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 tilt writing att& ^lubliraliun of tljia booh. 
 
 Copyright igij by John S. Littell 
 
 /a^ 
 
L 
 
 Washington • 
 
 Chri^i 
 
 lan 
 
 By the REV. JOHN STOCKTON LITTELL, D. D., 
 Rector of St. James' Church, Keene, N. H. 
 
 Stories of'^^ross and Flag, 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Postpaid, twenty-five cents 
 
 THE HAMPSHIRE ART PRESS, 
 
 KEENE, N. H. 
 
 1913. 
 
j 
 
 
THE MATERIALS IN THIS ARTICLE ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING : 
 
 Baker : "Washington After the Revolution." 1898. " Itinerary o( General Washington, 75 —'83 ", 1892. 
 
 Barber and Howe: "Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey." 1844, p. 388. 
 
 Bassett: "The FederaliS System." 1906, p. 130. [Vol. 1 I in Professor Albert B. Hart's series, "The American 
 
 Nation.") 
 Beardsley. the Rev. Dr. E. E. : "History of the Church in Connecticut," 1874. Vol. 1, p 329. 
 Bolton. Charles K , Librarian of the Boilan Athenajum and Senior Warden of " the Old .North " [Chria] Church : 
 
 Guide Book. 
 Branscombe. Arthur: "The Cradle of the Washingtons," in Munsey's Magazine for February, 1896. 
 Brown: "The Church tor .Americans." 1909. pp. 408-41 1. 
 
 Buffalo "Express" for February 21. 1909. illustrated articles by Edward Hale Brush and John S. Harwood. 
 Cheyney, Prof. Edward P. : " An introdufllon to the Industrial and Social History of England. 1911. p. 199. 
 "Church Standard" lor March 2, 1895. 
 Clark, the Rev. Dr. William Meade, and others : " Colonial Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia " revised 
 
 edition, 1908. 
 Conway. Moncure D. : in "Harpers'" tor May 1891. 
 Custis, George Washington Parke: "Recollections and Private Memoirs ol Washington," I860, p. 160 toot-note 
 
 by Lossing- 
 Fiske, John : " A History of the United States lor Schools," 18%, p. 228. 
 Ford, Worthmgton C. : "The Writings of George Washington." 1891. Vol. 1 1. p. 144 and Vol. 14. pp. 255. 
 
 409 et al. " Wills of George Washington and His Immediate Ancestors," 1891. 
 Ford, Paul Leicester: "The True G?orge Washington," 1902, pp. 17-21 and 308. 
 "Harper's New Monthly Magazine," Vol. 58, March 1879, pp. 521-524, Vol. 82, May 1891, pp. 877-888, 
 
 article by Moncure D. Conway. 
 Hill: "Liberty Documents," 1901, p. 298. 
 Howard : " Preliminaries of the Revolution," 1905, pp. 27-32. [Vol. 8 in Professor A. B. Hart's senes, " The 
 
 American Nation "| 
 Howe : " Hiflory of Virginia." 
 Irving: " Life of Washington," 1855, Vol. I. p. 14. 
 
 Kilbourne, P. K.. : "Sketches and Chronicles ol the Town of Litchfield." 1859. 
 Lamb: " Biographical Dictionary of the United States," ed. Brown, 1903, Vol. 5. pp 39 and 40. 
 Letters: on Selby Abbey Church, from the Rev. J. Solloway, Vicar. 16th July and 3d September, 1912. 
 
 to verify local references, to respond to inquiries about evidence and private documents : from 
 The Rev. Francis A. Brown, of Savannah. Georgia. 
 Mr. Charles K. Bolton, of Boflon. 
 The Rev. G. C. F. Bratenahl. D. D.. of Washington. 
 
 The Right Reverend James H. Darlington, D. D., LL. D.. Ph. D.. Bishop of Harrisburg. 
 The Rev. Canon DeVries. Ph. D . of Washington. 
 Mr. Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent at Mount Vernon. 
 The Rev. Harold M. Folsom. Portsmouth, N. H. 
 The Rev. Stanley C. Hughes, of Newport, R. 1. 
 Tho Rev. Henry F. Kloman, ot Portland, Maine, letter of January 15, 1896, when he was Rector 
 
 of Pohick. Va. 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Lewis Neale, of Morattico. Va. 
 
 The Rev. William C. Rodgers. D. D., Warden of St. Stephen's College. Annandale, N. Y. 
 The Rev. Storrs O. Seymour. D. D., of Litchfield, Conn. 
 Mr. T. H. Simes, of Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 The Right Reverend Beverly D. Tucker. Bishop Coadjutor ol Southern Virginia. 
 The Rev. Percival H. Whalev. D. D. of Charleston. S. C. 
 
 The Rev. Alfred C. Wilson, of Bellows Falls. Vt.. lormerlv rector of Chri^ Church. Duanesburg. N. Y. 
 Lodge, the Hon. Henry Cabot: "George Washington." 1889, Vol. 1, p. 39. 
 Meade: "Old Churches and Families of Virginia " ed of 1900. Vol. 2. pp. 125-128-167-227. et al. The author 
 
 was Bishop of Virginia for 33 years 1 1 829-62] . 
 "Memorial History of BoSton." edited by Justin Winsor, 1885 and 6, Vol. 3. p. 199. 
 " Munsey's Magazine" for February 1896. et al. 
 
 "National Encyclopaedia of American Biography," 1904, Vol. 12, p. 87. 
 Norton: "Lite ot Bishop White," 1856, p. 59. 
 Perry : " The American Episcopal Church." 1885. 
 
 Pryor. Mrs. Roger A. : "The mother ot W^ashington and her Times," 1903. 
 
 Smith, Colonel Nicholas: "Our Nation's Flag in History and Incident," 1908. |1 have consulted the important 
 books on the Flag in the National Library at Washington, and seleifl this for reference as recent, complete, 
 and inexpensive.] 
 Sparks: " The Writings ot Washington," 1848. " Life of Washington." 
 Tucker, the Right Reverend Beverly D. D. D.. Bishop Coadjutor ot Southern Virginia: "Washington as a 
 
 Churchman," article in " The Churchman " for 8th October. 1898. The author's wife was a Washington. 
 ■Wilson, the Rev. Bird : " Memoir of the Life of Bishop 'Vl'hite," 1839, pp 193 and 199. 
 Wilson, the Hon. Woodrow. President-elecl ot the United States: " In Washington's Dav," Harpers' Monthly tor 
 
 January, 1896. and "George Washington," 1903. 
 ■Wister, Owen: "The Seven Ages ot Washington," 1907. pp. 181 and 182. 
 Zieber, Eugene: "Heraldry in America," 1895. 
 
 * Churches marked thus are the successors in the same parish and usually on the same spot, but not the 
 
 very buildings in which Washington worshipped. 
 **Churches marked thus are original Churches in which Washington worshipped, and not standing at present. 
 
St. Mary's Church, Bringlon. 
 
 By Permission of Miinscy's Magazine. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Brington. 
 
 Hy Pi-rmissinn of Mimscy's Magazine 
 
HE man of today who is looking for a Wasfiington Memorial will find it in the beautiful 
 City, in a yearly holiday, a lordly mountain, a famous Monument, the name of a State, 
 in Counties and towns, and a street named for him in nearly every city ; in three Uni- 
 versities and three Colleges — and chiefly in the hearts of his countrymen. 
 
 But if you are seeking an older memorial than any of these, you are sure to find 
 It in a church. 
 
 Perhaps a family which had already made sacrifices for the English Church deserv- 
 ed, as well as any could, a share in the Church's spoils. In a few generations more they would repay in 
 
 sacrifices all they had received in comforts ; 
 
 and in gifts and good influence more than 
 
 they had received in money value. Sure it is 
 
 that from Henry VIII Lawrence Washington 
 
 received a Priory for his residence at Sulgrave. 
 
 Whether we look at Henry's act as mere 
 
 robbery or as a poor half-way social reform, 
 
 Lawrence Washington was better than a 
 
 receiver of stolen goods, for probably he was 
 
 not guilty in his own conscience. From the 
 
 Priory now called Washington House the 
 
 Parish Church is not far distant. In the 
 
 stones of this Church there is a set of brass 
 
 plates in memory of the Washingtons. When 
 
 the family met with financial reverses and 
 
 went from Sulgrave to Bringlon, they wished 
 
 their neighbors to understand that they ac- 
 cepted their reverses with devout courage, 
 
 and they were destined to set their name 
 
 again in the Parish Church. 
 
 Lawrence Washington's lirft son was 
 
 Robert, born in I 534, whose oldest son was Lawrence the father of the Rev. Lawrence Washington vicar 
 
 of Purleigh in Essex who lofl his parish by 
 adl of Cromwell's govemment on charges 
 which Dr. Woodrow Wilson declares and 
 Moncure D. Conway proves to have been 
 false. The result of this persecution was that 
 the Rev. Lawrence Washington was sent to 
 a poor pansh (to Tring) where he died. His 
 youngest child was Baptized and a son was 
 married in the near-by Church at Luton. 
 We cannot tell whether it was nature or 
 training that created and maintained a family 
 tradition inclined to service in the ministry of 
 the Church. Probably it was a combination 
 of the two. At any rate, the Rev. Lawrence 
 Washington of Purleigh and Tring seems to 
 have had a good many relatives who were 
 ordained priests : there were the Rev. Law- 
 rence Washington who was University 
 '.' "'»-■■ i ^ ■ ' , preacher in 1570, the Rev. Lawrence 
 
 Washington, Vicar of Stotesbury, who died 
 Church ot 5i. James. Sulgrave in 1619, the Rev. Lawrence Washington, 
 
 Vicar of Colmer, who died in 1610. How the family in England continued to maintain their record, is 
 
 shown by the fact that Admiral John Washington was the father of the Rev. George Washington, to whose 
 
 name history adds the Rev. Adam Washington, the Rev. Robert Washington, the Rev. Marmaduke 
 
 Washington, and the Rev. Henry Washington. 
 
The result of the persecution when Cromwell's government " deprived " of his support the Rev. 
 Lawrence Washington, pansh priefl of Purleigh (and later of Tring), was the emigration of two sons, John 
 Washington and his brother, to America. John soon appears among the founders of Amencan parishes. 
 His son was Lawrence, who was the father of Augustine and the grandfather of George Washington. 
 
 (pii|*.?iniir l)it;\iint Itntolioiiic lie \\i)>_m\( llll 
 iofOi1olirr;iii"iiiiil5fi4 
 
 Washington Memorial, Sulgrave Church 
 From Munscy's Magazine, by pt-rmissioi: 
 
 ,-^.. - - -- "' ■ 
 
 "H^KIE im® SEV'STKl 
 
 TKIg [L(o)[Si--f^K[lfKl 
 
 A'^A^m^Sim Hil^liE 
 
 M^Mg 01? ^uijg mm 
 
 -C.: (giMS'ffKve'irA 
 
 
 Over the door, the Washingtons' home. Brington 
 From Munscy's Magazine by pcrinissiun 
 
 
 LSQ^j'vtK wtto f^^^ft\to■f^^^c^w.v^■ 
 ^ Hv- 1\.^ tsT ONM tvAT tft ov ■v4Vi-\h^ 
 
 SvTVtR Witts WArt.i«lVNT\V- 
 
 OT ■ SvSSt^t- tSQ^^> wwO'rtA^vS^v^' 
 
 OVOtCt»*S.L«. ^■,^^ 
 
 \C\6,- 
 
 SO cn^\ST- S^Kv^.- MSv:^- 
 
 Permission ofMunscy's M.-igazim- Church of Si. James, Sulgrave 
 
 There are other Washington Memorials in other English Churches, which also show the Stars and 
 the Stnpes. Even the grave of such a distant relative as Penelope Washington, who died in 1679 and is 
 buried in the tiny village church of Wickhamford in Worcestershire, shows the fundamental idea which 
 was worked out in the American Flag. 
 
Wa?rao/y(g?®^eE^ir''Mii!a (LATH mv^&A/^® §iie®/v® 
 ^@A7^ii ©IF IS ©©§»■? Wa?ki o^g'iF®i«' ®p S®teiaAVgi^ Y 
 
 ol'^'opi^^KeM ws,^' AFTda TMi'if yvg© ^©VD^eitV 
 
 l:y permission of Munsey's MaRitzine 
 
 ROWELS AND BARS -A RECENT DISCOVERY 
 
 "In the clerestory window of the choir of Selby Abbey there are a number of armorial shields. 
 One of them, in the second window from the east on the south side, is of very great intere^ to Americans, 
 for it is the coat of arms borne by the family to which Washington belonged. For size, tinctures, and 
 
 accuracy of detail it is facile princeps among the ancient 
 family msignia of the Washingtons. There are other 
 examples still left in the old country in glass, in wood, and 
 in stone, some with the tinctures and some without, but 
 unquestionably the arms at Selby hold the premier position. 
 And the strange thing about the matter is that, although 
 the glass was in its present place in the year I 584. cmd 
 [irobably several centuries earlier it remained unidentified 
 as a 'Washington' until January 1911. 
 
 When Glover, the herald, made his visitation in 
 1584-5. he described thirty-five escutcheons which he 
 found in the Abbey. The twenty-fifth on his list was 
 blazoned : 'Argent, two bars and in chief three mullets 
 pierced, gules', but no name was appended. Since his 
 day the Abbey heraldry has been described by a number 
 of writers, among whom was Dr. John Burton, the author 
 of the 'Monasticon Eboracense', and the prototype of old 
 ' Dr. Slop' of Tristam Shandy fame. But none of the 
 writers, not even the shrewd old 'Slop', were able to state 
 to which family 
 these arms be- 
 longed. They 
 gave the corred 
 blazon, but ass- 
 igned the arms 
 to no family. 
 
 From the author's rubbing, made in 1893 
 From the Church of St. John the Baptist. Wickhar 
 
 The field is white with two red bars across and three red mullets 
 in chief each with a hole in the centre. They appear so m the 
 Selby Abbey window. There is no blue. The glass is in a 
 wonderful state of preservation, notwithstanding the vicissitudes 
 through which the old church has passed. The red of the mullets 
 or stars and that of the bars or stripes is a very deep color and to 
 the casual visitor almo^ appears black. But when one ascends the 
 spiral staircase and walks along the clerestory passage to the window, 
 it is seen to be of the mo^ beautiful red ('gules'). 
 
 The interesting thing about the mullets is that each is 
 pierced, that is to say, it has a hole in the middle. And this piercing 
 is necessary to the true representation of the Washington mullets. 
 For they are mullets — spur-rowels — and a rowel mu^ have a 
 central hole round which it turns. Mofl of the existing Washington 
 cirms show the mullets without the piercing, but in such cases the Fr 
 
 Washington Memorial, Selby Abbey 
 m aphotoby.\. Hutchinson, Selby, copyright 
 
piercing is heraldically assumed, for in every case the mullet is depicted with five stiff points and not sLx 
 Wav\j ones, showing that mullets and not estoiles (stars) were intended. In one case, however, at Great 
 Brington in Northamptonshire, where the FirSl President's ancestors formerly dwelt, the arms are represented 
 with pierced mullets, the colors being identical with those at Selby, though the shield is much smaller. 
 
 Selby, the Church 
 From a phntogr;ipli kiiuUy sent by tlu- X'icar. the Rl-v. Dr. Solloway 
 
 The probability is that the window represents some benefaction made to the Abbey by some dis- 
 tinguished member of the Washington family. The Abbey contained a great number of heraldic coats 
 placed there to commemorate the various benefactions. Among these, probably, were the Washingtons, as 
 certainly also were their powerful relations, the Fitz-Hughs, a Fitz-Hugh shield of very ancient glass still 
 remaining. 
 
 The Abbey church is one of the mofl beautiful of England's sacred buildings. Every style of 
 English architecture is represented, and each of the very befl. Norman, transitional, early-English, dec- 
 orated, perpendicular, and modern are all to be seen in great profusion, the Norman door-ways and the 
 glonous flamboyant 'Jesse' window being among the very beft anywhere to be found. The decorated 
 choir of seven bays, — the nave has eight — is unsurpassed for loveliness, and Americans should be 
 proud to know that the fineSl extant example of the Washington arms has such a beautiful and appropriate 
 setting." 
 
 Two seals used by Washington at interval of a quarter of a century 
 1 Harper's Magazine in iSyi (Copyrigtit). by permission ol'Harper & Brothers 
 
 Book-plate used by Washington 
 
"he arms of W 
 
 ashington 
 
 borne 
 
 upon h 
 
 s carnage 
 
 Bv Per 
 
 mission 
 
 of" Bailc\ 
 
 Ban 
 
 ks and 
 
 Biddle. 
 
 From 
 
 Eugen 
 
 ; Zieber's 
 
 "Hert 
 
 Idry in 
 
 Anu-rica" 
 
 Nothwithstanding a statement by Prof. John Fiske, we can say that there is considerable circumstantial 
 evidence that our Flag took its inspiration horn the Washington Arms, which we can still see in English 
 Churches. Washington himself certcunly made constant use of the old sign of his family, " stars and stripes ", 
 
 on his book-plate, on his carriage, and 
 
 on letter-seals. In the years 1758 and 
 
 I 783, an interval of a quarter of a 
 
 century, he used them, and we do not 
 
 know how often besides, but the picfture 
 
 of them must have become familiar to 
 
 every one who knew him at all well. 
 
 Betsy Ross, whom tradition has credited 
 
 with making the flr^ American flag, 
 
 was a member of Chnst Church in 
 
 Philadelphia, and there she mu^ have 
 
 seen Washington. It was not in her 
 
 woman's nature to be indifferent to 
 
 design, nor to leave unnoticed the dec- 
 orations on his carnage, even if she 
 
 heard nothing of the seals and book- 
 plate. Those who knew Washington probably knew him well 
 enough to say as little as possible about any personal honor they 
 intended to do him in connexion with the Nation's Flag. 
 Even the trick with the scissors may have been a delicate 
 evasion. Such gentle insistence Washington would scarcely 
 feel called upon to rebuke, if indeed he knew anything about 
 
 the matter until too late to protefl ; and his good sense and ^"''>' '^°^= ^'"^ '" ^^"'' '^^'"'^' Plii'^delphia 
 restraint would have held him from any such adl of exaggerated modesty. So he says nothing about it one 
 way or the other, and neither do his contemporaries. It is simply left as an inference to the judgment of 
 the Nation. So juSl how the stars, the stripes and the colors came to be combined, and whether they 
 were purposely placed there in honor of Washington, no one now can say with entire certainty. 
 
 THE WASHINGTONS IN THE CHURCH. THE FAMILY 
 
 Washington's Christian education began as it is well that all Christian education should begin — 
 before he was born. Both sides of his pedigree are full of excellent churchmen. On the Washington side 
 the descent runs dow^n in order thus : Lawrence, Robert, Lawrence. Lawrence, John, Lawrence, Augustine, 
 George. They were all Churchmen. The third Lawrence was a prie^. John, a man of great military 
 talent and high in the government, left a gift to the Church and thus recorded his faith in his will : " being 
 heartily sorry from the bottome of my hart for my sins pa^, most humbly desireing forgiveness of the same 
 from the Almighty god (my saviour) and redeimer, in whom and by the meritts of Jesus Chrifl, I trust and 
 believe assuredly to be saved, and to have full remission and forgiveness of all my sins." His son the fourth 
 Lawrence, similarly expresses his faith in his will ; Augufline was active in parish affairs, and became a vestry- 
 man when his son George was three years old. The father's influence lasted quite long enough to make its 
 impress on the boy's character in those years when religious nature is mo^ easily called forth. And to the 
 influence of the father there succeeded the care of the elder brother. On the mother's side there are her 
 books from which the boy George was taught, and the known conned;ions with the Parish Church. 
 Grandfather Ball was a vestryman, and Great Grandfather Warner left his slender but excellent record by 
 presenting to the parish Church a set of silver for the Holy Communion. " The family of Balls was very 
 a(5tive in promoting good things." Washington's uncle Joseph in I 729 took the lead in a movement to 
 educate young men for the ministry of the Church. Mary Ball Washington, says Henry Cabot Lodge, 
 " was an imperious woman, of strong will, ruling her kingdom alone. Above all she was very dignified, very 
 silent, and very sober-minded. That she was affectionate and loving cannot be doubted, for she retained to 
 the lafl a profound hold upon the reverential devotion of her son." Probably this estimate, representing the 
 majority of historians, is as true as the little collection of faults presented by Paul Leicester Ford. At any 
 rate, there is no lack of foundation for qualities, which go to the making of a soldier. It has not escaped the 
 notice of those who have written about the military genius of Washington, that it was a relative of his who 
 defended Worce^er for Charles I in I 646 with extreme bravery, and met a demand for suirender with the 
 reply that he intended to await his majesty's orders, adding " Till then I shall make good the tru^ reposed in 
 me." If Washington's military character was developed out of materials which came to him by inheritance 
 from both sides of his family, so too was his religious character. That love of the Church which we have 
 
"Yeocomico Church in Weslmoreland where sweet Mary Ball prayed lo the God who never (orsoolc her".— Mrs. Pryor 
 opyright, The Suuthcni Churchman , iisl-c1 Ijy permission of the pnbhshers. Irnni I)r Clark's "Virginia Colonial Clnirches' 
 
 '^/•""Slag 
 
 
 mm^ 
 
 
 
 
 m-''^MM.-'M 
 
 l^:^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 /*^,>-.*».^; 
 
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 ^'^'^a^BK^B^^^^^^ 
 
 ^f^9| 
 
 hh 
 
 ii 
 
 1^^ 
 
 
 
 
 W'=^*>'--jr,J^ 
 
 ..V- ■ 
 
 
 
 ^^he^e Washington was born 
 From an etching owned by Mrs. Juliette A. Rhodes oIKeene, N. H. 
 iThe setting is said to be incorrect, but the house is conceived about as it 
 
it^yri^ 
 
 seen as a distinguishing mark in his family became a strong inhentance which his own will and intelligence 
 did not set aside, and we shall see later how members of the family have sustained their devotion even down 
 to the present day. George Washington was received into Christ's Catholic Church on the 1 6th of April 
 
 Washington's own record of his birth and baptism, made when he was I 7 years of age 
 
 Frnm H.iwc's \-irt;ini:i 
 
 I 732, and the date should be recognized annually by American Chn^ians. It is appropriate that, in 
 memory of this event, there is a Font at Valley Forge, and also that the fir^ child Baptized in the Washing- 
 ton Cathedral was a child of the Washingtons. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON'S RELIGION 
 
 When Washington wrote his poem in honor of Chri^mas Day, he showed what manner of Christian 
 treunmg had been imparted to him at home. He was then aged thirteen. The verses were an a(5l of 
 reverent enthusiasm. The fcur but early flower laid at his Lord's Cradle grew from a plant which had been 
 growing, even then, for a long time. Although there are few tnbutes to Christmas in all literature more 
 beautiful than some lines of the Puntan Milton's Hymn on the morning of Christ's Nativity, Puritanism was 
 not genial to the celebration of Chnstmas Day, and the Churchmen of Virginia were somewhat influenced 
 by Puntanism. However, the young George Washington absorbed from within the family circle the spirit 
 of the Day and the facts of the Faith as well as the rule and model of the Chn^ain Life. 
 
 And it was at the age of fifteen years that he became Sponsor for a child in Baptism. At sixteen 
 he stood Sponsor for Frances Lewis, at nineteen for Fielding Lewis, and at twenty-eight for Charles Lewis. 
 
 LET THE PEN-KNIFE TAKE THE PLACE OF THE HATCHET. 
 
 Unquestionably, a truth-loving disposition was imparted to this child " virtuously brought up to lead 
 a godly and a Christian life ", though we discard the story of the hatchet and the cherry tree. But there 
 IS a story of a pen-knife which illustrates at one and the same time his filial affedlion, his military spirit, and 
 his good Christian hope in the final success of his country s jufl cause. 
 
 "When Washington was about fifteen years old, his brother obtained for him a midshipman's 
 warrant in the British navy. The boy's kit had been carried aboard, and he himself was on the point of 
 following it, when a messenger from his mother overtook him and brought her final word that he was not to 
 go. He went back home — back to the school and mathematics which he did not like. In reward for his 
 obedience, his mother presented him with a good pen-knife, saying, 'always obey your supenors'. All his 
 life he carried the gift and from time to time he was accustomed to tell the story to some of his friends. 
 One day at Valley Forge, when the half-naked men had eaten no meat for many days, and when once 
 more Congress had failed to provide or even sugge^ a way for getting food and clothes, Washington 
 wrote out his resignation as Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Among the generals present was Henry 
 Knox, who spoke out reminding him of the pen-knife. 'What has that to do with it ' ? asked Washington. 
 ' You were always to obey your superiors ', answered Knox ; ' You were commanded to lead this army. 
 ' No one has commanded you to cease leading it.' Washington paused and then answered : ' There is 
 something in that. I will think it over.' Half an hour later, he tore his resignation to pieces." 
 
 WASHINGTON BELIEVES IN THE CHURCH 
 in his earlier military career there are two incidents which show with distinctness how Washington 
 was ready to stand openly and with promptness and decision as a man of religious faith, in a similar situation 
 other men might have and some men would have hesitated, doubted of their Chn^ian privilege, or had found 
 it wiser to be submissive if not content in a less conspicuously Chri^ian position. In the war agaiin^ the 
 French, when Governor Dinwiddie fsuled to respond to Washington's application for a Chaplain to the 
 troops, Washington wrote to the President of the Council : " Common decency, sir, in a camp calls for the 
 services." Not to be thwarted in such an inportant matter of public and personal usefulness, Washington 
 read the services himself. Again, Gen. Braddock, trained to fight in fields, did not adapt his methods to 
 the woods, and met defeat. He was wounded, and Washington gallantly covered the retreat and brought 
 his fallen leader to a place of safety. Four days later Braddock died of his wounds, and Washington read 
 the burial office. 
 
Mariha Wash ngton s, parish Church St Peter s Ne \ Kei t 
 
 LP. ritriv (^ _ ir lhibhr<ilrIl.k\K L Llrl 
 
 Washington was married by the Rev. David Mossom, who. though born in London, is called on his 
 epitaph the fir^ American ever ordained to the priesthood. Bishop Meade and Washington Irving say that 
 
 the marriage took place at " White House" the resi- 
 dence of the bride's family, but Bishop Tucker in 1 896 
 said that the [evidence points to St. Peter's Church, 
 New Kent. In 1903 were published the views of 
 Mrs. Pryor and Woodrow Wilson, both favorable to 
 the Church at New Kent. Dr. Wilson said : " He 
 was married to Martha Custis on the 6th of January, 
 1 759. The sun shone very bright that day, and there 
 was the fine glitter of gold, the brave show of re- 
 splendent uniforms, in the little church where the mar- 
 riage was solemnized. Officers of his Majesty's service 
 crowded there, in their gold lace and scarlet coats to 
 see their comrade wedded ; the new Governor, Francis 
 Fauquier, himself came, clad as befitted his rank ; and 
 the bridegroom took the sun not less gallantly than the 
 re^, as he rode, in blue and silver and scarlet beside 
 the coach and six that bore his bride homeward amidfl 
 the thronging friends of the country side. The young 
 soldier's love of a gallant array and a becorrung cere- 
 mony were satisfied to the full, and he muSl have re- 
 Chalices, Patens and Baptismal Bowl, Christ Church. Jo'^^^ ^ j^^ =° '^"'^^ ^, horseman on such a day." 
 Duanesburg, N. Y., beheved lo have been presented by Before our Independence, there was in the 
 
 Washington and others. These vessels are of sterling silver, colonies no Confirmation for anyone, and of course both 
 
 ?u ''j'^''liTr""''fo ,';^''°'"r ,P^°'°8'^P'' ^™' ^y 'he Rev. individual members and the welfare of the Church as 
 
 Alfred (_. Wilson, ol Bellows halls, Vermont, tormerly rector i i L' J J K ■ . ■ iL . .L r-L L 
 
 at Duanesburg. The documents were lost in a fire, and the ^ ^^ole were hindered. It IS certain that the Church 
 
 facts can only be established by the written word ot those cannot exped to attain her very be^ development when 
 
 who say they read the original. her children are not "sealed" with the spiritual grace 
 
which our Lord at Penteco^ placed in His Church to be ministered by the 
 Apostles in "the laying on of hands." Washington was never confirmed, but 
 so far as he was able he was m close touch with the Church. We have it on 
 the testimony of his political and military associates and members of his family 
 that for many years he was accustomed to make his Communions. 
 
 The witnesses to the fadl are General Porterfield his aid. and Major 
 Popham and some others of a secondary value. Mrs. Washington's grand- 
 daughter who lived for twenty years in the Washington family, wrote : "I have 
 heard my mother say General Washington always received the Sacrement 
 with my grandmother before the Revolution." 
 
 It IS a fadl that Bishop White could not testify to Washington's making 
 his communions nor even to his religous faith. During a short period it is 
 probable that while he did not give up assisting m worship, he left the Church 
 before Communion. It would perhaps be too much to expect that at all times 
 he should have maintained an equally strong religous life, or that his perse- 
 verance was perfect and without a flaw. Indeed, he who was ever a lover 
 of truth convidts himself in his diary of telling a lie, and no doubt this was not 
 his only fault. But his faith was sustained, and in the end it won the victory. 
 His life as a whole stands as a Christian life. Mr. Harrison H. Dodge, the Bishop White 
 
 Superintendent at Mount Vernon, has done my readers the kindness of copying from the manuscript the 
 following interesting letter from Major Popham : 
 
 New York, March 14. 1839. 
 
 My Dear Madame : 
 
 You will doubtless be not a little surprised at receiving a letter from an individual whose 
 name may possibly never have reached you ; but an accidental circumstance has given me the extreme 
 pleasure of introducing myself to your notice. 
 
 In a conversation with the Rev. Dr. Berrian a few days since he informed me that he had 
 lately paid a visit to Mount Vernon and that Mrs. Washington had expressed a wish to have a doubt 
 removed from her mind which had long oppressed her, as to the certainty of the " General having 
 attended the Communion while residing in the city of New ^'ork. subsequent to the Revolution." 
 
 As nearly all the remnant of those days are now sleeping with their fathers, it is not very 
 probable that at this late day an individual can be found who could satisfy this pious wish of your 
 virtuous heart, except the writer. It was my great good fortune to have attended St. Paul's Church, 
 in this city, with the General during the whole period of his residence in New York, as President of 
 the United Slates. The pew of Chief Justice Morris was situated weit to that of the President, close 
 to whom I sat in Judge Monis' pew, and I am confident as a memory, now laboring under the 
 pressure of four-score years and seven, can make me, that the President had more than once, I believe I 
 may say often, attended at the Sacramental Table, at which 1 had the privilege and happiness to 
 kneel with him. And I am aided in my assertion by my elde^ daughter who distincftly recollects 
 hearing her grandmama, Mrs. Morris, often mention that fadl with great pleasure. Indeed 1 am 
 further confirmed in my assurance by the perfect recollection of the President's uniform deportment 
 during divine services in Church — The steady seriousness of manner, the solemn, audible but subdued 
 tone of voice in which he read and repeated the responses, the Christian humility which overspread 
 and adorned the native dignity of the ' Saviour of his Country,' at once exhibited him a pattern to 
 all who viewed him. the pride and delight of all who had access to him 
 
 It was my good fortune, my dear Madame, to have had frequent intercourse with him. It 
 is my pride and boa^ to have seen him in various situations — in the flush of vidtory. in the hour of 
 defeat, in the field and in the tent, in the Church and at the altar — always himself, ever the same. 
 
 Your mofl obedient 
 To Mrs. J. Washington, Mount Vernon. W. POPHAM. 
 
 WASHINGTON SERVES THE CHURCH. 
 
 For twenty-two years Washington was a vestryman of Pohick Church, for whose site he made the 
 survey and as he was a member of the building committee it is said he planned the building and supervised 
 its erection, and there he attended services. In the Pohick vestry meetings held to determine the situation 
 of the new Church, his care and skill proved of utmost value and importance to the parish. George Mason 
 favored rebuilding on the old site, and from this plan the Rector thought there would not be a dissenting 
 voice. " Washington then arose and drew horn his pocket a roll of paper containing an exact survey of 
 Truro Parish, on which was marked the site of the old Church, the proposed site, and the place of each 
 parishioner's residence. He spread this map before them, explained it in a few words," and thus proved 
 that the old location was remote from the center and inconveniently situated for many of the parishioners. 
 The Church was erected on the new site. There a Church still stands ministering, though it was long out 
 of use following the hard knocks of the Civil War and the succeeding days of poverty. 
 
Where Washington worshipped. Pohick Church as it now is. 
 Copyright. The Southern Churchman : used by permission of the publishers, from Ilr Clark's "Virginia Colonial Churche 
 
 Copyright, The Southe 
 
 Where Washington worshipped. Falls Church, 
 I Churchman : used by permission of the publishers, from Dr. Clark's "Virginia Colonial Churches" 
 
AND ATTENDS TO HIS RELIGIOUS DUTIES. 
 
 There is a record that Washington went to vestry-meeting at Falls Church, and there he attended 
 services occasionally. He was a subscriber to Christ Church m Alexandria, and often drove ten miles to 
 attend its services. In the course of his military and presidential travels about the country, at various times 
 he attended service at Queen's chapel of St. John's Church at Portsmouth m New Hampshire, Trinity 
 Church in Boston, Christ Church in Cambridge, Trinity Church in Newport, Trinity Church in New Haven, 
 Trinity and St. Paul's Churches in New York, Christ Church and St. Peter s in Philadelphia, St. George's 
 in Fredericksburg and Brulon Church m Virginia (in the parish register of Bruton his name occurs eleven 
 times), St. Philip's and St. Michaels Churches in Charleston, and Christ Church in Savannah. At York 
 
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 Where Washington went to worship. St. John's Church, York, Pa. 
 From a print sent by the Rev. E. W. Foulkes 
 
 in Pennsylvania he waited at the Church but " found no service because the Missionary had more charges 
 than one, dividing his time between York and Carlisle." His Rector said of him " I have never seen so 
 constant an attendant at church as Washington." Sometimes, after a morning service m his own Church or 
 when he was in a place where there was no Church of his own, he would attend the services of other religious 
 bodies. For instance in Cambridge on Sunday, Dec. 3, 1 775, he went to the Rev. Dr. Appleton's church, 
 and heard a discourse by Abiel Leonard, Chaplain to Gen. Putnam's command. This building was taken 
 down in 1833, and the land sold to Harvard College. Abiel Leonard is easily remembered m both State 
 and Church. His son was Capt. Nathaniel Leonard, whose son was Abiel Leonard, a Supreme Court 
 Justice of Missouri, whose son was the Right Reverend Abiel Leonard, the heroic Bishop of Salt Lake in 
 Utah, and the 145th Bishop of the American Church to which Washington belonged. In 1 787 Wash- 
 ington records in his journal that he " went to the Romish Church." His use of these words indicates no 
 intolerance. Again, addressing the Roman Catholic citizens, he speaks of " the Roman Catholic" religion, 
 not intolerantly but simply as one would who himself was of the Catholic Church, and so confessed his 
 faith every time he went to Church. Washington knew that the Roman Church is not the whole Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 While the news comes to us that England is likely to honor Washington with a memoricJ in West- 
 minster Abbey, we Americans may well feel ashamed that we have known so little of the highest side of 
 his life. The record of his devotion to religion here spread out has been a surprise to me as it has grown in 
 the writing, and I doubt not it will be a surprise also to the majority of Americans. We have allowed our 
 attention to slip from the source of strength open to us all, and contented ourselves with the interest of the 
 brilliant military and political life without asking what was the spiritual secret of it. And thus we have missed 
 
the benefit of a supreme example in duty and inspiration. For instance : In 1912 there was published by 
 Scribners, a series of studies called LANDMARKS Ob CHRISTIAN HISTORY for inter-denomina- 
 tional use for the instruction of thousands of young Americans and from an intensely patriotic point of view ; 
 and while many minor characters are introduced the name of Washington is not I believe so much as men- 
 tioned. Another instance shows the manner in which Washington's religious principles have gone unnoticed : 
 A few years ago there was published a description of Colonial Churches which is now used I believe more 
 widely throughout the country than any other manual upon the subject. It gives more information in simple 
 form, and better illustrations, than people have been able to find in any other single place. It has a historical 
 introduction by the late Edward Everett Hale. This book speaks of Washington's unofficial attendance in 
 only two Churches. The author appears somewhat perplexed that so many other Churches claim association 
 with Washington s name, and overlooks the fact that most of these claims can be substantiated from Wash- 
 ington s own diary. The excuse, therefore, for printing this collection of Washington Churches is that it will 
 serve to show his devotion to the Church in a clear light, and emphasize a fact unfamiliar to even fairly 
 well-informed Americans. 
 
 Christ Church. Alexandria 
 
 Dr. Clark's COLONIAL CHURCHES OF VIRGINIA gives an incident which one need 
 not be disposed to doubt, because first of all it harmonizes with all that we know of Washington's religious 
 nature, and secondly because Virginians are good trustees and critics of their historical materials : 
 
 " After service, one Sunday morning in the summer of 1774, surrounded by the congregation, 
 every one of whom he well knew, Washington advocated withdrawing allegiance from King George, and 
 stated that he would fight to uphold the independence of the Colonies. No more solemn time or occasion 
 could have been chosen. With cEilmness, in a spirit of prayerful deliberation, he announced his momentous 
 
decision under the very shadow of the church. Nine years aher, when that independence had been suc- 
 cessfully established and the long-contested fight so bravely won, having resigned his commission at Annap- 
 olis, he was free to turn his face towards home. His arrival at Mount Vernon was on Christmas Eve. 
 The next day found him once more in his accustomed seat in the church at Alexandria to hear the tender 
 message of peace and good-will that was proclaimed like liberty throughout the land, and no one bowed in 
 deeper gratitude than the great general, who came as humbly as a little child to this, his Father's House. 
 The rector had served as chaplain of the Third Virginia Regiment." 
 
 Where Washington worshipped. Trinity Church in Newport 
 
 Through the kindni-ss of the Rev. Stanley C. Hughes. 
 
 Washington's attendance to assist in the worship at Newport seems well supported by local testimony 
 and probably occurred on the I 1 th of March 1 78 1 when Washwigton went to meet Rochambeau who, a 
 few rtionths later, was to furnish to the army the French two-thirds for that " swift and skillful movement " 
 to end the war at Yorktown. On Friday the ninth, Washington wrote : " We have abundant reasons to 
 
 thank Providence for ... . many favorable interpositions in our behalf at times my only dependence, 
 
 for all other resources seemed to have failed us ". In view of the momentous plans then maturing, we note 
 that on Sunday the 1 1 th, this was the appropriate prayer which the Church offered : 
 
 " Almighty God who seefl that we have no power of ourselves to help ourselves ; keep 
 us both outwardly in our bodies, and inwardly in our souls ; that we may be defended 
 from all adversities which may happen to the body, and from all evil thoughts which 
 may assault and hurt the soul ; through Jesus Christ our Lord ". 
 
Doubtless Washington was busy enough 
 in war-time to afford him ample excuse for 
 setting aside for a while the regularity of his 
 duties to God in the Church. But large and 
 well-balanced men can always be depended 
 upon not to permit events around them to 
 create such a condition of nervous anxiety as 
 to make them forget other duties and eternal 
 truth, and their own need in all their efforts 
 of Divine grace and help. One man wrote 
 down this interesting picture of Washington 
 in Church in war-time : 
 
 He " gave orders that in case certain 
 important despatches were received during 
 his attendance at church, they should be 
 brought to him there : and 1 have seen them 
 delivered into his hands. He opened them 
 immediately, and deliberately and attentively 
 read them through ; then laying them on the 
 seat by his side, he resumed his Prayer Book, 
 and apparently gave his mind to the solem- 
 nities of the place and the hour." 
 Washington's Prayer al Valley Forge 
 
 EXPRESSING HIS CONVICTIONS. 
 
 There is a story that once a visitor to Congress desiring to identify him was told to look out for "the 
 gentleman who always kneels during prayer." It is improbable that he was the onlv one, but if so it is more 
 to his credit. How habitual was the reverence of his mind we learn from the fact that in both the French 
 and Revolutionary Wars he went on record 
 against swearing. He speaks of " that unmean- 
 ing and abominable custom of swearing", by 
 which he declared his feelings were " continually 
 wounded," and characterised the habit as both 
 " wanton and shocking," and asked his fellow- 
 officers for the sake of religion, decency, and 
 order, to " use their influence and authority to 
 check a vice which is as unprofitable as it is 
 wicked and shameful." 
 
 When Washington was passing through 
 Litchfield, Conn., during the war, there was 
 some desecration of the Church, recalling the 
 treatment of the Cathedral in old Lichfield, 
 England, by the soldiers of Cromwell, Wash- 
 ington himself saw some of his soldiers throw a 
 shower of stones at the Church, and at once 
 rebuked them. He did not put forward the 
 merely just argument that such acts were dis- 
 orderly, but he put his personal feeling into what 
 he said ; " 1 am a churchman, and wish not to 
 
 see the Church dishonored and desolated in this '^'^^ ^"'' ^"^y" '" Congress. Described by John Adams in h.s 
 " diary and in his letters to his wife 
 
 In the General Orders for May 2, 1 778, Washington wrote : "While we are Zeallously perform- 
 ing the duties of Citizens, and Soldiers, we certainly ought not to be inattentive to the higher duties of 
 Religion. To the distinguishd Character of Patriot, it Should be our highest Glory, to add the more 
 distinguish'd Character of Christian." 
 
 In a letter to the Governors of the States in 1 783 he says : " 1 make it my earnest prayer that 
 God would have you, and the State over which you preside, in His holy protection ; that He would incline 
 the hearts of the citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to government ; to entertain a 
 
St. Michael's Church. Litchfield'- 
 L print sent by the Rev. Storrs O. Seymour, D. D. 
 
 brotherly affection for one another, for their fellow- 
 citizens of the United States at large, and, particularly 
 for their brethren who have sowed in the field ; and, 
 finally, that He would most graciously be pleased to 
 dispose us all to do justice, to love mercy, and to 
 demean ourselves with that charity, humility, and pacific 
 temper of mind which were the characteristics of the 
 Divine Author of our blessed religion ; without an 
 humble imitation of Whose example in these things we 
 can never hope to be a happy nation." 
 
 In his farewell address to the people of the 
 United States, Sept. i 796, he said : 
 
 " Let us with caution indulge the supposition that 
 morality can be maintained without religion. What- 
 ever may be conceded to the influence of refined educa- 
 tion on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience 
 holh forbid us to expeCl that national morality can 
 prevail in exclusion of religious principle." 
 
 Where Washington worshipped. Christ Church. Philadelphii 
 
Washington"! Pew. St. Paul's Church, New York 
 
 p kindness of the Rev. Dr. Manning and the Rev. Bruce V Reddi: 
 
 Nor IS this a mere sentiment or an outworn theory. It expresses the need of America today. After 
 neglecting for a long time the warning of Washington, people are now as never before reawakening to its 
 truth by reason of the difficulties of our own times. And from across the water comes this endorsement of 
 it, taking it from experience and hiSory as a proven fact : " IVithoul religion there can be no good morals, 
 and without good morals the wisest of laws are futile." (Fletcher and Kipling: A History of England, 
 1912, p. 281.) 
 
Copyright, The Southf 
 
 Bruton Church 
 used by permission ol the publishe 
 
 1 Dr. Clark's "Virginia Colonial Churches" 
 
 THE LOVE OF MAN AND GOD. 
 
 Miss Hill says, in her Liberty Documents: 
 
 " Personal modeSly was the foundation for Washington's habitual ju^ice to himself and others". 
 
 During the yellow fever in Philadelphia, Washington, sent to his friend Bishop White his contribu- 
 tion for the sufferers ; but he sent it secretly, with an injunction that it was not to be spoken of : " without 
 
 ostentation or mention of my name". Perhaps at 
 laS his confidence has been broken and the secret 
 revealed, and I suppose we ought to be sorry for 
 it. But at the same time we ought to know the 
 fact to see the character behind it. He w^as not 
 advertising himself, nor was he seeking public com- 
 mendation, or votes, or success for political policies. 
 He was simply humane, and out of the goodness of 
 his heart he wished only to relieve the sufferings of 
 those of whose sore distress he had learned from 
 their fearless and faithful visitor and pa^or. 
 
 " Washington left in the library of Mount Ver- 
 non a manuscript book of private prayers for daily 
 use, which he entitled " The Daily Sacrifice^" It 
 is entirely in his own hand ivriting, and the occasional 
 interlineations and emendations indicate that it was 
 his own composition and was prepared for his own 
 use. The prayers are characterized by a deep con- 
 sciousness of sin and by a need of forgiveness, and 
 by a recognition of dependence upon the merits and 
 mercies of our Lord. They contain fervent appli- 
 cations for family, friends and rulers in Church and 
 Bishop While 
 
Where Washington worshipped. St. Michael's Church, Charleston 
 
 Fr.im .1 nrint sent bv the Rev. Percival H. Wlialey. II, H 
 
 State. Intended, as they doubtless were, (or his own eye only, these pages reveal a deep and fervent 
 spirit of genuine piety." 
 
 From these daily prayers this is an extract : " Mark not, I beseech Thee, what 1 have done amiss ; 
 remember 1 am but dust, and remit my transgressions, negligences, and ignorances ; and cover them all with 
 the absolute obedience of Thy Dear Son. Bless O Lord, all the people of this Land, from the highest to 
 the lowest, and particularly those whom Thou has appointed to rule over us in Church and State." It was 
 a knowledge of such devoutness in Washington's life that led Chief Justice Marshall to say • " He was a 
 sincere believer in the Christian religion, and a truly devout man." And when Bishop Meade wished to find 
 a model for family prayers for the people of Virginia, he took Washington's copy of Bishop Wilson s 
 works (a present to Washington from Bishop Wilson's son), and edited it, and it went through three 
 editions and had a wide and deep influence. This Bishop Wilson was for 58 years (1697-1 755) the 
 saintly and diligent Bishop of the Isle of Man. 
 
1 1 1 Ij I 
 
 St. George's Fredericksburg. Here Washington reassured and quieted the people 
 when there was danger o( a panic through the sinking of the floor. Here his 
 mother worshipped in her closing days. 
 
 From a ijust-eard by Hoiul, Fredericksburg 
 
 THE GREATEST PRIZE OF PUBLIC LIFE IS PRIVATE INTEGRITY. 
 Washington's attitude to popular feeling is the ideal for Christian politicians. In 1 795 there arose 
 so much feeling against the French treaty that John Jay " became in a day the most unpopular man in 
 America." He was burned in effigy a hundred times, and Hamilton was stoned. Washington shared in 
 the unpopularity for the moment, and it was the second time that he was called upon to stand in the face 
 of the fury of the people. And this is the spirit in which he takes it : " While I feel the most lively grati- 
 tude for the many instances of approbation from my country, I can no otherwise deserve it than by obeying 
 the dictates of my conscience." 
 
 FROM FIRST TO LAST A GOOD CHRISTIAN. 
 Someone has said : " A great general like Napoleon may be produced in a military school. A 
 great diplomatist like Metternich may be developed in a court. A great philosopher like Hegel may be 
 evolved in a university. But a great man like Washington can come only from a Christian home." This 
 is true. And the American nation owe a debt of gratitude, which can never be repaid, to the mother of 
 Washington. " From her loving arms he was received into the Church in Baptism. And she was careful 
 to see that he 'was virtuously brought up to lead a godly and a Christian life.' When he left the home of 
 
Where Washington worshipped. St. Philip's church, Charleston. 
 
 Copyright, Detroit Photographic Co. 
 
 his youth, her last words to him were : 'My son, do not neglect the duty of secret prayer.' " This training 
 bore fruit in the later life. It is testified to by his nephew who was serving as his private secretary that he 
 had incidentally witnessed Washington's private devotions in his library both morning and evening ; that on 
 one of those occasions he had seen him in a kneeling posture with a Bible open before him, and that he be- 
 lieved that such was his daily practice. 
 
 MAY LIGHT PERPETUAL SHINE UPON HIM. 
 Washington's body was laid to its rest in Mount Vernon with the offices of the Church pronounced 
 by a priest, the Rev. Mr. Davis, who also made a short extemporary speech, and three others of the clergy 
 of the Church assisted him. The Church's faith in the Resurrection and " the life of the world to come" 
 was endorsed and witnessed to, by the recital of the Masonic rite. The first memorial erected to his memory 
 was set up in Christ Church, " the old North," in Boston. Lafayette is reported to have said in 1 824 : "Yes, 
 that is the man I knew, and more like him than any other portrait." 
 
 A COMPARISON. 
 George Washington's death occurred in the reign of George ill of England. We have already 
 noticed the influence upon Washington's character and career exerted by his mother. The mothers of 
 powerful men must ever be a study of interest to us, and, if eugenics is ever to become a real and useful 
 
Washinglon Bufl 
 From a photograph belonging lu the bos 
 Atheneum. Sent by Mr. Charles K. Colto 
 
 science, it is a matter of no small importance. At critical 
 times we are face to face with the large influence for good 
 and evil of the mothers of the men of history. What would 
 have been the effect upon the modern world if Queen Caro- 
 line had left a son after her own heart and leading, to reign 
 in the succession after George II ? But George II was suc- 
 ceeded by his grandson. George 111 was a good man, in a 
 way, but a thoroughly bad ruler. He led his politicians in 
 wholesale bribery. He followed his mother's advice and 
 tried to " be a Kmg". It was a doctrine which went badly 
 with his natural obstinacy and dullness. It was a policy which 
 did not tit in with the English ideas of fair play and right. 
 The English people are very loyal to the crown and throne, 
 but every man expects to have his rights. The rights of the 
 people are known by the rights that have been always or for 
 a long time, and rights do not dimmish but increase. Hence 
 the throne falls when it stands too stiffly in the way of the 
 rights of the people. So the effort of George III to restore 
 personal government was an utter failure. It was responsible 
 for those follies, wrongs and blunders which aroused anger 
 in the Colonies against the English as a people— so far as 
 they stood for that which George III stood for. The 
 issues were not so clearly drawn as we are apt to think. It 
 was not the American against the English. It was the Con- 
 stitution against the man. There were many Englishmen in 
 England whose sympathies were with the Americans, and 
 there were many Americans in America whose heart, head, 
 and pocket-book were with the English. So divided were 
 the two peoples that this has been called a civil war. In 
 doing battle against unconstitutional government Washington 
 
 Church ot All Saints, Purleigh, 
 
 of which the Rev. Lawrence Washington was Re(5lor, 1632 to 1643. 
 :)riiit sent bv his successor the Rev. R.T.Love 
 
was upholding the best of old English law and tradition. " No taxation without representation" was a rule 
 of right which had been fought for and established more than once in England. And when old English 
 freedom won its greatest victory in the form of American freedom, the old English Church kept her place 
 in her children's hearts; though now she had ceased to be English and had become American. Washington 
 is entitled to be called the first among many Patriots who purged the Church from any possible charge of 
 essential Toryism or adhesion to England ; a reproach which he and they cast off forever from the Church 
 when he and they gave it their continued and personal allegiance and interest. Perhaps it is here that we 
 can best point out that the one marked thing in Washington's religion as in the Washington fighting is the 
 way it continued. It is said that the Englishman wins because he never knows when he is beaten. 
 Washington won the Indepndence of America because he would not give up. He felt all through that 
 God was with him because the war was just. He was probably right. There were great and new things 
 preparing for the going of America into the destiny of her future. If God be for us, who can be against 
 us ? And one would hardly expect a man who had led in that spirit to become a laggard or a nonenity 
 in the further practise of the duties of the Religion which meant so much to him. And so it is by the 
 gift of spiritual perseverence that we may know the Washingtons. George Washington himself was not only 
 an example in faith and practise, but he is to be seen as an achievement in Chnstian breeding. And the 
 perseverence has not yet run out. 
 
 Where Washington worshipped. Christ Church, Cambridge. 
 
 [•'rcini a |jhi.tc)j;rapli throuRh tlit- kindness of the Rev. Prescott Evarts 
 "The General's majestic figure bent reverently in prayer as with devout earnestness he entered 
 into the service. "--Diary of Dorothy Dudley. 
 
 THE VALUE OF A CHRISTIAN " BRINGING UP". 
 
 It was by the Christian training of the child that the Washingtons prepared the way both for the 
 greatest single achievement in their family and also for generations of happiness and usefulness. This lesson 
 they learned in the Baptismal office, the sponsorial duties, the devout Church and home life in which they 
 had been reared. Their children were brought up in the Church for generation after generation. Of 
 course there is nothing surpnsing in the fact that the love of the Church should survive from age to age. 
 Most of us have known other families of which the same could be said. But this case is unique. There is 
 in it one so conspicuous, whose honor is so enduring that it cannot escape our notice, h runs so long and 
 
so uniformly that it is perhaps without a parallel. It is so large that it recalls the closing words of the second 
 commandment. There is something thrilling to an American Christian in the facft that the hard struggle for 
 Independence, the formation of the new Nation, and the Nation's Flag recall men who loved the Cross and 
 the Church of Christ our Lord. A sincere devotion to the Church which began long before George 
 Washington was born, and long before the Reformation, has (as we might expect) maintained itself in 
 members of the family to the present day. One of them, who, like all the Washingtons, is unwilling to be 
 led into conversation upon this great and interesting subject, estimates that ninety-live per cent of the 1 200 
 American descendants of the Rev. Lawrence Washington, priest and vicar of Purleigh and Tring have 
 proven themselves faithful if sometimes inconspicuous children of God and good brothers of men. Among 
 them there is still a Lawrence Washington who serves the Church in Washington as vestryman. There 
 have been Washingtons in the Supreme Court, in the Army, in the Navy. They are found as they have 
 always been, on the vestries of Virginia Churches, and helping in the work of State and school. One of 
 them has rendered to the world of education and religious enlightment, service which won recognition even 
 hrom the nation to which he went as a stranger. He is the Bishop of Tokyo. 
 
 Where Washington worshipped. Christ Church,* Savannah. 
 
 rom an .iniati-ur phwti)Rra|ih sent hy the Rev. Francis A Hro\ 
 
 If we need — as we sometimes say we do — men for great and difficult tasks in State and Church, we 
 had better begin to make more men by nature's law of loving God. Our bad spots in our communities, 
 our " problems," have increased in proportion as people have diminished their attention to religion. 
 
 Now in casting about for some way out of the difficulties of irreligion and immorality we have run 
 into fresh hope in the form of eugenics. It will be all right if only we can get people well born. And how 
 shall we do that ? Well, we may be very thankful that some men have been able to promise something by 
 law and oratory and laboratory. But the main work comes when men give their hearts to God, and God 
 can put them through the cleansing process so their children can be better born. For the ends of eugenics are 
 beyond the reach of any single generation. They are in the far future. For such a work it is no mean 
 preparation that a child should learn the belief, the Lord's Prayer and the ten Commandments. It is no 
 small help that the child is pledged by grown sponsors to be brought to be confirmed. Little as this is — for 
 
Where Washington worshipped. Queen's Chapel*". St. John's Parish, Portsmouth. N. H. 
 
 r.im a pitUin- l>i.-l.m;;inf; to tin- punish, through thi- kindin-ss nl ihi- Kt-v Harold M Pols. 
 
 It IS the least, and only the beginning o( our opportunity to lead on " a godly and a Chnstian life" - to multitudes 
 of Americans it has been denied. Many if not mo^ men have made it a point to say that the Church 
 teaching is discredited. And they have reaped what they have sown. Into their children's hearts they 
 have put indifference, and out of them has come evil. As a country we have done something for the 
 children of the paiS, but not much. The church rubric is a dead letter. But perhaps now out of a sense of 
 failure, there will come a change. Perhaps the children of the future to whom alone we can look for pro- 
 gressing humanity, will gain just where their predecessors have been losing. Perhaps there are homes and 
 Churches which will right the wrong. Perhaps people will see, as learned associations are seeing, that the 
 one thing in life which we cannot neglect is the religion of the child— the most hopeful thing in all of life. 
 Perhaps the new generation will be more open to the benedictions of religion, if for them religion is made 
 a real thing— a thing which may be felt in Life. This is the way to breed men for service. This the way 
 they bred Washington. 
 
For developing ledures, class and club work where any material in this book is utilized, 
 The Hampshire Art Press, {Dept. B) has colored post cards of IVashington Churches and 
 prints from nearly all the illu^rations in this book, suitable for the Radioptican, and for 
 individually-made note books, etc., and also lantern slides. 
 
 Si. John's, Portsmouth, nn the Site o( Queen's'Chapel 
 
 If the expense of this effort is not too great, the writer will follow this little book with 
 another and perhaps with others selected from the following subjedls which he has been 
 preparing for some years : 
 
 The Religion of the Patriots. {For the 4 th of July.) 
 
 The Religious Example of the Colonics. 
 
 The Times and Work of Martin Luther. 
 
 Saint Patrick and others of his Time. (For St. Patrick's Dav.) 
 
 Religious Lights in the Civil War. 
 
 Some Great Chri^ian Jews. {For Good Friday.) 
 
St. Peter's and St. Paul's, Tring 
 H.v permission ol Harper cV Ilr..lluM 
 
 (By the satne Author) 
 
 "The Historians and The Enghsh Reformation" 
 
 Every teacher, every father and mother, every high school student, should be familar 
 with these matters of momentous influence upon the present and the future religious conditions 
 in America. This book compares ordinary school-books with firSt-class historical writers. 
 Some of our "beS sellers" make a bad showing. It looks as if some one had been "telling 
 wrong stories". Twenty-four representative Church bodies of clergymen and laymen have 
 taken adion on this matter ; namely, the New England Department Council, the Conventions 
 of Colorado, Springfield, New Hampshire, Alabama, Harrisburg, Michigan, California, 
 Ohio, New Mexico, Western Colorado, Salina, North Dakota, Southern Ohio, Indianapolis, 
 Central New York, Kansas City, Chicago, Vermont, Atlanta, Long Island, Kansas, Duluth, 
 and New York. The question which they have raised within the pa^ four years and from 
 so many parts of the Country, is fairly met, and the evidence is presented in 
 
 "The Historians and the Enghsh Reformation" 
 
 Published by the Y. C. Co., 484 Milwaukee St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
 This book. u}os published three years ago and has never been answered. 
 
Here is information which should be known in every household. 
 
 WHAT IS SAID OF IT. 
 
 "Generally Acclaimed and Enthusiastically Reviewed." — The Publishers. 
 " h entranced me at once." — Canon DeVries of Washington." 
 
 OPINIONS FROM THE PRESS. 
 London Times — "a useful guide ". 
 Harlford Globe — "very convmcing". 
 Rochester PoSl Express — "a valuable volume ". 
 Springfield Republican — "as fair as possible". 
 Bo^on Herald — " a fresh and scholarly treatise". 
 Hartford Couranl — "convincing and of true value". 
 London Spectator — " We give our testimony to Us completeness ". 
 Boston Living Age — " of more than ordinary irtere^ and importance". 
 
 Providence Journal — " interesting and valuable . . convenient form . . plain and convincing ". 
 Chicago Continent — " a good and useful collection of suggestions and comments as well as items of information ". 
 Magazine of American HiAory — " It is of value as a book of reference and as a lead to citations ". 
 Monthly Bulletin of New Books, Chicago — " should be welcome to the general reader and doubly so to the teacher ". 
 Springfield Republican — " it has convinced the writer of this review of the ju^ice of the Anglican claim to 
 
 continuity ". 
 Outlook — " effe<flively disposes of the claim as to Henry VIII by documents which admit of no reasonable 
 
 gainsaying ". 
 
 FROM THE CHURCH PAPERS. 
 
 St. Andrew's Cross — " a notable book.'* 
 
 Halifax. N. S.. Church Work—" deserves well". 
 
 West Texas Church News — "heartiest endorsement." 
 
 The Diocese of Chicago — "a book of great value". 
 
 The Churchman — "diligence and acumen of research". 
 
 Living Church — " keen interest that grew as we got mto the book ". 
 
 Quincy Cathedral Chimes — " It should be in every public library in the land ". 
 
 London Church Times — "With regard to the text books used in America, he seems to make out a good case". 
 
 Southern Churchman — "An entertaining book and one well worth reading, and he makes plain the reason why". 
 
 Michigan Churchman — "A work of whose value it is impossible to speak extravagantly. We have read it 
 
 through, every word, including the foot-notes, and are ju^ified in recommending it . . It will be found as 
 
 interestmg as it is mstructive, addressed to the intelligence, and absolutely conclusive to the student ". 
 London Guardian — "The grouping of points is especially to be commended. Mr. Litlell has brought together a 
 
 mass of material of the higher value which we do not recolletft to have seen so treated anyw-here else, and 
 
 students will thank him accordingly ". 
 
 FROM BISHOPS. 
 
 The Bishop of Massachusetts — " In case opportunity arises for me to press the point in educational circles 1 will 
 
 gladly do so". 
 The Bishop of Washington — " bound to be of great value ". 
 The Bishop of Rhode Island — "a very valuable work of reference for both schools and parishes, a volume which 
 
 can stand all by itself on a book-shelf ". 
 The Bishop of Tennessee — " a mo^ important contribution . . the work is well done ". 
 The Bishops of Utah. Harrisburg. Marquette, North Dakota. New Hampshire, Quincy, Florida, and others have 
 
 recommended and praised it. 
 
 FROM PROFESSORS. 
 
 President Drinker of Lehigh University — "A great service in fad to all thinking men and women. It is done so 
 
 fairly, so dispassionately, and so learnedly, as to be absolutely convincing". 
 Prof. Ladd of Berkeley — "a surprising revalation". 
 
 Prof. Munro of Brown U. — "1 read it with steadily increasing intere^ ". 
 Prof. Evans of Tufts — bound to be of great service . . a distintSly useful book". 
 Prof. Gettell — "eminently fair and accurate". 
 Prof. Baldwin of Columbia — " not only convenient and significant; it is for many who need it mo^ the only means 
 
 of making this important comparison with even an approach to adequacy". 
 
 If you do not find it in your Library ot at your Bookseller's, write to 
 
 HAMPSHIRE ART PRESS. (Dept. B) 
 (By mail. $2.68.) Kecne. N. H. 
 

 Q. &( 
 
 
 ^■B" 
 
^l)ere ^X'a^iington Wcwsh^ped- Trinity Chorcli in Boston* 
 
 From Ferry's Amenc^ii Episcopal Chorch 
 
 k 
 
 Tnnit}- Cburch in Boston today 
 
U'hcrc W a.hin.ton W orshippeu 
 
 Church. Philadelphia 
 
 
 
 
 i^: 
 
 V ' ■ — 
 Valley Forge Memorial Church, design 
 
?t3 24 1913 
 
 Washington Cathedral Design 
 From plate sent by the Bishop and Canon Ut-Vr 
 
 Seal of a Washington dated 1 360. showing 
 Stars and Stripes more than 550 years old 
 Munsty's Magazini-, by pc-rniission of tlie piiblishe 
 
 Arms and Crest of the Washington Family 
 
 till; Englisll Homi; of the Washingtons, by A. T. Sto 
 
 in Haiper's Monthly Magazine ior Mareh ,1879 
 
 By permission of Harper & Brothers 
 
 89 w 
 

 
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