigor on our coast. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 6r 
 
 In its first years it is not attractive, but after three or 
 four years the foliage seems to become brighter and 
 greener, and, when rhe new shoots are coming on,, it is 
 the finest green of ray of the Eucalypti we have. 
 
 The timber of this tree is highly valued, especially for 
 its durability in ground and water. This quality is attrib- 
 uted to the large percentage of kino-tannin and kino-red 
 the wood contains. The other species sharing with it in rep- 
 utation of durability generally contain large amounts of kino. 
 Some of these are Eucalyptus resinifera, Eucalyptus robusta 
 Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus 
 siderophloia. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata has suffered in California through 
 its mistaken identification with various other Eucalypti. 
 
 I know of no specimens of Eucalyptus rostrata, except 
 those about Santa Barbara in California, that antedate the 
 ones grown from seed imported by me while Chairman of 
 the State Board of Forestry. All trees reported as red 
 gums and visited and examined by botanists have turned 
 out to be other species — generally viminalis. There may 
 be old, individual rostratas in the State, but certainly no 
 plantations of rostrata (red gum,) as such, other than 
 Cooper's were made before the Forestry Board distributions. 
 
 This is regretable on account of the hardiness and 
 value of the true lostrata. 
 
 The vernacular name of red gum is not confined in 
 Australia to the rostrata. This is one fact to which we 
 may attribute the early mistakes in attempts to plant Eu- 
 calyptus rostrata. 
 
 In the San Gabriel Valley Eucalyptus rostrata is one of 
 our hardiest trees and a fast grower. One of the earlier 
 planted rostratas is at the place of Dr. Wernigk, in the 
 
6j EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Alhambra. It was sent to him from a Eos Angeles nur- 
 sery as Eucalyptus maeulata. The growth of this tree has 
 been so satisfactory that many seeds have been taken from 
 it by local nurserymen and the resulting trees sold as 
 " maeulata." 
 
 I have a very fine specimen of Eucalyptus rostrata in a 
 foot hill gorge on my ranch that has thriven splendidly 
 amongst the native growth. Eucalypti, as a rule, do not 
 thrive in California on uncleared lands in competition with 
 the local scrub or trees. Algerian reports indicate the 
 same fact to have been noted there. 
 
 Outlying districts, as on the borders of the Mojave 
 desert, where the conditions are scarcely semi-tropic, have 
 proved the great hardiness of Eucalyptus rostrata. The value 
 of its timber and its resistant qualities to heat and frost should 
 insure to it a greater attention, especially in interior dis- 
 tricts. Besides these advantages, it comes well from the 
 seed and is hardy from the start, not suffering from damp- 
 off, etc- 
 
 Experiments being now made with Eucalyptus trees by 
 Mr. Salter, near Phoenix, Arizona, show that the two 
 best thus far are Eucalyptus rostrata and a variety of Eu- 
 calyptus occidentalis, sent out as the yellow flowering gum. 
 There are plenty of Eucalyptus rostratas about Santa 
 Monica, especially on Nevada avenue and on the Heights. 
 At Hon. Ellwood Cooper's estate, near Santa Barbara, 
 there are some fine old groves of Eucalyptus rostrata. At 
 that place it has proved to be one of the few self seeders. 
 In the rich little valley at Ellwood numbers of rostratas 
 have started from the seed naturally and grown into little 
 groves. The habit of this tree is not so erect as that of 
 Eucalyptus globulus. Consequently it does not make as 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 63 
 
 good a piling as the blue gum, though more resistant and 
 durable than that tree. The odor of the leaves of Euca- 
 lyptus rostrata is very agreeable to me. Its characteristic 
 smell is found also in the foliage of Eucalyptus tereti- 
 cornis, and, as far as I have observed, only in these two. 
 
 Leuhmann speaks of a dark red and a pale red variety 
 of Eucalyptus rostrata. The pale red variety has the 
 strongest timber. We do not know how to distinguish 
 these varieties, and do not know which one we have. 
 
 Experiments at the Santa Barbara wharf will bye and 
 bye test the value of Eucalyptus rostrata and a number 
 of other Eucalypti for piling. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS. 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis is here always a very different 
 looking tree from Eucalyptus rostrata. As we have it the 
 viminalis grows tall and is at first very slim, with droop- 
 ing branchlets. Its young growth is reddish, or red brown, 
 as compared with the bright assertive green of the rostrata. 
 The bark is either darker and a little rougher or much 
 whiter and smoother than that of Eucalyptus rostrata. 
 The Eucalyptus rostrata bark is persistent, even and of ashy 
 color, or reddish to old rose. The one tree is stocky, 
 while the other is slim and willowy. 
 
 There are two varieties of Eucalyptus viminalis. One 
 of them has a smooth bark from decortication, much 
 smoother than that of the red gum, which does not decor- 
 ticate; while the other variety is rougher, with generally 
 persistent bark. Most of the viminalis trees here are smooth 
 barks. The best specimens of the rough barked variety 
 
6/ EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 are on the Berkeley campus. At this place there is also a 
 fine smooth barked specimen. 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis is a fast grower, hardier to frost 
 and drought than the blue gum, but fails as to drought in 
 light soils, where the sugar gum does well. Its foliage 
 contains 16 per cent of fruit sugar to 10.42 per cent in 
 that of rostrata. 
 
 The viminalis has stood the exceptional semi-tropic 
 frosts of some of our interior California valleys very well. 
 When established it will resist io° F., and perhaps a lower 
 temperature. In the Victorian gorges it has been noted as 
 attaining a height of 320 feet. In the open, however, it 
 rarely exceeds 120 feet. 
 
 The timber of this tree varies in value, none being 
 really good. That from trees in the moist gorges is best, 
 while that from trees in the open is generally inferior and 
 brittle. 
 
 This tree, in the light sandy soils of the San Gabriel 
 Valley old torrent beds, is slow in growth, scant in 
 foliage, and in very dry years has a death rate little less 
 than similarly placed blue gums. The sugar gum is the 
 best tree for these places. 
 
 The wood of Eucalyptus viminalis is remarkably fissile, 
 but is not durable in the ground. It is too irregular and 
 drooping in its first years of growth for a good street tree. 
 There are a number planted on one road on the Santa Anita 
 ranch. Some I planted very close together at the bridge 
 approaches on Nevada avenue produce a pleasing effect. 
 Splendid giant single specimens exist at Ellwood, near Santa 
 Barbara, and one stands in the center of a minor street 
 parallel to and between Fair Oaks and Orange Grove ave- 
 nues, Pasadena. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 65 
 
 EUCALYPTU6 6TUARTIANA, 
 
 Eucalyptus Stuartiana is another Eucalyptus that has 
 been planted here for rostrata. It is allied to both the 
 viminalis and the rostrata, but is easily recognizable from 
 either, both in the seedling form and when mature. As a 
 seedling it has opposite gamophylous round leaves of a 
 blue color, branchlets willowy. Eucalyptus viminalis seed- 
 ling has a willowy growth, suggesting that of a running 
 vine, its opposite leaves are long, pointed, and of a sat- 
 urated green. Eucalyptus rostrata seedling is stiff, upright 
 and totally different. The mature Stuartiana is stocky, 
 bark rough, foliage grey, and young growth of a steel 
 bluish glint. It is a good hardy tree here and does well. 
 The best specimens I know of this tree are those planted 
 by me on the National Boulevard, near the Santa Monica 
 reservoir, and those at the Paradise Nursery, Pasadena. 
 The outside lines of trees on the National Boulevard are 
 nearly all blue gums, while the two inner lines are of differ- 
 ent species of Eucalyptus. There is a sufficient uniformity 
 to give dignity to the effect, while the various species give 
 a pleasing variety. 
 
 In Australia the general effect of the Eucalyptus "bush" 
 and forests is monotonous and depressing. Ashey hues 
 predominate and the growth is often scattered and scrawny. 
 I recollect one tract in the Blue Mountains of N. S. W. 
 where a Eucalyptus that shed its bark in long bands pre- 
 dominated. The foliage was scant and the trees contorted. 
 It was a scene that might have been created by Dore. 
 There was something weirdly human about it, as though 
 
 an army of ill fed beggars had taken root in the soil with 
 5 
 
66 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 tattered covering still hanging about them. Yet it is from 
 this genus that more exotic forest tree plantations have 
 been made than from all other trees combined. 
 
 Although suited to tropical, or semi-tropical and mild 
 climates only, the Eucalyptus is more widely known in 
 persona propria than any other exotic tree. 
 
 The timber of Eucalyptus Stuartiana has a varying rep- 
 utation. It is a very hard wood, does not burn well, nor 
 split well. As fence posts it is not deemed as good as 
 Eucalyptus rostrata. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS AWGDALINA, 
 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina is the tallest of the Aus- 
 tralian trees, and the tallest tree in the world, yet the 
 amygdalinas in Southern California have, in no case, 
 equaled in size local blue gums. Their manner of growth 
 here gives little prospect that they will ever surpass Eucalyp- 
 tus globulus. The handsomest specimen in the South is at 
 the place of Mrs. Jennie C. Carr, Pasadena. Another fine 
 specimen is at Santa Barbara, in Mr. Cooper's place. We 
 have several varieties of amygdalina in Southern California. 
 Three of these are very distinct, and there are two others 
 that are probably worthy of being ranked as varieties : 
 
 i st. There is the typical amygdalina, which is, I be- 
 lieve, called Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety regnans. It 
 is the variety which has attained the giant stature of the 
 species. This tree has rather dense foliage and is bright 
 green in its young growth. The leaves are thin, and 
 broader than others of this species. The branches are 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 67 
 
 drooping. The flowers and fruits are small. All of the 
 varieties classed as araygdalina have a characteristic odor 
 of peppermint and eucalyptus, but the variety regnans has 
 this in the strongest form. The bark is rough and per- 
 sistent, but neither like the true stringy barks nor the 
 iron barks. 
 
 2nd. Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety augustifolia. 
 This form has very narrow longish leaves, of a dark, dull 
 green, not light, assertive green when young, like variety 
 regnans. The leaf has the veins very obscure, and the 
 odor is mild. Fruit and flowers similar to regnans. 
 
 3rd. Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety linearis, has a 
 narrow leaf but not so contracted as the angustifolia. Its 
 leaves are of a bluish green color. The veins are obscure 
 but visible to the naked eye. The bark of these last two 
 is sometimes smooth from decortication and sometimes ap- 
 proaches in appearance the bark of Eucalyptus punctata 
 and even that of Eucalyptus rostrata. 
 
 jth. Has a broader leaf, this time thick and with con- 
 siderably larger fruits and flowers, bark persistent. 
 
 5th. Is a form intermediate between No. 1 and No. 4. 
 Baron Von Mueller places both Eucalyptus Risdoni and 
 Eucalyptus cocci fera as varieties of the amygdalina. But 
 as both of these trees have a very marked difference of 
 habit and appearance, we may safely side with Bentham 
 and other qualified botanists in giving them specific rank. 
 
 In our interior valleys the two narrow leaved varieties 
 are very satisfactory, grow well and make handsome trees. 
 The variety regnans, however, suffers from a leaf blight 
 and does not generally succeed so well. Variety angustifo- 
 lia has stood severe frosts at the Northern Forestry Sta- 
 tion at Chico, unharmed, and does well there. Good 
 
68 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 specimens of variety regnans may be seen at the North- 
 west corner of Orange Grove avenue and California street 
 in a garden, at Paradise Nurseries, Pasadena and at the 
 Santa Monica Station. Prince Truebetskoi thinks that 
 'Eucalyptus amygdalina will prove the most efficient 
 sanitary agent of the genus, on account of its foliage 
 -containing so large a percentage of oil. We cannot accept 
 this claim, however, until the hygenic and medicinal value 
 of Phellandreue, which in this oil takes the place of Euea- 
 Jyptol, is ascertained. 
 
 The growth of variety linearis is straggling and broadly 
 branching. The foliage in the old trees is segregated in 
 bunches on the limbs presenting a curious effect. Without 
 being much like it, it reminds me of the appearance of one 
 of our canon sycamores in winter with much mistletoe on 
 it. The bark of some mature specimens is white. 
 
 Through the public spirit of the American Ambassador 
 to the Court of Great Britain, Hon. Thos. F. Bayard, I 
 have received a report from the Kew authorities on the 
 Eucalyptus in England. By this report it appears that 
 while the cool, but never very cold climate of the Channel 
 Islands is favorable to various species including Eucalyptus 
 globulus, there are but four species reported that have with- 
 stood the temperature of the main English island, and 
 proved really successful trees. 
 
 The growth of these species covers a period of 20 years 
 or more. They are 
 
 Eucalyptus urnigera, handsome, unknown here. 
 
 Eucalyptus Gunnii, does very well with us. 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis, does very well with us. 
 
 Eucalyptus coccifera. 
 
 This last species we may presume to be either a form 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 69 
 
 of amygdalina or an allied species. Von Mueller speaks of 
 it incidentally as a probable Alpine form of Eucalyptus 
 amygdalina, which has withstood on the estate of the Duke 
 of Devonshire 7 F. The Kew reports give these four 
 a reliable resistance to frost to io° F. 
 
 I am inclined to think that the variety of Eucalyptus 
 amygdalina, which has withstood such low temperatures at 
 our old Forest Station in Chico, Cal., is also an Alpine 
 form. 
 
 Mr. Scharff, at South Pasadena, has some seedlings of 
 Eucalyptus coccifera sent him from Kew. The leaves are 
 opposite and oval on stems. On top the leaf color is a 
 dark Lincoln green, different from the color of any Eucal- 
 ypti I know. Underneath the leaf is a deep violet-magenta. 
 These seedlings are peculiar in color. The leaves have the 
 peppermint eucalyptus odor of amygdalina, but have not 
 the strong taste of the mature form of this tree. The seed- 
 ling of amygdalina bears no other resemblance whatever to 
 these young coccifera. It has a grayish green look with 
 long pointed leaves, and no suggestion of the deep under- 
 coloring of coccifera leaves. 
 
 The mature Eucalyptus coccifera is described as very 
 glaucous. In this respect the seedlings we have are not 
 like it. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS DIVER6IC0L0R. 
 
 Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly called the Karri, is 
 the close competitor of the peppermint tree, or Eucalyptus 
 amygdalina, in size. It is also a giant. The wood of this 
 tree contains a considerable amount of kino and probably 
 in consequence is amongst the most durable of the genus. 
 
jo EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Prof. Maiden, however, informs me that many valued 
 timbers in Australia, such as tallow wood, for instance, 
 contain little or no kino. 
 
 The leaf is dark green above and paler beneath. The 
 tree in this State varies a good deal, especially in its bark. 
 This is sometimes rough and persistent in large squares, 
 ;at other times smoother from partial decortication. Two 
 trees standing together at Scharff & Shorting's Paradise 
 nurseries, vary sufficiently in time of flowering, habit of 
 •growth, etc., to have suggested them to be of separate 
 -species. The Karri has never obtained popularity here, 
 though its neglect does not seem deserved. All the speci- 
 mens that I know both on the coast and inland are 
 handsome rapid growing trees. 
 
 The foliage is greener and more attractive here than 
 that of most species. A Karri in my garden at Santa Mon- 
 ica has made a large tree but it has proved to be brittle. 
 Twice it has lost portions of its top from winds that had 
 no effect on the other sixteen species about it. 
 
 To cap the climax of these accidents an electric com- 
 pany chopped off another considerable portion to suit their 
 sovereign convenience. I do not think that this company 
 will try this sort of thing very soon again. But its con- 
 geners have a free ax for our road trees. Miles of these 
 .trees where wire lines run have the mark of their vulgar 
 vandalism. 
 
 Our public officers are as blind to this business as they 
 are to the distressing frequency with which common-souled 
 people have chopped out sections of ornamental shade trees 
 on our roads. Sometimes these choppings are for firewood, 
 sometimes from a mere whim and at others for the purpose 
 -of the substitution of some other tree. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. ji 
 
 The most beautiful as well as the hardiest of our road 
 trees is the feathery green -foliaged scarlet-berried pepper 
 (Schinus molle). I have seen persons with a few feet of 
 road frontage chop out superb specimens of this beautiful 
 tree from a planted and established roadway of them. Then 
 they would put in some short lived grevilleas, some palm or 
 other tree. 
 
 Even in cases where a local substitution was of a 
 handsomer tree the effect of such a piece of work could 
 only be ugly, spoiling the effect and force of the general 
 shaded roadway, breaking the unity in time and line 
 beauty. A tree-shaded roadway is always effective, no 
 matter what the tree is, providing the plan of planting is 
 harmonious. Amongst the streets planted to shade trees in 
 Santa Monica by Mr. J. \Y. Scott at the laying out of 
 that town many years ago, is Nevada avenue. This ave- 
 nue was planted with Eucalyptus globulus, which, owing 
 to the favorable climate, has made a specially satisfactory 
 growth. The avenue, as a whole, had a beaut) 7 due to 
 the large size of the trees and the dignity of its harmo- 
 nious planting. Vet, from time to time, one lot owner or 
 another has cut out the blue gums; in one place planting 
 peppers, in another grevilleas, in another palms, until now 
 it is a broken medley of little and big, old and young 
 trees of inharmonious character without force or effect. 
 Both the lot owners and the authorities were doubtless 
 well intentioned, but were aesthetically blind. 
 
 There is no more beautiful and no grander road tree 
 than the American elm, still this fact would not justify, 
 nor even excuse, a man for cutting, on his own small 
 frontage, four lindens, in such an avenue as that near 
 Weisbaden, to replace them with elms. The cutting out 
 
7 2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 of live oaks in the cemetery drive at Savannah for the 
 same purpose would be an equally barbarous vulgarity. 
 Nor would a personal preference for the oak excuse the 
 cutting of ancient elms in a New England village to plant 
 acorns. 
 
 Some day we may hope that ignorance in road tree 
 matters will be less, and that where it does exist a check 
 will be found in an honest, firm and efficient adminis- 
 tration of the public interests. 
 
 The timber of the Karri, under Australian experiments, 
 was found tough, even stronger than Knglish oak, but is 
 reported much affected with star shakes. It is one of our 
 most rapid growers. 
 
 Dr. A berg, in his experiments on the Rio de la Plata, 
 Argentine, found the Karri the fastest grower ot any 
 species, with corymbosa and globulus second, and leucox- 
 ylon and siderophloia third. 
 
 In my plantations at Santa Monica I found the Gunnii 
 the fastest grower for the first few years. In the San Ga- 
 briel .Valley, in the earliest plantation of Eucalyptus near 
 the present Kast San Gabriel Hotel, the blue gums are 
 broad spreading and very large, some nearly 200 feet. 
 Amongst them is one Eucalyptus Gunnii, thrifty, but not 
 over 50 ieet high. The trees are all on a roadway. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the fastest growing trees, such 
 as the acacias, grevilleas, and of the Eucalypti, Eucalyptus 
 Gunnii amongst others, cannot, from that fact, be relied on to 
 maintain their early, high-growing speed. Eucalyptus 
 globulus is, indeed, a phenomenon in this way and in fav- 
 orable locations will maintain its rapid growth up to eighty 
 or one hundred feet. Its fastest growth is in youth, while 
 our lovelv red live oaks spend their first four or five 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 73 
 
 years from the acorn in thoroughly establishing themselves. 
 While these oaks never grow very fast till after the fifth 
 year, their progress in my experiment has been satisfactory. 
 This different time of fastest growth may be due to the 
 different type of root growth. The blue gum is naturally 
 rather a surface root tree, while Quercus agrifolia is a deep 
 root delver. These characteristics might indicate that the 
 blue gum is a native of moist regions and our live oak of 
 dry ones. Frequently blue gums blow over because of 
 their shallow hold on the soil. I have never seen such au 
 accident befall Quercus agrifolia. This oak is my favorite 
 tree, but the best growth from the acorn in my plantings 
 is twenty-seven feet in twelve years. 
 
 Quercus agrifolia has, locally, the widest range of 
 any of our Southern California trees. It luxuriates with 
 the rich-leaved alder and the willow, by the springs, 
 courses down the sandy torrent beds, hand in hand with 
 great sycamores, even to the spray line of the sea, wanders 
 out into the open plain with the gnarled and thorny blue 
 oak, and then, like some sweet, confiding maid, ventures 
 with all her beauties, far into the dark canons, where, 
 amongst the graceful fronds of the fern brake, where the 
 oblivious sing-song of some murmuring brook goes on in 
 endless monologue, she, half hiding in the heavy shades of 
 green, now greets the haughty golden oak, or gives a hand 
 to some hardy rough browed spruce that has dared the 
 dangerous cliff descent to the valley's verge for such a 
 lovely sweetheart's sake. 
 
 Eucalyptus diversicolor has suffered more than usually 
 from a general botanic name confusion. Outside of Aus- 
 tralia it is almost everywhere called Eucalyptus colossea. 
 This case of confusion grew out of giving specific rank to 
 
7/ EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 the extraordinary vigor, size, and somewhat changed appear- 
 ance of this tree in its favorite moist mountain gorges. 
 
 It seems to a layman, or, as we might say with col- 
 loquial aptness, to a man up a tree, as though much of 
 the re-naming and resulting confusion in botany might be 
 obviated. 
 
 There should be a statute of limitations on names, so 
 that those used and accepted for a certain time should re- 
 main fixed at least as to honorary specific designations. 
 
 There should also be some regard to decency and the 
 canons of good taste. 
 
 For a long time we had a beautiful American magnolia, 
 labelled very satisfactorily, "Magnolia grandifiora." It 
 seems that some person delving in obscure and musty 
 records found a prior name, or one claimed to be so, and 
 now we suffer under the affliction of Magnolia foetida. This 
 in plain English is "stinking" magnolia. This ill-smelling 
 name I, for one, will never accept. 
 
 Several trees have " Pseudo " set in their names, as 
 Pseudo-tsuga taxifolii, our old Abies Douglasi, and Rob- 
 inia Pseud-acacia and acer Pseudo-platanus. 
 
 It has always ruffled my temper to see accomplished 
 naturalists so little in touch, as shown in such names, with 
 the grand mission of nature. To accuse nature of falsify- 
 ing in such matter as oui Oregon pine, the greatest of all 
 timber trees, is the sign manual of a congenital defect in 
 the rut-bound bis-baptismal sponsor. 
 
 Records on the durability of Eucalyptus diversicolor 
 timber vary a great deal, and are perhaps due to the dif- 
 ferent conditions of soil and humidity where the trees grew 
 from which the timber was taken. Mr. Walter Gill, the 
 accomplished conservator of forests of South Australia, calls 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 special attention to this variability in the character of 
 Eucalyptus woods. Eucalyptus marginata has been noted 
 as varying to the extent of 33 per cent, in its contents of 
 kino. Our yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) has a wide 
 range in the west, and varies in its timber value with its 
 situation. Probably all trees do the same. 
 
 The age of trees, and their vi.a;or of growth for their 
 age, have much to do with the character of their timber. 
 The season of the year when they are cut and the curing 
 afterward should also be investigated. I can remember an 
 opinion that was often acted on that the Southern live- 
 oak could only attain its highest value when seasoned 
 under water. 
 
 It may be seen, if this opinion be presumed correct, 
 that tests of live-oak differently cured might give results 
 not uniform as to the value of the timber. 
 
 Another source of possible error is the laxity as to exact 
 identification of the -species of trees from which timber for 
 testing is taken. 
 
 Some years ago piling of "Eucalyptus marginata" was 
 brought to San Francisco and tested on the sea wall. In 
 one year it was riddled with teredo. I saw the piles after 
 they were pulled and I could not believe that they really 
 were from the Jarrah, a world - renowned teredo and white 
 ant resistant. 
 
 The precaution taken to obtain marginata timber from 
 its best districts or even to be secure that it was margi- 
 nata at all were in my opinion inadequate. Specimens of 
 Karri may be seen at Paradise Nurseries and at Forestry 
 Station. 
 
7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GUNNII. 
 
 Eucalyptus Gunnii is a green, attractive looking and 
 rapid growing tree. It is one of the best frost resisters of 
 the genus, but contains only a small amount of the oil and 
 active principle of the Eucalyptus. It consequently can not 
 be ranked high as a sanitary tree. The foliage, or rather the 
 leaves individually are wavy or kinked, suggesting the mild 
 application of a fluting iron. 
 
 The sap of this tree is reported to be used by settlers 
 in Australia for a fermented drink resembling cider. It is 
 doubtless due to this fact that it has received its common 
 name of cider gum. It is often a very fantastic grower in 
 California. I have a tree of this species in my Santa Mo- 
 nica garden that has bent entirely over and sweeps the 
 ground with its branches. The timber is not valuable. 
 Specimens can be seen at Scharff's, at the Forestry Station, 
 and one old one opposite the East San Gabriel Hotel. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS POLYANTHEHA. 
 
 One of the species that has seemed to me particularly 
 attractive is Eucalyptus polyanthema. This is called the 
 Den tree in Australia from a native name, and perhaps more 
 often red box from the color of the timber. The wood is 
 very durable. 
 
 The tree usually of moderate size, sometimes reaches a 
 height of 250 feet. It is native to rather dry rolling country. 
 
 The foliage is for the most part oval and plentiful, with 
 a white blue silvery tinge. The branchlets profuse in flowers, 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 77 
 
 from which its name is derived, are still more silvery with 
 the same delicate powdering as that of the young blue gum. 
 Indeed it is far more a harmony in silver-grey than any 
 ■plant I know. The artichoke, the African honey plant, the 
 Eeucodendron argenteum, the Deodar cedar, and the young 
 blue gum are more silvery or blue-grey, but the poly- 
 anthema has the advantage that throughout its silvery foli- 
 age are scattered the delicate flower panicles still more 
 silvery. The Leucodendron argenteum is the most pro- 
 nounced tree of this sort. It is however stiff and hard 
 to raise from seed. 
 
 In seeking for a silver-grey foliage effect the olive 
 should never be forgotten. It is more purely a silver-grey 
 than any tree I know, except the silver Iyeucodendron. It 
 surpasses this tree on account of its hardiness and the 
 charming grace of its growth in youth and its character 
 and individuality in age. The olive in California is a 
 handsomer tree than it is in Europe. 
 
 The Himalayan silver cedar has a distinctly green base. 
 It is a beautiful tree. The silvery Eucalyptus that I know, 
 as I go over them in my mind, have their assertive blue or 
 silver coloring, mainly due to a sort of powdery exudation. 
 The base color of their leaves is usually a dull green. 
 Some have that silvery coloring in youth only, as the blue 
 gum, with a persistence in age on the fruit alone, some 
 have it more in age, as variety pallida of sideroxylon 
 some have it more at one season than at another, as in 
 Eucalyptus polyanthema, and others do not have it at all. 
 
 The drawback to the olive is its proneness to attack by 
 black scale, a parasite that takes its name from the olive. 
 The black scale is ugly in itself and besides exudes a 
 gummy substance that falls on the foliage and branches 
 
7 8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 below it and becomes at once the home of a black fungus. 
 This materially injures the appearance of the olive and 
 markedly diminishes, and even destroys, its normally beau- 
 tiful silvery foliage. 
 
 The lace wing fly, or one of the ladybirds has, with me, 
 destroyed the black scale on my olives. The scale is not 
 exterminated, but persists in such small number as to be 
 unnoticeable. It may be that some other enemy helps keep 
 the scale down, but the little bored holes in the scale 
 show the lace wing's work to be important. 
 
 The timber of Eucalyptus polyanthema is useful, being 
 very tough and hard to split. The tree is a moderate grower, 
 and it is reported by Von Mueller to have withstood the 
 out-door temperature of Kew. To these material advan- 
 tages it adds a unique beauty. The habit of growth of this 
 Red box is also graceful, each leaf being attached to the 
 branch by a slender stem. 
 
 This tree at Mr. Scharff's, in South Pasadena, has done 
 well, and the specimens at Santa Monica are vigorous and 
 attractive. It deserves a wider attention than it has 
 received. The seeds can be obtained from any of the trees 
 named. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS LONGIFOLIA. 
 
 Eucalyptus longifolia is a persistent barked, moderate 
 sized tree, native to the New South Wales plains, between 
 the Coast and the Blue Mountains, which climatically cut 
 that portion of Australia in such distinct divisions. It is 
 called the Wooly Butt and is mainly used for fuel. It is 
 named for its exceptionally long sickle shaped leaves which 
 at times are found even over a foot in length. Here 
 
EUCALYPTUS 79 
 
 the leaves have not shown unusual lengths. The tree 
 grows very well with us and is a profuse and nearly con- 
 stant bloomer. The flowers carry 'a full supply of fine 
 nectar. Prof. A.. J. Cook, our distinguished authority on 
 the apiary, calls attention to the value of this tree in bee 
 culture. He has observed it at Claremont, on the foothills 
 of the Pomona Valley, and speaks highly of its constant 
 popularity with bees. 
 
 Bees are not themselves popular with fruit men in Cal- 
 ifornia. Vast quantities of fruits are dried with us each 
 season and no inconsiderable toll on these is levied by the 
 bees. Bees, however, we have always with us, when not 
 domesticated and the toiling serf of man they are wild 
 and, at least along the mountain ranges, seem as numerous 
 and damaging as when housed and made useful. 
 
 The greatest injury is done by bees to the extra early 
 and extra late drying fruit. Probably they take more 
 sugar where the sunniest ranch lands are filled with drying 
 apricots as golden as the poppy or with peaches, but we 
 do not then feel it so much for the percentage of loss from 
 these large quantities is small. When it comes to such 
 fruit as pears, that seem specially attractive to bees, there 
 are districts here where we can not dry them in the open. 
 The bees eat them up. E. Bonine, at Lamanda Park, had 
 a painful experience in this line. 
 
 Prof. Cook speaks of another species of Eucalyptus 
 from Riverside, not yet identified, which is reported as an 
 apicide. It seems both attractive and fatal to bees, like a 
 Parisian Phryne to an uncharactered richling. I am afraid 
 that if the fruit men get hold of this species there will be 
 many a bee-break in the drying districts. I have no confi- 
 dence in the accuracy of this report. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Specimens of Eucalyptus longifolia may be seen at 
 Claremont, also opposite the Throop Polytechnic and next 
 to a church, Pasadena, and in the City Park, Nevada ave- 
 nue, Santa Monica. 
 
 Eucalyptus Sideroxylon and Eucalyptus Leucoxyfon. 
 
 These two have been ranked as one species by Von 
 Mueller and Beutham, but seem to warrant separation. 
 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon is a great tree for our dry inte- 
 rior valleys. It is a handsome tree at ScharfP s and Shortings, 
 and at Santa Monica, with blue grey foliage and scarlet 
 flowers. In South Australia the smooth barked Eucalyptus 
 leucoxylon is amongst the most successful in the trying 
 interior forest stations of that colon}-. The flowers of both 
 these species vary in color, from pale yellow to flesh pink, 
 and, as we may note in the specimen cited, they some- 
 times tend to red. They vary also in the persistence of the 
 bark. As the common white gum in the open country 
 most of the bark peels off, while as the Ironbark on the 
 stony ridges the bark is persistent, of dark color, and 
 deeply fissured. Some specimens were introduced here long 
 ago as Eucalyptus sideroxylon, or Iron wood. 
 
 These two species or two varieties of leucoxylon, the 
 one usually branching into several stems or branches near 
 the ground, with grey smooth bark, pink or white flowers 
 and pale colored wood; and the other (sideroxylon) single 
 stemmed and stocky in growth, with generally red flowers, 
 dark rough red bark, and red wood seem to deserve specific 
 rank in each case. Besides these points Prof. Maiden has 
 noted the marked difference of the kino from these trees. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. Si 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon or white gum or South Aus- 
 tralian blue gum is a native of South Australia, while 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon is a native of New Sonth Wales. 
 When I speak of the ornamental leucoxylon I refer to 
 what we introduced as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. Von 
 Mneller does not recognize this as a species, but I think 
 that it again will be thus ranked. 
 
 Bentham's Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. pallida is doubt- 
 less our silver leafed sideroxylon. We have here varieties 
 of leucoxylon or sideroxylon as follows: 
 
 i. The white barked branching South Australian form. 
 This tree can be seen in great vigor at Santa Monica 
 Heights; flowers white and pink. 
 
 2. Rough persistent barked variety, with dense green 
 foliage and pink flowers, a profuse bloomer, and a sub- 
 variety with white or yellow flowers. The white flowered 
 ironbark at Santa Monica is a shy bloomer. A splendid 
 display of the green foliaged pink flowered ones may be 
 seen at EHwood, Santa Barbara. 
 
 3. Rough persistent red barked, red flowered and with 
 silvery grey foliage. Also a profuse bloomer. 
 
 This tree can be seen at the Paradise Nursery, Pasa- 
 dena, and at the Santa Monica Forestry station. 
 
 The most recent information I have from Australia indi- 
 cates that these rough persistent barked forms are now 
 ranked as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. The original name is 
 thus renewed for the ironwood. 
 
 This tree is usually of moderate growth but is reported 
 exceptionally at 200 feet. In the bottom lands of Victoria 
 the smooth barked form, or Eucalyptus leucoxylon, is the 
 companion of Eucalyptus rostrata. It does well in moist 
 tropical climates as well as in the drv interior of por- 
 
 6 
 
82 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 tions of Australia. Its seedling, of S. A. form, has nar- 
 row or more often nearly cordate opposite sessile leaves. 
 In its early and rather vine-like habit of growth it reminds 
 one of the viminalis seedling without being like it. The 
 wood, like that of many Eucalypti, is heavier than water. 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. pallida is a beautiful tree. The 
 grey of the foliage sets off the striking pink of the flowers. 
 The stems of the leaves are of similar color. Pink is the 
 nearest description for the color, but it is Australian pink. 
 From our limited local experience we are self-satisfied 
 enough to term many of the Australian growths fantastic. 
 We might say this also of some of its flower colors. The 
 sideroxylon flower for instance is neither red, scarlet, pink 
 nor magenta, but a sort of mixture of all these colors. The 
 nearest name for it is that which a nurseryman gave, "a 
 madder pink." The color is brilliant. The bark on 
 nearly all our specimens is hard, persistent and deep iron 
 red. The trees are attractive, indeed handsome. 
 
 The name ' ' leucoxylon ' ' means white wood, and is very 
 appropriate to the tree Eucalyptus leucoxylon as found at 
 Santa Monica. Eucalyptus sideroxylon or the iron wood 
 produces a straight bole and a more valuable timber than 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon. In Eucalyptus leucoxylon the flow- 
 ers are nearly always three to the umbel. In Eucalyptus 
 sideroxylon the flowers are usually more numerous. In fact 
 the white or lemon-colored flowers are the only ones of sid- 
 eroxylon that I have observed in threes. The pale yellow 
 flowers with their prominent crimson style are attractive, 
 but too few to satisfy us. The shape of the fruits of 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon vary considerably. The fruits of 
 Mr. Cooper's trees are nearly if not quite hemispheric, while 
 the fruits here are generally elliptical. The fruits of Euca- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 83 
 
 lyptus leucoxylon are larger than those of Eucalyptus sid- 
 eroxylon but resemble them here more than our sideroxylon 
 fruits resemble those at Mr. Cooper's. There is no possi- 
 bility of confusing these species when once seen growing. 
 The one is a spreading white barked tree with comparatively 
 scanty foliage, very persistent fruits in great quantities, and 
 withal rather pleasing — while the other has a rough rusty 
 or dark colored bark with dense foliage, and grows in an 
 erect concentrated form, and is always attractive and some- 
 times beautiful. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS MICROTHECA 
 
 Is reported the most suited of the whole genus of tree size 
 to torrid desert conditions. Mr. K. H. Bennett reports it as 
 reaching a height of eighty teet, and a diameter of four feet. 
 Von Mueller gives more of the native names of this tree 
 than of any other, viz.: " Tan goon " in Riverina, " Callaille " 
 on the Murchison River, also " Yathoo " and in Queens- 
 land " Coolybah." 
 
 It is a very important tree to the natives, for it is mainly 
 from the roots of this Eucalyptus that they obtain water 
 when all other sources fail. The method of obtaining water 
 is reported by Von Mueller as follows: 
 
 "The lateral roots are lifted by the natives with sharp 
 pointed sticks or thin spears to the surface from about a foot 
 or less in depth and to a distance of fifteen or more feet 
 from the tree, the overlying earth when necessary being re- 
 moved by wooden shovels The root is then cut into pieces 
 of about 18 inches in length then the bark is peeled off; if 
 the water, on placing these fragments vertically, does not 
 at once commence to ooze out spontaneously, the process is 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 expedited by blowing vigorously at one of the ends of the 
 root pieces ; roots of the size of a man's wrist are the best 
 for this operation." 
 
 "Mr. Bennett obtained in most favorable cases by these 
 means a great pot full of w r ater in half an hour and found 
 it beautifully clear, cool and free from any unpleasant taste. 
 Mr. J. Cairns refers also fully to the water-yielding Euca- 
 lyptus as weir-mallee. The courageous explorer, Edw. John 
 Eyre, gave likewise an account of this process, for obtaining 
 water. Roots from depressions in the ground yield the fluid 
 most copiously. Main roots near the stem are not suffi- 
 ciently porous for obtaining water therefrom. Messrs. Muir 
 saw desert Eucalypti also used widely in Southwestern Aus- 
 tralia for obtaining drinking water from the roots, the abo- 
 riginees having entirely to depend on this source for water 
 in many of their hunting excursions, the roots chosen being 
 about one inch in thickness, the surrounding soil being often 
 dust dry." 
 
 Eucalyptus populifolia and the mallee-scrub are also 
 known to give water from the roots, but to a less extent 
 than micro theca. 
 
 Prospectors in our south-western deserts use various 
 kinds of cactus to obtain water. One of the best of these 
 is a tall columnar looking cactus. The method I have 
 heard of as used in this case is as follows : 
 
 A cut is made near the base of the cactus something 
 like a turpentine blaze, square and cut out at the bottom. 
 This depression rapidly fills with water, which, though 
 good, is not entirely free from an acid taste. Stock has 
 been saved in Southern California in the old days by burn- 
 ing off the spines of the Tune cactus and then giving 
 frasrments to the cattle to chew. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 85 
 
 Many of our animals inhabiting the desert or waterless 
 plains near these have no known means of obtaining water 
 for long seasons. Sheep on green pasture are not usually 
 watered, I am informed. I recollect the surprise I felt 
 years ago in observing the small amount of water used by 
 the Bedouins of the Libyan desert when travelling. It 
 would seem from this that some of the animals and even 
 some men can do well on a very small amount of fluid. 
 
 Many dreadful deaths have happened from thirst on the 
 burning Colorado desert. Probably very few of these would 
 have occurred had the travellers known all of the resources 
 about them. 
 
 The death of all the members of an emigrant train to- 
 gether with all of their animals from thirst, in the Desert 
 of Death Valley, took place on a part of that arid waste 
 where water was only eight feet below the surface of the 
 soil. A few strokes of the shovel would have saved the 
 whole party. 
 
 The seeds of microtheca are small. While some of the 
 gums have good sized fruits like the large-leaved, wing- 
 seeded Foelsheana, of Port Darwin, or like calophylla, (the 
 kino-charged guarantor of health, not assaiuitor but 
 judicious selector of healthy sites,) the Eucalyptus as a rule 
 has small seeds. Small or dwarf species are the usual har- 
 bors of exception, but the giants of the genus, like the 
 Karri, regnans, globulus, viminalis, etc., all have small 
 seeds. So with us the giant sequoias have minute seeds, 
 while the Pinus coulteri, the pinon, the Torrey pine, the 
 mesquit and our oaks have large generally edible seeds. I 
 know of no Eucalyptus seed that is edible, though some 
 of the larger ones may be. 
 
 I have found so many of our arborescent species, whose 
 
86 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 habitat is in dry or desert location, with large well stored 
 seeds, that I have thought this useful characteristic an evo- 
 lution forced from the severe conditions these species must 
 contend with. Now comes this desert tree from Australia 
 with such small fruits and seeds as to get its name from 
 this characteristic. 
 
 The range of this tree in Australia corresponds in a 
 general way with that of our very valuable desert mesquite 
 (Prosopis juliflora.) The mesquite is valuable for forage, 
 fuel, food and honey. I have seen several large specimens 
 of the tree in Southern California, notably two at the Pur- 
 cell place, San Gabriel. I think that the tree should be 
 planted in Arizona. While perhaps a little slow at first, 
 it is sure to succeed generally in that section of country. 
 
 The specimens at San Gabriel were attractive with 
 feathery foliage suggesting certain acacias. 
 
 Microtheca is a tree well worthy of extensive trial in 
 the more trying situations of our southwestern country. I 
 am unable to find any record of its planting or rate of 
 growth. It appears to be a surface root tree and in this 
 respect the opposite of our Californian valley oaks. These 
 trees send their roots straight down and quite out of the 
 way. The cactus and yuccas have very short roots that 
 possess an extraordinary capacity of seizing a supply of 
 moisture from the semi-occasional torrential rains of the 
 desert region, and of holding the same for long periods. 
 
 Thos. A. West, a mining man of intelligence, tells me 
 that some years ago he brought a young columnar cactus 
 from the Colorado desert and hung it under the mantel 
 shelf of his sitting room fire place at Glendora, surely a 
 dry and trying place for any plant. 
 
 For three years this cactus suffered but little in appear- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 87 
 
 ance, every January putting out a few rootlets as though 
 seeking moisture, and then died. 
 
 These desert plants are so organized as to withstand 
 several years of drought. I presume that the Australian 
 Mallee, Eucalyptus microtheca and other species of the arid 
 interior must have the same power, and if the water for 
 their existance be not stored in the body of the plant as 
 in Agave, cactus, etc., it will be found in the roots. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS CORINUTA. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta, the "yate," is a very attractive, 
 graceful tree. Its foliage is greener than that of the blue 
 gum and tends to persist in the round or oblong form of 
 leaf. It is a rapid grower and resists drought on light 
 soil better than Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus vimin- 
 alis. Eucalyptus cornuta is one of our hardiest and fastest 
 growing Eucalypti. The bark is a pleasant light drab 
 color and nearly smooth. The tree grows tall, has great 
 vigor in our valleys, and the timber is valuable. I have 
 observed old specimens with only scant amounts of fruit. 
 
 As a rule the Eucalypti are free fruiters and many of 
 them carry their profusion of seed boxes so long as to 
 form distinct disfiguration. In habit this tree is low 
 branching and is consequently not perfectly suited for a 
 road tree. I planted about a mile of road with these trees 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 at Santa Monica. Fortunately it was a double row plan- 
 tation on each side of the road with Eucalyptus globulus 
 on the outside. In this combination it made an attractive 
 avenue. Alone, however, it might have been unsatisfactory. 
 While it does branch low the Yate makes a large handsome 
 tree with plenty of foliage. Mr. Scharff's specimen is one of 
 his best trees. The growth of one in my Santa Monica 
 garden has been exceptionally satisfactory. The flowers are 
 so large and close in the umbel that each umbel looks 
 like a large single pompon flower of delicate light green 
 or light straw color. Its name comes from the long horn- 
 like cap of the flower. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS LEHMANNI. 
 
 A very near ally of Eucalyptus cornuta is Eucalyptus 
 Lehmanui. The latter is shorter, has larger fruits and 
 flowers and is specially distinguished by having the fruits 
 on each umbel all confluent forming a large ball that 
 suggests the wasps nests of my boyhood experience. 
 
 Large Eucalyptus Lehmanni can be seen at Ellwood. 
 There are a few about Santa Monica, especially at the 
 Forestry Station. 
 
 Besides the points named the leaf of this species is 
 .shorter and thicker than that of Eucalyptus cornuta. It 
 is not so attractive a tree as the Yate. The effect of the 
 persistent large balls of fruits is very peculiar. 
 
EUt 'ALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS DORATOXYLON, 
 
 Eucalyptus doratoxylon is a slim, but very pretty 
 growing tree. It is the favorite source of spear wood for 
 the Australian natives and derives its common name from 
 this reason. 
 
 This tree, with Eucalyptus pilularis which is still more 
 elegant, and one might say stylish, should be marked as 
 useful for special places in ornamental plantings. The 
 wood of both trees is tough, durable and useful. A fair 
 specimen is growing at the Heights. Another tree of 
 similar tall and slim habit is 
 
 EUCALYPTUS MACULATA UAR, (ITRIODORA, 
 
 This is a fast growing tree of tough and durable tim- 
 ber. The leaves when crushed have a strong lemon scented 
 odor suggesting hair oil — but withal pleasantly. The young 
 growth is hairy and the leaves spring from the stems with 
 about one-quarter of their length inside — that is, the stem, 
 instead of having the leaf grow from its end has the leaf 
 over it, one-quarter on one side and three-quarters on the 
 other; what botanists call peltate or shield like. 
 
go EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 I planted a citriodora in an old clump of trees in my 
 garden for the sake of its fragrant leaves. It grew so fast 
 that it soon passed out of hand reach and then out of 
 ordinary ladder reach. It is now about sixty feet to the 
 first limb. The stem is straight, smooth and of a warm 
 grey color with a smallish head of sickle-shaped branchlets 
 that respond to the breezes' slightest breath. In my tree 
 clump the citriodora now stands as a steeple does to a 
 church. 
 
 Last spring two blue grey mountain squirrels fell in love 
 in this little grove. While Miss squirrel sat in an olive 
 amongst scarlet bignonias, her fiery-hearted swain showed 
 daring feats in the bending Eucalyptus limbs, swinging 
 from one to another, and then making wild leaps down 
 into a camphor tree. I enjoyed the courtship perhaps as 
 much as the squirrels, and paid them with a blind eye to 
 their orange eating. 
 
 Nurserymen here have promoted the citriodora to spe- 
 cific rank. As far as the foliage goes it certainly deserves 
 a name of its own, for the leaves of Eucalyptus mac- 
 ulata proper are reported to be entirely without the fra- 
 grant odor of Eucalyptus citriodora. I know of no macu- 
 lata other than those of this variety in Calitornia. 
 
 The leaves of citriodora properly cured make a pleasant 
 sachet or fragrant sofa pillow. 
 
 The timber of this tree is very valuable. A still more 
 fragrant foliaged tree is Eucalyptus Staigeriana, the lemon 
 scented ironbark. I know of none of these here. Some 
 of the finest old specimens of Eucalyptus citriodora are at 
 Ellwood. In these the foliage is in great drooping clusters, 
 giving a unique effect with the smooth white bark. The 
 foliage is greener than usual in this genus. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. gi 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GOflPHOCEPHALA. 
 
 Eucalyptus gomphocephala is a thick, green foliaged 
 tree from Western Australia. J. Ednie Brown's reports 
 from Adelaide gave me great expectations from this tree. 
 At the Santa Monica Forestry Station it has proved a 
 comparatively slow grower and shy fruit bearer. The calyx 
 or seed urn has an exceptionally large lid, from which 
 its name is derived. This means peg head. 
 
 The south Australian reports show small plantings of this 
 tree in recent years. 
 
 It is a stocky tree with symmetrical head and plentiful 
 foliage. Its timber is very valuable. 
 
 The only large Eucalytus gomphocephala I know are at 
 Mr. Cooper's Santa Barbara ranch (Ellwood). There are sev- 
 eral handsome tall ones there in a rich little bottom land. 
 The timber is valuable. The young seedling is of a light 
 bright green color, a point one might not consider in some 
 other plants that do not vary so much from the ordinary in 
 their color and forms as the Eucalyptus do. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS OCCIDENTALS 
 
 A Western Australian tree that we have tried that has 
 grown well is Eucalyptus occidentalis. 
 
 The characteristic form of this tree has a bell-shaped 
 calyx tube with sharply protruding valves and foliage very 
 similar to that of Eucalyptus cornuta. The flowers of this 
 form are white or creamv. There are verv few of these in 
 
9 2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 California. There are some old ones at Ellwood, some 
 at the Santa Monica Forestry Station and another at the 
 Heights. The timber is valuable and the tree resists 
 drought well. The foliage is quite thick and bunchy. 
 There is another form of this tree that is very ornamental. 
 We have called it Eucalyptus occidentalis just as we have 
 called Eucalyptus Kirtoniana, Eucalyptus robusta, when it 
 was at the least a variety, and Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Euca- 
 lyptus leucoxylon, but this latter confusion is due to our 
 great Australian botanist. The form of Eucalyptus to which 
 I allude is between Eucalyptus occidentalis and obcordata 
 and it might just as well be called a variety of obcordata 
 as of occidentalis, if not given specific rank. 
 
 It varies from Eucalyptus obcordata in having the um- 
 bel stalk less twisted, less broad and the fruit less angular 
 and the border not so contracted; in fact it is less exaggera- 
 ted. The foliage is a darker green and the leaves more 
 irregular in shape, having the mid rib often all on one side, 
 than obcordata. It grows to be a taller tree, for our obcor- 
 data is more of a bush. Eucalyptus obcordata has the 
 calyx sessile to the stalk while our Eucalyptus occidentalis, 
 which for convenience I shall name var. Californica, varies 
 from it in having long stalklets. Var. Californica varies 
 from Eucalyptus occidentalis in having broader stalks and 
 stalklets, angular fruit, not bell-shaped but urn-shaped, and 
 larger; the leaves thicker, greener, oblong or round crenu- 
 lated and irregular and scattered instead of bunched. The 
 leaf color is a Lincoln green. The flowers of Eucalyptus 
 obcordata are of a dull inconspicuous red; those of Euca- 
 lyptus occidentalis white, while those of var. Californica 
 are of a brilliant warm red which against the dark green 
 leaves and with the creamy white stem produce a charming 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 93 
 
 effect. There is also a var. Californiea with a yellow 
 flower; this is a companion tree of Eucalyptus rostrata in 
 Arizona. These two alone thus far being thrifty under its 
 fiery summer sun. 
 
 The yellow -flowered var. Californiea can be seen at the 
 Paradise Nursery and at Santa Monica Heights, also at 
 Ell wood ; the red-flowered one at the Forestry Station. 
 
 Eucalyptus occidentalis var. Californiea is a very at- 
 tractive tree. The specimens planted by me at Santa 
 Monica Heights are amongst the thriftiest and handsomest 
 trees there. The bark is mottled white in effect from the 
 small scaling off of the old outer brownish layer. The 
 branches are very brittle. The red flowered var. Californi- 
 ea is worth} 7 of attention as an ornamental, clean and 
 thrifty moderate sized tree. It is a perennial bloomer. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS OBCORDATA. 
 
 This is a small, rather ornamental, thick-leaved, light 
 green colored tree, with profuse very dark red flowers. 
 The name comes from the heart shaped leaves. In Santa 
 Monica this shape is exceptional in the larger trees, but 
 general in some of the shrubby forms. We have a shrubby 
 form of both obcordata and occidentalis. 
 
94 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS HAEMASTOMA, 
 
 Eucalyptus haemastoma (red mouthed, from the red rim of 
 the fruit) is a tree that was introduced into Santa Monica 
 in 1876. It has done well and become a medium-sized 
 tree with rather spreading top. The bark is rose-grey and 
 smooth with us. The wood makes a fair fuel, but is other- 
 wise inferior. I can see no reason for the introduction of 
 this tree except that it was amongst the earliest described 
 species. 
 
 There is another very tall tree in the old park at Santa 
 Monica, with smooth white bark planted at the same time. 
 This tree is so tall that we could not reach the flowers, 
 and only recently identified it as the smooth barked Euca- 
 lyptus viminalis. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA. 
 
 Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate of Victoria and stringy- 
 bark of South Australia) is widely scattered throughout 
 Southern Australia, and is one of the principal sources of 
 the local timber supply. Its wood is easily worked and it 
 grows gregariously. Thus economy of transfer and plant 
 is possible. 
 
 The tree is reported as a rapid grower, sometimes 
 reaching 300 feet. My experience with it has been disap- 
 pointing. A number of them planted in my garden at 
 Santa Monica were only exceeded in unsatisfactory growth 
 by Eucalyptus marginata. Eucalyptus Gunnii, viminalis, 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 95 
 
 rostrata, pilularis, diversicolor, siderophloia, cornuta, calo- 
 phylla, obcordata, corynocalyx, robusta and amygdalina, in 
 the same place, did remarkably well. 
 
 The garden is near the coast and, especially where the 
 obliquas are, is exposed to the summer trade wind. They 
 all lean away from the breeze, in this respect being 
 specially different from Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus 
 cornuta on either side. 
 
 There were a number of these trees on South Main 
 Street, corner of 14th, in Los Angeles, that showed a 
 fairly good growth. All except three of them have been 
 cut down and these three have been topped by a telephone 
 company. Thus the ouly street planting of Eucalyptus 
 obliqua that I know is not a very satisfactory illustration 
 of what this tree will do when thus used. The specimen 
 of this tree at the Paradise nurseries, South Pasadena, is a 
 handsome tall tree, with dark green glossy leaves, that 
 will average well with the other Eucalyptus species planted 
 there. 
 
 There are good specimens of Eucalyptus obliqua at the 
 Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and at the Heights. The 
 bark is employed for primitive roofing in new settlements. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA. 
 
 Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha is a sufficiently similar tree 
 native further west to go by the same popular names as 
 obliqua. We have some growing but cannot yet tell 
 whether it does better here than Eucalyptus obliqua or 
 not. It is a very inferior looking tree, being with us 
 irregular and shambling in growth. 
 
9 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS HEMIPHLOIA. 
 
 Eucalyptus hemiphloia is recommended by Mr. Walter 
 Gill for dry sandy situations. I have received from him 
 some seed which are being grown by the Paradise Nurs- 
 eries of Pasadena. The seed has sprouted poorly, and 
 "damped off" so that we shall raise very few. Von Mueller's 
 account of the native habitat of this tree indicates that in 
 the moister coast section it makes a tree of 150 feet with 
 pale colored timber. While it thrives in dry interior sec- 
 tions in these situations it tends to a more stunted habit. 
 The best specimen of this tree is at the Paradise Nurseries. 
 Others may be seen at the Santa Monica points, Forestry 
 Station and Heights. It is reported an excellent timber 
 and fuel tree. 
 
 Prof. Maiden informs me that Eucalyptus hemiphloia 
 is taken by the Australian squatters as a reliable indica- 
 tion ot good land and good pasture in New South Wales. 
 That would not seem to agree with a tree satisfied in 
 sandy situations. 
 
 We cannot tell much about this tree as to its utility 
 for our sandy washes in w 7 hich I especially hope for good 
 results. I am each year growing more into the opinion 
 that our own balm of Gilead, sycamores and the red live 
 oak, are the best trees for these hard places. 
 
 Our sandy torrent beds far out into the plains beyond 
 any surface flow, other than that of storm waters in the 
 rain}' season, are now generally populated with these three 
 trees. Q. agrifolia thus situated seems far the most vig- 
 orous, with the balm trees next. The sycamores look 
 more and more unhappy the farther out into the dry 
 plains you go. The easiest tree to start in the washes is 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 97 
 
 the native cottonwood, or balm of Gilead. The cotton- 
 wood seedlings come up in the washes oftenest; next are 
 the oak trees. Sycamore seedlings are very rare in the 
 interior canons and washes, but extraordinarily numerous 
 in the Santa Monica canons every few years. Often the 
 young trees start, especially the oaks, and then die from 
 the prolonged drought of the dry season. The indications 
 from these torrent bed growths is that our climate is 
 slowly changing and becoming drier. Another suggestion 
 in this line is the almost entire absence of greasewood 
 seedlings. These bushes, the roots of which make such 
 fine fire wood, cover large areas in our southern foothills 
 on granitic formation. The absence of reproductive power 
 is similar to that of our high type Americans who seem 
 to be progressively nearing absolute sterility and the ex- 
 tinction of the American as an historical entitv. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS INCRA66ATA, 
 
 Eucalyptus incrassata is one of the growths forming 
 
 the mallee scrub. It is a tall growing bush with' leaves 
 
 heavily charged with oil and reported as growing on 
 
 sandy interior ridges in Australia. This, with the other 
 
 mallees, forms a main source of the supply of Eucalyptus 
 
 oil. A great advantage of the mallee scrub as a source 
 
 of oil is the ease with which the foliage can be gathered 
 
 and the capacity these have of sending out new growth. 
 
 Where sandy conditions prevail, or in dry hilly sections 
 
 these mallees may be found valuable as a source of 
 
 Eucalyptus oil. 
 
 Eucalyptus oleosa, Eucalyptus gracilis and Eucalvptus 
 7 
 
9 S EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 uncinata are the other species usually classed as consti- 
 tuting this scrub. 
 
 They all stand drought, heat and severe conditions. 
 The uncinata has long narrow leaves and small semi-ovate 
 fruits. The gracilis leaves are similar and less narrow, 
 with fruit small and even shaped. The incrassata has 
 leaves shiny on both sides, somewhat the shape of 
 those of Eucalyptus gunnii and inclined to be wavy or 
 curly in outline. The fruit of this is larger and usually 
 much ridged, the oblong oval of the fruit only cut off at 
 the end. The forms of these plants vary a good deal at 
 times. 
 
 I do not think that any of these mallee bushes are 
 growing in California. In the early days of the forestry 
 work, before there was any money or any station, I dis- 
 tributed some seed of these, but never received any report 
 on them. The parties to whom they were sent are "non 
 est inventus." That system of experimenting with new 
 trees was too scattering to be of service. In our mobile 
 population it was especially inappropriate. Out of the 
 whole of the seed distribution but three records of value 
 were ever reported. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS HELLIODORA. 
 
 Eucalyptus melliodora does well here. Its timber is 
 hard, durable, tough, but difficult to work. The name 
 means honey scented. It is also called yellow box, and 
 by the Gippsland natives " Dargan." Von Mueller says 
 that while the seedling of this species has scattered oval or 
 oblong leaves, and differs very much from that of Euca- 
 lyptus leucoxylon with its opposite sessile longer and 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 99 
 
 broad based leaves, the mature forms are more difficult to 
 distinguish. He points out the differences as follows: 
 
 "Eucalyptus melliodora differs as a species from Eucal- 
 yptus leucoxylon (sideraxylon), irrespective of the differ- 
 ences of the wood, in the less deeply furrowed portion of 
 the bark and in the yellowish tinge of its inner layers, in 
 usually smaller leaves, flowers and fruits, shorter flower- 
 stalks and mostly less elongated stalklets, further in more 
 numerous flowers of the umbels with a tendency to a par- 
 tially paniculate disposition, often in a less pointed lid and 
 in the fruit generally more contracted at the orifice." 
 
 The formation which this tree prefers is, I believe, like 
 that of the mission hills about L,os Angeles, where it would 
 probably do better in the south exposures than the Juglans 
 Californica does in the northern ones. 
 
 The only specimens of Eucalyptus melliodora, with 
 which I am acquainted in California, are at the Santa 
 Monica Forestry Station. It is there a strong vigorous 
 growing tree with plenty of rather light green foliage. 
 The bole of the tree is good and the bark suggests Eucal- 
 yptus cornuta. The bark is not at all like either Eucalyp- 
 tus leucoxylon or Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS PANICULATA. 
 
 Eucalyptus paniculata is a fairly tall tree that does well 
 at Santa Monica. There appears to be, however, nothing 
 to very specially recommend it for extensive planting. 
 There are two forms of this tree, if each one be not en- 
 titled to specific rank. The one we have is that of the 
 New South Wales coast belt, and is mainly distinguishable 
 
ioo EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 from the variety " faseiculosa " in having persistent rough 
 bark and leaves darker on the upper side than on the 
 lower. The flowers are also larger. In the New England 
 district of N. S. W. the tree is found in a transition state 
 between the two forms. 
 
 These transitions and mergings of forms or species in 
 the genus Eucalyptus have a counterpart in some of our 
 Pacific Coast oaks. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS PAUCIFLORA. 
 
 Eucalyptus pauciflora does well with us. It is a smooth 
 bark comparatively soft wood tree, not generally tall, with 
 a maximum native height of about ioo feet. This tree is 
 one of the Eucalyptus having a wide climatic range. In a 
 dwarf form it is found in the Alpine districts of both Aus- 
 tralia and Tasmania. On the higher Australian mountains 
 up to 6000 feet this tree and Eucalyptus Gunnii constitute 
 scrubby forests. It has also an unusually broad tolerance 
 of varying geologic formations. 
 
 It is from these causes a valuable tree for experiment 
 in difficult places. 
 
 The tree in Australia rarely gives much clear timber, 
 nor does it last well underground. 
 
 A peculiarity of the tree is its frequent variation in 
 foliage from the narrow sickle-shaped leaf to a very broad 
 large one dissimilar in appearance. The twigs and infiores- 
 ence are often covered with the bluish white powder of 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 101 
 
 the young blue gum. The veining of the leaves and the 
 young branches are found at times a bright red. 
 
 The name, pauciflora, does not seem as appropriate as 
 one given by Cunningham, viz.: Eucalyptus coriacea. 
 The leaves are thick and leatherv. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS PLANCHONIANA, 
 
 Eucalyptus Planchoniana grows well at Santa Monica. 
 It is a tree reaching a height of ioo feet. The wood is 
 hard and durable, not easy to split. As the pauciflora is 
 indicated for cold districts the Planchoniana is equally rec- 
 ommendable for very hot dry ones. The fruit is large, 
 rather angular. The twigs are also angular. The foliage 
 is reported to form a better head than that of most Euca- 
 lypti. Altogether it is an agreeable form of the genus. 
 The kino from this tree is specially valuable. It is with 
 us a profuse bloomer, but has not proved a rapid 
 grower at Santa Monica. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS 8IDER0PHL0IA. 
 
 Eucalyptus siderophloia is the main source of the Syd- 
 ney ironbark timber and also of the kino attributed to 
 Eucalyptus resinifera. It is a tree of ioo to 150 feet in 
 height with narrow long leaves and rough persistent brown- 
 ish red bark. The tree has grown well at Santa Monica 
 where it has rather broad leaves, and proved hardy but has 
 not grown as fast as other trees. The crushed leaves have 
 
J02 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 a pleasant Eucalyptus odor. It has a habit of growth 
 peculiar to several species of the genus. The tree grows 
 with comparatively short branches that give the effect of 
 wrapping the tree in a close covering of foliage. With us 
 it is not a spreading tree. At the present time, October, 
 several specimens are blooming in the East Side Park, 
 Los Angeles. This point might be worth the bee men's 
 following, for October is here a month light in bee feed. 
 Eucalyptus siderophloia is a peculiar, but in its way an 
 attractive tree. It has decided economic value and could 
 be utilized in landscape work. 
 
 EUCALYPTU6 TERETICORNIS. 
 
 Eucalyptus tereticornis has a strong individual Eucalyp- 
 tus smell from its crushed leaves in marked contrast to the 
 odor of Eucalyptus siderophloia. 
 
 The leaves of the Eucalypti vary greatly in the type as 
 well as in the strength of their Eucalyptus odor. Eucalyp- 
 tus citriodora or maculata var. citriodora is one of the few 
 having no suggestion of Eucalyptus in its sweet lemon- 
 scented leaves, yet this species has the typical sickle 
 shaped leaves and general Eucalyptus look not possessed by 
 all the members of the genus. 
 
 The leaf odor of tereticornis bears the same relation to 
 that of Eucalyptus rostrata's leaf odor as the California Bay 
 leaf does to that of the bay leaf of commerce. The odor 
 o the tereticornis foliage, here at least, is strong, almost 
 rank and verges to the disagreeable. I am fond of crush- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 103 
 
 ing and inhaling the aroma of the foliage of nearly all the 
 species of Eucalyptus. The effect is soothing and gently 
 stimulating. But the tereticornis is too rough and strong. 
 A friend of mine has used the leaves of Eucalyptus amyg- 
 dalina var. linearis in his chicken house and hens' nests 
 and found them a preventative of lice and pests generally. 
 The leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis used by the same 
 gentleman drove the setting hens from their nests. 
 
 I have tried Eucalyptus amygdalina leaves with my 
 chickens with good results. Two out of twelve setting hens, 
 however, deserted their eggs. I do not think that this 
 would have happened had the hens been accustomed to the 
 powerful aroma of these leaves beforehand. 
 
 Further study of Eucalyptus tereticornis informs us that 
 the peculiarly strong odor of the leaves noted is exceptional. 
 As a rule the odor of the foliage is nearly identical with that 
 of Eucalyptus rostrata. The tree is of rather slimmer habit 
 than that of Eucalyptus rostrata, which is stocky. It, how- 
 ever, varies a great deal, and without considering the pecu- 
 liar beak-like flower cap of Eucalyptus rostrata, is often 
 difficult to distinguish from it. The leaves are usually 
 broader than those of Eucalyptus rostrata, but I have seen 
 at Ell wood broad-leaved rostratas. 
 
 Eucalyptus tereticornis with us grows something on the 
 type of the white-barked viminalis, but is tall and slen- 
 der. It has not the wavy and delicate grace of Eucalyptus 
 viminalis, having lank, broadish grey green leaves, heavily 
 massed. It is indeed one of the numerous "awkward squad " 
 of Eucalyptus trees. 
 
 Eucalyptus tereticornis makes a good stem though rarely 
 exceeding 100 feet in height. 
 
 Its close botanic relationship to Eucalyptus rostrata is 
 
104 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 further accentuated by its hardy growth and the durability 
 and value of its timber. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata, however, possesses all its virtues 
 and is a much more attractive tree. 
 
 Fine samples of Eucalyptus tereticornis may be seen 
 at Paradise nurseries, Pasadena, and at Mr. Rindge's gar- 
 den, cor. Nevada and Ocean Avenues, Santa Monica. At 
 this latter place it is mixed in with Eucalyptus rostratas 
 and the two can be seen together. A characteristic differ- 
 ence of these two is in the flower caps. Those of Euca- 
 lyptus rostrata are contracted to a sharp point and curved 
 like a beak, whence the name rostrata. Those of Euca- 
 lyptus tereticornis are obtuse, oblong and larger. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS EUGENI0IDE5, 
 
 Eucalyptus eugenioides is a tree attaining about 200 
 feet in height. It grows gregariously, generally upon poor 
 uplands or on sandy places. It is a valued timber tree of 
 South Eastern Australia. The bark is rough, persistent 
 and useful for mats and primitive roofing. It could be 
 used for cordage. The name is derived from the claimed 
 superior beauty of the Eugenioides foliage to that of most 
 of the Eucalypti. The foliage is denser and greener than 
 is usual in the genus. The seedling of this tree is very 
 attractive. The stem and branches are covered with soft 
 hair, and the leaves are beautifully serrated. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 105 
 
 I have been disappointed in the more mature growth 
 of the eugenioides at Santa Monica, not that it is not a 
 fair growth and of pleasing appearance, but that it did not 
 come up to the expectation of its name, description and 
 seedling growth. Doubtless this tree would make a far 
 better comparative record in situations more nearly like 
 its native habitat than the moist climate and rich soil of 
 Santa Monica provide. The young growth is yellow and 
 red at the tips, which against the dark green mature 
 foliage, gives our Fiesta colors. 
 
 Von Mueller says that this tree and Eucalyptus piperita 
 have so much in common that it may eventually be neces- 
 sary to consider them as varieties of the same species. 
 
 I do not know of any Eucalyptus piperita growing 
 here. This fact is no indication that this tree is not in 
 California. On the contrary it is probably to be found. 
 I distributed seeds of Eucalyptus piperita with many other 
 species but the records have been lost and the only way 
 now to find any Eucalyptus here is to go on botanical 
 voyages of discovery. 
 
 Since writing this I have found a specimen of Euca- 
 lyptus piperita. In mature form it is more like Eucalyptus 
 pilularis with smaller and more numerous flowers. Its 
 seedling has oval leaves with stems and is hairy like that 
 of eugenioides while the pilularis seedling has long narrow 
 opposite sessile leaves. Specimens of Eucalyptus eugenioi- 
 des may be seen at Paradise nurseries, Pasadena, at Santa 
 Monica Heights and at the Forestry Station. 
 
w6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS C0RYMB06A. 
 
 Eucalyptus corymbosa is another tree that has not, to 
 my knowledge, been absolutely identified as growing in Cal- 
 ifornia although introduced here years ago by me. This 
 tree stands considerable stress of drouth and cold. It is a 
 thick leaved tree with persistent rough bark. The timber 
 contains large amounts of kino from the red coloration 
 of which this tree derives its common name of "Blood- 
 wood." 
 
 It is a source of commercial kino. The wood does 
 not make good fuel. 
 
 The corymbosa is one of the Eucalypti reported to have 
 scented flowers. In this case the odor is pleasant. 
 
 There are several reputed specimens of Eucalyptus 
 corymbosa here. Two of these are at the Santa Monica 
 Forestry Station ; but as they have not, to my knowledge, 
 flowered, and as the tree labels at that station are not re- 
 liable, it is not possible to say what these trees really are. 
 These specimens answer in a general way to the descrip- 
 tion of Eucalyptus corymbosa, and are good looking trees 
 of symmetrical growth with handsome dark green foliage. 
 
 The test of this tree in the Argentine Republic turned 
 out so exceptionally favorable that I have ordered again 
 from Australia a fresh supply of seeds together with those 
 of Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus coccifera, Eucalyptus 
 microtheca, Eucalyptus salmonophloia, Eucalyptus miniata, 
 Eucalyptus phoenicea and Eucalyptus macrocarpa. The 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 107 
 
 last three are mainly desirable for ornament on account of 
 the probable beauty of their brilliant crimson flowers. 
 
 The strictly ornamental trees of the Eucalyptus genus 
 are not numerous. The first and for a long time the only 
 one brought here as ornamental was 
 
 EUCALYPTUS CALOPHYLLA, 
 
 Eucalyptus calophylla, or the beautiful leaved. As an 
 ornamental tree it has proved rather disappointing. The 
 leaves are dark green, somewhat glossy, with the veining 
 often a rich yellow. The bark is rough, grey and per- 
 sistent. The cream-colored flowers are numerous. The 
 fruit and seeds are the largest of the genus. 
 
 This attractive description is somehow not realized in 
 the tree. 
 
 We have found it of rather slow growth and in no 
 case here is it very tall. The large fruits persist on the 
 tree and do not help its appearance. 
 
 It is, however, a valuable timber tree, being used in 
 Australia for the purposes to which our hickory of the At- 
 lantic States is adapted. 
 
 Eucalyptus calophylla does not resist much frost, but 
 does succeed remarkably well in the moist tropics, as at 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 Von Mueller speaks of frost burning in the calophylla in 
 the Melbourne gardens, but I have never seen one frosted 
 here. There is reported to be a pink flowered variety 
 which I have not seen. Its introduction here would 
 doubtless renew the interest in this tree. 
 
io8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Its habitat in Australia covers that part having the 
 most equable and salubrious climate of the Continent. 
 Hence the local saying, " To live in a red gum forest is 
 to be healthy." 
 
 It is called the red gum of West Australia on account 
 of the large amount of kino it contains. It bears no re- 
 semblance to Eucalyptus rostrata, the common red gum. 
 
 Specimens of Eucalyptus calophylla are common. The 
 finest one I know is on Santa Monica Heights, below the 
 farm house; others may be seen on Nevada avenue at the 
 Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and at Paradise nurseries. 
 
 The fruit of this tree and that of Eucalyptus ficifolia 
 are polished and sold for pipe bowls at a tobacco store on 
 Main street, Eos Angeles. 
 
 The tree is reported to reach a height of 120 feet, and 
 even 170 has been noted. We have nothing like this to 
 show. Forty-five feet is the tallest calophylla measured 
 here and this is exceptional. 
 
 Its nearest specific ally is Eucalyptus ficifolia. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS FICIFOLIA. 
 
 This tree, rather dwarfish in growth, with dark green 
 leaves and usually startlingly brilliant scarlet flowers, has 
 entirely replaced with us the calophylla for ornamental pur- 
 poses. It is the most striking looking plant we have intro- 
 duced of the genus. Nothing, it seems to me, can exceed 
 the strange brilliancy of its flowers. The usual color is 
 nearest that of an English soldier's scarlet coat. This 
 coloring, however, does not seem reliable from Californian 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 109 
 
 raised seed. The tree was introduced, I believe, by Mr. 
 Scharff. He planted seeds of the trees as they matured at 
 his place. An old row of this planting at South Pasadena 
 has given a different colored flower for every one of these 
 ficifoiia. The colors vary from a flesh pink through orange 
 and scarlet to a magenta. The two old trees at Santa 
 Monica both have the scarlet flowers which we expected. 
 
 The ficifoiia in the ordinary sense of the word is cer- 
 tainly ornamental. The foliage is handsome and the flow- 
 ers, though garish, are so brilliant and interesting that 
 the tree well deserves a place where striking effects are 
 sought. 
 
 To me the grander trees of the genus are far more 
 attractive and I even prefer the peculiar and delicate beau- 
 ties of polyanthema and sideroxylon to the more assertive 
 coloring: of the dwarf. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS BUPRE6TIUH. 
 
 There are several bush Eucalypti at Santa Monica, or 
 at Scharff' s South Pasadena place, none of which as vet 
 show characteristics worth perpetuating. The possible ex- 
 ception to this is a shrub of the species Eucalyptus bu- 
 prestium. This is of pretty rounding growth, at Santa 
 Monica Heights, with small flowers and large fruits. The 
 flowers are reported to contain a fine quality of nectar 
 unusually good for bees. Von Mueller suggests that its 
 
no EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 capacity for growing on very sandy places might be used 
 to aid in bringing such situations into subjection. 
 
 Mr. Scharff has a large seedling growing at his place 
 under the name of Eucalyptus macrocarpa. . This is surely 
 a mistake. It may be Eucalyptus Foelsheana which is 
 worthy of trial on account of its large leaves, but Scharff' s 
 tree cannot be macrocarpa. This is to be regretted for 
 the macrocarpa must be a plant of power in producing 
 striking effects. Its leaves are large, sessile and opposite, 
 and the whole bush is covered with a silvery white pow- 
 der. The flowers vary in color from bright orange to 
 crimson. Such colors against such foliage surely produce 
 wonderful effects. I have several times ordered seeds of 
 this tree without ever succeeding in obtaining them. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS HEGACARPA. 
 
 This somewhat similarly named tree has a large fruit, 
 but nothing else to suggest the macrocarpa. I know of 
 but one specimen in California. This is a vigorous grow- 
 ing and symmetrical tree that is well worthy of more 
 attention. It blooms and seeds freely at the Santa Monica 
 Forestry Station. 
 
 The foliage has a pleasant odor, similar to that of Eu- 
 calyptus Stuartiana, and is rather a dark green. It is not 
 reported to be very tall. The tree is frequently found on 
 mountains and seems particularly adapted to granite soil. 
 In Southwestern Australia it is called the blue gum. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS PILULARI8. 
 
 The Blackbutt is an elegant and rather aristocratic look- 
 ing tree. The seedling of Eucalyptus pilularis, though 
 somewhat stiff, is very attractive. It often has a purplish 
 tinge in the foliage. The mature tree is of slim and erect 
 growth and is reported to attain a height of 300 feet in 
 Australia. With us the tree is thrifty, but not a very fast 
 grower. Its form suggests one of the uses reported for it 
 in Australia — that of telegraph poles. 
 
 Eucalyptus pilularis makes a better steeple effect than 
 Eucalyptus citriodora when planted in a copse. There are 
 a number of these trees on Nevada avenue, Santa Monica. 
 The new growth of pilularis is a warm yellow with the 
 youngest leaves red, and produces a pleasing Spanish col- 
 oring. The tree can be picked out from others a long 
 way off on account of this characteristic. It is generally 
 useful as a timber tree. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS B0TRY0IDL8. 
 
 This is an exceedingly handsome and vigorous growing 
 tree about Eos Angeles. It was introduced here by the 
 late Mr. Grelek many years ago, but seems to have been 
 lost sight of and forgotten. Eucalyptus botryoides has 
 dark green leaves, paler beneath and generally horizontal. 
 The tree stands city conditions remarkably well. This 
 point, together with its usually symmetrical and rounded 
 
112 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 head, make it a specially desirable road tree. Eucalyptus 
 botrvoides is also reported as growing on coast sands. I 
 have started an experimental planting in such a situation 
 in South Santa Monica, with thus far most favorable re- 
 sults. It is called a mahogany in Australia. All of the 
 specimens here that I know, except one, have persistent 
 rough bark on the main stem, decorticating only on the 
 upper branches. The exception is a very tall hand- 
 some tree at the Paradise Nurseries, Pasadena. This 
 tree sheds its bark on the main stem also. This 
 decorticating of the main stem is said by Von Mueller 
 to be one of the characteristics separating Eucalyptus 
 saligna from Eucalyptus botryoides. Scharff's tree, how- 
 ever, is exactly like the other botr) 7 oides in bud, flower, 
 fruit and loliage and not like saligna in its fruit. The 
 bark on the main stem is shed like, and appears similar 
 to that of the upper branches of the certain specimens of 
 Eucalyptus botryoides, consequently we may safely deem 
 this tree at Pasadena to be only a variation of the mahog- 
 ony or binnak. 
 
 There is an old specimen in a garden on the northeast 
 corner of Main and Sixth streets, Eos Angeles. There are 
 also a number planted as sidewalk trees on the corner of 
 Ninth and Alvarado streets, Eos Angeles. These latter 
 demonstrate what an excellent street tree it can make. 
 They are vigorous and shade the whole sidewalk. There 
 is another fine specimen but with a double stem, in a 
 Pasadena garden on Orange Grove avenue, near California 
 street. 
 
 The rapid growth and great vigor of this tree recom- 
 mend it for more extended planting than it has had. It 
 is one of the largest trees in the Scharff collection. The 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 113 
 
 only reported drawback is a tendency to lose branches in 
 heavy winds. Messrs. Scharff & Shorting speak of this as 
 a weak point, but the vigor of the tree is so great that it 
 does not show any such effects in its present appearance. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GONIOCALYX. 
 
 Eucalyptus goniocalyx is known as the blue guru of 
 New South Wales, where the Eucalyptus globulus does not 
 grow. It is spoken of by Von Mueller as one of the best 
 Eucalypti for forest planting. The wood is hard, tough, 
 and difficult to split and also exceptionally durable, both in 
 and out of the ground. It is one of the species of the 
 genus that has a particular tendency to vary especially in 
 its bark. In this respect it is sometimes of the Hemiph- 
 loise type and then called a box tree, and at other times 
 of the Leiophloiae, and then called a blue gum or white 
 gum tree. We have very few of them in California, in 
 fact I am certain of but one, that at the Forestry Station, 
 Santa Monica. This specimen in its buds, flowers, fruits 
 and foliage exactly corresponds to Von Mueller's plate. 
 There are several other older trees in different places that 
 come nearer to the botanic description of Eucalyptus gon- 
 iocalyx than to anything else and yet vary sufficiently from 
 them to suggest another species. Two of the c e trees are 
 at Santa Monica Heights. Even these two vary from each 
 other in the fruits, but not in a very marked way. At a 
 casual glance these trees would be mistaken for Eucalyptus 
 globulus, although, of course, not at all like that in flower 
 or fruit. I have never seen a botanic description of Euca- 
 
 8 
 
ii 4 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 lyptus Maideni, called also a blue gum in New South 
 Wales, and the Heights' trees may belong to that species. 
 All of these trees are vigorous and thrifty and seem to 
 be perfectly at home in our coast climate. They are, how- 
 ever, no more attractive in appearance than the blue gum, 
 and Eucalyptus goniocalyx is not likely to' have much of 
 a vogue with us. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS PUNCTATA, 
 
 This tree is of a more spreading habit than is usual, es- 
 pecially as seen next to Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyp- 
 tus viminalis, in the Santa Monica Park, Nevada Avenue. 
 The wood is tough and very durable, and of a pale 
 reddish brown color. Its name of Leather Jacket comes 
 from its tough rather dark colored bark, and its other ver- 
 nacular name "Hickory" from the toughness of the timl er. 
 A good many of these trees are scattered about Southern 
 California. In a lot of 280 boxes of seedling Eucalyptus, 
 raised by me and presented to the State Board of Forestry, 
 there were, as nearly as I can recollect, about 50 boxes of 
 Eucalyptus punctata. This number will represent what are 
 growing in this part of the State. 
 
 The bark is darker than that of Eucalyptus rostrata and 
 is apparently not so persistent. The leaf is very much like 
 that of Eucalyptus resinifera, being dark green and glossy 
 above and paler beneath. This tree is reported to prefer 
 dry and rocky situations. Its foliage is one of those pro- 
 ducing the melitose- manna most common in Eucalyptus 
 viminalis. Our Eucalyptus punctata and Eucalyptus resini- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 115 
 
 fera merge toward each other in some ways and produce 
 a mind confusion. What we believe to be Eucalyptus punc- 
 tata corresponds in every way to Von Mueller's plate and 
 description except in having a straight instead of cork- 
 screw style in the bud, while, on the other hand, Euca- 
 lyptus resinifera with a fibrous bark, always single umbels 
 and not paniculate, and corresponding in the fruit and seeds 
 to Von Mueller's account of resinifera, has with us a cork- 
 screw style instead of a straight one in bud. In other 
 words the style is exactly opposite to what we expected 
 to find. The fruits in the resinifera here vary a good 
 deal, as do also the shapes of the operculum or flower cap. 
 Von Mueller speaks of Eucalyptus resinifera as having a 
 vigorous capacity for varying. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA. 
 
 This tree is called a blue gum in New South Wales. 
 Its appearance here thus far gives no reason for the name. 
 The foliage is dark green and glossy above and paler be- 
 neath. The bark decorticates in small pieces leaving a rich 
 reddish-brown stem mottled with olive green. The large 
 branches are olive green. I mean the commercial olive 
 green which is a color quite foreign to the olive. It is a 
 handsome vigorous tree that grows well at the Santa Monica 
 Station. The tree has just flowered at the Station and I 
 believe for the first time. At any rate I have long watched 
 for flowers without finding any. The buds, flowers, and 
 immature fruit as at present found are very different from 
 
r/6 EUCALYPTI S. 
 
 the tree which we have identified as a sport or variety of 
 Eucalyptus botr) r oides that has also a decorticating bark. 
 The buds and fruit in Eucalyptus botryoides are markedly 
 angular and more crowded together, and the bark of the 
 one specimen that decorticate comes off in long strips. 
 Eucalyptus saligna has a good reputation as a timber tree 
 and has proved here a fast grower but is very shy in flow- 
 ers or fruits at Santa Monica. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS TETRAPTERA, 
 
 This tree is a dwarf with very thick long scattered 
 sickle-shaped leaves. The flowers are pendent, very large, 
 solitary and quite numerous. The tube of the calyx is 
 very angular, in fact winged. At Santa Monica the calyx 
 tube and the stalk just before the cap falls become a bril- 
 liant crimson, and are by far the most striking part of the 
 flower. The stamens are comparatively short and of a dark 
 red, the anthers are purple. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS KINIATA. 
 
 I have elsewhere alluded to Eucalyptus miniata as 
 shrubby. It, however, grows to be a tree of seventy or 
 more feet in height. It has crimson flowers and often a 
 silvery white bloom on the foliage. The leaves are some- 
 what paler beneath. It is a native of the tropical part of 
 Australia. The tree has not, to my knowledge, been in- 
 troduced here, but certainly deserves to be tried. 
 
 Mr. Walter Gill has furnished me a note on Eucalyptus 
 hemiphloia, which it is too late to put in its proper place. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. • 117 
 
 He states this tree to be native to the country about the 
 head of Spencer's Gulf and on iron and sandstone ranges 
 to an elevation of 3000 feet. In that section it is subjected 
 to quite severe frosts. The tree is consequently one suited 
 to situations trying on account of cold as well as drought. 
 These points of advantage cause me to regret all the more 
 our lack of success with the seeds of Eucalyptus hemiph- 
 loia. From what Prof. Maiden says about the N. S. W. 
 hemiphloia, it seems probable that the South Australian 
 form will prove at the least a variety. 
 
 UNIDENTIFIED TREE6 AT FORESTRY STATION. 
 
 There are at the Santa Monica Forestry Station a num- 
 ber of trees that have never flowered, some of these are 
 labelled and some not. Amongst the most promising of 
 these are the following: 
 
 Se wall's red gum. This tree grows well. It resembles 
 Eucalyptus saligna. 
 
 Eucalyptus rudis. A good vigorous appearing tree. 
 
 Eucalyptus exima, dark green and unusually large leaves. 
 
 Neither Eucalyptus leptophleba nor the small gray- 
 leaved Eucalyptus pinnata have grown well. 
 
 Since waiting the above, Eucalyptus rudis has flowered 
 at the station and I have found it in profuse bloom at 
 Santa Monica Heights and on the extension of Figueroa 
 Street, south of Los Angeles. The Heights specimen has 
 the curious characteristic of alternating colored flowers. 
 About one-third of the flowers are all pink and the rest all 
 cream-white. These different colored flowers occur all over 
 the tree. I know of one specimen of the blue gum, Euca- 
 
i/8 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 lyptus globulus, that also has alternating pink and white 
 flowers. This year about two-thirds of the flowers are 
 pink and one-third the usual cream-white. One often sees 
 imperfectly colored, or, as in the hydrangia, differently 
 shaded flowers on the same base color, but two distinct 
 colors such as madder-pink and cream-white solid in alter- 
 nating blooms on the same branch, is something novel to 
 my limited experience. This blue gum is on Third Street, 
 Santa Monica, in the business quarter. 
 
 6PECIES AT UNIUER6ITY, BERKELEY, 
 
 In a day's trip about Berkeley, I found fourteen species 
 of Eucalypti, of these a very poor specimen of Eucalyptus 
 redunca was the only one not known here. However, new 
 sprouts from a number of eucalyptus trees, cut out in the 
 grounds, show these to be probably species not known in 
 California. It seems a pity that rare trees should have 
 been chosen for the thinning process, instead of some of 
 the excessive plantings of Monterey Cypress. 
 
 Back of a grand stand on the campus is the best speci- 
 men I knew of Eucalyptus viminalis with persistent bark. 
 It is a handsome tree, with flower buds larger and more 
 nearly round than the smooth-barked decorticating variety. 
 It is not so erect in growth. Along side of these dark 
 rough-barked viminalis stands for convenient comparison a 
 superb specimen of the white smooth-barked variety. 
 These trees seem to me to have differences great enough to 
 warrant specific rank in each case. The habit of growth 
 in the two trees is not the same. The rough-barked one 
 is irregular and spreading, while the smooth-barked one is 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 119 
 
 tall, erect and regular. The variations in the bark of 
 eucalyptus trees, classified as belonging to the same species, 
 has been attributed to diverse geologic or climatic condi- 
 tions. At Berkeley we see the Eucalyptus viminalis on the 
 same soil showing on the one hand a rough, dark persis- 
 tent bark, and on the other a smooth, white decorticating 
 one. 
 
 I was struck at Berkeley by the great number of Mon- 
 terey Cypress seedlings coming up in the grounds. We see 
 oaks, Eucalyptus and acacia seedlings often enough in Cali- 
 fornia, but those of Cupressus macrocarpa are almost un- 
 known except in a nursery. 
 
 The handsomest exotic trees I saw at Berkeley were, I 
 believe, specimens of the black wattle, acacia decurrens. 
 The feathery foliage in dense masses on these giant trees 
 was both charming and impressive. The rich, heavy soils 
 of Berkeley are evidently to this tree's liking. There are 
 good specimens of the rough persistent and smooth decor- 
 ticating barked varieties of Eucalyptus amygdalina on the 
 Campus, otherwise the Eucalyptus plantations at the Uni- 
 versity grounds are uninteresting. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTU6 POR BEE PEED, 
 
 My attention was first called to the value of this genus 
 to bee men by Prof. A. J. Cook, of Claremont. Many of 
 the species are profuse bloomers and are rich in nectar. 
 Besides this valuable characteristic, various of the species 
 flower at seasons when there is a great scarcity of bee 
 feed. In Southern California the different species of Euca- 
 lyptus vary in their times of blooming according to the 
 soils and climates where they are located, and also accord- 
 ing to the character of the seasons. Besides these sources 
 of variability, individual trees often bloom earlier or later 
 than the average of the same species. Taking the sixty 
 species and marked varieties of this genus in Southern 
 California, I have never seen a day that flowers could not 
 be found on some of them. What the value of the Euca- 
 lyptus really is as a honey producer, and especially its 
 value in individual species, is as yet undetermined. Several 
 of the species are certainly important in this regard, suffi- 
 ciently so to cause careful observations on all the species. 
 When we consider the free production of nectar by the 
 Eucalyptus at seasons when there is little or no other 
 resource for bees, and also the claimed medicinal value of 
 honey from Eucalyptus flowers for relieving irritation of 
 the mucous membrane and as a nerve sedative, the pre- 
 sumption is strongly in its favor. Bee men will doubtless 
 find it to their interest to study the species and plant in 
 waste places such sorts as will furnish the best kinds of 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 121 
 
 nectar during the most difficult season for the bees. The 
 following notes apply specially to Santa Monica: 
 
 From a bee point of view, the Eucalyptus may be 
 divided into two classes — those that flower but once a year 
 and those that flower more than once, or have a prolonged 
 blooming season. 
 
 There are not many of the first type here. Eucalyptus 
 polyanthema is one of the few that blooms but once in the 
 year, as far as we have noticed. The variety of Eucalyp- 
 tus sideroxylon (generally sold as Eucalyptus leucoxylon) 
 with a lemon colored or white flower, is thus far a very 
 shy bloomer and consequently of little value for bee feed. 
 The pink flowered varieties, both with green or gray leaves, 
 have a prolonged season of blooming and for the most part 
 have two seasons, one commencing about the end of No- 
 vember and the other in May. Both the white and pink- 
 flowered smooth barked Eucalyptus leucoxylon follow about 
 the same seasons, but while more profuse in the spring 
 flowering, have this shorter than Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
 Bees frequent these flowers. The two principal varieties of 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina here, viz., var. regnans and var. 
 linearis or angostifolia are rarely out of bloom. The leaves 
 of this species are very strong odored of a peppermiuty- 
 Eucalyptus smell, which, if it attaches to the flowers or 
 nectar, might give a flavor to the honey that would lessen 
 its value, or, on the other hand, insure the very fancy 
 London price recently current tor honey claimed to have 
 been derived from Eucalyptus. 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx, the sugar gum, is certainly a 
 fine bee feed tree. Here it has two, and often three seasons; 
 one ot these commences in September or the end of August 
 and continues through November. In the warm September 
 
122 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 weather this year, 1895, the bees did a humming business 
 over the sugar gum flowers all about Santa Monica. Euca- 
 lyptus siderophloia has also a flowering time in the same 
 difficult months, but it has no such profusion of blossoms 
 as the sugar gum nor is it so fast a grower. Eucalyptus 
 longifolia has a prolonged spring blooming time. This tree 
 is in full bloom now at Santa Monica, December, 1895. 
 It is reported to be a good bee feed by Prof. Cook. 
 
 A crimson flowered variety, which seems to belong to 
 Eucalyptus occidentalis or to Eucalyptus obcordata, (our 
 variety Californica, or perhaps Hooker's Eucalyptus platy- 
 pus) is practically a perennial and free bloomer. I have yet 
 to see this tree without flowers since it first bloomed. Bees 
 like it and frequent it. The typical Eucalyptus occidentalis, 
 with creamy flowers, is quite a constant bloomer but noth- 
 ing like this beautiful crimson flowered variety. 
 
 Eucalyptus occidentalis has two seasons; one com- 
 mences in November. This is also the case with Eucalyp- 
 tus diversicolor, Eucalyptus Eehmanni and Eucalyptus 
 robusta. The latter is a very profuse bloomer, commenc- 
 ing one of its seasons in November, and I should think 
 would be a good bee feed. Eucalyptus diversicolor flowers 
 very freely in December and is popular with bees. Euca- 
 lyptus globulus commences a prolonged winter blooming in 
 November. It is much sought by bees and must be an 
 important source of honey in this county. The blue gum 
 is a large tree and is profuse in its flowers. The size of 
 the tree and the number of its flowers, together with the 
 duration and seasons of blooming and the nectar contents, 
 are all favorable to this gum. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta has two seasons of blooming, one 
 in winter and one in July and August, the last ending 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 123 
 
 just about the time the sugar gum, Eucalyptus coryuocalyx, 
 begins. The flower of cornuta has a very long lid or cap 
 as its name suggests. This cap, when it separates from 
 the calyx tube, continues to half cover the stamens for 
 some little time. The bees only seek these flowers while 
 the cap still partially covers them and not when it is 
 entirely off. This is also the case in the closely allied tree 
 Eucalyptus Lehmanni, and to a greater or less extent in 
 Eucalyptus siderophloia. 
 
 Eucalyptus citriodora, in winter, blooms quite freely in 
 its white panicles but only once a year, so far as I know. 
 The pronounced lemon scent and fragrant odor of the 
 leaves of this species suggests the possibility of some such 
 flavor existing in the nectar. Whether such a flavor is 
 transferred by bees and recognizable in the honey is for 
 practical bee men to say. 
 
 I believe that by some study of this subject species of 
 Eucalyptus with plenty of nectar could be so selected as 
 to give a constant crop of flowers or flowers at such times 
 as these are absent in other plants. 
 
 Nearly all the species have their most luxuriant flow- 
 ering time in the winter and early spring. Eucalyptus 
 sideroxylon has its main flowering time in the late spring 
 and early summer, then comes Eucalyptus cornuta in July 
 and August, then Eucalyptus corynocalyx from September 
 to November, and then Eucalyptus globulus and Euca- 
 lyptus robusta, connecting back by the rich and numerous 
 flowers of Eucalyptus polyanthema. 
 
 I am of opinion that all the species that commence 
 blooming in November and during the winter continue 
 more or less generally their flowering well into the spring 
 months. 
 
124 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 The drawback to spring flowering Eucalyptus for honey 
 is that the distinctive flavor is apt to be mixed with the 
 flavor of the highly prized orange flower honey gathered at 
 that season. 
 
 BARKS, 
 
 Many of the Eucalyptus trees under observation in 
 Southern California are young, say seven to nine years of 
 age. The bark in trees of such age is probably not a reli- 
 able indication of what the bark is in maturity. This 
 source of error must be taken into consideration when stu- 
 dying our Eucalypti. Barks here are from a quarter to 
 an inch and a quarter thick. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus (old trees, 20 years) bark decorti- 
 cates on lower main stem in small lengths and without 
 leaving entirely smooth bark. It is rough, fibrous, thick 
 on lower stem to about six feet above the ground. On the 
 stem generally, and branches, the bark is shed in long string- 
 ers, leaving the new bark smooth. Outer bark light brown 
 or greyish ; smooth bark when first exposed, buff turning 
 to a light olive or blue-grey. Bark of saplings smooth, 
 green, persistent. Twigs of young generally blue, sometimes 
 crimson, of older trees, yellow. 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx (10 years) general effect of per- 
 sistent bark but it partly sheds in short patches. Main 
 stem color a rich cream, of duller color just before decorti- 
 cating. Branches are olive or bluish grey before shedding, 
 creamy afterward; twigs red. Young trees shed bark in 
 short curls, often till seventh or eighth year. 
 
 Eucalyptus calophylla bark of stem rough, fissured, per- 
 sistent dull grey. On branches sheds in short patches leav- 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 125 
 
 ing new bark a light warm brown; twigs greenish grey or 
 crimson or red. Some seven year trees have stem bark 
 decorticating in flakes or blisters; outer bark grey, under 
 bark buff. 
 
 Eucalyptus di versicolor (Santa Monica, 10 years) stem 
 bark persistent, creamy grey, but does shed short pieces; 
 smaller branches shed bark; general effect persistent, rough 
 fissured at base; twigs green. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta (9 years). Bark at base rough, 
 persistent, dark grey. Even surfaced and warmer colored 
 above, greyish buff, general effect persistent, but sheds 
 occasionally in thin small pieces in upper part. Bark on 
 branches persistent, lavender grey; twigs red — very young, 
 greenish yellow. Saplings shed bark in short curls very 
 similar to young sugar gums. This bark shedding seems 
 to persist longest in the least vigorous trees of such species 
 as eventually have persistent bark. 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis (8 to 10 years). Stem bark rough, 
 persistent, light brownish grey, but does shed little shreds 
 in upper part. Branch bark sheds, leaving under bark a 
 smooth light grey; twigs red; very 3-oung, yellow green. 
 
 Second variety sheds in long streamers a light, tan- 
 colored bark. Smooth bark, white or light buff, or blue- 
 white — general effect smooth and white. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata (10 yearsj. Stem bark even surface 
 persistent, a rose giey or ash grey. Branch bark persis- 
 tent, but often sheds small patches at junction with stem; 
 twigs red — bright green when young. Young growth of 
 sapling and seedlings, red. 
 
 The bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis is similar to that of 
 rostrata, in fact these two species merge to each other so 
 as to be difficult to definitely separate. 
 
i26 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Eucalyptus lougifolia (20 years). Bark rough, persistent, 
 standing on stem in broken flakes which are to some extent 
 shed, but do not appear to shed in sufficient quantity to 
 change bark appearance. Bark of young trees not so rough 
 or flaky. 
 
 Eucalyptus punctata (20 years). General effect of persis- 
 tent even-surfaced granular rough bark of rose grey color. 
 Sheds in upper stem and branches. New bark bright tan 
 and smooth. Some specimens of this tree shed bark only 
 on the smaller branches. 
 
 Eucalyptus citriodora (9 years). Smooth from decorti- 
 cation; outer bark pink grey; new bark smooth white or 
 pinkish white. General effect smooth and white; twigs red. 
 Eucalyptus eugenioides (9 years). Bark rough, soft, 
 thick and sometimes has effect of being crossed or woven. 
 Small branches shed dark grey bark in curls leaving new 
 bark tan color and smooth. Stem bark grey with tan 
 color showing in the numerous fissures; twigs grey or red. 
 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, var. angustifolia (9 years). Bark 
 even surfaced, persistent; or decorticates, in most ot these 
 trees leaving bark smooth, of olive-tinted white. Two 20- 
 year old specimens; both shed bark. 
 
 Var. linearis — (bluish leaves). Bark smooth, decorti- 
 cates. Old bark slate-colored, new bark, white — white 
 bloom on twigs. 
 
 Var. regnans — Bark even surfaced, but somewhat rough, 
 grey, persistent; smooth decorticating on young branches; 
 twigs yellow or green, on old ones reddish. 
 
 Var. bush. — Bark grey persistent, even surfaced, rather 
 smooth. 
 
 Var. — Large fruited; narrow leaved; twigs red; bark, 
 slate colored and decorticates, leaving smooth white bark. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 127 
 
 Var. — Very narrow thick leaf; strong small tree; bark 
 on stem sheds; leaving new bark smooth white. 
 
 The varieties of Eucalypytus amygdalina, angustifolia 
 and linearis are named for convenience, but their botanic 
 descriptions are too meagre to be relied on. 
 
 Eucalyptus Gunnii (9 years). Bark persistent close to 
 base, otherwise sheds in short brown pieces. New bark 
 smooth white. 
 
 Eucalyptus Planchoniana (9 years). Bark sheds, smooth 
 bluish grey. 
 
 Eucalyptus polyanthema. Surface even, flakey rough, 
 persistent, or perhaps shedding slowly in small pieces, and 
 without general effect. Branches smooth, spotted from 
 decortication. 
 
 Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha (9 years). Rough, brown, 
 fibrous, persistent. 
 
 Eucalyptus Stuartiana (9 years). Bark brown, persis- 
 tent and rough on stem; smooth or decorticated on branches, 
 blue bloom on twigs. 
 
 Eucalyptus melliodora (9 years). Bark even surfaced, 
 somewhat rough, persistent, warm tan grey; branches shed, 
 leaving mottled appearance. 
 
 Eucalyptus gomphocephala (9 years). Bark dark grey, 
 even surfaced, rough, persistent. 20-year specimen bark 
 very dark colored. Branchlets decorticate leaving new bark 
 smooth and white. Twigs reddish yellow. 
 
 Eucalyptus Eehmanni (9 years). Bark shed in small 
 curly pieces; new bark, smooth brown. 
 
 Eucalyptus rudis. Bark smooth, mottled from decorti- 
 cation; twigs red. 
 
 Eucalyptus occidentalis. Bark on stem grey, rough, 
 flakey, mostly persistent. Branches smooth, light buff from 
 
128 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 decortication; twigs red, or very young, greenish yellow. 
 
 Var. Californicus. Bark sheds in short flakes leaving 
 new bark smooth buff; outer color, rose grey; twigs and 
 branchlets green, only grey or brownish just before shed- 
 ding. Yellow flowering variety has green twigs but red old 
 branchlets. 
 
 Eucalyptus obcordata. Same, except branchlets dark 
 red before decorticating, and only extreme new growth 
 green. 
 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon, bark red, often very dark, fis- 
 sured, rough, persistent. 
 
 Branches in marked contrast, bluish grey, smooth, and 
 shed bark. 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon, bark smooth from decortication, 
 color blueish-white or very light buff. Twigs reddish, 
 new growth green. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta, bark rough, brownish or grey, per- 
 sistent ; twigs red. 
 
 Eucalyptus pauciflora, bark smooth, white from decorti- 
 cation. 
 
 Eucalyptus siderophloia, bark rough, persistent, brown- 
 ish grey. Branches smooth decorticating ; twigs red. 
 
 Eucalyptus obliqua, bark rough, persistent, brown ; 
 twigs dark red. 
 
 Eucalyptus botryoides (20 years), bark on main stem, 
 rough, persistent, dark grey, decorticates on branches, 
 outer bark, then tan colored, inner or new bark smooth, 
 shaded, sometimes olive or warm buff color. One specimen 
 at Scharffs sheds bark on main stem. This stem has 
 appearance of other botryoides branches. The twigs on 
 the persistent bark specimens are green, while on the 
 decorticating one these are wine red. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. r2 g 
 
 Eucalyptus saligna sheds bark, and looks like decorti- 
 cating botryoides. These two species are difficult to sepa- 
 rate when Eucalyptus botryoides decorticates throughout. 
 Eucalyptus botryoides has hemi-ellipsoid, angular fruits, 
 almost or entirely without stalklets. Eucalyptus saligna 
 has bell-shaped or semi-ovate fruit, not angular, and here at 
 least, the stalklet is quite distinct. Twigs in Eucalyptus 
 saligna green. If the twig colors are a persistent charac- 
 teristic, the decorticating botryoides must be a varietv 
 whose red twig color would easily distinguish it from, 
 saligna. 
 
 Baron Von Mueller at one time suggested a classifica- 
 tion of the Eucalyptus on their cortical systems. His 
 divisions were as follows : 
 
 Leiophloite, bark smooth from decorticating, as in Euca- 
 lyptus globulus ; or persistent even surfaced, as in Euca- 
 lyptus rostrata. 
 
 Rhytiphloiae, rough or even surfaced bark, with main 
 '-tern not decorticating, Eucalyptus resinifera, Eucalyptus 
 cornuta, Eucalyptus robusta. 
 
 Inophloiae, bark rough, persistent on stem. Eucalyptus 
 Stuartiana, Eucalyptus eugenioid.es. 
 
 Lepidophloia.% persistent bark on stem, laminated, friable, 
 easily separated. Eucalyptus miniata, Eucalyptus phoeuicia. 
 
 Pachyphloise, as in Eucalyptus ptychocarpa. This tree 
 has a grey, wrinkled, everywhere persistent, somewhat fib- 
 rous bark. 
 
 Sehizophloiaj, bark rough, persistent, as in Eucalyptus 
 calophylla, Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
 
 I have not seen an account of Baron Von Mueller's 
 system, but judge from his notes on Eucalyptus trees that 
 the classification was made on a microscopic study of the 
 
 9 
 
i jo EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 barks. The superficial appearance of the barks of the trees 
 does not command a ready assent to Von Mueller's cortical 
 -arrangement of them. The bark of Eucalyptus robusta or 
 Eucalyptus corymbosa is, in looks, not at all like that of 
 Eucalyptus cornuta, but these are classed together in the 
 Rhytiphloiae. Nor is the bark of Eucalyptus rostrata out- 
 wardly even suggestive of that of Eucalyptus globulus, 
 though these two stand corticallv together in Leiophloise. 
 Prof. Maiden writes me from Sydney that he considers 
 the cortical classification the best for field use. 
 
 , . , „ , : Kino-tannie 
 
 In 100 parts of fresh Bark. Acid 
 
 Eucalyptus Leucoxylon (rough-barked) our sider- 
 
 oxylon 21.94 51-13 
 
 globulus 4.84 51.54 
 
 rostrata S.22 5T.16 
 
 Gunnii 3.44 54-09 
 
 polyanthema 3.97 46.66 
 
 melliodora 4.03 54-94 
 
 obliqua 2.50 3681 
 
 obliqua 4- 19 51-59 
 
 amygdalina (rough-barked) 3.40 43-25 
 
 amygdalina (rough-barked) 3 22 39-63 
 
 goniocalyx 4.62 51.00 
 
 gouiocalyx 4.12 45-5Q 
 
 macrorrhyncha 11. 12 35-91 
 
 macrorrhyncha 13.31 39-56 
 
 viminalis (smooth -bark 1 4.88 52.88 
 
 viminalis (rough-bark) 5.03 54.10 
 
 viminalis (young-tree) 5.97 55.03 
 
 Table from F. v. MUELLER. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. i 3 t 
 
 6AINITARY. 
 
 To the planting of Eucalyptus trees in malarial districts 
 has been very generally attributed an ameliorating effect 
 upon human health. This is a question of so much in- 
 terest and importance that it deserves special consideration. 
 
 Malarial fevers have a wide range in the climatic belts 
 adapted to one or another of the Eucalypti. These fevers 
 prevail usually in low or marshy places, where the soil 
 water is not far from the surface, and where there is a 
 prolonged period in the year when the temperature stands 
 constantly above 62 ° F. Some upland valleys also suffer 
 severly from disorders due to malarial poison. A slight 
 elevation in a malarial country is often more dangerous 
 than the lowest places. 
 
 The malarial germ is doubtless introduced into the 
 human organism both by water and by air. It is probable 
 that foods, such as milk, may also serve as vehicles of in- 
 troduction. 
 
 All forms of malaria are endemic or purely local dis- 
 eases. 
 
 The only exceptions to this are of children born to a 
 parent suffering with malaria, at the time of fecundation of 
 the egg. 
 
 A number of Scotch cases are on record of inherited 
 malarial trouble, in all of them from the father. In this 
 respect malaria resembles the dreadful inheritances of 
 syphilis. — {Medical Record, N. V., Fournier, Paris.) 
 
j 3 2 EUCALYPTUS, 
 
 The evidence seems fairly conclusive that the ordinary 
 American types of malaria are most frequently occasioned 
 in humanity by the drinking of unboiled water from shal- 
 low wells. 
 
 I have a great number of instances that go to show this 
 to be the case. 
 
 C. Buhman of L,os Angeles, formerly a resident of dale.-- 
 burg, Illinois, tells me that the boiling of the drinking 
 water in that place which he states to have become gen- 
 eral at one time, did not eradicate malarial fevers but did 
 so much diminish these fevers in the population both as to 
 numbers attacked and the intensity in those who were still 
 affected that he and others attributed the improvement to 
 boiling the drinking water. 
 
 At Bakersfield, Central California, there prevailed for- 
 merly a specially malignant form of malarial fever. It was 
 sometimes called dengue but more generally "Bakersfield 
 fever." At that time the drinking water all came from 
 shallow wells. 
 
 While the district in and about Bakersfield has received 
 a great accession of population the people now have a 
 healthy look very different from the old appearance and the 
 malignant fever so well known to old timers is no longer 
 heard of. The drinking water now comes from deep arte- 
 sian wells. 
 
 The turning up of earth produces in malarial districts 
 an access of disease which I think must be attributed to 
 air infection. 
 
 Dr. J. J. Salisbury of Cleveland, Ohio, made a careful 
 series of experiments on the saliva of numerous residents 
 in a malarial district. 
 
 Amongst the other forms of bacterial life in the saliva 
 
EUCALYPTUS. /,-,- 
 
 was always found certain, algoids resembling the palmeliae. 
 Similar examination of saliva of residents of non-malarious 
 districts showed none of this particular form of bacteria. 
 Dr. Salisbury's researches were carefully made and the mi- 
 croscopical work well checked. 
 
 His conclusions were that malarial fever was produced 
 by spores of bacteria that rose only a definite distance 
 from the soil level in infected districts, and that these were 
 never present in the air during the day. Dr. Salisbury's 
 work was done in his course of instruction at the medical 
 school of Cleveland. These researches attracted more 
 attention abroad than at home. The work was translated 
 into French and first published in the Revue des Cours 
 Scientifiques of November 6, 1X69. 
 
 The saliva of all those examined in the malarial district 
 contained the special form of bacteria to which he attrib- 
 uted the disease. If his conclusions and the later ones of 
 Crudeli are correct, and those also of the water infec- 
 tionists, we must say that malaria comes from both causes. 
 
 In 188 1 Dr. Alphonse Laveran discovered the Plasmo- 
 dium of malaria, which he named " oscillaria malaria." 
 His description is considered more correct than that of 
 Klebs and Crudeli. 
 
 I present the following conclusions on malaria: 
 
 First — That malarial disease is primarily due to a 
 bacillus of certain type. 
 
 Second — That such bacilli germs are found in the soil, 
 air and water of malarial districts. 
 
 Third — That neither water alone, air alone, or soil 
 done, will support the life history of the malarial bacillus 
 
 Fourth That the germ of malaria may be carried in 
 earth, air or water. 
 
134 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Fifth — That the development, of malarial bacteria in 
 sufficient quantities to attack and overcome the resistance 
 of human beings can only take place in localities without 
 complete natural or artificial drainage, where the sub-sur- 
 face water remains stagnant and where the temperature for 
 a prolonged period remains constantly above 62 F. 
 
 Individuals vary as to their susceptibility of infection. 
 
 First — As to method of introduction of infection. 
 
 Second — As to individual resistance. 
 
 Third— As to condition of individual during exposure. 
 
 Salisbury's work points to the air as the main source 
 of infection. The spread of malarial disease to leaward of 
 regularly affected localities and the wide spread dread of 
 night air in all the old malaria-cursed districts of the 
 world point in the same direction. 
 
 Senator Tommasi Crudeli, the distinguished collaborator 
 of Klebs, takes a similar view in his studies of Italian 
 malaria. R. Carlotti speaks of wind-carried malaria in 
 Corsica. 
 
 Malarial disease has been diminished by quinine, by 
 drainage, by permanent flooding in the* hot season (Egypt), 
 by gates on seacoast lagoons which close with the rising 
 tide and open for the exit of fre<h water at low tide 
 (coast of Tuscany), and it is claimed by planting certain 
 species of Eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus and 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina. 
 
 As far as I can learn the first published investigation 
 of the prophilactic and therapeutic value of the Eucalyptus 
 was by M. Tristani, a Spanish physician in the Compilador 
 Medico, 1865. 
 
 It is in Spain that we still find the greatest belief in 
 the medicinal value of the Eucalyptus. In that country 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. r 35 
 
 the people have gone beyond reason ; indeed they may be 
 said to regard the healing power of the Eucalyptus with 
 the confidence of superstition. 
 
 In Cordova the young Eucalyptus trees were stripped 
 of their leaves and it was impossible to keep them alive 
 until guards, to prevent this leaf stripping, were appointed. 
 
 From Cordova the Eucalyptus craze spread through 
 other Spanish towns, traces of which are to be found in 
 their municipal regulations, such, for instance, as the one 
 prohibiting the picking of Eucalyptus leaves without an 
 official permit issued only on evidence of the medical need 
 of applicant. 
 
 Travellers had long before noted the use of poultices of 
 Eucalyptus leaves of different species by the natives of 
 Australia for wounds, but without attracting attention to 
 the application of such remedy to the Aryan. 
 
 One case is of record of a native Australian so severely 
 wounded in the abdomen that the intestines protruded and 
 had to be pushed back, who was treated by a poultice of 
 Eucalyptus leaves and recovered without even severe 
 inflammation. 
 
 I have observed in our western plains the use of 
 tobacco on severe wounds by guides and trappers with a 
 similar result of preventing pus and promoting the prompt 
 healing of wounds. 
 
 There is a disposition to ridicule what are called "old 
 woman remedies," — that is, the application by teas, poul- 
 tices, etc., from the fresh leaves, roots, etc., of plants tor 
 healing hurt humanity. The term ''old woman" came to 
 be applied because in the early scarcity of physicians in 
 America the duty of care in sickness fell upon the most 
 experienced women, whose energies at that time were cen- 
 
/j6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 tered in the home. For my part I think that these old 
 fashioned ways of using nature's remedies are too much 
 neglected. If there is any laugh on such a question it 
 would round itself out much better in the confusion of drug 
 quality in a regular drug store than in the fresh infusion 
 from the leaves of a medicinal plant picked when needed 
 or in the various poultices, etc., of the now nearly extinct 
 medically competent housewife. 
 
 There have been various examinations of drugs taken 
 from different drug stores. The extraordinary variations in 
 both the strength and quality of drugs thus shown are 
 enough to seriously shake our confidence in the use of any 
 drugs. New York v State drug examinations have made 
 expositions of drugs too strong, drugs too weak, and drugs 
 entirely devoid of qualities for which they are used. This 
 point is noted because where the Eucalyptus will grow the 
 leaves can be had at any time. Their use for a tea and 
 especially in external application, as in poultices, or in 
 fumes when burning or steamed, can be had in all the 
 force of freshness. 
 
 One of the great advantages of the Eucalyptus medici- 
 nally is its soothing quality and non-irritant effect, espec- 
 ially on the kidneys. It is in this respect very different 
 from the product' of the pine, the camphor tree, etc. This 
 characteristic gives Eucalyptus preparations great value in 
 tht cure of troubles of the mucous membrane of the stom- 
 ach, bladder and urethra. An appendix gives the official 
 status of the Eucalyptus in medicine. 
 
 The principal claim for medicinal virtue in the Eucalyp- 
 tus has been prophylactic. The Eucalyptus tree's power of 
 preventing disease has not, I believe, been claimed to go 
 beyond those forms due to malaria. It gained such a rep- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 137 
 
 utation for preventing all forms of malaria that one of its 
 species; the Eucalyptus globulus, was widely known as the 
 "fever tree." The facts in regard to this matter are not 
 in a reliable condition. We may put what we know in 
 condensed form as follows: 
 
 Malaria is either mild or absent in Central and Southern 
 Australia and in Tasmania. 
 
 Malaria seems entirely absent in the native haunts of 
 Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus 
 coccifera, Eucalyptus amygdalina, Eucalyptus diversicolor, 
 Eucalyptus calophylla, Eucalyptus leucoxylon, and other 
 less important species. 
 
 This point is not reliably ascertained, but it is approxi- 
 mately as stated. Its value is not as great as might appear. 
 
 There is about the same absence of malaria in New 
 Zealand where the Eucalyptus has no native representative. 
 The disease is absent in the Scotch heathered hills, in the 
 red wood districts of California, in the pine, cedar and 
 sequoia forests of the Sierra Nevada, in the pine and spruce 
 Crests of the Sierra Madre of Eos Angeles, and in the chap- 
 parral of the coast counties of California. Southern Cali- 
 fornia has practically no malaria — a happy exemption that 
 might be attributed in one place to various artemisia, in 
 another to greasewood, in another to the giant Mojave 
 cactus, and perhaps most agreeably to the red live oak. 
 The cause of our Coast California general exemption from 
 malaria mu.it be due mainly to the fact that the nights are 
 too cool for the life history of the malarial bacillus. A 
 similar temperature inhibition exists in Tasmania and in 
 the mountains of Australia. There are surely enough 
 undrained, swampy and sour lands here, known locally as 
 
138 E UCA L YPTUS. 
 
 "eienegas," to produce malaria if something else essential 
 for its life were not absent. 
 
 In Queensland and generally in the tropical parts of 
 Australia malarial fevers are quite prevalent and so, also, 
 are largely represented considerable numbers of species of 
 Eucalyptus; not, however, those named. 
 
 Those species of Eucalyptus found in Queensland are 
 in an appendix. It is by no means certain that malaria 
 is found where each of these species grow. It is, how- 
 ever, absolutely certain that various species of Eucalyptus 
 and malignant malaria can exist together. 
 
 The Eucalypti that have been at all popular in Cali- 
 fornia that are native to Queensland and North Australia 
 are Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Euca- 
 lyptus hemiphloia, Eucalyptus siderophloia, Eucalyptus 
 maculata, Eucalyptus rostrata, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eu- 
 calyptus resinefera and Eucalyptus robusta. There are 
 others like Eucalyptus corymbosa, Eucalyptus paniculata, 
 Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus hsemastoma, etc., which 
 may prove valuable to us when better known. 
 
 The Eucalypti have been extensively planted in Corsica, 
 Italy, Algiers, India, the South of France, Spain, Cali- 
 fornia and in a smaller way in England and its outlying 
 islands, in the Argentine, Mauritius, Zanzibar, Cuba, .Spain, 
 Cape Colony, and by the Russians east of the Caspian Sea. 
 In Corsica, Italy, and in Algiers the planting of Euca- 
 lyptus, mainly Eucalyptus globulus, has been generally fol- 
 lowed by or happened with marked improvement in the 
 local health, especially as to malaria. 
 
 I have not been able to check up the conditions before 
 and after the Eucalyptus planting. Nearly every case of 
 Eucalyptus planting and better health was accompanied by 
 
EUCALYPTI'S. J39 
 
 other works conducive to better sanitary conditions. 
 Drainage works, intensive cultivation, better human quar- 
 ters, better drinking water, etc., etc. 
 
 In Southern California we have no endemic malarial 
 disease, unless there be mild forms in far interior points 
 where the nights for sufficiently long periods are warm 
 enough. We have consequently been unable to look over 
 the local field for the effects of Eucalyptus trees on 
 malaria. In Central California, however, it is claimed that 
 plantations of Eucalyptus globulus have diminished or 
 stopped malaria. Delano has been cited as a striking in- 
 stance of this. We know that a number of species, nota- 
 bly the fast growing ones, have a drainage power in them- 
 selves. This power is well recognized here and results in 
 the planting of Eucalyptus trees about cesspools and their 
 being cut down along orchard dines from which they draw 
 the moisture. Cesspools that overflowed and caused uneasi- 
 ness and care have been kept down or dry by Eucalyptus 
 trees. This is one way in which this tree might amelio- 
 rate malarial conditions. 
 
 Another is by its essential oil contained in quantity in 
 the foliage 'of many of the species; these leaves contain an 
 oil, etc., that is, in concentrated form, fatal to all insect and 
 bacterial life. It occurred to me that the constantly falling 
 leaves from species highly charged with Eucalyptus oil 
 might disinfect the ground and ground water about them. 
 I have found but little encouragement for such an opinion 
 in mv rather superficial experiments. 
 
 Prof. A. J. McClatchie kindly examined several jars of 
 water into which leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were 
 placed at the Throop Polytechnic Institute. Ordinary bac- 
 teria were found by him in great quantity in the jars at 
 
140 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 the usual period, about as they would have oecured had 
 the leaves been from other trees. There was this excep- 
 tional fact, the odor of leaf decay was entirely absent. I 
 tried four jars with one-half pound meat in each of them. 
 First jar contained meat alone. 
 
 Second jar contained meat and Eucalyptus leaves. 
 Third jar contained water and meat alone. 
 Fourth jar contained water, meat and Eucalyptus leaves. 
 The leaves were of Eucalyptus globulus. The experi- 
 ment commenced on March 13th, 1895. The temperature, 
 where the jars were, did not go above 8o° until May, 
 when it remained for some time with a daily maximum 
 above that and for several days even above 90 . In other , 
 words, we had in May the desert influence for several days 
 and an unusual heat such as for a few days we are liable 
 to at nearly ever}' part of the year. 
 
 March 17. Water jar meat without Eucalyptus spoiled. 
 19. This jar very bad. 
 
 19. Dry meat without Eucalyptus spoiled ; fungoid 
 growth on this meat not seen in dry jar with 
 Eucalyptus. 
 26. Jar with meat and Eucalyptus leaves dry, 
 
 spoiled. 
 26. Spilled water accidentally out of jar with meat, 
 water and Eucalyptus leaves. Meat all right; 
 smelt very strong of Eucalyptus. Put back 
 same meat with fresh Eucalyptus leaves and 
 tresh water. 
 May 10. First sign by oder of meat decay in this jar. 
 12. Did not seem to increase, but odor distinctly 
 bad. Threw it away. 
 This experiment indicates that Eucalyptus globulus 
 
EUCALYPTUS. in 
 
 'eaves retard decay and are especially unfavorable to certain 
 bacterial growths when soaked in still water. 
 
 Tims Eucalyptus globulus leaves in stagnant swampy 
 places would probably diminish the vitality, if not destroy 
 the bacteria of meat decay. What effect they would have 
 on malarial bacteria is not indicated. 
 
 The jars were all left open and stood together in a 
 large cool closet. 
 
 The Eucalyptus globulus leaves are largely used here 
 in clothes as we used to employ camphor against moths. 
 
 One of the large clothing houses in Los Angeles uses 
 the young blue gum leaves in place of the very disagreable 
 tar generally employed against moths with success. The 
 great advantage to the house, as Mr. Wiener says, is in 
 avoiding the very annoying smell of the tar preparation. 
 
 I use the Eucalyptus globulus leaves successfully against 
 moths by hanging branches in the clothes closets and plat- 
 ing leaves amongst the clothes but it is not a complete 
 guarantee against moths. It is said that this foliage will 
 drive off mosquitos. I do not know how this is, but have 
 seen standing water within fifty feet of Eucalyptus trees 
 produce a few dull mosquitos, in a semi-occasional way. 
 I have also seen the liveliest mosquitos and most savage 
 stingers of California in the Eucalyptus groves along the 
 Santa Barbara Coast. On the other hand at Nice, France, 
 the annual tree trimming is followed by the natives to 
 possess themselves of branches to hang in their houses. 
 The object is both sanitary and anti-insect. 
 
 Camphor, oil of lavender, i pint to 5 of water, and 
 kerosene oil, are used here against insects with a success 
 that apparently varies with the individual experimenter. 
 The common pyrethenum is fatal to insects in powder 
 
j 4 2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 or in fumes from burning. I have, in central Egypt, 
 killed the flies in a large room even' night to prevent 
 their early morning buzzing. I did this by closing it 
 after sunset and burning pyretherium. The room was 
 then reopened to get rid of the smell. Every fly was 
 killed. Still, here in California, I have repeatedly failed 
 to kill insects with this powder. On examining the pow- 
 der, or rather having it examined for me, I discovered 
 that it was adulterated, and, in several samples, con- 
 tained no pyretherium whatever. 
 
 Differing results by experimenters with other agents 
 may be due to a similar cause. 
 
 We use tobacco infusion against scale insects success- 
 fully, and could probably use one made from Eucalyptus 
 leaves with equal effect. 
 
 I have a rain water cistern at my house which re- 
 ceives its supply trom a roof on which Eucalyptus leaves 
 are constantly falling, thence being washed into the cis- 
 tern. From this cause the rain water has a slight 
 amber tint and a scarcely perceptible Eucalyptus odor. 
 This water never has had the disagreeable smell that occurs 
 usually in rain water shortly after it is stored, and 
 which afterwards disappears. 
 
 We have here a long dry season during which the water 
 in the cistern would have ample opportunities to go through 
 what is called in Louisiana "curing." 
 
 This curing I presume is really a process of fermenta- 
 tion of matter carried down with the precipitated rain 
 water from the air. 
 
 I know no other rain water tank here, so that I am un- 
 able to learn in the same air conditions what would happen 
 to rain water without Eucalyptus leaves. 
 
EUCALYPTI s. r 43 
 
 I have tried a smudge of Eucalyptus leaves, meaning 
 always Blue gum, on flies that came into my house in 
 great numbers during the hauling of barn-yard manure 
 in one of my orchards. 
 
 The smudge was made in a room 20x20 with French 
 windows. The large chimney and loose window fitting 
 made it anything but air-tight. 
 
 The flies from being aggressive, all collected on the 
 windows as though they would have escaped if possible, 
 and became very sluggish. A few died. 
 
 Some other leaf smudge would doubtless have done as 
 much. I can recollect making grass smudges in the Wyo- 
 ming vSloughs in banked up tents to kill the mosquitoes so 
 that we could sleep. This process was exceedingly disa- 
 greeable while going on but a great comfort to the sleep- 
 ers in that extraordinary mosquito haven. The great 
 question then was which was worst, the day or the night 
 mosquitoes. 
 
 During my residence in Egypt I followed the custom of 
 the country and had during the day an attendant who con- 
 stantly swished the flies away with a long switch of split 
 reeds. ' 
 
 The wire screen is a means of keeping flies and also 
 light and free circulation of air out of a house. 
 
 But these, as one of our literary lights says, are all 
 other stories. 
 
 The claimed effect of Eucalyptus trees on bacterial life 
 can be gathered by the instances mentioned below. 
 
 While these instances do not conclusively show any effect 
 upon malaria by Eucalyptus trees, they do show by the 
 general improvement in health where these trees succeeded 
 that there is nothing in them against health. 
 
1 44 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 The Spanish prejudice or superstition in favor of the 
 tree has its counterpart in the regrettable crusade again-: 
 the Pride of India, a tree that once shaded nearly all r 
 Charleston's streets in South Carolina. 
 
 Some one started the idea during an epidemic of yellow 
 fever that these trees were the breeders of infectious dis- 
 eases and especially ot yellow lever. The idea spread like 
 the infection itself and swept the beautiful shade trees be- 
 fore it. 
 
 As the Pride of In Ha had absolutely nothing to do with 
 producing yellow fever in Charleston so it may be that the 
 luicalyptus has really done nothing against malaria. 
 
 INSTANCES OP IMPROVED HEALTH ATTRIBUTED TO 
 EUCALYPTUS PLANTING, 
 
 M. Regulus Carlotti, the distinguished Corsican forester, 
 has collected in his monograph entitled " Assainessemeut 
 des Regions Chaudes Insalubres " a large number of instan- 
 ces of increased salubrity attributed to the planting ot Euca- 
 lyptus. Amongst these he cites Chiavari on the east coast 
 of Corsica. This is a penal station situated on the edge of 
 the East Corsican plain that is so unhealthy that it is in 
 summer practically uninhabitable. At Chiavari in 1855 (the 
 date I believe of its establishment) they lost 65 of each 
 100 prisoners by death. This frightful mortality is suffi- 
 cient proof of its sanitary condition. The works undertaken 
 at this place, comprised intensive culture, drainage work- 
 and the planting of Eucalyptus globulus. M. Carlotti re- 
 ports the death rate at present to be normal. Drainage 
 
EUCALYPTUS. r 45 
 
 works seem to have accompanied the planting of Eucalyp- 
 tus in the cases where the hest authenticated sanitary im- 
 provement occurred. M. Lambert, an Algerian forest offi- 
 cer, states that in the Forest of St. Ferdinand he had a 
 station so unhealthy that it was uninhabitable. After the 
 growth of a plantation of Eucalyptus set out at that point 
 the fevers disappeared and an agent, already suffering from 
 malaria moved to this station, entirely recovered. 
 
 Besides these M. Carlotti cites the great improvement 
 at the Maison-Carree in Algiers and in the Commune of 
 Columb in the Republic of Columbia in South America, 
 due to extensive Eucalyptus planting. 
 
 M. Gimbert, in a communication to the Academy of 
 Sciences, takes strong ground in favor of the sanitary value 
 of Eucalyptus plantations. Amongst the places cited by 
 him to establish his point are the environs of Constantine 
 Algiers, the Cape of Good Hope Colony, and in the French 
 Departement du Var. 
 
 In No. 168 of our Consular Reports, obtained at my 
 request, there are a number of valuable reports on this 
 question. 
 
 All of these many experiments of Eucalyptus planting 
 for health improvement, are favorably spoken of except 
 in the report of Prof. Tommasi-Crudeli. This distin- 
 guished scientific man does not think that Eucalyptus 
 planting will entirely prevent malaria. He examined the 
 locations in Italy where benefits from this source were 
 claimed, and shows that malaria has recurred in some of 
 them, and that drainage works had been carried out in these 
 places as well as Eucalyptus tree planting. A contro- 
 versy has sprung up on this question, especially as to the 
 
 ects of Eucalyptus planting at Tre Fontane in the 
 10 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Roman campagna. The last word on this subject that I 
 have seen is a pamphlet defending the anti-malarial value 
 of the Eucalyptus at that monastery by Father Franchtno. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS ON THE ROHAN CAMPAGNA, 
 
 Questions on the sanitary effects of the Eucalyptus plan- 
 tations made at the abbey of the Tre Fontane on the Ro- 
 man Campagna, answered by the abbey authorities. October 
 4th, 1895, obtained through the courtesy of the Countess 
 Constance Gianotti. 
 
 1. What species of Eucalyptus have been planted? 
 
 Ans. Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus resinifera, Euca- 
 lyptus rostrata, Eucalyptus vimiualis, Iron-Bark, Eucalyptus 
 Gunnii, Eucalyptus tereticoruis, Eucalyptus Stuartiana, Euca- 
 lyptus uringera, Eucalyptus populifolia, Eucalyptus poly an - 
 anthema, Eucalyptus goniocalyx and others. 
 
 The Iron Bark is probably Eucalyptus sideroxylon. K.) 
 
 2. What is the area of Eucalyptus plantations? 
 Ans. 50 hectares (about 125 acres. K.) 
 
 3. What was the sanitary condition before plantations 
 were made ? 
 
 Ans. Bad. 
 
 4. What has been the sanitary condition since Euca- 
 lyptus plantations? 
 
 Ans. Better, quite supportable. 
 
 5. What other works of health improvement have been 
 undertaken ? 
 
 Ans. Making ditches. 
 
El CALYPTUS. i (j 
 
 EUCALYPTUS MEDICINALLY, 
 
 Preparations of Eucalyptus are used here quite exten- 
 sively and the demand is rapidly increasing. The standing 
 of Eucalyptus as a curative agent is higher amongst the 
 laity than it is amongst the doctors. Teas and poultices 
 made from Eucalyptus leaves are quite popular in Cali- 
 fornia for colds and grippe. Leaves are also steamed for 
 this purpose. A- few drops of Eucalyptus oil in a hot 
 bath is agreeable and reputed to be a nerve sedative. 
 This treatment reduces the size of engorged spleens and 
 is a palliative or cure in malaria. Preparations from the 
 leaves are used in candy, for colds, in amycose as a 
 hair restorer, in cigarettes for catarrh and in lozenges for 
 the throat, hoarseness, etc. The most agreeable of these 
 lozenges that 1 have tried are the "Mission Lozenges," 
 made in Riverside, Cal. These have a good reputation 
 amongst singers and speakers. All these preparations are 
 from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. All our Cali- 
 fornia Eucalyptus oil is from the same species. This 
 unity of the source of supply has the great advantage 
 of giving a reliable percentage of Eucalyptol, to which, 
 principally, the curative effects are attributed. The Eu- 
 calyptus species vary greatly in the proportion of Euea- 
 lyptol that their oils carry. In some there is no Eucalyp- 
 tol, this principle being replaced in some cases by Phellan- 
 drene. The Australian oils are from mixed species and 
 to a considerable extetit from Eucalyptus amygdalina leaves. 
 This species, by the most recent analysis contains no Euca- 
 lyptol. It seems unfortunate that this large oil yielder 
 
j ,s EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 contains only Phellandrene. This principle appears to have 
 curative properties similar to those of Encalyptol and may 
 be quite as effective. The chemical formulas of these two 
 principles are. 
 
 Kucalyptol, C 10 H l6 O. 
 
 Phellandrene, C'° H l6 . 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus oil contains about 60 per cent of 
 Eucalyptol. The purchase of this oil is much the cheapest 
 way to obtain Eucalyptol. 
 
 The Australian producers, Messrs. Sanders <S: Sons 
 and Messrs. J. Bosisto & Co., have quarreled a great 
 deal over the value of different species of Eucalyptus as 
 sources of oil. Merle's "Eucalyptol," made in Darmstadt, 
 is deemed reliable. While reliable supplies of oil from the 
 leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are in the market, it is un- 
 necessary to go to the expense of purchasing Eucalyptol. 
 Eucalyptus preparations are claimed to be soothing and 
 curative to the mucous membrane in the stomach, bladder 
 and urethra, as well as to that in the nose and throat. 
 
 Listerine is a valuable and standard medium of the 
 antiseptic use of Eucalyptus oil. 
 
 Eucalyptus lozenges made of the kino of Eucalyptus 
 rostrata are prepared by Messrs. Wyeth Bros., Philadelphia. 
 These are strongly astringent. 
 
 Euclyptus oil sprayed once or twice a day in a sick 
 room takes off the stuffy or sick room smell and has the 
 effect of making the air feel brighter and more stimulating. 
 When to these good qualities we add the authenticated 
 antiseptic effects of Eucalyptus oil, we may well be sur- 
 prised that it or some similar agent is not universally used 
 in sick rooms, hospitals and maternity wards. The spray 
 is used in diphtheria. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. //y 
 
 ( From Pharmacology of the Materia Medica.) 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Sabil. 
 
 Synonyms. — Australian Gum Tree, Blue Gum Tree, Fever Tree, Iron 
 Bark, Woolly Butt. 
 
 (Iron Bark and Woolly Butt are not .synonyms of Eucalyptus 
 globulus. — Ed. ) 
 Part Employed. — The leaves. 
 Natural Order. — Myrtaceae. 
 Habitat. — Australia. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, aphrdoisiac, antispasmodic and eminently anti- 
 septic in its action ; recommended in the treatment of intermittents, 
 especially in those chronic varieties in which quinine has failed; also 
 in septic fevers, diphtheria, etc. As an antispasmodic it is useful in 
 asthma, but its chief uses depend upon its antiseptic character. 
 Thus it is employed in the treatment of fcetid breath, ulcers (syphi- 
 litic and otherwise), purulent catarrhal affections of the bladder, 
 urethra and vagina, spongy and bleeding gums, etc.; externally, 
 suitably diluted, the fruit extract is employed also as a disinfectant 
 lotion in gangrenous or fcetid suppuraticm, foul ulcers and offensive 
 discharges of the skin. 
 Preparations. — Eucalyptus Oil; dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3 to 2 C. c). 
 
 Capsules. Oil Eucalyptus, in soft gelatin; Oil Eucalyptus, 
 true, 5 minims; Oil Sweet Almond, 5 minims; also 
 in hard gelatin, substituting olive for the almond 
 oil; a favorite method of Prof. H. C. Wood of exhi- 
 biting this remedy as a stimulating expectorant; he 
 recommends that it be given 4 times daily in 10- 
 ininim doses. 
 Fluid Extract Eucalyptus. U. S. 1'.; not miscible with 
 
 water; dose, 15 to 60 minims (1 to 4 C. c). 
 Powdered Extract F^ucalyptus; of the same strength as 
 the solid extract, prepared by evaporating, at a low 
 temperature, the solid extract, and replacing the 
 moisture with powdered F)ucalyptus leaves; dose, 3 
 to 10 grains (0.2 to 0.65 Gm.). 
 Solid Fvxtract Eucalyptus; one part equals 5 leaves; 
 
 dose, 3 to 10 grains (0.2 to 0.65 Gm.). 
 Elixir Eucalyptus Compound ; each fluid ounce repre- 
 sents ingredients specified; Eucalyptus Globulus, 15 
 grs. ; Wild Cherry, i6grs.; Gentian, 4 grs.; Licorice. 
 15 grs.; Dandelion, 20 grs.; Syr. Yerba Santa Arom., 
 30 minims. 
 
El CAL YPTUS. 
 
 Inhalant, Eucalyptus, No. 7 of P., D. & Co. 's series of 
 inhalants; Oil Eucalyptus, 1 fluidrachui; Inhalant 
 No. 1 (neutral oil), 1 fluidounce; used with advan- 
 tage in foetid brochitis, diphtheria, etc. 
 
 Lozenges, Eucalyptus, containing: Ext. Eucalyptus, 
 true, 3 grs. ; Ext. Licorice, 1 gr. 
 
 Pills, Eucalyptus Compound, 1 5-8 gr.; Ext. Eucalyptus, 
 1 gr.; Ext. Canadian Hemp, ', gr. ; Sanguinarin, 
 1-8 gr. 
 
 Pills, Eucalyptus Extract, 2 grs. 
 
 Pills, Eever and Ague, 2 grs.; Ext. Eucalyptus, ' 4 gr.; 
 Chinoidin, 1 gr. ; Iron Ferrocyanide, l 2 gr.; Powd. 
 Capsicum. ' + gr.; Arsenious acid, 1-200 gr. 
 
 THE CHEMISTRY OF EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Hartzer- (1870) obtained from the leaves tannin, eery lie or an allied 
 alcohol, a erystallizable fatty acid — the sodium salt of which is soluble in 
 ether— and three resins, one of which has acid properties, and yields with 
 sulphuric acid a carmine-colored copulated acid, becoming violet with 
 ether. 
 
 E. S. Waynej ' £870) likewise isolated an acid resin, which he found 
 to be crystalizable, and to give a brown-red reaction with ferric chloride. 
 The most important constituent, however, is the volatile oil, of which the 
 leaves yield about 6 per cent. 
 
 The United States Pharmacopieia recognizes the oil obtained from 
 Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus amagdaliua and some other species of 
 Eucalyptus. % 
 
 These volatile oils are colorless or pale yellow, thin liquids becoming 
 thicker and somewhat darker by age. They are neutral to test-paper, 
 are highly and more or less pungently aromatic in odor and taste, that of 
 Eucalyptus globulus being camphoraceous, that of Eucalyptus amygda- 
 lina somewhat resembling peppermint, while others have a more terebin- 
 thinate or lemon-like odor, and that of Eucalyptus persicifolia, or peach 
 gum, like oil of bitter almonds, with which it agrees in containing hydro- 
 cyanic acid. The specific gravity of these oils varies between .88 and .94, 
 and their boiling points between about 130 and 200° C. (266° and 392 F.) 
 
 The dextrogyre oil of Eucalyptus globulus was examined by Cloez 
 ( 1S70) and by Faust and Homeyer (1874). Cloez regarded the oil as be- 
 ing chiefly composed of Eucalyptol, C I2 H2cO, boiling at 178 C. (352 4 F.) 
 and yielding with phosphoric anhydride two compounds. C ,2 H rS , of 
 
 • American Journal of Pharmacy, 1876, p 
 t American Journal of Pharmacy, 1876, p 
 
 I This error I have referred to, Eucalyptus gobulus oil containing eucalyptol and 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, rhellandrene. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 151 
 
 which Eucalyptene boils at 165 C. (320 F.),and Eucalyptolene at about 
 300 C. (572° F.) Faust and Homeyer, however, obtained from the oil 
 about 60 per cent, of a terpene, C u, H l6 , boiling between 172 and 175 C, 
 (.342.6° and 447 F.), 30 per cent, of cyniol, C io Hm, the remainder being 
 a terpene boiling at 150- C. (302 F.). and an oxygenated compound, 
 probably C I0 H r 90, which they named eucalyptol, Cloez's compound of 
 the same name, being a mixture of the first two hydrocarbons, which 
 rapidly combine with oxygen. The oil of Eucalyptus amygdalina does 
 not appear to contain eucalyptol. 
 
 ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF 
 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. 
 
 If extensive applicability and promptness of action are the criterion 
 of a standard remedy, the preparations of Eucalyptus globulus, have an 
 unquestionable claim to be included in this category. Still, looking over 
 an apothecary's prescription file, we would be surprised to find how 
 rarely this drug is exhibited. To those, however, familiar with the clini- 
 cal employment of the remedies in question, it must be clear that the 
 practitioner's lack of practical acquaintance with, and confidence in, the 
 drug, rather than any want of therapeutic energy on the part of the 
 plant, have caused the condition. There can be no doubt as to the medi- 
 cinal virtues of the various preparations of Eucalyptus, when we con- 
 sider that the tree itself, in its natural state, medicates by its powerful 
 antiseptic properties a wide zone encircling its habitation. 
 
 We have noticed- a series of interesting articles on the medicinal 
 virtues of this justly prized tree, from which we extract some practically 
 important matters. 
 
 According to Chipier, the author of the papers quoted, the well- 
 known disinfectant properties of the tree depend upon an essential oil 
 contained in the leaves. The aromatic oil found in the other portions of 
 the tree is credited with the other therapeutic effects of Eucalyptus. The 
 action of eucalyptol and eucalyptene, two other components of the Euca- 
 lyptus tree, have hitherto been but little studied. 
 
 In France five different preparations of Eucalyptus are in use, viz.: 
 1, a tincture made by an alcoholic maceration of the fresh leaves ; 2, a 
 tincture obtained from the dry leaves by the same process ; 3, an alco- 
 holic extract ; 4, a wine ; 5, a liniment prepared from the essence. It is 
 interesting to note that the preparations used in Italy against the marsh 
 fevers in Rome and its vicinity all come from a place called Trois-Fon- 
 taines, and have the form of a highly concentrated ethereal extract and 
 an alcoholic elixir. The physiological action of Eucalyptus is suffi- 
 ciently interesting to repay us for briefly reviewing it. 
 
 I,a France Medicaid (Nos. is. Ji 15, i*>) 
 
r 5 2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 All preparations are marked by a peculiar strong odor, suggesting 
 the essence. If a few drops of any Eucalyptus preparation are placed on 
 the tongue, a sensation of pungent freshness, soon followed by one of 
 warmth, is experienced, the latter being due to an hypersecretion of the 
 salivary and buccal glands. Its ingestion into the stomach creates a 
 similar sensation of warmth, and besides, an emission of its characteristic 
 odor by the mouth. The urine reveals a faintly violet coloration, indi- 
 cating the passage of the drug through the system. 
 
 The fact that Eucalyptus, like balsams and essences, impregnates the 
 mucous membranes in particular, suggests at once the utility to be de- 
 rived from the drug in in flammatory conditions of the respiratory and 
 urinary mucous passages. 
 
 Larger doses of the drug produce headache, malaise, general fatigue 
 and prostration, and, even, as shawn by Gimbert, fatal results in animals 
 by paralyzing the reflex motor centres of the spinal cord. 
 
 From the manifold therapeutic applications which Eucalyptus has 
 found in the course of time, we will only review such as have earned a 
 claim to our confidence. 
 
 Rumel is to be credited with having first suggested the idea of plant- 
 ing the tree with the view of thus ridding a territory from the baneful 
 marsh and malarial fevers. The same object led to its cultivation in the 
 English Cape colonies and the western shores of Middle Italy. It was 
 this ingenious transplantation of the Australian tree to the vicinity of 
 Rome that enabled the Trappist of Trois-Fontaines to recover and render 
 inhabitable a vast area formerly exposed to the ravages of malaria. It is 
 highly probable that the disinfectant power of the tree depends upon its 
 capacity to absorb large quantities of water from the surrounding soil, 
 and to thus dessiccate the germs of malaria. The success of this soil 
 medication in Italy, Algiers, Cuba and South America naturally sug- 
 gested the employment of Eucalyptus in intermittant fever. Of an in- 
 fusion of 8 grammes (2 drachms) of the leaves in 120 grammes (5 oz.) of 
 water, a cupful is usually given twice daily. It is well to remember the 
 antiperiodic virtues of Eucalyptus in cases in which quinine has either 
 failed or is contraindicated. In fact, Eucalyptus is better borne by the 
 digestive system that quinine, fatigues the stomach less and is far less ex- 
 pensive. Still it would be wholly erroneous to think of any possible 
 therapeutic equivalence of Eucalyptus and quinine. An honorable and 
 noteworthy rank as an auxiliary remedy in miasmatic fevers is all that 
 can with propriety be claimed for the preparations of Eucalyptus. 
 
 This statement that Eucalyptus asserts its antipyretic character 
 also in the thermal elevations of tuberculosis and cancer appears, if 
 true, to us all the more noteworthy, as its virtues in this direction have 
 been almost generally overlooked. 
 
 Important as the an ti miasmatic and general antipyretic properties of 
 
EUCALYPTUS. f53 
 
 Eucalyptus unquestionably are, it is in the laryngeal and bronchial in- 
 flammatory affections that the drug renders its most signal services. Its 
 action in this respect rivals that of turpentine and tar, and even offers 
 advantages in being better borne by the digestive organs, and being 
 earlier administrate. When in the course of bronchitis the febrile ele- 
 vation has fallen and the so-called catarrhal stage has been reached, Eu- 
 calyptus positively diminishes the expectoration, and renders it less pur- 
 ulent. This peculiar effect of Eucalyptus on the bronchial expectoration 
 can be relied upon, especially in the fetid form of bronchitis, in bronchial 
 dilatation, and emphysema. Chipier quotes several cases of pulmonary 
 gangrene and tuberculosis in which this modification of the expectoration 
 wrought by Eucalyptus was very obvious. 
 
 A few more words on the special value of the drug in pulmonary 
 consumption will not be out of place. Though no rational physician 
 will look for any specific or even curative virtues regarding consumption 
 in Eucalyptus more than in any other drug, it must be confessed that the 
 peculiar combination of antiseptic and anticatarrhal properties places 
 Eucalyptus at the head of all remedies from which any amelioration of 
 the local tissue-decomposition can be expected. In Italy the drug enjoys 
 the enviable reputation of positively benefiting tubercular patients. Dr. 
 Gimpert, of Cannes, a well-known specialist of that famous tubercular 
 sanitarium, expresses himself in terms of highest praise of Eucalyptus 
 in the various tubercular processes. He warns, however, against exhib- 
 iting the drug in too large doses, lest haemoptysis should set in. 
 
 Without wishing to contradict the assertion of those physicians who 
 succeeded in obtaining definite advantages from Eucalyptus in tubercular 
 affections, we must express our astonishment that, provided the drug did 
 possess the alleged capacity, such effects should have been wholly un- 
 known in this country. At all events it appears advisable to exhibit the 
 various preparations of Eucalyptus in the manifold affections in which 
 its reputation is either firmly established or merely alleged. It will do 
 no harm in either case, and might be conducive to valuable results 
 in both. 
 
 The value of Eucalyptus in the various catarrhal affections of the 
 urino-genital apparatus is likewise great. 
 
 THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS.* 
 
 The leaves are of a bluish-green color, and have an aromatic, bal- 
 samic, and somewhat persistent bitter taste, increasing the flow of saliva. 
 The swallowed juice imparts a pleasant feeling of warmth to the stomach, 
 increasing the appetite and facilitating digestion. In health, fuli doses 
 are said to cause sleeplessness, but in the weak and anaemic, drowsiness 
 and sleep are said to follow. 
 
 * Therapeutic Gazette, [880, p. [46 
 
r 54 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Eucalyptus is powerfully antiseptic and anti-malarial. Mixed with 
 albumen and fresh fibrine, its essential oil, Eucalyptol, prevents decom- 
 position, and animal tissue treated with it may be dried and mummified 
 by simple exposure to the air. The tree has wonderful anti-miasmatic 
 properties. Planted in marshy districts, it absorbs the excessive humidity 
 of the soil, and with the drying of the morass there is a disappearance ot 
 the malaria. Gimbert estimates that the tree extracts from the soil ten 
 times its own weight of water during the twenty-four hours. Outside of 
 its native habitat, this property of the tree has been successfully tested 
 in Algeria, in the notorious Campagna di Roma, in the delta of the Var, 
 near Nice, and in California. Districts which were uninhabitable have 
 been made healthful and entirely free from malaria by the planting of 
 these trees. 
 
 Therapy. — Locally: Applied in the form of a mixture of an ounce 
 or more to a pint of tepid water, it is an admirable stimulating disinfec- 
 tant to chronic, ill-conditioned ulcers, removing the fcetor of the dis- 
 charge and improving the character of the secretion. A mixture of half 
 this strength may be used with excellent results in vaginal leucorrhcea, 
 and particularly when there is erosion and ulceration of the os. As an 
 antiseptic and a corrective of the fcetor from decomposition of retained 
 placenta, a similar injection is useful. A drachm or two of the fluid 
 extract rubbed on the hands will remove the persistent odor caused by 
 vaginal examination, in such cases as the above. Pencilling of the 
 fauces and pharynx with the fluid extract in diphtheria, both gives relief 
 to the patient and is an efficient deodorant. The inhalation of the spray 
 from the steam atomizer is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of diph- 
 theria, and also as a palliative in purulent bronchitis and phthisis. 
 
 Internally. In intermittent fever. The marked influence of the 
 tree in ridding districts of malaria, suggested the internal administration 
 of Eucalyptus globulus in malarial disorders. The trial to which it has 
 been submitted has established it as an anti-malarial remedy of much 
 power, and even as a formidable rival to quinine in certain cases. Wl 
 in more recent and pronounced attacks of the disease, its action is n< 
 prompt or certain as that of quinine, it is more effectual in the chronic 
 forms. Especially in districts in which the patient is continuously ex- 
 posed to the malarial influence, and in cases in which quinine has appar- 
 ently lost its power to avert or abort the paroxysm, is the .superiority of 
 Eucalyptus globulus demonstrated. The following combination is 
 most admirable one in the debility of cachexia ensuing on the prolonged 
 effects of the malarial infection: 
 
 K 'Kxt. eucalypH globuli fluidi sj 
 
 l'.xt. berberis aquifolii fluidi vi 
 
 Ext. taraxaci fluid! §ss 
 
 Glycerinae 5jss 
 
 M Siu A teaspoonful every four hours. 
 
/ ! < ALYPTUS. 
 
 In diphtheria. A number of cases of diphtheria have been reported 
 by reliable physicians, in which the exhibition of Eucalyptus globulus 
 exerted a very beneficial effect. Its local application is certainly attended 
 with good results, but its internal use in this disease has been too limited 
 to justify any very pronounced opinion regarding it. As an adjuvant to 
 other remedies, it would seem from its antiseptic properties, and from 
 the fact that it is largely eliminated through the mucous membranes, to 
 be worthy of a more extended trial. 
 
 In atonic dyspepsia and in chronic gastric catarrh, Kucalyptus is a 
 very useful article. It may be combined in such cases with columbo. It 
 should not be given in inflammatory conditions of the stomach. 
 
 In chronic cystitis there is probably no remedy of equal efficacy with 
 Eucalyptus globulus. It evidently acts in such cases through contact 
 with the membrane, it being largely eliminated through the urine, to 
 which it communicates its characteristic odor. In such cases, attended 
 as they are by profuse secretion of the mucus with the urine, and by ina- 
 bility to retain the urine for any length of time, the following combi- 
 nation has been found to be followed with very happy results: 
 
 (} Ext. eucalypti globuli fluidi ~ v .i- 
 
 Ext. belladonna fluidi " ss 
 
 Ext. buchu fluidi.. ?ss 
 
 Muc. acacias ? .ij 
 
 < H. cinnatnoni :~ 11 V J 
 
 Ft. emulsionem. 
 M. Sis. -A teasponful every three hours. 
 
 As an antiseptic in surgery. This application of Eucalyptus globu- 
 lus is somewhat new, but its results have been of such a nature as to war- 
 rant a more extended trial. Dr. Floyd, of Sedgwick, Kansas I See Report 
 9, page 668) has made experiments, therapeutical and otherwise, which 
 certainly indicate it to be possessed of properties which give promise of 
 valuable results in the surgical treatment of wounds As an illustra 
 of its value, he reports among others a case of compound comminuted 
 fracture of the forearm, necessitating amputation. The spmges and 
 bandages employed during the operation, were soaked in a 20 per cent, 
 solution of carbolic acid, and the stump was enveloped in several thick- 
 nesses of cheese cloth, which were kept constantly saturated in fluid 
 extract eucalyptus one part to seven of water. This was the only dress- 
 ing, and 10 days after the operation, the stump had healed without pain 
 or suppuration, and the patient was discharged. Dr. Floyd has found no 
 dressing equal to it in the treatment of lacerated wounds. His experi- 
 ments with different preparations of eucalyptus, on hay infusion, have 
 fixed the antiseptic properties of the drug in its resinous constituent, 
 preparations from which this principle had been removed, having had no 
 preventive influence against putrefaction. 
 
rj6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Administration . — The fluid extract is the most eligihle form, and 
 contains most largely the medicinal principles. The dose is from 10 to 
 30 drops, and may be given in form of an emulsion, with syrup of acacia.-. 
 
 Materia Mkdica of the Eucalyptus Oils.* 
 
 The first effect of the oil when taken internally to the extent of 10 
 to 20 minims, is to stimulate the cerebro-spinal nervous system, large 
 doses produce genuine intoxication which passes into unconsciousness" 
 and heavy sleep ; the reasonable antidote for an overdose is therefore a 
 cup of strong coffee. The oil possesses more powerful antiseptic proper- 
 ties than phenol (carbolic acid), and is accordingly used in an antiseptic 
 spray, and for antiseptic dressings ; it is not so irritating as phenol, but 
 possesses sufficient inflammatory power to render it a good rubefacient if 
 applied with friction. Considering its powerful antiseptic effect, its 
 poisonous action when taken internally is remarkably mild, so that there 
 is no danger from its absorption by even a large wound surface ; when it 
 is carefully purified as much as % oz. can be taken diluted with no more 
 serious results than considerable depression. An idea of its antiseptic 
 powers may be gathered from the fact that 1 '/, parts in 1000 arrest the 
 development of bacteria in a vegetable infusion. Its effect on the blood 
 is powerful, it diminishes the power of the red corpuscles to absorb 
 oxygen, as can be shown by the darkening of red blood when even very 
 dilute eucalyptus oil is added to it ; it also destroys the contractility of 
 the white blood corpuscles. Many small animals are paralyzed by the 
 mere vapor, so that the value of the eucalyptus oil as an anthelmintic or 
 vermifuge can be understood. The following formulae were given by 
 Mr. Bosisto in a paper on the " Materia Medica of the Kucalyptus," pub- 
 lished in the Australian Medical Journal, 1885, p. 441 : 
 
 For rheumatism, sciatica, lumbago, asthma and sprains requiring a 
 stn wtig liniment : 
 
 R Ol. eucalypti 51V. 
 
 Vaseline " ij. 
 
 Misce. 
 
 For the throat when it requires a mild liniment : 
 
 R Ol. eucalypti ^iij. 
 
 Dl . ol i vae \]. 
 
 Misce. 
 
 The addition of the olive oil prevents irritation of the skin. The 
 vaseline is to be warmed before mixing. 
 
 In its internal use for coughs, asthmatic difficulty of breathing or 
 sore throat, 5-drop doses on loaf sugar are recommended to be taken 
 occasionally. For stronger doses : 
 
 R Ol. eucalypti "j. 
 
 Pulv. gum acacne ~ i i -j . 
 
 Saccharum ",ss. 
 
 Aq. ciunaiuon ad. "%\\. 
 
 Misce. Dose, one-ball ounce for an adult every four or six hours. 
 \V111. Sutherland, M. A.. B. S., in the Chemist and Druggist. March. 1887. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 15; 
 
 ( >r the follwing may be used : 
 
 \\ Ol. eucalypti ~>j- 
 
 Infus. lin'i %ii>s. 
 
 Syrupus % ss - 
 
 Misce. Dose as above 
 
 As an anthelmic 30 to 60 minims ot the oil in mucilage of starch are 
 , to be administered by enema. 
 
 On the continent a eucalyptic tincture is the commonest form in 
 which eucalyptus oil is used, but besides the oil this contains a bitter 
 febrifugal principal, and traces of resins and acids which in the ordinary 
 process of distilling eucalyptus oil are kept back in the mother liquor of 
 the stills. The tincture is prepared by bruising three ounces of fresh 
 leaves, and covering them with six ounces of absolute alcohol, in which 
 they are digested at a moderate temperature, in a well-closed vessel, for 
 fourteen days at the end of which the leaves are well pressed and the 
 liquid filtered. This preparation has decided antipyretic properties, a 
 fact which along with its bitter taste led its first investigators to believe 
 that eucalyptus leaves contain an alkaloid like those of the cinchona 
 bark, but this idea was soon dispelled. However, there is no doubt that 
 this tincture possesses some of the properties of quinine ; thus by actual 
 experiment it has been found to exercise a contracting effect on a dog's 
 spleen, which is the action of quinine. In cases of malarial fever euca- 
 lyptic tincture is considered to rank next to quinine as a remedy ; in 
 many cases where quinine fails it proves successful, and it possesses the 
 decided advantage of being much cheaper and less troublesome in its 
 after-effects. In the continental preparations of the above tincture the 
 leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are always used, but there is no informa- 
 tion to be had as to the tinctures to be obtained from the leaves of other 
 oil-yielding species. As has been said before the name globulus carries 
 a glamour with it which there is no proper experimental evidence to 
 justify. Until the systematic details of comparative experiment are 
 given, the preference given to globulus preparations must be regarded as 
 arbitrary and accidental. There is certainly room here for an interest- 
 ing piece of pure pharmaceutical research which ought to occupy the 
 attention of some of our more scientific Australian pharmacists. 
 
 CLINICAL REPORTS OF THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Reports of a General Character. 
 
 Report i.* — As to the therapeutics of Eucalyptus, (juke a volume 
 could be collected of the reports of successful cases. We spare you most 
 of this, and give only some of the more important and practical tests, or 
 new uses of the drug. 
 
 C. Henri Leonard, M. 1) . in New Preparations, [877, p. 6. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Dr. Wooster, of San Francisco, California, in a report of 136 cases of 
 various diseases treated exclusively with fluid extract of Eucalyptus 
 globulus, gives the following results : 
 
 Treated. Cured. Improved. 
 
 Remittent fever 5 5 
 
 Intermittent fever 19 19 
 
 Typhoid fever 9 9 
 
 Nephritis 4 1 
 
 Diuresis 10 3 
 
 Incontinence of urine 3 3 
 
 Vesical catarrh 27 25 
 
 Blennorrhagia 13 io 3 
 
 Valvular disease of heart 707 
 
 Dysentery \ 3 3 
 
 Chronic diarrhcea 1; 9 1 
 
 Gonorrhoea (syphilitic) is n 5 
 
 Dropsy r < 3 3 
 
 1 If the whole number of cases, 106 were cured and 29 improved. 
 
 Dr. Keller, physician-in-chief of the Australian Railway Company, 
 reports the following cases, with results, as treated with Eucalyptus: The 
 total number of malarial cases was 432. Of them, 310, or 71.76 per cent. 
 were cured; 122 required a supplementary course of quinine. Of those 
 cured (310), 202 needed but a single dose of the remedy (the tincture); 
 the remaining 108 cases had one or more subsequent paroxysms. Qui- 
 nine had been given previous to the Eucalyptus in no out of the 432 
 cases. Of the r22 cases in which the remedy failed, 58 were cured with 
 quinine, 10 were sent home. 16 remained under treatment, and 38 re- 
 led in statu quo. Out of the 118 cases in which quinine had been 
 lously given but failed in arresting the disease, 91 recovered under 
 the influence of Eucalyptus, the remaining 27 were not benefitted. The 
 several types of fever were as follows: 
 
 Complicated. Simple. Total 
 
 Quotidian 117 7 (9° 
 
 Tert an i '< 221 
 
 Quartan >' 1 
 
 Quintal! 1 ■•■• t 
 
 The complications were splenic and hepatic engorgements, aniema, 
 chronic gastric catarrh, paludal cachexia, etc. The remedy proved itself 
 successful in 161 (61.9 per cent.") of the complicated cases, and in 149 
 (86.6 per cent.) of the simple cases. Cures classified according to the 
 types, we find successes in the tertian to have been 73.57 per cent., in the 
 quartan 70 per cent. The renedy in a single dose arrested the disease in 
 107 simple and 95 complicated cases. The treatment was generally com- 
 menced on the fifth day after the paroxysm, and the average duration 
 was but q'.. days, whereas in previous years when quinine was employed 
 days was the average time of treatment. The tincture was made by 
 macerating the leaves in alcohol for three months. Ten pounds of the 
 leaves yielded 25 quarts of the tincture. The average dose was two 
 drachms, and the average quantity used per patient was seven drachms. 
 Dr. Burdel has employed it in 50 cases of quotidian, 39 of tertian. 
 and 34 of quartan ague. The powder, tincture and solid extract were 
 
EUCALYPTUS. iy-> 
 
 made use of. In 57 cases lie derived no benefit. The treatment extended 
 from five to ten davs. The extract in 10 to 12 grains, daily, was found 
 most beneficial in preventing relapses; this was given for five or six days 
 after the arrest of the paroxysm. 
 
 Castan reports $$ successful cases out of a total of 44 cases treated 
 with the drug. Mees, out of 35 cases had 13 cured, 10 greatly benefitted, 
 and 1 2 partially relieved. 
 
 Eorinsen cured 43 cases out of 51 to whom he administered the tinc- 
 ture as an anti-periodic. In one case of failure, both it and quinine were 
 unavailing. Bohn reports a case of a child with a masked intermittent, 
 with cerebral complications, where the tincture in drachm doses proved 
 successful in relieving the symptoms for four hours, and he recommends 
 it in puerperal fevers. Hoyce details a case of ague that had resisted qui- 
 nine and arsenic, and was cured by the Eucalyptus in four days. He has 
 used with great success in catarrhal affection; of the urethra. The oil 
 he recommends as of use in odontalgia. Curnow, of London, speaks of 
 a Norwegian that had been five weeks with an attack of ague, tertian 
 type. The temperature was from 104 to 105.6° F. at the acme of the 
 fever before the administration of the tincture of the drug. The admin- 
 istration was commenced on a day preceding an attack, and given in 
 drachm doses ter in die; it modified the attack on the following day so 
 that the highest temperature of the paroxysm was but 100 F., instead of 
 the customary 105°. No further return of the paroxysm was noticed. In 
 another case, a Dane, was admitted to the hospital after an attack of five 
 days duration, with severe paroxysms, lasting some twelve hours each 
 time. The highest point of temperature reached at each attack was 
 106.4". One was tertian type, and just before the next attack was due, 
 the administration of Eucalyptus was begun, in the same dose, etc., as 
 before. The next two attacks were modified in their severity, and were 
 much shorter; the dose was then doubled, and he had but a single attack 
 following this date. 
 
 In the external application of the Eucalyptus, equally good reports 
 have been universally given, and it is more especially to this use of it 
 that we would now call your attention. In the United States this has 
 not been so much dwelt upon as on the continent, probably through lack 
 of its employment as an external remedy. As a stimulant to foul, or 
 gangrenous ulcers, bedsores, and in cases ot vaginitis, offensive leucorr- 
 Inea, chronic bronchitis and the like it is one of our best vegetable pre- 
 parations. Dupuytren (Pigne) details a few of the cases in which he has 
 made use of it ill his hospital practice. A man had arteritis of the leg, 
 succeeded by gangrene, which extended so high up as to render amputa- 
 tion impossible. In two weeks a large ulcer resulted, whose odor was 
 horribly fetid. Everything in turn was employed to destroy this odor, 
 to no offect. At last a decoction of Eucalyptus was resorted to, and, with- 
 
160 EL CAL YPTUS. 
 
 out exaggeration, he states, in five minutes all fetor had disappeared. 
 The decoction continued to be used with the same effect until death oc- 
 curred, two or three weeks subsequently. 
 
 Another man, who had been under treatment in the hospital for two 
 months with extensive, deep ulcer from varix, of a year's duration, had 
 the decoction applied to the ulcer three times a day, with remarkable 
 effect. In five or six days the ulcer was entirely covered over with 
 healthy granulations, and in a mouth it was entirely well. 
 
 A woman had been troubled for main- months with an ulcer around 
 the orifice of the urethra. It was cauterized five times with no result. 
 After twelve da}'s' use of the decoction of Eucalyptus, washing thrice 
 daily, it was well. 
 
 Four cases of syphilitic chancres healed under the Eucalvptus dress- 
 ing in five or six days, without other treatment. These were very recent 
 cases, or constitutional treatment would have been resorted to. 
 
 A man that had an intermittent fever that had proved rebellious to 
 quinia, and also to arsenic, which latter had been administered for two 
 weeks, after a three weeks' course of the Eucalyptus was cured entirely. 
 
 So numerous are the cases of bronchitis cured with the drug, he 
 states, that it is hardly worth while to mention them. 
 
 Woodward has used the tincture as a disinfecting and antiseptic 
 enema in case of retained and decomposed placenta with marked suc- 
 cess. Also in a case of putrid dysenteric passages, the Eucalyptus given 
 internally changes the offensiveness of the stools, besides checking their 
 frequency. In a case of diphtheria where death was supposed to be in- 
 evitable, the local application relieved the fetor, and assisted in checking 
 the further spread of the disease. He has also employed it in a single 
 case of neuralgia dependent upon the malarial taint. Other remedies 
 were fruitlessly tried before resorting to the Eucalyptus. In twenty-four 
 hours the relief was permanent. He gave it in fifteen-drop doses. 
 
 L,eary, in a recent discussion before the " King's County Medical 
 Society." says that for four years he has used it as nearly a specific in 
 gonorrhoea. He noticed then its great diuretic powers, and so has since 
 given it, in ten-minim doses of the fluid extract, in cases of dropsy. He 
 briefly reports four, one due to Morbus Brightii, another to cardiac 
 hypertrophy with dilation, the third to cardiac disease, and the fourth to 
 cardiac hypertrophy, where remarkable success followed its administra- 
 tion. He has also made frequent use of the remedy in passive conges- 
 tions of the kidneys, and always with benefit. He noticed that some- 
 times his patients would complain of tinnitus auriiuii, and headache 
 from the passive cerebral congestion. 
 
 Wooster states that he has used gallons of the fluid extract in the U. 
 S. Marine Hospital, and was surprised at its uniform and reliable effect 
 in the diseases for which it is recommended. He certifies that it is a 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. i6r 
 
 diuretic, and may be administered when others are admissible. It is an 
 aromatic tonic, and as such specially indicated in low states of the sys- 
 tem as we see in typhoid fever, diarrhoea and dysentery. In vesical 
 catarrh it has proven a reliable remedy in his hands, and many cases of 
 gonorrhoea, he says, he has quickly cured by the use of this remedy alone. 
 Indeed, in all affections of the mucous membranes its beneficial action is 
 noticed. As an external application to foul ulcers he avers, it is of great 
 value. 
 
 Limbert has successfully treated wounds by the application of the 
 fresh leaves to the parts. Alter a few hours all the unpleasant odor em- 
 anating therefrom is counteracted and a healthy state of healing goes on 
 to complete cicatrization. 
 
 Bucquoy (of Cochin Hospital, Paris) asserts that of all the drugs he 
 has made use of in pulmonary gangrene, none have given him the satis- 
 faction that Eucalyptus has. Out of the various cases treated, five were 
 complete cures, while the symptoms of all the others were favorably 
 modified. The cough modified, the sputa was less abundant, and the 
 offensive odor was entirely absent, and this after carbolic acid had failed. 
 He uses it in the form of an alcoholate, half a drachm in a mixture of 
 syrup, gum and orange-flower water. 
 
 These anti-septic properties of Eucalyptus are due, mostly, to the oil 
 (eucalypto) contained in the various preparations made use of. It (the 
 oil) has been known to preserve blood for over five months from decom- 
 position (as long as carbolic acid will do the same), which is longer than 
 turpentine will keep it unchanged. Eimbert and Birch have both made 
 experiments to this effect, and both confirm the statement. The action 
 of the remedy upon the white blood-corpuscles is analagous to that of 
 quinine, as it restrains their amoeboid movements, and hence its useful- 
 ness in the class of troubles, congestive in their nature, where it may be 
 locally applied. 
 
 As an item of agricultural interest it may be noted that it has been 
 asserted by the French writers to be a remedy for phylloxera; that trees 
 growing near the grape-vines protect the vines from the ravages of this 
 parasite. Experiments have also been made with the essence of the drug 
 upon the diseased vines, by Abbe Rolland, in the manner of innovula- 
 tions, and with such success that he has pronounced, after a trial of two 
 years of its virtues, " an infallible remedy." He makes a broad incision 
 through the bark at the neck of the vine, and into this drops a few drops 
 of the essence, or rubs it over the cut surface with a camel's hair brush. 
 The result is, as he says, that in three or four days the parasites are de- 
 stroyed, but the vine remains uninjured. The incision may be made in 
 any part of the bark, but the desirable result is most speedily obtained 
 by making it as near the roots as possible. 
 
 11 
 
1 62 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Report 2* — In the the internal administration of eucalyptus as a 
 remedy for malarial fever, we do not have one uniform and universal 
 application ; still it compares favorably with other remedies in general 
 use. If I had written this article after the first six months' experience in 
 its use, I might have said that it absolutely cured all forms and conditions 
 of active malarial poisoning, for it did so in every instance in scores of 
 cases and in all forms, from simple intermittent to " dumb ague," and in 
 several cases by a single dose. So uniform was its action that I felt con- 
 fident we had at last an unfailing remedy, but since the first year I have 
 failed in many instances with the same preparation — the tincture. 
 
 Hence it seems to me that it partakes of the nature of other remedies 
 in respect to particular seasons and localities for its better action. Euca- 
 lyptus, however, has acted promptly when quinine has failed. I first 
 .employed it in a case of masked intermittent, in which the poison had 
 had pretty much its own way for three months, and in which quinine 
 and arsenic only produced temporary mitigation, while gelsemium, nux 
 vomica, ipecac, and nitric acid seemed powerless to touch the slightest 
 symptoms, and where the first dose of eucalyptus wrought an entire 
 change. The remedy was taken at the time of the chill, and the fever 
 did not follow. The patient soon recovered her strength, and has since 
 had no return of ague symptoms — now over three years. This is con- 
 trary to the opinion of some that it has no effect on chronic forms of 
 malarial fever. 
 
 Eucalyptus is also recommended in all catarrhal affections of the air 
 passages, from the common coryza to chronic bronchitis, and of the ali- 
 mentary canal, ulcers in the stomach, chronic diarrhoea, and in the dis- 
 eases of the urinary tract, such as inflammation and irritation of the 
 bladder, gonorrhoea and gleet. I have found it of special benefit in irri- 
 table bladder. One case that lately came to me from Fountain county, 
 Indiana, in which belladonna and camphor relieved her perfectly, while 
 in this city, but on her return home the irritability came on with double 
 force, eucalyptus gave immediate relief. She being a very intelligent 
 lady, I will copy a portion of her letter, dated Dec. 4th, 1880 : 
 
 " I am quite free from distress and able to work the early part of the 
 day, but about 3 in the afternoon the ' ache ' begins ; there is a constant 
 desire to pass water and a strained, protruding feeling at the neck of the 
 bladder ; then follows a fearful itching, scalding, aching sensation, which 
 well-nigh drives me frantic. 
 
 ' After a time of suffering which is exhausting, the distress subsides. 
 I eat heartily but so bruised and beaten do I fell that I can only take the 
 edge of a chair for rest. I have such a time, also, every night, being 
 obliged to get up every few minutes to pass a few drops of water, and the 
 
 * Dr. H. A. Foster in the Phys. and Surg. Inv. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1S80, p. 223). 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 163 
 
 passage is often agonizing. There seems to be about the same quantity, 
 though at times it is strong and high-colored.'' 
 
 We have here pure irratibility, and half-drachm doses of fluid extract 
 of Eucalyptus quickly controlled the trouble, as she states in a letter 
 dated december 23d : 
 
 " I have found out the benefits of Eucalyptus in my case. Its relief 
 came most opportunely, for I don't know how I could much longer have 
 endured the terrible strain of the bladder difficulty, and I am so happy 
 to find a balm for that," etc., etc. 
 
 I have obtained good results, also, in several cases of incontinence of 
 urine, and in some cases of gonorrhoea I consider it superior to copabia 
 and the oil of sandalwood. It seems to relieve the pain and scalding 
 more promptly, and reduce the discharge sooner than they. 
 
 I have seen good results in chronic bronchitis from its use. I usu- 
 ally use the fluid extract for urinary troubles, and the tincture for malar- 
 ial fevers and bronchitis. Dose of each, about half a drachm. 
 
 Report 3. f — I have given Eucalyptus with much satisfaction as a 
 gargle in ulcerated sore throat ; also as a gargle, and combined with jab- 
 orandia internally in a number of cases of scarlatina, with results so good 
 as to justify '"great expectations." 
 
 In two very severe cases of typho-malarial fever, the first of which was 
 a lad of fourteen years, quite feeble from hereditary phthisis; the second a 
 boy of four years, who had suffered so long from chronic malarial poison- 
 ing that his nervous system was completely prostrated, and he would 
 scream with terror at the approach of any person, even his mother ; I re- 
 sorted to the fluid extract of Eucalyptus after having pursued the ordi- 
 nary anti-periodic treatment with no apparent benefit, and I had really 
 lost all hope of their recovery. The first twenty-four hours showed a 
 marked improvement, which continued under its use without interrup- 
 tion to complete recovery ; during this time no other medicine was given. 
 
 I have also used the fluid extract as a vaginal injection in blenor- 
 rhcea, leucorrhcea, and kindred affections ; also in gonorrhoea in both 
 male and female, of the strength of one part of fluid extract to seven of 
 water ; the addition of a little glycerine is usually desirable. 
 
 I much prefer this wash in these affections to any dilution of carbolic 
 acid, the indiscriminate use of which is accountable for much mischief. 
 In erosions of the cervix uteri, without ulcerations, I used the fluid ex- 
 tract undiluted as a local application with benefit. 
 
 Report 4.*-— Have used Eucalyptus Globulus in connection with 
 sulph. cinchonidia, in malarial fevers ; also when indicated in typhoid ; 
 have also used it with marked success in uterine diseases, as an injection, 
 and in nasal catarrh for a douche. 
 
 t T. S. Floyd, M. D., in Kansas Medical Index (Therapeutic Gazette, 1S90, p. 309). 
 * H. J. Hilton, M. D., of Ann Arbor, in New Preparations, 1S78, p. 64. 
 
i6 4 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 The following telegram appeared in the papers too late 
 for verification: 
 
 FOR YELLOW FEVER. 
 Brazilian Physicians Said to Have Discovered a Cure. 
 
 (Scripps-McRea League Special Service.) 
 Buenos Ayres, January 29. — Rio Janeiro advices state that a physician 
 of that city declares that he has found a cure which is almost certain in 
 its effects in yellow fever. The physician's new remedy consists of the 
 internal use of doses of the extract of eucalyptus The extract has been 
 tried in the hospitals in Rio Janeiro with astonishing results in favor of 
 the patient. 
 
 Besides these general reports there are a number of re- 
 ports on special uses of Eucalyptus preparations favorable 
 to their value. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS KINO, 
 
 Prof. J. H. Maiden divides the Eucalyptus kinos into 
 three classses, viz., the Ruby, Gummy and Turbid. 
 
 The members of the first of these are soluble both in 
 alcohol and water, giving a ruby colored solution ; those of 
 the second are practically insoluble in alcohol, and the 
 third, when treated with hot water and allowed to cool, 
 contains a body or bodies which render the liquid turbid." 
 
 The only analysis I have seen of these kinos is by 
 Prof. Maiden and of his turbid group. This is the largest 
 of the groups and includes, amongst others the following 
 species w r ell known here: Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus 
 leucoxylon, Eucalyptus cornuta, Eucalyptus rostrata, Euca- 
 lyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus Stuartiana, Eucalyptus Gunnii, 
 Eucalyptus longifolia, Eucalyptus calophylla, Eucalyptus 
 globulus. I give the following analysis from Prof. Maiden. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 165 
 
 EUCALYPTUS CORYNOCALYX. 
 
 It does not entirely dissolve in cold water; the super- 
 natant liquid is pale yellowish, and it does not entirely 
 dissolve in alcohol ; the liquid becomes clear on standing, 
 but on agitation has a very turbid appearance. Its compo- 
 sition (determined August, 1891) is: 
 
 Catechin and tannic acid 82.473 
 
 Ligneous matter, etc 3827 
 
 Moisture 13 .370 
 
 Ash 332 
 
 100.000 
 Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal), 26.2 per cent. 
 
 Eucalyptus Leucoxylon. 
 Behaviour and appearance in water similar to Euca- 
 lyptus corynocalyx sample. In alcohol it does not entirely 
 dissolve; the supernatant liquid is bright, clear, and of a 
 reddish-brown color ; the liquid is very turbid when agi- 
 tated. Its composition (determined August, 1891) is: 
 
 Catechin and tannic acid 79 .279 
 
 Ligneous matter, etc 4.9 
 
 Moisture 14-95 
 
 Ash 871 
 
 100 000 
 Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal) 21.5 per cent. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata. 
 
 The well known "Red Gum" of Victoria and the Mur- 
 ray and Edwards Rivers, N. S. W. 
 
 The kino of this species is perhaps the best known of 
 all Eucalyptus kinos, chiefly through the enterprise of Mr. 
 Joseph Bosisto, of Melbourne. 
 
 It is a useful astringent, and it seems to be increasing 
 in favor with medical men in England, America and 
 Australia. 
 
J 66 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 The official kino (Pterocarpus) contains, I believe, no 
 substance which is not contained in this and some allied 
 kinos, for which they appear to be a perfect substitute. 
 See Pharm. Journal [3], xx. 221, 321. 
 
 The kino of Eucalyptus rostrata will be found men- 
 tioned in all modern works on Materia Medica. In Mar- 
 tindale and Westcott's Extra PharmacopcEia, for instance, 
 we have the following: " Eucalyptus rostrata and Euca- 
 lyptus corymbosa, and probably other species imported 
 from Australia. It is semi-translucent and garnet-colored, 
 not so dark as, but resembling kino in appearance, soluble 
 in water, tough, difficult to powder [not correct as applied 
 to these two kinos, J. H. M.], it adheres to the teeth when 
 chewed, is intensely astringent to the mucous membrane, 
 useful in diarrhoea, relaxed throats, and given with success 
 to check the purging of mercurial pills." 
 
 But the following statements 'pertaining to the percent- 
 age of tannic acid, and the solubility, are somewhat mis- 
 leading, since I have shown the enormous variation in the 
 properties of kinos caused by age. 
 
 "Of 100 parts 90 are dissolved in cold water, the solu- 
 tion being clear. Twenty-seven parts of isinglass precipi- 
 tate all the astringent matter." — Squires' Companion to 
 the B. P. 
 
 Dr. Weisner says of a sample: "Easily soluble in w T ater 
 and alcohol; solution neutral, free from gum-resin. Broken 
 masses of a zircon-red, sometimes light brown, mixed with 
 bits of dark." 
 
 47. "Red Gum;" purchased in Sydney, 22nd Novem- 
 ber, 1S88. Of Victorian origin. 
 
 In lumps up to the size of peas, though angular. Pre- 
 vailing color purpJish brown. Is readily powdered between 
 
EUCALYPTUS. . 167 
 
 the fingers, forming an ochrey-brown powder. The mass 
 of kino has not the brilliant appearance ot the kinos of 
 the ruby group, owing to this friability. 
 
 In cold water it dissolves fairly readily and almost 
 entirely to a reddish-brown liquid. Its composition (deter- 
 mined November, 18S8) is: 
 
 Catechin and tannic acid 84 3 
 
 Ligneous matter, etc 3 
 
 Moisture 15 - 2 
 
 Ash 2 
 
 100.00 
 Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal) 46 22 per cent. 
 
 HOW TO PLANT EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 The first thing to consider in planting Eucalyptus trees 
 is the seed. With the exception of only four or five spe- 
 cies seeds true to name are difficult to obtain. Conse- 
 quently when species are desired that are outside of the 
 ordinary demand it is best to have the seed collected here 
 from identified trees whenever the tree is locally repre- 
 sented. In this connection it should be borne in mind that 
 the seeds in the top of the ovary are nearly all fertile 
 while, as you go down, the ratio of fertile to sterile seeds 
 diminishes: The top seeds are first dropped, so in collect- 
 ing seed the fruit should be gathered just before it opens 
 and allowed to ripen up in sacks or boxes. 
 
 The seed germinate most uniformly when soaked in 
 warm water for 24 hours. All the species from which 
 seed have been locally gathered in California have, as far 
 as reported to me, proved fertile. In Algiers, Eucalyptus 
 tetraptera, is the only one reported sterile. While the seed 
 
j 68 ^ EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 planting method is the only practical way to rear Eucalyp- 
 tus trees in my opinion, still a large number of Eucalyptus 
 species have been propagated from cuttings. In fact in the 
 report I have on this subject no species tried proved abso- 
 lutely recalcitrant. 
 
 When the seed have been obtained I would advise the 
 intending planter to place the rearing of the plants for the 
 field in the hands of a competent nurseryman. In Southern 
 California we are very fortunate in having a number of 
 careful and competent nurserymen. Amongst these I can 
 mention Mr. W. S. I/yon, a botanist and former Forester 
 to the State, and J. L,. Stengle, both of Los Angeles, the 
 Park Nursery and the Paradise Nursery, Pasadena, and Dr. 
 Francischi, a plant lover, of Santa Barbara. 
 
 In case however the planter desires to overlook or under- 
 take the whole planting I present some notes from the dis- 
 tinguished forest conservator, W. S. Gill, and a paper from 
 Mr. Byron O. Clark. Mr. F. M. Gallagher of the Mentecito, 
 plants his seed in coal oil cans cut in half and trans- 
 planted to the field from these direct without a prelimi- 
 nary picking out. 
 
 The grower, as a check, might well refer to the accom- 
 panying illustration of the seedlings of a number of the 
 species. 
 
 My own experience with Eucalyptus tree planting is 
 that the land should be plowed and the cultivation con- 
 tinued to the second season. The planting of Eucalyptus 
 trees amongst our native Californian brush has proved, in 
 general, a failure. The Eucalyptus trees planted without 
 clearing usually live, but remain stunted or for a number 
 of years grow very slowly. I have some Eucalyptus 
 globulus planted amongst oaks, sycamores and willows 
 
From Von Mueller 
 
 Key to Plate of Seedlings 
 
 Young seedlings of Eucalyptus, to exhibit mainly the cotyledonar leaves 
 
 i — E. diversieolor 
 2 — E. leucoxylon 
 3 — E. rostrata 
 4— E. botryoides 
 5 — E. cebra 
 
 6 — E, cornuta 
 7 — E- Gunnii 
 S — K, corymbosa 
 9— E- marginata 
 10— E. obliqua 
 [All figures of natural size]. 
 
 E- gamophylla 
 12- E, pilularis 
 13— E. saligua 
 14— E. siderophloia 
 15— E, goniocalyx 
 
From Von Mueller 
 
 Key to Plate of Seedlings 
 
 Young seedlings of Eucalyptus to exhibit mainly the cotyledonar leaves. 
 I6 -E. calophvlla 20_E amygdalina *- 1 J«a^O«a 
 
 I7 -E. mellVodora «-& ™«™£Pf §_§. sUieta 
 
 18-E. alpina 22— E *>tuartiana 
 
 i 9 -E. piperita 23 - E. Siebenana 
 
 [All figures of natural size]. 
 
 2 7 _E. cosmophylla 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 169 
 
 near a spring in the Sierra Madre mountains, that have 
 grown in seven years what trees in adjacent open plowed 
 land grew in one. M. Cordier reports from Algiers the 
 satisfactory growth of nearly all species of Eucalyptus in 
 ground prepared and cared for to the second year, and the 
 failure to do anything of those set out amongst the native 
 brush. Most species of Eucalyptus grow very rapidly 
 when they are in the soil possession for the first two 
 years. In that time they obtain a hold which subsequent 
 native growths are unable to compete with, and the Euca- 
 lyptus trees continue their rapid growth which does not 
 commence when these trees are set out amongst the native 
 brush. 
 
 Eucalyptus trees should not, as a rule, be set out when 
 over eight or ten inches high. In properly prepared 
 ground six inches is the best size. This need of planting 
 small trees fresh from the seed is one of the great advan- 
 tages and economies of the genus Eucalyptus. 
 
 Pasadena, Cal., April 24, 1895. 
 Abbot Kinney Esq., 
 
 Lamanda Park : 
 
 Dear Sir: — Replying to your request for my treatment 
 of Eucalyptus seed for propogating the young plants, will 
 say : Nature's own seed bed is the best for all young' 
 plants, especially for small seeded plants and trees. I sow 
 in flats, that is, boxes about three inches deep, and of con- 
 venient size for handling. I prefer 18 in. x 18 in. in size, 
 with sufficient openings in the bottom to permit good 
 drainage. Secure from the woods well decomposed leaf 
 
i 7 o EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 mold and mix with one-third to one-half sharp sand such 
 as would be used for mortar by the mason ; fill your boxes 
 level full and firm down with a board which will leave the 
 surface about one-half inch lower than the edge of the box. 
 Scatter the seed evenly and not too thick over the surface 
 and cover about one-eighth inch with finely sifted soil same 
 as used for the seed bed, press down firmly with a board 
 and water lightly. Place boxes after sowing in a cold 
 frame covered with cheese cloth, or in a lath house, and 
 water lightly, daily, and not allow the surface to become 
 dry. The seed of most varieties will germinate in ten to 
 fourteen days, and in warm weather often the first plant 
 will be out above the soil in six days. Water lightly 
 when plants begin to show ; great care will be necessary 
 not to get soil too wet. or fungus will attack them and 
 produce what is termed ' ' damping off ' ' by the gardener, 
 which will often carry off seventy-five per cent, of the 
 young plants before the second and third set of leaves 
 appear, after which there is not much danger from this 
 cause. I have found only one remedy of much use in 
 preventing "damping," that is, to use the finest ioad dust, 
 sprinkling it over the plants lightly on the first appearance 
 of the trouble, which will often check its progress. Some 
 varieties may be more subject to this trouble than others, 
 but I think that conditions of weather favorable to produc- 
 ing succulent growth, the leading cause. Varieties showing 
 least tendency one season, might suffer the greatest, under 
 different conditions of temperature and humidity, another. 
 Before transplanting, the young plants should be hardened 
 off, when about three inches high, by giving only sufficient 
 water to prevent wilting in heat of day. After they have 
 become sufficiently "ripened," or woody, apply water 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 171 
 
 freely, for three or four days, when on taking up the 
 plants they will be found to be making a new root growth, 
 shown by the young white rootlets. When in this condi- 
 tion they will nearly all grow when transplanted if care- 
 fully done and roots not exposed to the air and placed in 
 shade for a few days till over wilting. I use the same 
 sized box for transplanting into as for seed boxes, putting 
 the young plants in with a dibble about two inches apart 
 each way, but I use heavier soil for this purpose, — good 
 clay loam, with a little well rolled manure, and enough 
 sand or light soil to make it pliable is best, as it enables 
 the planter remove the young plant with a squen of soil 
 adhering to the roots, when transplanting to the field, which 
 should be done when the plants are from six to twelve or 
 fifteen inches high. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 Byron O. Clark. 
 
 The better the soil is worked the better the tree will 
 grow 7 . General plowing is the best preparation of land for 
 tree planting. Dug holes cost more and are not so good 
 as a general breaking up of the soil. 
 
 We find Eucalyptus trees succeed well when planted 
 from nursery boxes when the trees are 6 to 12 inches 
 high. This is specially true of the blue gum. Trees cost 
 more in cans or pots and do little if any better. They 
 should be turned out of the pot, but may be left in the 
 cans, which must then be cut down one side. Mr. Walter 
 Gill recommends planting the seedlings in nursery in bam- 
 boo canes and setting the tree in the field with the bamboo 
 intact. The bamboo soon rots and leaves the tree free and 
 
1 72 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 the transplanting is practically without any exposure for 
 the young tree. This method, however, is more costly in 
 the nursery handling than our open boxes. From these 
 the trees are taken and put into the ground as the planting 
 progresses. At this time the boxes should be frequently 
 sprinkled. 
 
 With care the percentage of failure is almost nil. A 
 watering cart should accompany the planting and each tree 
 be given water as it is set out. If this is inconvenient, or 
 from circumstances too costly, a showery spring day should 
 be selected for the planting, or days after the soil has been 
 freshly rained on. 
 
 I have found it pay well to cultivate newly planted 
 trees the first and second years of the planting. The vigor 
 of the tree is thus increased and it obtains rapid and com- 
 plete possession of the soil. I have seen plantations side 
 by side, the one with two years cultivating and the other 
 with none. Many trees were missing in the uncultivated 
 piece, many were stunted in appearance, and the planting 
 looked three or four years behind the cultivated one. The 
 cost of cultivating should not exceed $5 per acre the first 
 year and $2.50 the second and need not be so much. 
 
 March is as early as Eucalyptus should be planted in 
 California, — May and June are better. The best time to 
 set any evergreen tree is just as it is about to start a new 
 growth. Large Eucalyptus trees are very difficult to trans- 
 plant. A small tree is always safer and will quickly pass 
 a large one that has been successfully moved. 
 
 The smaller the tree is when first set the less likely it 
 is to blow over in after years. 
 
 Eucalyptus trees are generally surface rooters and when 
 making rapid growth the first three or four years are some- 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. i 73 
 
 what subject to blow over in high winds after soaking 
 rains. Trees must be protected from stock. Ground squir- 
 rels and rabbits must ^e cleared from tree plantations. 
 This should be done before trees are set out. 
 
 In setting out streets or roadways where there are 
 many foot passengers, Eucalyptus trees in large cans or 
 boxes, say trees two to three feet high, may suit the con- 
 ditions better than very small trees. Of course the cost is 
 much greater both for trees and for planting, but it prob- 
 ably pays. In setting such large trees great care should be 
 taken to see that the trees are not pot bound. 
 
 Mr. Walter Gill, in his pamphlet on tree planting in 
 South Australia, speaks only of the following trees, all 
 Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus globulus he reports short lived, 
 and not suited to the prolonged dry heat of that colony. 
 It grows there, however, with great rapidity for a few 
 years, and is useful as a temporary windbrake or protec- 
 tion for better trees. 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx sugar gum is a fine timber tree 
 and hardy against everything but frost — sensitive to this. 
 Makes good telegraph poles and stands well in the ground. 
 Resists dry heat of interior better than other good trees. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata, best timber for lasting underground 
 when of good quality — that growing on hilly lands more 
 lasting than the bottom land trees, but subject to defects 
 as gum veins and shakes. Not of extra good growth on 
 dry plains in Australia. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta succeeds well in South Australia. 
 Timber tough, useful similar to ash. 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon (S. A. blue gum), valuable tree 
 of timber utility, similar to sugar gum. Especially suited 
 to limestone countrv which other trees do not like. 
 
i 74 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Victorian ironbark) suited to 
 wheelwrights' work. Does well in South Australia. Mr. 
 Gill speaks of the bark of sideroxylon as persistent on all 
 the branches as well as on the main stem. (This does 
 not seem to be the case in California). L,ittle tree planting 
 seems to have been done in Australia outside of this 
 colony. 
 
 In Algiers the very considerable tree planting under the 
 French Forest officers, notably "Cordier,'' has been largely 
 of Eucalyptus. This is also the case in the Argentine 
 plantations. In fact where the Eucalyptus will grow there 
 is no tree to compare with it in cheapness of handling and 
 rapidity of growth. Besides these advantages trees of this 
 genus are generally resistent to all forms of insect pests, 
 more so indeed in foreign lands than in their own native 
 haunts. Eucalyptus amygdalina variety angustifolia is 
 often subject in California to willow scale. This scale is 
 sometimes found on the fruits of other species but not on 
 the trees themselves. Where the temperature is not too 
 cold the Eucalyptus will always be the most popular and 
 the most advantageous tree for grove or forest plantings. 
 
 HOW TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OP A TREE. 
 
 Start from the trunk of the tree at a point about as 
 high as the eye of the observer and measure out a distance 
 according to convenience, which should preferably be 
 greater than the supposed height of the tree. At this 
 point a stake should be set, the top of which must be at 
 the same elevation from the ground as the point on the 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 '75 
 
 tree from which the measure was made. Then at about a 
 quarter of the distance between the stake and the tree a 
 pole must be raised until its top comes into the line be- 
 tween the stake and the top of the tree. This can be 
 seen, of course,- by the observer looking over the top of 
 the stake. 
 
 The accompanying diagram explains the rest. 
 
 ...-=_- on*** 
 
 To calculate the height of a tree, AB:BF = AD:DE. 
 Suppose AB = io feet, B F = 8 feet and AD = ioo feet, 
 
 then 10 : 8 = ioo = D E. 
 Hence D E = 8o feet and the height of the tree = 8o -'- D C 
 
 the height of the nian from the ground. 
 
i 7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 THE EUCALYPTUS BOTAINICALLY. 
 
 The Eucalypti have been classified in various ways, 
 viz., by the leaves, by the barks, by the kino-gums, by 
 the anthers and in a composite way by Bentham. The 
 anthereal system seems to me to be the best for the general 
 student; I have therefore adopted it. By means of the 
 editing done by Prof. A. J. McClatchie, the plate of typical 
 anthers of each series, the key and the glossary, moderate 
 attention will enable a person of intelligence to identify the 
 leading species of the genus. I have described three species 
 which are growing at Santa Monica. Some of the speci- 
 mens of Eucalyptus sent to Von Mueller arrived in bad 
 condition. Of the three species named by me the Baron 
 thought one might be a form of Eucalyptus globulus, and 
 another he called Eucalyptus occidentalis. A reference to 
 the chapter on Eucalyptus oil will show that it would be 
 justifiable to found new species on these trees from the oils 
 alone. The oils are widely different in both yield and 
 character from Eucalyptus globulus in the one case and 
 Eucalyptus occidentalis in the other. 
 
 The genus is spoken of by all observers as an extremely 
 difficult one botanically. The difficulty lies in the strong 
 tendency to vary in the species and of a consequent merg- 
 ing of species into each other. The present arrangement 
 of species is far from being satisfactory. The trees which 
 we now call Eucalyptus amygdalina var. angustifolia and 
 var. regnans are surely worthy of specific rank. This 
 would give us three species and three varieties out of the 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 177 
 
 present amygdalina in California. Leueoxylon and sider- 
 oxylon I have accepted as separate species. The variety 
 pallida of sideroxylon is almost worthy of specific rank. 
 Eucalyptus viminalis has a considerable range of variation 
 here and one of these forms is persistent and specific. 
 
 Baron Von Mueller writes me that the specimen of our 
 Eucalyptus robusta sent him is robusta. Yet it is very 
 different in its bud form from the plate of this species in 
 the Eucalyptographia. What I have called Eucalyptus 
 Californica is by Von Mueller called occidentalis. It is 
 quite different in bark, flowers, fruits and foliage from the 
 typical occidentalis and has varieties of its own. I have 
 never seen a typical Eucalyptus maculata. We have only 
 the variety citriodora, but I think that this tree as well as 
 the lemon-scented iroubark are separate species; many other 
 similar instances exist in the genus. In a general way I 
 believe that a considerable number of additional species 
 should be recognized in the Eucalyptus. 
 
 This work of complete classification could best be done 
 in Australia where the old trees could be often definitively 
 placed by their seedlings alone. 
 
 The beautiful botanical garden at Sydney or the very 
 interesting one at Melbourne would make good seedling 
 headquarters. Such local work supplemented by experi- 
 ments in the widely distributed stations under Mr. Walter 
 Gill in South Australia together with examination and com- 
 parison of mature forms, would soon clear up the confusion 
 that now troubles us. The classification of Bentham is 
 added as an aid to students and I have also put in those 
 descriptions of his which are not clearly synonyms of 
 those in the regular system. Thus where a specimen of 
 
 Eucalyptus can not be run out on the key and anthrial 
 12 
 
i 7 S EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 classification it may still be looked for in Bentham's sys- 
 tem and descriptions. The following partial list of synon- 
 yms and varieties, together with the native habitat and 
 range and vernacular names of the species may help some- 
 what in identifications. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE 
 EUCALYPTI. 
 
 The Eucalypti belong to the order Myrtacecr, which is characterized 
 as follows: 
 
 Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, usually dotted; flowers 
 regular or nearly so. Calyx-tube grown to the ovary at the base or up to 
 the insertion of the stamens. Petals usually as many as calyx-lobes, 
 very much imbricate in the bud, the external one sometimes larger than 
 the others, but usually all nearly equal when expanded, sometimes all 
 concrete and falling off in a single operculum, or rarely entirely want- 
 ing. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous, inserted in one or several 
 rows on a disk; filaments free or rarely united into a ring or tube at the 
 base, or into as many bundles as there are calyx-lobes; anthers 2-celled, 
 versatile or attached by the base, the cells opening in longitudinal slits, 
 or rarely in terminal pores. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, some- 
 times i-celled, with a placenta attached to the base or adnate to one side, 
 more frequently 2 or more celled, with the placentas in the inner angle 
 of each cell, very rarely i-celled with 2 purietal placentas. Style simple, 
 with a small, capitate, peltate, or lobed stigma. Ovules 2 or more to 
 each placenta, in 2 or more rows, or very rarely solitary. Fruit adnate 
 to the calyx-tube, capsular and opening at the summit in as many valves 
 as cells, or Indihescent, dry, and i-seeded, or succulent and indihescent. 
 Perfect seeds usually very few or solitary in each cell, even when the 
 ovules are numerous, or rarely numerous and perfect. 
 
 The order is divided into four tribes, the Eucalypti falling into the 
 tribe Leptospermae (meaning "small seeds"), the chief characteristic of 
 which is its 2 to 5-celled ovary opening at the summit by as many valves 
 as there are cells. Of the genera belonging to this tribe, the genus Euca- 
 lyptus is by far the largest, about 150 species being known. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS 
 
 L'HERITIER. 
 
 Calyx of firm consistence, separated into a lower persistent portion 
 
 and a deciduous lid. Petals, none, unless represented in some few 
 
 species by an inner membrane. Stamens very numerous, inserted close 
 
 to the edge of the calyx-tube in several rows, all fertile or some of the 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. i 79 
 
 outer by absence of anthers sterile, always finally deciduous; filaments 
 thread-like, pointed, inflexed while in bud or the outer or very seldom 
 all filaments straight before expansion; anthers dorsified, their two cells 
 parallel or divergent, each opening by a marginal or anterior slit or less 
 commonly by a pore; pollen-grains tetrahedrous, smooth, with longitu- 
 dinal apertures. Style long; stigma convex or almost flat, undivided, 
 seldom much dilated beyond the summit of the style. Ovary 2-6-celled, 
 its lower portion grown to the calyx, its upper portion more or less free. 
 Ovules in each cell numerous, the greatest majority remaining unfer- 
 tilized. Cotyledons broad, much compressed, somewhat folded, undi- 
 vided or bi-lobed, curved around the cylindrical straight erect radicle. 
 
 Evergreen trees, scattered as well as gregarious, sometimes of enor- 
 mous height, or dwarfed shrubs, present in all parts of Australia even in 
 intratropic low lands or in arid desert sands or on alpine elevations, more 
 scantily occurring in New Guinea, in Timor, and very rarely in the 
 Moluccas, mostly of rapid growth, flowering occasionally at a very early 
 age; stem often kinofluous; bark either completely persistent or its outer 
 layers deciduous; matured wood always particularly hard; main branches 
 usually distant; foliage often not dense; branches frequently pendent, 
 quite glabrous, or sometimes those of young plants (and even mature 
 ones) rough-hairy; leaves of aged plants nearly always glabrous and 
 thick in texture, never soft-hairy, often scattered and conspicuously 
 stalked or in some species opposite and then generally sessile, sometimes 
 united; those of young plants frequently different in texture, position and 
 shape from those of the more aged plants; these latter generally 
 approaching in form to lanceolar-sickle-shaped, often of equal color and 
 turning one edge toward the zenith and the other toward the ground; 
 much less frequently considerably darker above, and spreading horizon- 
 tally; oil-dots pellucid or concealed; peculiarly and strongly odorous; 
 primary veins often copious and much spreading; inflorescence either 
 axillary or terminal or more rarely both modes united; flowers in single 
 or paniculated umbels, rarely in twos, or solitary; umbel-stalks and 
 flower-stalklets commonly present, the former sometimes much dilated; 
 umbels while very young enclosed within a pair of fugacious and some- 
 times diminutive bracts; calyces of different species very variable in 
 size; lid not rarely provided with a minute early dropping accessory 
 outer layer; filaments gnerally pale with a slightly yellowish tinge, more 
 rarely bright yellow, orange-colored or crimson; inner filaments gradu- 
 ally shorter; connective of anthers usually raised at the summit or dor- 
 sally towards the top into a callous gland; slits of anthers sometimes 
 confluent ; fruits for a long while persistent, from very small in some 
 species to remarkably large in others, oftener smooth than streaked or 
 ridged; valves always glabrous, very rarely by the persistent base of the 
 style permanently connected; seeds long retained in the fixed fruit, soon 
 
i8o EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 shedding on detachment of the latter; fertile seeds usually outside, dark 
 brown; sterile seeds mostly pale brown and smaller than the others. 
 
 To classify the species of so large a genus is no easy task. The 
 system of classification adopted below is based on the structure of the 
 anthers, the position of the valves, the shape of the lid, the style of 
 inflorescence, and the similarity or dissimilarity of the two leaf surfaces. 
 The first thing to ascertain about a Eucalyptus that one wishes to identify 
 is the structure of the anthers. This can usually be done with a good 
 lens by examining anthers from buds just ready to open. It is hoped 
 that the accompanying plate and artificial key preceding each section of 
 ihe genus will aid in the work of identification. In using the key to a 
 section, the first thing to ascertain is whether the valves of a mature seed 
 vessel are enclosed within it or project partly or wholly from the mouth. 
 
 I. RENANTHEREAE. 
 
 Anthers mostly broader than long, usually kidney-shaped, opening 
 anteriority by divergent, upward confluent slits. (Umbels generally 
 solitary. Fertile and sterile seeds mostly of the same shape.) 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY. 
 
 A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 
 A. Valves partly exserted — C. 
 A. Valves completely exserted — 1-3. 
 B. Lid hemispheric — 4-1 1. 
 
 B. Lid not hemispheric — D. 
 
 C. Lid hemispheric — E. 
 
 C. Lid not hemispheric — 12-13. 
 
 D. Leaves equally green — 14-15. 
 
 D. Leaves unequally green — 16-17. 
 
 E. Leaves equally green — 18-19. 
 E. Leaves unequally green — 20-21. 
 
 1. E. Santalifolia, F. M. Dwarf; leaves thick, rather narrow, 
 equally green, shining; umbels solitary, stalklets almost none, lid semi- 
 ovate-conical; outer stamens straight in bud, anthers roundish-cordate; 
 fruits hemispheric below, border broad, convex, emersed, valves very 
 short, exserted. 
 
 2. E. Capitellata, Sm. Leaves thick, elongated, rather less 
 shining beneath, very inequilateral at the base; umbels axillary, stalk- 
 lets none, lid hemispheric; fruits semiovate below, border broad, convex, 
 emersed, valves much exserted. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 181 
 
 3. E. riacrorrhyncha, F. M. Leaves elongated, equally green; 
 umbels solitary; calyx-lid concavely attenuated, sharply pointed; fruits 
 below hemispheric, border convex, emersed, valves much exserted. 
 
 4. E. paucifiora, Sieb. Leaves elongated, thick, shining, equally 
 green, veined longitudinally ; umbels solitary, lid hemispheric ; fruits 
 truncate-ovate, border of orifice depressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 5. E. amygdalina, Lab. Leaves thin, equally green; veins not 
 much spreading, oil-dots copious, transparent ; umbels solitary, flowers 
 small, lid almost hemispheric ; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, 
 valves enclosed. 
 
 E. amygdalina regnans. Var. 1. Lid hemispheric, pointed, fruit 
 obscurely speckled and cut off flat on top as though shaved, fruit and 
 flowers small ; bark persistent, rough ; foliage light green ; leaves thin. 
 
 Var. 2. Lid hemispheric, pointed ; fruit scarcely speckled ; valves 
 in slight depression ; top of fruit not flat and uniform ; fruit and flowers 
 much larger than above ; bark smooth, decorticates ; foliage tlull green. 
 
 Var. 3. Lid hemispheric, pointed ; flowers and fruit larger ; bark 
 smooth, decorticates ; foliage bluish green, often with bluish bloom. 
 
 Var. 4. Leaves narrow ; lid hemispheric, flat — no point — purple 
 or red spot on center of lid ; fruit regularly speckled, valves in well 
 defined, slight depression ; fruit and flowers between the two sizes ; bark 
 apparently persistent and similar to that of what we identify as Eucalyp- 
 tus punctata, somewhat suggestive of bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis ; 
 foliage dull, dark green and leaves very narrow. 
 
 Var. 5. Similar to above except fruits and flowers smaller and 
 grows like bush. 
 
 Var. 6. Similar, except bark smooth, decorticates ; large tree ; pep- 
 permint odor present in all — far strongest in regnans. 
 
 Leaves in last three very narrow, dull, deep green, thickish and gen- 
 erally slimy on both sides. 
 
 E. ligustrina, DC. Prod. iii. 219, described from Sieber's specimens 
 n. 617, which I have not seen, is probably this species. 
 
 Var. radiata. Leaves rather broader, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers 
 usually more numerous, sometimes near 20 in the umbels. Fruit almost 
 pear-shaped. — E. radiata, Sieb. in DC. Prod. iii. 218; DC. Mem. Myrt. 
 t. 7. — Chiefly in N. S. Wales, Sieber, n. 475, and others ; Bent's Basin and 
 Nepean rivers, " White Gum," with a smooth bark, Woolls; South of 
 Argyle, A. Cunningham, but also in Victoria and Tasmania passing into 
 the ordinary form. 
 
 Var. nitida. Leaves broader and more rigid. Peduncles and pedi- 
 cels shorter. Flowers rather longer. — E. ambigua, DC. Prod. iii. 219 ? 
 from the diagnosis taken from Labillardiere's specimen. E. nitida. 
 Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 137. t. 29. — In the dried specimens this variety 
 appears to pass into the variety elata of E. Risdoni. 
 
1 82 EOCAL YPTUS. 
 
 J "ar. ? Hypericifolia. Leaves of the fruiting branches all opposite, 
 oblong-lauceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, and sessile or nearly 
 so. — Risdon Cove, R. Brown. — E. Hypericifolia, R. Br. Herb. — The 
 specimens are large and good but in fruit only. To this form may belong 
 also some of the garden plants described from the foliage only under the 
 same name. • 
 
 NOTES ON SYNONYMS AND VARIETIES. 
 
 Names have in many cases been given, first to one species, then to 
 another, or to varieties by the same, or usually by different botanists. 
 This common source of botanical confusion, requires guarding against in 
 the Eucalyptus. By referring to a list that follows help may be obtained 
 in correcting name errors and in placing varieties correctly. 
 
 Eucalyptus coriacea, see Eucalyptus pauciflora. Eucalyptus Virgata, 
 see Eucalyptus Sieberiana. 
 
 6. E. Risdoni, Hook. Leaves sometimes all, even on the flower- 
 ing branches, opposite ovate-cordate and more or less connate, or some- 
 times those of the flowering branches alternate, broadly lanceolate and 
 falcate, rather thick with oblique veins scarcely conspicuous, the intra- 
 marginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, 
 terete or angular, bearing each an umbel of 4 to 8, or even more. Flowers 
 larger than those of Eucalyptus amygdalina. Fruit subglobose truncate. 
 The rim rather broad, flat, the valves enclosed. 
 
 7. E. obliqua, L'Her. Leaves equally green, shining, very inequi- 
 lateral at the base ; umbels solitary, calyces granular-rough, lid hemis- 
 pheric ; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed, 
 
 8. E. haemastoma, D. C. Leaves equally green, very shining ; 
 umbels solitary, stalks somewhat compressed; outer stamens sterile ; 
 fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves very short, enclosed. 
 
 9. E. Todtiana, F. M. Leaves thick, shining, almost equally 
 green; umbels solitary, stalklets none, lid hemispheric ; anthers cordate; 
 fruits rather large, truncate— globular, valves enclosed; fertile seeds mem- 
 branously margined. 
 
 10. E. euprestium, F. M. Leaves rather small, equally green ; 
 umbels mostly solitary; flowers small, lid hemispheric; fruits large, 
 truncate-globular, greyish, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile 
 seeds membranously margined. 
 
 11. E. sepulcralis, F. 1*1. Leaves narrow, equally green; umbels 
 solitary; stalks elongated; lid hemispheric, filaments yellow, anthers 
 roundish; fruits large, ovate — urnshaped, narrowed upwards, valves 
 deeply enclosed. 
 
 12. E. Oldfieldii, F. M. Dwarf; leaves equally green, thick ; 
 umbels solitary, stalks short, stalklets very short, lid semiovate-hemis- 
 pheric, border of orifice broad convex, emersed, valves exserted. 
 
 13. E. marginata, Sm. Leaves paler beneath, veins spreading; 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 183 
 
 umbels solitary, lid conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits globu- 
 lar-ovate, truncate, border compressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. 
 
 14. E. stellulata, Sieb. Leaves small, thick, equally green, 
 veined longitudinally ; umbels solitary, flowers very small, numerous, 
 lid semiovate-conical; fruits truncate globular, border depressed, valves 
 enclosed. 
 
 15. E. eugenioides, Sieb. Leaves equally dark green, shining, 
 very inequilateral at the base, much transparently dotted; umbels mostly 
 solitary, lid semiovate ; fruits truncate-globular, border depressed, valves 
 barely enclosed. 
 
 16. E. piperita, Sm. Leaves less shining beneath, much transpar- 
 ently dotted ; umbels solitary, lid semiovate-conical ; fruits truncate- 
 ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 17. E. Pilularis, D. C. Leaves rather less shining beneath; um- 
 bels mostly axillary, their stalks compressed, lid semiovate-conical; 
 fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valved enclosed. 
 
 18. E. Sieberiana, F. fl. Leaves elongated, thick, pale, equally 
 green, shining; veins thin, not much spreading; umbels solitary, their 
 stalks compressed, lid hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits truncate - 
 ovate, border depressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. 
 
 19. E. Baileyana, F. J*l. Leaves thin, equally green, much trans- 
 parently dotted; umbels mostly solitary; lid hemispheric; fruits globu- 
 lar-urnshaped, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 
 
 20. E. acmenoides, Sch. Leaves paler beneath; umbels mostly 
 axillary, their stalks slender, lid hemispheric, pointed; fruits truncate- 
 ovate, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 
 
 21. E. microcorys, F. M. Leaves thin, much paler beneath, much 
 transparently dotted, veins spreading; umbels partly paniculated, stalk- 
 lets elongated, lid very small, hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits 
 hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves minute, barely enclosed. 
 
 II. PORANTHEREAE. 
 
 Anthers not or hardly broader than long, usually roundish, opening 
 by pores. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY. 
 
 Valves barely enclosed — 1-2. 
 
 Valves completely enclosed — 3-9. 
 
 Valves deeply enclosed — 10-12. 
 I. E. uncinata, Turcz. Dwarf; leaves narrow, equally green; 
 umbels solitary; flowers small; lid semiovate; stamens sharply inflexed 
 before expansion; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves pointed 
 barely enclosed. 
 
j 8 4 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 2. E. populifolia, Hook. Leaves broad, equally green, shining, 
 long-stalked, much transparently dotted; stalklets very short; umbels 
 paniculated; lid hemispheric; fruit small, semiovate, border rather de- 
 pressed, valves close to the summit, barely enclosed. 
 
 3. E. paniculata, Sm. Leaves rather thin, paler beneath, umbels 
 mostly paniculated; lid thin, conical-semiovate; outer stamens sterile ; 
 anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruit 
 semiovate, border of orifice compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 4. E. leucoxylon, F. M. Leaves equally dull green; umbels soli- 
 tary, mostly three-flowered, stalklets elongated, lid semiovate pointed ; 
 outer stamens sterile, anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma 
 much dilated; fruits semiovate, border compressed, valves closed. 
 
 5. E. melliodora, A. Cunn. Leaves equally dull green; umbels 
 solitary; flowers small; lid conic-hemispherical; outer stamens sterile; 
 anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruits 
 truncate-ovate; border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 6. E. polyanthema, Sch. Leaves broad, equally dull green; um- 
 bels paniculated; lid almost hemispheric ; outer stamens sterile; anthers 
 truncated, opening at the summit; fruit truncate-ovate, border com- 
 pressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 7. E. gracilis, F. M. Dwarf: leaves narrow, equally green, shin- 
 ing; umbels solitary; calyces angular; lid almost hemispheric; outer 
 stamens sterile; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 8. E. largiflorens, F. fl. Leaves thin, equally dull green; umbels 
 paniculated; lid double, the inner hemispheric, less wide than the calyx- 
 tube; outer stamens sometimes sterile; fruit small; lid hemispheric; fruit 
 truncate-ovate, border rather compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 9. E. Behriana, F. D/Y. Leaves thick, broadish shining, equally 
 green, umbels paniculated; flowers small; lid hemispheric; fruit truncate- 
 ovate, border rather depressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 10 E. ochrophloia. Leaves elongated, equally green, shining, 
 veins not much spreading; umbels partly paniculated; calyces angular; 
 lid semiovate-conical, pointed; outer stamens sterile; fruit hemiellopsoid; 
 border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. 
 
 11. E. odorata, Behr. Leaves rather narrow, equally green; oil. 
 dots numerous; umbels mostly solitary; lid hemispheric-conical; anthers 
 truncated; stigma somewhat dilated; fruits hemiellipsoid, border com- 
 pressed, angular at the edge, valves deeply enclosed. 
 
 12. E. hemiphloia, F: fl. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; 
 umbels paniculated; calyces somewhat angular; lid semiovate-conical ; 
 fruit hemiellopsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 185 
 
 III. 5TR0NGYLANTHEREAE. 
 
 Anthers not, or scarcely longer than broad, usually roundish, open- 
 ing by longitudinal slits. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY. 
 
 A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 
 A. Valves partly exserted — C. 
 A. Valves completely exserted — D. 
 B. Umbels solitary — E. 
 
 B. Umbels paniculated — 1-6. 
 
 C. Umbels solitary — 7-9. 
 
 C. Umbels paniculated — 10, 11. 
 
 D. Umbels solitary — 12-14. 
 
 D. Umbels paniculated — 15, 16. 
 
 E. Leaves equally green — 17-19. 
 E. Leaves unequally green — 20-22. 
 
 E. gamophylla, F. M. Dwarf; leaves mostly opposite, connate, 
 broad, equally dull-green or ash-grey; umbels partly paniculated; lid 
 patellar; fruits truncate-ellipsoid, border compressed; fertile seeds mem- 
 branous-margined. 
 
 2. E. pruinosa, Sch. Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, blunt, equally 
 ash-grey; umbels terminal, paniculated; lid hemispheric, pointed; slits of 
 anthers short; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves barely 
 enclosed. 
 
 3. melanophloia, F. fl. Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, equally 
 ash-grey; umbels partly paniculated; lid semiovate-conical; fruits small, 
 semiovate, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 
 
 4. E. drepanophylla, F. M. Leaves elongated, equally dull- 
 green; umbels mostly paniculated; lid semiovate, blunt; fruits semiovate, 
 angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 
 
 5. E. brachyandra, F. M. Dwarf; leaves broadish, blunt; umbels 
 paniculated; flowers very small; stamens extremely short; fruits minute, 
 bellshaped-semiovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 6. E. Howittiana, F. M. Leaves much paler beneath; umbels 
 paniculated; stalklets none; flowers very small; lid conical, acute, pale; 
 fruits minute, truncate-globular, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 7. E. oleosa, F. T\. Dwarf; leaves equally light-green; umbels 
 solitary; stalks slender, stalklets very short; lid semiovate-conical, point- 
 
iS6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 ed; fruits truncate-ovate, neither large nor streaked, border compressed, 
 valves long-pointed, half exserted. 
 
 8. E. cneorifolio, D.C. Leaves very narrow, thick, equally green; 
 umbels solitary, stalks short, stalklets none; lid semi-ovate; fruits small, 
 semiovate, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. 
 
 9. E. salmonophloia, F. H. Leaves equally green, shining; oil- 
 dots copious; umbels solitary; stalks slender, stalklets short; lid semi- 
 ovate-conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruit small, semiovate, bor- 
 der compressed, valves long-pointed, much exserted. 
 
 10. E. crebra, F. fl. Leaves narrow, thin, equally dull-green, 
 veins spreading; umbels mostly paniculated; flowers small; lid semiovate- 
 conical; stigma dilated; fruits small, semiovate, border compressed, valves 
 short, somewhat exserted. 
 
 11. E. siderophloia, Benth. Leaves elongated, equally green; 
 umbels partly paniculated; lid conical, very acute; outer stamens straight 
 in bud; fruits samiovate, border compressed, valves somewhat exserted. 
 
 12. E. alba, Rein. Leaves broadish, equally dull-green or ash- 
 grey; umbels solitary; lid semiglobular, short pointed; fruit topshaped- 
 hemispheric, border depressed, valves exserted. 
 
 13. E. platyphylla, F. 1*1. Leaves often large, cordate or ovate 
 roundish, long-stalked, equally dull-green; umbels solitary; stalks short, 
 stalklets almost none; lid blunt; fruits small, semiovate, border depressed, 
 valves exserted. 
 
 14. E. decipiens, End. Leaves equally dull-green; umbels soli- 
 tary; stalklets none; lid broad-conical; fruit semiglobular, border de- 
 pressed, broadish, valves long-pointed, much exserted. 
 
 15. E. Raveretiana, F. T\. Leaves thin, somewhat paler beneath; 
 oil-dots pellucid; umbels paniculated; lid conical, acute; fruits minute, 
 semiglobular beneath, border compressed, valves much exserted. 
 
 16. E.microtheca, F. M. Leaves equally dull, and pale-green; 
 umbels paniculated; lid semiovate; fruits small, semiglobular beneath, 
 border compressed, valves much exserted. 
 
 17. E. doratoxylon, F. 1*1. Leaves opposite, stalked, narrow 
 acute; umbels solitary, bent downward; lid much pointed; fruit ovate- 
 globular, orifice small, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 18. E. incrassata, Lab. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally light green, 
 shining; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets almost 
 none; lid nearly hemispheric, pointed or blunt; fruits truncate-ovate, 
 streaked, border compressed, valves acute, enclosed. 
 
 19. E. patens, Benth. Leaves thin, elongated, almost equally 
 dull-green; umbels mostly axillary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits trun- 
 cate-ovate, somewhat streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 20. E. Planchoniana, F. 1*1. Leaves elongated, shining, slightly 
 paler beneath; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 187 
 
 lid broadish-conical, acute; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits rather 
 large, semiovate, streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 21. E. diversicolor, F. fl. Leaves elongated, much paler beneath; 
 umbels solitary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, attenuated 
 at the base, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 22. E. phoenicea, F. H. Leaves thin, dull-green; umbels solitary, 
 many-flowered; lid nearly hemispheric; filaments scarlet; ovary two- 
 celled; fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, border compressed, valves deeply 
 enclosed. 
 
 IV. ORTHANTHEREAE. 
 
 Anthers distinctly longer than broad, from ovate to narrow-oblong, 
 opening by almost parallel slits. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY. 
 
 A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 
 
 A. Valves partly exserted — E. 
 
 A. Valves completely exserted — F. 
 
 B. Umbel solitary— C. 
 
 B. Umbel paniculated — D. 
 
 C. Leaves equally green — 1-14. 
 
 C. Leaves unequally green — 15-18-35. 
 I). Leaves equally green — 19-28. 
 
 D. Leaves unequally green — 29-35. 
 
 E. Leaves equally green — 36-45. 
 
 E. Leaves unequally green — 46. 
 
 F. Leaves equally green — 47-57. 
 F. Leaves unequally green — 58-59. 
 
 1. E. cordata, Lab. Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cordate, cren- 
 ulated, equally dull green; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets 
 none; fruits semiovate, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves 
 barely enclosed. 
 
 2. E. urnigera, Hook. Leaves scattered, long-stalked, almost 
 lanceolar, crenulated, equally dark green; oil-glands pellucid; umbels 
 .solitary; stalks elongated, stalklets rather short; fruits ellipsoid-urn- 
 shaped, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves deeply enclosed. 
 
 3. E. redunca, Sch. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary; 
 stalks broadly compressed, lid conical, acute; fruit hemiellipsoid, border 
 compressed, valves barely enclosed. 
 
 4. E. foecunda, Sch. Leaves narrow, equally green; umbels 
 
1 88 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 mostly solitary; stalks lender; lid hemispheric; fruit hemiellipsoid, bor- 
 der compressed, valves deeply enclosed. 
 
 5. E. goniocalyx, F. i*l. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary, 
 stalk compressed, stalklets very short; lid pyramidal-hemispheric; fruit 
 truncate-ovate, angular, border narrow, depressed; valves barely enclosed. 
 
 S l / 2 . E. flcClatchie, Kinney. Leaves long-stalked, scattered, 
 lanceolar or sickle-shaped, rather narrow, equally dull green; umbels 
 solitary, axillary; stalk compressed, about as long as calyx tube, stalklets 
 short; calyx tube truncate with two edges and tendency to be somewhat 
 flattened or a little out of a true circle; buds very angular, ridges show- 
 ing almost as wings; lid hemispheric, acuminate, central point of lid 
 blunt and prominent, valves enclosed, bark sheds in long strips; general 
 appearance* of tree suggests Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus gonio- 
 calyx; anthers oblong, dorsal gland prominent; stamens all fertile, 
 infiexed in bud; stigma not or scarcely broader than style. 
 
 6. E. pachypoda, F. 1*1. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green; um- 
 bels solitary; stalks thick, very short; stalklets none; lid semiovate; 
 fruit hemielliopsoid, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves 
 enclosed. 
 
 7. E longifolia, Lind. Leaves elongated, equally green; umbels 
 solitary; stalklets elongated; calyces pale, lid broad-conical, acute; fruit 
 rather large, bellshaped-semiovate, angular, border ascendant, valves 
 enclosed. 
 
 8. E. Preissiana, Sch. Dwarf; leaves very thick, broadish, blunt, 
 equally green, often opposite; umbels solitar)'; stalk broadly compressed, 
 stalklets none; lid nearly hemispheric; filaments yellow; fruit large, top- 
 shaped-semiovate, border very broad, depressed, valves enclosed, blunt, 
 convergent. 
 
 9. E. tetraptera, Turc. Dwarf; leaves very thick, equally green, 
 shining; flowers solitary, stalk broadly compressed, bent downward; 
 stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed, broader than 
 the pyramidal lid; filaments red, anthers purplish; fruit very large, bell- 
 shaped-quadrangular, border depressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 10. E. tetradonta, F. ]*1. Leaves opposite, elongated, equally dull- 
 green; umbels solitary, st .lklets very short; calyx-tube conspicuously 
 4-loothed, lid hemispheric, discal expansion raised; fruit bell-shaped- 
 semiovatt, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 11. E. odontocarpa, F. M. Dwarf; leaves mostly opposite, very 
 narrow, equally green; umbels solitary; stalklets very short; calyx-tube, 
 4-toothed, lid patellar; fruit small, hemiellopsoid, border compressed, 
 valves enclosed. 
 
 12. E. eudesmioides, F.JVl.j ^Dwarf ; leaves opposite or scattered, 
 rather narrow, equally green; umbels'solitary ; stalk slender, stalklets 
 very short; calyx-tube almost toothless; lid patellar; stamens forming 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. /g 9 
 
 four bundles; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
 seeds membranously margined. 
 
 13. E. tetragona, F. M. Dwarf; leaves thick, opposite, broad, 
 equally whitish -grey; umbels solitary; stalk compressed; calyx-tube 
 slightly 4-toothed; lid patellar; stamens forming four bundles; fruit 
 rather large, truncate-ovate, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
 seeds much membranously margined. 
 
 14. E. erythrocorys, F. T\. Dwarf; leaves thick, elongated, 
 mostly opposite, equally green; umbels solitary or flowers single; stalk 
 compressed, stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed; 
 lid depressed, red; stamens forming four bundles, filaments yellow; fruit 
 very large, bellshaped-hemispheric, border very broad, somewhat ascen- 
 dant, valves barely enclosed. • 
 
 15. E. miniata, A. Cunn. Reaves dull green, slightly paler be- 
 neath ; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels usually solitary ; stalklets 
 almost none; lid conic-hemispheric; filaments crimson; fruits very large, 
 urnshaped-ovate, bluntly ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 16. E. corynocalyx, F. M. Leaves shining, somewhat paler be- 
 neath; umbels mostly solitary; lid almost hemispheric, slightly over- 
 reaching the orifice ol the calyx: fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, streaked, 
 border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 17. E. botryoides, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins feath- 
 ery-spreading; umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, salklets almost 
 none; lid hemispheric; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves 
 barely enclosed. 
 
 18. E. robusta, Sm. Leaves thick, broadish, somewhat paler 
 beneath; umbels solitary, stalk broadly compressed; calyces pale, lid 
 semiglobular-conical, broader than the calyx tube; fruit truncate-ovate, 
 border compressed, valves coherent, barely enclosed. 
 
 Local robusta has conical lid not broader than calyx tube. 
 
 19. E. Foelscheana, F. M. Dwarf; leaves large, very broad, 
 thick, greyish-green, hardly paler beneath ; flowers paniculated ; stalk- 
 lets upward thickened ; lid patellar, tearing off along an irregular suture, 
 not so wide as the tube of the calyx ; fruits large, smooth, ovate- 
 urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large, ter- 
 minating in a long membrane. 
 
 20. E. latifolia, F. M. Leaves long-stalked, broad, equally green ; 
 umbels paniculated; stalklets slender; fruit rather small, semiovate, 
 somewhat bell-shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds 
 terminating in a membrane. 
 
 21. E. tenninalis, F. M. Leaves thick, dull green, hardly paler 
 beneath ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets elongated ; lid tearing off along 
 an irregular suture; fruits somewhat large, smooth, urnshaped-ovate, 
 
igo 
 
 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds terminating in a long 
 membrane. 
 
 22. E. clavigera, A. Cunn. Brancblets hairy rough ; leaves 
 partly opposite, broad, equally greyish-green ; umbels paniculated ; 
 stalklets thin, much elongated; lid patellar, shining; fruits hemiellip- 
 soid-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 23. E. tessellaris, F. T\. Leaves narrow, elongated, equally 
 green ; umbels mostly paniculated ; stalklets very short ; lid patellar, 
 shining ; fruits truncate-ovate, slightly urceolar, border compressed, 
 valves enclosed ; fertile seeds almost flat, membranous-margined. 
 
 24. E. maculata, Hook. Leaves elongated, equally green ; 
 veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets short ; lid 
 double, hemispheric, the inner thin, shining ; fruit truncate-ovate, some- 
 what urnsbaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 25. E. eximia, Sch. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green ; 
 umbels paniculated ; stalklets none ; lid thin, hemispheric, shining, 
 imperfectly double ; fruit rather large, truncate ovate, somewhat urn- 
 shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large. 
 
 26. E. Watsoniana, F. fl. Leaves broadish, equally green ; 
 umbels paniculated ; lid thick, depressed-hemispheric, wider than the 
 calyx-tube, shining ; fruits large, urnshaped-semiovate, border broad, 
 descendingly depressed, raised above the calyx-tube, valves enclosed ; 
 fertile seeds large. 
 
 27. E. peltata, Benth. Branchlets hairy- rough; leaves broadish, 
 mostly inserted above their base, equally pale-green; umbels paniculated; 
 stalklets very short; lid double, almost hemispheric, the inner shining; 
 fruits rather small, truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border com- 
 pressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 28. E. setosa, Sch. Leaves opposite, broad, sessile, equally dull- 
 and pale-green; umbels mostly paniculated, as well as the branchlets 
 bristly-rough; stalklets elongated; lid tearing off along an irregular su- 
 ture, not so wide as the calyx-tube; fruits large, truncate-ovate, somewhat 
 urnshaped, smooth, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds 
 terminating in a long membrane. 
 
 29. E. ptychocarpa, F. H. Leaves large, broadish, acute, much 
 paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets 
 elongated; lid hemispheric; filaments crimson; fruits very large, truncate- 
 ellipsoid, prominently ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile 
 seeds terminating in a long membrane. 
 
 30. E. ficifolia, F. n. Leaves broadish, much paler beneath; veins 
 feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid patellar, 
 less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular suture; fila- 
 ments crimson; fruits large, smooth, urnshaped-ovate, border compressed 
 valves enclosed; fertile seeds pale, terminating in a long membrane. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. igi 
 
 31. E. calophylla, R. Br. Leaves broad, acute, much paler be- 
 neath; veins feather-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; 
 lid patellar, less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular 
 suture; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped; border compressed, valves 
 enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a large membrane. 
 
 32. E. Abergiana, F. i"l. Leaves thick, broadish, acute, much 
 paler beneath ; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets 
 almost none ; lid hemispheric, tearing off along an irregular suture ; 
 fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
 iertile seeds terminating in a large membrane. 
 
 33. E. corymbosa, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins 
 feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid short, 
 tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits rather large, smooth, ovate- 
 shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in 
 a very short membrane. 
 
 34. trachyphloia, F M. Leaves rather narrow, elongated, slightly 
 paler beneath; umbels paniculated; lid very small, patellar, tearing off 
 along an irregular suture; fruits rather small, urnshaped-ovate, border 
 compressed, valves enclosed. 
 
 35. E. punctata, D. C. Leaves paler beneath; veins very spread- 
 ing, oil-dots pellucid; umbels partly paniculated; stalks broadly com- 
 pressed; lid semiovate-conical; fruit semiovate, border depressed, valves 
 small, barely exserted. 
 
 36. E. pulverulenta, Sims. Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cor- 
 date, equally whitish-grey; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary, three-or 
 few-flowered; stalklets almost none; fruits small, semiovate-tooshaped; 
 border narrow, depressed, valves small, exserted. 
 
 37. E. Gunnii, Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, thick, broadish- 
 lanceolar, equally dark green, shining; umbels solitary, with several 
 flowers; stalklets vory short; lid shining, hemispheric, short-pointed; fruits 
 topshaped-serniovate, border depressed, valves small, slightly exserted. 
 
 38. E. salubris, F. H. Leaves thin, equally dark-green; oil-dots 
 copious, pellucid; umbels solitary, stalks compressed ; lid hemiellipsoid; 
 fruits semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted. 
 
 39. E. occidentalis, End. Leaves thick, equally green; umbels 
 solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; lid cylindric-conical, 
 stamens straight in bud; fruits bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, 
 valves exserted, pointed. 
 
 39 l A. E. Californica, Kinney Leaves thick, shining on both 
 sides, dark green, often irregular, onesided or crenulated in form; um- 
 bels solitary; stalks very broadly compressed, bent; stalklets well defined; 
 lid cylindrical-conical, narrower than tube of calyx; stamens straight in 
 bud, yellow, greenish-yellow or crimson; fruits truncate, somewhat 
 ridged, valves barely enclosed, generally coherent, bark sheds. Fruit, 
 flowers and stems larger than in occidentalis; leaves broader, thicker and 
 darker green. 
 
 40. E. obcordata, Turc. Leaves thick, broad, blunt, shining ; 
 umbels solitary; stalk very broadly compressed, bent downwards, stalk 
 
i 9 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 lets none; lid cylindric-conical, narrower than the tube of the calyx; 
 stamens straight in bud; fruit truncate-ovate, very angular, border com- 
 pressed, valves slightly exserted. 
 
 41. E. erythronema, Turc. Leaves narrow, equally green; oil- 
 dots pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets much elongated; lid conica^ 
 filaments red; fruit topshaped, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. 
 
 42. E. cosmophylla, F. i*\. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally dull- 
 green; umbels solitary; stalk very short, stalklets almost none; lid semi- 
 globular, short-pointed ; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves 
 exserted. 
 
 43. E. globulus, Lab. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; 
 flowers mostly solitary, stalks and stalklets almost none; lid double, the 
 inner crownshaped; fruit large, hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, bor- 
 der broad, depressed, valves exserted, convergent. 
 
 44. E. pachyphylla, F. M. Dwarf; leaves very thick, broadish, 
 acute, equally green; umbels solitary; stalk and stalklets very short or 
 none; lid semiovate-pyramidal, pointed; filaments yellow; fruit topshaped- 
 hemispheric below, very angular, border broad, ascending, valves slight- 
 ly exserted; fertile seeds membranously margined. 
 
 45. E. pyriformis, Turc. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green; 
 umbels solitary; flowers very large, calyces wrinkled, lid hemispheric, 
 pointed; filaments red or yellow; fruit very large, topshaped-hemispheric, 
 angular, border very broad, ascending, valve slightly exserted; fertile 
 seeds membraneously margined. 
 
 46. E. resinifera, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins very 
 spreading; umbels solitary; stalk compressed; lid conical, acute; fruit 
 semiovate, border depressed, narrow, valves exserted, pointed. 
 
 47. E. Stuartiana, F. M. Leaves scattered, stalked, equally dark- 
 green, shining; umbels solitary, few-flowered, stalklets almost none; lid 
 nearly hemispheric; fruits small, semiovate-topshaped, border narrow, 
 rather convex, valves verv small, exserted. 
 
 48. E. viminalis, Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lan- 
 ceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, mostly three-flowered; stalklets 
 almost none or very short; lid semiovate, mostly short-pointed; fruit 
 semiovate, border somewhat convex, valves exserted. 
 
 49. E. rostrata, Schl. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar- 
 equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather elongat- 
 ed, stalklets conspicuous; lid from an hemispheric base sharp-pointed; 
 fruit below semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted. 
 
 50. E. teritcornis, Sm. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lan- 
 ceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather 
 elongated, stalklets conspicuous; lid mostly elongate-conical; outer sta- 
 mens straight in bud; fruits below semiglobular, border convex, valves 
 exserted. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. r 93 
 
 5oyi. E. mortoniana. Leaves long-stalked, scattered, lanceolar 
 or sickle-shaped, long and rather broad; equally dull green; stalk com- 
 pressed; about length of calyx tube; stalklet distinct; calyx-tube rough, 
 often slightly ridged, topshaped or truncate ovate; border of tube has- 
 appearance ot a pot of some thick fluid boiling over: lid hemispheric- 
 acuminate, the point or beak of the lid is thick and long; buds flattened 
 and angular; valves exserted, generally four or rarely three; bark sheds 
 in long strips. General appearance suggests Eucalyptus globulus; anth- 
 ers oblong, opening by parallel slits, dorsal gland prominent, style spot- 
 ted somewhat dilated toward top, stigma not dilated. 
 
 51. E. vernicosa, Hook. Dwarf; leaves often very small, mostly 
 ovate, equally dark-green, very shining; flowers 1 to 3; stalks and stalk- 
 lets very short; lid shining, short-pointed; fruits semiovate, border de- 
 pressed, valves exserted. 
 
 52. E. rudis, End. Leaves thin, falcate-lanceolar, equally dull- 
 green; oil-dots pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets short; lid broad-coni- 
 cal, transverse edge of the calyx prominent in bud; fruits semiglobular 
 topshaped, border rather convex, valves exserted. 
 
 53. E. cornuta, Lab. Leaves equally green ; umbels solitary; 
 stalklets almost none, lid very long, unwards cylindrical; filaments yel- 
 low, long, straight in bud; fruit bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, 
 valves very long, awlshaped, coherent. 
 
 54. E. Lehmanni, Preiss. Leaves from ovate to oblong or almost 
 lanceolate, obtuse, very thick, the veins very oblique and rather distant ; 
 flowers several, often 20 or more together in dense heads upon thick re- 
 curved pecuncles 1 to 3 inches long, and sometimes much flattened, the 
 receptacle forming a globose of )A inch or more in diameter, in which 
 the calyx tubes are more or less immersed; fruits half immersed in the 
 receptacle; the exserted valves connivent into a cone. 
 
 55. E. megacarpa, L. fl. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary ; 
 stalks broadly compressed, stalklets none; lid semiglobular, short pointed ; 
 fruit large, almost hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, border broad, de- 
 pressed, valves exserted, blunt, convergent. 
 
 56. E. alpina, Lind. Leaves very thick, broad, blunt, equally 
 green, shining; umbels solitary or flowers single; stalks and stalklets 
 none; lid crownshaped, anthers cordate; fruit hemispheric, border 
 depressed, valves exserted. 
 
 57. E. macrocarpa, Hook. Dwarf ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate- 
 cordate, equally whitish-grey; flowers solitary, very large; stalk and stalk- 
 lets almost none; lid semiovate-conical; Aliments red; fruit very large, 
 topshaped-hemispheric; border broad, convex; valves exserted; fertile 
 seeds membranously margined. 
 
 58. E. saligna, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins feathery- 
 s preading; umbels solitary; stalk compressed, stalklets very short; lid 
 
 13 
 
<;/ EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 hemispheric, short-pointed; fruit semiovate, border depressed, very nar- 
 row, valves small, exserted. 
 
 59 E. gomphocephala, D. C. Leaves thick, shining, slightly 
 paler beneath; umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none; 
 lid broader than the tube of the calyx, almost hemispheric; fruit large, 
 topshaped, border broad, convex, valves exserted, convergent. 
 
 The characters of unusual forms of any species are not covered by 
 this synopsis. 
 
 RENANTHEREAE. 
 
 Descriptions from Bentham not classified by me: 
 
 6. E. coccifera, Hook. f. in Hook. Loud. Joitrn. vi. 477, and Fl . 
 Tasin. i. 133. t. 25. A small tree generally very glaucous. Leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate or obtuse, mostly 2 to 3 in. long, thick and shining, 
 the veins oblique, not numerous nor very conspicuous. Peduncles 
 axillary or lateral, short, thick and much flattened upwards, each with 3 
 to 6 flowers, sessile or nearly so. Calyx-tube narrow-turbinate, tapering 
 at the base, prominently angled, fully 3 lines long and not above 2 diam- 
 ter. Operculum exceedingly short, broad, flat or depressed and rugose. 
 Stamens about 3 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers reniform with 
 diverging or divaricate cells, confluent at the apex. Ovary short, flat- 
 topped. Fruit obovoidtruncate, scarcely contracted at the orifice and 
 often losing the angles of the calyx, 4 to 5 or even 6 lines diameter, the 
 rim flat and rather broad, the capsule scarcely depressed, with short 
 valves. — Bot. Mag. t. 4637; E. daphnoides, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 
 
 iv. 133. 
 
 Tasmania. Summits of the mountains at an elevation of 3000 to 
 4000 ft., J. D. Hooker. 
 
 Var, parvifiora. Flowers much smaller, the peduncles exceedingly 
 short. — Mount Fatigue, Gunn. 
 
 The species has much the aspect 'of some thick-leaved forms of E. 
 amygdalina, but is readily known by the depressed operculum and 
 longer calyx. 
 
 8. E. dives, Schau, in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. A small tree of 12 ft. 
 Leaves sessile, opposite, cordate or ovate, acute or acuminate, rather 
 large, on one branch the upper ones tending to become alternate and ob- 
 lique. Peduncles mostly on the stem below the leaves, bearing each a 
 dense umbel of 8 to 12 or even more flowers. Buds clavate. Calyx-tube 
 short and broad, about 2 lines diameter, tapering into a rather thick 
 pedicel longer than the calyx. Operculum short obtuse and hemispher- 
 ical. Anther-cells divergent and confluent at the apex. Fruit unknown. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 195 
 
 IN. S. Wales. Forest land north of Bathurst, A. Cunningham. 
 Probably an opposite leaved state of some species very nearly allied to 
 or even identical with E. obliqita, of which it has the flowers. I have, 
 however, seen no specimen of the true E. obliqita from so far north. 
 
 9. E. obtusiflora, DC. Prod. iii. 220, and Mem. Myrt. 1. 10. Leaves 
 mostly straight, oblong elliptical or almost lanceolate, acuminate, often 
 all under 3 in. long, but in some luxuriant specimens move falcate, acu- 
 minate and attaining 5 in., very thick and rigid, the veins oblique and 
 parallel, but not close, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. 
 Peduncles lateral or axillary, somewhat compressed, rigid, with an um- 
 bel of 4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds clavate. Pedicels much thick- 
 ened upwards. Calyx-tube short and broad, fully three lines diameter. 
 Operculum broadly hemispherical, obtuse or umbonate, thick, shorter 
 than the calyx-tube. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, all perfect; anthers 
 reniform, with divergent cells usually confluent at the apex. Fruit very 
 hard and woody, ovoid-truncate, above )£ in. long, the orifice scarcely 
 contracted, the rim rather broad and concave, the capsule depressed. — 
 E. rigida, Sieb. PI. Exs. 
 
 N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Sieber, n. 473; F. Mueller; Bargo 
 Brush, Backhouse. — Allied to E. obliqiia, but with much more rigid 
 straighter leaves, the flowers larger, and the fruit much larger and dif- 
 ferently shaped. I have not seen De Candolle's specimens, and his fig- 
 ure represents parallel celled anthers, but that is probably the fault of 
 the artist. In other respects it agrees well with our plant. 
 
 STRONGYLANTHlREAE. 
 
 24. E. oligantha, Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. Leaves all petio- 
 late but very broad, orbicular or ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 to 
 4 in. long, rigidly coriaceous with prominent diverging veins, parallel 
 but rather distant. Umbels 3 to 6-flowered, collected in a short terminal 
 panicle. Peduncles terete. Calyx-tube campanulate, about three lines 
 long and as much in diameter, tapering into a short pedicel. Operculum 
 rather thick, conical, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, 
 all perfect, inflected in the bud; anthers very small and globular, with 
 distinct parallel cells opening in circular pores or very short slits. Fruit 
 unknown. 
 
 N. Australia. Copeland Island, N. coast, A. Cunningham. Until 
 the fruit is known, the precise affinities of this species cannot be deter- 
 mined. It is very unlike any other one I have seen. 
 
 36. E. albens, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv. 138. A tree, attain- 
 ing 60 to 80 ft., with a dull green persistent bark (E. Mueller), separating 
 
i 9 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 in smooth laminEe or strips (C. Stuart), the foliage usually very glaucous 
 or almost mealy-white. Leaves usually large, broad, ovate-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate, often 6 in. long or more, rigid, with oblique veins, the intra- 
 marginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles lateral, rigid, 
 scarcely flattened, sometimes yl in. long, but often much shorter, bearing 
 4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds long and acuminate, apparently sessile, 
 but really tapering into short thick angular pedicels. Calyx tube 3 to 4 
 lines long and scarcely 2 lines diameter, 2-angled or nearly terete. Oper- 
 culum conical,. acuminate, as long as or rather shorter than the calyx-tube. 
 Stamens 3 to 4 lines long, all perfect, inflected; anthers very small and 
 globular, with distinct parallel cells, opening at length to the base or 
 nearly so. Ovary short, slightly conical in the centre. Fruit obovoid- 
 oblong, truncate, nearly l /z in. long, the rim narrow, the capsule deeply 
 sunk. 
 
 N. S. Wales. Macquarrie river, A. Cunningham; New England, 
 "White Gum," C. Stuart; between Alford's and the Range, "Box," 
 Lei eh ha nit. 
 
 Victoria. Poor plains, between Ten-mile Creek and Broken River, 
 " White Box," F. Mueller. 
 
 A very distinct species with something of the habit of the Robustes, 
 but with the anthers of the Micranthera. F. Mueller refers it to E. pal- 
 lens, DC, which I have not seen. De Candolle's character agrees rather 
 better with E. dealbata than with E. albeus, but the short hemispherical 
 operculum he describes occurs in neither. 
 
 37. E. Bowmani, E. Muell. Herb. Stature and bark unknown. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, mostly 4 to 6 in. long, 
 straight or falcate, obtuse or acuminate, rigid, with oblique veins, the 
 marginal one at a distance from the edge, like those of E. albeus, but not 
 glaucous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, more or less flattened, bearing 
 4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds obtuse, tapering into a short very thick 
 pedicel or nearly sessile. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, thick, about 
 2 lines long and as much diameter. Operculum thick, obtuse, longer 
 than the calyx-tube. Stamens 3 to 4 lines long, the filaments slender, 
 inflected in the bud, but not showing the acute angle of E. corynocalyx ; 
 anthers very small and globular, but with distinct parallel cells, opening 
 longitudinally. Ovary conical in the centre. Fruit unknown. 
 
 Queensland, Bowman. I have some hesitation in describing the 
 species without having seen the fruit, but it appears quite distinct from 
 any other one known to me. It seems to be allied to E. albeus and E. 
 corynocalyx, but differs from both in the shape of the flowers. 
 
 Specimens of two other trees or shrubs, in F. Mueller's collection, 
 are probably closely allied to, if not varieties of the same; one from the 
 head of the Gwydir, Leichhardt, in bud only, is glaucous like E. alliens, 
 and has the calyx-tube shorter and the operculum longer than in E. 
 Bozvmani, which it agrees with in other respects. The other from Mount 
 
EUCALYPTUS. i 97 
 
 Elliot, Fitzalan, in flower, only differs from E. Bowmani in the upper 
 umbels almost paniculate, in the more distinct pedicels and in the oper- 
 culum rather shorter and broader. 
 
 44. E. brachypoda, Turcz.in Bull. Mosc. 1849, ii. 21. A tall shrub, 
 or small or moderate sized tree, the bark varying from smooth and 
 whitish to dark and rugged, persistent or shed in large patches (Oldfield) 
 dark and rough on the trunk, smooth whitish and deciduous on the 
 branches (E. Mueller). Leaves from ovate obtuse and under 2 in. to 
 long-lanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate and attaining 6 to 8 in., more 
 or less pale or glaucous, with numerous very fine parallel almost trans- 
 verse veins, scarcely conspicuous when the leaf is thick, the marginal 
 one near or close to the edge. Peduncles short terete or nearly so, each 
 with about 3 to 6 or sometimes more small flowers; umbels usually 3 or 4 
 together in short panicles either terminal or in the upper axils, or rarely 
 the lower ones solitary and axillary. Calyx short, broad and open, 1 to 
 \ 1 /, lines diameter. Operculum conical or obtuse, not longer than the 
 calyx-tube. Stamens 1 to 2 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers very 
 small, globular, with distinct parallel cells. Ovary convex in the centre. 
 Fruit almost hemispherical, rarely 2 lines diameter, the orifice open or 
 almost dilated, the rim narrow, the capsule slightly sunk, but very con- 
 vex in the centre, the valves protruding when open. — E. brevifolia, F. 
 Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii.. 84; E. microtheca, F. Muell. in Journ. 
 Linn. Soc. iii. 87. 
 
 N. Australia. N. W. coast, A. Cunningham; table land of the 
 upper Victoria river, "Fox-tree," also in the scrub between Flinders and 
 Albert rivers, Gulf of Carpentaria, E. Mueller. Macdonnell Ranges, 
 M' Douall SI nail's Expedition . 
 
 N. S. Wales. Between the Darling river and Barrier Range, Victo- 
 rian Expedition. 
 
 S. Australia: Cooper's Creek, HoiviWs Expedition. 
 
 W. Australia, Drummond, 4th Coll. n. 73. Wet places near the 
 Murchison river, among flooded gums, called "Colaille," Oldfield, who 
 remarks on the variability of the bark, but there appears to be some con- 
 fusion in his notes. 
 
 With the habit and inflorescence of E. crebra, this species differs 
 from all others of the group in the very open fruit with exserted valves. 
 
 45. E. brachyandra, /•'. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 97. A tall 
 shrub or small tree. Leaves ovate or oblong, on long petioles, very ob- 
 tuse, 2 to 4 in. long, thick with numerous parallel very diverging veins, 
 fine but not very close. Flowers not seen. Umbels several together in 
 a short panicle. Calyx after flowering very small, ovoid-globose, with a 
 few very short stamens with minute globose anthers remaining about the 
 orifice. Fruit urceolate-globose, scarcely more than 1 line long, the rim 
 thin, the capsule sunk. 
 
1 98 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 N. Australia. Rocky declivities of the Upper Victoria river, F. 
 Mueller. The specimens preserved are very fragmentary. 
 
 ioo. E. concolor, Schau. in PI. Preiss. i. 129. A tree of 30 to 40 
 ft., with a smooth bark {Oldfield), a small tree of 8 to 12 ft. {Preiss), with 
 much of the aspect of E. dedpiens, but larger and more rigid in all its 
 parts. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate, often 4 to 5 in. 
 long, thick and rigid, the fine diverging veins numerous and parallel but 
 scarcely conspicuous, the intrainargiual one nearer the edge than in E. 
 dedpiens. Peduncles short, axillary, broad and flat but thick, each with 
 a head of 6 to 12 or more sessile flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, thick 
 and often angled, but otherwise smooth, about 3 lines long. Operculum 
 conical or acuminate, rather longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens in- 
 flected; anthers globular, small, but not so small as in E. dedpiens, with 
 distinct parallel cells. Ovary conical or convex in the centre. Fruit 
 globose-truncate, about 4 lines diameter, contracted at the orifice, the 
 rim broad, flat or slightly convex, the capsule sunk, but the points of the 
 valves usually protruding. 
 
 W. Australia. Doubtful-Island Bay and shady ravines, Point Irwin, 
 Oldfield ; near Freemantle, Preiss, n. 225 ; also Drummond, 4th 
 Coll. n. 77. 
 
 101. E. goniantha, Turcz. in Bull. Jlfose. 1847, i. 163. Leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, mostly falcate, rarely under 3 
 in. and sometimes above 4 in. long, thick and rigid, the very fine rather 
 oblique veins numerous and parallel but scarcely conspicuous, the intra- 
 marginal one close to or very near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lat- 
 eral, short, rather thick and flattened, mostly recurved, each with 4 to 8 
 flowers on short thick angular pedicels. Calyx-tube very broadly turbi- 
 nate, thick and very prominently ribbed, 3 to 4 lines diameter. Oper- 
 culum strongly ribbed, nearly hemispherical at the base, with a thick ob- 
 tuse beak as long as or rather longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens 4 to 5 
 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers small, ovate, with parallel dis- 
 tinct cells. Fruit depressed-globular or subglobular. truncate, hard, more 
 or less ribbed, or sometimes almost smooth, 4 to 5 lines diameter, some- 
 what contracted at the orifice, the rim rather broad and nearly flat, the 
 capsule somewhat sunk, but the valves occasionally protruding. 
 
 W. Australia. King George's Sound or to the eastward, Collie; 
 Baxter; Drumtnond, 3rd Coll. n. 71; P'ranklin river, Maxwell (in fruit 
 only with rather broad leaves). 
 
 104. E. decurva, F. Mitel/. Fragtn. iii. 130. A large shrub of 10 
 to 12 ft., or a small tree of 10 to 30 ft., with a smooth bark {Oldfield, 
 Maxiuell). Leaves lanceolate, usually narrow, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, rarely exceeding 4 in. and often under 3 in. long, thick or 
 rather thin, the veins diverging, but not close and scarcely visible, the 
 intramarginal one more or less distant from the edge. Peduncles axillary 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 199 
 
 or lateral, terete, or somewhat flattened, each bearing an umbel of 3 to 7 
 flowers usually recurved and on rather long pedicels, but sometimes 
 erect. Calyx-tube ovoid or almost cylindrical, 2 to 2j^ lines long and 
 nearly 2 lines diameter, abruptly contracted or obtuse at the base, not 
 ribbed. Operculum hemispherical and broad at the base, with a central 
 beak sometimes very short, sometimes above 2 lines long. Stamens about 
 3 lines long, the filaments slender and acutely inflected as in E. uncinata 
 and E. corynocalyx ; anthers very small, globular, with distinct parallel 
 cells. Ovary short, convex or conical in the centre. Fruit ovoid, con- 
 tracted at the orifice, 3 to 4 lines long and rather less in diameter, the 
 rim narrow, the capsule deeply sunk. 
 
 W. Australia. Low flats and rich soil to the east of Kojonerup 
 from the Stirling Range to East Mount Barren, Maxwell, also Drum- 
 mond. $th Coll. n. 186, all with narrow not very thick leaves ; from Kal- 
 gan river and King George's Sound to the eastward, Harvey, Old field, 
 Maxwell, with broader and thicker leaves ; Vasse river, Gilbert, n. 266, 
 with thick but narrow leaves. 
 
 A specimen in fruit only from Murchison river, Oldfield, looks like 
 the same species. The E. doratoxylon, which in many respects resem- 
 bles this species, differs in the leaves mostly opposite as well as in the 
 stamens. The E. decurva itself is very closely allied to E. oleosa, but 
 the shape of the calyx and fruit and the arrangement of the stamens are 
 somewhat different. 
 
 ORTHAINTHEREAE. 
 
 33. E. micranthera, E. Muell. Herb. A shrub, of 6 to 10 ft., with 
 a smooth bark {Maxwell), Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or 
 almost obtuse, 2 to nearly 4 in. long, very thick and smooth so as wholly 
 to conceal the veins. Peduncles very short, often flattened, with 3 to 6 
 flowers like those of E. uncinata or E. oleosa, but larger. Calyx-tube 
 turbinate, 2 to nearly 3 lines long, tapering into a very shoit thick pedi- 
 cel or almost sessile. Operculum very obtuse and shorter than the calyx- 
 tube. Stamens inflected, sometimes almost as acutely so as in E. cory- 
 nocalyx and E. uncinata, but the filaments not so fine and the anthers 
 very minute, with parallel contiguous cells. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit 
 globose-truncate, 4 to 5 lines diameter, somewhat contracted at the ori- 
 fice, the rim broad, flat or slightly concave, the capsule very slightly sunk. 
 
 W. Australia. Sandy hummocks, from Israelite Bay to Eyre's Re- 
 lief, Maxwell. 
 
 Possibly a form of E. uncinata, but both the operculum and the sta- 
 mens appear different. 
 
200 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 54. E. conoidea, Benth. Leaves narrow-oblong or lanceolate, 
 mostly obtuse and under 3 in. long, thick and shining, the very oblique 
 veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the 
 edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, usually recurved, terete or slightly 
 angular, each with 3 to 5 rather large pedicellate flowers. Calyx-tube 
 obconical, more or less distinctly ribbed, 3 lines long or rather more, 
 tapering into the pedicel. Operculum broad and conical, smooth or 
 ribbed, not thick, nearly twice as long as the calyx-tube. Stamens 
 nearly l /z in. long, inflected in the bud, raised by the thick disk )A to 1 
 line above the border of the calyx; anthers oblong, with parallel distinct 
 cells. Fruit turbinate-truncate, 4 to 6 lines long and as much in diame- 
 ter on the top, the rim raised above the calyx-border, broad and flat or 
 concave, the capsule level with it or more or less depressed, the short 
 broad valves often protruding when open. 
 
 W. Australia, Drummond, 5th Coll. n. 37. 
 
 Var. marginata. Border of the calyx expanded into a prominent 
 horizontal or reflexed ring. — Drummond, 3rd Coll. n. 56. 
 
 65. E. grossa, F. Muell. Herb. A stunted shrub [Maxwell). 
 Leaves from ovate and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, very thick and 
 shining, under 3 in. long, the veins oblique, rarely conspicuous, the 
 intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or 
 lateral, often recurved, thick and much flattened, wnth usually 3 large 
 sessile flowers. Calyx -tube turbinate, prominently ribbed, 4 to 5 lines 
 long. Operculum oblong, very obtuse, thin and smooth, as long as or 
 rather shorter, perhaps sometimes longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens 
 about )A in. long, inflected in the bud; anthers ovate-oblong, with par- 
 allel distinct cells. Ovary short, convex in the centra. Fruit not seen. 
 W. Australia Phillips river and its tributaries, Maxwell. I feel 
 uncertain as to the affinities of this species, the smooth cylindrical obtuse 
 operculum is like that of some of the Cornutce, but the stamens are much 
 inflected in the bud, and the flowers are otherwise quite those of the 
 larger forms of E. incrassata. 
 
 71. E. annulata, Benth. A tall shrub with a smooth bark {Max- 
 well). Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly under 4 in. long, 
 thick and smooth with oblique veins usually very indistinct, the intra- 
 marginal one near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short, thick, 
 flat, and almost as broad as long, each with about 6 to 1 2 sessile flowers. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate-campanulate, about 3 lines diameter. Operculum 6 
 to S lines long, usually incurved and very obtuse or almost clavate at the 
 end. Stamens straight as in E. cornuta, but apparently of a yellowish- 
 white colour as in E. macrandra, the margin of the disk that bears them 
 forming a raised in flexed ring about ^i line broad; anthers oblong with 
 parallel cells. Ovary conical at the top, tapering into the style. Fruit 
 depressed-globose, 4 to 5 lines diameter, the convex rim protruding into 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 201 
 
 a thick ring, quite distinct from the valves, which project much, taper- 
 ing into long erect or conniveut points formed by the persistent base of 
 the style. 
 
 W. Australia. Salt River, Maxwell. 
 
 73. E. macrandra, F. Muell. Herb. A shrub or small tree with a 
 smooth bark {Maxwell}. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lance- 
 olate, rarely exceeding 4 in., very thick and smooth, the veins more 
 numerous and more diverging than in E. coriiitta, and the intramarginal 
 one usually nearer the edge, but generally scarcely visible. Peduncles 
 rigid and flattened, mostly )4 to 1 in. long, with 8 to 16 or even more 
 flowers, sessile or on very short pedicels. Calyx-tube obovoid-campanu- 
 late, usually 2)A to 3 lines long and rather less in diameter, but in some 
 specimens smaller. Operculum usually above 1 in. long. Stamens when 
 ^dry yellowish, erect in the bud as in E. comuta, the edge of the disk 
 inflected; anthers oblong, with parallel cells. Ovary flat-topped, the 
 style not thickened at the base. Fruit semiovoid, truncate. 3 to 4 lines 
 diameter, or in some specimens rather smaller, the rim narrow, on a level 
 with the calyx as well as the flat-topped capsule, the small valves not 
 protruding. 
 
 W. Australia. From the valleys S. of Stirling range to Salt River 
 and Phillips range, Maxwell. 
 
 75. E. spathulata, Hook. Ic. PL t. 611. A shrub of 6 to 8 ft. or 
 rather more. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceo- 
 late, straight or slightly falcate, under 3 in. long, thick and rigid so as 
 wholly to conceal the veins. Peduncles short, axillary or lateral, flat- 
 tened but usually not very broad, each with about 4 to 6 flowers. Calyx- 
 tube obovoid, thick, about 2 lines long, tapering into a short thick ped- 
 icel. Operculum cylindrical, obtuse, often narrower than the calyx and 
 about twice as long. Stamens erect, slightly flexuose, about 4 lines long, 
 the border of the staminal disk inflected over the sunk ovary; anthers 
 oblong, parallel-celled. Style slightly thickened at the base. Fruit obo- 
 void, 3 lines or rather more in length and nearly as much in diameter, 
 contracted at the orifice, which is further closed hy the rather broad flat 
 rim; capsule sunk, but the points of the valves sometimes slightly pro- 
 truding. 
 
 W. Australia. Between Perth and King George's Sound, Harvey; 
 Drummond) 3rd Coll. n . 6S. 
 
 Var. grandiflora. Leaves rather broader. Flowers and fruits larger. 
 — Phillips range, Maxwell. 
 
 The species has much of the aspect of the narrow-leaved forms of 
 E. redunca, but in that the operculum is acuminate, and the stamens 
 more or less inflected in the bud. 
 
 76. E. pallidifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. iii. 131. A small tree with 
 an ash-coloured smooth bark (F. Mueller). Leaves ovate-oblong or Ian- 
 
202 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 ceolate, very obtuse and rarely 3 in. long, thick and smooth, the fine par- 
 allel very diverging veins scarcely visible, the intramarginal one close to 
 the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short, nearly terete, with 4 to 6 
 nearly sessile or shortly pedicellate flowers. Calyx-tube short, about 2 
 lines diameter. Operculum hemispherical or obtusely conical, shorter 
 than the calyx-tube. Stamens about 2 lines long, inflected in the bud ; 
 anthers ovate with parallel distinct cells. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit obo- 
 void-globose, 3 to 4 lines diameter, slightly contracted at the orifice, the 
 rirn broad, convex, and prominent, the capsule not sunk, the valves pro- 
 truding and sometimes acuminate by the persistent split base of the style. 
 N. Australia. Sandstone table-land on the Upper Victoria river and 
 Sturt's Creek, F. Mueller. — As observed by F. Mueller, this resembles in 
 some respects E. oleosa, but the venation of the leaves and the fruit are 
 different. 
 
 79. E. pachy Ionia, Benth. A shrub of 5 ft. {Maxwell}. Leaves 
 mostly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, under 3 in. long, thick 
 and rigid, the very oblique veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal 
 one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short and 
 thick, terete or slightly angular, each with 2 to 4 rather large flowers. 
 Calyx-tube broadly turbinate or almost hemispherical, about 4 lines diam- 
 eter, smooth and tapering into the very short thick pedicel. Stamens 
 pale-coloured, yi in. long or more, slender and inflected in the bud; an- 
 thers ovate with distinct parallel cells. Disk concave. Fruit sessile, de- 
 pressed-globose, 7 to 8 lines diameter, with the very thick broad convex 
 and raised rim of E. Oldfieldii, but without any depressed centre, the 
 capsule not sunk, and the small valves protruding as in E. rostrata. 
 
 W. Australia. Drummond, 4th Coll. 71. 64; sand plains, Kalgan 
 river, Oldfield ; valleys of the Stirling range, Maxzvell. 
 
 80. E. Drummondii, Benth. Leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceo- 
 late, obtuse or acuminate, under 3 in. long, very thick, with very fine 
 close parallel veins, very diverging or almost tranverse, but scarcely con- 
 spicuous, the intramarginal one close to the edge. Peduncles axillary or 
 lateral y 2 to i l / 2 in. long, terete or nearly so, each bearing an umble of 3 
 to 6 rather large flowers on terete pedicels often ]/ 2 in. long. Calyx-tube 
 broadly hemispherical, hard and smooth, 4 to 5 lines diameter. Oper- 
 culum conical, rather broader and considerably longer than the calyx- 
 tube. Stamens about y 2 in. long, inflected in the bud; anthers rather 
 small, ovate, with distinct parallel cells. Disk very broad, nearly flat, 
 forming a prominent ring round the ovary, of which the obtusely conical 
 centre protrudes about 1 or 1 1 / 2 lines above the disk at the time of flow- 
 ering. Fruit unknown. 
 
 W. Australia. Between Swan River and King George's Sound, 
 Drummond, 2nd Coll. n. 86 ; also 5th Coll. 
 
 81. E. orbifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 50. A shrub of 5 ft. (O 
 
E UCA L YPTUS. 203 
 
 Harper) , the foliage nearly white or yellowish in the single small speci- 
 men seen. Leaves nearly orbicular, very obtuse, under 2 in. diameter, 
 very thick and smooth, the veins irregular and distant but scarcely con- 
 spicuous. Peduncle axillary, terete, not }4 in. long, with the scars of 5 
 flowers. Pedicels short and terete. Calyx-tube broadly hemispherical, 
 smooth, about *4 in. diameter. Operculum thick, conical, nearly twice 
 as long as the calyx-tube. Stamens very numerous, inflected in the bud; 
 anthers ovate, with distinct parallel cells. Disk narrow round the coni- 
 cal summit of the ovary, which protrudes 3 or 4 lines above the border 
 of the calyx, tapering into the short thick style. Fruit unknown. 
 
 W. Australia. Granite hills in the interior to the north of Swan 
 river, C. Harper. Although evidently allied to E. Drummondi, this ap- 
 pears to be specifically distinct both in the leaves and the parts of the 
 flowers. 
 
 83. E. leptopoda, Benth. "Branchlets slender. Leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, often above 4 in. long, not very thick but the veins 
 inconspicuous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, slender, terete or slightly 
 flattened, bearing each a loose umbel of 10 to 15 small flowers on slender 
 pedicels much longer than the buds. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate or 
 almost hemispherical, about 1% lines diameter. Operculum conical, 
 from a little shorter to a litttle longer than the calyx tube and not so 
 broad. Stamens inflected in the bud, flexuose, not 2 lines long; anthers 
 ovate or almost globose, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit depressed- 
 globular, nearly 3 lines diameter, the rim broad, flat or slightly convex, 
 the capsule not sunk, the valves protruding when open. 
 
 W. Australia, Drummond, 3th Coll. Suppl. n, 33 and 36, also n. 151 
 and iSS of other sets. 
 
 In the specimens n. 188 the buds are rather larger than in the others, 
 the peduncles and pedicels shorter and the fruits smaller, scarcely 2 lines 
 diameter, with long prominent points to the valves. 
 
 84. E. cinerea, F. Muell. Herb. A moderate-sized tree, with a 
 whitish-brown persistent bark, somewhat fibrous, the foliage more or less 
 glaucous or mealy white. Leaves opposite, sessile, cordate, ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mostly 2 to 4 in. long. Peduncles 
 axillary or in short terminal corymbs, terete or nearly so, each with 3 to 
 7 pedicellate flowers. Calyx broadly turbinate, about 2 lines diameter, 
 or rather more. Operculum conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Sta- 
 mens 2 to 3 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers small but ovate, with 
 distinct parallel cells. Ovary convex in the centre. Fruit semiglobose 
 or subglobose-truncate, about 3 lines diameter, often slightly contracted 
 at the orifice, the rim thin, the capsule very slightly sunk but the valves 
 protruding. 
 
 N. S. Wales. Lachlan river, near Bathurst, A. Cunningham; also 
 Lake George, Herb. F. Mueller. 
 
204 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 V. Mueller (Fragrn. ii. 70) unites with this E. pulverulenta, of which 
 it ma}- be a variety, but, as far as the specimens go, the differences in the 
 leaf, in the size of the flower, and in the shape of the fruit appear to be 
 constant. It may, however, be an opposite-leaved state of E. dealbata, 
 and possibly, as well as that species, a form of E. viminalis. 
 
 85. E. dealbata, A. Cunn.; Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 924. A small 
 stunted tree, the foliage often glaucous-white, the bark rugose or sepa- 
 rating in scales, leaving the inner bark white and smooth (C. Stuart). 
 Leaves from ovate to ovate -lanceolate and under 4 in. long or sometimes 
 lanceolate and longer, obtuse or acute, the veins oblique and irregular, 
 the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge, all usually conspicu- 
 ous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, very short and scarcely flattened, 
 bearing each 3 to 6 flowers on short pedicels. Calyx-tube very open, 
 about 2 lines diameter and not so long. Operculum broad, rather thin, 
 hemispherical or conical, longer than tlie calyx-tube. Stamens about 3 
 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers ovate, with parallel distinct 
 cells. Ovary more or less conical in the centre, tapering into the style. 
 Fruit almost hemispherical, about 3 lines diameter, the rim flat, the valves 
 protruding even before they open. 
 
 Queensland. In the interior, Mitchell. 
 
 N. S. Wales. Rocky situations in the interior, A. Cunningham; 
 New England, C. Stuart, also probably a specimen in young bud of a 
 "Box," Leichhardt; Mudgee, "River Gum," C. Moore. It is possible 
 that this may prove to be the true E. pa/tens, DC. F. Mueller thinks it 
 may be reducible to a variety of E. viminalis. 
 
 88. ? E. exserta, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 85. A moder- 
 ate-sized or small tree, the bark ash-brown, rough and fissured outside 
 and falling in fragments, somewhat fibrous inside (E. Mite/ tor), dark 
 iron-grey and roughish [O/d/ield). Leaves lanceolate, mostly falcate and 
 acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long or sometimes much more, the lower ones often 
 ovate, rather thick, the veins rather regular, numerous and oblique, the 
 intramarginal one not close to the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, 
 terete or scarcely compressed, bearing each 3 to 8 flowers on distinct 
 often rather long pedicels. Calyx-tube hemispherical, about 2 lines 
 diameter (or sometimes nearly 3 ?). Operculum hemispherical or broadly 
 conical, more or less beaked, acuminate and rather longer than the calyx- 
 tube. Stamens about 2 lines long or rather more, inflected in the bud; 
 anthers* ovate with parallel distinct cells. Fruit nearly globular, 3 to 4 lines 
 diameter, the rim broad and very prominent, almost conical, the capsule 
 not sunk, and the valves entirely protruding even before they open. 
 
 Queensland. Burnett river, E. Mueller: 
 
 W. Australia. Murchison river, Oldfield. 
 
 This is probaly the same as E. rostrata, notwithstanding the differ- 
 ences described in the bark. There may be also some confusion in Old- 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 205 
 
 field's specimens, the larger-flowered ones may belong to E. rudis, which 
 differs in its large flowers, shorter pedicels, and in the much larger fruit 
 with a flat rim. 
 
 97. 1£. pellita, E. Muell. Fragm.'w. 159. A tree of 40 to 50 ft., 
 with a rough dark grey bark {Djillachy). Leaves ovate lanceolate or 
 almost ovate, acuminate, nearly straight, 5 to 6 in. long or more, rigid, 
 with numerous parallel almost transverse veins, the intramarginal one 
 near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, stout and much flattened, 
 often 1 in. long, each with about 4 to 8 rather large flowers on thick 
 angular pedicels often as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube much 
 broader and shorter than in E. botryoidcs, 5 to nearly 6 lines diameter 
 and more or less angular. Operculum thick, hemispherical, broader than 
 the calyx tube, with a short obtuse beak. Stamens about }A in. long, 
 somewhat raised above the calyx-border by the disk, inflected in the bud; 
 anthers ovate-oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Ovary very conical in 
 the centre. Fruit subglobose- truncate or nearly hemispherical, 6 to 8 
 lines diameter, not contracted at the orifice, the rim raised above the 
 calyx-border, slightly convex and rather broad, the capsule scarcelv sunk, 
 the valves much projecting. — E. speclabilis, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 45. 
 
 Queensland. Rockhampton, Dallacliy. The species, as observed 
 by F. Mueller, resembles E. botryoides, but differs in the larger especiallv 
 broader flowers, in the conical ovary, and in the shape of the fruit. It is, 
 however, very closely allied to E. saligna and E. resini/era, differing 
 chiefly in the size of its leaves, flowers, and fruit, and should perhaps in- 
 clude the var. grandiflora, which I have referred to the latter. 
 
 102. E. falcata, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1847, i. 163. A shrub of 10 
 to 12 ft. {Maxwell). Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, often falcate, mostlv 
 under 4 in. long, thick and smooth, the very fine oblique veins scarcelv 
 visible. Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or slightly angular, each 
 with about 6 to 12 flowers on slender pedicels of 3 to 4 lines. Calvx-tube 
 short, depressed, about 2 lines diameter, thick, and more or less dis- 
 tinctly furrowed, but not so much so as in E. goniantha. Operculum 
 conical, acuminate, fully twice as long as and much narrower than the 
 calyx-tube. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, or rather more, inflected in the 
 bud; anthers ovate, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit depressed-globu- 
 lar, 3 to 4 lines diameter, much contracted at the orifice, the rim narrow 
 and flat, but the disk within the staminal margin forming a protruding 
 ring over the capsule, which is sunk, but the long points of the valves, 
 formed by the split base of the style, usually protrude. 
 
 W. Australia, Drummond, 3rd Coll- n. jo; plains to the north and 
 south of Stirling range, Maxwell. 
 
 107. E. grandifolia, R. Br. Herb. A small tree, with the outer 
 bark brown and deciduous, the inner whitish and verv smooth (A'. 
 Brown). Leaves opposite or nearly so, petiolate, from ovate to ovate- 
 
206 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 lanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long in the specimens, but probably often larger, 
 rigid, with rather fine diverging veins, the intramarginal one remote 
 from the edge. Flowers rather large, on pedicels of Vz to ^ in., 3 to 10 
 together, rather clustered than umbellate on a very short lateral peduncle, 
 reduced sometimes to a tubercle (probably the inflorescence consists of 
 several umbels reduced to 1 or 2 flowers each). Calyx-tube very short, 
 broad, and open, 4 to nearly 5 lines diameter. Operculum convex or 
 almost hemispherical, obtuse or umbonate, much shorter than the calyx- 
 tube. Stamens 4 to 5 lines long or rather more, inflected in the bud; an- 
 ther oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Ovary flat topped. Fruit un- 
 known. 
 
 N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown {Hetb. 
 A'. Brown). 
 
 112 ? E. loxophleba, Benth. A tree from 10 to 30 ft. high, with a 
 rough ash-grey fibrous bark (Old field), 40 to 45 ft., the bark separable in 
 layers (Preiss). Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, narrow and often 4 to 5 
 in. long or the lower one shorter and broader, all rather rigid with very 
 oblique rather distant and prominent veins, the intramarginal one distant 
 from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or slightly flattened, 
 each with a dense umbel of 6 to 12 flowers. Calyx-tube obconical, 2 to 
 2% or rarely nearly 3 lines long, tapering into a short pedicel. Opercu- 
 lum hemispherical or obtusely conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Sta- 
 mens scarcely exceeding 2 lines, inflected in the bud, the filaments usually 
 dark-coloured in the dry specimens; anthers small, with parallel distinct 
 cells. Fruit narrow-obovoid, truncate, straight or slightly contracted at 
 the orifice, rarely above 3 lines long and 2 lines diameter, the rim narrow, 
 the capsule deeply sunk. — E. amygdalina, Schau. in PI. Preiss. i. 130 
 (from the description given), not of Labill.; E. frulicetorum, F. Muell. 
 Fragm. ii. 57 fas to the W. Australian specimens). 
 
 W. Australia. S wan River and Darling range, Collie; Drummond, 
 2nd Coll. n- 82; York district, Preiss. n. 246 (and 248?); Murchison river 
 and Champion Bay, " York Gum," Old field. 
 
 The " Yandee," a tree of 40 to 45 ft., with a nearly black persistent 
 furrowed bark consisting of strap-like pieces, from the Murchison river, 
 Oldjield, appears to be otherwise precisely the same. 
 
 Var. frulieosa. A shrub branching from the ground, the leaves 
 rather broader, the flowers rather larger, the peduncles more flattened. — 
 Murchison river, Oldjield; Salt river, Maxwell. 
 
 115. E. perfoliata, R. Brawn, Herd. A large shrub of 10 ft. or 
 more (A. Cunningham). Leaves opposite, connate, 6 to 8 in. long and 
 3 to 4 in. broad, very obtuse, glaucous with numerous parallel transverse 
 veins. Flowers large, sessile in heads of 4 to 6, on terete peduncles form- 
 ing a corymbose terminal panicle. Calyx-tube thick, broadly turbinate, 
 smooth or nearly so, 7 to 8 lines long and as much in diameter. Oper- 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 207 
 
 culutn not seen. Stamens above ]A in. long, inflected in the bud; an- 
 thers small, ovate-oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit urceolate, 1% 
 in. long and above i in. diameter, smooth, the rim concave, the capsule 
 sunk. Seeds not seen. 
 
 127. E. dichromophloia, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 89. A 
 moderate-sized or large tree, the bark smooth, ash-grey, at length sepa- 
 rating from the inner reddish bark (F. Mueller). Leaves in the imper- 
 fect specimens very long, lanceolate, narrow, thick, with numerous, very 
 fine, close, parallel veins, the intramarginal one scarcely distant from the 
 edge. Umbels several-flowered, forming loose, terminal, corymbose pan- 
 icles. Young buds obovoid, with a very short obtuse operculum; perfect 
 flowers unknown. Anthers of E. corymbosa. Fruit urceolate-globose, 
 with a contracted neck, smooth, attaining sometimes x / 2 in. diameter, but 
 mostly much smaller; the rim thin, the capsule sunk. Perfect seeds 
 broadly winged on one side. 
 
 128. E. pyrophora, Benth. Nearly allied to the preceding four 
 species, but apparently to be distinguished, unless all be considered as 
 forms of E. corymbosa. Leaves long, narrow, and thicker than in any 
 of them. Inflorescence the same. Buds obovo'ul-p ;ar-shaped, the very 
 obtuse operculum undistinguishable from the calyx-tube till it separates, 
 and then often tearing off irregularly. Flowers larger than in E. termi- 
 nalis, the calyx-tube very broad and opm, varying from 4 to 6 lines diam- 
 eter. Stamens of the allied spec.es. Fruit globose or slightly ovoid, 
 contracted at the orifice, without a distinct neck, the rim thin, the cap- 
 sule sunk. Seeds apparently winged, but not seen perfect. 
 
 UNKNOWN A;iT!1rR6 
 
 93. E. patellaris, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 84. A tall 
 tree with a rough furrowed persistent dull whitish bark {F. Mueller). 
 Leaves lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, about 4 to 6 in. long, the veins 
 rather numerous and regular, oblique, the intramarginal one rather dis- 
 tant from the edge. Perfect flowers unknown. Inflorescence perhaps 
 compound. Calyx-tube (only seen in a diseased persistent bud) hard, 
 hemispherical, about 5 lines diameter, the border prominent. Opercu- 
 lum much depressed, umbonate. Fruit pedicellate, broadly urceolate, 
 about 5 lines diameter, the orifice dilated, the rim broad and flat, the 
 valves protruding. 
 
 N. Australia. Dry banks of the Roper river, (F. Mueller). De- 
 scribed from specimens far too imperfect to determine the affinities. 
 
 116. E. ferruginea, Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. A moderate- 
 sized tree, with a rough persistent dark grey bark (F. Mueller), the 
 
208 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 young branches and often the foliage more or less rusty -pubescent, or the 
 branches bispid with a few stiff hairs or bristles, but sometimes quite 
 glabrous. Leaves large, often 4 to 5 in. diameter, sessile, opposite, cor- 
 date orbicular or oblong, mostly obtuse and sometimes undulate. Flow- 
 ers rather large, the umbels in a dense terminal corymbose panicle, or in 
 one specimen a single umbel axillary. Peduncles and pedicels short, 
 terete. Calyx-tube very broadly campauulate, 6 to 8 lines diameter. 
 Operculum broadly conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Fruit ovoid, 
 when perfect about 1 in. long and % in. diameter, contracted towards 
 the orifice, the rim narrow, the capsule deeply sunk. Seeds winged. — 
 F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 95; E. confer tiflora, F. Muell. 1. c. 96. 
 N. Australia. Copeland island, N. W. coast, A. Cunningham; Vic- 
 toria river and Arnhem's Land, F. Mueller. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 2 o 9 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 OR 
 
 DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING PLANTS. 
 
 A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a 
 
 negative, or the absence of something ; as rzpetalous, without petals ; 
 
 aphyllous, leafless, etc. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix 
 
 is an ; as awantherous, destitute of anther. 
 Abnormal : contrary to the usual or the natural structure. 
 Aboriginal : original in the strictest sense ; same as indigenous. 
 Abortive : imperfectly formed, or rudimentary. 
 Abortion : the imperfect formation, or non-formation of some part. 
 Abrupt : suddenly terminating ; 
 
 Abruptly pinnate : pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end. 
 Acaulescent (acaulis) : apparently stemless ; the proper stem bearing the 
 
 leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean, as in Bloodroot, 
 
 and most Violets. 
 Accessory : something additional ; as Accessory buds. 
 Accrescent : growing larger after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis. 
 Accumbent: lying against a thing The cotyledons are accumbent when 
 
 they lie with their edges against the radicle. 
 Acerose : needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines. 
 Acetabuleform : saucer-shaped. 
 
 Achenium (plural adieu ia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit. 
 . hhlauiydeous (flower) : without floral envelopes ; as Lizard 's-tail. 
 Ac icu la r: needle-shaped; more slender than acerose. 
 Acinacifortn : scymitar-shaped, like some bean-pods. 
 Acines : the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry. 
 Acorn : the nut of the Oak. 
 
 Acotyledonous : destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves. 
 Acrogenous : growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. 
 Acrogens, or Acrogenous Plants: the higher Cryptogamous plants, such 
 
 as Ferns, etc. 
 Aculeate : armed with prickles, i. e. aculei ; as the Rose and Brier. 
 14- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Aculeolate : armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly. 
 
 Acuminate : taper-pointed. 
 
 Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right- 
 angle. 
 
 Adelphous (stamens): joined in a fraternity (adelp/n'a) : see monadel- 
 p/ious and diadelplwus. 
 
 ^Adherent : sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body. 
 
 Adnate : growing fast to ; it means born adherent. The Anther is 
 adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolonga- 
 tion, as in Tulip-tree. 
 
 Adpressed, or appressed : brought into contract, but not united. 
 
 Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending : rising gradually upwards. 
 
 Adsurgent, or assurgent : same as ascending. 
 
 Adventitoiis : out of the proper or usual place. 
 
 Aventive : applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly sponta- 
 neous in a country, but hardly to be called naturalized. 
 
 ^Equilateral : equal sided ; opposed to oblique. 
 
 ^Estivation : the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud. 
 
 Air-cells or Air-passages : spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems. 
 
 Akenium, or akene. See achenium. 
 
 Ala (plural alee) : a wing ; the side petals of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 Alabastrum : a flower-bud. 
 
 Alar: situated in the forks of a stem. 
 
 A late : winged, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper, the fruit of the Maple, 
 Elm, etc. 
 
 Albescent : whitish, or turning white. 
 
 Albumen of the seed ; nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 
 but not within it. 
 
 Albumen, a vegetable product ; a form of proteine. 
 
 Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen, as the seeds of Indian 
 corn, of Buckwheat, etc. 
 
 Alburnum : young wood, sap-wood. 
 
 Alpine : belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests. 
 
 Alternate (leaves) : one after another. Petals are alternate with the 
 sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals 
 between them. 
 
 Alveolate : honey-comb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle. 
 
 Atnent: a catkin. Amentaceous : Catkin-like, or catkin-bearing. 
 
 Amorpheus : shapeless ; without any definite form. 
 
 . Xmphigastrium (plural amphigastria) ; a peculiar stipule-like leaf of 
 certain Liverworts. 
 
 Amphitropous or Amphitropal ovules or seeds. 
 
 Amplectant : embracing. Amplexicaul (leaves) : clasping the stem by 
 the base. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 211 
 
 Ampullaceous : swelling out like a bottle or bladder. 
 
 Amylaceous; composed of starch, or starch-like. 
 
 Anantherous : without anthers Ananthous : destitute of flowers; 
 
 flowerless. 
 Anastomosing : forming a net-work {anastomosis), as the veins of leaves. 
 Avatropous or Anatropal ovules or seeds 
 
 Ancipital [anceps) : two-edged, as the stem of Blue-eyed Grass. 
 Andrcecium : a name for the stamens taken together. 
 Androgynous : having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same 
 
 cluster or inflorescence, as many species of Carex. 
 Androphore : a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow ; or the sup- 
 port on which stamens are raised. 
 Anfractuose : bent hither and thither, as the anthers of the squash, etc. 
 Angiospermce , Angiospermous Plants: with their seeds formed in an 
 
 ovary or pericarp. 
 Angular, divergence of leaves. 
 Annual (p'ant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the 
 
 seed, and then dying. 
 Annular: in the form of a ring, or forming a circle. 
 Annulate : marked by rings or furnished with an 
 Aunulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns ; in Mosses it 
 
 is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the 
 
 lid, in many species. 
 Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while 
 
 the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the 
 
 Pea, etc., the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior. 
 Anther : the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen. 
 Antheridium : (plural ant/ieridia) : the organ in Mosses, etc. which 
 
 answers to the anther of Flowering Plants. 
 Antherifei ous : anther-bearing. 
 
 Anthesis : the period or the act of the expansion of a flower. 
 Anthocarpous (fruits) ; same as multiple fruits. 
 Anticous : same as anterior 
 Antrorse ; directed upwards or forwards. 
 Apetalous : destitute of petals. 
 Aphyllous : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage. 
 Apical : belonging to the apex or point. 
 
 Apiculate : pointletted ; tipped with a short and abrupt point. 
 Apocarpous (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are 
 
 separate, as in a Buttercup, Sedum, etc. 
 Apophysis: any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the 
 
 spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss. 
 Appendage : any superadded part. 
 Appendiculate : provided with appendages. 
 
2i2 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 . Impressed : where branches are close pressed to the stem, or leaves to 
 
 branch, etc. 
 Apterous: wingless. 
 
 Aquatic : living or growing in water ; applied to plants, whether grow- 
 ing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it. 
 Arachnoid : cobwebby ; clothed with, or consisting of soft downy fibres. 
 Arboreous Arborescent : tree-like in size or form. 
 Archegonium (plural archegonia) : the organ in Mosses, etc., which is 
 
 analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants. 
 . ircuate : bent or curved like a bow. 
 Areolate : marked out into little spaces or areola-. 
 Arillate (seeds) furnished with an 
 . Xril or Arillus : a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a 
 
 seed. 
 Aristate : awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of 
 
 Barley, etc 
 Aristulate : diminutive of the last ; short-awned. 
 Arrow-shaped ox Arrow-headed: same as sagittate. 
 Articulated : jointed; iurnished with joints or articulations where it 
 
 separates or inclines to do so. 
 . Xspergilliform : shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy wate ; as 
 
 the stigmas of many Grasses. 
 Assurgent : same as ascending. 
 
 Atropous or Atropal (ovules) : same as orthotropous. 
 Au> iculate : furnished with auricles, or ear-like appendages. 
 Awl-shaped : sharp-pointed from a broader base. 
 A ten : the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, etc ; or any similar bristle-like 
 
 appendage. 
 Atoned : furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip. 
 Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem. 
 Axile : belonging to the axis or occupying the axis. 
 Axillary : (buds, etc.) : occurring in an axil. 
 Axis : the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are 
 
 attached ; the root and stem. 
 
 Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin bacca.) 
 
 Barbate : bearded ; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs. 
 
 Barbed: furnished with a barb or double hook; as the apex of the 
 bristle on the fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), etc. 
 
 Barbel/ate : said of the bristles of the pappus of some Composite 
 (species of Liatris, etc.), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer 
 than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose. 
 
 Barbellulate : diminutive of barbellate. 
 
 Bark : the covering of a stern outside of the wood. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 213 
 
 Basal : belonging or attached to the 
 
 Base : that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support. 
 
 Beaked : ending in a prolonged, narrow tip. 
 
 Bearded : see barbate. Beard is sometimes used popularly for awn, 
 more commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort. 
 
 Bell-shaped : of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell. 
 
 Berry : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape. 
 
 Bi, (or Bis), in compound words : twice ; as 
 
 Biarticulate : twice-jointed, or two-jointed ; separating into two pieces. 
 
 Biauriculate : having two ears. 
 
 Bicallose : having two callosities or harder spots. 
 
 Bicarinate : two-keeled, as the upper palea of Grasses. 
 
 Bicipital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or 
 bottom . 
 
 Biconj agate : twice-paired, as when a petiole forks twice. 
 
 Bidentate : having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate.) 
 
 Biennial: of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one 
 season, flowering and dying the next. 
 
 Bifarions : two-ranked ; arranged in two rows. 
 
 Bifid : two-cleft to about the middle, as the petals of Mouse-ear Chick- 
 weed. 
 
 Bifoliolate : a compound leaf of two leaflets. 
 
 Bifurcate: twice forked ; or, more commonly forked into two branches. 
 
 Bij agate: bearing two pairs (of leaflets, etc.) 
 
 Bilabiate : two-lipped, as the corolla of sage, etc. 
 
 Bilamellate : of two plates (lame/la'), as the stigma of Mimulus. 
 
 Bilobed : the same as two-lobed. 
 
 Bilocular : two-celled ; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, most Saxi- 
 frages. 
 
 Binate : in couples, two together. 
 
 Bipartite: the Latin form of two-parted. 
 
 Bipinnate (leaf) ; twice pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnatifid : twice pinnatifid ; that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again 
 pinnatifid. 
 
 Biplicatc : twice folded together. 
 
 Biserial, or Biseriate : occupying two rows, one within the other. 
 
 Biserrate : doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf, etc., are them- 
 selves serrate. 
 
 Biternate : twice ternate ; i.e., principal divisions three, each bearing 
 three leaflets, etc. 
 
 Bladdery : thin and inflated, like the calyx of Silene inflata. 
 
 I Hade of a leaf: its expanded portion. 
 
 Boat-shaped : concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small 
 boat. 
 
zi i EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Brachiate : with opposite branches at right angles to each other, as in 
 the Maple and Lilac. 
 
 Bract (Latin, bracted). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflores- 
 cence, more or less different from ordinary leaves. Specially, the 
 bract is the small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its 
 pedicel proceeds ; and a 
 
 Bractlet [bracteola] is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk. 
 
 Bristles : stiff, sharp hairs, or any very 1 slender bodies of similar 
 appearance. 
 
 Bristly : beset with bristles. 
 
 Brush-shaped : see aspcrgillifonu. 
 
 Bryology: that part of botany which relates to Mosses. 
 
 Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state. 
 
 Bulb: a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean. 
 
 Bulbiferous : bearing or producing bulbs. 
 
 /> it loose or bulbous : bulb-like in shape, etc. 
 
 Bulblets: small bulbs, born above ground, as on the stems of the bulb- 
 bearing Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some 
 other Ferns. 
 
 Bullate : appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble). 
 
 Caducous: dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the 
 calyx in the Poppy Family, falling when the flower opens. 
 
 Cczspitose, or Cespitose : growing in turfdike patches or tufts, like most 
 sedges, etc. 
 
 Calcarate ; furnished with a spur (calcar), as the flower of Larkspur and 
 Violet. 
 
 Calceolate or Calcei [form : slipper- shaped, like one petal of the Lady's 
 Slipper. 
 
 Callosc : hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots. 
 
 Calycine: belonging to the calyx. 
 
 Caly culate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx [calyculus) or set of 
 bracts looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks. 
 
 Calyptra : the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss. 
 
 Calyptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher. 
 
 Calyx : the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower. 
 
 ( 'ampanulate : bell-shaped. 
 
 Campylotropous or Campylotropal : curved ovules and seeds of a particu- 
 lar sort. 
 
 Catnpylospermous : applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is 
 curved in at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face ; as in 
 Sweet Cicely. 
 
 Canaliculate : channeled, or with a deep longitudinal groove. 
 
 Cancel late : latticed, resembling lattice-work. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 215 
 
 Cane scent : grayish-white ; hoary, usually because the surface is covered 
 
 with fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still. 
 Capillaceous, Capillary : hair-like in shape ; as fine as hair or slender 
 
 bristles. 
 Capitate : having a globular apex, like the head of a pin ; as the stigma 
 
 of Cherry ; or forming a head like the flower-cluster of Button-bush. 
 Capitellate : diminutive of capitate. 
 Capita hi in (a little head): a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile 
 
 flowers. 
 Capreolate : bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril). 
 Capsule : a pod ; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel. 
 Capsular : relating to, or like a capsule. 
 Carina : a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 
 
 which are combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the keel 
 
 (or rather the prow) of a vessel. 
 Carinate : keeled; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the 
 
 lower side. 
 Cariopsis, or Caryopsis : the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, etc. 
 Carneous : flesh-colored; pale red. 
 Carnose : fleshy in texture. 
 Carpel, or carpidiuiu : a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of 
 
 which a compound pistil is composed. 
 Carpellary : pertaining to a carpel. 
 
 Catpology : that department of Botany which relates to fruits. 
 Carpophore : the stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower. 
 Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous : firm and tough like cartilage in 
 
 texture. 
 Caruncle : an excrescence at the scar of some seeds ; as those of Polygala. 
 Carunculale : furnished with a caruncle. 
 Caryophyllaceous : pink-like : applied to a corolla of five long-clawed 
 
 petals. 
 Catkin : a scaly, deciduous spike of flowers, an ament. 
 Caudate : tailed or tail-pointed. 
 
 Caudex : a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock. 
 Caulescent : having an obvious stem. 
 Canticle : a little stem or rudimentary stem. 
 Catiline: of or belonging to a stem (caulis, in Latin). 
 Cell (diminutive Cellule) ; the cavity of an anther, ovary, etc ; one of 
 
 the elements or vesicles of which plants are composed. 
 Centrifugal (inflorescence) : produced or expanding in succession from 
 
 the center outwards. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away 
 
 from the center of the fruit. 
 Centripetal : the opposite of centrifugal. 
 Ceteal : belonging to corn, or corn-plants. 
 
2i6 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Cernuous : nodding ; the summit more or less inclining. 
 Chaff: small membraneous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Com- 
 posite ; the glumes, etc., of Grasses. 
 Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. 
 Chalaza : that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together. 
 Channelled : hollowed out like a gutter ; same as canalicolate. 
 Character : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, 
 
 etc., which distinguish it from all others. 
 Chartaceous : of the texture of paper or parchment. 
 Chlorophyll : the green grains in the cells of the leaf, and of other parts 
 
 exposed to the light, which give to herbage its green color. 
 Chrotnule : coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or 
 
 when liquid. 
 Cicatrix : the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ. 
 Ciliate : beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or 
 
 bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name. 
 Cinereous, or Cineraceous : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes. 
 Circinate : rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of 
 
 Ferns ; the flower-clusters of Heliotrope, etc. 
 Circumscissile, or Circumcissiie : divided by a circular line round the 
 
 sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, etc. 
 Circumso iptioti : the general outline of a thing. 
 
 Cirrhi/erous, or Cirrhose : furnished with a tendril (Latin, cirrhus) ; as 
 the Grape vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like 
 tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin 's-bower. 
 Clathrate : latticed ; same as cancellate. 
 
 Clavate : club-shaped ; slender below and thickened upwards. 
 Claw : the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks. 
 Climbing : rising by clinging to other objects. 
 Club-shaped : see clavate. 
 
 Clustered : leaves, flowers, etc. aggregated or collected into a bunch. 
 C/ypeate : buckle-shaped. 
 Coadunate : same as connate: i. e. united. 
 Coalesccnt : growing together. 
 Coarctate : contracted or brought close together. 
 
 Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer. 
 Coccus (plural cocci) : ancientlv a berrv ; now mostly used to denote the 
 carpels of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of 
 .Euphorbia. 
 Cochleariform : spoon-shaped. 
 Cochlea! : coiled, or shaped like a snail-shell. 
 
 Ca'/ospei nious : applies to those fruits of Umbelliferte which have the 
 seed hollowed on the inner face, by the curving inwards of the top 
 and bottom, as in Coriander. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 217 
 
 Cohetent in Botany is usually the same as connate. 
 
 Collum or Collar: the neck or. line of junction between the stem and 
 
 the root. 
 Columella : the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often 
 
 attached, as in Geranium, or which is left when a pod opens, as in 
 
 Azalea and Rhododendron. 
 Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils 
 
 united into one body, as in the Orchis family. 
 Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar. 
 Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair). 
 Cornose : tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed. 
 Commissure: the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of 
 
 Umbelliferse, such as parsnip, Caraway, etc. 
 Common: used as "general, " in contradistinction to "partial"; e. g. 
 
 "common involucre." 
 Complanale . flattened. 
 Complicate : folded upon itself. 
 Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides. 
 Condi/plicate : folded upon itself lengthwise, as the leaves of Magnolia 
 
 in the bud. 
 Cone: the fruit of the Pine family. 
 Confluent : blended together ; or the same as coherent. 
 Conformed : similar to another thing it is associated with or compared 
 
 to ; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed. 
 Congested ', Conglomerate : crowded together. 
 Conjugate : coupled ; in single pairs. 
 Connate : united or grown together from the first. 
 
 Connective, Connectivum : the part of the anther connecting its two cells. 
 Connivent: converging, or brought close together. 
 Continuous : the reverse of interrupted or articulated. 
 Contorted: twisted together. Contorted cestivation : same as convolute. 
 Con tort u pa cat e : twisted back upon itself. 
 Contracted : either narrowed or shortened. 
 Contrary : turned in an opposite direction to another organ or part with 
 
 which it is compared. 
 Convolute: rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation. 
 
 In aestivation, same as contorted. 
 Cordate: heart-shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous : resembling leather in texture. 
 Corky: of the texture of cork. 
 Conn, Cormus : a solid bulb, like that of Crocus. 
 Corneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of 
 
 the seed of the Date, Coffee, etc. 
 Comiculate : furnished with a small horn or spur. 
 
2i8 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Cornute : horned ; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage. 
 
 Corolla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx. 
 
 Corollaccous, Corolline : like or belonging to a corolla. 
 
 Corona : a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of 
 
 some petals, as Silene and Soapwort, or of the tube of the corolla of 
 
 Hound 's-Tongue, etc. 
 Coronate: crowned; furnished with a crown. 
 Cortical : belonging to the bark {cortex, ,) 
 Corymb : a sort of flat or convex flower-cluster. 
 Corymbose: approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ; 
 
 arranged in corymbs. 
 Costa: a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, etc. Costate : ribbed. 
 Cotyledons : the first leaves of the embryo. 
 Crater if orm : goblet-shaped; broadly cup-shaped. 
 Creeping (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting. 
 Cremocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae. 
 Crenate, or Crenel led : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth. 
 Crested, or Cristate : bearing any elevated appendage like a crest. 
 Cribrose : pierced like a sieve with small apertures. 
 Crinite : bearded with long hairs, etc. 
 Crown : see corona. 
 
 Crowning : borne on the apex of anything. 
 Cruciate, or Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the 
 
 Mustard, and all the flowers of that family. 
 Crustaceous : hard, and brittle in texture ; crust -like. 
 Crytogamous, or Cryptogam ic : relating to Crytogamia. 
 Cucullate : hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or 
 
 a hood (cucullus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip. 
 Culm : a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges. 
 Cuneate, Cuneiform : wedge-shaped. 
 Cup-shaped : same as cyathiform, or near it. 
 Cupule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak. 
 Cupulate : provided with a cupule. 
 Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point. 
 Cut: same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep 
 
 division. 
 Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle. 
 Cyathiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass. 
 Cycle : one complete turn of a spire, or a circle. 
 Cyclical : rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle. 
 Cyclosis : the circulation in closed cells. 
 Cylindraceous : approaching to the 
 Cylindrical form ; as that of stems, etc., which are round, and gradually 
 
 if at all tapering. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 219 
 
 Cymbceform, or Cymbiform : same as boat-shaped. 
 Cyme: a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence. 
 Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme. 
 
 Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as 
 
 Decagynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Decandrous: with 10 stamens. 
 
 Deciduous: falling off, or subject to fall, said of leaves which fall in 
 autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms. 
 
 Declined : turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea 
 nudiflora. 
 
 Decompound : several times compounded or divided. 
 
 Decumbent : reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise. 
 
 Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in 
 Thistles. 
 
 Decussate : arranged in pairs which successively cross each other. 
 
 Definite : when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so. 
 
 De flexed: bent downwards. 
 
 Deflorate : past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged 
 its pollen. 
 
 Dehiscence : the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or 
 splits open. 
 
 Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence. 
 
 Deliquescent : branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches. 
 
 Deltoid : of a triangular shape. 
 
 Demersed : growing below the surface of water. 
 
 Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance. 
 
 Dentate : toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth.) 
 
 Denticulate : furnished with denticulations, or very small teeth : dimin- 
 utive of the last. 
 
 Depauperate : impoverished or starved. 
 
 Depressed : flattened, or as if pressed down from above; flattened verti- 
 cally. 
 
 Descending: tending gradually downwards. 
 
 Dextrose: turned to the right hand. 
 
 Di- (in Greek compounds): two as 
 
 Diadelphous (stamens): united by their filaments in two sets. 
 
 Diandrous: having two stamens. 
 
 Diagnosis: a short distinguishing character, or descriptive phrase. 
 
 Diaphanous: transparent or translucent. 
 
 Dich/aiuydeons (flower): having both calyx and corolla. 
 
 Dichotomons: two-forked. 
 
 Diclinous: having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another. 
 
 Dicoccous (fruit): splitting into two cocci or closed carpels. 
 
 Dicotyledonous (embryo) : having a pair of cotyledons. 
 
Z20 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Didytnous: twin. 
 
 Didynatnous (statnens); having four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter 
 than the other. 
 
 Diffuse: spreading widely and irregularly. 
 
 Digitate (fingered): where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne 
 on the apex of the petiole. 
 
 Digyiious (flowei): having two pistils or styles. 
 
 Dimerous: made up of two parts, or its organs in twos. 
 
 Dimidiate: halved; or where a leaf or leaflet has only one side devel- 
 oped, or a stamen has only one lobe or cell. 
 
 Dimorphous: of two forms. 
 
 Dioecious or Dioicous: where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow- 
 ers on different plants. 
 
 Dipetalous: of two petals. Diphyllous : two-leaved. Dipterous : two- 
 winged. 
 
 Disciform or Disk-shaped: flat and circular, like a disk or quoit, 
 
 Disk: the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, 
 like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a 
 fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower. 
 
 Dissected: cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. 
 
 Dissepiments: the partitions of an ovary or a fruit. 
 
 Distichous: two-ranked. 
 
 Distinct : uncombined with each other. 
 
 Divaricate : straddling ; very widely divergent. 
 
 Divided (leaves, etc.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or 
 the mid rib. 
 
 Dodeca- (in Greek compounds): twelve; as 
 
 Dodecagynous : with twelve pistils or styles. 
 
 /lodecandrous : with twelve stamens. 
 
 Dolabriform : axe-shaped. 
 
 Dorsal : pertaining to the back {dorsum) of an organ. 
 
 Double Flowers, so called : where the petals are multiplied unduly. 
 
 Downy: clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs. 
 
 Drupe: a stone-fruit. 
 
 Drupaceous : like or pertaining to a drupe. 
 
 Ducts : the so-called vessels of plants. 
 
 Dutnose : bushy, or relating to bushes. 
 
 Duramen : the heart- wood. 
 
 Dwarf : remarkably low in stature. 
 
 /:"-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of; 
 as ecostale, without a rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albu- 
 men, etc. 
 
 Eared : see auricu/ate. 
 
 Ebracteate : destitute of bracts. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 221 
 
 Echinate : armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate : a dim 
 
 inutive of it. 
 Edentate : toothless 
 Effete: past bearing, etc.; said of anthers which have discharged their 
 
 pollen. 
 Eglandulose : destitute of glands 
 
 /Cld fees: threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts. 
 Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure. 
 Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded. 
 Emarginale: notched at the summit. 
 
 Embryo : the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed. 
 Emersed : raised out of water. 
 
 Endecagynous : with eleven pistils or styles. Endecandrous ; with eleven 
 
 stamens. 
 Endocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit 
 Endochrotne : the coloring matter of Algae and the like. 
 Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed. 
 Endostome : the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. 
 Ennea- : nine. Enneagynous : with nine petals or styles 
 Enneandrous : with nine stamens. 
 Ensiform : sword-shaped; as the leaves of Iris. 
 
 Entire : the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even. 
 Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, etc. 
 /:/>/-, in composition upon: as 
 Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit. 
 
 Epidermal : relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant. 
 Epig/cous : growing on the earth or close to the ground. 
 Epigynons : upon the ovary. 
 Epipetalons : borne on the petals or the corolla. 
 Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf. 
 
 Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished bv it. 
 Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes. 
 Episperm : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. 
 Equal : same as regular ; or of the same number or length, as the case 
 
 may be of the body it is compared with. 
 Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate. 
 Equitant (riding straddle). 
 Etose : eroded, as if gnawed. 
 Erostrate : not beaked. 
 Estivation: see Aestivation. 
 
 Etiolated : blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery. 
 Evergreen : holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or 
 
 longer. 
 Exalbuminous (seed) : destitute of albumen. 
 
222 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Excurrent : running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of 
 
 a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree. 
 Exostone : the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule. 
 Explanate : spread or flattened out. 
 Exserted: protruding out of. 
 Exstipulate : destitute of stipules. 
 
 Extra-axillary : said of a branch or bud a little out of the axil. 
 Extrorse : turned outwards ; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the 
 
 filanient on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side. 
 Falcate : scythe shaped ; a flat body curved, its edges parallel. 
 Farinaceous: mealy in texture. Farinose: covered with a mealy powder. 
 Fasciate : banded ; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat. 
 Fascicle : a close cluster. 
 
 Fascicled, Fasciculated : growing in a bundle or tuft. 
 Fastigiate : close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy 
 
 Poplar. 
 Faux, (plural ,/auces) : the throat of a calyx, corolla, etc. 
 Faveolate, Favose : honeycombed ; same as alveolate. 
 Feather-veined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of 
 
 a mid rib. 
 Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens. 
 Fenestrate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows. 
 Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous: resembling iron rust ; red-grayish. 
 Fertile: fruit-bearing, or capable of producing fruit ; also said of anthers 
 
 when they produce good pollen. 
 Fertilization : the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be 
 
 formed. 
 Fibre, Fibrous : containing much fibre, or composed of fibres. 
 Fibrillose : composed of small fibres. 
 Fiddle-shaped: obovate with a deep recess on each side. 
 Filament : the stalk of a stamen ; also any slender thread-shaped 
 
 appendage. 
 Filamentose, or Filamentous : bearing or formed of slender threads. 
 Fill form ; thread-shaped ; long slender and cylindrical. 
 Fimbtiate : fringed ; furnished with fringes (Jimbrice). 
 Fistular or fistulose : hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion. 
 Flahclliform or Flahcllate : fan-shaped ; broad, rounded at the summit, 
 
 and narrow at the base. 
 Flagellate, or Flagelliform : long, narrow and flexible, like the thong of 
 
 a whip or like the runners (tlagellce) of the Strawberry. 
 Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow. 
 Fleshy : composed of firm pulp or flesh. 
 
 Flexuose, or F/e.vuous : bending gently in opposite directions, in a zig- 
 zag way. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 223 
 
 Floating : swimming on the surface of water. 
 
 Floccose : composed, or bearing tufts-, of wool)' or long and soft hairs. 
 
 Flora (the goddess of flowers) : the plants of a country or district taken 
 
 together, or a work systematically describing them. 
 Floral: relating to the blossom. 
 Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower. 
 Floret : a diminutive flower ; one of the flowers of a head (or of the 
 
 so-called compound flower) of Compositae. 
 Flower : the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants. 
 Flozver-bud : an unopened flower. 
 
 Foliaceous : belonging to, or of the texture or nature of a leaf {folium). 
 Foliose : leafy; abounding in leaves. 
 Foliolate : relating to or bearing leaflets (fo/iola). 
 Follicle : a simple pod, opening down the inner suture. 
 Follicular : resembling or belonging to a follicle. 
 Foramen : a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule. 
 
 Fornix : little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey. 
 Fornicate : over-arched or arching over. 
 Foveate : deeply pitted. Foveolate : diminutive of foveate. 
 Free : not united with any other parts of a different sort. 
 Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, etc. 
 Frond : what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into 
 
 one body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, etc. 
 Frondescence : the bursting into leaf. 
 
 Frondose : frond-bearing ; like a frond ; or sometimes used for leafy. 
 Fructification : the state of fruiting. 
 
 Fruit: the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with. 
 Frutescent : somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub {frutex). 
 Fruiticulose : like a small shrub. Fruiticose ; shrubby. 
 Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing. 
 Fulvous : tawny; dull yellow with gray. 
 Funiculus : the stalk of a seed or ovule. 
 Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a 
 
 funnel or tunnel. 
 Furcate: forked. 
 
 Furfuraceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf. 
 Furrozved : marked by longitudinal channels or grooves. 
 Fuscous: deep gray-brown. 
 Fusiform : spindle-shaped. 
 
 Caleate : shaped like a helmet {galea). 
 
 Gamopetalous : of united petals; same as monopetalous, and a better 
 word. 
 
 Gamophyllous : formed of united leaves. Gamosepalous : formed of 
 united sepals. 
 
22 4 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Geminate : twin; in pairs; as the flowers of Linnsea. 
 (7 on ma : a bud. 
 
 Gemmation : the state of budding, or the arrangement of parts in the bud. 
 Gem mule : a small bud; the buds of Mosses the plumule. 
 Geniculate : bent abruptly, like a knee (genu), as many stems. 
 Genus: a kind; a rank above species. 
 
 Geographical Botany: the study of plants in their geographical relations. 
 Germ: a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo. 
 Germen : the old name for ovary. 
 
 Germination: the development of a plantlet from the seed. 
 (ribbons : more tumid at one place or on one side than the other. 
 Glabrate: becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous. 
 Glabrous : smooth, i e.. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence. 
 Gladiate : sword-shaped. 
 
 Glands : small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other 
 products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the 
 Orange, Prickly Ash, etc.; sometimes on the surface as small projec- 
 tions; sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, etc.), 
 as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any 
 small swellings, etc., whether they secrete anything or not. 
 Glandular, Glandulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like. 
 Glans (Gland): the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits. 
 Glaucescent: slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. 
 Glaucous : covered with a bloom, viz., with a fine white powder that rubs 
 
 off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage leaf. 
 Globose : spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular: nearly globose. 
 Glochidiatc (hairs or bristles): barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a 
 
 double hooked point. 
 Glomerate : closely aggregated into a dense cluster. 
 Glomerule : a dense head-like cluster. 
 
 Glossology: the department of Botany in which technical terms are ex- 
 plained. 
 Glumaceous: glume-like, or glume-bearing. 
 
 Glume : Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, partic- 
 ularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet. 
 Glumelles : the inner husks, or palete, of Grasses. 
 Gluten : a vegetable product containing nitrogen. 
 Granular : composed of grains. Granule: a small grain. 
 Grumous or Grumose: formed of coarse clustered grains. 
 Gut/ate : spotted, as if by drops of something colored. 
 Gytnnocarpous : naked-fruited. 
 Gymnospermous : naked-seeded. 
 
 Gynandrous : with stamens borne on, i. e., united with, the pistil. 
 Gyneecium : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 225 
 
 Gynobase : a particular receptacle or support of the pistils, or of the car- 
 pels of a compound ovary, as in Geranium. 
 Gynophore : a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens. 
 Gyrate : coiled in a circle; same as circinate. 
 Gyrose : strongly bent to and fro. 
 
 Habit : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth. 
 
 Habitat: the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state. 
 
 Hairs : hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants. 
 
 Hairy : beset with hairs, especially longish one. 
 
 Halberd-shaped ', or Halberd-headed : see hastate. 
 
 Halved : when appearing as if one-half of the body were cut away. 
 
 Hamate, or Hamose : hooked; the end of a slender bod)' beut round. 
 
 Ha um lose : bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last. 
 
 Hastate, Hastile : shaped like a Halberd; furnished with a spreading 
 
 lobe on each side at the base. 
 Heart-shaped : of the shape of a heart as commonly painted. 
 Heart-wood: the older or matured wood of exogenous trees. 
 Helicoid : coiled like a helix or snail-shell. 
 Helmet : the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape. 
 Hemi- (in compounds from the Greek): half; e g. Hemispherical, etc. 
 Hemicarp : half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant. 
 Hemitropous or hemitropal: (ovular seed) nearly same as amphitropous. 
 Hepta (in words of Greek origin): seven, as 
 Heptagynous : with seven pistils or styles. 
 
 Heptamerous : its parts in sevens. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. 
 Herbaceous : of the texture of common herbage; not woody. 
 Herbarium : the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants. 
 Hermaphrodite tflower): having both stamens and pistils in the same 
 
 blossom; same as /><"/;/< r/. 
 Heterocarpous : bearing fruit of two sorts or shapes, as in Amphicarpaea. 
 Heterogamous : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens 
 
 and pistils; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis. 
 Heteromorphous : of two or more shapes. 
 
 Heterotropous, or Heterotropal (ovule): the same as amphitropous. 
 Hexa- (in Greek compounds): six; as 
 
 Hexagonal : six-angled. Hexagynous : with six pistils or styles. 
 Hexamerous : its parts in sixes. Hexandrous: with six stamens. 
 Hexapterous : six-winged. 
 Hilar : belonging to the hilum. 
 
 Hilum : the scar of the seed; its place of attachment. 
 Hippoerepiform : horseshoe-shaped. 
 Hirsute: hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs. 
 
 Hispid : bristly; beset with stiff hairs. Hispidulous is a diminutive of it. 
 15 
 
226 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Hoary: grayish- white; see canescent, etc. 
 
 ffomogamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupa- 
 
 torium. 
 Homogeneous: uniform in nature; all of one kind. 
 Homomallous (leaves, etc.): originating all round a stem, but all bent or 
 
 curved round to one side. 
 Homomorphoas : all of one shape. 
 Homotropous or Homotropal (embryo) : curved with the seed; curved 
 
 one way. 
 Hood: same as helmet or galea. Hooded: hood-shaped, see cucullate. 
 Hooked : same as hamate. 
 
 Horn : a spur or some similar appendage. Horny: of the texture of horn. 
 Hortus Siccus : an herbarium, or collection of dried plants. 
 Humi/use: spread over the surface of the ground. 
 Hyaline : transparent, or partly so. 
 Hybrid : a cross- breed between two allied species. 
 Hypocrateriform : salver-shaped. 
 Hypogosan : produced under ground. 
 Hypogynous : inserted under the pistil. 
 
 Icosandrous : having 12 or more stamens inserted on the calyx. 
 
 Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative : overlapping one another, like tiles 
 or shingles on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, etc., or 
 the bud-scales of Horsechestnut and Hickory. In aestivation, where 
 some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by 
 others. 
 
 Immarginate : destitute of a rim or a border. 
 
 Immersed : growing wholly under water. 
 
 Impari-pinnate : pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex. 
 
 Imperfect flowers : wanting either stamens or pistils. 
 
 Incequilateral : unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia. 
 
 Incanous : hoary with white pubescence. 
 
 Incised : cut rather deeply and irregularly. 
 
 Included: enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond 
 another. 
 
 Incomplete Flozver: wanting calyx or corolla. 
 
 Incrassated : thickened. 
 
 Incumbent : leaning or resting upon: the cotyledons are incumbent when 
 the back of one of them lies against the radicle; the anthers are in- 
 cumbent when turned or looking inwards. 
 
 Incurved : gradually curving inwards. 
 
 Indefinite : not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention. 
 
 Indehiscent : not splitting open ; i. e. not dehiscent. 
 
 Indigenous : native to the country. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 227 
 
 Jnduplicate : with the edges turned inwards. 
 
 Indusium : the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern. 
 
 Inferior: growing below some other organ. 
 
 Inflated : turgid and bladdery. 
 
 Inflexed : bent inwards. 
 
 Inflorescence : the arrangement of flowers on the stem. 
 
 Infra-axillary : situated beneath the axil. 
 
 Infundibuliform or Infundibular : funnel-shaped. 
 
 Innate (anther) : attached by its base to the very apex of the filament. 
 
 Innovation : in incomplete young shoot, especially in Mosses. 
 
 Insertion : the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its sup- 
 port. 
 
 Intemode : the part of a stem between two nodes. 
 
 Interruptedly pinnate : pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger 
 ones, as in Water Avens. 
 
 Intrafoliaceous (stipules, etc.); placed between the leaf or petiole and 
 the stem 
 
 Introrse : turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower. 
 
 Inverse or Inverted : where the apex is in the direction opposite to that 
 of the organ it is compared with. 
 
 Involucel : a partial or small involucre. 
 
 Involucellate : furnished with an involucel. 
 
 Invot 'iterate : furnished with an involucre. 
 
 Involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. 
 
 Involute, in vernation: rolled inwards from the edges. 
 
 Jointed : separate or separable at one or more places into pieces. 
 
 .Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two 
 
 anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 Keeled : furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge. 
 Kidney-shaped : resembling the outline of a kidney. 
 
 Labelliun : the odd petal in the Orchis Family. 
 
 Labiate : same as bilabiate or two-lipped. 
 
 Laciniate : slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes (called laciiue). 
 
 Lactescent : producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, etc. 
 
 Lacunose : full of holes or gaps. 
 
 Lcevigate : smooth as if polished. 
 
 Lamellar ox Lamellate : consisting of flat plates {lame/he). 
 
 Lamina : a plate or blade: the blade of a leaf, etc. 
 
 Lanate : woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs. 
 
 Lanceolate: lance-shaped. 
 
 Lanuginous : cottony or woolly. 
 
 Latent buds ; concealed or undeveloped buds. 
 
228 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Lateral: belonging to the side. 
 
 Latex : the milkyjuice, etc., of plants. 
 
 Lax: loose in texture, or sparse ; the opposite of crowded. 
 
 Leaflet : one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf. 
 
 Leaf-like : same asfoliaceous. 
 
 Leathery : of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous. 
 
 Legume : a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea! 
 the fruit cf the Pea Family (Leguminosce), of whatever shape. 
 
 Leguminous: belonging to legumes, or the Leguminous Family. 
 
 Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides. 
 
 Lepidote : leprous; covered with scurfy scales 
 
 Liber : the inner, fibrous bark of Exogenous plants. 
 
 Ligneous, or Lignose : woody in texture. 
 
 Ligulate : furnished with a ligule. 
 
 Ligule : the strap-shaped corolla in many ComposiUe, the little mem- 
 branous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses. 
 
 Limb : the blade of a leaf, petal, etc. 
 
 Linear: narrow and flat, the margins parallel. 
 
 Li urate: marked with parallel lines. Lineolate : marked with minute 
 lines. 
 
 Lingulate, Linguiform: tongue-shaped. 
 
 Lip : the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the odd and 
 peculiar petal in the Orchis Family. 
 
 Lobe : any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, etc. 
 
 Locellus (plural toeelli): a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an 
 ovary or anther. 
 
 Locular: relating to the cell or compartment (locitlus) of an ovary, etc. 
 
 Loculicidal (dehiscence): splitting down through the middle of the back 
 of each cell. 
 
 Locusta: a name for the spikelet of Grasses. 
 
 Lament : a pod which separates transversely into joints. 
 
 Lomentaeeous : pertaining to or resembling a loment. 
 
 Lorate : thong-shaped. 
 
 Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lunulate : diminutive of lunate. 
 
 Lyrate : lyre-shaped; a pinuatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate out- 
 line, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as 
 in Winter-Cress and Radish. 
 
 Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg. 
 
 Maculate : spotted or blotched. 
 
 Male (flowers): having stamens but no pistils. 
 
 Mammo.se : breast-shaped. 
 
 Marcescent: withering without falling off. 
 
 Marginal : belonging to the edge or margin. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 229 
 
 Marginate : margined, with an edge different from the rest. 
 
 Masked : see personate. 
 
 Median : belonging to the middle. 
 
 Medullary : belonging to, or ot the nature of pith (medulla); pithy. 
 
 Medullary Rays : the silver-grain of wood. 
 
 Medullary Sheath : a set of ducts just around the pith. 
 
 Membranaceous or Membranous : of the texture of membrane; thin and 
 more or less translucent. 
 
 Men is co id : crescent-shaped. 
 
 Meiicarp : one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant. 
 
 Merismatic : separating into parts by the formation of partitions within. 
 
 Mesocarp : the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguish- 
 able into three layers. 
 
 Mesophlceum : the middle or green bark. 
 
 Micropyle : the closed orifice of the seed. 
 
 Midrib : the middle or main rib of a leaf. 
 
 Miniate : vermilion-colored. 
 
 Mitriform : mitre-shaped; in the form of a peaked cap. 
 
 Monadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set. 
 
 Monandrous (flower): having only one stamen. 
 
 Moniliform : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals. 
 
 Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx, but no 
 corolla, as anemone. 
 
 Monocotyledonous (embryo): with only one cotyledon. 
 
 Monoecious, or Monoicous (flower): having stamens or pistils only. 
 
 Monogynous (flower): having only one pistil, or one style. 
 
 Monopetalous (flower): with the corolla of one piece. 
 
 Monophyllous : one-leaved, or of one piece. 
 
 Monosepalous : a calyx of one piece; i. e., with the sepals united into 
 one body. 
 
 Monospermous : one-seeded. 
 
 Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form. 
 
 Morphology: the department of botany which treats of the forms which 
 
 an organ (say a leaf) may assume. 
 Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro). 
 Mucronulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the 
 
 last. 
 Multi-, in composition: many; as 
 
 Multangular: many-angled. Multicipital : many-headed, etc. 
 A u/tifai ions : in many rows or ranks. J/ultiJid : many-cleft. 
 Multilocular: many-celled. Multiserial: in many rows. 
 Muricate : beset with short and hard points. 
 Muriform : wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall. 
 Muscology : the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. 
 
 Musci). 
 
2jo EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Muticous : pointless; beardless; unarmed. 
 
 Mycelium: the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mush- 
 rooms, etc., originate. 
 
 Napiform : turnip-shaped. 
 
 Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly 
 wild and propagating freely by seed. 
 
 Navicular: boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses. 
 
 Necklace-shaped < looking like a string of beads; see monilifortn. 
 
 Nectar: the honey, etc., secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla. 
 
 Nectariferous: honey-bearing; or having a nectary. 
 
 Nectary: the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of 
 unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur- 
 shaped petals of Columbine were called nectaries. 
 
 Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines. 
 
 Nerve : a name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel. 
 
 Nerved: furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. 
 
 Netted-veined : furnished with branching veins forming network. 
 
 Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant): bending so that the summit hangs 
 downward. 
 
 Node: a knot; the "'joints" of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a 
 pair of leaves springs. 
 
 Nodose: knotty or knobby. Nodulose: furnished with little knobs or 
 knots. 
 
 Normal : according to rule; the pattern or natural way according to 
 some law. 
 
 Notate : marked with spots or lines of a different color. 
 
 Nucamentaceous : relating to or resembling a small nut. 
 
 Nuciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut. 
 
 Nucleus : the kernel of an ovule of a cell. 
 
 Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a chestnut, butter- 
 nut, acorn. 
 
 Nutlet: a little nut; or the stone of a drupe. 
 
 Ob- (meaning over against): when prefixed to words, signifies inversion; as 
 
 Obcoiiiprexst'd : flattened the opposite of the usual way. 
 
 Obcordate : heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex 
 instead of the base. 
 
 Oblanceolale : lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards. 
 
 Oblique : applied to leaves, etc , means unequal-sided. 
 
 Oblong : from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less ellip- 
 tical in outline. 
 
 Obovate : inversely ovate, the broad end upward. 
 
 Obtuse: blunt, or round at the end. 
 
 Obverse : same as inverse. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 231 
 
 Obvolute (in the bud): when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap 
 
 those of the opposite one. 
 Ochreate : furnished with och 1 ece { boots) , or stipules in the form of sheaths. 
 Ochroleucous : yellowish-white; dull cream-color. 
 Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of 
 Octagynous: with eight pistils or styles. 
 
 Octamerous : its parts in eights. Octandrous : with eight stamens, etc. 
 Offset : short branches next the ground which take root. 
 One-ribbed, One-nerved, etc.: furnished with only a single rib, etc., etc. 
 Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining. 
 Oberculate : furnished with a lid or cover (operculum), as the capsules of 
 
 Mosses. • 
 
 Opposite : said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem 
 
 from each other (i. e. in pairs). Stamens are opposite the petals, 
 
 etc., when the}- stand before them. 
 Orbicular, Orbiculate : circular in outline or nearly so. 
 Organ : any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, etc. 
 Osseous: of a bony texture. 
 Oval : broadly elliptical. 
 
 Ovary : that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds. 
 Ovate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane 
 
 surfaces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise. 
 Ovoid : ovate or oval in a solid form. 
 Ovule : the body which is destined to become a seed. 
 
 Palea (plural palea'): chaff; the inner husks of Grasses. 
 
 Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. 
 
 Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the 
 
 apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers. 
 Palmately (veined, lobed, etc.): in a palmate manner. 
 Panduriform : fiddle-shaped (which see.) 
 
 Panicle : an open cluster; like a raceme, but more or less compound. 
 Panichd, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle. 
 Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper. 
 Papilionaceous : butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the 
 
 Pea and the Locust-tree. 
 Papilla (plural papilUe) : little nipple-shaped protuberances. 
 Papillate, Papillose : covered with papillae. 
 Pappus: thistle-down. The down crowning theachenium of the Thistle, 
 
 and other Compositae, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, 
 
 chaff, as well as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in 
 
 this family, are called the pappus. 
 Paraphyses : jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses. 
 Parenchyma: soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves. 
 
2 3 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Parietal (placentae, etc.): attached to the walls (p-rietes) of the ovary or 
 pericarp. 
 
 Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base. 
 
 Partial involucre, same as an involucel ; partial petiole, a division of a 
 main leaf stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch of 
 a peduncle; partial umbel, an umbellet. 
 
 Patent: spreading; open. Patulous: moderately spreading. 
 
 Pauci-, in composition, few; as pauciflorous, few-flowered, etc. 
 
 Pear-shaped : solid obovate, the shape of a pear. 
 
 Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divi- 
 sions, like the teeth of a comb. 
 
 Pedate : like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divi- 
 sions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, etc. 
 
 Pedately cleft, lobed, etc.: cut in a pedate way. 
 
 Pedicel : the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster. 
 
 Pedicellate, Pedicel led : furnished with a pedicel. 
 
 Peduncle : a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower- 
 cluster. 
 
 Peduncled, Pedunculate : furnished with a peduncle. 
 
 Peltate : shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the pet- 
 iole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin. 
 
 Pendent : hanging. Pendulous : somewhat hanging or drooping. 
 
 Penicillate : tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as 
 the stigmas of some Grasses. 
 
 Penta- (in words of Greek composition): five; as 
 
 Pentagynous : with five pistils or styles. 
 
 Pentamerous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five. 
 
 Pentandrous : having five stamens. Pentastichous : in five ranks. 
 
 Pepo : a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber. 
 
 Perennial : lasting from year to year. 
 
 Perfect (flower): having both stamens and pistils. 
 
 Perfoliate : passing through the leaf, in appearance. 
 
 Perforate : pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, 
 as an Orange-leaf. 
 
 Perzanth : the leaves of the flower generally, especially when we cannot 
 readily distinguish them into calyx and corolla. 
 
 Pericarp : the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit. 
 
 Pericarpic: belonging to the pericarp. 
 
 Perichceth : the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of 
 Mosses. 
 
 Perichcrtial : belonging to the perichaeth. 
 
 Perigonium, Peri^one : same as perianth. 
 
 Perigynium : bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or bot- 
 tle-shaped body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bris- 
 tles, little scales, etc., of the flowers of some other Cyperacese. 
 
E UCA L YPTUS. 2 33 
 
 Perigynous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx. 
 
 Peripheric : around the outside, or periphery, of an organ. 
 
 Perisperm : a name for the albumen of a seed. 
 
 Peristome : the fringe of teeth, etc., around the orifice of the capsule of 
 Mosses. 
 
 Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly 
 fall, as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, etc., of such flowers 
 as remain during the growth of the fruit. 
 
 Personate : masked; a bilabiate corolla with a projection, or palate in 
 the throat, as of the Snapdragon. 
 
 Petal : a leaf of the corolla. 
 
 Petaloid : petal-like; resembling or colored like petals. 
 
 Petiole : a footstalk of a leaf. 
 
 Petioled, Petiolate : furnished with a petiole. 
 
 Petiolulate : said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk. 
 
 Phaznogamons, or Phanerogamous : plants bearing flowers and producing 
 seeds; same as Flowering Plants. 
 
 Phyllodium (plural phyllodia): a leaf where the blade is a dilated petiole, 
 as in New Holland Acacias. 
 
 Phyllotaxis, or Phyllotaxy : the arrangement of leaves on the stem. 
 
 Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition 
 make up a plant, theoretically, viz., a joint of stem with its leaf or 
 pair of leaves. 
 
 Piliferous: bearing a slender bristle or hair fpilum), or beset with hairs. 
 
 Pilose: hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs. 
 
 Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnule: a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripin- 
 nate leaf. 
 
 Pinnate (leaf): when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a com- 
 mon petiole. 
 
 Pinnatifid : same as pinnately cleft. 
 
 Pistil : the seed-bearing organ of the flower. 
 
 Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, etc., answers to the 
 pistil. 
 
 Pith : the cellular centre of an exogenous stem. 
 
 Pitted: having small depressions or pits on the surface, as many seeds. 
 
 Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are 
 attached. 
 
 Plane: flat, outspread. 
 
 Plumose : feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pap- 
 pus) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard 
 on a feather. 
 
 Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above 
 the cotyledons. 
 
 Pluri-, in composition; many or several; as 
 
234 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Plurifoliolatc : with several leaflets. 
 
 Pod : specially a legume; also applied to any sort of capsule. 
 
 Podosperm : the stalk of a seed. 
 
 Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acuini- 
 
 nation, etc. 
 Pollen : the fertilizing powder of the anther. 
 Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a 
 
 mass, as in Milkweed and Orchis. 
 Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin): same as multi- in those of 
 
 Latin origin, viz., many; as 
 Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into sev- 
 eral bundles. 
 Polyan droits : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the 
 
 receptacle). 
 Polycotyledonous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines. 
 Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the 
 
 same or on different individuals, as the Red Maple. 
 Polygonal : many-angled. 
 Polygynous : with many pistils or styles. 
 Polymerons : formed of many parts of each set. 
 Polymorphous : of several or varying forms. 
 Polypetalous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or 
 
 many). 
 Polvphvllous : many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces, as the 
 
 calyx of Sedum. 
 Polysepalous : same as the last when applied to the calyx. 
 Polyspermous : many-seeded. 
 Pome : the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits. 
 Porous : full of holes or pores. 
 
 Pouch : the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse. 
 Prcefloration : same as crstivation . 
 Pne foliation : same as vernation . 
 Prccnwrse : ending abruptly, as if bitten off. 
 
 Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose. 
 Prickly : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. 
 Primine : the outer coat of the covering of the ovule. 
 Primordial: earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the 
 
 cotyledons. 
 Prismatic : prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat or 
 
 hollowed sides. 
 Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body. 
 Procumbent: trailing on the ground. 
 Produced : extended or projecting, as the upper sepal of a Larkspar is 
 
 produced above into a spur. 
 
E UCA L YPTUS. 235 
 
 Proliferous: (literally, bearing offspring); where a new branch rises 
 from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, 
 as in Filago Gerrnanica, etc. 
 
 Prostrate : lying flat on the ground. 
 
 Proteine : a vegetable product containing nitrogen. 
 
 Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells. 
 
 Prui nose, Pruinate : frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost. 
 
 Puberulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down. 
 
 Pubescent: hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or 
 pubescence. 
 
 Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous : dusted; covered with fine powder, or what 
 looks like such. 
 
 Pulvinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. 
 
 Punctate : dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such (as the 
 leaves of St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute project- 
 ing dots. 
 
 Pungent: very hard, and sharp-pointed; prickly-pointed. 
 
 Pu tauten : the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut. 
 
 Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid. 
 
 Pyrene, Pyrena : a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe. 
 
 Pyxis, Pyxidium : a pod opening round horizontally by a lid. 
 
 Quadri-, in words of Latin origin: four; as 
 
 Quadrangular : four-angled. Quadrifoliate : four-leaved. 
 
 Ouadiifid : four-cleft. 
 
 Quaternate : in fours. Quinate : in fives. 
 
 Quincuncial : in a quincunx; when the parts in sestiviation are five, two 
 
 of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as shown 
 
 in the calyx. 
 Quintuple : five-fold. 
 
 Race : a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed. 
 
 Raceme : a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the 
 
 sides of a general peduncle. 
 Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like. 
 Rack is : see rhachis. 
 Radial : belonging to the ray. 
 Radiate, or Radiant : furnished with ray-flowers. 
 
 Radical : belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root. 
 Radicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems 
 
 of Trumpet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy. 
 Radicels : little roots or rootlets. 
 Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the 
 
 root. 
 Rameal : belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (ram? J. 
 
2 3 6 E UCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Raninlose : full of branchlets [ratnuli). 
 
 Raphe : see rhaphe. 
 
 Ray : the marginal flowers of a head or cluster, when different from the 
 
 rest, especially when ligulate, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); 
 
 the branches of an umbel, which diverge from a centre. 
 Receptacle : the axis or support of a flower; the common axis or support 
 
 of a head of flowers. 
 Reclined: turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent. 
 Recurved: curved outwards or backwards. 
 
 Reduplicate (in aestivation): valvate with the margins turned outwards. 
 Reflexed : bent outwards or backwards. 
 
 Refracted : bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. 
 Regular : all the parts similar. 
 Reniform : kidney-shaped. 
 Repand : wavy-margined. 
 
 Repent : creeping, i. e., prostrate and rooting underneath. 
 Replum : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and 
 
 Cress) , after the valves fall away. 
 Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit. 
 Resupinate : inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. 
 Reticulated : the veins forming network. 
 Retroflexed : bent backwards; same as reflexed. 
 
 Retuse : blunted; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented. 
 Revolute : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves. 
 Rhachis (the backbone): the axis of a spike, or other body. 
 Rhaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatrop- 
 
 ous ovule or seed. 
 Rhapides : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of 
 
 plants. 
 Rhizoma : a rootstalk. 
 Rhombic: in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that 
 
 shape. 
 Rib: the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the frame- 
 work of a leaf ; or any similar elevated line along a body. 
 Ring : an elastic band on the spore cases of Ferns. 
 Ringcnt : grinning; gaping open. 
 Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches. 
 
 Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground. 
 Rosaceous : arranged like the petals of a rose. 
 Rostellate : bearing a small beak (rostellum). 
 Rostrate: bearing a beak (rostrum) or a prolonged appendage. 
 Rosulate : in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or 
 
 double rose, as the leaves of Houseleek, etc. 
 Rotate: wheel-shaped. 
 Rotund : rounded or roundish in outline. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 237 
 
 Rudimentary : imperfectly developed, or in an early state of develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Rugose: wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles. 
 
 Ruminated (albumen): penetrated with irregular channels or portions 
 filled with softer matter, as a nutmeg. 
 
 A' Uncinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned 
 towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. 
 
 Runner: a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the 
 joints, as of a Strawberry. 
 
 Sac: any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity. 
 
 Sagittate : arrowhead-shaped. 
 
 Salver-shaped, or Salver-form : with a border spreading at right angles 
 to a slender tube, as the corolla of Phlox. 
 
 Samara : a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, Ash and Elm. 
 
 Samaroid : like a samara or key-fruit. 
 
 Sap: the juices of plants generally. 
 
 Sarcocarp : the fleshy part of a stone-fruit. 
 
 Sarmentaceous : bearing long and flexible twigs {sarmeu/s), either 
 spreading or procumbent. 
 
 Saw-toothed: see serrate. 
 
 Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch. 
 
 Scalariform : with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder. 
 
 Scaly : furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture. 
 
 Scandent: climbing. 
 
 Scape : a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless 
 Violets, the Bloodroot, etc. 
 
 Scapiform : scape-like. 
 
 Scarious, or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous. 
 
 Scobiform : resembling sawdust. 
 
 Scorpioid, or Scorpioidal : curved or circinate at the end, like the tail of 
 a scorpion, as the inflorescence of Heliotrope. 
 
 Scrobiculate : pitted; excavated into shallo'w pits. 
 
 Scurf Scurfiness : minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of 
 Goosefoot, Buffalo-berry, etc. 
 
 Scutate : buckler-shaped. 
 
 Sculel/ate, or Scutellifotm : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. 
 
 Seciiud : one-sided; i. e., where flowers, leaves, etc., are all turned to 
 one side. 
 
 Secundine : the innor coat of the ovule. 
 
 Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. 
 
 Segregate : separated from each other. 
 
 Semi- (in compouud words of Latin origin): half; as 
 
 Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane. Semicordate : half- 
 heart-shaped. Semilunar : like a half-moon. Scmiovate : half- 
 ovate, etc. 
 
2 3 8 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Seminal: relating to the seed. Seminiferous: seed-bearing. 
 
 Sempevirent : evergreen. 
 
 Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx. 
 
 Sepaloid : sepal-like. Sepal inc: relating to the sepals. 
 
 Separated Flowers : those having stamens or pistils only. 
 
 Septal e : divided by partitions (septa). 
 
 Septenate : with parts in sevens. 
 
 Sepiia'dal : where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, 
 
 dividing each into two layers. 
 Septiferous : bearing the partition. 
 Sepli/'/agal : where the valves of a pod in dehiscence break away from 
 
 the partitions. 
 Septum (plural septa): a partition, as of a pod, etc. 
 Serial, or Seriate : in rows; as biserial, in two rows, etc. 
 Sericeous: silky; clothed with satiny pubescence. 
 Serotinous : happening late in the season. 
 Serrate, or Serrated : the margin cut into teeth (serralures) pointing 
 
 forwards. 
 Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth. 
 Sessile : sitting; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an 
 
 anther destitute of filament. 
 Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. 
 Setaceous: bristle-like. Seti/orm : bristle-shaped. 
 
 Setigerous : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs. 
 Sex: six; in composition. Sexangular: six-angled, etc. 
 Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are 
 Sheathing : wrapped round the stem. 
 Shield-shaped : same as scutate, or as peltate. 
 
 Sigmoid : curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma. 
 Siliculose : bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it. 
 Silicle : a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family. 
 Silique : a longer pod of the Cress Family. 
 Siliquose : bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques. 
 Silky : glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs. 
 Silvery : shining with white or blueish-gray, usually from ] a] silky 
 
 pubescence. 
 Simple : of one piece ; opposed to compound. 
 Sinistrorse : turned to the left. 
 Sinuate: strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately ^bowed inwards 
 
 and outwards. 
 Sinus: a recess or bay; the re-entering angle or space'«between][two 
 
 lobes or projections. 
 Soboliferous : bearing shoots from near the ground. 
 Solitary : single ; not associated with others. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 239 
 
 Sonts (plural sort) : the proper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns. 
 
 Spadix : a fleshy spike of flowers. 
 
 Spathaceous : resembling or furnished with a 
 
 Spathc : a bract which inwraps an inflorescence. 
 
 Spatulate or Spathulate : shaped like a spatula. 
 
 Spicate : belonging to or disposed in a spike. 
 
 Spiciform : a shape resembling a spike. 
 
 Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile. 
 
 Spikelet: a small or secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses. 
 
 Spine : a thorn . 
 
 Spindle-shaped : tapering to each end like a radish. 
 
 Spinescent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn. 
 
 Spi nose or Spiniferons : thorny. 
 
 Sporangia or Sporocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, etc. 
 
 Spore : a body resulting from the fmctification of Cryptogamous plants, 
 in them taking the place of a seed. 
 
 Sporule : same as a spore, or a small spore. 
 
 Spur : any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur. 
 
 Squamate, Squamose, or Squamaceous : furnished with scales (squamcz). 
 
 Squamellate or Squamulose : furnished with little scales {squamell<? or 
 squamulcr). 
 
 Squatni/orm : shaped like a scale. 
 
 Squarrose : where scales, leaves, or any appendages, or spreading widely 
 from the axis on which they are thickly set. 
 
 Squarrulosc : dimunitive of squan-ose : slightly squarrose. 
 
 Stalk : the stem, petiole, peduncle, etc., as the case may be. 
 
 Staminate : furnished with stamens ; Stamineal : relating to the stamens. 
 
 Staminodium : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile 
 stamen. 
 
 Standard : the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 
 Starch : a well-kown vegetable product. 
 
 Station : the particular place or kind of situatiou in which a plant natur- 
 ally occurs. 
 
 Stellate, Stellular : starry or star-like ; where several similar parts 
 spread out from a common center, like a star. 
 
 Slemless : destitute, or apparently destitute of stem. 
 
 Sterile : barren or imperfect. 
 
 Stigjna : the part of the pistil which receives the pollen. 
 
 Stigmatic or Stigmatose : belonging to the stigma. 
 
 Stipe (Latin stipes) : the stalk of a pistil, etc., when it has any; the 
 stem of a Mushroom. 
 
 Stipel : a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, etc. 
 
 Stipellate : furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Legumi- 
 nous plants. 
 
2 4 o EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Stipulate: furnished with stipules. 
 
 Stipitate : furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome. 
 
 Stipules ; the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves. 
 
 Stolons : trailing or reclined and rooting shoots. 
 
 Stolon iferoits : producing stolons. 
 
 Stomate (Latin stoma, plural stoma/a) : the breathing pores of leaves, etc. 
 
 Strap-shaped : long, flat and narrow. 
 
 Striate or Striated : marked with slender, longitudinal grooves or chan- 
 nels (Latin striae. ) 
 
 Strict : close and narrow' ; straight and narrow. 
 
 Strigillose, Strigose : beset with stout and appressed, scale-like or rigid 
 bristles. 
 
 Strobilaceous : relating to or resembling a 
 
 Strobile: a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the 
 Hop and of the Pine. 
 
 Strophiole: same as caruncle. Strop// io/ate : furnished with a strophiole. 
 
 Struma : a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. 
 
 Style : a part of the pistil which bears the stigma. 
 
 Stylopodium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the 
 style, found in Umbelliferous and some other plants. 
 
 Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as sub-cordate, slightly cord- 
 ate ; sub-serrate, slightly serrate ; sub-axillary ; just beneath the axil, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Suberose : corky or cork-like in texture. 
 
 Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a 
 sharp point. 
 
 Succulent : juicy or pulpy. 
 
 Suckers : shoots from subterranean branches. 
 
 Suffrutescent : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only. 
 
 Sulcate : grooved longitudinally in long furrows. 
 
 Supervoluie : plaited and convulute in bud. 
 
 Supra-axillary : borne above the axil, as some buds. 
 
 Supra-decompound : many times compounded or divided. 
 
 Surculose : producing suckers, or shoots resembling them. 
 
 Suspended: hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the 
 very summit of the cell which contains them. 
 
 Sulural : belonging or relating to a suture. 
 
 Suture : the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together. 
 
 Szvord-shapcd : vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering above 
 to a point. 
 
 Symmetrical Flower : similar in the number of parts of each set. 
 
 Synantherous or Syngenesious: where stamens are united by their anthers. 
 
 Syncarpous (fruit or pistil): composed of several carpels consolidated 
 into one. 
 
 Systematic Botany : the study of plants after their kinds. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. z 4 i 
 
 Taper-pointed: same as acuminate. 
 
 Tap-root : a root with a stout tapering body. 
 
 Tawny : dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. 
 
 Taxonomy : the part of Botany which treats of classification. 
 
 Tegmen ; a name for the inner seed-coat. 
 
 Tendril: a thread-shaped body used for climbing: it is either a branch 
 
 as in Virginia Creeper; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea or Vetch. 
 Terete : long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper. 
 Terminal: borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. 
 Terminology : the part of the science which treats of technical terms : 
 
 same as glossology. 
 Ternate : in threes; Ternately : in a ternate way. 
 Testa : the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed. 
 Tetra- (in words of Greek composition) : four, as 
 Tetracoccous : of four cocci or carpels. 
 
 Tetradynamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter 
 
 than the other four, as in Mustard. 
 Tetragonal: four-angled. Tetragynous : with four pistils or styles. 
 Tetramerons : with its parts or sets in fours. 
 Tetrandrous : with four stamens. 
 Theca : a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther. 
 Thread-shaped : slender and round, or roundish like a thread; as the 
 
 filament of stamens generally. 
 Throat : the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, etc., where the 
 
 border and the tube join, and a little below. 
 Thyrse or Thytsus: a compact and pyramidal panicle. 
 Tomentose : clothed with matted wool}' hairs {tomentum.) 
 Tongue-shaped : long, flat, but thickish and blunt. 
 Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the 
 
 margin, used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do 
 
 not point forwards. 
 Top-shaped : shaped like a top, or a cone with its apex downwards. 
 Torose, Torulose : knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals. 
 Torus : the receptacle of the flower. 
 Tri-, in composition : three; as 
 
 Ttiadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into three bundles. 
 Triandrous : where the flower has three stamens. 
 
 Trichotomous : three-forked. Tricoccous : of three cocci or roundish 
 
 carpels. 
 Tricolor: having three colors. Tricostate : having three ribs. 
 Tricuspidate : three-pointed. Tri den tale: three -toothed. 
 Triennial : lasting for three years. 
 
 Trifarious : in three vertical rows; looking three ways. 
 Trifid : three-cleft. 
 
 16 
 
*j2 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Trifoliate : three-leaved. Tri/oliolate : of three leaflets. 
 
 Trifurcate : three-forked. Trigonous : three-angled or triangular. 
 
 Trigytious : with three pistils or styles. Trijugate : in three pairs (jugi.) 
 
 Tri/o bed, or Trilobate: three-lobed. 
 
 Trilocnlar : three-celled. 
 
 Trimerous : with its parts in threes, as Trillium. 
 
 Trinervate : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. 
 
 Tricrcious : where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or differ- 
 ent individuals ; as in Red Maple. 
 
 Tripartible : separable into three pieces. Tripartite : three-parted. 
 
 Tripetalous : having three petals. 
 
 Triphyllous : three-leaved ; composed of three pieces. 
 
 Trippinate : thrice pinnate. Tripinnatifid : thrice pinnately cleft. 
 
 Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, etc. : where a midrib branches into three 
 near the base of the leaf, as in Sunflower. 
 
 Triquetrous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides con- 
 cave, like a bayonet. 
 
 Triserial, or Triseriate : in three rows, under each other. 
 
 Tristichous : in three londitudinal or perpendicular ranks. 
 
 Tristigmatic, or Tristigmatose : having three stigmas. 
 
 Trisulcate : three-grooved. 
 
 Triternate : three times ternate. 
 
 Trivial Name : the specific name. 
 
 Trochlear : pulley-shaped. 
 
 Trumpet-shaped : tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the cor- 
 olla or Trumpet-Creeper. 
 
 Truncate : as if cut off at the top. 
 
 Trunk : the main stem or general body of a stem or tree. 
 
 Tuber : a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided 
 with eyes (buds) on the sides ; as a potato. 
 
 Tubercle: a small excrescence. 
 
 Tubercled , or Tuberculate : bearing excrescences or pimples. 
 
 "Tuberous : resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous : bearing tubers. 
 
 Tubular : hollow and of elongated form ; hollowed like a pipe. 
 
 Tumid: swollen: somewhat inflated. 
 
 Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion. 
 
 Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen. 
 
 Turio (plural turiones) : young shoots or suckers springing out of the 
 ground ; as Asparagus-shoots. 
 
 Turnip-shaped: broader than high, abruptly narrowed below. 
 
 Twin : in pairs (see germinate), as the flowers of Ivinnaea. 
 
 Twining : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop. 
 
 Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, etc. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 243 
 
 Umbel; the umbrella-like form of inflorescence. 
 
 Umbellate : in umbels. Umbelliferous: bearing umbels. 
 
 Umbel/ el : a secondary or partial umbel. 
 
 Umbilicate : depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple. 
 
 Umbo n ate : bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss 
 
 (umbo). 
 Umbraculiform : umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the 
 
 style of Sarracenia. 
 Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles and the like. 
 Uncinate: hook-shaped; hooked over at the end. 
 Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub. 
 Undulate : wavy, or wavy-margined. 
 
 Unequally pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets. 
 Unguiculate : furnished with a claw (unguis); i: e. a narrow base, as the 
 
 petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks 
 
 where the claw is very long. 
 ( '>//'-, in compound words : one; as 
 Uniflorous : one-flowered. Unifoliate : one-leaved. 
 Unifoliolate : of one leaflet; Unijugate : of one pair. 
 Unilabiate : one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided. 
 Un ilocular : cne-celled. 
 Uniovulate : having only one ovule. 
 Uniserial : in one horizontal row. 
 
 Unise.vual : having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed. 
 Univalved : a pod of only one piece after dehiscence. 
 Urceolate : urn-shaped. 
 
 Utricle : a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot. 
 Utricular : like a small bladder. 
 
 Vaginate : sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina.) 
 
 Valve : one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any 
 
 similar body, splits. 
 Valvate, Valvular: opening by valves. Valvate in aestivation. 
 Vascular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts. 
 Vaulted: arched; same as fornicate. 
 Veil : the calyptra of Mosses. 
 
 Veins : the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, etc. 
 Veined, Veiny : furnished with evidentveins. Veinless: destitute of veins. 
 Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins. 
 Velate : furnished with a veil . 
 Velutinous : velvety to the touch. 
 Venation : the veining of leaves, etc. 
 Venose : veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins. 
 Venttal : belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which 
 
 looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal. 
 
244 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Ventricose : inflated or swelled out on one side. 
 
 Venulose : furnished with veinlets. 
 
 Vermicular; shaped like worms. 
 
 Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. 
 
 J'ernicose : the surface appearing as if varnished. 
 
 Verrucose : warty; beset with little projections like warts. 
 
 l r ersatile : attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, as the 
 
 anthers of the L,ily and Evening Primrose. 
 Vertex : same as the apex. 
 
 Vertical : upright; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise. 
 / 'erticil : a whorl. Verticillate : whorled. 
 / T esicle ; a little bladder. Vesicular : bladdery. 
 Vexillary, Vexillar: relating to the 
 Vexillum : the standard of a papilionaceous flower. 
 / 'il/ose : shaggy with long and soft hairs {villosity). 
 
 I 'iuiineous : producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work. 
 Vine : any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine. 
 Virescent, Viride scent : greenish; turning green. 
 Virgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig. 
 / 'iscous, Viscid : having a glutinous surface. 
 Uitta (plural vittes): the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae. 
 / 'oluble : twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans. 
 
 Wavy: the surface or margin alternately convex and concave. 
 
 Waxy: resembling beeswax in texture or appearance. 
 
 Wedge-shaped : broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow 
 
 base. 
 Wheel-shaped : see rotate. 
 Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, etc., are arranged in a circle round the 
 
 stem. 
 Wing : any membranous expansion. 
 
 Winged : furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm. 
 Wood, Woody : of the texture or consisting of wood. 
 J{ oolly : clothed with long and entangled soft hairs: as the leaves of 
 
 Mullein. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 245 
 
 5YN0NYH5 AND VARIETIES. 
 
 A 
 
 E. acmenoides — Syn.: trianthos. At one time ranked as a variety of 
 pilularis. 
 
 E. amygdalina — Syns.: radiata, elata, tenueramis, nitida, longifolia. 
 Eindleyana, ambigua, ligustrina, fissilis. Vars.: linearis, dives, angusti- 
 folia, hypericifolia, regnans. Both Risdoni and coecifera have been called 
 forms of amygdalina. 
 
 E. alba — Bark white, persistent. Syn.: leucadendron. Var. : 
 tectifica. Close to platyphylla, Timor. 
 
 B 
 
 E. Baileyana — Fibrous on both stem and branches; bark stringy; 
 poor soil and sandy ridges; similar to Eucalyptus Bowmanii. Was called 
 Var. of Eucalyptus drepanophylla; also like trachyphloia and eugenioides, 
 in this case fruits very different, resembling those of dichromophloia. 
 
 E. botryoides — Bark persistent dark, wrinkled, one case here decor- 
 ticates. Sy)i . : platypodas. 
 
 E. Behriana — Var: purpurascens. 
 
 E. bicolor — Syns.: pendula, largiflorens, haemastoma. Var.: passi- 
 flora. 
 
 c 
 
 E. corynocalyx — Syti.: cladocalvx; stony and dry districts. Seed- 
 lings round leaf. 
 
 E. capitellata — Bark stringy. Has been called Eucalyptus piperita; 
 closely allied to santalifolia. I ar. : brachycorys ; this variety also attri- 
 buted to macrorrhyncha. 
 
 E calophylla — Syn. : splachnocarpa, allied to ficifolia. 
 
 E. clavigera — Syn. : polysciadia. 
 
 E. cornuta — Syns.: macrocera.symphomyrtus, annulata. Lehmanni 
 has also been called a form of this tree. 
 
 E. corymbosa — Syns. : metrosideros, gummifera. 
 
 E. coecifera— I'ar. : parviflora. 
 
 E. crebra — The following may eventually be ranked as forms of 
 crebra : Melanophloia, drephanophylla, trachyphloia and leptophleba 
 and perhaps also the lemon scented iron bark E. Staigeriana (have seen 
 no description of this last. — K.) Syns.: resinifera and metrosideros, salici- 
 folium and perhaps angustifolia and melanophloia. 
 
 E. conoidea — Var. : marginata. 
 
246 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 D 
 
 E. diversicolor — Syns. : colossea, goniantha. 
 
 E. dumosa — Syns. : lamprocarpa, santalifolia, fruticetorum. Var. : 
 conglobata, scyphocalyx, panticulata, rhadophloia. 
 
 E 
 
 E. eugenioides — Syns. : scabra, acervula, piperita. 
 
 F 
 
 E. foecunda — far.: loxophleba, foecunda, small shrubby form — 
 loxophleba — tree form. Syns. : amygdalina, fruticetorum. 
 
 Q 
 
 E. goniocalyx — Bark rough in dry country. Smooth in mountain 
 gorges. Syn. : elseophora. 
 
 E. gracilis — Shrubby; bark smooth. Syns.: calycogna, celastroides, 
 fruticetorum. 
 
 E. globulus- — Syns.: cordata, diversifolia, glauca, pulverulenta, per- 
 foliata. Var.: shrubby form unnamed. 
 
 E. Qunnii — Bark rough, dark; always decorticating. Vars.: doubt- 
 ful; ligustriana, Baueriana and persicifolia. Syns. : ligustriana, acervula. 
 
 M 
 E. hemiphloia — Syn : albens. Var.: brevifolia for oil. 
 E. haemostoma — Bark smooth, or if persistent on stem smooth on 
 branches. Var. : micranthera, smaller fruit and flower. Syns.: signata, 
 fair fuel, poor timber. 
 
 1 
 
 E. incrassata — Syns.: angulosa, cuspidata, costata. Muelleri. 
 
 L 
 
 E. largiflorens — Syns.: neudula, bicolor and haemastoma. 
 
 E. leucoxylon ^ Vars.: angulata, pallens, minor; wide range; 
 
 E. sideroxylon \ seedlings of Eucalyptus leucoxylon; willowy, 
 vine-like growth; leaves opposite, sessile; of sideroxylon, very fine leaf, 
 narrow; stem crimson. Maiden and others think that the tree growing 
 in New South Wales is different from Eucalyptus leucoxylon of South 
 Australia and should have specific rank as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
 The timber of the latter is reddish; of the former, white; both very 
 strong; sideroxylon most durable. 
 
 E. longifolia — Syn:: Woolsei, fuel and bees. Seedling leaves nar- 
 row, paler beneath, generally scattered, smooth. 
 
 E. loxophleba — Syn.: fruticetorum. Var.: fruticosa. 
 
 M 
 E. macrorrhyncha — Stringy bark; foliage sometimes like obliqua; 
 smaller tree than obliqua; seedlings rough glandular protuberances with 
 hairy tufts. Syn.: acervula (ring'). Var.: brachycorys. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 247 
 
 E. marginata — Syns.: floribunda,|hypoleuca, mahogani. 
 
 E. melliodora — Bark on stem rough persistent yellow and soft in- 
 side. Branches generally smooth; near leucoxylon and sideroxylon; 
 needs good soil; seedling leaves oval , scattered ; stalked. Syn.: patentiflora. 
 
 E. mac u lata— Bark smooth. Var.: citriodora; large tree; stem of 
 citriodora not yet here marked or mottled as noted of maculata. Syns.: 
 melissiodora, variegata, peltata. 
 
 E. microtheca — Syns.: brevifolia and brachypoda. 
 
 o 
 
 E. occidentalis — Syns.: macrandra, spathulata. 
 
 E. odorata — Bark grey, rough, persistent. Syns.: cajuputea, porosa. 
 Vai .: floribunda. Timber fair, resists decay, generally small. 
 
 E. obliqua — Bark fibrous and persistent on both stem and branches. 
 Syns.: gigantea, fabrorum, nervosa, falcifolia, heterophylla. Jars.: obtu- 
 siflora, cneorifolia (dwarfed alpine form), dives opposite leaved form; 
 large tree; timber does not last underground. One of the most grega- 
 rious of the Eucalypti. 
 
 P 
 
 E. pauciflora — Bark smooth. Syns.: coriacea, piperita, phlebophylla 
 submultiplinervis and sylvicultrii. Vars.: procera, alpina; leaves some- 
 times very large and round in young plant; wood comparatively soft; 
 stands cold. 
 
 E. pilularis — Bark persistent blackish grey; seedling leaves oppo- 
 site sessile, very oblong; plant stiff and smooth. Syns.: persicifolia, 
 semicorticata, ornata, incrassata, very close to acmenoides; timber good. 
 
 E. punctata — Syns.: Stuartiana, tereticornis . Vars.: longifolia. 
 brachycorys. 
 
 E. pyriformis — Syns.: pruinosa erythrocalyx. 
 
 E. piperita — Bark rough, fibrous, persistent to branches. Syn. : 
 acervula. J r ar. : laxiflora. 
 
 E. polyanthema — Bark persistent, grey, slightly furrowed. Syn. : 
 polyantheinos. Jar.: Baueriana and perhaps oligantha. 
 
 E. populifolia — Persistent, somewhat wrinkled bark. Syns. : popul- 
 nea, largiflorens, platyphylla. Var. : parviflora. 
 
 E. Planchoniana — resembles Eucalyptus rigida. Var.: Leuhman- 
 niana. 
 
 E. platypus — Var.: nutans. 
 
 E. paniculate — Syn. : terminalis. Vars. : fasciculosa, angustifolia 
 conferta. 
 
 R 
 
 E. resinifera— / ar. . spectabilis, broader, roundish leaves, nearly 
 equal color on both sides and thicker. Var.: pellita — similar, bvit with 
 longer leaves and partly paniculated flowers. These two are ranked as 
 tropical forms. Also, var. hemilampra. 
 
248 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 E. Kirtoniana is between resinifera and robusta. In the venation 
 of leaves and order of these it is nearest robusta, while in shape of calyx- 
 cap it is nearest resinifera. Also, var. grandiflora. Wide range. 
 
 E. robusta — Syti. : rostra ta. 
 
 E. rostrata — Bark grey, generally persistent. Syns. : acuminata, 
 longirostris, exserta and brachypoda. Forms of tereticornis and rudis 
 approach rostrata closely. Seedling, leaves narrow, lanceolar. 
 
 E. rudis — Syn.: brachypoda. 
 
 E. redunca — Syn. : xanthonema. Vars. : angustofolio, melano- 
 phloia, elata. 
 
 S 
 
 E. spathulata — Var. : grandiflora. 
 
 E. saligna — Bark smooth — often shiny, — otherwise closely resem- 
 bling E. botryoides. Along streams. / 'ar. ; hemilampra ; between 
 saligna and resinifera, with smooth bark ; tall tree — fine timber. 
 
 E. Sieberiana — Syn. : virgata. Bark deep furrowed, dark brown ; 
 branches smooth and pale ; tall tree — good timber. 
 
 E. siderophloia — Bark rough, persistent, deeply furrowed. Syn. .' 
 persicifolia, resinifera. Vars. : fibrosa, rostrata. 
 
 E. Stuartiana — Bark fibrous, persistent. Owing to confusion of de- 
 scriptions this name has been applied to both Gunnii and Viminalis. 
 Sy)is. : persicifolia, Baueriana, falcifolia. 
 
 E. stricta — Syns. : virgata cnerifolia, microphylla. Cunninghami. 
 Vars. : rigida and Leuhmannii — last very luxuriant in foliage. 
 
 E. stelulata — Syns. : microphylla, Cunninghami, stricta. Var. : 
 angustifolia. 
 
 E. santalifolia— Vars. : firma. Baxteri. 
 
 T 
 
 E, tereticornis Syns. : subulata, or subulatum. Vars.: latifolia, 
 brachycorvs, brevifolia. Also, Syns. : leptospernum, umbellatum. 
 
 E. tetraptera — purple flower, pendant, shrubby. Syn. : acutangula. 
 E. tessilaris — Var. : Dallachiana. Syns.: Viminalis, Hookeri. 
 E. terminalis — Syn. : potycarpa. 
 
 V 
 
 E. viminalis — Syns. : mannifera, patentiflora, fabrorum, Gunnii, 
 dealbata, santalifolia, granularis, persicifolia. Also .confused with pilu- 
 laris, diversifolia and elata. Var.: dealbata. 
 
 The confusion of names is to a great extent due to descriptions of 
 species independently made by different botanists. Thus the same species 
 has been described and named by different botanists without knowledge 
 of each others work. The trouble is also due to great variability in the 
 species, which often merge into each other or have striking differences of 
 form. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 249 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 The genus of myrtles called Eucalyptus has for a long 
 time furnished Australasia with timber for all useful pur- 
 poses both on laud and sea. Houses, ships, wagons, piles, 
 railroad ties, bridges, fences, paving blocks, etc., have been 
 and are made from timber of species of this genus. While 
 all the species are hardwoods the}' differ greatly in dura- 
 bility, strength and facility of working, so also in various 
 uses some are good for fuel, others will scarcely burn, some 
 split with remarkable ease and others will not split at all. 
 Great differences exist even in the same species in points 
 of value. These differences are largely due to the soil or 
 climate in which the wood grew. The extraordinary varia- 
 tions in the tables of strength of Eucalyptus timber, as 
 between Warren, Maiden and Lastlett, for instance, and in 
 
 ' the various reports on durability in water or under ground 
 may be in part attributed to the locality from which the 
 timber was taken, the season of cutting, the method of 
 curing or the age of the tree. We may also assume that 
 a careful and reliable checking of the species has not al- 
 ways been attended to by those furnishing the timber for 
 testing. 
 
 Extended examinations of the Australian timbers have 
 been made by Prof. J. H. Maiden, J. G. Eeuhmann, Jas. 
 Mitchell, Thos. Laslett, Baron Von Mueller, W. H. War- 
 ren and others. The following notes are taken from these 
 works. 
 
 The principal drawbacks to this timber are its tendency 
 
 to check or open fissures and shakes ail its hardness and 
 
250 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 consequent difficulty in working. Its general advantages 
 are hardness, durability and strength. Besides these good 
 qualities I have seen polished wood specimens from species 
 of this genus at the different World Expositions that were 
 strikingly beautiful. I have presented notes only on the 
 species that seems to me most important. The concentric 
 wood layers are often indistinct and are in my examina- 
 tions no indication of age. 
 
 E. acmenoides — White mahogany. A tough, strong, 
 useful timber. One of the most durable. Uses — posts, piles, 
 girders, etc., and general building. Color, pale. Height, 
 40 to 60 feet. Sp. gravity, 1.066 (67^ lbs. per cubic foot). 
 The specific gravity in each of the species varies consid- 
 erably. What I have given is generally the average of all 
 the examinations accessible to me. 
 
 E. amygdalina — Peppermint-messmate. In this species 
 the first difficulty we encounter is the lack of differentia- 
 tion of the numerous striking varieties. Timber does not 
 twist in drying, splits easily especially when taken from 
 trees in glens or on bottom lauds. Uses — shingles, pail- 
 ings, rails; also for keelsons and planking in ships. Not a 
 superior fuel. Comparatively light, floats in water. Spe- 
 cimen cut 25 years weighed 48 lbs. 10 oz. per cubic foot. 
 Color, pale yellow. Height from 100 to 350 feet. 
 
 E. botryoides — Swamp mahogany or blue gum. Valu- 
 able timber, hard, tough, durable. When grown on rich 
 soil considered one of the best timber trees of the species 
 (Maiden). When grown on coast sands it is useful for 
 sawing and fencing, though then the stems are often 
 gnarled (Kirton). Used for knees of boats, posts, wagons, 
 especially felloes. Generally very durable under ground. 
 Does not split easily. Height, 50 to 100 feet. 
 
Gipps- 
 land 
 
 mahog- 
 any. 
 
 Local 
 Name. 
 
 ft] 
 
 60 
 
 2 3 
 
 EL 
 
 North- 
 eastern 
 Gippsland 
 
 ? * 5 
 
 
 p 
 
 Approximate Date 
 
 when the Timber 
 
 was cut. 
 
 ^ .B. .6. -ft. 
 Co <*» <J» Co 
 
 CO 00 00 CO 
 
 J^ J>. .e. -fc. 
 
 Date of Testing. 
 
 *£) *o o o 
 
 Weight of each 
 Sample in lbs , 
 
 
 en 
 o 
 
 Average Weight 
 of Samples in lbs. 
 
 c/> 
 
 C/l 
 
 Average Weight per 
 Cubic Foot in lbs. 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Average 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 ^1 v£ --1 \£> 
 JO C p o 
 
 '- be 'm - 
 
 Breakiug Weight 
 
 of each Sample in 
 
 cwts qrs. lbs. 
 
 61 
 
 Average Rreaking 
 
 Weight of Samples 
 
 in lbs. 
 
 Co *■ -£- *_n 
 
 Deflection at Point 
 ot Rupture in Inches. 
 
 ! 
 
 Average Deflection 
 in Inches. 
 
 ■% 
 
 Total Average 
 Deflection in Inches. 
 
 J- 
 
 Average 
 Specific Strength. 
 
 g 
 
 o' 
 o 
 2 
 S 
 
 Geological Formation 
 
 Where the Tree 
 
 grew. 
 
 lying 
 Ground 
 
 Elevation above Sea- 
 level . 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 cr 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 ►4 
 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
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 CD 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
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252 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 E. capitellata — Stringy bark ; good splitting timber. 
 Uses: posts, rails, shakes, etc. Sp. gravity .838 (52.26 
 lbs. per cubic foot. Balfour). Height up to 200 feet. 
 
 E. calophylla — Redgum of W. A. Wood tough. Used 
 for naves, spokes, ploughs, shafts, handles; also for frames, 
 rails and various building purposes — not durable under 
 ground (Mueller). Height up to 150 feet. 
 
 E. cornuta — Yate or Yeit. Hard and elastic wood, sug- 
 gesting ash. Used for agricultural implements, boat ribs, 
 etc. Heavy, sinks in water. Sp. gravity when well dried, 
 1.235. Height .up to 100 feet. 
 
 E. corymbosa — Bloodwood. Subject to gum veins, and 
 consequently not so good for sawn timber. Very durable; 
 resists white ants, damp, etc. Does not burn readily. 
 Easily worked when fresh, but soon becomes very hard; 
 generally dark red color (Maiden). Height 80 to 100 feet. 
 
 E. corynocalyx — Sugar gum. Timber very heavy; of 
 great lateral strength, very hard when dry, and durable. 
 Resists insects, ants, damp rot, etc. One of the least 
 likely to warp of the genus. Uses: railroad ties, joists, 
 rafters, piles, planking, naves and felloes of wheels, etc. 
 (J. E. Brown). Weighs 69 lbs. per cubic foot (Warren). 
 Color, pale yellow. Height up to 120 feet. 
 
 E. crebra — Narrow-leaved ; iron bark. Hard, tough, of 
 inlocked fibre. Uses : fence-posts, building, sleepers, bridges, 
 piles, wheelwright work, etc. (Maiden). Very heavy. Sp. 
 gravity 1.211 (Capt. Ward). Color, rich brown. Height 
 60 to 100 feet. 
 
 E. di versicolor — Karri. Wood straight in grain, tough, 
 bends easily but is not as easily worked as Eucalyptus mar- 
 ginata. Uses; large planks, scantlings, piles, wheelwright 
 work, rudders, masts, etc. Does not finish well; very dur- 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 253 
 
 able in water; subject to star-shake. Color sometimes red, 
 sometimes pale indefinite. Height up to 300 feet or even 
 more. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING COMPARATIVE TESTS OF " IN- 
 DIAN TEAK" AND "ENGLISH OAK:" 
 
 Compared with Western Australian Tuart (E.gotnphocepkala), 
 Jarrah (E. Marginata), and Karri (E. diver sicolor) . 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 .C 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 .r, . P-IB 
 
 
 .a 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Average Tensile Experiments 
 
 in . 
 
 keg) 
 
 year 
 
 Eng 
 
 or shi 
 
 rpose 
 
 Name of 
 Wood. 
 
 00 
 
 '0 
 
 V d 
 03 3 
 
 5 "1 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^ n " 
 
 >■« P 
 
 3 
 
 1-1 
 O 
 
 Number of 
 assigned by 
 lish Lloyds 1 
 building pu 
 
 Dimen- 
 sions of 
 
 Weight 
 the piece 
 
 Direct 
 cohesion 
 
 
 11 
 
 is 
 
 p. 
 
 
 each 
 piece. 
 
 broke 
 with. 
 
 of 
 1 sq. in. 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 Value 
 ofS. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Lbs. per 
 sq. in. 
 
 Lbs. per 
 sq. in. 
 
 In tons 
 persq in 
 
 
 Indian Teak 
 
 49-47 
 
 807 
 
 2203 
 
 2 x 2 x 30 
 
 13.207 
 
 3,3d 
 
 2838 
 
 14 years. 
 
 English Oak 
 
 31.72 
 
 886 
 
 2117 
 
 2 x 2 x 30 
 
 30,287 
 
 7,571 
 
 34" 
 
 9 " 
 
 Tuart 
 
 73.06 
 
 1169 
 
 2701 
 
 2 x 2 x 30 
 
 40,487 
 
 10,284 
 
 4195 
 
 — 
 
 Jarrah 
 
 63.12 
 
 IOIO 
 
 1800 
 
 2 x 2 x 30 
 
 11,760 
 
 2,940 
 
 3198 
 
 12 " 
 
 Karri 
 
 61.31 
 
 981 
 
 2264 
 
 2 x 2 x 30 
 
 28,280 
 
 7,070 
 
 5H0 
 
 12 " 
 
 From the Official Catalogue of Western Australia, Melbourne 
 International Exhibition, 1880. 
 
 E. eugeneoides — Stringy bark. Timber split well but 
 not so well as other stringy bark, but not more lasting 
 than these. Uses; flooring boards, palings, rails, etc.; in- 
 ferior fuel. Color, pale. Height up to 150 feet. 
 
 E. eximia — Rusty gum ; poor timber; good fuel. 
 
 E. globulus — Blue gum or fever tree. Tall, straight 
 growing; wood moderately strong, hard, heavy, grain 
 twisted or curled. In seasoning deep shakes occur from 
 the surface and it shrinks and warps considerably (Laslett.) 
 
254 
 
 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 In water it swells greatly, thus in the Tasmanian vessels 
 built of this timber the seams are scarcely discernable 
 when these are taken on the ways for coppering. Uses: 
 Ship-building, wheelwright work, agricultural implements, 
 telegraph poles, piles, bridges. Its use for railroad sleepers 
 has been of late years supplanted by Eucalyptus rostrata 
 (checks too much for their use with ordinary seasoning, K). 
 Easlett says that the old trees often decay about the heart- 
 wood like some of our old oaks. It is deemed to be use- 
 ful in the ways spoken of after the eighth or tenth year 
 of age. Heart wood and sap wood are generally rejected 
 in Tasmania as not durable. Color, generally pale yellow, 
 sometimes brown or grey. Height up to 330 feet. Sp. 
 gravity average by Balfour, 1.014 (63.19 lbs per cubic foot). 
 
 TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 {Laslett.) 
 
 Pieces 7 feet long by 2 inches square. Weight suspended 
 in the middle; both ends free. 
 
 
 Deflections. 
 
 
 >> 
 
 •O 
 
 •0 £ 
 
 No. of 
 
 the 
 
 Specimen. 
 
 With the 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 weighing 3901b 
 
 After the 
 
 Weight 
 
 was removed. 
 
 At the 
 
 crisis 
 
 of breaking. 
 
 Total weigh 
 
 required to bre 
 
 each piece 
 
 > 
 
 u 
 
 be 
 
 V 
 
 '0 
 u 
 
 p. 
 If, 
 
 Weight reduc 
 
 to specific 
 
 gravity 1000 
 
 Weight requii 
 
 to break 
 one square in 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 I,bs. 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 1. 25 
 
 •15 
 
 4 5° 
 
 767 
 
 1079 
 
 711 
 
 191-75 
 
 2 
 
 1 75 
 
 .20 
 
 3-75 
 
 602 
 
 997 
 
 604 
 
 150-50 
 
 3 
 
 1-35 
 
 .10 
 
 5 75 
 
 710 
 
 1037 
 
 684 
 
 '77 50 
 
 4 
 
 1 00 
 
 .00 
 
 3 75 
 
 767 
 
 1 108 
 
 692 
 
 I9I-75 
 
 5 
 
 1 25 
 
 •15 
 
 3-5o 
 
 684 
 
 1026 
 
 666 
 
 171 .00 
 
 6 
 
 1 00 
 
 .00 
 
 4 00 
 
 74i 
 
 924 
 
 801 
 
 185 -25 
 
 Average 
 
 1 .26 
 
 .10 
 
 4.21 
 
 712 
 
 1029 
 
 693 
 
 177.96 
 
 Each piece broke with a short fracture. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 255 
 
 TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 {Las let t.) 
 
 Number of 
 the specimen. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Dimensions of 
 each piece. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Specific 
 gravity. 
 
 997 
 1079 
 1037 
 1108 
 1026 
 
 Weight 
 
 the piece 
 
 broke with. 
 
 Direct cohesion 
 
 on 
 
 1 square inch. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 14560 
 26600 
 24360 
 26600 
 28840 
 
 24192 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 3640 
 6650 
 6090 
 6650 
 7210 
 
 6048 
 
 Vertical or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches. 
 
 No. 12. 
 Tons. 
 
 12875 
 
 No. 13. 
 Tons. 
 
 13000 
 
 No 14. 
 Tons. 
 
 12750 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 11125 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 10500 
 
 No. 17. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 13625 
 
 Total. 
 Tons. 
 
 73875 ! 12312 
 
 Average. 
 Tons. 
 
 Ditto on 
 
 1 square inch. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 3078 
 
 E = 778300. 
 
 S = 1869. 
 
 Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Wood 
 of E. globulus, by Baron von Mueller and J. G. Lueh- 
 mann. The pieces were two inches square, two feet 
 long between the supports, the weight suspended in 
 the middle, both ends free. The timber was seasoned 
 nine months. 
 
 
 Deflection . 
 
 Total weight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 With 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 Weighing 
 
 720 lbs. 
 
 After the 
 
 Weight 
 
 was 
 
 Removed. 
 
 At the 
 Crisis of 
 Breaking. 
 
 required 
 
 Break each 
 
 piece. 
 
 LW 
 
 S = 4bd2 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .12 
 
 .04 
 
 •75 
 
 2444 
 
 1833 
 
 •938 
 
 2 
 
 
 08 
 
 Nil. 
 
 
 62 
 
 3 22 4 
 
 2418 
 
 .992 
 
 3 
 
 
 16 
 
 •04 
 
 
 58 
 
 2256 
 
 1692 
 
 •9'3 
 
 4 
 
 
 12 
 
 .04 
 
 
 75 
 
 2661 
 
 1996 
 
 .942 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 .02 
 
 
 75 
 
 2740 
 
 2055 
 
 .946 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 •03 
 
 
 55 
 
 2288 
 
 1716 
 
 .927 
 
 7 
 
 
 12 
 
 .02 
 
 
 75 
 
 2409 
 
 1807 
 
 .924 
 
 8 
 
 
 l l 
 
 .04 
 
 
 58 
 
 2280 
 
 1710 
 
 .845 
 
 9 
 
 
 16 
 
 .04 
 
 
 62 
 
 2252 
 
 1689 
 
 .852 
 
 10 
 
 
 05 
 
 Nil. 
 
 
 58 
 
 3752 
 
 2814 
 
 1.094 
 
 11 
 
 .08 
 
 Nil. 
 
 65 
 
 3024 
 
 2268 
 
 1.096 
 
 
 
 S (strength 
 
 ) - 
 
 L (length) x W (weight) 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 4 x b (breadth) x d2 (depth 2) 
 
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 About 
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 Mesozoic 
 
 Mesozoic 
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 23-12-82 
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 Seasoned 
 at least 
 twelve 
 months 
 
 Locality 
 Where 
 Grown 
 
 Mirboo. 
 Victoria 
 
 Range south 
 
 of Waterloo. 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 Corner Inlet, 
 S. E. Victoria. 
 
 Southern New 
 South Wales 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 257 
 
 E. gomphocephela, Touart, Tooart or Tewart (also 
 called white gum) — Wood heavy, durable, tough ; grain 
 close, curled or twisted, does not easily rend ; shrinks little 
 in seasoning. Said to be the least subject of any Eucalyp- 
 tus to heart or star shakes. One of the strongest timbers 
 in the world. Easlett says that he has seen a specimen of 
 this wood subjected to a ten year test of weather exposure 
 with only in the least degree showing any effect. Stands 
 high temperatures as in an engine room Uses : shipbuild- 
 ing stern posts, keelsons and work below the line of flota- 
 tion, also for bridges, scantlings, etc. Color, pale yellow 
 or brown. Height up to 150 feet. 
 
 TRANSVERSE 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 (Las let/.) 
 
 
 Deflections 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 OX! 
 ~ CJ 
 
 ■e.S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 >, 
 
 Number o 
 Specimen 
 
 With the Appa- 
 ratus Weighing 
 390 lbs. 
 
 CO 
 J- MO 
 
 w 
 
 < 
 
 MO <n 
 
 •£*-' 
 >~ % 
 
 -£* 
 
 2 3J5 
 
 o*y 
 
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 > 
 
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 u 
 
 
 
 y 
 '5 
 
 V 
 
 p. 
 
 si 
 
 •0 2 
 Jio 
 -> 
 
 .etc 
 
 ■Sfil 
 
 u 
 " in 
 
 'S CJ 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 1-25 
 
 •15 
 
 4'5° 
 
 1071 
 
 1 147 
 
 942 
 
 267.75 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 .00 
 
 4-5° 
 
 972 
 
 "73 
 
 829 
 
 243-00 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 '5 
 
 .20 
 
 5.00 
 
 1032 
 
 1184 
 
 872 
 
 258.00 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 ■15 
 
 5.00 
 
 1116 
 
 1147 
 
 973 
 
 279 00 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 •05 
 
 4.85 
 
 1017 
 
 1170 
 
 ' 869 
 
 254- 25 
 
 6 
 
 1-35 
 
 .10 
 
 4-65. 
 
 966 
 
 1 194 
 
 809 
 
 241.50 
 
 Average 
 
 1.27 
 
 .108 
 
 4-75 
 
 1029 
 
 1169.16 
 
 882.23 
 
 257-25 
 
 Each piece broke with moderate length of fracture, and very 
 fibrous. 
 
 TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslett.) 
 
 Number of 
 Specimen 
 
 Dimensions of | Specific 
 each piece Gravity- 
 
 Weight 
 
 the piece 
 
 broke with 
 
 Direct cohesion 
 
 on 
 
 1 square inch 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 Inches 
 
 1 r 
 1 i 
 
 )■ 2 x 2 x so J. 
 
 J i 
 
 1147 
 1 184 
 1 '73 
 1170 
 1147 
 1 194 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 32580 
 44520 
 46900 
 34' 60 
 34720 
 51240 
 
 Lbs. 
 8820 
 11130 
 
 1 1725 
 8540 
 8680 
 
 12810 
 
 Average 
 
 
 1 169 
 
 40687 
 
 10284 
 
 17 
 
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EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 259 
 
 VERTICAL EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 (Laslett.) 
 
 Number of 
 the Specimen 
 
 1 Inch 
 
 2 Inches 
 
 3 Inches 
 
 4 Inches 
 
 Crushed with 
 
 Crushed with 
 
 Crushed with 
 
 Crushed with 
 
 13-16 
 17-20 
 
 21-22 
 
 23-24 
 
 Tons 
 4x00 
 4.500 
 4,625 
 
 4-750 
 
 Tons 
 
 16.875 
 16,750 
 16.500 
 17.000 
 
 Tons 
 
 37-6^5 
 33.125 
 
 Tons 
 67.00 
 
 64.25 ' 
 
 Average 
 
 44.69 
 
 16,781 
 
 35-375 
 
 65.625 
 
 Do. per inch 
 
 4.469 
 
 4.195 
 
 3.931 
 
 4.102 
 
 U =1776,990 S = 2,701 
 
 E. goniocalyx — Spotted gum, grey gum, white gum, 
 blue gum and grey box. Wood hard, tough, and usually 
 free from kino veins; durable, specially in ground; difficult 
 to split. Uses; wheelwright, boat building, railroad ties; 
 also good fuel. Color, pale yellow or brownish. 
 
 E. hemiphloia — Yellow box, grey box, canarywood. 
 Hard, tough, durable, very heavy and of great lateral 
 strength. Uses : railroad sleepers, wheelwright work, piles, 
 scantlings, planks, posts, mauls, large screws, cogs and 
 ship building. Does not split easily. Color, yellow or very 
 pale brown. Height 50 to 60 feet. Sp. gravity 1.230. 
 
cc £ 
 
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EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 261 
 
 E. leucoxy Ion —South Australian blue gum. Durable, 
 tough and of great lateral strength. Good in soil or water. 
 Railroad sleepers, bridge piles and planking, naves and fel- 
 loes of wheels, wagon shafts, telegraph poles, beams, axe 
 handles. 63^ to 71 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood slightly 
 greasy, which makes it good for cogs in heavy mill wheels. 
 Close and straight grained. Color, pale yellow or pink. 
 
 Deflection. 
 
 Total 
 
 weight 
 
 required to 
 
 break each 
 
 piece. 
 
 Value of 
 strength, 
 
 Iv W 
 S= 
 
 4BD2 
 
 Specific gravity. 
 
 With the 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the 
 crisis of 
 breaking. 
 
 Air dried. 
 
 Absolutely 
 dried. 
 
 Inches 
 
 •03 
 •03 
 
 Inches 
 
 •63 
 .60 
 
 Pounds 
 4192 
 
 3977 
 
 3 X 44 
 2983 
 
 I.028 
 I.C61 
 
 .908 
 •913 
 
 E. longifolia — Wooly butt. Very durable but deficient 
 in strength and elasticity. Uses : Posts, sleepers, and 
 especially recommended by Maiden for wood paving. Also 
 used generally. Color, dark red, with wavy grain. Height 
 100 to 130 feet. Specific gravity, 1.187 (68^ lbs. to cubic 
 foot of dried wood). 
 
 E. macrorrhyncha — Stringy bark. Hard, light, strong 
 and close grained, and takes good polish. Chiefly used for 
 fencing and wheelright work. Splits easily. Color, brown; 
 sometimes pale. Height 50 to 100 feet. Specific gravity, 
 937. A post of this wood set in the ground in 18 15 was 
 dug up sound in 1861, (Sir William Macarthur). 
 
262 
 
 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 E. maculata — Spotted gum. Strong, close grained, dur- 
 able. Splits easily. It is the coarsest grain of the Euca- 
 lyptus. Uses : Shingles, staves, general building, street 
 paving, shipbuilding, wheelwright work. Pretty, wavy 
 grain. Color, dark yellow or brown. Height ioo to 150 
 feet. Specific gravity, 1,035. 
 
 E. maculata — Var. citriodora. Lemon scented gum. 
 Similar wood to preceeding but lighter and more pliable. 
 Specific gravity, .942. Height, 40 to 70 feet. 
 
 E. marginata — Jarrah. Very celebrated for its powers 
 of resisting marine molusca. Also for durability in ground. 
 As we cannot grow this timber for commercial use and its 
 value for piling has beeu elsewhere spoken of, it seems 
 unnecessary to go further into its uses. Color, red. Hand- 
 some ; takes good polish. 
 
 TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 {Las let t.) 
 
 
 Deflections. 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 •0 
 V, 
 
 
 Cfl 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of the 
 specimen. 
 
 3 With the 
 5- apparatus 
 J weigh'g39olt 
 
 After the 
 
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 gravity, i 
 
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 to brea 
 
 one square 
 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inches 
 
 Lb. 
 
 
 
 Lb 
 
 1 
 
 2.85 
 
 .10 
 
 4.50 
 
 743 
 
 987 
 
 753 
 
 185-75 
 
 2 
 
 3-25 
 
 ■15 
 
 4-SO 
 
 638 
 
 1049 
 
 60S 
 
 159-50 
 
 3 
 
 3-25 
 
 •15 
 
 5.00 
 
 661 
 
 977 
 
 677 
 
 165.25 
 
 4 
 
 3.50 
 
 •15 
 
 5-0° 
 
 661 
 
 1039 
 
 636 
 
 165.25 
 
 5 
 
 3-15 
 
 .10 
 
 4-50 
 
 726 
 
 1006 
 
 722 
 
 181.50 
 
 6 
 
 3-25 
 
 .15 
 
 4. 75 
 
 685 
 
 1002 
 
 684 
 
 171.25 
 
 Total 
 
 19-25 
 
 .So 
 
 28.25 
 
 4114 
 
 6060 
 
 4080 
 
 1028 50 
 
 Average 
 
 3-21 
 
 ■ *3Z 
 
 4.71 
 
 685 66 
 
 IOIO 
 
 680 
 
 171.416 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 263 
 
 TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 (Laslett.) 
 
 Number of 
 the Specimen 
 
 Dimensions of 
 each piece 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity 
 
 1 Weight the piece 
 broke with 
 
 Direct cohesion 
 on 1 square inch 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Inches 
 
 J 2 x 2 x 30 j 
 
 987 
 1006 
 
 1 Lbs. 
 10.080 
 13.440 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 2.5'0 
 
 3-36o 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1993 
 
 23-520 
 
 5.880 
 
 Average 
 
 
 996 
 
 11.760 
 
 2.940 
 
 Vertical 
 
 or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches. 
 
 No. 9 
 Tons 
 12.875 
 
 No. 10 ' 
 Tons 
 13.000 
 
 Vo. 11 
 Tons 
 
 12.625 
 
 No. 12 
 Tons 
 
 12.750 
 
 No. 13 
 Tons 
 
 12.750 
 
 No. 14 
 Tons 
 
 12.750 
 
 Total 1 Average 
 Tons Tons 
 
 76.75 12.792 
 
 Ditto on. 
 
 square inch 
 Tons 
 
 3-I98 
 
 
 E = 296810 £ 
 
 = 1800 
 
 A recent paper (Oct. 29th, 1895,) by Prof. Maiden and 
 J. V. DeCogne, goes into the question of piling resistant 
 to cobra (teredo), they report great differences in the resist- 
 ing powers of Jarrah in this regard. The paper is mainly 
 on Turpine Timber vs. Toredo. The botanical name of 
 this excellent tree is Syncarpia laurifolia, but it has not 
 proved a reliable resistent to cobra. 
 
 E. melliodora — Yellow Jacket. Yellow box. Honey - 
 scented. Timber hard, tough, durable in water and under 
 ground. Heavy; not fissile. Good fuel, and for wheelwright 
 and other uses — telegraph poles etc., -but not for planking. 
 Color, yellow. Height 40 to 50 feet. Specific gravity, .965 
 to 1. 1 25, or from 60 to 70 pounds per cubic foot. 
 
264 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
 Wood of Eucalyptus melliodora, by Baron Mueller and 
 J. G. Luehmann. The specimens were 2 feet long and 
 2 inches square. 
 
 Deflection 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 With the 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the 
 crisis of 
 breaking 
 
 weight 
 
 required to 
 
 break each 
 
 piece 
 
 strength, 
 W 
 4BD2 
 
 Air dried 
 
 Absolutely 
 dried 
 
 Inches 
 
 .06 
 .08 
 
 Inches 
 
 •58 
 •63 
 
 Pounds 
 2903 
 2781 
 
 2177 
 2086 
 
 1. 112 
 1.040 
 
 •947 
 .876 
 
 E. microcorys — Tallow-wood. Timber strong and durable 
 above and below ground. Uses : Wheelwright and floor- 
 ing, especially of ball rooms. Wood greasy, whence 
 comes name. Color, yellow or yellowish brown. Height 
 100 to 120 feet. 
 
 E. microtheca— Black or Flooded Box, and other pre- 
 fixes to boxwood. Very hard, heavy and elastic. Does well 
 as piles and ties in railroad work and in building. Color, 
 reddish to brown. A desert tree. 
 
 E. obliqua — Stringy bark, Iron Box, Messmate, straight 
 and fissile, easily worked and so more generally used than 
 other Eucalypti for building, fencing, scantlings, shingles, etc. 
 Has a tendency to warp. Near base has beautiful wavy 
 figure ; very ornamental ; color buff or light brown. 
 
 Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
 wood of Eucalyptus obliqua, by Baron Mueller and J. G. 
 Iyuehmami. The specimens were 2 ft. long and 2 in. 
 square. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 265 
 
 Deflection. 
 
 Total 
 weight 
 required 
 
 to 
 
 break each 
 
 piece. 
 
 Value of 
 
 strength, 
 
 LW 
 
 4BD2 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 With 
 
 the apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the crisis 
 of breaking 
 
 Air-dried. 
 
 Absolutely 
 dried. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 .12 
 .14 
 
 Inches. 
 •50 
 .48 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2,053 
 1,776 
 
 1,54° 
 
 i,332 
 
 1.045 
 • 935 
 
 .867 
 ■783 
 
 Subject like Jarrah and many other Eucalypti to defects 
 due to kino veins. 
 
 E. occidentalis — Flat-topped Yate. Timber hard, heavy 
 strong and durable. Uses — fences, sleepers, posts, fuel ; also 
 wheelwright work. Height, 30 to 80 feet. 
 
 E. pilularis — Blackbutt. Also called Flintwood or Mount- 
 ain Ash. Timber strong, durable, thoroughly safe and well 
 tried. Uses — House building, bridges, planking, paving, 
 etc. Prof. Maiden places this timber next to iron wood 
 (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and tallow- wood for general pur- 
 poses. Next to Eucalyptus siderophloia it has endured a 
 greater crushing strain than any other Eucalypti. Color 
 generally pale or warm brown. Generally fissile, but occa- 
 sionally refractory in this respect. Height 100 to 150 feet. 
 Capt. Ward, R. E., found the deflection in a sample of 
 this timber to be 1.35 inches, the material used being 4 
 feet long by 2 inches square, loaded in the middle with a 
 weight of 980 pounds, while' the elasticity remained unim- 
 paired, breaking under a weight of 1,232 pounds. Specific 
 gravity .990, (61 lbs. 14 oz. per cubic foot). Requires care 
 in curing. 
 
 E. polyanthema — Red Box. Den tree. Great durability 
 is attributed to this wood. It is one of the most sought 
 for wheelwright work, cogs for wheels, supports in mines, 
 etc. One of the best fuels. It is very tough and hard. 
 
266 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 "Its hardness is against its general use" — (Maiden). 
 Color, handsome red or reddish brown. Height 50 to 70 
 feet. 
 
 Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
 wood of Eucalyptus polyanthema, by Baron Mueller 
 and J. G. Euehmann. The specimens were 2 feet long 
 and 2 inches square. 
 
 Deflection. 
 
 Total 
 
 weight 
 
 required 
 
 to break 
 
 each 
 
 piece. 
 
 Value ot 
 Strength, 
 I,W 
 
 4BD2 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 With the 
 
 apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the 
 crisis of 
 Breaking 
 
 Absolutely 
 Air-dried. ! dried 
 
 Inches. 
 . 10 
 .08 
 
 Inches. 
 .56 
 .58 
 
 Pounds. 
 3215 
 
 3'45 
 
 241 1 
 2359 
 
 1.248 1. 031 
 1.214 1. 010 
 
 Height occasionally up to 250 feet. 
 Victoria and New South Wales. 
 
 E. resinifera — Red or forest mahogany. Has been 
 often confused with siderophloia in timber tests. Very 
 strong, durable, hard and sound. Particularly free from 
 shakes. Hard to work. Uses — piles, ships' knees, etc., 
 posts and general building. Smooth grain. Color, dark red 
 or brown. Height 80 to 120 feet. 
 
 E. robusta — White or swamp mahogany. Very durable, 
 resists insect pests, not very fissile and very brittle. Uses 
 — ship building, general building purposes, posts, etc. 
 Color, reddish. Special gravity 1.098 air-dried; .889 abso- 
 lutely dry. A slab seasoned over 25 years weighed 58 
 pounds, 90 ounces to the cubic foot. Height 100 to 150 
 feet. 19 per cent, kino-red. 
 
 E. rostrata — red gum. Timber strong, durable, very 
 hard when dry. Uses — piles, posts, especially in damp 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 267 
 
 ground ; sleepers, bridges, ship building and for general 
 purposes. Next to Jarrah the most durable of the gums. 
 16.62 per cent. Kino-red. Color, red — often very dark red, 
 — curly and figured, takes a fine polish. Very handsome. 
 One ton dried wood, 4 pounds pearl ash or 2^ pounds 
 pure potash, (Mueller). Height up to 100 feet. 
 
 Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
 wood of Eucalyptus rostrata var. (Dark Red Gum), by 
 Baron Mueller and J. G. Euehmann. The specimens 
 were 2 feet long and 2 inches square. 
 
 Deflection. 
 
 Total 
 
 weight 
 
 required 
 
 to 
 
 break 
 
 each 
 
 piece. 
 
 Value of 
 Strength 
 
 LW 
 
 4BD2 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 With 
 
 the apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the 
 crisis of 
 breaking 
 
 Air-dried 
 
 Absolutely 
 dried 
 
 Inches. 
 
 .10 
 09 
 
 Inches. 
 
 •65 
 .68 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2539 
 2417 
 
 1904 
 1S13 
 
 1.645 
 
 .984 
 
 .874 
 .809 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata var. (Pale Red Gum ) 
 
 Deflection. 
 
 Total 
 Weight 
 required 
 
 to 
 
 break 
 
 each 
 
 piece 
 
 Value of 
 
 Strength, 
 
 LW 
 
 4BD2 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 With 
 
 the apparatus 
 
 weighing 
 
 780 lbs. 
 
 At the 
 crisis of 
 breaking 
 
 Air-dried 
 
 Absolutely 
 dried 
 
 Inches. 
 
 .08 
 .07 
 
 Inches. 
 
 •52 
 
 .48 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2781 
 2712 
 
 2086 
 2034 
 
 1.008 
 .940 
 
 •843 
 .790 
 
 E. saligna — Blue gum, New South Wales. Straight 
 grower, fine for spars; very heavy; rather subject to shakes; 
 cross-grained; does not burn readily; durable. Uses — gen- 
 eral, but not greatly esteemed. Color, red or warm brown. 
 Wavy grain. Height 100 to 120 feet. Often confused in 
 tests with botryoids. 
 
268 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 6. siderophloia — White mahogany ; also red iron-bark. 
 "This timber has the highest reputation for strength and 
 durability," (Maiden.) Very hard and heavy. Uses : 
 General ; especially good for beams in warehouses where 
 great strength is required. Sought for spokes, ship-build- 
 ing, etc. Color, dark red or brown. Wavy grain. Specific 
 gravity 1.15. Confused in tests with resinifera. 
 
 TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 (Laslett.) 
 
 <u 
 
 U V 
 
 •° s 
 
 £ 3 
 
 Deflections 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 bc°£l 
 
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 o*t! 
 
 > 
 
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 a 
 
 Weight Reduced 
 to Specific 
 Gravity, iooo 
 
 •0 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 2. ° 
 ^ a 
 
 £ S 2 
 be!: 3 
 
 ^ M 
 
 With the Appa- 
 ratus Weighing 
 390 lbs. 
 
 After the 
 Weight was 
 removed 
 
 .2 M 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Inches 
 
 .85 
 1. 00 
 
 .90 
 1,00 
 
 Inch 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 
 Inches 
 
 3-75 
 3-5° 
 4.00 
 4.00 
 
 Pounds 
 1460 
 
 137° 
 1400 
 1400 
 
 1 163 
 1 146 
 1 142 
 1 1 16 
 
 "55 
 1195 
 1226 
 1254 
 
 Pounds 
 3650 
 342.5 
 35o.o 
 350.0 
 
 Total 
 
 3-75 
 
 .0 
 
 15.25 
 
 5630 
 
 4567 
 
 493° 
 
 H07.5 
 
 Average 
 
 •94 
 
 .0 
 
 3.812 
 
 1407.5 
 
 1142 
 
 1232 
 
 351-9 
 
 No. r — Wiry fracture, 16 inches in length. 
 11 2 — 11 I2 .1 11 
 
 " 3— " 10 " " 
 
 " 4 — Broke short to one-third depth, then splintery fracture, 10 in. in length. 
 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 269 
 
 TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 ( Las let t.) 
 
 Number of 
 Specimen 
 
 Dimensions of 
 each piece 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity 
 
 Weight 
 the piece 
 broke with 
 
 
 Direct cohesion 
 
 on 
 1 Square Inch 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Inches 
 } 2 x 2 x 30 > 
 
 1 142 
 1 146 
 1163 
 
 Pounds 
 
 34,160 
 26,880 
 39.48o 
 
 Pounds 
 
 8,540 
 6,720 
 9,870 
 
 Total 
 
 
 3451 
 
 100,520 
 
 25.130 
 
 Average 
 
 
 1 '50 
 
 33,5°7 
 
 8,377 
 
 Vertical or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches 
 
 No. 8 
 Tons 
 
 18.500 
 
 No. 9 1 No. 10 
 Tons Tons 
 17,625 18500 
 
 No. 11 
 Tons 
 
 19.000 
 
 Total 
 Tons 
 73-625 
 
 Average 
 Tons 
 
 18 406 
 
 Ditto on 
 
 1 Square Inch 
 
 Tons 
 
 4.601 
 
 E = 960740 S = 3695 
 
 E. sideroxylon — Ironbark. Straight bole. High reputa- 
 tion for strength and durability (Maiden). One of the 
 hardest and heaviest of Australian woods, durable. Uses: 
 Piles, bridges, poles for drays, large beams, etc. Average 
 weight, 75 to 78 lbs per cubic foot green; loses 3 to 5 lbs 
 in first two years drying; subject to shakes, difficult to 
 dress, fine fuel; color rich red or dark red, sometimes 
 brown. Sp. gravity, 1.176. Height up to 200 feet. 
 
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 Eucalyptus | 
 leucoxylon, ! 
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 Eucalyptus | 
 sideroxylon i 
 A. Gunn. J 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 271 
 
 E. Stuartiana — Apple scented gum. Hard and durable 
 and well spoken of for underground work ; also spoken of 
 as poor. Not easily split. Uses: Fence posts, planks, 
 sleepers, etc. Takes a polish well. Color, wavy brown or 
 red. Height, 60 to 90 feet. Specific gravity 1.010 air dried. 
 
 E. tereticornis — Red gum ; also called grey gum, blue 
 gum and flooded gum. Timber practically same as rostrata. 
 
 E. viminalis — Manna gum ; also white gum. Reputa- 
 tion of timber poor ; not so durable as other Eucalyptus 
 that are much used. Used for fences, shingles and gener- 
 ally in building ; center or heart wood no use. Color, pale. 
 Height, 320 feet. Specific gravity .954. 
 
2 7 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 SONE ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIAN AND VERNACULAR NAMES 
 OP SPECIES OP EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 It will be noticed by this list that vernacular names, 
 with very few exceptions, are confused and uncertain. 
 Each distinct district in Australia has a nomenclature of 
 the Eucalyptus more or less individual. In cases where 
 1 had information as to the district in which a name was 
 current I have added the district after the scientific name. 
 
 Apple-scented Gum — B. Stuartiana. 
 
 Arang-nulta — E. tereticornis. 
 
 Ash, Morton Bay — E. tessellaris. 
 
 Arang-Mill — E. terminalis. 
 
 Ash-Mountain — E. pauciflora, E. amygdalina, E. pilularis (N. S. W.), 
 
 E. Siberiana (N.'S. W.), E. Stuartiana. 
 Ash, Mountain Black — E. sideroxylon, E. goniocalyx, E. Sieberiana. 
 
 B 
 
 Ballook — E. globulus (Gippsland). 
 
 Bangalay — E. botryoides (N. S. W.) 
 
 Barroul — Goura. E. tereticornis. 
 
 Bcnaroon — E. pilularis (N. S. W.) 
 
 Bembill — E. populifolia. 
 
 Biall — E. rostrata. 
 
 Binnak — E. botryoides (East Gippsland). 
 
 Binnap — E. viminalis (Victoria). 
 
 Blackbutt — E. haemastonia, E. patens, E. pilularis, E. piperita. 
 
 Black Gum — E. stellulata. 
 
 Black Sallee—n. stellulata. 
 
 Blood Wood Tree — E. coryrnbosa, E. paniculata, E. trachyphloia. 
 
 Blood Wood, Mountain — E. eximia. 
 
 Blue Gum — E. globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. haemostoma, E. megacarpa. 
 E viminalis (western N. S. W.), E. rudis, E. saligna, E. botryoides, 
 E. tereticornis. E. leucoxylon, E. diversicolor, E. rostrata (Sydney). 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 2 73 
 
 Boona — E. corymbosa (Queensland). 
 
 Brown Gum — E. robusta. 
 
 Box — E. hemiphloia, E. largiflorens, E. viminalis, E. niicrotheca, E. 
 
 odorata. 
 Box, Bastard — E. goniocalyx, E. punctata, E. largiflorens, E. micro- 
 
 theca (N. S. W ), E. tereticornis, E. polyanthema. 
 Box, Bembil — E. populifolia. 
 Box, Black — E. largiflorens, E. niicrotheca (Queensland), E. obliqua, E. 
 
 stellulata, E. Stuartiana (Queensland.) 
 Box, Broad-leaved — E. acmenoides. 
 Box, Brown — E. polyanthema. 
 Box, Dwarf— E. niicrotheca. 
 
 Box, Flooded — E. niicrotheca (Gulf of Carpentaria.) 
 Box, Gray — E. goniacalyx, E. polyanthema, E. largiflorons, E. saligna 
 
 (N. S. W.) 
 Box-Gum Topped — E. hemiphloia. 
 Box, Iron-Barked — E. obliqua. 
 Box, Narrow-Leaved — E. microtheca. 
 Box, Poplar — E. populifolia. 
 Box, Red — E. polyanthema, E. populifolia. 
 Box, Shining — E. populifolia. 
 Box, Thozefs E. Ravertiana. 
 
 Box, White — E. hemiphloia, E. odorata, E. populifolia. 
 Box, Yellow — E. melliodora, E. largiflorens. 
 Brittle Gum — E. hsemostoma. Variety micrantha. 
 But But — E. Stuartiana. 
 
 c 
 
 Cabbage Gum — E. Sieberiana. 
 
 Callaille — E. microtheca. 
 
 Canary Wood — E. hemiphloia. 
 
 Carbeen — E. tesseloris. 
 
 Creek Gum — E. rostrata (Western N. S. W.) 
 
 Cider Gum — E. Gunnii. 
 
 Cooly Bah — E. microtheca. 
 
 Cooburn — E. largiflorens. 
 
 Corang — E. tessillaris. 
 
 Crimson Flowered Gum — E. ficifolia. 
 
 D 
 
 Dadangba — E. robusta. 
 Dargan — E. melliodora. 
 Den — E. polyanthema. 
 Desert Gum — E. gracilis. 
 Drooping Gum — E. pauciflora, E. viminalis. 
 18 
 
j> 74 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 E 
 
 Easip — E. leucoxylon. 
 
 Egola — E. populifolia (N. Queensland). 
 
 F 
 
 Eat Cake — E. leucoxylon. 
 
 Fever Tree — E. globulus. 
 
 Forest Gum — E. rostrata (Queensland). 
 
 Flooded Gum — E. discipiens. E. rudis, E. saligna. E. tereticornis, E. 
 
 Gunnii (S. W.), E. pauciflora, E. rostrata. 
 Flint IVood—K pilularis. 
 Fluted Gum — E. salubris. 
 
 Q 
 
 Giant Gum — E. amygdalina. 
 
 Gimlet Gum — E. salubris. 
 
 Goborta or Gobboro — E. microtheca (Western N. S. W.) 
 
 Guorpin — E. robusta. 
 
 Gray Gum — E. crebra, E. Raveretiana, E. saligna, E. tereticornis, E. 
 
 resinifera, E. punctata, E. stuartiana, E. viminalis (Sydney,) 
 Green Gum — E. stellulata. 
 Gum Top — E. Sieberiana. 
 Gunnung — E. robusta, (N. S. W.) 
 
 H 
 
 Hickory — E. punctata, E. resinifera. 
 
 I 
 Iluiiiba — E. tessellaris. 
 Iron Bark — E. crebra, E. sideroxylon, E. paniculata, E.siderophloia, E. 
 
 Sieberiana, E. resinifera, E. largiflorens. E. macrorryncha (McAllister 
 
 River.) 
 Iron Bark. Broad-leaved — E. siderophloia. 
 Iron Bark, Lemon-scented — E. Stageriana (Queensland). 
 Iron Bark, Narrow-leaved — Red, white or grey — E. crebra. 
 Iron Bark, Red—Z. paniculata (N. S. W.) 
 Iron Bark, Red, Flowered — E. sideroxylon. 
 Iron Bark, She — E. paniculata. 
 
 Iron Bark, Silver-leaved — E. pruinosa, E. melanophloia. 
 Iroti Bark, White — E. paniculata. 
 Iron Gum — E. Raveretiana. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 275 
 
 J 
 
 Jarrah — E. inarginata. 
 
 Jerrile — E. marginata. 
 
 Jimbul Kurleah — E. microtheca (N. Queensland). 
 
 Jimmy Low — E. resinifera. 
 
 Jundete — E. acmenoides (N. S. W.) 
 
 K 
 
 Kangara — E. citriodora. 
 
 Karri — E. diversieolor. 
 
 Kimbarra — E. robusta (Queensland.) 
 
 Kino — E. resinifera, E. siderophloia. 
 
 Kurra-Gurra — E. hsetnostoina (Queensland.) 
 
 Koloneu — E. microtheca (Queensland.) 
 
 Lead Gum—B. stellulata (N. S. W.) 
 Leather Jacket — E. punctata. 
 Lignum Vitce — E. polyanthetna. 
 Lemon-scented Gum — E. citriodora. 
 
 M 
 
 Maalok — E. obcordata. 
 
 Mahogany — E. marginata. 
 
 Mahogany Bastard — E. botryoides. 
 
 Mahogany Forest — E, microcorys, E. resinifera. 
 
 Mahogany Red — E. resinifera. 
 
 Mahogany Swamp — E. robusta. 
 
 Mahogany White — E. acmenoides. 
 
 Mallee — E. gracilis, E. oleosa, E. incrassata, E. uucinata. This scrub or 
 
 brush growth is called by the natives Weir Mallee. 
 Mallee Ooldea — E. pyriformis (S. A.) 
 Manna Gum — E. viminalis, E. amygdalina (N. S. W.) 
 Messmate — E. amygdalina, E. piperita, E. obliqua, E. macrorryncha. 
 Mountain Apple — E. goniocalyx. 
 Mountain Gum — E. tereticornis. 
 Morrel — E. macrocarpa. 
 Muzzle Wood — E. stellulata. 
 Mungurra, or Mungara — E. tereticornis (N. S. W.) 
 
 N 
 
 Nankeen Gum — E. populifolia (N. A.) 
 Narulgun — E. hemiphloia. 
 
2 7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 o 
 
 Ooragmandee — E. fcecunda. 
 
 P 
 
 Peppermint — E. Stuartiana, E. amygdalina, E. piperita, E. viminalis 
 (Victoria), E. odorata, E. capitellata, E. microcorys (Queensland.) 
 
 Peppermint, Narrow-leaved — Brown or White. E. amygdalina. 
 
 Poplar-leaved Gum — E. polyanthema. 
 
 Red Gum — E. rostrata, E. melliodora (Victoria), E. odorata (S. A.), E. 
 punctata, E. calophylla, E. tereticornis, E. resinifera, E. Stuartiana 
 (Tasmania), E. amygdalina (Victoria), E. Gunnii (N. S. W.) 
 
 Red Wood — E. piperita. 
 
 Ribbony Gum — E. viminalis (Southern N. S. W.) 
 
 River Gum — E. rostrata (N. S. W. and Queensland.) 
 
 Rushy Gum — E. eximia. 
 
 S 
 
 Salmon Barked — E. salmonophloia. 
 
 Sallee — E. stellulata. 
 
 Scarlet-Flowered Gum — E. miniata, E. phcenicea. 
 
 Scribbly Gum — E haemastoma. 
 
 Silky Gum — E. saligna (N. S. W.) 
 
 Spear Wood — E. doratoxylon. 
 
 Slaty-Gum — E. largiflorens, E. tereticornis (N. S. W.) 
 
 Spotted Gum — E. maculata, E. goniocalyx, E. haeinostoma, E. capitellata 
 (New England district of N. S. W.) 
 
 Stringy Bark — E. obliqua, E. capitellata, E. macrorryncha, E. piperita, 
 E. tetrodonta, E. amygdalina (N. S. W.), E. acmenoides (Queens- 
 land), E. Baileyana, E. pilularis, E. Sieberiana, E. Stuartiana. 
 
 String Bark Silver-leaved — E. pulverulenta. 
 
 Stringy Bark White — E. piperita, E. eugenioides, E. capitellata. 
 
 Sugar Gum — E. corynocalyx, E. Gunnii (S. E. Australia.) 
 
 Swamp Gum — E. Gunnii, E. amygdalina, E. rudis, E. pauciflora, E. 
 viminalis. 
 
 T 
 
 Tall ozu- Wood — E. microcorys. 
 
 Teheeigun — E. pilularis (Queensland). 
 
 Tanderoo — E. siderophloia (Queensland). 
 
 Tangoon ~\ 
 
 or l E. microtheca. 
 
 Targoon J 
 
 Tea Tree — E. Stuartiana (Queensland). 
 
 Tee — E. microcorys. 
 
 Tewart ~\ 
 
 Touart \ E. gomphocephala. 
 
 Tooart S 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 277 
 
 Tjellat — E. tereticornis. 
 
 Toi — E. pilularis (Queensland). 
 
 Turpentine — E- pulverulenta, E. microcorys, E. punctata, E. vStuartiana. 
 
 u 
 
 I 'rara — E. citriodora. 
 
 W 
 
 Wandoo — E. redunca. 
 
 Wangara — E. amygdalina. 
 
 Wanguarra — E. obliqua. 
 
 Wangee — E. microcorys. 
 
 Weeping Gum — E. pauciflora (Tasmania), E. viminalis (N. S. W.) 
 
 White Gum — E. amygdalina, E. goniocalyx, E. haemostoma, E. leucoxy- 
 lon, E. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. redunca, E. populifolia (Queens- 
 land), E rostrata (S. A.), E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. gompliocephala, 
 E. Gunnii. 
 
 White Top— IS. pilularis (N. S. W.) 
 
 Willow— E. pilularis (N. S. W. ) 
 
 Woollybutt — E. longifolia, E. botryoides, E. Raveretiana, E. viminalis, 
 E. Sturtiana (N. S. W.) 
 
 Woolgook — E. obliqua (Victoria). 
 
 Y 
 
 Yandee — E. foecunda. 
 
 Yangoora — E. macrorryncha, E. capitellata, E. piperita. 
 
 Yarrah — E. rostrata (Western Interior). 
 
 Yale or Yeit — E. cornuta. 
 
 Y ate — Flat-topped — E. occidentalis. 
 
 Y'athoo — E. microtheca. 
 
 Yellow Blood Wood — E. eximia. 
 
 Y'ellow Gum — E. Gunnii, E. punctata. 
 
 Yellozv Jacket — E. ochrophloia, E. peltata, E. rostrata (Queensland). 
 
 Yen'ick — E. sideroxylon (Gippsland). 
 
 York Gum — E. foecunda (E. loxophleba). 
 
 Yownt — E. Sieberiana. 
 
 The vernacular names current in California for species 
 of the Eucalyptus are as follows: 
 
 Blue gum — E. globulus only. 
 
 Manna gum — E. viminalis. 
 
 Red gum — E. rostrata, E. tereticornis, and, in error, E. viminalis, E. 
 
 occidentalis, E. resinifera. 
 Sugar gum — E. corynocalyx. 
 Yate — H. cornuta. 
 
278 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS 0IL6, 
 
 The use of Eucalyptus oils is constantly increasing in 
 medicine and yet the marked differences in the oils derived 
 from different species of Eucalyptus does not seem to have 
 been realized by the physician or by the apothecary. Gen- 
 erally several species of Eucalyptus are recognized as reli- 
 able sources of medicinal oils; amongst these may be named 
 Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus amygdalina. The first 
 of these contains about 60 per cent of Eucalyptol to which 
 its medicinal value is attributed. The chemical formula 
 of this is C I0 H^ O. Eucalyptus amygdalina on the other 
 hand contains but a trace of Eucalyptol, if any. It has a 
 number of forms, the oils of which differ considerably from 
 each other, all of them however have Eucalyptol replaced 
 by Phellandrene. The chemical form of Phellandrene is 
 Cio H l6 . It is clear that whatever value Phellandrene may 
 have in medicine it cannot be properly put in a prescription 
 that calls for Eucalyptol or an oil containing it. The in- 
 creased use of the Eucalyptus oils derived from the solid 
 plantations of E. globulus in California and in Algiers is 
 thus seen to rest upon reasonable grounds and must 
 give increased reliability to medicinal preparations from 
 the Eucalyptus. Eucalyptol is best recognized and known 
 in its therapeutic effects, but Phellandrene is also known 
 to have very similar effects and may be as good or better 
 than Eucalyptol. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 279 
 
 The different and in some cases contradictory reports I 
 have seen on the Eucalyptus oils induced me to secure the 
 aid of S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. D., in making some ex- 
 aminations of these oils taken from species identified here. 
 I give the result of the doctor's work in his own words. 
 I also reproduce a recent article by Prof. J. H. Maiden, 
 taken from the Chemist and Druggist of Australasia, March, 
 1895. Samples of the Eucalyptus oils made by Dr. Wood- 
 bridge, will be placed in the Los Angeles Chamber of Com- 
 merce. 
 
 One of the results of Dr. Woodbridge 's distillations has 
 been to determine me in recognizing several species not 
 recognized by Baron Von Mueller. Where in addition to 
 bud, flower and fruit differences, as for instance, between 
 Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus Mortoniana, we have 
 oil derived from the foliage almost at the extremes of dif- 
 ference in the genus in yield and character, we may well 
 agree to recognize specific rank in each case. In other 
 species while the difference in the oils is not so great it is 
 still sufficiently marked to justify specific rank where now 
 only forms or varieties are recognized. It was the oil that 
 caused me to set up as a species Eucalyptus Californica 
 from what was before deemed a form of Eucalyptus occi- 
 dentalis. Eucalyptus Californica itself has two forms from 
 only one of which could I obtain leaves for distillation and 
 that the least attractive with a greenish yellow flower and 
 more drooping habit. The beautiful Eucalyptus Californica 
 with the crimson flower and so constantly in bloom at the 
 Santa Monica Forestry Station, we have in only one tree. 
 
 Amongst the striking results of the Woodbridge distil- 
 lation we may note the following: 
 
 Typical amygdalina gave 256.5 ozs. to the 1000 lbs. of 
 
2 8o EbCAL YPTUS. 
 
 leaves. Eucalyptus amygdalina, var. regnans, gave 180.5 
 ozs., while the var. angustifolia gave but 148.7. The oil 
 from the first was a clear yellow, while the other two were 
 green but of different shades. While all these bear a dis- 
 tinctive pepperminty-Eucalyptus odor and taste they were 
 markedly different from each other in intensity. The 
 specific gravity of the first oil was at the extreme end of 
 the line in lightness from that of the other two. Besides 
 the three forms of amygdalina examined we have here two 
 Others quite as distinct in appearance. I have no doubt 
 that the botanic individuality of several forms of amygda- 
 lina should be given specific rank if only from the deep- 
 seated difference shown to exist by their oils. 
 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon, var. pallida, contains 181.36 oz. 
 of oil. Eucalyptus sideroxylon, with green foliage and 
 white flowers, contains 146.6 oz., and is next to Eucalyptus 
 Stuartiana, the heaviest of the Eucalyptus oils examined. 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon, formerly taking in Eucalyp- 
 tus sideroxylon as a form, contains bnt 33.3 oz. of oil. 
 Eucalyptus globulus contains 134.8 oz., and Eucalyptus 
 Mortoniana, suggested to be a form of Eucalyptus globulus, 
 contains but 10.90 oz. 
 
 The oils from Eucalyptus rostrata and Eucalyptus tereti- 
 cornis appear to be as similar in character as they are in 
 yield. This is in flat contradiction to the position of 
 Schimmel & Co., as quoted by Maiden. The question then 
 arises as to whether Schimmel & Co., had the oil of tereti- 
 cornis. If they did we have no tereticornis here. The 
 marked difference between rostrata and tereticornis is only 
 in the bud according to what I can make out. The bud 
 cap of tereticornis is like a candle snuffer or sugar loaf, 
 while that of rostrata is drawn down to a beak-like form. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 281 
 
 The accompanying plates of these two flowers can be 
 studied. What I have recently noted in groves and plan- 
 tations of rostrata is a tendency in the bud caps to vary 
 toward the tereticornis form. The similarity of the oils 
 suggests the possible propriety of reducing tereticornis to a 
 form of rostrata. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Bosisto, one of the first and largest pro- 
 ducers of Eucalyptus oil, of Victoria, Australia, gives the 
 following as his experience in the yield of Eucalyptus oils 
 from the various species. 
 
 From 1000 lbs. fresh leaves with their stalklets and 
 branchlets. 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis. 7 oz. 
 
 melliodora 7 " 
 
 " rostrata 15 " 
 
 " obliqua 80 " 
 
 " globulus 120 " 
 
 ' ' goniocalyx 150 " 
 
 ' ' leucoxylon 160 " 
 
 oleosa (mixed with other species 
 
 of mallee scrub) 200 " 
 
 " amygdalina 500 " 
 
 Mr. Bosisto's leucoxylon is probably the present sider- 
 oxylon. Otherwise the marked differences are in Eucalyp- 
 tus amygdalina, in which he doubles our highest yield ; in 
 Eucalyptus obliqua which he also doubles ; and in Eucalyp- 
 tus rostrata where he gets 15 oz. to our 55.54 oz., or about 
 one-fourth of our yield. Such differences can not be plaus- 
 ibly attributed to differences in the season of the year when 
 the foliage was gathered or to the soil or situation of the 
 trees tried, although these points would doubtless become 
 appreciable to some extent after study. Just indeed as 
 oranges show differences in the yield and character of the 
 fruit according to the condition and climate to which the 
 
282 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 orchards are subjected, so also Eucalyptus oils from the 
 same species in different places may be presumed to some- 
 what vary. But as a blood orange cannot be expected on 
 a navel tree, nor a pomola grape fruit on a St. Michael, 
 nor a lemon on any orange tree, so we could not get 15 
 oz. from 1000 lbs. of Eucalyptus rostrata leaves in Aus- 
 tralia and 55^ oz. from rostrata in California. We assume 
 that Mr. Bosisto did not have the foliage of rostrata, but 
 that of some other tree. 
 
 The oil of Eucalyptus Staigeriana alluded to by Prof. 
 Maiden has a very attractive oil containing citral. It is 
 spoken of as the most delicately fragrant of the Eucalyptus 
 oils. The tree seems to be quite unknown to Australian 
 seedsmen. The habitat of this tree is in Queensland, I 
 believe, on the Palmer River, though I have been unable 
 to find or recall the authority for this statement. Dr. 
 Woodbridge feels that only the door has been opened in 
 his examinations on the specie characteristics of Eucalyptus 
 oils. 
 
EUCALYPTUS. 283 
 
 EUCALYPTUS OILS. 
 
 By S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. D. 
 
 Chemical authorities in technical works and encyclope- 
 dias have always divided the oils from the products of 
 growth in two classes : 
 
 1. Fixed or fatty oils, and 
 
 2. Essential or volatile oils. 
 
 The fixed or fatty oils are described as follows : Char- 
 acterized by their ability to communicate to paper and like 
 substances a permanent translucent grease-spot, and they 
 caimot be volatilized except by "destructive distillation" 
 at high temperatures. 
 
 The essential or volatile oils are described as not being 
 oleaginous to the touch and make no permanent grease- 
 spot ; they are distilled at various temperatures, unchanged. 
 
 Accepting these definitions as true, and it does not 
 appear that they have ever been questioned, it is difficult 
 to see how the oils of the various Eucalypti can be defined 
 under either of the above classes. Of a large variety that 
 have been tried all are unctious to the tou:h but leave no 
 permanent grease-spot on paper nor does it require a 
 "destructive distillation" to volatilize the greater portion 
 of them, although the last portions of all of them that 
 have been tried, require a ''destructive distillation;" 
 neither, on the contrary, do they volatilize at ordinary 
 temperature nor volatilize at all unchanged, but a variety 
 of products come over at different temperatures far above 
 the boiling point of water, each of which has very different 
 characteristics from the oil and from every other product 
 obtained. 
 
284 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 The Eucalyptus oil might be described as a "compound 
 oil," some of the constituents of which volatilize at various 
 temperatures with a residue that cannot be volatilized except 
 by "destructive distillation." 
 
 The Eucalyptus oils of commerce are obtained from 
 the leaves of the different varieties of Eucalyptus, by dis- 
 tillation in an ordinary still and condensing coil. The best 
 results were obtained when the steam pressure in the boiler 
 was maintained at not less than eighty pounds, and when 
 the leaves were put in the still loosely in such a way that 
 they could not pack down. Repeated trials show that by 
 crowding the still a loss of between twenty-five and twenty- 
 eight per cent, resulted; i. e., less oil would come over 
 when the leaves were packed in the still, or allowed by 
 their own weight to pack down. This packing of the 
 leaves can be avoided by putting in a layer of leaves, say, 
 one foot in thickness, then a porous frame or lattice rack 
 made to rest on the sides of the still or cage. On this 
 frame or rack another layer of leaves could be placed, and 
 on these another frame, and so on, until the cage or still 
 was filled. The reason for this want of recovering all the 
 oil in a closely packed still will be readily understood when 
 it is considered that the oils are non-volatile at the tem- 
 perature of the steam within the still, but are taken up 
 mechanically by the steam and carried over with it. 
 The pressure in the still never exceeded fifteen pounds, 
 therefore the heat could not have exceeded 248 degrees, F., 
 a temperature at which only a very small portion of 
 oil will volatilize. 
 
 The following table will show the amounts of oil yielded 
 by some 26 varieties of Eucalyptus, together with their 
 specific gravities and colors : 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 285 
 
 Eucalyptus. 
 
 Amount of 
 
 Oil in 1000 
 
 lbs leaves 
 
 Av. Oz. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity 
 
 Color 
 
 Amygdalina 
 
 Amygdalina Regnans 
 
 Amygdalina angustifolia... 
 Sideroxylon, var. pallida... 
 
 Sideroxylon 
 
 Globulus 
 
 Occidentalis 
 
 Occidentalis Californica... 
 
 Citriodora 
 
 Pauciflora 
 
 Rostra ta 
 
 Di versicolor 
 
 Tereticornis 
 
 Obliqua 
 
 Stuartiana 
 
 Leucoxylon 
 
 Botry oides 
 
 Macrorrhyncha 
 
 Cornuta 
 
 Mortoniana 
 
 McClatchiei 
 
 Viminalis 
 
 Calophylla 
 
 Rudis 
 
 Siderophloia 
 
 Gunnii 
 
 256.5 
 180.5 
 
 148.7 
 
 181.36 
 
 149.6 
 
 134.8 
 
 101.4 
 95-8 
 80.52 
 67.17 
 
 55-44 
 
 54- 18 
 
 5L34 
 
 46.34 
 
 39-17 
 
 33-3 
 
 3I-I3 
 
 19-5 
 
 27.1 
 
 10.90 
 
 12.15 
 
 n-5 
 
 11. 
 
 Nom. only 
 
 None 
 
 878 
 9163 
 9149 
 9176 
 921 1 
 
 9143 
 9146 
 
 9^3 
 8797 
 8792 
 8942 
 
 913 
 892 
 8912 
 9239 
 
 \ Clear, yellow 
 I tinge" 
 Nile green 
 
 Greenish tinge 
 
 Nile green 
 
 Dark olive green 
 ^ Light greenish 
 ( yellow- 
 Light yellow 
 ( Light j^ellow 
 ] greenish tinge 
 Water white 
 
 Light lemon gr'n 
 
 Amber 
 
 Lemon yellow 
 
 Deep yellow 
 
 Port wine 
 
 Bistre 
 
 Sap green 
 
 Olive yellow 
 ( Light emerald 
 I green 
 i Dark emerald 
 I green 
 
286 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 A mere glance at the above table will show how very 
 different in color, specific gravities, and amounts of yield 
 the different varieties of Eucalyptus are and the character- 
 istic odors are as diversified as their other points, indeed 
 they are so different that it might be possible to identify 
 the variety by its oil. 
 
 The variety Gunnii yielded no oil, but during distilla- 
 tion, an non-condensible vapor came over, which had a tem- 
 perature of 58 degres, F., and filled the room with the char- 
 acteristic odor of bitter almonds. 
 
 Of all the twenty-six varieties distilled, but seven or 
 eight seem to yield sufficient oil to pay for extracting and 
 the maufacturer should see to it that other varieties of 
 leaves are not allowed to be mixed with these varieties 
 when buying. Indeed, only one variety of leaves should 
 be placed in the still at one time ; this rule should be 
 carried out until such time as the value of each variety of 
 oil could be determined. 
 
 Re=distillation. 
 
 With the single exception of citriodora oil, it is neces- 
 sary to re-distill Eucalyptus oils and they all carry some 
 trace of their original color with them. If, however, they 
 are re-distilled with from three to four times their weight 
 of water, always using the water of distillation from first 
 distillation and one part in forty of caustic potash of the 
 best quality, such as Babbit's, a water white oil can be 
 obtained. 
 
 On partial distillation of the Eucalyptus globulus about 
 4 per cent, comes over at a temperature below 170 degrees 
 C, from 57 to 60 per cent, comes over between 175 and 180 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 287 
 
 degrees C, and twenty-four to twenty-six per cent, from 
 180 to 230, after which a "destructive distillation" begins. 
 In making a series of re-distillations and partial distil- 
 lations, Mr. E. M. Wade, gave his very valuable assistance 
 and it is cause for regret that neither time nor opportunity 
 has enabled us to decide what were the different products 
 of these partial distillations with the single exception of 
 that portion of the oil which came over between 175 and 
 180 degrees, which is Eucalyptol, but we cannot agree with 
 the authority which follows, that it crystallizes at a tem- 
 perature of one degree C, or at any other lower temper- 
 ature. 
 
 THE CHEMISTRY OF THE AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS 
 VEGETATION. 
 
 Presidential Address of M. J. H. Maiden, F. C. S., F. E. S., &c, 
 President of Section B. Chemistry, &c. 
 
 Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. 
 
 (Cineol is the same as Eucalyptol K.) 
 
 Eucalyptus Oil. 
 
 The scientific investigation of individual Eucalyptus Oils is in a very 
 incomplete state, and from the special circumstances connected with 
 them, Australian chemists possess peculiar advantages for their examin- 
 ation. They afford a peculiarly tempting subject for research. 
 
 The Oleum Eucalypti of the B. P. of 1885 is defined as " the oil dis- 
 tilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus 
 amygdalina, Labill., and probably other species of Eucalyptus. 
 
 " Characters and Tests. — Colorless or pale straw-colored, becoming 
 darker and thicker by exposure. It has an aromatic odor, and a spicy 
 and pungent flavor, leaving a sensation of coldness in the mouth. It is 
 neutral to litmus paper. Specific gravity about 0.900. Soluble in about 
 an equal weight of alcohol." 
 
 The unsatisfactoriness or this definition is recognized by the British 
 Pharmaceutical Conference, for in question 14 (1894 meeting) it is stated : 
 
288 EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 — " Ol. Eucalypti B. P., a more precise definition of this oil is required." 
 I very much regret that the researches on the numerous substances 
 known as eucalyptus oil are not sufficiently complete to be available to 
 the Committee appointed to prepare the new Pharmacopoeia. Whatever 
 decision may be arrived at as regards standards for this oil must neces- 
 sarily be based on imperfect information. 
 
 Without taking note of well-marked varieties there are in Australia 
 about 150 different kinds of eucalypti. A large number of these yield 
 oil, or are capable of yielding it commercially ; even yet, with all the 
 work that has been lavished on them, we have no accurate knowledge of 
 10 per cent, of these oils. We have accurate (and more or less complete) 
 knowledge of those oi Eucalyptus globulus, Labill., Eucalyptus amygda- 
 lina, Labill., Eucalyptus cneorifolia, Eucalyptus macula ta, var. citriodora, 
 and meagre knowledge of a few others. Why ? Mainly because of the 
 difficulty of obtaining authentic material for research, except from stills 
 situate in the midst of a forest of Eucalyptus of one species and no other. 
 I am perfectly certain from my own tests, and from my botanical knowl- 
 edge of the districts from which oils labelled in a particular way were 
 obtained, that the oils of many workers are often mixed oils. In adding 
 to my collection of oils for research I have endeavored to call in the aid 
 of distillers in different parts of the country, with the view to have the 
 stills charged with one kind of leaves and no other, but the owners are 
 often very suspicious, and their oils are not to be relied upon for research 
 work. Amongst what I may call educated distillers, very few are will- 
 ing to submit their oils to the research analyst. 
 
 I have bought a large number of oils in open market and have ac- 
 quired other oils uncler special circumstances, but as regards the oils of 
 many species, I find my only course is to distil them myself. The still is 
 under construction in the Technical College, and I have made arrange- 
 ments to send my own collector to collect leaves botanically true. I thus 
 begin on the bed-rock, just as I have with gums, tans and timbers. My 
 only regret is that from the nature of things, the research must be pro- 
 tracted. Meantime, I have a good deal of material to work upon, more 
 in fact than I can get through with in a considerable period with the 
 present demands on my time. In this connection I would point out that 
 if country pharmaceutical chemists have neither the time nor the inclina- 
 tion for research work on Eucalyptus oils, they could do yeoman service 
 in the matter by supervising the distillation of Eucalyptus oils true to 
 name for research purposes. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus. Labill. — This is a Tasmanian and Victorian 
 tree which is practically unknown in the other colonies to the average 
 citizen. It has been largely planted in other countries, and so often 
 written about that many people — even in these colonies — think that there 
 is but one Eucalyptus, and its name is globulus. In other words, that 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 289 
 
 Eucalyptus and globulus are convertible terms. This accounts for the 
 preponderance of the literature of Eucalyptus globulus. At the same time 
 Eucalyptus globulus is an oil which may readily be obtained in a state 
 of purity, so that the researches of vSchimmel, Wilkinson, and other 
 modern workers referring to it may be relied upon. 
 
 This oil is largely in favor in Europe. The Eucalyptus plantations 
 of Algeria now yield a considerable quantity of oil, and there is a ten- 
 dency to supplant the oil produced by the native country of the species. 
 I observe that Schirnmel & Co. , guarantee 60 per cent, of Cineol in their 
 oil and absence of Phellandrene, " which latter constituent is present in 
 Australian oil." * 
 
 Schimmel gives the percentage of yield of oil from raw material from 
 1.6 per cent. In Gippsland the usual percentage is perhaps 1.25 to 1.5. 
 The same firmf also gives the sp. gr. at 15 deg. C. at from .91 to .93. A 
 complete analysis shows the presence of Valeraldehyde, Butyraldehyde ; 
 Capronaldehyde, and Pinene, in addition to Cineol. Optical rotation, 1 
 deg. to 20 deg. Wilkinson gives the specific gravity from .89 to 95. 
 Usually it is well over .9, readily satisfying the requirements of the B. P. 
 
 in this respect. 
 
 * Bericbt, October, 1893. 
 t Bericbt, October, 1893, p. 19. 
 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill. — This tree, which principally goes 
 underthename of "Peppermint" of one sort or another, is found in 
 Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales, being more 
 widely distributed in the last colony than it was supposed to be. It is 
 not only very abundant but it grows to a very large size, and its oil yield 
 is comparatively great (2 to 3 per cent.) We know very little yet of the 
 variation in the oils of the Eucalyptus caused by different circumstances 
 of habitat, size and season of growth of the trees. My experiments with 
 amygdalina tend to show that its specific gravity is low (say from .862 to 
 .885 in ordinary samples); it contains but little Cineol, and an over- 
 whelming proportion of Phellandrene. I observe, however that Wil- 
 kinson * gives the specific gravity of oil of this species (taking only two 
 decimals) at .85 to .89, and from .91 to .96 (a blended oil.) 
 
 * Proc.^. S , Vict. 2, vi. 197. 
 
 E. amygdalina is very largely sold in Australia under the generic 
 term of " Eucalyptus Oil," but it is also a great deal used for blending, 
 so that I doubt whether much arrives in England in the pure state. In 
 fact blending is a good deal more resorted to than is usually imagined. 
 
 Schimmel & Co. state that the oil of Eucalyptus crebra, and E. hemi- 
 phloia are very rich in Cineol.* The former is the narrow-leaved " Iron- 
 bark " and the latter is " Grey Box." Both trees are very abundant, 
 and should be tested for oil yield. The same firm also state that the oil 
 19 
 
. 2 go EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 of E. microcorys, F. v. M. (Tallow Wood) contains Cineol, has a sp. gr. 
 of .935, and boils between 160 and 200 .| Staiger states that the leaves 
 yield about 2 per cent, of oil, and I certainly think that this is a species 
 which should be carefully tried by the distiller. E. odorato, Behr (sp. gr. 
 .907), containing Cuminol in addition to Cineol, should also be tried. 
 Schimmel also states that E. populifolia, Hook, contains " a fair propor- 
 tion of Cineol. I have recently examined the oil E. pulveruletita (Ar- 
 gyle Apple), which has not been previously described. It is of a bright 
 green color, like Cajeput, has a specific gravity of .9145 at 23 degs. C, 
 gives excellent results for Cineol, and shows only the slightest indica- 
 tions of Phellandrene. When re-distilled, aldehydes comtnence to come 
 over at no deg. C. and between this and 171 deg. C, when the tempera- 
 ture becomes stationary, 10 per cent, has distilled over. An additional 
 .85 per cent, comes over between 171 degs. and 195 degs. This distillate is 
 a very good oil, only showing a slight tinge of green, is rich in Cineol 
 and almost free from Phellandrene. It has a sp. gr. of .912 at 25 degs. 
 kC. This oil is very full of promise, and I intend to further examine it. 
 
 *Btricht, April, 1893, p. 38. 
 fib., Oct. 1893, p. 21. 
 
 "Schimmel has examined the oil of E. rostrata, Schlecht.* (Murray 
 red gum). Its sp. gr. at 15 degs. C. is .924, and optical rotation 12 58'. 
 Besides Cineol, it contains valeraldehyde. This species is worthy of 
 proper practical tests. The same firm, however, find no Cineol in a 
 Queensland sample of E. tereticomis oil. If this be confirmed it will be 
 remarkable, considering the close botanical affinity of this and the pre- 
 ceding species. 
 
 * r Bericbt, Oct. 1893, p. 21. 
 
 For practical purposes it is convenient to deal with the inallee oils 
 •separately. The vegetation of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is 
 mainly composed of a mallee — the "narrow-leaf peppermint" (E. cneori- 
 folia) — and it yields an oil of high specific gravity and Cineol percent- 
 age, and contains little or no aldehyde. The oil of E. dumosa is also 
 valuable. That of E. oleosa has been examined by Schimmel,* who pro- 
 nounces it to contain both Cineol and Cuminol. Itssp. gr. at 15 deg. C. 
 -is .915 to .925, and optical rotation 3 deg. and 5 deg., Wilkinson. 
 
 Bericbt, Oct., 1893, p. 2r. 
 
 The term oleosa has, however, been sometimes used in a generic 
 sense, and hence we cannot always guarantee that the oils labeled ' ' ole- 
 osa " are the sole product of E. oleosa, F. v. M. There are other species 
 of Mallee, but as some confusion has arisen in regard to their various 
 products a monograph of Mallee oils would be invaluable. 
 
 Under the head of " Scented or Perfume Oils," that of E. maculata, 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. zgi 
 
 Hook., var. Citriodora, stands pre-eminent. It has contained* as much 
 as 95 percent, of citronellon and 5 per cent, of geraniol. It is soluble in 
 from 4 to 5 parts of 70 per cent, alcohol. One sample was optically inac- 
 tive, another slightly dextrogyre. Boils between 209 deg. and 220 deg., 
 sp. gr. .87 to .90,* but .87 to .88, according to Wilkinson. 
 
 The oil of the " Lemon-scented Ironbark " (E. Staigeriana) F. v. M. 
 is even more sweetly scented. It is high in oil yield. Its sp. gr. at 15 
 deg. C. is .88, and it boils between 223 deg. and 233 deg. It contains 
 Citral.f Owing to their volatile nature these oils have not been that 
 commercial success it was hoped they would have been. 
 
 *Bericht, October, 1893. fib- 
 
 Cineol (Eucalvptol) is represented by the formula Cio H16 O. Its 
 specific gravity is .930, and boiling point 176-177 deg. C. It is a colorless 
 and transparent liquid, is optically inactive, and belongs to the Camphor 
 Group. It crystallises at a low temperature ( 1 deg. C), and this property 
 enables it to be separated (by repeated crystallizations) in a pure state 
 from mixtures containing it. In our warm climate the separation of crys- 
 tallizable Cineol is attended with difficulty, particularly if it contain ter- 
 penes, for those bodies are solvent in Cineol. In fact the presence of 
 Cineol in an oil rich in turpenes is very difficult to detect, and hence such 
 oils have often been returned as containing no Cineol, when, as a matter 
 of fact, they do contain it. There are certain chemicals tests for the de- 
 tection of Cineol, but they are by no means easy of application. 
 
 It has been assumed, and it has been endeavored to prove, that Cin- 
 eol is the only therapeutically active constituent of Eucalyptus oils. It 
 is the practice of some to determine the value of Eucalyptus Oils simply 
 according to the percentage of Cineol. But we must suspend our judg- 
 ment in regard to Cineol being the only valuable constituent of Eucalyp- 
 tus Oil. I am personally aware of beneficial effects which have attended 
 the use (for inhalations, etc.) of oils which I have shown to practically 
 consist of Phellandrene. Endeavors are made to completely replace 
 Eucalyptus Oil in therapeutics by the pure body (Cineol). I do not dis- 
 pute the therapeutic value of Cineol, and while I am fully aware of the 
 advantage in therapeutics of dealing with a substance of defined chemi- 
 cal composition, it will be found impossible in practice to supplant the 
 innumerable Eucalyptus Oils of all degrees of Cineol content, and some 
 of which are nearly or entirely destitute of it. 
 
 Cineol has been included in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. 
 Tests imposed, in addition to those indicated above, are that equal parts 
 of Cineol and soda-solution shaken together, must not change in propor- 
 tion of volume; also, the alcoholic solution must not alter the color of 
 litmus-paper, nor assume a brown or violet color by the addition of a 
 drop of solution of ferric chloride, showing absence of phenols. 
 
2 g 2 EbCAL YPTUS. 
 
 Pheflandrene. — This is one of the several free terpenes represented 
 by the formula Cio H16. It is capable of existing in two optical modifi- 
 cations, one turning the plane of polarized light to the left and the other 
 to the right. It boils at about 170 degrees. 
 
 With many writers on Eucalyptus Oils, it is a veritable pariah 
 amongst terpenes, its presence disqualifying a Eucalyptus Oil. Those 
 who object to its presence look upon it as a mere diluent of Eucalyptus 
 Oil, stating that it possesses no medicinal properties that are not pos- 
 sessed by the terpenes of the cheaper oil of turpsntine. At the same 
 time we have no direct evidence that the terpene phellandrene is not a 
 therapeutically active constituent of Eucalyptus Oil. In some it is en- 
 tirely absent, in most it exists in greater or less quantity. It my be readily 
 detected in an oil if treated with a concentrated solution of sodium ni- 
 trate. If a few drops of glacial acetic acid be added to the mixture a 
 copious formation of crystals of phellandrene nitrate (of a whitish color) 
 ensues. 
 
 Aldehydes. — The pungent and irritating odor of the oils of some 
 species is owing to the presence of aldehydes, and fortunately there is no 
 real difficulty in removing them by rectification. These cough-producing 
 substances should always be removed, and I have heard a curious reason 
 why manufacturers retain them in some oils. It is that the public like a 
 pronounced flavor; some " fire in the oil," in fact. But I hope that the 
 taste of the public will become enlightened, for these aldehydes may 
 cause most serious results in persons suffering from throat, bronchial, or 
 lung troubles, while I know of no compensating value whatever. 
 
 At the same time there are some sweet-scented and non-injurious 
 aldehydes, e.g., citronellon, which forms so large a proportion of the oil 
 of E. maculata, var. citriodora. 
 
 Various Eucalyptus oils contain other other constituents, but they 
 are of minor importance. 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 293 
 
 N0TE6 AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Through a most unfortunate revision after I had last 
 seen the proofs several errors have crept into the page 
 speaking of those who have assisted in this work. 
 
 Prof. J. H. Maiden is not only a distinguished chemist 
 but is also a leading botanist of Australia, but his botan- 
 ical work was not alluded to. Prof. Maiden, F. L. S., F. 
 C. S., etc., is curator of the technological museum, Syd- 
 ney, consulting botanist to the Forest Department of New 
 South Wales, and a well known and highly appreciated 
 writer on Australian Economic Botany. 
 
 Dr. B. E. Fernow has an "n" instead of a "w" at the 
 end of his name. I am somewhat indebted to the works 
 of Prof. Tomasi Crudeli, and regret to see his name mis- 
 spelled. 
 
 In line 28, page 25, the word "sort" should be "sport." 
 On page 24 allusion is made to the use of Eucalyptus 
 globulus in keeping boilers clean and free from incrustation. 
 The foliage was at first used for this, but now we use the 
 molasses-like black residue left after distilling the oil from 
 the foliage. 
 
2 94 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 The investigations of Prof. Maiden on the Eucalyptus 
 kinos indicate that many of the statements previously made 
 regarding the kino-contents of the wood of various species 
 are inaccurate. 
 
 A number of typographical mistakes occur, some of 
 which require correction. On page 182, No. 10, Eucalyp- 
 tus buprestium is misspelled. On page 184, No. 4, Euca- 
 lyptus leucoxylon, there should be a description of Euca- 
 lyptus sideroxylon as a distinct species. This can be had 
 by a reference to the account of that tree. On page 192, 
 No. 50, Eucalyptus tereticornis is misspelled. On page 193 
 Eucalyptus Mortoniana, named for the present Secretary of 
 Agriculture by me, should have a capital M. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta sometimes has pink buds that are 
 profuse and very striking, at other times stalklet, calyx 
 and cap will be a cream white with a yellow tinting. 
 Through a mistake this interesting tree has two allotments 
 of space in the general description. The vigorous growth 
 of Eucalyptus botryoides directly on the coast at Santa 
 Monica during the period free from the trade wind has not 
 enabled the young trees later to stand this wind as well as 
 we had expected. 
 
 Prof. Maiden writes me that the reports of extreme 
 height in the Eucalyptus are not now deemed reliable. 
 He thinks that 350 feet is about the maximum height that 
 can be attributed to any of them. 
 
 As information accumulates there is more and more 
 indication for two species in the present viminalis. From 
 Antelope Valley two trial plantations of this species have 
 shown a very divergent power of frost resistance. This may 
 turn out on examination to be due to the presence of the 
 two forms. Mr. Gill says he also has noted the two forms 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 293 
 
 of Eucalyptus viminalis, the more spreading being found in 
 the southwestern border of Victoria, while the whiter and 
 more erect form is found in the mountain ranges, especially 
 in those behind Adelaide. The specimens in the Antelope 
 Valley are not yet matured enough for us to tell one from 
 the other in our present lack of knowledge. No viminalis 
 timber is spoken of as first quality, but it is by some 
 called fair and by others worthless. These varying reports- 
 may be due to the different forms of viminalis producing 
 timber of different values. The characteristic viminalis has 
 nearly always three flowers to the umbel, as represented in 
 Von Mueller's plate ; but some of the rough barked forms 
 here have six or seven flowers to the umbel, generally six. 
 These may be mere sports. A careful examination of many 
 smooth-barked viminalis now in bloom here shows them to 
 have three flowers to the umbel. Further notes on bloom- 
 ing seasons of the Eucalyptus show them to be very irreg- 
 ular. Some notes on this point are added. 
 
 Calophylla and robusta, December, January and Feb- 
 ruary. Calophylla entirely over February 8th. Robusta 
 just going out of bloom. Cornuta, diversicolor and botry- 
 oides out of bloom, buds look as if they would be in 
 about June. Amygdalina just coming in again; also citri- 
 odora, polyanthema, globulus and resinifera in full bloom, 
 Sideroxylon blooming, viminalis and cornuta in bloom 
 May 1st. 
 
 May 7th Sideroxylon, var. pallida, Stuartiana, citriodora r 
 obliqua and tereticornis are all in full bloom. Some Calo- 
 phyllas are in bloom while others have already the fruits 
 hard and nearly mature. 
 
 A report was recently brought to me that the flowers 
 of Eucalyptus tereticornis were fatal to bees. It was no 
 
296 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 half way affair like the intoxication of the bee by the 
 poppy, but death absolute. I have been observing bees in 
 the blooms of Eucalyptus tereticornis since then and have 
 failed to note any unpleasant effect on these busy bodies. 
 At Dr. Wernigk's, in the Alhambra, ttere are a number 
 of swarms of bees adjoining a grove of Eucatyptus. In 
 this grove are both tereticornis and rostrata. Eucalyptus 
 tereticornis is in full bloom and the bees visit it freely. 
 In looking under the trees, on the bee line to the hives 
 and at the entrance I found one dead bee. The bees and 
 the trees have been at the Doctor's for a long time. 
 During this period he has never noticed dead bees about 
 his place. Chickens might have eaten the dead bees. The 
 report, however, recalls the one from Riverside on Eucalyp- 
 tus rostrata, its close ally, as an apicide. My observations 
 then fail to confirm those of Dr. Woodbridge and Mr. 
 Shorting at South Pasadena. 
 
 Dr. Woodbridge tells me that he saw about a dozen 
 bees drop and die in a grove of Eucalyptus tereticornis 
 and he presumes it was after visiting the flowers. The 
 Doctor is a careful and reliable observer and we must 
 therefore look out for both tereticornis and rostrata in bee 
 territory. I visited the South Pasadena grove cited and 
 observed great numbers of bees working on the profuse and 
 beautiful tereticornis flowers. I saw none fall, nor did the 
 bees appear to be in any way unusually affected. I found 
 on the ground one dead bee. Again, chickens might account 
 for this absence of dead bees. Mr. Shorting assures me 
 that a large number of dead bees were on the road near 
 this grove a few days ago. The largest and oldest groves 
 of Eucalyptus tereticornis and of Eucalyptus rostrata in 
 this State are at El wood. Hon. El wood Cooper informs 
 
EUCAL YPTUS. 297 
 
 me that no unfavorable report has come to him on the 
 effect of the flowers of these trees on bees. If the nectar 
 from these trees is bad for bees it is difficult to believe 
 that an observant and public-spirited citizen like Mr. 
 Cooper would not have noted it iti all the years he has 
 had these trees about his estate. There are both domes- 
 ticated and wild bees in plenty about Mr. Cooper's groves. 
 No ill effects on these have been noted from the flowers 
 of any Eucalyptus. 
 
 To make more sure, I have taken another half day 
 under an Eucalyptus tereticornis located in a gorge of the 
 Sierra Madre Mountains. Near the tree was a large bank 
 of orange-colored mimulus and bushes of the bear berry or 
 wild coffee. The mimulus was visited by a large wild bee 
 suggesting the bumble-bee. This big bee did not visit 
 any of the other neighboring flowers, neither did the 
 honey bees visit the mimulus. The honey bees seemed 
 especially fond of the small obscure greenish flowers 
 of the wild coffee. Numbers of bees visited the freshly 
 opened flowers of Eucalyptus tereticornis. No ill effects 
 appeared, neither could I find any dead bees under this 
 tree. In this case chickens were absolutely excluded 
 as scavengers. Ants visited the older flowers and seemed 
 to find something interesting at the base of the stamens. 
 No ill effects were noticeable in the ants. It would appear 
 probable, then, that the dead bees observed near the grove 
 of tereticornis at South Pasadena came to their untimely 
 end from causes independent of the flowers of Eucalyptus 
 tereticornis. 
 
 One tree of Eucalyptus tereticornis at Dr. Wernigk's 
 again shows the peculiar trait, frequent in the genus Euca- 
 lyptus, of different colored flowers on the same tree and 
 
2 9 8 EUCAL YPTUS. 
 
 even on the same branch. In this case about half the 
 flowers were cream white, the other half were tinted with 
 purple. The flower cap, calyx and stalklet of each flower 
 was cream white with only a suggestion of purple on- the 
 cap of some. 
 
 The seedlings of Eucalyptus calophylla of the claimed 
 scarlet flower are now up. These differ from our Calo- 
 phylla in having a rounder leaf and of much darker color. 
 The young growth, both leaf and stem, in this new form 
 is a deep claret red. The stems of the common calophylla 
 seedlings are green. These seeds were sent to me through 
 the courtesy of T. F. Baumgardt, of Brisbane, Queensland. 
 The seeds, however, did not come from that colony. 
 
 The excellent detail work in the botanical illustrations 
 I owe to the artistic capacity of Mr. George Steckel of Los 
 Angeles. The photographs from which these illustrations 
 were made can be had from Mr. Steckel. The carbon 
 prints are both beautiful and accurate. 
 
 Mr.. Francis Shorting is the first man of whom I have 
 information to polish and prepare for use the seed vessels 
 of Eucalyptus calophylla and Eucalyptus ficifolia for pipes. 
 
 Recent reports from Bakersfield and its surrounding 
 districts make a striking showing of the disappearance of 
 the old malignant malarial fevers since and during the large 
 plantings of Eucalyptus. 
 
 There are two cuts of Eucalyptus polyanthema. They 
 indicate a tendency to differentiation in this tree or per- 
 haps a distinct variety. The round leaf form is the most 
 attractive looking but may not grow as fast as the more 
 narrow leaved form. 
 
NDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Aboriginal Australian and Vernacular Names of 
 
 Species 272 
 
 Adaptation of Soil, Climate and Other Conditions to 
 
 Species 32, 40 
 
 Advantages of the Different Species, Passim. 
 
 Amygdalina ( Illustrated ) 66 
 
 Five varieties, peppermint odor, handsome, and bears frost, 
 
 Antherel System, Adopted by Author 176 
 
 Anthers Magnified 60 Diameters (Illustrated). 
 
 Bark 124-130 
 
 Bee Feed 121 
 
 Blue Gum, see Globulus. 
 
 Blooming Season 295 
 
 Books and Other Sources of Information 10 
 
 Botanically Treated 176-208 
 
 Botryoides 1 1 r 
 
 Rapid grower. Vigorous. Desirable road tree. 
 
 Buprestium 109 
 
 Will grow on sandy places, but is of uncertain value. 
 
 Callophylla ( Illustrated ) 107 
 
 Slow growth, but valuable for timber. 
 
 Chemistry of the Australian Indigenous Vegetation . 287 
 
 Cineol, same as Eucalyptol 287 
 
 Cornuta 87 
 
 Attractive, graceful tree. 
 
 Corynocalyx, Sugar Gum ( Illustrated ) 49 
 
 Leaves eaten by sheep. Handsome foliage. Resists drought. 
 
 Culture, Seeds, Young Plants 28-30, 167-168 
 
 Dimensions of Trees 9-12, 294 
 
 Division of Subject 3 
 
 Diversicolor ( Karri) 69 
 
 Immense size. Foliage green and attractive. 
 
 Dorotoxylon 89 
 
 Slim, but pretty for ornamental plantings. 
 
 Eucalyptol, (Eucalypt(us)ol(eum) 278 
 
 See Oils. 
 
 Eugenioides 104 
 
 Valued for timber. Dense foliage. 
 
 Experiments by Author at Santa Monica and Kinneloa 
 
 on Growth, Temperature and Other Conditions.. 14, 34 
 
it INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Ficifolia, (Illustrated) 108 
 
 Ornamental. Flowers brilliant scarlet. 
 
 Flowers 27, 29 
 
 Frost 18, 20, 32, 34 
 
 Foliage of Various Species 26 
 
 Genus, General Points 8 
 
 Globulus (Blue Gum) 35 
 
 Valuable for many purposes, A "jack of all trades " tree. 
 
 Glossary of Terms Used in Describing Plants 209-244 
 
 Gomphocephala 91 
 
 Slow grower, Timber valuable. 
 
 Goniocaly x 113 
 
 Hard, tough wood. Not likely to be largely raised here. 
 
 Gunnii 76 
 
 Resists frosts, but not valuable. 
 
 Haemastoma 94 
 
 Hemifolia 96 
 
 Recommended for dry, sandy soil, 
 
 Height of a Tree, Measured, (With Drawings.) 174 
 
 Historical Notices 10 
 
 Hybridization 23 
 
 Identification of Species Often Difficult 175 
 
 Incrassata 97 
 
 Heavily charged with oil. 
 
 Introduction to Various Countries 11 
 
 Illustrative Specimens, Where Found 42, 46, 48 
 
 Insect Pests 36, 43 
 
 Jarrab, See Marginata 
 
 Kino .' 164 
 
 Kino, Analyzed 165-167 
 
 Iyehmanni 88 
 
 Deucoxylon 80 
 
 Longifolia 78 
 
 Mainly used for fuel. Abounds in bee feed. 
 
 Location of specimens at Santa Monica, Kinneloa 
 and elsewhere may be found under the differ- 
 ent species. 
 
 Macrorrhyncha (illustrated) 95 
 
 Irregular in growth. 
 
 Maculata var. Citriodora (illustrated) 89 
 
 Manna Gum, see Viminalis. 
 
 Marginata (Jarrah) ; 42 
 
 Megacarpa . , no 
 
INDEX. Hi 
 
 Page 
 
 Melliodora 98 
 
 Microtheca 83 
 
 Adapted to torrid desert regions. Its roots furnish water. 
 
 Miniata 116 
 
 Crimson flowers. 
 
 Medicinal, being a general statement with extracts 
 from the Materia Medica, Medical Journals, Re- 
 ports of eminent physicians, and scientific state- 
 ments of the properties and uses of Eucalyptus 
 
 in their relation to disease 147-164 
 
 Number of Species 11 
 
 Obcordata 93 
 
 Small with dark red flowers. 
 
 Obliqua 94 
 
 Rapid grower, 
 
 Occidentalis (illustrated) 91 
 
 White flowers. Timber valuable. 
 
 Official incapacity and a public loss 44 
 
 Oils 278 
 
 Differ in color, odor, quantity and quality. Dis- 
 tillation of 26 species by Dr. Woodbridge. 
 
 Paper by him on the subject 283-287 
 
 Address on the subject by Prof. Maiden 287-292 
 
 Ornamentation of Roads S ^ 1 
 
 Propagation of Eucalyptus. See Culture. 
 
 Pauiculata 99 
 
 Pauciflora 100 
 
 Valuable for difficult places. 
 
 Pilularis 1 1 1 
 
 IJlegant, but not a fast grower. 
 
 Planchonianna 10 1 
 
 Suited to hot, dry regions. 
 
 Pollyanthema (illustrated) 76 
 
 A favorite species of the Author. Foliage and flowers delicate, 
 
 Punctata 114 
 
 Prefer dry and rocky situation. 
 
 Rapidity of Growth 13, 14, 18 
 
 Reclamation of Waste Dand 24 
 
 Resinifera 59 
 
 Large percentage of Kino. 
 
 Roads, How Made Beautiful 51 
 
 Robusta 47, 58 
 
 Popular as a Road Tree. 
 
iv INDEX. 
 
 Pag^ 
 
 Rostrata (Red Gum), Illustrated 60 
 
 Best on Wet Lands. 
 
 Rudis 117 
 
 Flowers with pink and cream white. 
 
 Retention of Vitality in Seed 30 
 
 Sanitary 1 3 l 
 
 Conflicting Evidence as to its Protecting from 
 
 Malaria 137 
 
 Effect on Insect and Bacterial Life 139 
 
 Effect on the Roman Campagna 146 
 
 Seeds 28 
 
 Seedlings (with illustration) 167 
 
 Siderophloia 101 
 
 An attractive tree, with economic value. 
 
 Sideroxylon (Illustrated) 80 
 
 Stuartiana (Illustrated) 65 
 
 Tereticornis (Illustrated) 102 
 
 Strong odor and hardy. 
 
 Tetraptera 116 
 
 Dwarf tree. 
 
 Species, Number and Adaptation 11 
 
 Variations 22 
 
 Synonyms and Terms Applied to Varieties 245 
 
 Sugar Gum (see Corynocalyx). 
 
 Timber Passim 249 
 
 U5E8 AND VALUE OP VARIOUS SPECIE6 ALPHABETICALLY 
 ARRANGED, 
 
 1 Bee feed 79-120 
 
 2 Fuel, Passim. 
 
 3 Kino 164 
 
 4 Oils 278 
 
 5 Ornamentation 50, 51 
 
 6 Reclamation of Lands 24 
 
 7 Sanitary and Medicinal 131, 147 
 
 8 Timber 249 
 
 9 Wind-breaks 24, 57 
 
 Variations found in same Species 22 
 
 Vernacular Names of Species in Australia 272 
 
 Found in California 277 
 
 Viminalis (Manna GumJ 63 
 
 Two varieties. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Woodbridge, Prof., Distillation of 26 species 283 
 
 His article on Oils 283-287 
 
 ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF 8PECIE6 SPECIFICALLY 
 TREATED OP. 
 
 Amygdalina (Illustrated) 66 
 
 Blue Gum (see Globulus). 
 
 Botryoides in 
 
 Buprestium 109 
 
 Calophylla (Illustrated) 107 
 
 Corynocalyx (Illustrated) 49 
 
 Cornuta (Illustrated) 87 
 
 Corymbosa 106 
 
 Diversicolor 69 
 
 Dorotoxylon 89 
 
 Eugenioides 104 
 
 Ficifolia (Illustrated) 108 
 
 Globulus (Illustrated) 35 
 
 Gomphocephala 91 
 
 Goniocalyx 113 
 
 Gunnii 76 
 
 Haemastoma 94 
 
 Hemiphloia 96 
 
 Incrassata 97 
 
 Jarrah, see Marginata. 
 
 Lehmanni 88 
 
 Leucoxylon 80 
 
 Longifolia 78 
 
 Macrorrhyncha (Illustrated) 95 
 
 Maculata, Var. Citriodora ( Illustrated) 89 
 
 Marginata ( Jarrah) 42 
 
 Megacarpa no 
 
 Melliodora 98 
 
 Microtheca 83 
 
 Minniata 116 
 
 Obliqua 94 
 
 Obcordata 93 
 
 Occidentalis ( Illustrated ) 91 
 
 Paniculata 99 
 
 Pauciflora 100 
 
 Pilularis 1 1 1 
 
 Planchonianna 101 
 
vi IXDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Polyanthema (Illustrated) 76 
 
 Punctata 114 
 
 Resinifera 59 
 
 Robusta (Illustrated) 47, 58 
 
 Rostrata (Illustrated) 60 
 
 Rudis 117 
 
 Saligna 115 
 
 Siderophloia 101 
 
 Sideroxylon (Illustrated) 80 
 
 Stuartiana (Illustrated) 65 
 
 Sugar Gum, See Carynocalyx 49 
 
 Tereticornis (Illustrated) 102 
 
 Tetraptera 116 
 
 Viminalis (Illustrated) 63 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 1 Height. Age and Girth of Trees 15, 16, 17 
 
 2 Analysis of Soil 17 
 
 3 Nursery Stock 54 
 
 4 Cortical Classification 130 
 
 5 Timber Experiments 251-270 
 
 6 Oils 281-285 
 
 AUTHORS AND 0THER8 AIDING IN THIS WORK, 
 
 Bayard, Hon. Thomas F. Maiden, Prof. J. H. 
 
 Brown, J. Ednie. Montgomery, Bishop G. 
 
 Carr, Prof, and Mrs. Jennie C. Ramel, M. P. 
 
 Clark, Byron O. Scharf and Shorting. 
 
 Cook, Prof. A. J. Shelton, E. M. 
 
 Cooper, Hon. Elwood. Steckel, George. 
 
 Crudeli, Prof. Tomasi. Stengel, L,. 
 
 Davis, George S. Stratton, General. 
 
 Fernow, Prof. B. E. Von Mueller,Baron Ferdinand. 
 
 Gianotti, Countess Constance. Wade, E. M. 
 
 Gill, Walter. Warren, Col. 
 
 McClatchie, Prof. H.J. Woodbridge, S. M., Ph. D. 
 
R E X A X T H E R E M P() R A X T II E R E JE 
 
 STROXGYLAXTHERE.E 
 
 3 
 
 ORTHAXTHERE.E 
 
 (> 
 
 a.i m°, Dei. 
 
 Key to Illustration of Anthers Magnified Sixty Diameters. 
 
 I — E. AMVGDALINA. 
 2— K. POLYANTHEMA. 
 
 3 — E. DIVERSICOLOR. 
 4— E. SIDEROPHLOIA. 
 
 5— E. ROSTRATA. 
 6— E. GUNNII. 
 
E. GLOBULUS, 
 
 With young opposite leaves, and the sirkle shaped alternate leaves taking possession. 
 
E. GLOBULES— In a Pasadena Garden. 
 
Avenue of E. GLOBULUS, South of Los Angeues. 
 
 Trees on right pallarded. 
 
E. STUARTIANA, with Prof. A. J. McCiATCHiE. 
 
E. AMYGDALINA, Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA— Pasadena. 
 
E. ROSTRATA— Nevada Ave., Santa Monica. 
 
E. POLYANTHEMA— Santa Monica. 
 
E. FICIFOLIA— Santa Monica. 
 
E. VIMINAIvIS— Pasadena. 
 
E. POLYANTHEMA. 
 
K. CORYNOCALVX. 
 
K. CALIFORNICA. 
 
E. MACRORRHYNCHA. 
 
E. AMYGDALINA, Jar. REGNANS. 
 
E. AMYGDALINA, Jar. ANGUSTIFOLIA. 
 
V 
 
 E. CALOPHYLLA. 
 
E CORNUTA. 
 
E. GLOBULUS 
 
E. MACULATA, Var. CITRIODORA. 
 
E. MORTONIANA. 
 
E. OCCIDENTALS. 
 
E. POLYANTHEMA 
 
E. ROSTRATA. 
 
V 
 
 *§• 
 
 LOS ANGELES. CAL. 
 R. BAUMQARDT & CO. 
 1896. 
 
 *