1. -51, ^.. 4 \ '/, v^ I X gga!«i{»iwafflii«»gin»aiiBTO7ja?iiiaMim!?J3M^?:!:i;in • : ■:;■; w Book__J4_l4L5^ Copyright N"* COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. - An E.ementary History Stories of Heroism hy j^\ WILLIAM B^^ACE II Professor of History in Syracuse University, Author of "Methods in History," "A Working Manual of American History," and ''A School History of the United States" Illustrated by HOMER W. COLBY Portraits by JACQUES REICH and P. R. AUDIBERT RAND McNALLY & COMPANY Chicago New York London " ( A Primary History Copyright lo>'U. By William H. Mace :\U rights resertfd An Elementary History Copyright, lo'-f. By William U. Mace . / Chiiaio AUG 24 1914 THE TABLE OF CONTENTS / PAGE The Northmen, Who Were the First to Reach America i Leif Ericson Who Discovered Vinland i Early Explorers in America 2 Christopher Columbus, the First Great Man in American History .... 2 Ponce de Leon, Who Sought a Marvelous Land and Was Disappointed . . 15 Cortes, Who Found the Rich City of Mexico 17 Pizarro, Who Found the Richest City in the World 21 Coronado, Who Penetrated Southwestern United States but Found Nothing but Beautiful Scenery 22 De Soto, the Discoverer of the Mississippi 23 Magellan, Who Proved that the World is Round 26 The Men Who Made America Known to England and Who Checked the Progress of Spain 30 John Cabot also Searches for a Shorter Route to India and Finds the Mainland of North America 30 Sir Francis Drake, the English "Dragon," Who Sailed the Spanish Main and Who " Singed the King of Spain's Beard" 33 Sir Walter Raleigh, the Friend of Elizabeth, Plants a Colony in America to Check the Power of Spain 38 The Men Who Planted New France in America, Explored the Great Lake Region, Founded Quebec, and Penetrated the Mississippi Valley 44 Samuel de Champlain, the Father of New France 44 Joliet and Marquette, Fur Trader and Missionary, Explore the Mississippi Valley for New France 47 What the Dutch Accomplished in the Colonization of the New World . 49 Henry Hudson, Whose Discoveries Led Dutch Traders to Colonize New Netherland 49 Famous People in Early Virginia 54 John Smith, the Savior of Virginia, and Pocahontas its Good Angel ... 54 Industries, Manners, and Customs of the First Settlers 61 Some Old England Puritans in New England 63 Miles Standish, the Pilgrim Soldier, and the Story of "Plymouth Rock" . . 63 iii iv The Table of Contents PACE John Winthrop, the Founder of Boston 71 John Eliot, a Successful Missionary to the Indians 73 King Philip, Indian Chief and Hater of White Men 73 Industries, Manners, and Customs 74 The Men Who Planted Colonies for Many Kinds ok People .... 79 Peter Stuyvesant, the Great Dutch Governor 76 Manners and Customs of New Ncthcrland 80 William Penn, the Quaker, Who Founded the City of Brotherly Love . 82 Quaker Ways in Old Pennsylvania 87 James Oglethorpe, the Founder of Georgia as a Home for English Debtors, as a Place for Persecuted Protestants, and as a Barrier against the Spaniards 89 Industries, Manners, and Customs of the Southern Planters 92 Robert Cavelier de La Salle, Who Followed the Fatjier of Waters to ITS MOLTH, AND ESTABLISHED NeW FRANCE FROM CANADA TO THE Gulf of Me.xico 94 La Salle Pushed Forward the Work Begun by Joliet and Marquette ... 94 Men of New France 100 George Washington, the First Gener.\l and First President of the United . States loi The "Father of His Country" loi The Man Who Helped Win Independence by Winnin(j the Hearts of French- men FOR America 128 Benjamin Franklin, the Wisest American of His Time .128 Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, Famous Men of tiik Revolution, who Defended America by Tongue and Pen 139 Patrick Henry, the Orator of the Revolution 139 Samuel Adams, the Firebrand of the Revolution 146 The Men Who Fought for American Independence with Gun and Sword . 157 Nathan Hale 157 Generals Greene, Morgan, and Marion, the Men Who Helped Win the South from the British 160 The Men Who Helped Win Independencb Fighting England on the Sea 171 Paul Jones, a Scotchman, Who Won the Great Victory in the French Ship, " Bon Homme Richard " 171 John Barry, Who Won More Sea Fights in the Revolution than Any Other Captain I75 The Table of Contents v Foreigners Who Came over the Sea to Help Washington Win Independence i8o Marquis de Lafayette jg^ Baron von Steuben jg. Tadeusz Kosciuszko jg. Casimir Pulaski ^g Johann de Kalb ' jg The Men Who Crossed the Mountains, Defeated the Indians and British, AND Made the Mississippi River the First Western Boundary of THE United States ige Daniel Boone, the Hunter and Pioneer of Kentucky 185 John Sevier, "Nolichucky Jack" jq2 George Rogers Clark, the Hero of Vincennes igg Development of the New Republic ' 207 Eli Whitney, Who Invented the Cotton Gin and Changed the History of the South 207 Thomas Jefferson, Who Wrote the Declaration of Independence, Founded the Democratic Party, and Purchased the Louisiana Territory . . .210 Lewis and Clark, American Explorers in the Oregon Country 218 Oliver Hazard Perry, Victor in the Battle of Lake Erie 224 Andrew Jackson, the Victor of New Orleans " . .225 The Men Who Made the Nation Great by Their Inventions and Discoveries 235 Robert Fulton, the Inventor of the Steamboat 235 Samuel F. B. Morse, Inventor of the Telegraph ^41'^ Cyrus West Field, Who Laid the Atlantic Cable between Am.erica and Europe 245 Thomas A. Edison, the Greatest Inventor of Electrical Machinery in the World 248 The Men Who Won Texas, the Oregon Country, and California . . .254 Sam Houston, Hero of San Jacinto 254 David Crockett, Great Hunter and Hero of the Alamo 258 John C. Fremont, the Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains 260 Spanish Missions in the Southwest 265 The Three Greatest Statesmen of the Middle Period 269 Henry Clay, the Founder of the Whig Party and the Great Pacificator . . 269 Daniel Webster, the Defender of the Constitution 275 John C. Calhoun, the Champion of Nullification 280 Abraham Lincoln, the Liberator and Martyr 286 A Poor Boy Becomes a Great Man 286 vi The Table of Contents PACS The Man Who Led the CohfFEDERATE Armies 298 Robert Edward Lee , . 298 Other Heroes of the Civil War 305 Ulysses S. Grant 305 " Stonewall " Jackson 307 David Glascoe Farragut 308 Resources and Industries of Our Country 310 How Farm and Factor>' Helped Build the Nation 310 Mines, Mining, and Manufactures 313 The Index 316 MACE^S ELEMENTARY HISTORY STORIES OF HEROISM THE NORTHMEN DISCOVER THE NEW WORLD LEIF ERICSON, WHO DISCOVERED VINLAND I. The Voyages of the Northmen. The Northmen were a bold sea-faring people who lived in northern Europe hundreds of years ago. Once when on one of their voyages of adventure, the boldest sailed so far to the west that they reached the shores of Iceland and Greenland, where many of them settled. Among The these were Eric the Red and his son Leif Ericson. North- men Now Leif had heard of a land to the south of Greenland from discover some Northmen who had been driven far south in a great storm, Iceland and he determined to set out in search of it. After sailing for many Green- days he reached the shore of this New World. Because of the land abundance of grapes that the Northmen found along the shore, they named the new land Vinland, a country of grapes. Leif 's discovery caused great excitement among his people, and ever after he was known as Leif the Lucky. After hearing his story of Vinland, some of them could hardly wait until the winter was over, and the snow and ice broken up, so as to let their ships go out once more. This time Thorvald, one of Leif's brothers, led the expedition. On reaching land, as they stepped ashore, he exclaimed: "It is a fair region and here I should like to make my home." Thorvald was killed in a battle with the Indians and was buried where he had wanted to build his home. The Northmen continued to visit the new land, but the Indians finally became so unfriendly that the Northmen went away and never came again. Stories of Hvroisni EARLY EXPLORERS LN AMERICA Boyhood of Colum- bus Why Colum- bus learned to like the sea CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, THE FIRST GREAT MAN IN AMERICAN HISTORY 2. Old Trade Routes to Asia. More than 450 years ago Christo]iher Columbus spent his boyhood in the queer old Italian town of (lenoa on the shore of the Medi- terranean Sea. I'lven in that far-away time, the Mediterranean was dotted with the white sails of ships busy in carrying the richest trade in the world. But no mer- chants were richer or had bf)lder sailors than those of Columbus's own town. Genoa had her own trading routes to India, China, and Japan. Ilcr vessels sailed eastward and crossed the Black Sea to the very shores of Asia. There they found stores of rich shawls and silks and of costly spices and jewels, which had already come on the backs of horses and camels from the Far East. As fast as winds and oars could carry them, these merchant ships hastened back to Genoa where other ships and sailors were waiting to carry their goods to all parts of Eurojx*. Every day the boys of Genoa, as they played along the whar\'es, could see the ships from difTerent countries and could hear the stories of adventure told by the sailors. No wonder Christopher found it hard to work at his father's trade of combing wool; he liked to hear stories of the sea and to make majjs and to study flC^i ^ 1 Ml. I . 1 . . M . MULS Affer the statue by Gitilio Monlvcrde in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Christopher Columbus Henry's work geography far better than he hked to comb wool or study arithmetic or grammar. He was eager to go to sea and while but a boy he made his first voyage. He often sailed with a kinsman, who was an old sea captain. These trips were full of danger, not only from storms, but from sea robbers with whom the sailors often had hard fights. While Columbus was growing to be a man, the wise and noble Prince Heniy of Portugal was sending his sailors down the unknown Prince west coast of Africa to find a new way to India. The Turks, by capturing Con- stantinople, had destroyed Genoa's overland trade routes. The bold deeds of Henry's sailors drew many sea- men to Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Columbus went, too, where he was made colum- welcome by his brother and other friends. Here he soon earned bus goes enough by making maps to send money home to aid his parents, *° Lisbon who were very poor. Columbus was now a large, fine -looking young man with ruddy face and bright eyes, so that he soon won the heart and the hand of a beautiful lady, the daughter of one of Prince Henry's old seamen. Columbus was in the midst of exciting scenes. Lisbon was full of learned men, and of sailors longing to go on voyages. A SEA FIGHT BETWEEN GENOESE AND TURKS The Genoese were great seamen and traders. When the Turks tried to ruin their trade with the Far East by destroying their routes many fierce sea -fights took place Stories of Heroism THE HOME OF COLUMBUS, GtNOA Year after year new voyaj^cs were made in the hope of rcaeliing India, but after many trials, the sailors of Portugal had explored only halfway down the African coast. It is said that one day wliilc look- ing over his father-in-law's majxs, Columbus was startled by the idea of reaching India by sailing directly west. He thought that this could be done, because he believed the world to be round, although all people, ex- cept the most educated, then thought the world flat. Columbus also believed that the world was much smaller than it really is. The best map of that time located India, China, and Japan about where America is. For once, a mistake in geography turned out well. Colum- bus, believing his route to Ix* the 'lortest, spent several years in gath- ering proof that Imlia was directly west. He went on long voyages and talked with many old sailors about the signs of land to the westward. Finally Columbus laid his jilans ■ fore the new King of Portugal, J'»hn II. The king secretly sent out a ship to test the i>lan. His sailors, Christopher Columbus COLUMBUS SOLICITING AID FROM ISABELLA From the painting by the Bohemian artist, Vaczlav Brozik, now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York however, became frightened and returned before going very far. Columbus was indignant at this mean trick and immediately started for Spain (1484), taking with him his little son, Diego, 3. Columbus at the Court of Spain. The King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, received him kindly ; but some What the of their wise men did not believe that the world is round, and ^^Xt ^ declared Columbus foolish for thinking that countries to the east- ofColum- ward could be reached by sailing to the westward. He was not ^"^ discouraged at first, because other wise men spoke in his favor to the king and queen. It was hard for these rulers to aid him now because a long and costly war had used up all of Spain's money. Columbus was very Stories of Heroism Some thought him crazy Begs bread for his son l.A RABIDA CONVENT NEAR PALOS At this monastery, on his way to France, Columbus nict the good prior poor and his clothes became threadbare. Some good people took pity on him and gave him money but others made sport of the homeless stranger and insulted him. The very boys in the street, it is said, knowingly tapped their heads when he went by to show that they thought him a bit crazy. 4. New Friends of America. Disappointed and discouraged, after several years of weary waiting, Columbus set out on foot to try his fortunes in France. One day while passing along the road, he came to a convent or monastery. Here he begged a drink of water and some bread for his tired and hungry son, Diego, who was then about twelve years of age. The good prior of the monastery was struck by the fine face and the noble bearing of the stranger, and began to talk with him. When Columbus explained his bold plan of finding a shorter route to India, the prior sent in haste to the little port of Palos, near by, for some old coutMnLs at t„e convent of la rauu.a Columbus cxplaiuiuf^ his plan for reaching India 1u seamen, among them the prior and Pimon, the great sailor Christopher Columbus r7 a great sailor, named Pinzon. These men agreed with Columbus, for they had seen proofs of land to the westward. The prior himself hastened with all speed to his good friend. Queen Isabella, and begged her not to allow Columbus to go to France, for the honor of such a discovery ought to belong to Isabella and to Spain. How happy was the prior when the queen gave him money to pay the expenses for Columbus to visit her in proper style! With a heart full of hope, once more Columbus hastened to the Spanish Court, only to find both king and queen busy in getting ready for the last great battle of the long war. Spain won a great victory, and while the people were still rejoicing, the queen's officers met Columbus to make plans for the long-thought-of voyage. But because the queen refused to make him governor over all the lands he might discover, Columbus mounted his mule and rode away, once more bent on seeking aid from France. Some of the queen's men hastened to her and begged her to recall Columbus. Isabella hesitated, for she had but little money in her treasury. Finally, it is said, she declared that she would pledge her jewels, if necessary, to raise the money for a fleet. A swift horse- man overtook Columbus, and brought him back. The great man cried with joy when Isabella told him that she would fit out an expe- dition and make him governor over all the lands he might discover. The prior goes to Queen Isabella Isabella's kindness CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS From the portrait by Anionis van Moor, painted in i ^42, from two miniatures in the Palace of Pardo. Reproduced by permis- sion of C. F. Gunther, Chicago Why Colum- bus did not go to Franco s Stories of Heroism First voyage begun THK SANTA MARIA, THE FLAGSHIP OF COLUMBUS Frotn a recent reconstruction appro'i-ed by the Spanish Minister of Marine The stop at the Canary Islands Columbus now took a solemn vow to use the riches obtained by his discovery in fitting out a great army which should drive out of the holy city of Jerusalem those very Turks who had destroyed the greatness of his native city. 5. The First Voyage. Columbus hastened to Palos. What a sad time in that town when the good queen commanded her ships and sailors to go with Columbus on a voyage where the bravest seamen had never sailed! When all things were ready for the voyage, Columbus's friend, the good prior, held a solemn religious service, the sailors said good-by to sorrowing friends, and the little fleet of three vessels and ninety stout-hearted men sailed bravely out of the harbor, August 3, 1492. C(jlumbus commanded the Santa Maria, the largest vessel, only al )t)ut ninety feet long. Pinzon was captain o{ the Pinta, the fastest vessel, and Pin- zon's brother of the Nifia, the smallest vessel. The expedition stopped at the Canar\' Islands -^ COI.UMBl'S HIIiKING FAKKWKI I. 1<) TMF, PRIOR to make the last I-'rom the painting by KiturJo balaca Christopher Coliimhus g preparations for the long and dangerous voyage. The sailors were in no hurry to go farther, and many of them broke down and cried as the western shores of the Canaries faded slowly from their sight. After many days, the ships sailed into an ocean filled with sea- weed, and so wide that no sailor could see the end. Would the ships stick fast or were they about to run aground on some hidden island and their crews be left to perish ? The little fleet was already in the region of the trade winds whose gentle but steady breezes were carrying them farther and farther from home. If these winds never changed, they thought, how could the ships ever make their way back. The sailors begged Columbus to turn back, but he encouraged them by pointing out signs of land, such as flocks of birds, and green ^^^ g^jj_ branches floating in the sea. He told them that according to the ors lost maps they were near Japan and offered a prize to the one who ^^^^^^ should first see land. One day, not long after, Pinzon shouted, colum- ■'Land! Land! I claim my prize." But he had only seen a dark bus grew bank of clouds far away on the horizon. The sailors, thinking °^^ " land near, grew cheerful and climbed into the rigging and kept watch for several days But no land came into view and they grew more downhearted than ever. Because Columbus would not turn back, they threatened to throw him into the sea and declared that he was a madman leading them on to certain death. 6. Columbus the Real Discoverer. One beautiful evening, after the sailors sang their vesper hymn, Columbus made a speech, pointing out how God had favored them with clear skies and gentle Land winds for their voyage, and said that since they were so near land the ^! , . . discov- ships must not sail any more after midnight. That very night ered Columbus saw, far across the dark waters, the glimmering light of a torch. A few hours later the Pinta fired a joyful gun to tell that land had been surely found. All was excitement on board JO Stories of Heroism Taking posses- sion of the country for Spain the ships and not an eye was closed that night. Overcome with joy, some of the sailors threw their arms around Columbus's neck, others kissed his hands, and those who had op])oscd him most, fell upon their knees, begged his pardon, and promised faithful obedience in the future. On Friday morning, October 12, 1492, Colum- bus, dressed in a robe of bright red and carrying the royal flag of Spain, stepped upon the shores of the New World. Around him were gathered liis officers and sailors, dressed in their best clothes and carrying flags, banners, and crosses. They fell upon their knees, kissed the earth, and with tears of joy, gave thanks. Columbus then drew his sword and declared that the land belonged to the King and Oucen of Spain. 7. How the People Came to be Called "Indians." Wlicn the people of this land first saw the ships of Columbus, they imagined that the Spaniards had come up from the sea or down from the sky TilE ARMOR OK COLL'.MBUS Now in the Royal Palace, Madrid Mr\^y THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS From the painting by Diosayro Puchla, now in the Xatioual Museum, Madrid and that they were beings from Heaven. They, therefore, at first ran frightened into the woods. Afterwards, as they came back, they fell upon their knees as if to worshij:) the white men. Christopher Columbus II Columbus called the island on which he landed San Salvador and named the people Indians because he believed he had discovered an island of East India, although he had really discovered one of the Bahama Islands, and, as we suppose, the one known to-day as San Salvador. He and his men were greatly disappointed at the appearance of these new people, for instead of seeing them dressed in rich clothes, wearing ornaments of gold and silver, and living in great cities, as they had expected, they saw only half-naked, painted savages living in rude huts. 8. Discovery of Cuba. After a few days Columbus sailed farther on and found the land now called Cuba, which he believed was Japan. Here his own ship was wrecked, leaving him only the Nina, for the Pinta had gone, he knew not where. He was now Spanish greatly alarmed, for if the Nina should be wrecked he and his men colony would be lost and no one would ever hear of his great discovery. P^^°*®** He decided to return to Spain at once, but some of the sailors New were so in love with the beautiful islands and the kindly people ^^^^^ that they resolved to stay and plant the first Spanish colony in the New World. After collecting some gold and silver articles, plants, animals, birds, Indians, and other proofs of his discovery, Columbus spread the sails of the little Nina for the homeward voyage, January 4, 1493. 9. Columbus Returns to Spain. On the way home a great storm knocked the little vessel about for four days. All gave up home- hope, and Columbus wrote two accounts of his discovery, sealed ^^'"'^ them in barrels, and set them adrift. A second storm drove the Nifia to Lisbon, in Portugal, where Columbus told the story of his great voyage. Some of the Portuguese wished to imprison Colum- bus, but the king would not, and in the middle of ]\Iarch, the Nina sailed into the harbor of Palos. voyage 12 Stories of Heroism THE RECEPTION OF COLUMBUS AT BARCELONA From the celebrated pahttiug by the distinguished Spanish artist, Ricardo Balaca What joy in that Httle town! The bells were set ringing and The joy the people ran shouting through the streets to the wharf, for they of Palos \^r^^\ \o\\g given up Columl)us and his crew as lost. To add to their joy, that very night when the streets were bright with torches, the Pinta, believed to have been lost, also sailed into the harbor. Columbus immediately wrote a letter to the king and queen, who bade him hasten to them in Barcelona. All along his way, even the villages and the country roads swarmed with people anxious to see the great discoverer and to look upon the strange l^eople and the queer products which he had brought from India, as they thought. The people's reception Christopher Columbus jo As he came near the city, a large company of fine people rode out to give him welcome. He entered the city like a hero. The streets, the balconies, the doors, the windows, the very house tops were crowded with happy people eager to catch sight of him. In a great room of the palace, Ferdinand and Isabella had placed their throne. Into this room marched Columbus surrounded ?®"P" , uon by by the noblest people of Spain, but none more noble looking than the king the hero. The king and queen arose and Columbus fell upon his ^°*^ knees and kissed their hands. They gave him a seat near them and ^^^^^ bade him tell the strange story of his wonderfut voyage. When he finished, the king and queen fell upon their knees and raised their hands in thanksgiving. All the people did the same, and a great choir filled the room with a song of praise. The reception was now over and the people, shouting and cheering, followed Columbus to his home. How like a dream it must have seemed to Columbus, who only a year or so before, in threadbare clothes, was begging bread at the monastery near Palos! 10. The Second Voyage. But all Spain was on fire for another expedition. Every seaport was now anxious to furnish ships, and every bold sailor was eager to go. In a few months a fleet of seventeen fine ships and fifteen hundred people sailed away under the command of Columbus (1493) to search for the rich cities of their dreams. After four years of exploration and discovery among the islands that soon after began to be called the West Indies, fi^d rich Columbus sailed back to Spain greatly disappointed. He had c»t»es found no rich cities nor mines of gold and silver. 11. The Third and Fourth Voyages. On his third voyage (1498) Columbus sailed along the northern shores of South Amer- ica, but when he reached the West Indies, the Spaniards who had settled there refused to obey him, seized him, put him in chains, J4 Stories of Heroism COLUMBUS IN CHAINS After the clay model by the Spanish sculptor, Vallmiijiana, at Havana he had discovered a new world. and sent him back to Spain. But the good queen set Columbus free and sent him on his fourth voyage (1502). He explored the coast of what is now Central America, but afterward met shipwreck on the island of Jamaica. He returned to Spain a broken-hearted man because he had failed to find the fabled riches of India. He died soon afterward, not knowing that In 1 501 Amerigo Vespucci made a voyage to South America. Without intending to wrong Colum- bus, the country he saw, and after- ward all land to the northward, was called America. Spain was too busy exploring the new lands to give proper heed to the death of the man whose discoveries would, ^-^a, v j il' after a few years, make the king- rr^--"^^ laS ^[ dom richer even than India. But it was left to the greatest nation in all the western world to do full honor to the memory' of Columbus in the World's Columbian Ex- position at Chicago (1892-1893). f. THE HOUSE IN WHICH COLUMBUS DIED This house is in I'alladoliJ, Spain, and stands in a street nanud after the fireat disccncrer SUGGESTIONS INTKXDEl) TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Columbus was born near the shores of the Mediterranean and trained for the sea by study and by experi- ence. 2. The people of Europe traded with the Far East, but Ponce de Leon 15 the Turks destroyed their trade routes, j. Columbus was drawn to Portugal because of Prince Henry's great work. 4. Columbus thought he could sail west and reach the rich cities of the East. 5. After many discouragements he won aid from Isabella and discovered the Bahama Islands, Cuba, and Haiti. 6. The king and queen of Spain received Columbus with great ceremony. 7. Columbus made three more voyages, but was disappointed in not finding the rich cities of India. Study Questions. i. Make a hst of articles which the caravans (camels and horses) of the East brought to the Black Sea. 2. What studies fitted Columbus for the sea? j. Why were there so many sailors in Lisbon? 4. How did Columbus get his idea of the earth's shape? 5. What did men in Portugal and Spain think of this idea? 6. Tell the story of Columbus in Spain. 7. What is the meaning of the vow taken by him? 8. Make a picture in your mind of the first voyage of Columbus. Read the poem "Columbus," by Joaquin Miller, g. Shut your eyes and imagine you see Columbus land and take pos.session of the country 10. Why was Columbus so disappointed? 11. How did the people of Palos act when Columbus returned? 12. Picture the reception of Columbus by the people, and by the king and queen. 7j. Why was Columbus disappointed in the second expe- dition? 14. What did Columbus believe he had accomplished? 15. What had he failed to do that he hoped to do? Suggested Readings. Columbus: Hart, Colonial Ckildren, 4-6; Prsitt, Exploration and Discovery, 17-32; Wright, Children's Stories in American History, 38-60; Higginson, American Explorers, 19-52; Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 10-35 ; McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 122-160; Brooks, The True Story of Christopher Columbus, 1-103, 1 12-172. PONCE DE LEON, WHO SOUGHT A MARVELOUS LAND AND WAS DISAPPOINTED 12. Ponce de Leon. When the Spaniards came to America they were told many strange stories by the Indians about many marvelous places. Perhaps most wonderful of all was the story of Bimini, where every day was perfect and every one was happy. Here was also the magic fountain which would make old men young once more, and keep young men from growing old. Vv^hen Columbus sailed to America for the second time he brought with him a brave and able soldier, named Ponce de Leon. i6 Stories of Heroism De Leon spent many years on the new continent fighting for his king against the Indians. After a while he was made governor of Porto Rico. While thus serving his country he too heard the story of this wonderful land which no white man had explored. Like most Spaniards, he loved adventure. Also he was weary of the cares of his ofTice, and soon resolved to find this land and to explore it. In the spring of 15 13 De Leon set sail with three ships from Porto Rico. Somewhere to the north lay this land of perfect days. Northward he steered for many days, past lovely tropical islands. At last, on Easter Sunday, an unknown shore appeared. On its banks were splendid trees. Flowers bloomed everywhere, and clear streams came gently down to the sea. De Leon named the new land Florida and took possession of it for the King of Spain. Various duties kept him away from the new land for eight years after its discovery. In 1521 he again set out from Porto Rico, with priests and soldiers, and amply provided with cattle and horses and goods. He wrote to the King of Spain: "Now I return to that island, if it please God's will, to settle it." He was an old man then and hoped to found a peaceful and prosperous colony of which he was to be governor. But Indians attacked his settlement and sickness laid low many of his men. He had been in Florida only a short time when he himself was wounded in a fight with the Indians. Feeling that he would soon die, he hastily set sail with all his men for Cuba, where he died shortly after. De Leon had failed to find the wonderful things of which the Indians had told him. He had failed even to establish the colony of which he was to be governor. But De Leon did discover a new and great land which is now one of the states of the Union. To him also goes the honor of having been the first man to make a settlement in what is now the United States. Hernando Cortes his ships CORTES, WHO FOUND THE RICH CITY OF MEXICO 13. Cortes Invades Mexico. Columbus died disappointed because he had not found the rich cities which everybody beHeved were somewhere in- India. Foremost among Spanish soldiers was Hernando Cortes, who, in 1 5 19, sailed with twelve ships from Cuba to the cortes coast of what is now Mexico. His soldiers and sank sailors were hardly on land before he sank every one of his ships. His men now had to fight. They wore coats of iron, were armed with swords and guns, and they had a few cannon and horses. Every few miles they saw villages and now and. then cities. The Indians wore cotton clothes, and in their ears and around their necks and their ankles they had gold and silver ornaments. The Spaniards could hardly keep their hands off these ornaments, they were eager for gold. They were now sure that the rich cities were near at hand, which Col- umbus had hoped to find, and which every Spaniard fully believed would be found. THE ARMOR OF CORTES Now in the museum at Madrid Spaniards saw signs of riches HOUSE OF CORTES, COYOACAN, MEXICO Over the main doonvay are graven the arms of the Conqtieror, who lived here while the building of Coyoacan, which is older than the City of Mexico, went on 2 i8 Stories of Heroism The peoi)lc of Mexico liad neither guns nor swords, but they were brave. Near the first larije city, thousands upon thousands of fiercely painted warriors wearinii leather shields, rushed u])on the little band of Sj^aniards. For two days the fighting went on, but not a single Spaniard was killed. The arrows of the Indians could not i)ierce iron coats, but the sharp Spanish swords could easily cut leather shields. The simple natives thought they must be fighting against gods instead of men, and gave up the battle. Day after day Cortes marched on until a beautiful valley broke upon his view. His men now saw a wonderful sight: cities built over lakes, GL Al K.MoTZIN Tlic nephew of M.nttcsuma and where canals took the last Indian emperor of . Mexuo. After the statue the plaCC OI bv iJon Francisco J imcne. . .^ ,^^i ■^ streets imd where canoes carried people from place to place. It all seemed like a dream. But they hastened forward to the great capital city. It, too, was built over a lake, larger than any seen before and it could be (^' reached only along three great ' roads of solid mason w(jrk. These roads ran to the center of the city where stood, in a great AN INDIA.N COk.N lil.N , 1 l.A.XCAl.A These are community or public bins, stand in the open roadway, and are still fashioned as in the days of Cortes Hernando Cortes iQ square, a wonderful temple. The top of this temple could be reached by one hundred fourteen stone steps running around the outside. The city contained sixty thousand people, and there were many stone buildings on the flat roofs of which the natives had beautiful flower gardens. Montezuma, the Indian ruler, received Cortes and his men very politely and gave the officers a house near the great temple. But Cortes was in danger. What if the Indians should rise against him? To guard against this danger, Cortes compelled ]\Ion- tezuma to live in the Spanish quarters. The people did not like to see their beloved ruler a prisoner in his own city. But no outbreak came until the Spaniards, fearing an attack, fell upon the Indians, who were hold- ing a religious festival, and killed hundreds of them. The Indian council immediately chose Monte- zuma's brother to be ruler and the whole city rose to drive out the now hated Spaniards. The streets and even the house tops were filled with angry warriors. Cortes compelled Montezuma to stand upon the roof of the Spanish fort and command his people to stop fighting. But he was ruler no longer. He was struck down by his own warriors, and died in a few days, a broken-hearted man. After several days of hard fighting, Cortes and his men tried to get out of HERNANDO CORTES From the portrait painted by Charles Wilson Peale, now in Independence Hall, Philadelphia Cortes makes Monte- zuma a prisoner The Span- iards driven out of the city 20 Stories of Heroism ,'"rT_! |n| x^ CdRTES BEKOKE MONTE7.UM \ After the orit^tnal painting by the Mexican artist. J. Ortega, now in the Xnlional Gallery of San Carlos, Mexico the city but the Indians fell on the little army and killed more than half of the Spanisli soldiers before they could get away. 14. Cort6s Conquers Mexico. Because of jealousy a Spanish army was sent to bring Cortes back to Cuba. By capturing this army Cortes secured more soldiers. Once more he marched against tlie city. What could bows and arrows and spears and stones do against the terrible horsemen and their great swords, or against the Spanish foot soldiers with their muskets and cannon? At length destroyed the great Indian city was almost destroyed, but thousands of its brave defenders were killed before the fighting ceased (i 521). From this time on, the country gradually filled with Spanish settlers. 15. Cortes Visits Spain. After several years, Cortes longed to see his native laml (ince mure. He set sail, and reached the little The great Indian city almost Francisco Pizarro 21 port of Palos from which, many years before, the great Columbus had sailed in search of the rich cities of the Far East. Here now, was the very man who had found the cities and had returned to tell the story to his king and countrymen. All along the journey to the king the people AT L A X T I C OCEAN A C I F I C now crowded to see Cortes, as they had once crowded to see Columbus. Cortes afterwards returned to Mexico, where he spent a large part of his fortune in trying to improve the coun- try. The Spanish king permitted great wrong to be done to Cortes and, like Columbus, the discoverer, Cortes, the conqueror, died neglected by the king whom he had made so rich. For three hundred years the mines of Mexico poured a constant stream of gold and silver into the lap of Spain. (htlfof \i C E A N ( w •Quito ~~, Cuzco Cortes shares Colum- bus's fate ROUTES OF THE CONQUERORS, CORTES AND PIZARRO Their conquests of Mexico and of Peru brought untold stores of riches to Spain PIZARRO, WHO FOUND THE RICHEST CITY IN THE WORLD i6. Pizarro's Voyages. Another Spaniard, Francisco Pizarro, dreamed of finding riches greater than De Leon or Cortes had ever 22 Stories of Heroism heard of. He set out for Peru with an army of two hundred men. Reaching the coast, he started inland and in a few days came to the Pizarro foot of the Andes. Marching down the eastern side of the moun- ^"^^ tains, the Spaniards came upon the Inca, the native ruler, and his great . ' riches in ''^^my. By trickery they made the Inca a prisoner, put him to Peru death, and then subdued the army. The Spaniards then marched on to Cuzco, the capital of Peru, where they found enormous quan- tities of gold and silver. Never before in the history of the world had so many riches been found. This great wealth was divided among the Spaniards according to rank. But the greedy Spaniards fell to quarreling and fighting among themselves, and Pizarro fell by the hand of one of his own men. CORONADO, WHO PENETRATED SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES BUT FOUND NOTHING BUT BEAUTIFUL SCENERY 17. Coronado's Search for Rich Cities. Stories of immensely rich cities to the north of Mexico led Francisco Coronado with a thousand men into the rocky regions of New Mexico and Arizona. They looked with wonder at the Grand Canon of the Colorado, but they found no wealthy cities or temples ornamented with gold and silver. They pushed farther north into Kansas and Nebraska, into the great western prairies with their immense seas of waving grass and herds of countless buffalo. "Crooked-back oxen" was the name the Spaniards gave the buffalo. But Coronado was after gold and silver, and cared nothing for finds'^*'^° beautiful and interesting scenes. Disappointed, he turned south- gold or ward and in 1542, after three years of wandering, reached home. silver He reported to the King of Spain that the region he had explored was too poor a place for him to plant colonies. Hernando De Solo 23 DE SOTO, THE DISCOVERER OF THE MISSISSIPPI 18. The Expedition to Florida. While Coronado and his men were searching in vain for hidden cities with golden temples, another band of men was wandering through the forests farther to the eastward. Hernando De Soto had been one of Pizarro's bravest soldiers. The news that this bold adventurer was to lead an expedition to Florida stirred all Spain. Many nobles sold their lands to fit out their sons to fight under so great a leader. The Spanish settlers of Cuba gave a joyful welcome to De Soto and to the brave men from the home-land. After many festivals and solemn religious ceremonies, nine vessels, car- rying many soldiers, twelve priests, six hundred horses, and a herd of swine, sailed for Florida (1539). What a grand sight to the Indians as the men and horses clad in steel armor landed! There were richly- colored banners, beautiful crucifixes, and many things never before seen by the Indians. But this was by far the most cruel expedition yet planned. Wherever the Spaniards marched Indians were seized as slaves and made to carry the baggage and do the hard work. If the Indian guides were false, they were burned at the stake or were torn to pieces by bloodhounds. Hence the Indians feared the Spaniards, and Indian guides often misled the Spanish soldiers on purpose to save the guides' own tribes from harm. HERNANDO DESOTO After an engraving to be found in the works of the great Spanish liistorian, Herrera The settlers of Cuba welcome De Soto The Span- iards' cruelty to the Indian R 24 Stories of Heroism Attacked by Indians Dc Soto foui];ht his way through forests and s\vami)S to the head of Apalachec Bay, where he spent the winter. In the spring a guide led the army into what is now Georgia, in search of a country supposed to be rich in gold and ruled l)y a woman. The soldiers suffered and grumbled, but De Soto only turned the march farther northward. The Appalachian Mountains caused them to turn south again until they reached the village of Mavilla (Mobile), where the Indians rushed on them in great numbers and tried to crush the army. But Spanish swords and Spanish guns won the day against Indian arrows and Indian clubs. De Soto lost a number of men, at least a dozen horses, and the baggage of his entire army, yet he boldly refused to send to the coast for the men and supplies waiting for him there. 19. The Discovery of the Mississippi. Again De Soto's men followed him northward, this time into what we know as northern Mississippi, where the second winter was spent in a deserted Indian village. In the spring he demanded two hundred Indians to carry baggage, but the chief and his men one night stole into camp, set fire to their own rude houses, gave the war whoop, frightened many horses into running away, and killed several of tlic Spaniards. HE SOTO DISCOVERS THE MICIll V MISSISSIPPI Hernando De Soto 25 The army then marched westward for many days, wading swamps and wandering through forests so dense that at times they could not see the sun. At last, in 1541, a river was reached They greater than any the Spaniards had ever seen. It was the reached Mississippi, more than a mile wide, rushing swiftly on at full ^^^gj. flood toward the Gulf. On barges made by their own hands, De Soto and his men crossed to the west bank of the broad stream. There they marched northward, probably as far as the region now known as Missouri, and then westward two hundred miles. Nothing but hardships met them on every hand. In the spring of 1542, the little army came upon the Mississippi again. De Soto was tiring out. He grew sad and asked the Indians how far it was to the sea. But it was too far for the bold leader, jjg g^^^ A fever seized him, and after a few days he died, and at dead of night his companions buried him in the bosom of the great river he had discovered. 20. Only Half the Army Returns to Cuba. There were bold leaders still left in the army. They turned westward again, but after finding neither gold nor silver, they returned to the Mississippi and spent the winter on its banks. There they built boats, and then floated down to the Gulf. Only one half of the army returned to tell the sad tales of hardships, battles, and poverty. Thus it came about that Coronado and De Soto proved that What northward from Mexico there were no ri'ch cities, such as Coronado Columbus had dreamed about, and such as Cortes and Pizarro ^^^^ had really found. Hence it was that the King of Spain and proved to his brave adventurers took less interest in that part of North *^®„^!^^ of Spain America which is now the United States, and more in Mexico and in South x\merica. 26 Stories of Heroism Magellan, too, goes to Spain His sailors rebel MAGELLAN, WHO I'KOVED THAT THE WORLD IS ROUND 21. Magellan's Task. Columbus died believing that he had discovered a i)art of India. But he had not proved that the earth is round by sailing around it. This great task was left for Ferdi- nand Magellan, a Portuguese sailor. Columbus's great voyage had stirred up the Portuguese. One of their boldest sailors, Vasco da Gama, had reached India in 1498 by rounding Africa, and Magel- lan had made voyages for seven years among the islands of the East. After returning to Portugal, Magellan sought the king's aid, but without success; then, like Columbus, he went to Spain, and in less than two years his fleet of live vessels sailed for the coast of South America (15 19). Severe storms tossed the vessels about for nearly a month. Food and water grew scarce. The sailors threatened to kill Magellan, but the brave captain, Hke Columbus, kept boldly on until he reached cold and stormy Patagonia. It was Easter time, and the long, hard winter was already setting in. Finding a safe har- bor and plenty of fish, Magellan decided to winter there. But the captains of three ships refused to obey, and decided to kill Magellan and lead the fleet back to Spain. Magellan was too quick for them. He captured one of the ships, turned the cannon on the others, and soon forced them to surrender. There were no more outbreaks that winter. One of the ships was wrecked. How glad the sailors were when, late in August, KERDINANI) MAGEI.I.AN From the portrait designed and engraved by Ferdinand Selma in 17S8 \ Ferdina nd Magella ; / 27 they saw the first signs of spring! But they were not so happy when Magellan commanded the ships to sail still farther south in search of a passage to the westward. In October, his little fleet entered a wide, deep channel and found rugged, snow-clad mountains rising high on both sides of them. Many of the sailors believed they had at last found the westward passage, and that it was now time to turn homeward. But Magellan declared that he would "eat the leather off the ship's yards" rather than turn back. The sailors on one ship seized and bound the cap- tain and sailed back to Spain. Magellan with but three ships sailed bravely on until a broad, quiet ocean broke upon his sight. He wept for joy, for he believed that now the west- ern route to India had indeed been found. This new ocean, so calm and smooth, he named the Pacific, and all the world now calls the channel he dis- covered the Strait of Magellan. No man had yet sailed across the Pacific, and no man knew the distance. Magellan was as bold a sailor as ever sailed the main, and he had brave men with him. In November (1520) the three little ships boldly turned their prows toward India. On and on they sailed. Many of the crew, as they looked out upon a little island, saw land for the last time. Many thousand miles had yet to be sailed before land would again be seen. After long MAGELLAN'S FIRST VIEW OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN Beyond the stormy strait lie found the waters of the ocean smooth and quiet; hence its name Pacific, meaning peaceful Magel- lan's bold resolu- tion The first voyage across the Pacific begins 2&' Stories of Heroism Visits the Philip- nines Magellan loses his life for his men What the voyage proved weeks their food supply gave out and starvation stared them in the face. Many grew sick and died. The others had to eat leather taken from the ship's yards like so many hungry beasts. How big the world seemed to these poor, starving sailors! But the captain never lost courage. Finally they beheld land. It was the group of islands now known as the Mariannes (Ladrones). Here they rested and feasted to their hearts' content. Then Magellan pressed on to another group of islands which were afterwards called the Philippines, from King Philip of Spain. Here in a battle with the inhabiUmts, while bravely defending his sailors, Magellan was killed. Their great commander was gone and they were still far from Spain. Sadly his sailors continued the voyage, but only one of the vessels with about twenty men ever reached home to tell the story of that wonderful first voyage around the world. Thus Magellan proved that Columbus was right in thinking the world round and that India could be reached by sailing to the west, while other men like Cortes and Pizarro found rich cities like those which Columbus had dreamed of finding. SIrait uf ilauellan MACELLAN'S ROUTE AROUND THE WORLD Magellan, the bold Portuf^ucsc sailor, discovered the strait that bears his name and planned the first successjul trip made around the world Ferdinand Magellan zg SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Ponce de Leon sailed from Porto Rico to find a land of which strange stories had been told of riches and of a fountain of eternal youth. 2. He reached Florida on Easter Sunday, 15 13. 3. Eight years later he returned to found a settlement. 4. He was attacked by the Indians, wounded, and forced to return to Porto Rico, where he died of his wounds. 5. His is the distinction of being the first white man to plant a settlement in the United States after the discovery of America by Columbus. 6. Cortes marched against a rich city, after- ward called Mexico, captured the ruler, and fought great battles with the people. 7. Cortes captured the city and ruled it for several years. 8. From this time on Mexico gradually filled with Spanish settlers, g. Pizarro invaded Peru, the richest of all countries, captured and put to death the ruler. 10. Pizarro was killed by his own men. 11. Coronado marched north from Mexico into Arizona and New Mexico, but found no rich cities. 12. He wandered into the great prairies and the rocky country of Colorado but finally turned back in disappointment. 13. De Soto wandered over the country east of the Rocky Mountains in search of rich cities, but found a great river, the Mississippi, and later was buried in its waters. 14. Hence the Spaniards, eager for gold, went to Mexico and South America rather than farther to the north. 15. Colum- bus thought the world was round, but Magellan proved it. 16. Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean, and across this new sea to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. 17. His ship reached Spain — the first to sail around the world. Study Questions, i. Why did Ponce de Leon go in search of the new land? 2. What was the strange tradition about the country? 3. What did Ponce de Leon set out to do on his second trip? 4. Did he succeed? 5. What is his distinction? 6. Why did Cortes sink his ships? 7. How were Spaniards armed and how were Indians armed? 8. Describe the city of Mexico, g. Who began the war, and what does that show about the. Spaniards? 10. How did Cortes get more soldiers? 11. How did the people and king receive Cortes in Spain? 12. How was he treated on his return to Mexico ? 13. What did Pizarro find in Peru ? 14. How did he treat the Inca ? 75. What was Pizarro's fate? 7(5. What was Coronado searching for and wh}'- were the Spaniards disappointed? 77. What things did the Spaniards see that they never before had seen? 18. What report did Coronado make? JO Stories of Heroism ig. Why were De Soto's Indian f^uidcs false? 20. Show that De Soto was a brave man. 21. How far north did the Spaniards go both cast and west of the Mississippi? 22. Tell the story of De Soto's death and burial. 23. What proof can you give to show that the Spaniards were more cruel than necessary? 24. What part of the problem of Columbus did Magellan solve? 25. What was Magellan's preparation? 26. Where is Patagonia and how could there be signs of sjjring late in August? 2y. What did Magel- lan's vo\-age prove, and what remained of Columbus's plans yet to be accomitlislii'd' 2S. Who accomplished this? Suggested Readings. Ponce de Leon: Pratt, Explorations and Dis- coveries, 17-23. Cortes: McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 186-225; Hale, Stories of Adventure, 101-126; Ober, Hernando Cortes, 24-80, 82-291. Piz.ARRo: Hart, Colonial Children, 12-16; Towle, Pizarro, 27-327. CoRONADo: GrifFis, Romance of Discovery, 168-182; Hale, Stories oj Adventure, 136-140. De Soto: Hart, Colonial Children, 16-19; Higginson, American Explorers, 1 21-140. Magell.\n: ]\IcMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 186-225; Butter- worth, Story of Magellan, 52-143; Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, 108-244. THE MEN WHO MADE AMERICA KNOW^X TO EXGLAXD AXD W^HO CHECKED THE PROGRESS OF SPAIX JOHN CABOT ALSO SEARCHES FOR A SHORTER ROUTE TO INDIA AND FINDS THE MAINLAND OF NORTH AMERICA 22. Cabot's Voyages. When the news of Columbus's great dis- covery reached England, the king was sorry, no doubt, that he had not helped him. The story is that Columbus had gone to Henr>^ The VII, King of England, for aid to make his voyage. But England effect in j^^^^j ^ brave sailor of her own, John Cabot, an Italian, bom in ofCofum- Columbus's own town of Genoa, who also had learned his lessons bus's dis- in voyages on the Mediterranean. Cabot had gone to live in the old covery ^^^^^.^ ^^ Venice. Afterward he made England his home and lived in the old seaport of Bristol, the home of many English sailors. John Cabot jr He, too, believed the world to be round, and that India could be reached by sailing westward. King Henry VH gave Cabot permission to try, providing he would give the king one-fifth of all the gold and silver which everybody believed he would find in India. Sebastian, Accordingly, John Cabot, and it set out on a voyage in May, 1497. After many weeks, Cabot discovered land, now supposed to be either a part of Labrador or of Cape Breton Island. He landed and planted the flag of England, and by its side set up that of Venice, which had been his early home. Later, he probably saw parts of New- foundland, but nowhere did he see a single inhabitant. He did, however, find signs that the country was inhabited, but he found no proof of rich cities or of gold and silver. In the seas all around Cabot saw such vast swarms of fish that he told the people of England they would not need to go any more to cold and snowy Iceland to catch fish. How John Cabot was treated by the king and people of England when he came back is seen in an old letter written from England by a citizen of Venice to his friends at home. "The king has promised that in the spring our countryman shall have ten ships, armed to his order. The- king has also given him money wherewith to amuse himself till then, and he is now at Bristol with his wife, who is also a Venetian, and with his sons. His name is John Cabot, and he is called the great admiral. Vast honor is paid to him; he dresses JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN From the statue modeled by John Cassidy, Manchester, England The king and people pay honor to Cabot 32 Stories of Heroism in silk, and the English run after him like mad people, so that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a number of our own rogui's besides. The discoverer of these jilaces i)lanted on his new- found land a large cross, with one flag of England and another of St. Mark, by reason of his being a Venetian." Again, in May, 1498, John Cabot started for India by sailing toward the northwest. This time the fleet was larger, and filled with eager English sailors. But Cabot could not find a way to In- dia, so he altered his course and coasted south- ward as far as the region now called North Carolina. Now because of these two voy- ages of Cabot, England later claimed a large I)art of North America, for he had really seen the mainland of America before Columbus. Spain also claimed the same region, but we have seen how Mexico and Peru drew Spaniards to those countries. If England had been quick to act and had made settlements where Cabot cx])lored, she would have had little trouble in getting a h(jld in North America. But she did not do .so. Ilenr}' VII was old CABOT TAKI.NG POSSESSION OF NORTH AMERICA FOR THE KING OF LNGLANIJ Ott the spot where he landed Cahot planted a larfie cross and beside it the flags of England and of St. Mark Sir Francis Drake 33 and stingy. Cabot had twice failed to find India with its treasures of gold and silver, so little attention was given to the new lands. foUn'dland ^---' 'boT 'l c rtJGLAND \ T LANT IC C E A N ktto- PORTUGAjt/ Lisbon JCsPAiNl NiB" ^ — — — ■— *-— --T5^ "" OAWAOV IR1 ANn.<; / CANARY ISLADIDS A F R I C A THE FINDING OF AMERICA The first voyages of Columbus, the discoverer of the New World, and of Cabot, the first man to reach the mainland of North America SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, THE ENGLISH "DRAGON," WHO SAILED THE SPANISH MAIN AND WHO "SINGED THE KING OF SPAIN's BEARD" 23. The Quarrel Between Spain and England. After John Cabot failed to find a new way to India, King Henry did nothing more to help English discovery. His son, Henry VIII, got into a great quarrel with the King of Spain. He was too busy with '^^®"" sailors this quarrel to think much about America. take up During this very time, Cortes and Pizarro were doing their the.quar- wonderful deeds. Spain grew bold, seized English seamen, threw 34 Stories of HcroisDi Why Drake hated the Span- iards Drake's first load of gold Begins his most famous voyage th(>m into flunj^cons. and vvvn burned them at the stake. English- men robhcd Si>anish sliijis and killed SjKinish sailors in revenge. 24. Sir Francis Drake. A most daring li^nglish seaman was Sir Francis Drake From boyhood days he had been a sailor. His cousin, Cajitain llawkin.s. gave him command of a ship against Mexico, but the Spaniards fell u])on it, killed many of the sailors, and rol)bed them of all they had. Drake came back ruined, and was eager to take revenge. Besides, he hated the Span- iards because he thought they were plotting to kill Elizabeth, the Queen of England. In 1573 Drake returned to England with liis ship loaded with gold and precious stones, captured from the Span- iards on the Isthmus of Panama. While on the Isthmus, he caught sight of the Pacific Ocean, which only Spaniards had seen before. 25. Drake's Voyage Around the From the or ipinal portrait attrib- ~.j ,, .. .. ^^ ^ 41 tiled to Sir Anioms van Moor. World. After tour years, Drake, witli four small but fast vessels, sailed direct for the Strait of Magellan. He was de- termined to sail the Pacific, which he had seen while on the Isthmus of Panama. In June his fleet entered the harbor of Patagonia, where Magellan had spent the winter more than fifty years liefore. After destroying his smallest vessel, Drake sailed through the Strait in the face of a terrible storm. The vessels lost one another. One went down, and one returnctl to England. lx>lieving that Drake's shi]), the Pelican, had been destroyed. ■\ K^ .1/ SIR FRANCIS DRAKE in the possession of Viscount Dillon, at Diichly Park. England Sir Francis Drake 35 But Drake had a bold heart, good sailors, and a stout ship. After the storm, he sailed north to Valparaiso, where his men saw the first great treasure ship. The Spanish sailors jumped over- board, and left four hundred pounds of gold to Drake and his men. Week after week Drake sailed northward until he reached the coast p^ptur- of Peru, the land conquered by Pizarro. ^j.^ gj^j Another great treasure ship had just sailed for Panama. Away on the flew the Pelican in swift pursuit. For eight hundred miles, day ^^^^^ and night, the chase went on. One evening, just at dark, the little ship rushed down upon the great vessel, captured her easily, and carried her to sea farther out of her course, for other Spanish ships had been sent to catch Drake. What a rich haul! ]\Iore than twenty tons of silver bars, thirteen chests of silver coin, one hundredweight of gold, besides a great store of precious stones. When Drake set the Spanish captain free, he said: "Tell your ruler to put no more Englishmen to death, or I will hang two thousand Spaniards and send him their heads." The three Spanish ships sent to destroy Drake o^^ertook him, but they dared not attack him, and sailed back. The little Pelican Pelican continued northward, and spent the winter on the coast of California, ^inters where Drake prepared her for the long voyage home. fomia He had sailed north as far as what was afterward known as the Oregon country, — which he called New Albion, — hoping for a northeast passage to the Atlantic, but finally turned the Pelican toward the far-away islands of the Indian Ocean. Week after the week went by, until he saw the very islands where Magellan had ^^^^^^ been. He made his way among the islands and across the Indian Indian Ocean until the Cape of Good Hope was rounded, and the Pelican oceans spread her wings northward toward England. Drake reached home in 1580, the first Englishman to sail around Drake crosses Stories of Heroism / Drake given a title by Queen Elizabeth He goes to find the Gold Fleet yUEEN ELIZABETH MAKING l.kAKK A Ni.hlKMAN After the draii'iug by Sir Joint Gilbert. It pictures the scene that took place on the Pelican at the close oj the great voyage. Drake then became a nobleman and his ship because of its swiftness was renamed the Golden Hind the world. The people who had jrivcn him u]) as lost shouted f(ir joy when they heard that he was safe. Queen Elizabeth sent for him and made him tell the story of his wonderful deeds over and over again. She gave him a title, so that now he was Sir Francis Drake. 26. Drake Again Goes to Fight the Spaniards. Drake soon took command of a fleet of twenty-five vcs.^cls and two thousand five hundred men, all eager to fight the Sjxmiards (1585). He sailed boldly for tlie coast of Spain, frightened the people, and then went in search of the (Jold Fleet, which was bringing treasures from America to the King of Spain. Sir Francis Drake 37 In the West Indies drake's chair, oxford university It was made frotn the timbers of the Golden Hind No sooner had Drake missed the fleet than he made direct for the West Indies, where he spread terror among the islands. The Spaniards had heard of Drake, the "Dragon." He attacked and destroyed three important towns, and intended to seize Panama itself, but the yellow fever began to cut down his men, so he sailed to Roanoke Island, and carried back to England the starving and homesick colony, which Raleigh had planted there. The Spanish king was angry. • He resolved 'to crush England. More than one hundred ships, manned by thousands of sailors, were to carry a great army to the hated island. Drake heard about it, and quickly gathered thirty fast ships manned by sailors as bold as himself. His fleet sailed right into the harbor of Cadiz, past cannon and forts, and burned so many Spanish Singeing the ships th'at it took Spain another year to get the great fleet ready. -^^^ ^^ Drake declared that he had "singed the King of Spain's beard." Spain's 27. The Spanish Armada. The King of Spain was bound to crush England at one mighty blow. In 1588, the Spanish Armada, as the great fleet was called, sailed for England. There were scores and scores of war THE SPANISH ARMADA More than one hundred twenty-five vessels sailed from VCSSels manned Lisbon to conquer England but only about fifty 1 , ■. returned to the home port '^Y I^O^e tnan beard 38 Stories of Heroism Spain aims to crush England, but is badly de- feated seven thousand sailors, carrying nearly twenty thousand soldiers. Almost every noble family in Spain sent one or more of its sons to fij^ht aj^ainst England. When this mighty fleet reached the English Channel, Drake and other sea captains as daring as himself dashed at the Spanish sliii)s, and by the help of a great storm that came up, succeeded in destroying almost the whole fleet. No such blow had ever before fallen upon the great and powerful Spanish nation. From that time on her power grew less and less, while England's power on the sea grew greater and greater. Englishmen could now go to America without much thought of danger from Spaniards. SIR WALTER RALEIGH, THE FRIEND OF ELIZABETH, PLANTS A COLONY IX AMERICA TO CHECK THE POWER OF SPAIN Raleigh, student, soldier, seaman 28. Sir Walter Raleigh. fed his young imagination Born (1552) near the sea, Raleigh with stories of the wild doings of English seamen. He went to college at Oxford at the age of fourteen, and made a good name as a student. In a few years young Raleigh went to France to take part in the religious wars of that unhappy country. At the time he returned home all England was rejoic- ing over Drake's first shipload of gold. When Queen Elizabeth sent an army to aid the people of Holland against the Spaniards, young Raleigh was only too glad to go. ■'.'•ft' THE BOVHOOD OF RAI.FIGH After the pnitUing by Sir Johu E. Millais Sir Walter RalcigJi 39 On his return from this war he went with his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on two voyages to America, at the very same time Drake was robbing Spanish treasure ships in the Pacific Ocean. Afterwards Raleigh turned soldier again and, as captain, went to Ireland, where Spain had sent soldiers to stir up rebellion. Thus, before he was thirty years old, he had been a seaman and a soldier, and had been in France, Holland, America, and Ireland. At this time Raleigh was a fine-looking man, about six feet tall, with dark hair and a handsome face. He had plenty of wit and good sense, although he was fond, indeed, of fine clothes. He was just the very one to catch the favor of Queen Elizabeth. ■ One day, Elizabeth and her train of lords and ladies were going down the roadway from the royal castle to the river. The people crowded both sides of the road to see their beloved queen and her beautiful ladies go by. Raleigh pressed his way to the front. As Elizabeth drew near, she hesi- tated about passing over a muddy place. In a moment the feeling that every true gentleman has in the presence of ladies told Raleigh what to do, and the queen suddenly saw his beautiful red velvet cloak lying in the mud at her feet. She stepped upon it, nodded to its gallant owner, and passed on. From this time for- ward Raleigh was a great favorite at the court of Queen Elizabeth. 29. Trying to Plant English Colonies. In 1584 Raleigh caused a friend to write a letter to the queen, explaining how English SIR WALTER RALEIGH From the original portrait painted by Fcdcrigo Zuccaro Raleigh when thirty years old How he won the favor of the queen 40 Stories of Heroism Raleigh's plan for checking the power of Spain The Indians welcome the English Why the land was named Virginia Why the Indians became hostile colonies planted on the coast of North America would not only check the jxiwcr of Si)ain, but would also increase the power of England. That very year the queen gave him jjermission to plant colonies, and thus a better way of opposing Spain had been found than by robbing treasure ships and burning towns. Raleigh immediately sent a ship to explore. The captain landed on what is now Roanoke Island. The Indians came with a fleet of forty canoes to give them a friendly welcome. After a few days an Indian queen with her maidens came to f^Hf^ /\3jf\ entertain the English. "We found the people most gentle, loving, and faithful, void of all guile and treason," said Captain ,,^ , , ^ Barlow. His glowing account of the land V ^xi^ "^^^ people so pleased Elizabeth that she named the country' Virginia, in honor of her own virgin life. Raleigh next sent out a kinsman, Sir Richard Grenville, with a fleet of seven* vessels and one hundred settlers, under Ralph Lane as governor. But the settlers were bent on finding gold and silver, in- stead of making friends with the Indians. An Indian stole a silver cup from the English. Because of this theft Lane and his men fell upon the Indian village, drove out men, women, and children, burned their homes, and destroyed their crops. This was not only cruel but also foolish, for the stor\' of his cruelty spread to other tribes, and wherever the English went they were always in danger from the Indians. I Mil AN CMRN Sir Walter Raleigh 4J vJTtt A WILD TURKEY When Drake came along the next spring with his great fleet, the settlers were only too glad to get back to England, and be once more among friends. They took home from America the turkey and two food-plants, the white potato and Indian corn — worth more to the world than all the gold and silver found in the mines of Mexico and Peru! Although Raleigh had already spent thousands of dollars, yet he would not give up. He immediately sent out a second colony of one hundred fifty settlers. A num- ber of these settlers were women. The governor was John White. Roanoke was occupied once more, and there, shortly afterwards, was born Virginia Dare, the first white child of English parents in North America. Before a year went by, the governor had to go to England for aid. But Raleigh and all England had little time to think of America. The Armada was coming, and every English ship and sailor was needed to fight the Spaniards. Two years went by before Governor White reached America with supplies. When he did reach there not a settler was left to tell the tale. The only trace of the lost colony was the word "Croatoan" cut in large letters on a post. Croatoan was the name of an island near by. White returned home, but Raleigh sent out an old seaman, Samuel Mace, to search for the lost colony. It was all in vain. Many years later Indian corn and the white potato taken to England Raleigh tries again POTATO PLANT AND TUBERS The "lost colony" 42 Stories of Hcrois)}i Md ■^% v: y news reached England that a tribe of Indians had a band of white slaves, but the mystery of the lost colony never was cleared up. Raleigh had now spent his great fortune. But he did not lose heart, for he said that he should live to see Virginia a nation. He was right. Before he died a great colony had been planted in \'irginia, and a ship loaded with the products of Virginia had sailed into London port, and an Indian "princess" had married a Virginian and had been received with honor by the King and Queen of England. 30. The Death of Raleigh. But the great Elizabeth was dead, and an unfriendly king, James I, was on the throne. He threw Raleigh into prison, and kept him there for twelve years. The Spaniards urged James to put Raleigh to death. They knew they were not safe if he lived. At last Spanish influence was too strong, and Sir ^^'alter faced death on the scafTold as bravely as he had faced the Spaniards in battle. Thus died a noble man who gave both his fortune and his life for the purpose of planting an English colonv in America. James'. V I R G IN I A ,^/ . ViVji'^''^'*^^''^ Roanokei, i-^iS -i^y Croatoan fcARLV SETTLEMK.NTS IN VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND SUGGESTIONS INTENDi:i) TO HELP THE PI I'lL The Leading Facts. /. John Cabot, trying for a short route to India, distovcrcJ what is supposed to be Labrador, or Cape Breton. 2. On a second voyage, he coasted along eastern North America as far Sir Walter Raleigh 43 south as the CaroUnas. j. Later, England claimed all North America. 4. Francis Drake sailed to the Pacific in the "PeHcan" and then turned northward after the Spanish gold ships. 5. He wintered in California, and then started across the Pacific— the first Englishman to cross. 6. Drake reached England, and was received with great joy. 7. Once more Drake went to fight the Spaniards, until the great Armada attacked England. 8. Walter Raleigh, a student, a soldier, and a seaman, won the favor of the Queen, g. He hated the Spaniards,^ and planted' settlements in what is now North Carolina 10. Raleigh's prophecy. Study Questions, i. Tell the story of John Cabot before he came to England. 2. What did Cabot want to find and what did he find? J. ^How was Cabot treated by King Henry VII, according to a "Citi- zen of Venice," after he returned? 4. Why was little attention given to the new lands? 5. Prove that Spanish and English sailors did not like each other. 6. Who was Francis Drake? 7. What was Magellan after and what was Drake after? 8. Tell the story of Drake's voyage from Valparaiso to Oregon, p. Tell the story of the voyage across the Pacific and how he was received at home. 10. What did Drake 'do when he missed the "Gold Fleet"? 11 What did Drake mean when he said he had "singed the King of Spain's beard"? 12. Tell what became of the Spanish Armada, and what eflects did its failure produce? I J. What other brave man went to America before the Armada was destroyed? 14.' Give the early experiences of Raleigh before he was thirty. 15. Make a mental picture of the cloak episode. 16. Explain how kind the Indians were; how did the Enghsh repay the Indians? 17. What did the colonists take home with them? 18. Who was the first white child of English parents born in America? 19. How did the Armada affect America? 20. Read in other books about Raleigh's death 21 How does the English treatment of the Indians compare with the Spaniards? Suggested Readings. Cabot: Hart. Colonial Children, 7-8; Griffis, Romance of Discovery, 105-1 11. Drake- Hart, Source Book of American History, 9-1 1; Hale, Stories of Discovery, 86-106; Frothingham, Sea Fighters, 3-44- Raleigh: Hart, Colonial Children, 165-170; Pratt, Early Colonies, 33-40; Wright, Children's Stories in American History, 254-258; Hig- ginson, American Explorers, 177-200; Bolton, Famous Voyagers, 154-234. 44 Stories of Heroism THE MEN WHO PLANTED NEW FRANCE IN AMERICA, EXPLORED THE GREAT LAKE REGION, FOUNDED QUEBEC, AND PENETRATED THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY SAMTEF. OK (MIAMPLAIX. TIIR FATHER OF NEW FRANCE 31. The French in North America. France was the slowest of the threat nations in the race for North America. Not until 1534 did Jacques Carticr, a French sea captain searching for a shorter route to India, sail into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. He reached an Indian village where Montreal now stands and took possession of the country for his king. One year after Jamestown was settled, and one year before the "Half Moon" sailed up the Hudson, Samuel de Champlain laid the foundations of Quebec (1608). Champlain was of noble birth, and had been a soldier in the French army. He had already helped found Port Royal In Nova Scotia. Wherever he went, Champlain made fast friends with the Algonquin Indians, who lived along the St. Lawrence. He gave them presents and bought their skins of beaver and of other animals. In the fur trade he saw a golden stream flowing into the king's treasury. Cham])lain certainly made a good beginning in winning sA^a•.L HE CH.MPUA.N ^^^^'^e ludians, but he made one great From the portrait pnitiiitifi in hide- blunder out of which grcw many pcndcncc Hall, Philadelphia, , . , . .1 . -i. Pennsylvania bitter cncmics among other tribes. Samuel de Champlain 45 32. Champlain and the Indians. The Algonquins were bitter foes of the Iroquois or Five Nations. One time the Algonquins begged Champlain and his men, clad in steel and armed with the deadly musket, to join their war party (1609). This he did. They made their way up the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Richelieu, and up that river to the falls. The Indians then car- ried the canoes and the baggage around the falls. THE SITE OF QUEBEC Here, 1608, on a narroiv belt of land at the foot of the high bluff, Champlain laid out the city of Quebec Quebec^ What must have been Champlain' s feelings when they glided out of the narrow river into the lake now bearing liis name! A lake no white man had ever seen, and greater than any in his beloved France! On the left he saw the ridges of the Green Mountains, on the right the pine-clad slopes of the Adiron- dacks, the hunt- ing grounds of the hated Iro- quois. One evening, near w^here the ruins of Ticon- al go N U IVU).ntreal,7ii'M ^Z,. ONTARIO i) \'^ .■''i'hiiiiijilain III Liih-'- Discov- ery of Lake Cham- plain THE ROUTES FOLLOWED BY CHAMPLAIN 4^ Stories (>f Heroism ■i^'^j r ^ Cham- plain and the Algon- quins invade the Iroquois country dcroj^a now stand, llu'V saw the war canoes of their enemies. That ni.i^ht tlie hostile tribes taunted each other and boasted of tiieir braver}'. On the shores of the lake the next day they drew uj) in battle array. The Iroquois chiefs wore tall plumes on their lieads, and their warriors carried shields of wood or hide. All at once the Algonquins opened their ranks and Champlain, in full armor, walked forth. The Iroquois grazed in wonder on the first Euroi)ean soldier that they had ever seen. Champlain level{>d his musket and fired. Two chiefs fell. Then another report rang through the woods, and the boldest warriors in North America broke and fled in confusion. Tin- Algonquins, yelling like demons, ran after them, kill- ing and capturing as many as possible. There was great rejoicing among the victors, and Champlain was tlicir hero. But there must have been great sorrow and vows of revenge among tlie Iroquois. The next year Champlain joined another Algonquin war party, and hel])ed win another victory from the Iroquois. Again, in 1615, lie joined a party of more than five humlred painted warriors. They traveled to the shore of Lake Ontario and boldly crossed to the other side in their bark canoes. They hid their boats and silently marched into the country of the Iroquois. Some miles south of Oneida Lake they came ujwn a fortified ^.v^ THE DEFKAT OF THE IROQUOIS AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN After au otfirarifif^ of Cliavi plain's published in 161 ^ Jolict and Marquette 47 Indian town. For several days Champlain and his Indians tried to break into or burn the fort, but had to give it up. These cam- paigns made the Iroquois hate the French ahnost as much as they did the Algonquins. For this reason Frenchmen found it safer to go west by travehng up the Ottawa River and crossing over to Lake Huron than by paddUng up the St. Lawrence and through lakes Ontario and Erie. The result was that the French discovered Lake Michigan and Lake Superior long before they ever saw Lake Erie. On the other hand, we are soon to see how the Dutch made friends vvith the Iroquois. Champlain remained many years in Canada, always working for the good of New France, as the country was called. He helped on the work of the mission- aries, made peace between hostile tribes of Indians, and encouraged the fur trade and the coming of new settlers. Worn out with toil and travel, far away from kindred and native land, Champlain died at Quebec on Christmas Day, 1635. Iroquois make St. Law- rence unsafe for French Cham- plain true to king and country A FRENCH FUR TRADER ON SNOW SHOES JOLIET AND MARQUETTE, FUR TRADER AND MISSIONARY, EXPLORE THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY FOR NEW FRANCE 33. French Explorers in the Northwest. Year after year, traders and missionaries, returning to Montreal and Quebec from the west, told strange stories of a great river larger than any the ^j French had ever seen. In May, 1673, Joliet, a fur trader, and country Marquette, a missionary, were sent out by Count Frontenac, stories a new 4S ' Stories of Heroism governor of the French settlements in Canada, to explore this river. joiiet With five others they paddled in canoes along the north shore and of Lake Michigan, through Green Bay, up the Fox River, and *!l then crossed overland to the beautiful Wisconsin. Quietly and quette "^ find rapidly their boats passed down the Wisconsin until they reached ^^ a great valley several miles in width and a great river. Missis- ° sippi Following the current, they passed the mouth of the gently- flowing Illinois, then the slow and clear Ohio, the rushing and muddy Missouri, and finally, in July, they reached the mouth of the Arkansas. Convinced that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, they set out on the return trip of two thousand miles. Joiiet reached Quebec in safety, but Marquette fell ill and remained among the Indians. The next spring while preaching in Illinois near where Ottawa now stands, he fell ill again, and died. The Indians showed their love and respect by bearing his remains by canoe to Mackinac, where he was buried beneath the chapel floor of his own mission house. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Champlain laid the foundations of New France at Quebec, and made a treaty with the Indians on the St. Lawrence. 2. Jolict and Marquette were sent out from Canada to explore the Mississippi River. 3. Joiiet returned to tell the story of their dis- coveries and Marquette remained among the Indians in Illinois. Study Questions. /. What part of North America did France first settle? 2. Who was Champlain? j. Tell the stor\' of his first battle with the Iroquois. 4. What things in New France did Champlain help? 5. What was Chamj^lain's blunder? 6. Who were Jolict and Marquette? 7. Tell the story of Joiiet and Marquette. 8. How did they get back to Canada? Near what place in Illinois did Marquette preach? Suggested Readings. Champlain: Wright, Children's Stories in American History, 269-280; McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 1-34- JoLiET AND Marquettf-: McMurry, Pioneers of the Mississippi Valley, 1-15; Thwaites, Father Marquette. Henry Hudson and the Dutch Traders 49 WHAT THE DUTCH ACCOMPLISHED IN THE COLONI- ZATION OF THE NEW WORLD HENRY HUDSON, WHOSE DISCOVERIES LED DUTCH TRADERS TO COLONIZE NEW NETHERLAND 34. Hudson's Explorations. One year after the men of New France had founded the city of Quebec the Dutch began the colony which became the Empire State. About the time John Smith was working hard for Jamestown, his friend Henry Hudson was sailing for some Dutch merchants in search of a northern sea route to India (1609). One bright fall day Hudson sailed into the mouth of the great river which now bears his name. He hoped that he had entered the arm of the sea which might carry him to India. He turned the prow of his vessel, the "Half Moon," up stream. Soon the beauty of the river, the rich colors of the great forests, the steep sides of the palisades, the slopes of the highlands, the strange Indians in their bark canoes, so took the attention of Hudson and his crew that, for a time, they forgot all about a route to India. What a flutter of excitement the "Half Moon" must have caused among the Indians! They came on board to give welcome and presents to Hudson and his men. On the return, probably near the present city of Hudson, an old chief came on board and invited Hudson to visit the little village of 4 \x\ \^^^^ HENRY HUDSON From the painting by Count Pulaski in the Aldermanic Chamber of the City Hall, New York What Hudson and his men saw 30 Stories of Heroism Indians kind but Hudson cruel Fate of Hudson and his men INDIANS WELCOMING THE "HALF MOON," HUDSON'S SHIP wigwams located on the river. There these Dutchmen saw beautiful meadows, fields of corn, and gardens of pumpkins, grapes, and plums. The chief showed Hudson his palace of bark, and spread a feast of roasted pigeons and other Indian food before him. In spite of such kind treat- ment, Hudson would not stay over night with the Indians, who even broke their bows and arrows and then threw them into the fire to prove that they meant no harm to the white man, but Hudson and his men were still afraid. Indeed, Hudson had every reason to fear the Indians, for he liad treated them badly and his men had even murdered some. In less than a month, Indian friendship had been turned into Indian hatred. The next year Hudson sailed in an English vessel in search of the long-wished-for passage. On he went, far to the northward, past Iceland and Greenland, into the great bay which bears his name. In this desolate region, surrounded by fields of ice and snow, Hudson and his men spent a fearful winter. In the spring, his angry sailors threw him and a few faithful friends into a boat and sent them adrift. Nothing more was ever heard of them. In Irving's "Rip Van Winkle," the story tells of nightly scenes in tlic Catskills in wliich the ghosts of Hudson and his friends were the actors. Henry Hudson and the Dutch Traders 51 35. Dutch Traders and the Indians. Just as soon as the news of Hudson's first voyage reached Holland, the Dutch merchants claimed all the region explored and hastened to trade with the Indians. As early as 161 4 a trading post was established on Manhattan Island — the beginning of a great city, New York. Other posts were soon located: one up the Hudson became Fort Orange, another on the Delaware was named Fort Nassau, and a fourth was placed where Jersey City now stands. Later the Dutch traders went as far east as the Connecticut Valley. The Dutchmen treated the Indians kindly and early made a great treaty with the Iroquois, or Five Nations. The chiefs of many tribes came to Fort Orange dressed for the event. Their bows and arrows and tomahawks were decorated, their garments tasseled and frmged, and on their heads they wore nodding plumes of many sorts, while their faces were hideous with paint. A peace belt of deer skin covered with beads was held at one end by the chiefs and at the other by the Dutch traders. They "smoked the pipe of peace, buried the tomahawk," and made vows of everlasting friend- ship. The Indians liked the Dutch, who of- ten visited them in their wigwams and sat around their camp fires. The fur A trad- ing post on Man- hattan A lasting Indian treaty The Indians liked the Dutch THE TREATY BETWEEN THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS AT FORT ORANGE 32 Stories of Heroism The tui trade TA. THE HOME OF A PATROON The old Van Rensxelacr House at Grccnbiish, Xciv York Peter Minuit bought Manhat- tan Is- land for twenty - lour dollars trade grew rapidly. The Indians hunted and trapped as never before. They paddled their canoes up the Hudson, and crossed over to lakes George and Champlain, They went wyt the Mohawk far beyond where Schenec- tady now is, and plunged deeper into the dark, un- broken forests, and even climbed the mountains in search of fur-coated animals. Among the favorite fur- bearing animals the beaver was first. Besides, the otter, mink, and weasel were hunted. When the fur pack was made up the dusky hunters from every direction made their way to the nearest trading post. There they traded their furs for guns, powder, and ball, and for whatever else the white trader had that pleased Indian fancy Great Dutch ships came every year to carry to Amsterdam and other Dutch cities rich cargoes of furs. 36. The Settlement of New Netherland. Already a great company of Amster- dam merchants were send- ing settlers, as well as fur traders, to the new colony, which now was called New Netherland. Peter Minuit, the first governor, bought ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Manhattan to the dutch the Island of Manhattan Peter Minuit, who made the trade with the Indians, is known as tlie jounder from the Indians for twenty- oj New York City Henry Hudson and the Dutch Traders 53 four dollars' worth of glass beads and other trinkets, built a town of log cabins on the end of the island, and named it New Amsterdam. But settlers did not come rapidly enough, so the company offered its members large tracts of land and the title of "patroon" or "patron," on condition that they plant colonies at their own expense. Each patroon was to govern the people on his own land. The greatest of the patroons was Van Rensselaer, whose plantation in the region of Fort Orange included one thousand square miles. The farmers and servants on these plantations patroons looked upon the patroon as being much above them in author- and their ity and social position. The way of living CHILD'S CHAIR AND CRADLE Furniture used by the patroons Every year the farmers and their families came with their wagons filled with what they had raised to pay the patroon for the use of the land. He set them a great feast, and there was merry- making all day long. The growth of New Netherland attracted bad men as well as good men. Some mean traders robbed and murdered a number of Indians not of the Five Nations. The Indians robbed and A wicked murdered in return. War broke out, and before it ended ^^^ many settlements were broken up, and hundreds of settlers killed. Parties of Indians roved day and night over Manhattan Island, killing the Dutch even in sight of Fort Amsterdam. The people blamed their governor, Kieft, and threatened to arrest him and send him to Holland. He finally made peace with the Indians just before the new governor arrived. war 54 Stories of Heroism Raleigh's wish comes true James- town settled (1607) FAMOUS IM-:()FLI-: IN EARLY \'1RGL\IA JOHN SMITH IHH SAVIOR OF VIRGINIA, AND POCAHOXTAS ITS GOOD a\c.i:l 37. The First Permanent English Settlement. Raleigh had made it impossible for Englishmen to forget America. They sent out ships every year to trade with the Indians. In 1606 a great company was formed of London merchants and other rich men to ])lant a colony in Virginia. King James gave tlicm a charter, ministers preached sermons about Virginia, and poets sang her praises. At Christmas time one of Raleigh's old sea cap- tains, Newport, sailed with a colony of more than one :^'i''~::%> hundred settlers. ^'^ — ^ - " They went by way of the West Indies, and the Spaniards a 1 - though watching, did not dare attack them. In the spring, when Virginia is in her gayest dress, the ships sailed u]) Chesapeake Bay into the James River, and landed on a ])eninsula. Mere they began to plant Jamestown, named in honor of their king, tlie first permanent I'^nglish settlement in the Xew World. They first built a fort to protect tlum from any attacks of Indians and Spaniards. lUit most of tl:c settlers wanted to get rich quick, go back to England, and spend the rest of their days UIK sri K OK JAMESTOWN Ajtcr (I ilni-cniii ma1.\N WAKKIdK JoJin Smith and Pocahontas 59 pointed a pistol at his breast, and demanded corn. He got it; and the English sailed back to Jamestown with three hundred bushels of corn on board. When spring came vSmith resolved that the settlers must go to work. He called them together and made a speech declaring that "he that will not work shall not eat. You shall not only gather for yourself, but for those that are sick. They shall not starve." The people in the colony not only planted more grain, but repaired the fort and built more and better houses. Thus they grew happier and more contented with their home in the Virginia woods. Unfortunately for the colony, Smith was wounded so badly by an explosion of gunpowder that he had to return to England for medical treatment. The settlers again fell into idleness after he left, and many of them died. Still the colony had gained such a foothold that it was strong enough to live. Some years later, Smith sailed to America again, explored the coast from Penobscot Bay to Cape Cod, drew a map of it, and named the region New England. This was his last visit to America. 39. Pocahontas. After John Smith left, Pocahontas did not visit the English any more. One time she was seized by an Englishman, put on board a vessel, and carried weeping to Jamestown. Before long an English settler, John Rolfe, fell in love with her and she with him. ' What should they do? Did not this beautiful maiden of eighteen years have a strange rehgion? But she was anxious to learn about the white man's religion, so the minister at Jamestown baptized her and gave her the Christian name of Rebecca. Industry brings content- ment JAMESTOWN BAPTISMAL FONT From this font, now in Briiton Parish Church, Va., it is said Pocahontas was baptized 6o Stories of IIcroisDi Poca- hontas marries John Rolfe Settlers and Indians become good friends Lady Rebecca treated like a princess The wedding took place in tlic liltlr wooden church. No doubt it was made briglit with the wild flowers of Virginia and that all the settlers crowded to see the strange event. Powhatan gave his consent, but would not come to the wedding himself. ' But we may be sure that the sisters and brothers and the Indian friends of Pocahontas were there. It was a happy day for Jamestown, for all the people, white and red, loved Pocahontas. The marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe was taken to mean the uniting of the Indians and settlers by ties of peace and friendship. For .several years white men and red men lived as good neighbors. Rolfe took Pocahontas to England, where ■j^ j. she was received "as the daughter a- 1 (- ^^ "^ ^i^"".^-" The kl^^Mss ii .' c^l i^i // ^'' -< ^'^^ people, lords .C-Tn /?ft.J.nv./'a fri' i^^fW ya^ ,..>•; ^.O ^^^-^ ladies, called on her; and the king and queen received her at court as if she were a princess of the royal blood. How different the rich clothes, the carriages, and the high feasting from her simple life in the woods of Virginia! Here, too, she met her old friend, John Smith. He called her "Lady Rebecca," as did everybody. But the memory of other days and other ^Si~i VI ■.SO' ,-Hj^jL 1 IIK MAKRIACE OF ROLKK ANll POCAHONTAS After the pahttitif^ by Ilcury Brueckncr Industries, Manners, and Customs 6i scenes came before her mind. She covered her face with her hands for a moment, and then said he must call her "child," and that she would call him "father." Smith must have thought of the days when she brought corn to James- town to feed his starving people. When about to sail for her native land, Pocahontas died (1617). Her son, Thomas Rolfe, returned to the land of his mother and became the ancestor of many noted Virginians; among these the best known was the famous orator and statesman, John Ran- dolph of Roanoke. So ended the life of one who had indeed been a good and true friend of the people of Virginia. Her name, Pocahontas, meant ' ' Bright Stream BetweenTwo Hills. ' ' Poca- hontas dies in England POCAHONTAS After the engraved portrait by Simon van Pass, known as the Bootan Hall portrait and now at Scalthorpe Hall, Norfolk INDUSTRIES, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS OF THE FIRST SETTLERS 40. How the Virginia Colonists Lived. After the first hard- ships the colony grew and prospered. Ships continued to bring '^^^ settlers from England and other countries of Europe. In a few ^^^^ years the little settlement at Jamestown was surrounded on all colony sides by newly-cleared farms. prospers To any one living to-day the old colony would seem strange indeed. There were practically no towns; almost every one lived on a large farm, called a plantation. On these plantations were 62 Stories oj Heroism The planters RfOW rich Negro slaves are brought to Vir- ginia great fields of tobacco, whose broad leaves in summer almost con- cealed the ground. Here and there a field of corn could be seen, but little else was grown. After a time the owners, or planters, built themselves great houses and kept an army of servants to grow the crops and do the work about the house. The planters did no work with their hands, but looked after their estates and enjoyed such pleasures as hunting and horseback riding. Many of these old places were the scenes of brilliant dinners and balls at which the fine ladies and gentlemen of the colony gathered. There were many poor people in England who wanted to come to America, but had not enough money. To pay for the cost of bringing them over, these people were forced to work for the planters, often for six, seven, and even more years. During this time they were almost slaves, but at the end of their service they became free. Then negroes were l)rought from Africa, and in a short while most of the work was done by black slaves. Tobacco supported the colony and made the planters wealthy. It bought the food, clothes, and luxuries, and paid the taxes. It was even used as money, and people reckoned the value of an article in pounds of tobacco, as we do in dollars and cents. Most of the crop was shipped to England. The plantations lay along creeks or rivers up which boats could sail from the sea. When the tobacco was cured, it was packed in hogsheads, which were then rolled on board ship. 41. Blackbeard the Pirate. The streams on which the planters shipped their goods also served as hiding places for pirates. When these sea-robbers had plundered a ship on the open sea, they would hide away in a brnJ of one of the wooded streams. Most famous of these lawless men was Blackbeard. For years his very name was a terror to sailors along the American coast. He plundered scores of merchant ships before he was run down and captured. Miles Standish 63 SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Henry Hudson, searching for a shorter route to India, discovered the river which now bears his name. 2. Dutch traders built trading posts, made a treaty with the Indians, purchased Manhattan Island and built the town of New Amsterdam. 5. London merchants carried out Raleigh's idea by planting a colony in Virginia. 4. John Smith saved the colony by putting the settlers to work, by trading with the Indians, and by winning the triendship of Pocahontas. 5. Negroes were brought to Virginia as slaves. Study Questions. /. Tell the story of Henry Hudson and the "Half Moon." 2. What was the fate of Hudson? j. When was a trading post planted on Manhattan? 4. Make a mental picture of the treaty with the Indians. 5. How does the Dutch treatment of the Indians compare with the Spanish? 6. What three things did Peter Minuit do? 7. Who were the Patroons? 8. How long did it take Captain Newport to reach Virginia? p. How long does it take a ship to cross the Atlantic now ? 10. Wh}^ were the settlers afraid of the Indians and Spaniards? 11. Why did the Virginia settlers hunt for gold instead of raising something to eat? 12. What did Smith learn about the Indians? ij. Show how Pocahontas was a friend of the colony. 14. Why were slaves brought to Virginia? Suggested Readings. Hudson: Williams, Stones from Early New York History, 1-4, 32-36; Wright, Children's Stories in American History, 292-299; Griffis, Romance of Discovery, 233-245. Smith: McMurry, Pioneers on La-nd and Sea, 68-102; Hart, Source Book, 33-37; Higginson, American Explorers, 231-246. SOME OLD ENGLAND PURITANS IN NEW ENGLAND MILES STANDISH, THE PILGRIM SOLDIER, AND THE STORY OF "PLYMOUTH rock" 42. The Pilgrims. Persecuted for their religion in England, the Puritans first went to Holland, w^here they wandered from place to place. But they saw that they could not keep their own lan- guage and customs among the Dutch, so they decided to go to America and found a colony of their ow^n. Miles Standish, William Brew^ster, and William Bradford were to lead the small band that had been chosen to go on the long journey. The parting w^as sad. ^■/ Stories of Heroism They board the "Speed- well" The Pilgrims' dearest country Eyes were wet with weeping ami voices were choked with sorrow as the last wrinls were spoken before g(jing on board the "Speedwell." } Even the Dutch bystanders were moved to tears. EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS After the orif^innl painting by Charles West Cope Listen to the words of Bradford: "So they left that goodly and pleasant city which had been their resting place nearly twelve years; but they knew they were Pilgrims, and looked not much on those things, but lifted up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest country, and quieted their spirits." The "Speedwell" carried them across to England, where they found the "Mayflower." Here, too, they found John Alden, a hand- some young fellow, who, with some other Englishmen, had decided to go to America. This is the same John Alden who afterwards won Priscilla from Miles Standish. Miles Siandish 65 In August, 1620, the two ships spread their sails for America. Twice they were forced to return — once after they had sailed three hundred miles — because the "Speedwell" was leaking, and her captain declared she would sink before reaching America. Finally the "Mayflower," with one hundred two Pilgrims on board, started alone. Not many days passed before great storms overtook her. The waves rolled over her deck and threatened to swallow her. For many days the passengers had to spend nearly all the time below deck, not knowing what moment would be their last. Strained by the storm, the "Mayflower" also began to leak, but the stout-hearted Pilgrims would not turn back. 43. Landing of the Pilgrims in America. P'or days at a time, during the ^storm, the ship could not use her sails and was driven far out of her course, to the northward. The Pilgrims had intended to land near the mouth of the Hudson, but on November 20, 1620, the little band of exiles found themselves looking with glad hearts upon the sandy, but heavily-wooded, shores of Cape Cod. How they poured out their hearts in gratitude that they had crossed the stormy sea m safety ! The men all gathered in the little cabin of the "Mayflower" to sign a compact or an agreement in regard to the government of the colony. Then they elected John Carver their the "Mayflower" and the "speedwell" in Dartmouth harbor fi, It was to this harbor the Filer ims returned to repair the leak rst governor. in the "Speedwell' • The "May- flower" carried the Pil- grims to America Storms did not drive them back How they missed the Hudson Signing the compact 6f> Sti'rir'^ of JJrro{' year or so new John Winthrop 71 The Pilgrims the most famous of all the Puritans in America settlers came from their old homes, and the colony grew slowly, but steadily. After a few years the new King of England was so hard upon the Puritans in England that thousands of them followed the ex- ample of the Pilgrims and came to America, and planted many other colo- nies in New England. But ^^e new England settlements none have held so warm a place in the hearts of Americans as the little band brought to the New World by the "Mayflower." JOHN WINTHROP, THE FOUNDER OF BOSTON; JOHN ELIOT, THE GREAT ENGLISH MISSIONARY) AND KING PHILIP, AN INDIAN CHIEF THE EQUAL OF THE WHITE MAN 46. The Puritans. While the Pilgrims were planting their home on the lonely American shore, the Puritans in England were being cruelly persecuted by Charles I. So great became their sufferings and dangers that the Puritan leaders decided to go to America, where they could worship as they pleased. Charles I, fortunately, gave them a very good charter. But even before this. Colony some of the Puritans had already planted a colony at Salem. ^* ^^'^"^ 47- John Winthrop. The Puritan leaders elected John Win- throp governor of the new colony. In the spring of 1630, nearly Mn ten years after the "Mayflower" sailed, more than seven hundred ^u°de7 Puritans, in eleven ships, bade good-by to their beautiful English Boston homes, crossed the ocean, and settled in what is now Boston. '^^° 7^ Stories of Heroism What the Puritans gave up Char- acter of Winthrop Many new towns in Mas- sachu- setts John Winthrop, the leader and governor of the Colony of Massa- chusetts Bay, the name ^iven to the Salem and Boston settle- ments, was then about forty years old, and had been in college at Cambridge, in England. He was a man of high social position. The Puritans who came with Winthrop were j^eople of property, and not only parted from friends and kindred when they came to the wild shores of America, but both men and women gave up lives of comfort and pleasure for lives of suffering and hardship. In America, the men had to cut down trees, work in the fields, and fight Indians. Only brave men and women act in this way. But no one among them gave up more or was willing to sufTer more than their leader. The people elected him governor almost ever}' year until his death, in 1649. John Winthrop was a firm man with many noble (jualitics, and not once, while governor, did he do anything merely to please the people if he thought it wrong. When a leading man in the colony sent him a bitter letter, he returned it saying that he did not wish to keep near him so great a cause of ill feeling. This answer made the writer Winthrop's friend. When food was scarce in the colony, Winthrop divided his last bit of bread with the poor, and worked with his laV)orers in the fields. While Winthrop was ruling the colony, hundreds of settlers came and settled manv otluT towns around Boston. But these settlers did not always agree, especially in regard to religion and government. JOIIM WINTHROP Front a portrait paitttai by John Stfif^lctnn Copley, rcprmiuccii by permission of the trustci ■ oj Harvard I'ntiersity John Eliot 73 JOHN ELIOT, A SUCCESSFUL MISSIONARY TO THE INDIANS 48. John Eliot. The treatment of the Indians by the colonists of Massachusetts Bay was just and kind. Trading with the white man had brought the Indians better food and clothing. Schools were being set up to give them some of the white man's education, and many preachers tried to teach them to become Chiistians. 7^ ^°* One man who spent his whole life in this work was John Eliot. lates His first care was to learn the language of the Indians of Massa- *^® chusetts, and he succeeded so well that he was able to translate the entire Bible into the Indian language and to preach to the Indians in their native tongue. The converts that he made he gathered together into com- munities which settled near the English towns. These converts were taught how to build themselves log cabins and to live and dress like the English. The principal village established by Eliot was at Natick, Massachusetts. Others quickly followed Eliot's example, and several other Christian Indian villages sprang up. These communities flourished, and in a few years Eliot could count as many as four thousand converts among the Indians of Massachusetts. Eliot continued to preach until his death in 1690, and even the fierce King Philip's War could not check his success. KING PHILIP, INDIAN CHIEF AND HATER OF WHITE MEN 49. King Philip. After the death of old Massasoit the friend- ship between Pilgrims and Indians soon came to an end. More The and more white settlers came in and built homes. The Indians ^'^'^'^"^ are began to fear that they would be crowded out of the country which perse- belonged to them and to their fathers before them. No longer ^"^^^ were they treated with respect as at first. They were a proud people and grew bitter because they saw that they were despised. 74 Stories of Heroism Philip is defeated and killed The Pilgrims have a hard struggle One of the proudest of the race was Philip, son of IVIassasoit and ruler of his people. Several times the Governor of Plymouth forced him and his brother to do things against their will. This hurt the pride of Philip, and he began to hate the English. His own people also came to him frequently with complaints against the white men. Philip grow surly, while the colonists began to distrust him. The bad feeling grew on both sides, and gradually both Indians and colonists came to believe all the evil stories that were told of each other. Both sides collected arms, powder, and lead. After a short while war with all its horrors began. The Indians burned many villages and massacred hundreds of white men, women, and children There was much fighting, and finally the Indians were com- pletely defeated. Most of the braves were killed; those who were captured were sold as slaves. Philip's family was killed or captured. He himself fled to a swamp, where he met death at the hands of one of his own people. INDUSTRIES, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS 50. How the New England Colonists Lived. The Puritans and the Pilgrims had a hard struggle in their new homes. The winters were long and colder than in England. For the cold weather they had to build warm houses and barns, and store up much grain, hay, and provisions. The summers were cool and short; tobacco and even corn did not ripen so well as in Virginia. Most of the land was hilly and stony and hard to cultivate. But these things did not discourage the settlers, who merely worked so much harder. Soon they raised all the corn, wheat, cattle, and sheep they needed, and even had some left to sell. Where the streams had waterfalls they built mills with big water wheels. In these they ground their flour and meal and sawed their lumber. The Industries, Manners, and Customs 75 While the men farmed the land, or ran mills, or fished, the women also did their share of the work. They made butter and cheese, spun and wove the wool into cloth, and made many other pugrims things which now we buy from stores. ^"^^^ towns Unlike the Virginia colonists, many people of New England ^^^ lived in towns and villages. They built churches, schools, and villages town halls. All the people went to church. Most of the children attended school. Whenever any question arose in which every one was interested, they talked it over at the town meeting. In these ways, the New England colonists differed crom the Virginians. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. The Puritans first migrated to Holland to gain religious freedom. 2. Later they decided to go to America, where they planted the colony of Plymouth, made peace with the Indians, and began to worship in their own way. 3. John Winthrop founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 700 Puritans. 4. He was such a good governor that he was elected almost every year until his death. 5. John Eliot converted many Indians and established several Christian Indian communities. 6. 'King Philip was goaded into a war with the whites of Massachusetts. 7. He was defeated and treacherously killed. Study Questions, i. Why did the Pilgrims decide to leave England? 2. What new danger threatened them in Holland? j. Picture the "Mayflower " in a storm at sea. 4. Tell the story of Miles Standish and his Httle army. 5. What useful things did the Pilgrims learn from the Indians? 6. Why would putting dead fish in the hill help the com to grow? 7. Why have Americans loved the Pilgrims so well? 8. How did the Pilgrims' treatment of the Indians compare with that of the Spaniards? g. Tell the story of John Winthrop and the Puritans. 10. Tell the story of John Eliot. 11. What did he do before he began to teach the Indians? 12. Tell the story of King Philip. Suggested Readings. Pilgrims: Hart, Colonial Children, 136-140, 177-182; Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 69-81; Pratt, Early Colonies, 1 13-123; Drake, Making of New England, 67-87. Puritans (John Winthrop) : Hart, Colonial Children, 136-140; Drake, Making of New Englatui, 149-186; Hart, Source Book, 45-48; Higginson, American Explorers, 341-361. John Eliot: Tappan, American Hero Stories, 59-72, 84-96. 76 Stories of Heroism Young Peter Stuyve- aant Becomes a soldier Goes to New Nether- land It THE mi: X WHO PLANTED COLONIES FOR MANY KLNDS OF PEOPLE PHTKR STLYVESANT, THE GREAT DUTCH GOVERNOR 51. Peter Stuyvesant. This sturdy son of Holland was born at a time when his country was fighting hard against Spain for in- dependence. His father was a minister, who, it may be supposed, brought up young Peter after the strict manner of Dutch boys. Peter earlv bci^'an to stn ">} />-^-^ ^t A VIEW UK THE CIl V AN1» IIARHOR OF NEW AMSTERDAM (NEW YORK), 1656 a large part of that in the states of New York, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, and also a part of the territory of New England. The colony grew in numbers. New towns sprang up along the Hudson and on Long Island. But the increase in the number of the towns only made the call for a government by the people still louder. For several years the dispute between the people and the governor went on until, one day in 1664, news came that a fleet of English war vessels was in sight. Although England and Holland were at peace, the English king had given New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York, and the English fleet had come to take it for the duke. Governor Stuyvesant was resolved to defend the colony to the last. But he was sun)rised to find that his people were not willing to fight for a governor who had given them so little share in governing themselves. The commander of the fleet sent a letter to Stuyvesant offering very favorable terms of surrender. The council wanted the Peter Stiiyvesant 79 Brave to the last "^^,mw A DUTCH SOLDIER governor to surrender, but he grew angry, tore the letter to pieces, and declared he would never give up. The council put the pieces of the letter together and read it to the people. The minister 'of his own church begged the governor not to fight, and leading citizens, and mothers with their children, pleaded with Stuyvesant to surrender. Now what could the brave old Dutchman do? He could not fight a whole fleet alone. He turned sadly away, saying, "I would rather go to my grave than to surrender the city." 52. The Dutch Surrender to the English. The English took New possession, and the colony of New Netherland became the colony ^^t^^r- r -NT T7- 1 1 1 • land be- ot New York, and at the same time the town of New Am.sterdam comes became the town of New York. Fort Orange became Albany. New English governors came to rule instead of Dutch governors. A ^^ few years later a Dutch fleet recaptured the colony ; but, by a treaty at the close of the war, Holland returned it to England. When William and Mary came to the throne of England (1689) they gave New York a Rep- A DUTCH COTTAGE AMD STREET SCENE IN NEW YORK, 1679 rCSCntatlVC ASSCmbly. 8o Stories of Heroism Dutch Altliough Dutch rule was gone forever, the Dutch people and ideas and Dutch ideas and customs remained. Peter Stuyvesant himself had become so attached to the colony that he came back from Holland and spent his remaining years on his great farm, or bowery, as the Dutch called it. cusioms remain The colonists built houses like those in Holland M.VNNERS .\ND CUSTOMS OF NEW NETHERL.VND 53. Life in New Netherland. The Dutch colonists brought with them the quaint and simple ways of their old home in Holland — the land of dikes and windmills. Even long years after the colony had passed into the hands of the English, many places in New York remained Dutch in customs and appearance. While New York City was still New Amsterdam it looked for all the world like a city l)ack in Holland. The houses were built solidly, as they built houses in tlie fatherland. They stood close to the street and had high, steep roofs with gable ends that were like series of steps. On the front of each house large iron numerals told the year in which it was built. On the roof were curious weathervanes. About the fireplace the family gathered in the evening. The burgher would tell jovial stories to the children as he smoked his long pipe. The good wife, resting from her day's work, found .some needlework to busy her fingers. The Dutch wives were famous housekeepers and prided them- selves on their sj^otless homes. They scoured and scrubbed from morning to night. But they also knew how to make doughnuts and crullers and to cook good dishes that made their husbands round and good-natured and their children rosy and plump. The Dutch liked merrymaking and good times far better than their Puritan neighbors. The big brass knocker on the door — Manners and Customs of New Netherland 8i shaped generally like the head of some animal — was kept busy in the afternoon by people coming to drink tea or coffee. A great copper kettle, hung in the fireplace, furnished enough to drink for ^^^ every one, and sweet cookies were always on hand. They cele- Dutch brated many holidays, and at Christmas we still look for old Santa l^ke^_ Claus.whom the Dutch first brought to this country. making In Holland the burghers were good farmers and shrewd mer- chants. When they came to this country they continued to make their Hving chiefly in these two ways. On Long Island and along the Hudson River were fine farms with well-kept fields and large gardens. The merchants mostly hved at New Amsterdam, which soon became a busy seaport. Here many sailing vessels lay at anchor and exchanged their cargoes for the products of the Dutch farms and of the Indian trade. From the small beginnings made by these Dutch merchants has grown the largest city of the western world. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Peter Stuyvesant was sent out by the Dutch West India Company as Governor of New York. 2. He mled the colony in his own way and gave the people very little power. 3. The council surrendered the colony to the English against the will of Stuyvesant. 4. New Netherland became the colony of New York. 5. The Dutch kept up the customs of their native country. Study Questions. /. Tell the story of Peter Stuyvesant until the time he became governor. 2. What reforms did Stuyvesant bring to Ihe colony? 3. How did he rule? 4. What part did the nine men play in the government? 5. What were they called? 6. Why were the people glad when the English fleet came? 7. What did Wilham and Mary do for the colony? 8. Tell what you know about the way the Dutch lived. Suggested Readings. Stuyvesant: Williams, Stories from Early New York History, 21-32: Smith and Dutton. The Colonies, 189-202. 82 Stories oj Heroism William Penn converted Why Penn was ex- pelled from college What Penn's family and friends thought \VILLIAM PENN, THK QUAKER, WHO FOUNDED THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE 54. William Penn. One day Thomas Loe, a Quaker preacher, ventured into the old university town of Oxford. He declared that all men were equal, and he refused to recognize rank or title. He taught men to live and worship in simplicity. A few students believed his teachings and resolved to become members of the hated sect of Quakers. Among them was William Penn, the son of a great naval officer, Admiral Penn. What a buzzing there was in that old college tovm when the news spread that William Penn, the fine scholar, the skilled oarsman, and all- round athlete, had become a Quaker! Some of his comrades would not bcHeve it. But when they saw him put off the cap and gown of his college, which some of the greatest men in English history had worn with pride, and put on tlie plain garb of the Quakers, they gave up! The college officers were also convinced when Penn and other Quakers tore oil tlie gowns of fellow students. The authorities promptly expelled these young and over-enthusiastic Friends. What more disgraceful thing could happen to the family of Admiral Penn? To have a son expelled from Oxford was bad enough, but to have him become a Quaker was a disgrace not to be borne — so thought his family. The stem old admiral promptly drove him from home. But William resolutely refused to give up his Quaker views, and the admiral decided to try the plan of sending him to Paris, where life was as un-Quaker like as it could be. William Penn himself looked little like a Quaker. He was then eighteen yeai-s old, fine looking, with large eyes and long, dark, curly hair reaching to his shoulders. William Penn 83 Returns more of a Quaker than ever Young Penn, however, did not entirely waste his time in the gay ^^^^ ^^ life of Paris. He attended school and traveled in Italy. At the Paris end of two years he came back. It was not long before the admiral again saw Quaker signs in his son and hastened him off to Ireland to cure him entirely. But who should be preaching in Ireland but Thomas Loe. William went to hear his old preacher, and this time be- came a Quaker forever. No suffering was great enough to cause him ever to waver again, although fines were heaped on him and at four different times he was thrown into foul jails to be the companion of criminals. Penn's family now felt the disgrace very keenly, but his father promised to forgive him if he would take off his hat to the king, to the king's brother, and to his father. One day, the story goes. King Charles, the merry monarch, met WilHam Penn and others. All hats were promptly removed except the king's and Penn's. Presently the king, too, removed his hat. Whereupon, Penn said: "Friend Charles, why dost thou remove thy hat?" The king rephed: "Because, wherever I am, it is customary for but one to remain covered." WILLIAM PENN At the age of 22, from a painting in the rooms of the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania, presented by his grandson, Granville Penn of btoke Poges Penn refuses to lift his hat 84 Stories of Heroism THE MKETING BKTWEEN WIl.l.IAM •ENN AMI KIM; CMARI.KS Penn's father would not jjcrmit such conduct toward his royal friends. He therefore drove his son from his home a second time. ,,-> But Penn's ' ' mother finally made ])eace be- tween the father and the son before the admiral died. William Penn, then but twenty- si.\ years old, came into posses- sion of a fortune. Once more he stood "where the roads parted." He could now be a great man and play the part of a fine English gentleman who would always be welcome at court, or he could remain a Quaker. We do not know that he even thought of forsaking his Quaker comrades. On the contrary, he resolved to devote his fortune and his life to giving them relief. Like Winthrop for the Puritans, and Baltimore for the Catholics, Penn thought of America for his persecuted Friends. With other Quaker leaders, he became an owner of West Jersey. ]")art of \cw Jersey. 55. The Founding of Pennsylvania. King Charles H owed Penn's father about eighty thousand dollars. William Penn asked him to pay it in American land. Charles was only too glad to grant this request of the son of his old sea captain. The land he gave to Penn is the present great state of Pennsylvania. Penn wanted the colony called Sylvania, meaning woodland, but the king declared it should be called Pennsylvania in memory of Admiral Penn. William Penn 85 A QUAKER By means of letters and pamphlets Penn sent word to the Quakers throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. He told them of Quaker homes across the sea, where jails would not trouble them. There was great rejoicing among them over Penn's "Holy Experiment," as his (^^ plan was called. Penn even visited Europe, especially the country along the Rhine, and told the persecuted and oppressed about the new colony where every sort of Christian was to find a hearty welcome, and where no one was to be punished for religion's sake. Hundreds of settlers hastened to the new colony. When Penn reached Newcastle on the Delaware in the fall of 1682 he met a hearty welcome from scores of happy people who were already enjoying their long-wished-for religious freedom One of Penn's first acts was to call a meeting of the colonists to talk over their government. This pleased the people greatly, for although the land was Penn's he not only gave them land for their houses and farms, but he also gave them the right to choose their own rulers and to make their own laws. Penn next turned his attention to found- ing the great Quaker city to which he gave the name Philadelphia, signifying brotherly A WEATHER VANE |Qyg — ,^ Ramc truly expressing Penn's feel- Set above their mill by Pennandtwo partners in ing toward Other men. He marked oh the '^thewinfZigh^tlow'^ streets right in the midst of a great forest, Penn invited all perse- cuted people The founding of Phila- delphia 66 Some settlers lived in caves Penn visits the Indians Stories of Heroism 1 WII.IIAM PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS Ajtcr the painting by Benjamin West, which hangs in Independence Hall, Philadelphia and called them Walnut, Mulberry, Chestnut, and so on, after the trees that grew there. Some of the streets are still so named. But the settlers came faster than houses could be built, and some families had to live in caves dug in the banks along the river. Philadelphia grew faster than the other colonial towns, and soon led them all. Wilham Penn won the love and the respect of the Indians of Pennsylvania. He \-isited them in their own towns and ate with them. He even took part in their athletic games and outran them all. Like Roger Williams, he beheved that the Indians should be paid for their lands. Accordingly, he made them rich gifts and entered into solemn treaties witli the chiefs. At a treaty under a great elm tree on the banks of the Dela- ware, Penn said to the Indians: "We are the same as if one man's William Penn Sy body were divided into two parts : We are all one flesh and one j^^^ blood." In return the Indians said: "We will live in love with treat- William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun mentpro- duced shall endure." If the Indians admired a white man they said: ^^^^ "He is like WilHam Penn." treat- The news of the establishment of free government and free religious worship brought crowds of settlers from Germany. Hun- dreds of German families in the valleys of the Rhine and the The Neckar escaped to "Penn's Woods," and there their children's ^J™^"^ children are to be found to-day under the name of the "Penn- "Penn- svlvania Dutch." Without boasting, WilHam Penn could sav sylvama ■^ ' Dutch" that no other one man, at his own expense, had planted so great a colony in the wilds of America as he had. Few nobler men ever lived than William Penn. He died July 30, 17 18. • QUAKER WAYS IN OLD PENNSYLVANIA 56. How Quakers Differed from other Colonists. The people who formed Penn's colony were unlike those of any of the other Believed settlements. They did not wear gorgeous clothes and jewelry like simple the Virginia cavaliers. The men carried no swords or pistols, things They were not stern like the Puritans. Games and social pleasures were not to be seen among them as in Dutch New Netherland. These people wore clothes of the plainest cut, made from dull gray or brown cloth. They were gentle and soft-spoken, and did not Quakers fight or quarrel among themselves. People who did not understand called or like them called them Quakers, because some of them were so selves carried away at religious meetings that they fell to quaking. They the themselves took the name of the Society of Friends. And Friends °*^*® ^ is a much better name, for they were friends to every man. Friends The customs of the Quakers grew out of their religious views. HR Stories of Heroism All religions wel- comed by the Friends Opposed war and slavery The colony prospered Above all, they believed that every one should be free to do as his own conscience taught him. They were the first to found a colony in which all religions were welcomed. Their religious meetings were as simple as their own lives. They did not think it necessary to have ministers or priests. The men sat in one part of the church, the women in another. All was silent until some Friend felt called to speak. Some days no one spoke, and then, they all sat in silence until the meeting was over. As a rule, not even a hymn was sung. The Quakers have always believed that war is unnecessary and bad, and only a few of them have ever carried arms. Because a Friend speaks only the truth, they do not take an oath. In the courts of law their simple word is as good as an oath. They have always been quick to help the poor and oppressed. The Quakers were the first to oppose slavery, and they did much to end it both in this country and in the English colonies. It is strange that these kind, gentle people should ever have been so cruelly persecuted. While the Quakers were strongly religious, they also took g(jod heed of the things of this world. At first they cleared and planted farms in the fertile Schuylkill and Delaware valleys. Soon groups of them took up townships of five thousand acres each and built villages at their centers. The swift streams which tumbled down the mountain slopes they used to turn mills. In these they ground flour, sawed lumber, made paper, and wove woolen cloth. The rich land and good climate of Pennsylvania and its Hberal government attracted so many people froin outside, that after a short while the Quakers were outnumbered by the other settlers. To-day the Quakers are but a handful in that great state. Yet the influence of William Penn and his followers still lives, for not only our country but other lands have recognized the Friends' idea of religious freedom. James Oglethorpe 8g SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. William Penn, son of a great English naval officer, became a Quaker while a student at Oxford. 2. He founded a colony in America on a tract of land given him in payment of the king's debt to his father, j. Penn gave the colonists the right to choose their own rulers and to make their own laws. 4. He gave a free constitution and made friends with the Indians. 5. He founded the city of Phila- delphia, which grew faster than the other colonial towns. 6. The Quakers were gentle and friendly to everybody. 7. All religions were . welcomed in the colony. Study Questions, i. Why should the students at Oxford be surprised to hear that William Penn had turned Quaker? 2. Why did his father drive him from home ? j. What shows that William Penn did not waste his time in Paris? 4. Who made peace between Penn and his father? 5. What was William Penn's noble resolution? 6. How did Penn come into possession of Pennsylvania ? 7. Prove that Penn was a very generous man. 8. Why did William Penn call his town the "city of brotherly love"? Q. Make a picture of the great treaty under the elm. Suggested Readings. Penn: Pratt, Early Colonies, 158-165; Hart, Colonial Children, 144-148; Dixon, William Penn, 11-273. JAMES OGLETHORPE, THE FOUNDER OF GEORGIA AS A HOME FOR ENGLISH DEBTORS, AS A PLACE FOR PERSECUTED PROTES- TANTS, AND AS A BARRIER AGAINST THE SPANIARDS 57. A Friend of the Unfortunate. James Oglethorpe was an Englishman. At an early age he went to Oxford to study, but ?^^*" he was drawn away from college by the clash of arms. Oglethorpe soldier was a soldier for many years. Later he became a member of Parliament. A friend of Oglethorpe's died in a debtors' prison, which aroused his sympathies for the poor. He examined English jails, and found them so dirty and dark and damp that strong-bodied men, ?°.^^*^^. to say nothing of women and children, soon sickened and died jailers in them. Besides, he found that the jailers were bad men, who whipped the prisoners on their bare backs and stole their food. go Stories of Ucroism King George II grants a charter A select body of emi- grants At Charles- ton Tlic prison was a [)oor place for a man in debt, anyway. How could a man pay his debts while he was shut up in ])rison? Oglethorpe, like many other noble men before him, thought of America as a place of refuge for the unfortunate. King George II gave him a charter for the land between the Savannah and the Altamaha, and made his heart glad by declaring that all Protestants should be tolerated there. When the debtors heard the news that Oglethorpe was to plant a colony for tlicm there was great excitement among them. But he carefully selected his settlers, so that no lazy man might be found among them. Arms and tools with which to work on the farms were given to the settlers. When tlic time came, thirty families were ready to sail Oglethorj^c carried them direct to Charleston, South Carolina. When they landed, in 1733, the people of Charleston were only too glad to have a colony south of them as a "buffer" against the Spaniards who occupied Florida, and who had already attacked South Carolina. Therefore, the people of Charleston, to give the new colony a good start, presented the settlers with one hundred head of cattle, a drove of hogs, and fifteen or twenty barrels of rice. Rejoicing in JAMKS KUWARD Of;i etiiorpe From an orif^hial portrait painted by Simon Francois Raicnct, from a mezzotint by Hurjord in the print room at the British Museum James Oglethorpe 91 out Italians their new supplies, the colony sailed to the Savannah River, and not far from its mouth, on a beautiful bluff, Oglethorpe marked savan- out the streets of the new city. The settlers went to work nah laid with a will, cutting down trees and making them into cabins. They soon had comfortable homes, although very^ different from what they had known in England. Soon other colonists came to Savannah. Among these was a company of Italians who had come to raise the silkworm and to manufacture silk. In the next year after Oglethorpe planted the settlement a band of sturdy German Protestants arrived. These settlers built their German i' Ml- Protes- homes above Savannah, and called the colony "Ebenezer,' which tants means "the Lord hath helped us." Between these two settlements a band of pious Moravian immigrants founded a colony. Then fol- lowed the settlement of Augusta, far up the Savannah River and well out among the Indians, which served as a sort of outpost. To these were added a colony on the Altamaha River. This colony was settled by a company of brave Highland- ers from Scotland. In the mean- time, Oglethorpe had gone to Eng- land, but he soon returned with more than two hundred English and German im- migrants, who High- landers OGLETHORPE SURVEYING THE SITE OF S.\V.\NNAH 92 Stories of Heroism Thf Wesleys come Ogle- thorpe foresees war Frederica fortified came to Georgia to better their condition. With these immigrants came John and Charles Wesley, who were soon to awake all England with a revival of religion. While in England Oglethorpe was made a colonel. He saw that trouble with Spain must soon come. From the beginning of the settlement of Georgia Oglethorpe had been careful to treat the Indians well. He had made treaties witji them and had paid them for their lands. He now went to visit the Creek and the Cherokee Indians. On an island at the mouth of the Alta- maha Oglethorpe planted a town to serve SiMuiin^ on a bold rocky bluff as an outjjost against the Spaniards. He oiTrlook'htf^ a beautiful bav- . .„ , . , - . /x»i • 1/ guarded the entrance to fortified it, and made it very strong. This Frederica ^^^^^.^ ^^,^^ ^,,^j^,j Frcdcrica. In 1742 a Spanish fleet of fifty-one vesse'.s and five thousand men attacked Frederica. Oglethorpe beat them ofT, and thereafter Georgia was left in peace. He went back to England and becu an old cngravitf^ La Salle 95 country's right to the richer soil and to the milder climate of the Mississippi Valley. Once more he returned to France, and the king gave him permission to explore the great valley and to build forts along the way. La Salle came back bringing sailors, carpenters, anchors, and cables, for he intended to build a ship on the lakes. But best of all, he brought Tonti, his faithful Italian friend and helper. Hennepin, the missionary, carried an altar so made that he could strap it on his back and set it up for worship wherever he chose. La Salle had resolved to build his first fort at the mouth of the Niagara River, but the Iroquois permitted him to build only a large storehouse. They were greatly displeased when he set about building a ship above Niagara to sail the Great Lakes to the west, and threatened to burn it. When the new ship, the "Griffin," was ready to ^ail, they towed her up the Niagara River and then into Lake Erie. There was great rejoicing over the "Griffin. ' ' Amid the firing of cannon and the singing of songs, she spread her sails, the first to whiten the waters of Lake Erie. On they sailed, through sunshine and storm, up Lake Huron until the mission town where Marquette La Salle not con- tent to get rich only Henne- pin and his altar was buried came The first ship on the Great Lakes FRENCH FUR TRADERS BARTERING WITH THE INDIANS q6 Stories of Heroism -' t:^ South Bend . ' ^,VFort St. Louis , // (bl..rv..,) Ho^k) ^o^.»i>Fort Crevecoeur 'Ci * » Alton c/r/./- (V KOL'TES OF THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES ANDTRADEKS WHO tXIMdRED THE MISSISSn-I'I VALLEY into view. WTien the "firinin" fired her cannon, all was astir in that town of fur traders, missionaries, and Indians. La Salle's men landed witli great sliow. They marched to the little chapel and knelt before the altar. La Salle then sailed through the straits and to the head of Green Bay, where some of his men, sent out many months before, had collected a great quantity of furs. Laden with these, the "GrifTm" sailed for the storehouse on the Niagara, but La Salle never saw again this first shi]> of the lakes. 60. Exploring the Mississippi Valley. With fourteen men in four large canoes, La Salle set out for the Illinois River. They passed south- ward along the Wisconsin shore, sometimes living onlv on i>arched com and wild l)erries, but at other times feasting on the wild game killed by their Indian hunter. They passed the spot where Chicago stands, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River. Here another fort was built while waiting for the La Salle 97 return of Tonti, who had gone to find the "Griffin." Three months had passed by since the ship sailed. Tonti finally came, but brought no word of the ill-fated "Griffin." Disappointed, but still brave, La Salle with a party of thirty men and fourteen canoes paddled up the St. Joseph River to where South Bend now is. From this point the party, carrying canoes and baggage, made its way over to the headwaters of the Illinois. They were glad to reach the region near the present site of Ottawa, where ]\Iarquette had been a few years before. They saw Buffalo Rock and Starved Rock, high bluffs renowned in Indian history. Just as the little fleet was passing through Peoria Lake, some one saw the smoke of an Indian camp. At once every Frenchman dropped his paddle, seized his gim, and sprang ashore. The Indians ran about in wild excitement, but La Salle talked peace to the chiefs while Hennepin tried to quiet the children. The Indians told La Salle of fierce warriors farther on who would kill them, and of great monsters ready to eat them. These stories frightened some of La Salle's men and they ran away. La Salle decided to build a fort on the bluff overlooking the river and remain there through the winter (1680). They named it Fort Crevecceur, meaning that the builders had grieved until their hearts were broken. ' '^ -i> -^ ^ ~ ^ " ' ^ They reach Starved Rock Surpris- ing an Indian camp LA SALLE AND HENNEHIN SURPRISING THE INDIANS The fort of the broken heart oS Stones of Heroism Iroquois destroy villages of the Illinois A union of Indian tribes proposed La Salle journeys to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi La Sallo returned to Fort Frontenac. In the meantime he ordered Tonti to fortify Starved Rock, and llennei)in to exi)lore tlic IlHnois and the ii])pcr Mississippi rivers. Wliile La Salle was gone, a great army of fierce Iroquois destroyed the villages of the Illinois Indians, "the children of Count Frontenac." La Salle's heart was indeed full of grief when he returned and saw the awful desolation where once stood the villages of his Indian friends. But worse still, he could not find Tonti. With a sad but Ijrave heart the great leader resolved to bring all the Illinois tribes into a union that should be a match for the Iroquois. He went from tribe to tribe, and night after night he sat around the coun- cil fires with the chiefs. Before he could unite f. h;' K»^i«^^BL\»y them he heard that Tonti 1 "^'is^^^^^'^ ^^''^^ ^^^^ ^^ Mackinac. Wy-i'.J^'fW^ ^^^ hastened to meet "^ ' ' "(^ his long lost friend, and there he and Tonti once more planned the exjilo- ration of the lower Mis- sissippi. He returned to Fort Frontenac, collected su])i)lies, and was soon crossing the j)ortage be- i.A sAi.i.E AT THE MOUTH OF TiiK Mississiri'i twccn tlic Cliicago and Illinois rivers. On they went, till early in February their canoes floated out ujxin the bosom of the "Father of Waters" (1682). La Salle 99 Down the river they floated, passing the ^lissouri, the Ohio, and the Arkansas, where JoHet and Marquette had turned back. With the kindly help of new guides, they passed on until they found the Mississippi branching into three streams. La Salle divided his party, and each took a stream to the Gulf. On shore, just --' above the mouth, a -; cross was raised and La Salle took posses- sion of all the country he had explored "in the name of Louis the Great, King of France." The company shouted, "Long live the king!" La Salle's first great object had been accomplished. Then the party began the slow journey up stream. La Salle finally reached Mackinac, and there again began to lay great plans. The first thing he did was to go to Star\^ed Rock and build a fort for the protection of his union of Indian tribes. Starved Rock is a rough cliff which rises one hundred thirty- five feet high, right out of the valley. Its sides are almost per- pendicular. La Salle and his men cut away the trees on top and built storehouses, log huts, and a paHsade. They named it Fort St. Louis. In the valley below, hundreds of Indians came and built their wigwams that they might be safe from their enemies, the Iroquois. Tonti was put in command of the fort. La Salle's next step was to return to France and ask the king to STARVED ROCK ON ILLINOIS RIVER Many interesting Indian legends are connected with this rock which stands one hundred thirty-five feet above the river below La Salle takes posses- sion of new country Builds Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock 100 ^ Stones of Heroism . „ . plant a colony of Frenchmen at the mouth of the Mississippi River, misses The king agreed, and La Salle set sail for the Gulf of Mexico with a *^^ fleet of four ships and a colony of more than one hundred fifty thg {x^rsons (1684). He missed the Mississippi and landed at Matagorda Missis- Ray in Texas. The colonists blamed La Salle. He tried in vain to ^'^^' find the Mississippi. SufTcring and discontent increased till a party of La Salle's men La Salle's lay in ambush and shot him, and left his body in the woods. More than a year went by before the faithful Tonti at Starved Rock heard of the sad fate of the great leader. The French king refused to send aid to the starving colonists in ^^^ Texas, but the brave and heroic Tonti, though saddened by the heroic Tonti death of La Salle, resolved to rescue them. His rescuing party sulTered awful hardships. They deserted Tonti on the lower Mis- sissippi, and he was at last forced to return to Starved Rock. THE MEN OF NEW FRANCE 61. Life of the Trapper, Jesuit Missionary, and Soldier of New France. For more than a hundred years after the explorations of Joliet and La Salle the government of Canada sent trappers, missionaries, and soldiers into the new territory. The trappers Men of . New lived on friendly terms with the Indians. They took shelter in the France Indian wigwam and sat at the Indian camp fire. Together they as the searched the forest for game, and paddled up and down the rivers Indians and lakes in the Indian canoes. They joined in the Indian sports, '^^ lived as the Indians lived, and often married the Indian maidens. The lives of the missionaries were full of self-sacrifice. They had great difficulties to overcome. The Indians were ignorant and hard to teach but they treated the missionaries with respect and loved them for their kind deeds. George Washington loi From the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico the soldiers of New France built many forts. Their chief danger was Long from the Iroquois Indians, who sided with the English in the long y®^^ years of war. Many times their settlements were destroyed, their war forts burned. But they were courageous and determined. They went on with their work of establishing New France in America, fighting the English and the Indians, until 1759. Then Wolfe captured Quebec and Ncvnt France became EngUsh territory. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. La Salle was sent to complete the exploration of the Mississippi. 2. La Salle made his way to the Gulf of Mexico and later built the fort at Starved Rock. 3. The French sent trappers, missionaries, and soldiers into New France to strengthen it against the English. 4. The French trappers lived on intimate terms with the Indians. 5. With the fall of Quebec, England won New France. Study Questions, i. Why was La Salle not satisfied merely to get rich? 2. Describe the first voyage on the Lakes. 3. Find on the map the places named, from Mackinac to Fort Crevecoeur. 4. How did La Salle reach the Mississippi ? 5. Picture Tonti's fort on Star\^ed Rock. 6. Tell the story of the fate of La Salle. 7. What Indian tnbe sided with the English? 8. What was the effect of the fall of Quebec? Suggested Readings. La Salle: Wright, Children's Stories in Amer- ican History, 316-330; Pratt, Later Colonial Period, 1-28. . GEORGE WASHINGTON, THE FIRST GENERAL AND FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES THE "father of HIS COUNTRY" 62. George Washington as a Boy. When Washington was Wash- born, February 22, 1732, in the old colony of Virginia, the early JJjf^^^Jay settlements had grown into towns, and planters had prospered. His and birth- father's house stood upon a gentle hill slope which ran down to the P^**^® lazily-flowing Potomac. Across the river one could see the w^ooded Maryland shore, broken with a few great farms and plantations. 102 Stories of Heroism THE nOVlIOOD HOME OF WASHINGTON Here on the site of the farm house, a slope on th river bank, stands the first monument erected to Washington, the bricks from the great chim- ney forming its foundation School in Fred- ericks- burg The yearly ship from London Wasliington's fatlicr owned more than one plantation, and had many negro slaves. He was also a i)artn(T in some iron mines, and once had been captain of a ship carr>'ing iron ore to London. It was in London that he had fallen in love with Mary Ball, called, on account of her beauty, the "Rose of Epping Forest." She, too, was a Virginian, and she married Augus- tine Washington, and be- came the greatly revered mother of George. When George was but three years old, his par- ents moved to the plantation on the Rappahannock. Across the river in the old town of Fredericksburg, George went to a school taught by the church sexton. Both teachers and schools were scarce in Virginia then because the people lived miles apart on their great plantations. In Washington's day the plantations were usually located on rivers or bays. The rivers were the best roadways in those old times. Besides, the planter liked to have the yearly ship from London stop at his own door. The coming of the ship l)rought happy days to the young peojjle, for it often brought furniture for the house and fine clothes for the family. Sometimes, too, it brought back some long-absent son or daughter, or letters from relatives in the old English liome. Then there were the stories such as only sailors can tell. When all the stores of tobacco and grain had been loaded, George Washington 103 once more the great ship spread her wings and sailed away. Then many a Virginia boy longed to go on board and sail away, too. George's father died and left him, at the age of eleven, to the care of his mother. Mary Washington was a wise, firm mother, and always held the love and admiration of her children. According to the custom of those old Virginia days, Lawrence Washington, the eldest son, received the beautiful plantation on the Potomac, which he named Mount Vernon in honor of Admiral Vernon, an English naval commander under whom he had fought in the West Indies. To George fell a smaller plantation on the Rappahannock. He could hardly hope to go to England to study, but went to a school near his birthplace. Here he studied hard, mastering mathematics, and business papers of all sorts. The book into which he copied business letters, deeds, wills, and bills of sale and exchange shows how careful he was and how he mastered every- thing he undertook. At school, George was a spirited leader in all outdoor sports. He out- ran, out jumped, as well as outwrestled all his com- rades. He could throw farther than any of them. The story is told that he once threw a stone across the R'lDD'dl'innock and Washington dreaming of a seaman's lifk that at another time he threw a stone from the valley below to the top of the Natural Bridge, a distance of more than two hundred feet. Mary Wash- ington The eldest son in Virginia George studied hard and played hard 104 Stories of Heroism Playing war A horse- back rider A woods- man Wash- ington wanted to be a sailor Washington was captain when the boys played at war. Every boy among them expected to lie a soldier some day. George lis- tened to the stories told by his brother Lawrence, who had been a captain in the West Indies. As a boy George Washington also learned many useful things outside of school. He became a skillful horseback rider, for every \'irginia plantation had fine riding horses. People hved so far apart that they had to ride horseback when they visited each other and when they went to church or to town. Whether George rode a wild colt to "break" it, or whether he rode with his neighbors through woods and fields, jumping fences or swimming streams, or in a wild chase after the fox, he always kept his seat. Even while a boy Washington was learning the ways of a woodsman. With only a gun and a dog for com- panions, he made long trips into the deep, dark Virginia forests, where no road or path showed the way. He could cross rivers without bridge or boat, could build a shelter at night, could trap, and shoot, and cook over the fire by the side of which he slept. All this knowledge was soon put to use. When George was fourteen it was decided that he might "go to sea." Xo doubt he dreamed of the time when he should be a sea- man, or perhaps an officer on one of the king's great war shijjs. But when all was ready, he gave up his plans to please his mother and went back to school. He now studied surs'cying, and was soon able to mark olT the boundaries of farms and lay out roads. WASHINGTON AS A WODl.SMAN George Washington 105 George was now more and more at Mount Vernon, where he met many fine people. Among these visitors he admired most an old English nobleman, Lord Fairfax, who had come to spend the rest of his days beyond the Blue Ridge in the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. 63. Washington as Surveyor. Lord Fairfax was pleased with Washington, who was then tall, strong, active, and manly looking, although but sixteen years old. Accordingly, one spring Washington, with a number of companions, started over the mountains to survey the wild lands of Lord Fairfax. The trip was full of danger. There were no roads, bridges, or houses after the party reached the moun- tains; but deep rivers, wild animals, and savage Indians were plentiful. Some nights they slept in rude huts, other nights in tents, but more often under the stars and around the camp fire. One night they saw a party of Indians dance their wild war dance to the music of a rude drum, made by stretching a Lord Fairfax WASHINGTON'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS A survey- or at sixteen Life in the Shen- andoah in 1748 hide over a pot, and to the ^ noise of a rattle, made by putting shot in a gourd. /■/ Within a month Wash- /'^^lii^j ington was back with maps and figures showing just what lands belonged to Lord the surveying i-auty at an indian war dance in6 Stories of Heroism WASHINGTON SL'KVKYINO LOKD FAIRFAX'S I.ANI>S ^^^j^ Fairfax. Few men could liave done better, and a warm friendship well done grew up between this wliite-haired Englisli nobleman .and the young Virginian. Lord Fairfax immediately l)uilt a great hunting lodge in the Shenandoah, near where Winchester is, and named it Green- way Court. It became a favorite visiting place for many Virginians. Washington had done his work so well that Lord Fairfax had him made a public sur\'eyor, and invited him to make Green way Court his headquarters, t J:?^^\S*^^'>vC^LV \ ^^^ three years Washington was "" ' ' ' ^" - hard at work in that western wilder- ness marking out the lands of set- tlers. It was a rough but health-giving life and made his bones and muscles strong. He had to take many risks and face many dangers. Once he wrote to a friend: "Since you received my letter in October I have not slept above three or four nights in a bed ; but, after walking a great deal all the day, I have lain down upon a little hay, straw, fodder, or a bear skin, wliichever was to be had, with man, wife, and children, like dogs and cats, and happy is he who gets the berth nearest the fire." But the young surveyor was often at Greenway Court taking part in its pastimes, or spending his time in sober conversation with I>or(l Fairfax, or in reading the books on history- which were found in liis friend's lil^rary. 64. Washington as a Soldier Against the French. Suddenly Washington's whole life was changed. His brother Lawrence died and left to George the care of his only daughter, and the beautiful George Washington 107 Mount Vernon home. At the age of twenty Washington found himself at the head of two large plantations. But he had hardly- begun his new duties before he was called to serve his governor and the king. The French in Canada were building a chain of outposts from Lake Erie into Pennsylvania to the headwaters of the Ohio River so that they might have a shorter route to their trading posts on the Mississippi. Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia had sent orders for them to get out of the country, but his messenger did not get within a hundred miles of the French soldiers. It was probably Lord Fairfax who said to the governor: "Here is the very man for you ; young and daring, but sober minded and re- sponsible, who only lacks opportunity to show the stuff that is in him. ' ' In October, 1753, Washington, not then twenty-two, set out with servants, horses, and two companions for the French posts. One companion was the old Dutch soldier who had taught Washing- ton to use the sword, and the other was the fa- mous backwoods- man, Christopher Gist. They pushed on through deep forests, over the mountains, across swift rivers, to the Indian village near where Pittsburgh stands. From there Washington hurried on to the fort on French Creek. Heavy responsi- bility at twenty George Washing- ton sent to order the French out of Virginia territory GREENWAY COURT, THE VIRGINIA HOME OF LORD FAIRFAX Surmounting the broad, sweeping roof, pierced by dormer win- dows, were two belfries, doubtless designed for bells to call the settlers together when an Indian uprising was feared. loS Stories of Heroism The trip back to Virginia Wash- ington cuts a road over the moun- tains He wins one bat- tle, and loses another - m' The Frcncli commander received him with great poHteness, and tried to keep him many days. But Washington saw that the French were really preparing to fight to hold this "gateway to the West." The Frenchmen very politely said that they intended to hold that re- gion at all hazard. Washington and his party at once started back with the answer. Washington's party traveled through rain and snow, hurrying through dense forests where savages '^^^^T" lurked ready to scalp them. An Indian shot at Washington, but missed him. Their horses gave out, and Washington and Gist plunged into the forest alone, on foot, anxious to lose no time. At last they reached Williamsburg. War now seemed certain, and the governor hurried Washington forward with about one hundred fifty men to cut a road through the forests and over the mountains. But the French had already reached and built Fort Duqucsne, where the Ohio is formed, and were then hurrA'ing forward a^ party to look for the English. Just after Washington's men crossed the mount:iins they surprised the French scouts, killed their commander, and took the rest prisoners. Young Washington wrote home that he had heard the whistle of bullets and liked the music. Although Washington's company soon grew to three hundred fifty men, he built Fort Necessity, for a French force numbering four times his own was now close upon him. A battle followed. Standing knee deep in mud and water, the English fired all day at WASHINGTON ON IIIS WAY BACK FKOM THE FRENCH I'OSTS George Washington lOQ the hidden foe. Their ammunition was about gone, and their men were falling. Washington surrendered the fort, and the little army, with sad hearts, started home along their newly-made road. 65. Washington and Braddock. But these were stirring times in Virginia, for an Enghsh general, Braddock, had come up the Potomac; and soldiers, cannon, and suppHes were passing right by the doors of Mount Vernon. Every day Washington looked upon the king's soldiers, and saw the flash of sword and bayonet. How could he keep out of it? General Braddock liked the young Virginian, and made him an officer on his staff. Braddock was a brave man, but he had never made war in the woods, nor against Indians. One day Washington suggested that a long train of heavily loaded wagons would make the march very, very slow. He was thinking of Indians. Braddock only smiled, as if to say that a young backwoodsman could not teach him how to fight. Benjamin FrankHn, a very wise man from Philadelphia, was also troubled when he thought of how the Indians and French would cut to pieces that long line of troops as they marched through the deep, dark forests. Braddock smiled again, and said: "These savages may be dangerous to the raw American mihtia, but it is impossible that they should make any impression on the king's troops." The army, over two thousand strong, slowly crossed the moun- tains, and by July had almost reached Fort Duquesne. One day nearly one thousand French and Indians swarmed on both sides Wash- ington joins Brad- dock's army Braddock too vain to take good advice \ 'A-m A VIRGINIA RIFLEMAN TTO Stories of Herois))i of the road, and hnm beliind the safe cover of trees poured a deadly fire ii])on Rraddock's men. "God save the king!" cried the British sokHers, as they formed in line of battle. Washington urged Bradd(K-k to permit the English to take to the trees and fight Indian fashion, as the Virginians were doing, but Brad- dock forced his men to stand and be shot down by the unseen foe. Brad- dock himself was mortally wounded. Washington had two horses shot under him and his " -s V..V.1. i 14, =f^C u.-? WASHINGTON AND THE \ IKOINIANS SAVK BRADDOCK'S ARMV clothes pierced by four bullets. The British regulars soon ran madly back ii]X)n the .soldiers in the rear. They threw away guns and left their cannon and wagons, while the Virginians under Washington kept the Indians back. The British army retreated to Phila- del{)hia, V)ut Washington returned to Virginia, wheri' he received the thanks of the Burgesses. He at once collected troops, and hastened into the Shenandoah Valley to protect the settlers from the French and Indians. Tiie next year (1756) Washington journeyed on horseback to Boston. He wore his colonel's uniform of buff and blue, with a white and scarlet cloak over his shoulders. At his side hung a fine sword. With him rcKle two aids in uniform, besides two servants. Many an admiring eye was turned toward this stately George WasJiington III young Cavalier. After this journey he returned to the frontier, near Greenway Court, and remained there a year or two more. 66. Washington Meets his Future Wife. One day while on his way to Williamsburg with war dispatches, Washington halted at a plantation to take dinner with a friend. There he was introduced to Mrs. Martha Custis, a charming young widow of his own age. After dinner the conversation with her was too interesting for the young officer to see the horses being led back and forth near the window. The horses were stabled again. After supper Wash- ington was not yet ready to mount. Not until late in the after- noon next day did he mount and ride away with all speed for the capital. On his return, he visited Mrs. Custis at her own beautiful plantation, and did not leave until he had her promise of marriage. Great armies were already gathering. William Pitt, who sent Wolfe to capture Quebec, also ordered General Forbes to march against Fort Duquesne. But it was November before the army reached the Ohio. The French and Indians had nearly all gone to fight on the St. Lawrence, and the place was easily captured. It is said that Washington himself ., T-> 1- ^ n /T^1 c ,, THE OLD BLOCK HOUSE, PITTSBURGH ran up the English flag. The fort S still standing to-day in the heart of the name was changed to Fort Pitt. "'^^' -^^''"'^^ ^'^''^ ^^ ^"""^ ^^'^ 67. Old Days in Virginia. Washington now hastened home to claim his bride. To the wedding came the new royal governor in scarlet and gold, and the king's officers in bright uniforms. There, too, came the great planters with their wives dressed in the best that the yearly ship could bring from London. The bride Wash- ington intro- duced to Martha Custis Wolfe made it easy to capture Fort Du- quesne A Virginia wedding J IJ Stories of Heroism A RECEPTION AT THE GOVTRNOR'S At these receptions gay cavMcrs and hifili-born liniics trod the stately nvnnct or danced the famous I'irt^inia reel rode home in a coach drawn by six beautiful horses, while Wash- ington, well mounted, rode by the side of the coach, attended by many friends on horseback. The hardy settlers of the frontier, grateful to their brave defender, had already elected him to represent them in the House of Burgesses. He was proud to take his young wife to the meeting of the Burgesses when the old capital town was at its gayest, and when the planters came pouring in to attend the governor's reception. Washington had already taken his seat among the Burgesses when the sp'eakcr arose and, in a very eloquent speech, praised him and presented him the thanks of the House ior his gallant deeds as a soldier. Washington was so confused to hear himself so highly George Washington 113 praised, that, when he arose to reply, he could not say a word. Too con- "Sit down, Mr. Washington," said the speaker, "your modesty is equal to your valor, and that surpasses any language that I possess." Washington took his young bride to Mount Vernon, and there began the life that he enjoyed far more than the life of a soldier. He felt a deep interest in everything on the plantation. Early every morning he visited his stables and his kennel, for he liked horses and dogs very much. He then mounted a spirited horse and rode over his plantation to look at the growing fields of tobacco or wheat, or at the work of his slaves. When the king's inspectors in the West Indies and in London saw barrels of flour marked "George Washington, ]\Iount Vernon," they let them pass, for they were always good. He looked after his own and his wife's plantations so well that in a few years he was one of the richest men in America. But besides such duties, there were many simple pleasures to be enjoyed at Mount Vernon. make a speech a warm welcome. Lord Fairfax and other Virginia gen- tlemen went often to Mount Vernon to enjoy a fox chase. S.ometimes Mrs. Washington and the ladies rode with dash and courage after the hounds. Now and then boat- ing parties on the 8 Here his soldier friends ahva3^s found Old Mount Vernon days KOX HUNTING IN VIRGINIA In some sections of our country this popular sport of the Virginia colonists is still followed as in tJie days of George and Martha Washington //./ Slorics of Heroism wide Potomac wciv the order of the day. Many times the halls and grounds of Mount Vernon rang with the shouts and laughter of younger jx^ople, guests, who had come from miles around, for George and Martha Washington were young in spirit. 68. The Mutterings of War. One day in June, 1765, Washing- ton came back from Williamsl^urg and told his family and neighbors about the bold resolutions and fier>' speech of a rustic-looking member named Patrick Henry. He said that many older members o})lx)sed Henry. Washington took Henry's side, but his friends, the Fairfaxes, took the king's side in favor of the Stamj) Act. When the king put a tax on tea, Washington and many of his neighbors signed an agreement not to buy any more tea of England until the tax was taken ofT. When he heard that Samuel Adams and the "Mohawks" had thrown the tea into Boston Harbor, he knew that exciting times would soon be at hand. The very next y e a r t h king ordered more sol- diers to go to Bos- ton and put in force the Boston Port Bill and other un- just laws. The colonies saw the danger, and sent their best men to hold the first Continental Congress at Philadeljihia. Virginia, as we have seen, sent George Wa.shington, Patrick Henry*, Richard Henr>' Lee, and other great men. Washington SCE.NE AT MOI'NT VF.RNON IN TlIK HAYS i'>nsn(>ss of its being a trust too great for my capacity." Great men are often the most modest. Washington was soon on the way to Boston by the vePy' route he had gone nearly twenty years be- fore. But how A COLLEGE WELCOME AT YALE dilTerent the journey! Then he was a Virginia colonel. Now the honored com- mander of all the American armies. Then only a few friends were with him. Xow congressmen, citizens of Philadelphia, and great George Washington 117 crowds cheered him on the way. Only twenty miles out from Philadelphia, they met the news from Bunker Hill. When Wash- ington heard how the Americans faced the British bayonets, and forced them to retreat twice, he exclaimed: "The liberties of the country are safe!" Through New Jersey he was hailed by the people with delight. A military procession escorted him through New York City, where he appointed that noble general, Philip Schuyler, to take command in New York. The students at Yale gave him a real college wel- come — a parade with a band and student songs. On Cambridge Common, under the famous Harvard Elm, on July 3, 1775, Washington drew his sword and took command of the Continental army. There was a great task before him. He had to drill the troops, collect cannon from Ticonderoga, which Ameri- cans had captured, and get ready to drive the British out of Boston. It took all winter to do these things. One night in March, 1776, Washington secretly sent some of his best troops to build a fort News from Bunker Hill Took com- mand of the army, July 3, 1775 iiS Stories of Heroism A bloodless victory Wash- ington outwits Howe New York captured Heroic Nathan Hale on Dorchester Heights. The next morning Howe, tlie new British general, saw Washington's cannon pointing down on his army and lif-. ^ ENTKRTAIMNO (.KNKKAL HOWE ANr) HIS OFFICERS .-1/ Murray Hill, then a great jarmstead. now the heart of \'ew York City, Mrs Murray enter- tained them so delif^htfully two hours slipped away, and the Americans were out of reach ships. He immediately ]nit his army on board and sailed away. This was a victory- without a fight. Washington took his army to New York, and built a fort on Long Island to protect the city. He was none too quick, for Howe came with thirty thousand men and many war ships. In the battle on Long Island, a part of Wash- ington's army was defeated. General Howe planned to capture the defeated troops next day, but Washington was too shrewd. In the night he collected all the boats in that region and rowed his army over to New York before the British knew what he was doing. The great British army and fleet took the city, but by the help of a patriotic lady, Mrs. Murray, who entertained General Howe and his officers too long for their own good, all of Washington's regi- ments got away safely up the Hudson. During the fall of 1776, General Howe tried to get above Washington and capture him. But he did neither, for Washington's troops defeated the British at lx)th Harlem Heights and White Plains. While at Harlem Heights Washington felt that he must learn .^"•nu- srcrets about the enemy. Nathan Hale, a young officer, vol- unteered to bring General Washington the information he wanted; George Washington Tig but Hale was caught by the British and hanged. "I only regret, " he said, "that I have but one life to lose for my country. " Howe then turned back as if to march against Philadelphia and capture Congress. Washington quickly threw a part of his army Wash- across the Hudson into New Jersey but he had to retreat. The *°s*°° •^ ■' retreats British followed in a hot chase across New Jersey. Washington but fights crossed the Delaware, and took with him all the boats for many miles up and down the river. The British decided to wait till they could cross on the ice. Some of their generals thought the war was about over, and hastened back to New York to spend the Christmas holidays. 70. The People Dia Not Know Washington. Those were, indeed, dark days for the Americans. Hundreds of Washington's soldiers had gone home discouraged, and many other faint-hearted Americans thought the cause lost, and were again promising ob'edi- Ameri- ence to George HI. But the people did not yet know Washington, cans dis- On Christmas couraged night, with two thousand five hundred picked men, Washing- ton took to his boats, and cross- ed the Delaware in spite of the floating ice. Nine miles away, in Trenton, lay the Hessians, inose soldiers scene ok wasih.xgtu.n's cami'au.ns in the north 120 Stories of Heroism WASHINGTON ON THE MARCH TO TRKNTON All ni^ht, thinly clad, many without shoes and with bleeding feet, orer the frozen ground, on marched the shivering men, bringing at daybreak- disaster to the Hessians asleep after thetr Christmas reiels from Hesse-Cassel, in Europe, whom George III had hired to fight his American subjects, because Enghshmcn refused to fight Americans. On went the little army in spite of the biting cold and blinding snow. Two men froze to death anil others were numb with cold. "Our guns are wet," said an otTicer. "Then use the bayonet!" An early rei)lied Washington. There was a sudtlen nish of tramping feet and morning the roar of cannon in the streets. The Hessian general was killed, and one thousand of his men surrendered. These were a strange lot of prisoners. Not one could s])eak a word of English nor cared a thing for George III. No doubt they wished themselves at home on that morning. But the Hessians were not more sur])rise<.l than the British generals in New York. surprise George WasJiington 121 Cornwallis, the British commander, hurried forward with troops to capture Washington, but rested his army at Trenton. That night Washington's army stole away, and Cornwallis awoke in the morning to hear the booming of Washington's can- non at Princeton, where Washington was defeat- ing another part of the Britis:h army. Cornwallis hastened to Princeton. It was too late. Wash- ington was safe among the heights of Morristown, •where Cornwallis did not dare attack him. These two victories turned the tide and aroused the Americans. Reenforcements and supplies made Washington's army stronger and more comfortable. The next spring (1777) General Howe decided to capture Philadelphia. But Washington boldly moved his army across Howe's line of march. Howe did not want to fight, so he put his army on board his ships, sailed around into the Chesapeake, landed, and marched for the "rebel capital," as the British called Philadelphia. At Brandywine Creek, south of Philadelphia, Washington faced him. A severe battle was fought. Each side lost about one thousand men. The Americans slowly retreated. In this battle Lafayette, a young French nobleman who had come to fight for America, was w^ounded. 71. The Winter at Valley Forge. The British slowly made their way to Philadelphia. Washington took post for the winter at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill River, twenty miles northwest of Wash- ington outwits another EngHsh general HESSIAN FLAG From a photo of the flag taken by Wash- ington from the Hes- sians at Trenton and now in the nniseum at Alexandria KNEE KUCKLES WORN BY GENEKAL WASHINGTON Wash- ington and Howe meet at the Bran- dywine Valley Forge Stories of Heroism What the soldiers suffered for inde- pendence Steuben helps drill the men Philadelphia. There, in the dee]) woods, amon^ the hills, and in lo^ huts built by their own hands, the American f(jrces passed a winter so full of suffering that it makes one shudder to read the story. When the army marched into Valley Forge, "their route could be traced on the snow by the blood that oozed from their bare, frost-bitten feet." Washington wrote to Congress that nearly three thousand of his men were "barefoot or otherwise naked." A part of the army had no bread for three days, and for two days no meat. Hundreds had no beds, and were glad to sleep on piles of straw. Others had no blankets, and sat up nights before the fire to keep from freezing. Many sickened and died. But in Phila- delphia, the well-fed British soldiers liad a gay season, with balls and banquets. Washington grieved over the suffering of his men, but never lost heart. All the -mitv '^iW^^y^ ^. ■ iillL li by the aid of General Steuben, a ncjble German oiTicer, he drilled his men. In the spring when the British started I )ack to Xew York^ he gave them such a l)ayonet charge at Monmouth, New Jersey (1778), that thry were glad to esca])e tiiat night, instead of stop- ])ing to rest and bury their dead. TAMH AT \ Al l.i;V K>K(iE George Washington 123 72. The Crowning Victory at Yorktown. For the next three years the British army remained in New York, not daring to come out and attack Washington. Finally, in the summer of 1781, Gen- eral Lafayette, whom Washington had sent to Virginia to watch the British army there, sent him word that Cornwallis had come up from the Carolinas, and had taken post at Yorktown. Washington also got w^ord that a large French war fleet was coming to the coast of Virginia to aid the Americans. Washington now saw his chance. He ordered Lafayette to watch Cornwallis while he himself took two thousand ragged Continentals and four thousand French troops in bright uniforms, and slipped away from New York. He was almost in Philadelphia before the British or his own soldiers could guess where he was going. At Yorktown, Washington and his army found both Lafayette and the French fleet keeping watch. Day and night the siege went on amid the roar of cannon. When all was ready, then came the wild charge of the Americans and the French in the face of British cannon and over British breastworks. The outer works were won, and Cornwallis saw that he must surrender. Seven thousand of the king's troops marched out and gave up their arms. The victory at Yorktown made all Americans happy, and they rang bells, fired cannon, built bonfires, and praised Washington and Lafayette. But England was now tired of war, and niany of her great men declared in favor of peace, which was soon made, in 1 783. GEORGE WASHINGTON Front the Gibhs-Channing portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart, the first portrait of Washington, now in the possession of Samuel P. Avery, of Xcw York Wash- ington again outwits Corn- wallis Corn- wallis surren- ders 12 f Stories of Heroism THE SURRENDER OK CORNWAI.I.IS After the piiinting by Joint Trumbull which hati^s in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington 73. Washington Bids Farewell to his Officers and to Congress. Washington bade farewell to his brave soldiers, with whom he had fouc^ht so long. The parting with his ofHiccrs in Fraunccs's Tav- ern, New York, was a touching scene. With tears in his eyes, and with a voice full of tenderness, he eml:)raced each one as he bade him good-by. It was like the parting of a father from his sons. Washington journeyed to Annapolis, Maryland, where Congress was then held, to give back the authority of commander-in-chief which Congress had bestowed on him eight years before. How unselfish had been the conduct of Washington in refusing pay for his services! How noble was the act of giving up his power over an armv which idolized him, and which he might have used to make George Washington 12'; himself king ! But he did not think of these things as he hastened to his beautiful Mount Vernon to enjoy Christmas time once more with his loved ones. But what a change had come to Virginia! Eight years before George III was king over all the Thirteen Colonies, and Virginia was ruled by one of his gov- ernors. Now the people were ruling themselves, and had elected one of Washing- ton's neighbors, Benjamin Harrison, to be their governor, had died on the field of battle How the war had changed things WASHINGTON'S RESIGNATION After the painting by Trumbull in the Capitol at Washington He missed some old friends. Some others, like Lord Fairfax, had gone back to England, where they could be ruled by George HI, Soon visitors began to come — old soldiers, beloved generals, and great statesmen from America, as well as distinguished people from Europe. They all wanted the honor of visiting the man who had led the Ameri- can armies to victory, but who, again, was only a Virginia planter. 74. Washington Elected First President. The American people, however, would not let him long enjoy Mount MOUNT VERNON, THE HOME OF WASHINGTON »^^C^ Vernon, for when they ri#' *^'/f ^« met to make a new Constitution, or plan of government, he was chairman of the meeting and when Another call to duty Stories of Heroism WASHINGTON'S GRAND ENTRV INTO NFW YORK CITY, XjBt) From a chromo-lithogra pit after an orif^inal drawing by Alphonsc Bigot that government was to go into operation they would have no other man for their first President than George Washington. In 1789 he once more bade Mount Vernon and his aged mother good-by, and began the journey to Xew York, wliich was at tliat Atrium- lime the capital of the new nation. What a journey! It was phal pro- ;iirnost one continual procession and celebration !. t the Museum taken OUt of School at ten and ]Ult ('/ Fnte Arts, Boston .,,.., to work Willi Ins lather. In the port of Boston Franklin saw the ships and sailors of all nations, and longed to go to sea, but his father took him to visit the shops, where he saw men busy at work with all kinds of tools. Although Benjamin liked to work with tools, he liked to read better, and spent all his little earnings in buying books. Ho bor- rowed books when he could not buy them. Finally I'Vanklin's i)arents decided that since he loved books so Benjamin Franklin 12Q well he might be a printer, and put him to learn the trade with an older brother. Benjamin was to serve his brother for his board and clothes until he was twenty-one. He worked hard at his trade, and read more books than before. He improved his own improved language by writing out in his own words what he had read, and his then comparing his account with the author's. He now offered to take half the money that his board cost, and board himself. His brother agreed to this plan, and Benjamin saved money and bought more books. He longed to write something for his brother's paper. He did so, and put it at night under the door, but he did not dare sign his name to what he had written. His brother showed it to his friends. They praised it, and it was printed. It was fun for Writes Benjamin to hear people guessing that the writer must be some ^^^^^^ T-i T-\ 1 1- brother's great man m Boston. Franklin wrote several other articles, and paper called them the "Dogood Papers, "but his brother was angry when he learned who wrote them. FrankHn was now only seventeen, but because of his brother's cruelty he sold his books and took a boat for New York without say- ^^^^^^ home mg good-by to his parents. He afterwards said that leaving home in this way was a great mistake. No one in New York wanted a printer, so young Franklin took a boat for Perth-Amboy, New Jersey, on his way to Philadelphia. __. . From His ship was caught m a storm, and the passengers were wet and New hungry when they landed. York to Franklin set out on foot across the state for Burlington. For nearly three days he walked in the rain along muddy roads, looking so rough people thought he was a runaway servant. He was tired and homesick. But he took boat again, and reached Phila- delphia on Sunday morning, landing at the foot of IMarket Street. Phila- delphia ijo Stories of Heroism His sorry plight Good books and good company A call from the governor Returns home before going to London :a He was so hungry, he thought more of something to eat than of dressing uj) for Sunday. He was in a sorry plight. With liis pockets stufled with soiled shirts and stockings, and a roll of bread under each arm and one in his hand, Franklin walked up ^larket Street, and passed the home of his future wife, Deborah Reed. No wonder she laughed at him. She would have laughed more if some one had said: "There goes a boy who will some day become your husband and the greatest man in Philadelphia." Franklin found work in a printing office, saved his money, and bought books to study. He got acquainted with other young people, who also loved books, and with whom he often spent his evenings. To the surprise of Franklin and his brother pnnters, one day Sir William Keith, the governor of Pennsylvania, called at the shop to see Franklin. Governors did not — 'tj HnJN^ nil I i\^ then pay much attention to poor ] printers. The governor, who was dissatisfied with Philadelphia printers, promised to send him to England to buy a printing press, Franklin, with the governor's letter in his pocket, hastened back to Boston in order to get his father's help to go to London. The first mating o/ Franklin ami the How happy were parents, brothers, young girl u'ho was to be h,sw,je ,^^^^^ ^j^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^j^^. Jo^g.^bsent son and brother! But his father could give him no aid, and the young jmnter returned to Philadeli)hia. The governor, however, promised to pay his expenses, and Benjamin took ship for England. ^i^ FRANKLIN AND DF.ilORAH KE:ED Benjamin Franklin 131 The governor had not even given him letters of introduction, to say nothing of money, and Frankhn found himself a stranger in one of the largest cities in the world. He did not whine or spend his time grumbling, but went bravely to work in a printing office. He set a good example to his beer-drinking comrades by drinking only water. He was stronger and did more work and did it better than any of them. The next year a Philadelphia merchant persuaded Franklin to return to America to become his clerk. But in a few years he went to work again at his old trade as printer, and in a short time became the editor of the "Pennsylvania Gazette." Franklin had already married Miss Reed, the young lady who had laughed at him for making a show of himself on his first day in Philadelphia. 76. A Rising Young Man. He was now a rising young man in the old Quaker city. From year to year he did many things to help others. He started a circulating library, the first in America, out of which has grown the Philadelphia Public Library. He founded a school, which has become the great University of Pennsylvania, and a society, called the American Philosophical Society, which still holds important meetings. Franklin improved the heating of houses by inventing the "Franklin stove," but refused to take out a patent, and thus make himself rich at other people's expense. He also formed the first "fire department" in any American town. Who has not heard of "Poor Richard's Almanac"? Frankhn PRINTING PRESS From a photo of the press used by Franklin when in London, and now in the National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. In a London printing office Returns to Phila- delphia and marries Founds three great institu- tions Invents a stove Forms the first fire depart- ment / ?2 Stories of HcroisDi Poor Rich- ard's sayings Economy is the road to wealth Elected to office Deputy post- master- general printed it, and the people liked it so well that he^ sometimes ]")rintcd ten thousand copies. Here r.re a few of the quaint and true sayings: "A word to the wise is enough." "God helps those who help themselves." "Early to bed and early to rise, Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." Franklin and his young wife kept these rules faithfully. She worked in the printing oflice as Well as in the house. They hired no servants. Their furniture, dress, and food were plain. He ate his breakfast of bread and milk out of a wooden bowl with a pewter spoon. Mrs. Frank- lin suqirised him one day by giving him a china bowl and a silver s])oon. Slie said her husband deserved such things as well as other men. The people of Philadelphia admired Benjamin Franklin more and more. At the age of thirty he was chosen clerk k (-~"- of the Assembly of , ; Pennsylvania, and afterward was elected a lawmaker in the Assembly. Every year for ten years his neighbors elected him to help make the laws of the colony. In a few years Franklin was made de])uty postmaster-general for all the colonics by the king. He sur])rised the ]M?o])le by declaring that the mail should be carried from Philadelphia to Boston ever\' week ! He was ]X)stmaster- general for more than twenty years. A KRASKI.IN STOVE After a tmuiel iu Iht rooms of lite Ameri- can Philosophical Society, Ph ihulelph ia :W\ .-4 Ml: . <-\>NS. This viilcst^nic, still standing at Lytne, marks the distance on a road sun-eyed by Franklin Benjamin Franklin l^j In 1754 Franklin was sent by the colony of Pennsylvania to Albany, New York, to meet men from other colonies to plans a make a treaty with the Iroquois, and to plan a union of the union Thirteen Colonies. While George Washington was still a sur- colonies veyor, before Wolfe captured Quebec, and when Patrick Henry was yet a boy, Franklin wrote out a plan of union, which pointed the way toward that greater Union, the United States of America. Franklin was now becoming famous outside of Pennsylvania. Yale College honored him with the degree of Master of Arts. The f^°^® begins old University of Cambridge, England, gave him the same degree, to come All the wise men in England and France were excited by news of an experiment made by Benjamin Franklin. He had made electricity by using glass tubes, and he had seen the lightning flash in the storm cloud. He decided to prove, if he could, that light- ning and electricity are the same. No one had yet done this." He made a kite out of silk, to which he fastened a small Proves iron rod. Then he tied a hempen string to the kite and the rod. lightning To the lower end of the string he tied a silken cord to protect andelec- his hand from the electricity. On the string he tied a key. *"*^^*y 3.TQ tll6 One day when the storm clouds came rolKng up, Franklin sent same his kite high up among them, while he waited. Soon the loose fibers on the hempen string moved. Franklin placed his knuckles close to the key, and sparks came flying at his hand. When the news of this experiment was published some very wise men smiled ; others said it was a trick. The great Universities of Oxford and Edinburgh, however, gave him the doctor's degree, and societies of wise men in England, France, and Spain elected ^°^^ him a member. He was now the most famous American. 77. Franklin's Part in the Revolution. Already we have seen that England and her colonies were beginning to quarrel. What 134 Stories of Hcroisin Sent to England to defend the colonies How Franklin helped the Eng lish un- derstand the Stamp Act Franklin and Pitt Hastens home The war begins and Franklin plans union wiser man could be sent to England to defend the colonics by tongue and jien than Benjamin Franklin? He made friends for America among the great men of England. When the Stamp Act was passed the members of Parliament asked him nearly two hundred questions about the effects of the Stamp Act on America. He wrote many letters to great men, and long articles to the English newspapers, explaining how the Stamj) Act injured America. Both England and America rejoiced when the king and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, and Franklin sent his wife a fine London gown in honor of the event. For eight years more, while America was busy opposing the tax on tea, Franklin was in England trying to get Parliament and the king to give the Americans better treatment. But it was all in vain. He often talked with William Pitt, the great friend of America, who introduced into Parliament a plan for making friends between the two countries. But the plan was defeated. Franklin saw that war would come, and hastened back to his beloved America, where he arrived just after the battle at Lexington and Concord (1775). Pennsylvania sent him to the Congress of 1775, which, sitting in Philadelphia, made George Washington general of the Continental army. Franklin saw that if the thirteen scattered colonies were to defeat (ireat Britain they must unite. So he introduced into Con- gress a plan of union, but the other members were not ready for it. FRASKUN'S CLOCK Benjamin Franklin 135 Franklin was one of five men who were named by Congress to write the Declaration of Independence (1776). Soon after, Congress sent him to France fej Appoint ed to help write the Declara- tion of Inde- pendence W 111 i W l(U((U4f/fl«l INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA, IN THE DAYS OF FRANKLIN From an old print to influence the king and the people of that country to aid America in winning independence. The French hated the English, but admired Benjamin Franklin. The king gave money secretly, and many French officers came to serve in the American army. In 1778, Franklin influenced the King of France to take sides openly with the Americans. French war ships and French soldiers by thousands now came to help fight our battles. After helping to make the treaty of peace with England in 1783, Franklin came home with many honors. Though nearly eighty years old, the people of Pennsylvania immediately elected him governor. Franklin did one more great work for his country. In 1787 the states sent their wisest men to Philadelphia to make a constitution or plan of government, Pennsylvania chose Franklin, Franklin in France France sends aid The treaty with England U6 Helps make our Consti- tution Franklin signs the Con- stitution Died in 1790 Stories of Heroism ^-^%^»K KKANKI.IN AT THE COURT OF FRANCE with others, to meet with these men in Independence Hall. George Washington, as we have seen, was the president of this meeting. Many speeches were made, and there was debating for many weeks. The meeting was always glad to hear Franklin s])eak, for he was a very wise man. As he had helped to make, and had signed, the Declaration of Independence, so now, after helping make the Constitution, he signed it. Many persons did not like the Constitution. Franklin said there were some things in the new plan which he did not like, but declared that he signed it because of the good things it did contain. He showed his wisdom, for it is one of the best plans of government ever made. Franklin sjx^nt his last days with his daughter, and, surrounded by his grandchildren, died in 1790, at the age of eighty-four. Benjamin Franklin t^^ SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Washington was bom on the Potomac, spent his early days on the Rappahannock, and went to school at Fredericks- burg. 2. He learned many things outside of school, such as horse- back riding, fox hunting, and how to find his way in the deep forests. J. He became a surveyor in the Shenandoah for Lord Fairfax. 4. Governor Dinwiddle sent Washington to order the French to leave the Ohio. 5. Washington joined Braddock's campaign against the French, and in the battle tried to save the army. 6. Washington married young Mrs. Martha Custis, and was elected to the House of Burgesses. 7. Heard Patrick Henry's fiery speech, went to first Continental Congress, and the second Congress made him commander over the Continental Army. 8. Washington drove the British out of Boston, outwitted them around New York, retreated across the Jerseys, and then beat them at Trenton and Princeton, q. He fought at Brandywine, suffered at Valley Forge, penned the British up in New York, and finally captured Comwallis at Yorktown. 10. Washington gave up his command, retired to Mount Vernon, but was called to be the first President of the new Republic. 11. Franklin's parents were poor, had seventeen children; hence Benjamin, though a studious fellow, was put to the printer's trade. 12. Franklin wrote the "Dogood Papers." Left home for New York, but went on to Philadelphia. 13. Persuaded to go to London. He returned and married. 14. Franklin started a circulating library, a school which became the University of Pennsylvania, and a society called The American Philosophical Society. 15. He invented a stove, founded the first fire department in America, and printed "Poor Richard's Alma- nac." 16. Wrote the first plan of an American Union, and won degrees from English and Scotch universities. //. Franklin was one of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. 18. Was sent to France, where he won the hplp of France in the War of the Revolution. ig. Franklin was governor of the state of Pennsylvania, was a delegate to help make the Constitution, and died at the age of 84. Study Questions. /. Who was Washington's father and where did he meet Washington's mother? 2. What was a plantation and why so large? 3. What things did Washington love to do besides study? 4. Why did George make a good captain? 5. Picture the yearly ship from London at Mount Vernon. 6. Who was Lord Fairfax and what did he engage Washington to do? 7. What did Washington do at Green way Court? 8. Why was Washington chosen for the mission to the French and what was the result? 9. What were the preliminary events before the great war? 10. Picttxre Braddock's defeat. 11. How old was ijS Stories of Heroism Washinp^ton when he first visited Boston? 12. How did he become so rich? ij. What news did \Vashinj^4on brinj^ back to Mount Vcmon in 1765? 14. Wlio went to Congress with Gcorj^c Washinj^ton and how did a member speak of him? ij. What did he leani at Congress? 16. Picture the scx?ne in the second Congress. //. Describe the trip to Boston. 18. What task did he set before himself and how did he accom- plisli it? IQ. How did Washington outwit Howe? 20. Who was Nathan Hale? 21. What discouraged the Americans? 22. Picture the surprise and capture of the Hessians. 23. How did Washington outwit Comwallis? 24. What effect did these victories have? 25. What sort of a time did the soldiers spend at Valley Forge? 26. Who was Steuben and what did he do? 27. Picture the surrounding and capture of Comwallis. 28. What changes had the war made in Virginia? 29. Picture Washington's journey to New York. 30. How long ago was Franklin bom? 31. Tell of his school experiences. 32. Why did I'^ranklin not go to sea? 33. Tell the story of his bargain with his brother. 34. What did Franklin hear about the "Dogood Papers"? 3j. Tell the stor)' of the "mnaway printer." 36. How did he save his time in Philadelphia? 37. How did he happen to go to London the first time? 38. What good example did he set to London printers? 3Q. Why did he retum to Philadeli)hia? 40. What three great institu- tions did he found? 41. Why did the people like "Poor Richard's Almanac"? 42. What public offices did he hold? 43. Picture Franklin proving that electricity and lightning are the same. 44. What did he go to England a second time for' 45. How did Franklin aid in the repeal of the Stamj) Act?' 46. In what great events did he have a part? 47. What was his work in France? 48. What was his last great work? 49. How did he spend his last days? 50. Point out the obstacles he over- came all along in his career. Suggested Readings. Washington: Cooke, Stories of the Old Domin- ion, 94-139; Blaisdell and Ball, Hero Stozies fro^n American History, 62-76, 123-155; Hart, Camps and Firesides of the Revolution, 239-255, 261-266, 307-309; Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 101-113; Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 9-68; Hart, How our Grandfathers Lived, 45-47; Mabie, Heroes Every Child Should Knoiv, 2J4-28S; Hawthorne, Grand- father's Chair, 1 86-191; Magcll, Stories from Virginia History, 56-78, 79-94; Wistcr, The Seven Ages of Washington. Franklin: Baldwin, Four Great Americans, f 1-122; Hart, Camps and Firesides of the Revolution, 158-162; Hart, Colotital Childreti, 197- 199, 210-214; Wright, Children's Stories of Great Scientists. 71-89; Bolton, Famous American Statesmen, 38-66; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 65-76. Patrick Henry 139 PATRICK HENRY AND SAMUEL ADAMS, FAMOUS MEN OF THE REVOLUTION, WHO DEFENDED AMERICA BY TONGUE AND PEN PATRICK HENRY, THE ORATOR OF THE REVOLUTION 78. The Stamp Act. The surrender of Quebec and the fall of New France caused great rejoicing among the thirteen colonies. But the long, hard war had left both England and her colonies deeply in debt. King George III, however, thinking only of England's debt, de- cided that England ought to tax the colonies to pay for an army which he wished to keep in America. So the Parliament of England passed a law that all licenses to marr}^ all deeds to property, licenses to trade, newspapers, almanacs, and other pamphlets, had to be printed IT r ^ c PATRICK HENRY on stamped paper. This paper After the painting by Thomas Sully, ranged in value from a few cents to Why the king wished to tax 4A.merica What the Stamp Act was owned by William Wirt Henry, the orator's grandson, Richmond, Virginia many dollars. Leading men in every one of the thirteen colonies spoke and wrote against the Stamp Act. Of all the men who did so, Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was the most eloquent and fiery. He had been elected by the people of his county to go up to Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia, to help make the laws. There were many able men in that old House of Burgesses, but none of them wished to take the lead in opposing the king's plan of a stamp tax. 140 Stories of Heroism One day young Henry, although a new member, snatched a blank leaf from a law book and wrote down a set of resolutions declaring that only the Virginia Assembly could tax Virginians, and tiiat any one who asserted the con- trary was an enemy of the colony. He backed up these resolutions with a speech that stirred the Burgesses. He was so fiery and bold that men almost held their breath while they listened to the young orator. He closed by declar- ing that George HI was acting like a tyrant, and that "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Crom- well, and George the Third — " "Treason! treason!" shouted the Speaker of the House. Waiting a moment till the noise ceased, the orator, with a calm and steady voice, added, "may profit by their exami)le. If this be treason, make the most of it." Henr)''s resolutions were passed, and were printed in almost every newspaj^er in the colonics. They made the people more determined than ever not to buy stamped paper. Who was tliis young lawyer that stirred these dignified Virginia gentlemen in ]x)wdc'rcd hair, knee breeches, and silver buckles? 79. The Orator of the Revolution. Patrick Henry was bom in Virginia (1736). His father was a well-educated Scotchman, who taught school and became a lawyer. His mother was of Welsh blood. Young Patrick went to school, but he liked to hunt and fish far better than to study. He was a puzzle to his parents. PATKICK HENRY SPEAKING IN THE HOUSE C'F HI KGKSSKS From an ctt^rar'ing after the original painting by Rothermal Patrick Henry 141 By the time he was eighteen he had failed as a student, as a clerk, and as a storekeeper. He then married. The parents on both sides helped them to start farming with a few slaves. In two years Patrick Henry was forced to sell. Once more he tried keeping a country store. In three years the store closed its doors and Patrick Henry, aged twenty-three, was without an occupation. He now turned to the study of law. Although not in love with school when a boy, he loved to read the Bible. He also had a strong hking for history, and, in his youth, read the histories of Greece, of Rome, of England, and of the colonies. By a few months of hard study of the law he passed the examination. He succeeded from the first, and in less than four years had been engaged in more than one thousand cases. 80. The Parsons' Case. In 1763, Patrick Henry set all Vir- ginia to talking about him as a lawyer. This colony had paid its clergymen from the beginning. Each one received a certain number of pounds of tobacco for his salary. But the price was now high and now low. A dispute arose because of this and was taken into court. But no great lawyer would take the people's side. Patrick Henry did. The courthouse was filled with people, many clergymen among them. In the judge's chair sat Patrick 'sown father. Henry began his speech in an awkward way. The clergymen felt encouraged, while his friends and father felt uneasy. Soon he Early failxxres PEOPLE OF THE COURT CARRYING PATRICK HENRY ON THEIR SHOULDERS AROUND THE GREEN Liked to study history and law Succeed- ed as a lawyer Patrick's father the judge 142 Stories of Heroism began to warm up. grew more graceful. His words came more freely, and his gestures The people began to listen and then to lean for\vard spellbound by the charm of his eloquence and the power of his argument. The clergy grew angry and left the room. His father, forgetting that he was judge, cried for joy. When Henry finished, the people seized him and carried him on their shoulders from the court room and around the yard, shouting all the while. Patrick Henry was now the people's hero. At the next election his friends chose him to go to the House of Burgesses, and there, in 1765, he made his stirring speech against the Stamp Act. Many great Englishmen, such as William Pitt and Edmund Burke, opposed the Stamp Tax. Finally, King George and his Par- liament repealed the unpopular act. The Americans were happy when they heard of its repeal. 81. New Taxes. As if the king and Parliament could learn nothing, they passed a Tea Tax the very next year, placing a tax on all the tea imiH)rtefl into the .-*v «• colonies. Then the Americans st.jomn's church, Richmond Oy THE WAY TO THE GREAT CO.NGRESS AT PHILADELPHIA Patrick Henry 143 everywhere refused to buy the tea and pay the tax. When the tea ships came to America the people of New York and Phila- delphia sent them back, and the "Sons of Liberty" at Annapolis burned a ship full of tea. The king's governor at Boston refused to permit the ships to carry the tea back to England, but the people, one night, threw the tea into the sea. King George grew angry at such "tea parties," and had laws passed to punish Boston. More British soldiers were sent there to force the people to obey these detested laws. The colonies, more excited than ever, decided to hold a great Congress in Philadelphia (1774). Virginia, hke the others, sent her best men. There in Carpenter's Hall, a building still standing, Henry made friends of lead- ing men of other colonies. There he met Samuel Adams, who was doing with his pen what Henry was doing with his tongue, and they became life-long friends. One day, when speaking in favor of united action, Patrick Henry declared: "The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Virginian, but an American." As Patrick Henry talked with men from other colonies and heard how the king's troops were acting at Boston, he was con- vinced that war must come. He went home and urged the people of Virginia to arm for the coming struggle. The king's governor refused to permit meetings in the old capitol at Williamsburg, so they were held in St. John's Church, Richmond, a church still standing. The Ameri- cans angry over the Tea Tax THE STOVE IN THE HOUSE OF THE BURGESSES This stove is now in the State Library of Virginia Patrick Henry meets Samuel Adams at the great Congress Anew senti- ment i.f4 Stories of Heroism Here* Patrick Ilcnry t)ffcrcd resolutions declaring that Virginia should arm herself for the coming war It was a serious time, and these were serious resolutions. Sliould the thirteen colonies go to war with one of the greatest nations in the worlil? Would it not be wise to send more ]:)etitions to the king? Some of the ablest men in Virgini:i opjmsed Henry's resolutions. 82. Patrick Henry Defends his Resolutions. Patrick Heniy listened to their speeches with smothered excitement. When he rose to defend his resolutions, his face was pale and his voice was trembling. But soon his audience forgot what other men had said. They leaned forward and listened as if no other man had spoken. He stirred their deepest feelings when he de- clared: "We must fight! I repeat it, Sir, we must fight! An a])peal to arms and the God of Hosts is all that is left to us. They tell us, Sir, that we are weak ; unable DECLAIMING PATRICK HKNRVS FAMOUS SPEECH ^O COpC With SO fOHTlidable ail .45 a javoritc declamation this ^rcat speech still rouses the spirit of patriotism in A merica adversary'. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week or the next year? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of the means which the God of Nature hath placed in our power. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our chains are forged ! Their clanking may be heard on the ])lains of Boston! The war is inevitable, and let it come! I repeat it, Patrick Henry 145 Sir: Let it come!— The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our cars the clash of LIBE R DEATH DONT TREAD ON ME THE FLAG OF THE VIRGINIA MINUTEMEN resounding arms. Our brothers are already in the field! Why stand we here idle! Is hfe so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it. Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death." One who heard this speech says that when the orator spoke the words "chains and slavery," he stood like a slave with his body bent, his wrists crossed, as if bound by chains, and that his face looked like that of a hopeless slave. After a solemn pause he raised his eyes and chained hands toward heaven, and said, as if in prayer: "Forbid it. Almighty God!" He then slowly bent his body still nearer the floor, looking like a man oppressed, heart-broken, and help- less, and said: "I know not what course others may take." Then, rising grandly and proudly, with every muscle strained, as if he would break his imaginary chains, he exclaimed: "Give me liberty, or give me death!" The men who heard this speech never forgot it. The people of Virginia now pushed forward the work of arming her men. And when her own Washington wept to take command of the army at Boston he found Virginia soldiers there wearing on their hunting shirts the words "Liberty or death!" From this time on Patrick Henry was in the forefront of the struggle with England. Virginia sent him to Congress, then she 10 War is inevitable What a listener in St. John's Church saw and heard OLD POWDER HOUSE, WILLIAMSBURG The removal of the pow- der from this house to a British man-of- war caused the first uprising of the Virginians What Washing, ton saw in Bos- ton in 1775 /./,5 Stories of Heroism made him an officer in the army, and finally not only made him the first governor after independence was declared, but elected him to that office three times in succession, and offered him the same oflice three times more. After independence was won Patrick Henry o])posed the adoption of our constitution, although Washington, Madison, and many of his friends were in favor of it. When, however, he saw that the new constitution was a good one, he gave his support to his friend, 1 'resident Washington. Patrick Henry finally retired to his ]>lantation and refused all offers of office. Many old friends and many great strangers went to visit him in his old age as one of the great men of the American Revolution. In the year of his death (1799), when some danger threatened Virginia, Patrick Henry came forth at Washington's request, old and feeble as he was, and aroused the people once more with his burning words. They elected him to the House of Burgesses by a great majority, but he did not live to tiike office. SAMUEL ADAMS, THE FIREBRAND OF THE REVOLUTION Samuel Adams, 83. Samuel Adams. While Patrick Henry was stirring the \*h*° feelings of the people by his fiery eloquence, Samuel Adams was Revolu- stirring them by strong arguments in his writings, to oppose the tion m;ts of King and of Parliament. I'ATKICK HF..VUY From the bronze fif^itrc oj the W'lishtniiton nu^fnoHint by t rau'jorJ at RuhmonJ Samuel Adams 147 Samuel Adams was born in Massachusetts (1722). While he loved school and books he cared very little for spending his time in outdoor amusements. At eighteen Samuel was graduated from Harvard College. His parents hoped that he would be a minister, but he began to study law. His mother was so opposed to his becoming a lawyer that he gave up the study and turned to busi- ness. He set up in business for himself, but, like Patrick Henry, soon lost all. He next went into business with his father, but in that, too, he failed. Finally Samuel Adams turned to politics. While a student in Harvard he had debated the question whether it was right to resist the king to save the country from ruin. He took an active part in debating clubs and very soon began to write for the newspapers, encouraging resistance. He never hesitated to take what he thought the right side of any question. Speaking before a meeting of Boston people, Samuel Adams boldly declared ^ samueladams / rrom the original painting by that if England could tax the business of John Singleton Copley, repre- , . , scnting Adams in ijji, now the colonies, then, why not tax our lands hanginginthe Museumoj Fine and everything we possess or make use ^^^' '^^^^" of?" Such taxes, he said, would make the colonists slaves. In a short time the people of Boston were reading in the papers the fiery resolutions, and the still more fiery speech, of Patrick Henry. Samuel Adams seized his pen and also began to pour hot shot into the Stamp Act. The Boston people elected him to be their representative in the Massachusetts Assembly. More and more he took the lead in the A student Early love for politics Why Adams opposed the Stamp Act I4S Stories of Heroism movement ajjainst the Stamp Act. He went about the shops, into the stores, wherever he found peojjle to hsten to him. He helped them form a society, called the Sons of Liberty, which destroyed tlic hated stamps as soon as they arrived. He talked with the merchants, and they signed a pledge not to buy any more goods from England until the Stamp Act was repealed. At this the British merchants felt the loss of trade and joined in the cry against the Stamp Act. 84. The Tea Tax. We have seen that ParHament, after the Stamp Act was repealed, passed the famous Tea Act. The Americans were angry again, and the Sons of Liberty declared that no tea should be landed. The merchants took the pledge again to buy no more English goods, and patriotic women began to make tea out of leaves of other plants. Samuel Adams again sharpened his pen, and wrote the famous old "Circular Letter," which urged all the colonies to unite and stand firm in opposing the tax on tea. This letter made King George very angry, Ijut Samuel Adams' only wrote the more. Night after night as the people ]')assed his window they saw by his lamp that he was busy with his pen, and said to one another: "Samuel Adams is hard at work Pec)j)le in England and America who took the king's side in these disjmtes were called Tories, The king now sent two regiments of soldiers to Boston to force SAIIUfcU AKA.M^ Wmii^i. 1111. r.vMOLS CIKCULAR LETTER writing against the Tories." Samuel Adams 149 THE BOSTON MASSACRE the people to pay the Tea Tax. There were frequent quarrels between the soldiers and the people. One evening in a street quarrel the sol- diers killed three men and wounded eight others (1770). Immedi- ately the fire bells rang and great crowds of angry people filled the streets. The next day they filled to overflowing Faneuil Hall, the "Cradle of Liberty." A still larger meeting in the Old South Church cried out that both regiments of soldiers must leave town. Adams and other leaders were sent to the king's officers to tell them what the people had said. Before the governor and the gen- eral, backed by the king's authority and by two regiments, stood plain Samuel Adams, with only the voice of the people to help him. The governor, unwilling to obey the demand of the people, said he would send one regiment away. But Samuel Adams stood firm, and said: "Both regiments or none!" The governor finally gave up, and Samuel Adams, the man of the people, was a greater leader than ever before. The king now tried to trick the Americans into paying the tax by making tea cheaper in America than in England, but leaving on the tax. But the people everywhere declared that they did not object to the price, but to the tax. Conflicts between people and soldiers Samuel Adams and the people drive the soldiers out of Boston I_50 Stories of Heroism The tea ships guarded while town meetings are held 85. The Boston Tea Party. When the ships carrying this cheaper tea arrived in Boston, Samuel Adams set a guard of armed men to keep the tea from being landed. Town meeting followed town meeting. On December 16, 1773, the greatest one of all was held. Early that morning hundreds of country people started for Boston. They found the shops and stores closed and people standing on the street comers talking earnestly. At ten o'clock the jDcoplc met in the Old South Church, and voted that the tea should never be landed. They also sent the owner of the ships to the governor for permission to take the tea ships out past the guns of the fort guarding the harbor. In the afternoon still greater crowds pushed and jammed into the seats, aisles, and galleries of that famous church. Samuel Adams was chaimian. He made a speech. Other leaders spoke. One stirred the audience by asking "how tea would mix with salt water." Evening came, and can- dles were lighted. The owner of the tea vessels returned and said the governor would not give him the permission. Immediately Samuel Adams arose and said: "This meeting can do nothing to save the coun- try!" In a moment the war whoop of the "Mohawks" sounded outside. The crowd rushed out and found the people following THE BOSTON TEA fARTV ABOARD THE TEA SHIP IN THE HARBOR Samuel Adams 151 Paul Revere's first ride ASSEMBLY ROOM IN CARPENTER'S HALL Here met the first Continental Congress of the colonies a band of men disguised as Indians down where the tea ships ^^ The lay at anchor. The "Mohawks" went on board, brought up the Boston boxes of tea, broke them open, and threw the tea into the sea. ^®^ That very night Samuel ^ Adams sent fast riders to carry the news to the coun- try towns. The next day, with letters to the leaders in other colonies in his sad- dlebags, Paul Revere, the great courier of the Revo- lution, started on his long ride to New York and Phila- delphia. As he went from town to town and told the story of the Tea Party the people cheered him, spread dinners for him, built bonfires, and fired can- non. He saw thousands of people gather in New York and Phila- delphia, and heard them declare that they would stand by Boston. Boston soon needed help, for the king and Parliament passed a law that no ship could enter or leave Boston Harbor, and another which forbade town meetings. Other hard law^s were also passed and an army was sent to Boston to force the people to obey them. 86. The First Continental Congress. We have seen a call go forth for a Congress at Philadelphia (1774). The Massachusetts legislature chose Samuel Adams and his cousin, John Adams, with two others to go to the Congress. But Samuel Adams was very poor and could not afford to dress in a style suited to meet the rich merchants of New York and Philadelphia and the great planters of the southern colonies. One evening while the family was at tea, in came the most Boston Port Bill 152 Stories of Heroism Strange visitors Poor but loyal What Samuel and John Adams saw on the way to Phila- delphia New and noble friends iS '-—if'" i CARPENTER'S IIAl.I., I-IIII.ADKI.I-IUA Other colonies to help Boston fashionable tailor to take his measure. Next came a hatter, and then a shoemaker. In a few days a new tnmk at his door told the story, for in it were a suit of clothes, two pairs of shoes, silver shoe buckles, gold knee 'buckles, a cocked hat, a gold -headed cane, and a fashionable red cloak. What .proof of the people's love for their neighbor! i •l|_iS;_ir^ ' ; . j^'^l Although Samuel Adams was a poor man, George III did not have offices enough to bribe him, nor gold enough to buy him. The king's officers had tried to do both. In a carriage drawn by four horses, the delegates to Congress were escorted by their frientls right by the king's soldiers. The ])eople of the large towns met them, escorted them, rang bells, fired cannon, feasted them at banquets, and talked of the Congress. At New York Samuel Adams and his friends were kept nearly a wcvk. Many persons in carriages and on horseback came out to welcome them to Philadelphia, the city of William Penn. People were anxious to see the man who had written the "Circular Letter," who had driven the king's regiments out of Boston, who had planned the Tea Party, and whom the king could not bribe. Here, in Carpenter's Hall, for the first time, he met George Washington, Patrick Henry, and Richard IIenr\' Lee, of Virginia. Christopher Gadsden, who was called the "Samuel Adams of South Carolina," and many other noble men who became his life-long friends. Soon Paul Revere came riding into Philadelphia with the news that the patriots of Boston were in danger of being attacked by the British. The Congress immediately declared that if the British made war on Boston, it was the duty of every colony to help her Samuel Adams 153 people fight. It looked as if war might come at any moment. When Congress was over, Samuel Adams hastened home to help Minute- form, in all the Massachusetts towns, companies of minutemen men ready to fight at a moment's warning. The next spring the news got out that British soldiers were going to Concord to destroy the powder and provisions collected there by the minutemen, and also to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock and send them to England to be tried for treason. Paul Revere agreed to alarm the minutemen the moment the soldiers left Boston. 87. Paul Revere' s Midnight Ride. Standing by his horse across the river from Boston, one April evening, waiting for signals, Paul Revere saw two lanterns flash their light from the tower of Old North Church. He mounted and rode in hot haste toward Lexington, arousing the sleeping villages as he cried out: "Up and arm, the regulars are -'■^^*'.- - .^ coming ! " Soon he heard the j>^ ,,, ■ alarm gun of the minutemen and the excited ringing of the church bells. He knew the country was rising. At Lexington minute- men who guarded the house where Samuel Adams and John Plancock were sleeping ordered Revere not to make so much noise. "You will soon have noise enough," ^Sr Vi 1 nnfprl "TViP rpcriilars paul revere alarming the minutemen ° rhe old Hancock House, where, guarded by the are COmin"^!" And he rode minutemen, Samuel Adams and John Hancock lay sleeping when Paul Revere rode by, still on toward Concord, stands in Lexington 154 Stories of Heroism 88. The Battle at Lexington and at Concord Bridge. As the British sc)ldicTs reached Lcxin^jjton at sunrise, April 19, 1775, the captain of the miniitcmen gave the command: "Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon. Rut if they mean to have war, let it begin here!" A bold speech for a captain of only about sixty men when facing as brave soldiers as Europe had ever seen! The minutemen stood their ground till seven were killed and nine wounded — nearly one-third of their number. Then they retreated. The British pushed on to Concord. But the minutemen, now coming from every direction, made a stand at Concord Bridge. Their musket fire was so deadly that the British started back, running at times to escape with their lives. At Lexington they fell upon the ground, tired out with the chase the minutemen gave them, and were met by fresh troops from Boston. S^ion the British soldiers were forced to run again, for minute- men by hundreds were gathering, and they seldom missed their aim. From behind rocks, trees, fences, and houses they cut down the tired redcoats. Nearly three hundred British soldiers were killed or wounded before Boston was reached that night. 89. The Battle of Bunker Hill. Day and night for weeks minutemen from other New England colonies, and even from as far south as Virginia, marched in hot haste to Boston. The British genend soon found his army in Boston entirely cut off from the mainlatid. He resolved to fortify Bunker Hill, V)ut what was his sun 'rise ^o wake one morning (June 17) and find the Americans under Colonel Prescott already building breastworks on the hill. That afternoon three thousand picked troops, in solid columns anrl with bayonets gleaming, marched up the hill to storm that breastwork. "Don't fire till you can see the whites of their eyes!" said the commander of the minutemen. On came the lines of red, Samuel Adams 155 THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL with banners flying and drums beating. From the breastworks there ran a flame of fire which mowed the redcoats down Hke grass. They reeled, broke, and ran. They rested. Again they charged; again they broke ^^ and ran. They were brave men, and, although hundreds of their companions had fallen, a third time the British charged and won, the Americans had used up their powder, and they had no bayonets. More than one thousand British soldiers fell that day. The Americans did not lose half that number. But among the killed was brave General Joseph Warren. 90. The Second Continental Congress. Just as the British were marching into Lexington on that famous April morning, Samuel Adams, with John Hancock, was leaving for Philadelphia, where Congress was to meet again. As he heard the guns of the minutemen answer the guns of the regulars, Adams said to Hancock: "What a glorious morning is this!" The members from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York were escorted across the Hudson to Newark, New Jersey, and entertained at a great dinner, with speeches. Near Philadelphia, a large procession of armed men and carriages met and escorted them into the city, where bells told of their coming. When this Congress met, Samuel Adams seconded the motion of his cousin, John Adams, that George Washington, of Virginia, be Three fierce charges Adams and Han- cock on the way to the second Congress 156 Stories of Heroism Samuel Adams among the first to favor inde- pendence Governor of Massa- chusetts made the general of all the American troops. He saw his own nc'ii;]il)or, Jolin Hancock, made president of tiie Cono^ress. 91. The Declaration of Independence. For more than a year Samuel Adams worked hard to get the Congress to make a Declaration of Independence. Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, introduced a motion into the Congress for Independence. The Declaration vas made, July 4, 1776, and Samuel Adams, as a great leader of the Revolution, had done his work. But, with other noble men, he still labored with all his powers, in Congress and at home, to help America win her independence. After independence had been won, Samuel Adams still served his state, and was elected governor of Massachusetts only a few years before his death, which AN oLDQLiLL occurrcd in 180^, at the age of eighty-one. »'KN SL'GC.I-STIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Tiic French and Indian War put both England ami her colonies in debt, but the king thought only of Eng- land's debt. 2. Great opposition to the Stamp Act in all the colonies. J. Patric k Henry made a great speech against the Virginia parsons, and a second on the Stamp Act. 4. He went to the first Continental Congress and made many friends; came home and made a great speech saying that war would come. 5. Made Governor t»f Virginia many times. 6. Samuel A-ant. Suggested Readings. Nathan Hale : Brown, Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy. Nathanael Greene: Fiske, Ir\'ing's Washn^ton, 430-456; Francis V. Greene, General Greene, 1-22, 94-105, 160-262; Frost, Heroes of the Revolu- tion, 27-75. Daniel Morgan: Blaisdcll and Ball, Hero Stories Jrom American History, 105-122; Brooks, Century Book of the American Rei'olution, 168- 173; Frost, Heroes of the Revolution, 76-89. Francis Marion: McCrady, South Carolina in the Revolution, 568-573, 577-652, 660-672, 748-752, 816-881. John Paid Jones 171 THE MEN WHO HELPED WIN INDEPENDENCE BY FIGHTING ENGLAND ON THE SEA PAUL JONES, A SCOTCHMAN, WHO WON THE GREAT VICTORY IN THE FRENCH SHIP, "BON HOMME RICHARD" 98. John Paul Jones. In 1747, in far-away Scotland, on the arm of the sea called Solway Firth, a great sailor was born. John Paul played along the seashore, saw tall ships, and heard wonder- ful stories of a new land called America, whose ships filled with tobacco came into the firth. John Paul did not get much schooling, and at the age of thir- teen he went as a sailor lad on the ' ' Friendship' ' to America. The ship sailed into Chesapeake Bay and up the Rappahannock River to the town of Fredericksburg, where he found his brother William living on a plantation. In the very same town where George Washington had just been to school, John Paul also went to school, and studied hard to make up for lost time, and left a great name among the boys He afterward returned to Scotland, and at the age of nineteen sailed as an officer on a slave-trading ship to Africa, and carried a load of negroes away from their native land. Many people did not then think it wrong to do this, but John Paul hated the cruel business, and left the slave ship as soon as he reached Jamaica. John Paul born in Scotland Sails on the "Friend- ship" to America JOHN PAUL JONES From a painting by Charles Wilson Peale in Independence Hall, Philadelphia Returns and sails for Africa 172 Stories of Heroism Made captain In Virginia again Offers his ser- \ices to Congress Changes his name Really wants to fight What he could do On his way back to Scotland, the officers of the ship died, and John Paul, although but twenty years old, had to take charge. The owners of the vessel were so pleased with the way he handled it that they made him captain, and he went on many voyages to different countries. After a time John Paul went to Virginia to take care of his dead brother's plantation. While he was living in Virginia he watched the quarrel between England and her colonies break out in open war. 99. John Paul Jones Enters the American Navy. He hastened to I^hila(lcli)hia and ollcrcd his services to Congress. He knew that England would send thousands of soldiers to America; and that she would send her war ships along our seacoasts and up and down our bays and rivers, to capture and burn f)ur towns. He also knew that the Congress did not own a single war ship when the war began. Congress ordered war ships to be built. While these were being made. Congress ordered trading vessels to be fitted with cannon and sent out to capture British ships. When John Paul went to Philadelphia he gave his name as Paul Jones, probal)ly in honor of Willie Jones, a friend who lived in North Carolina. Some have thought that he did not want the British to know him, if they should capture him in a sea fight. Although Paul Jones really knew more about war ships than most of the men in Philadelphia, Congress gave him a very low office. But that made no difference to him, for he really wanted to get into a sea fight. In 1775, he was made a lieutenant, and joined an exj)cdition to capture cannon and powder from the British in the West Indies. He did so well that Congress made him captain and gave him a ship. He then went on a cruise to the West Indies where in six weeks he captured sixteen prizes and destroyed a number of small vessels. John Paul Jones 173 Congress afterward gave him command of the ship "Ranger," and sent him to carry letters to Benjamin FrankHn, who was in France trying to get the king to take sides with the Americans. Franklin planned for Jones to take the "Ranger" to the coast of England, and show that American as well as English ships could burn, destroy, and fight. He captured two vessels, made straight for his old town of Whitehaven, "spiked" the cannon in the fort, set some ships on fire, and escaped without harm. Near by this place, his sailors took all the silver from the home of a rich lady. This robbery troubled him so much that, after- ward, at great expense to himself, he returned the silver to its owner. "Look out for Paul Jones, the pirate!" the people said; and the "Drake," carrying two more cannon than the ''Ranger," was sent to capture her. Five boat loads of people went to see the pirate captured. The fight lasted more than an hour. When the ** Drake" surrendered, her captain and forty-two men had been killed. The "Ranger" had lost only two men. After this fight the English towns were still more afraid of Paul Jones. There was great joy in France when Paul Jones sailed into port. The king, who was now making war on England, promised him a larger fleet of war vessels. So, in 1779, he found himself captain of a large ship armed with fifty cannon. He called the ship the "Bon Homme Richard" in honor of Franklin's Almanac, the "Poor Richard." Three smaller vessels joined him, and he again set sail for the English coast. The news of his coming caused great alarm. Sent to France With the "Ran- ger" at White- haven THE FIRST AMERICAN ENSIGN This, the first flag to float above an American man of war, was raised by John Paul Jones The "Good Man Richard" J74 Stories of Heroism A great victory MARINE CAMOLE^riCK From man of 7i>iir "Constitution" 100. A Great Sea Fight and a Great Victory. As Paul Jones sailed along the British coasts he captured many trading ships and frightened the people. At last he came upon two British war ships. Just at dark the "Richard" attacked a larger Enghsh ship, the "Serapis." At the first fire two of Jones's cannon burst, tearing up the deck and killing a dozen of his own men. The fight went on for an hour, when the "Serapis" came near, and Jones ran the "Richard" into her. "Have you struck your colors?" called out the English captain. "I have not yet begun to fight!" repHed Captain Jones. When the ships came together again Paul Jones himself seized a great rope and tied tliem together. Now the fighting was terrific. The cannon tore huge holes in tlie sides of the ships. A great explosion on the "Serapis" killed twenty of her men. Both ships were on fire, and the "Richard" began to fill with water. The men on each ship had to fight fire. It was ten o'clock at night. Tlic British prisoners on the "Richard" ha'mg V..r^- Cty Hall ^^ ^,^|j^, ^^j^ troops. After he got well. he became interested in Indian affairs and went with General Schuyler to an Indian council. He gave the Indians money and goods, and reminded them of their warm friendship for France. Again, Washington put him in command of a part of his army at Valley Forge. He took part in several battles with thc British, the most important one being that of Monmouth. Lafayette now went to Rhode Island to help the patriots in that section. For work there Congress gave him a vote of thanks. Marquis de Lafayette i8i In 1779, he was welcomed home by his family. Through his influence France sent Rochambeau over with six thousand troops to help the Americans. On Lafayette's return to America Washington sent him to Virginia to face Lord Comwallis.who , ..^^ had just come \^^^' >, ^ from North -__^'^ ' Carolina. After ^ receiving more soldiers Lafay- ette followed Cornwallis to Yorktown. Here, we re- member, Wash- ington with his aid caught Cornwallis in his "mouse trap." The year after peace Lafayette came back to America to visit Washington. There were great times at Mount Vernon. Wash- ington, Lafayette, arid other noble men sat around the table and there told stories of their struggles and of their triumphs. Lafayette visited many other places and received a warm welcome wherever he went. A few years after his return to France, the people of that country rose and overthrew their king. Lafayette was made commander-in-chief of the National Guard. The king and queen were placed under his protection. He promised the people that the king and queen would not run away. They did try it, but were caught and brought back. Welcome home LAFA\t,TTE AT MOUNT VERNON After a painting by Rossiter and Mignot Lafayette at Mount Vernon Com- mands the French National Guard i6\ Stories of Heroism Long imprison- ment v^isits the United States in 1824 At the grave of Wash- ington "^-r:^ Roth the mob and the king and queen blamed Lafayette. His command was taken from him and he fled from France, intending , - to come to the United States; ^.^\f but he was seized and im- prisoned by orders from the government of Austria. Washington wrote letters asking that Lafayette be sent to the United States. ^Lany others wrote in his behalf, but the ruler of Austria was hard-hearted. It was not until many years afterward that the great Napoleon made peace with Austria, and set him free. In 1824 he came to the United States upon invita- tion from President Monroe, and in the White House celebrated his sixty-sixth birthday with great ceremony. He made visits to every state in the Union. Eleven new slates had entered the Union which he had fought to establish, Lafayette was welcomed in the new states as well as in the old. He visited all the Revolution- ary battlefields, and wept over the grave of Washington at Mount Vernon, and over that of his own bravo De Kalb at Camden, South Carolina. A KECEl'TION TO LAFAYETTE LAKAVEl it Al 1 ii i W.^^HI^•UTON Baron Von Steuben i§j Before Lafayette went home Congress voted him two hundred thousand dollars and twenty-four thousand acres of land. He rewardr returned to France in the ship "Brandywine," bearing the gratitude ^^^^y- and love of every American. ^**® He died in 1834, and was followed to the grave by a vast body of people. He left a son named after George Washington, and two daughters, one of whom was called Virginia. A monument to Lafayette, given by the school children of America, was placed in a beautiful park of Paris at the time of the great French Exposition. BARON VON STEUBEN, KOSCIUSZKO, PULASKI, AND DE KALB. 104. Other Foreigners Who Fought for American Liberty. Baron von Steuben was the drill master of the American army. Steuben Before coming to America he had been an officer on the staff of ^^^ ^ Frederick the Great of Prussia. While the American army lay American in camp at Valley Forge, Steuben drilled the soldiers and taught ^°^^'^'^ them how to use the bayonet. Later, in the battles of Monmouth, Camden, and Yorktown, they showed the British soldiers how well they had learned their lesson. Steuben served the Americans with- out pay and spent his own fortune in providing food and clothing for the soldiers. Congress rewarded him liberally, after the war. Tadeusz Kosciuszko was a Polish nobleman. When the colonists patriots began to fight for liberty he hastened to help them. He served as help a colonel of engineers. The forts at Bemis Heights and at West ^g^- Point were planned by him. At the close of the war he returned cans to Poland and fought for his own country's liberty. Casimir Pulaski was a Polish patriot. He joined Washington's army and was given command of the cavalry. At the siege of Savannah he led a gallant charge and was mortally wounded. Lafayette laid the corner stone to his monument at Savannah. iS^ Stories of Heroism Johann de Kalb was of German parentage. He served the Americans nobly. During the terrible winter at Valley Forge he stayed with the army, and at the battle of Camden led a famous bayonet charge. He was wounded eleven times in this battle, and died three days later. A monument has been erected to his memory on the battlefield. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. The battle of Lexington aroused Lafayette and others to come to America. 2. Lafayette was wounded at the battle of Brand^-T^-ine, went to Rhode Island to help the patriots there, and returned home to influence the King of France to send Rochambeau to America, j. Lafayette prepared the way for the capture of Comwallis. 4. Lafayette took part in the French Revolution, returned to America in 1824, and received many tokens of afifcction. 5. Baron von Steuben, a drill master of Frederick the Great, came to America and drilled Washing- ton's troops. 6. Kosciuszko, a Polish patriot, came to America and prepared the forts at Bcmis Heights and at West Point. 7. Pulaski led a famous charge of cavalry at Savannah, and was slain. 8. De Kalb made a famous charge at Camden, where he was mortally wounded. Study Questions. /. Who came with Lafayette to help the Americans ? 2. In what battles did Lafayette fight before the Comwallis campaign? J. Where was he sent after his return from France? 4. What social gathering at Mount Vernon in the year after the peace was made? 5. How was Lafayette finally released from imprisonment? 6. How old was Lafayette when he came for his last visit, and what men were dead that he loved? 7. How many states did he visit? 8. Whose graves did he visit? 9. How did Congress testify its love for Lafayette? JO. Wiiat had Steuben been before he came to America? //. What proof can you give of his generosity? 12. What great lesson did Steuben teach the American soldier during the winter at Valley Forge? ij. Where did the American soldier show the Briiish soldier an example of Steuben's bayonet charge ? 14. How did Kosciuszko help the Americans ? 75. What command was given to Pulaski? 16. Where was he killed? ly. What gallant charge was led by De Kalb? 18. Who laid the comer stone of his monument, and where? Suggested Readings. L.\fayette: Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 114- 126; Blaisdell and Ball, Hero Stories from American History, 199-216; Brooks, True Story of Lafayette. Daniel Boone 185 THE MEN WHO CROSSED THE MOUNTAINS, DEFEATED THE INDIANS AND BRITISH, AND MADE THE MISSIS- SIPPI RIVER THE FIRST WESTERN BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES DANIEL BOONE, THE HUNTER AND PIONEER OF KENTUCKY 105. A Famous Frontier Hero. Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania in 1735. He was only three years younger than Washington. While yet a boy he loved the woods, and often spent days deep in the forest with no companion but his rifle and dog. Boone's parents moved to North Carolina, and settled on the Yadkin River. There he married at the early age of twenty, and, pioneer-like, moved farther into the forest, where people were scarcer and game more plentiful. He built a log cabin for his bride, and made a "clearing" for raising corn and vegetables. But his trusty rifle furnished their table with all kinds of wild meat, such as bear, deer, squirrel, and turkey. In 1760, Boone with a friend crossed the mountains to the Watauga in east Tennessee, on a hunting expedition, where he killed a bear, and cut the date of the event on a beech tree, which still stands on Boone's Creek in east Tennessee. One of Boone's hunter friends came back from a journey across the Cumberland Mountains and told of the beauty of the land Boone born in Penn- sylvania BOONE AND HIS BEAR TREE Crossed the moun- tains in 1760 iS6 Stories of Heroism News from across the Cum- berland Boone and com- panions goto Ken- tucky Danger from animals Danger from Indians ever present Capturea but escapes News from the old home beyond — its hills and valleys, its forests and canebrakes, full of game. Rodne was anxious to go. Too many people were settling near him. But Kentucky was a dangerous country, even if beautiful. It was called "No-man's-land," because not even Indians lived there, and the "dark and bloody ground," because the tribes from the North and from the South met there in deadly conflict. io6. Boone Goes to the Land of Canebrake and Blue Grass. \\'liile the people along the seacoast were disputing with the king, Boone and five companions, after climbing over mountains, fording rivers, and making their way through pathless forests reached Ken- tucky, the land of salt springs, canebrakes, and blue grass. They built a log camp and spent several months enjoying the wild life so dear to the hunter. But it was full of danger. Some- times it was a battle with a father and a mother bear fighting for their little ones. The sneaking panther or the lurking wildcat threatened their lives. Now and then, hundreds of buffaloes came rushing through the canebrakes. But danger from the Indians was present every moment. Day and night, sleej^ng in their camp or tramping through the woods, the hunters had to be ready for the death grapple. One day Boone and a companion named Stewart were off their guard. The Indians rushed upon them and captured them. Boone and his companion understood the ways of the Indians, and won their confidence. One night, as the savages slept around the camp fire, Boone arose and quietly awoke Stewart. They stole silently from the camp and hastened by night and day back to their old camp, only to find it destroyed and their comrades gone. One day Daniel Boone saw his brother coming through the woods. What a happy meeting five hundred miles from home! The brother brought good news from kindred and friends. Daniel Boone 187 ;^>. BOONE FIGHTING OVER THE BODY OF HIS SON Stewart was shot by the Indians, but Boone and his brother remained all winter in Kentucky. Powder, lead, and salt were growing scarce. What should be done? Boone's brother returned home for supplies, but Daniel re- mained without even a dog for a companion. He very seldom slept twice in the same place for fear of the Indians. He wandered to the banks of the Ohio, and was charmed with all he saw. He decided that some day he would make Kentucky his home. Boone's brother returned in the spring, bringing supplies on two pack horses. After further explorations the two brothers returned to their home on the Yadkin and told their neighbors of the won- ders of the new land. In the fall of 1773, several families, with cattle and horses, bade farewell to their friends and started for Kentucky, "a second Para- dise," as Boone called it. Before they reached the new land Indians fell upon them and killed six. Among the killed was Boone's eldest son. The party returned for a time to a settlement in Virginia. Richard Henderson, a rich planter, claimed a great tract of land in Kentucky, and put Boone at the head of thirty brave men to cut and blaze a road from the Holston River over the mountains, through Cumberland Gap to the Kentucky River. The result His brother returns home for supplies Brings supplies and both ^o home An Indian attack i88 Stories of Heroism Making the "Wil- derness Road" Fort Boones- boro His fami- ly in the "second Para- dise" Three girl prisoners was the famous "Wilderness Road," the first road across the mountains, and over which hundreds of pack horses and thousands of settlers made their way. When the road was finished to the banks of the Kentucky River, Daniel Boone built Fort Boonesboro. The fort was about two hundred sixty feet long, and one hundred fifty feet wide. At each comer of it stood a two-story blockhouse with loopholes, through which the settlers could shoot at Indians. Cabins with loopholes were built along the sides of the fort. Between the cabins a high fence was made by sinking log posts into the ground. Two heavy gates were built on opposite sides of the fort. Every night the horses and cattle were driven inside the fort. 107. Boone Takes His Family to Kentucky. When the fort was finished Boone brought his family, and several others, over the moun- tains to his "seco;id Paradise." Other settlers came and Boones- boro began to grow. Seme of the bolder settlers built cabins out- side of the fort, where they cut away and burned the trees to raise corn and vegetables. To the Indian all this seemed to threaten his hunting ground. The red men were anxious, therefore, to kill and scalp these brave pioneers. One day, Boone's daughter and two girl friends FORT BOO. i. 1. wiMER wcrc out latc in a Ajter the pUm by Colonel Henderson in Collins's . Htstorual Collections of Kentucky boat near the shore ^^ Daniel Boone i8q opposite the fort when the Indians suddenly seized the girls and hastened away with them. The people heard their screams for help, but too late to risk crossing the river. What sorrow in the fort that night! Had the Indians scalped the girls, or were they hastening to cross the Ohio with them? The next day Boone with eight men seized their guns, found the Indian trail, and marched with all speed. What if the Indians should see the white men first ! On the second day Boone's party came upon the Indians building a fire, and fired before they were seen. Two of the Indians fell, and the others ran away, leav- ing the girls behind, unharmed, but badly frightened. The War of the Revolution was already raging east of the mountains, and the Indians were taking the side of the British. In Ken- April, 1777, a small army of Indians crossed the Ohio and attacked !^*^-^^^ Boonesboro. The little fort mdde a bold fight. The Indians of the retreated, but returned on the Fourth of July in large numbers, to Revolu- destroy the fort and scalp the settlers. For two days and nights the battle went on. The fierce war cry of the Indians filled the woods around the fort. The white men took deadly aim. The women aided by melting the lead into bullets. The Indians again failed and finally retreated. BOONE AND HIS MEN TRAILING THE INDIANS 1 00 Stones of Heroism The prize prisoner Adopted by an Indian family Steals away to Boones- boro An Indian trick spoiled While making salt at the "Blue Licks," Boone and twenty-seven of his men were captured by the Indians and marched all the way to Detroit, the headquarters of the British army in the Northwest. The British offered the Indians five hundred dollars for Boone, but the savages were too proud of their great prisoner, and marched him back to their towns in what is now Ohio. Here he was adopted by an Indian chief. They plucked out all of Boone's hair except a "scalp lock," which they ornamented with feathers. They painted and dressed him like an Indian. His new parents were qliitc proud of their son. Sometimes he went hunting alone, but the Indians counted his bullets and measured his powder. But Boone was too shrewd for them. He cut the bullets in two, and used half charges of powder. One day he saw four hundred fifty painted warriors getting ready to march against Boonesboro. He went hunting that day, but he did not come back. What excitement in that Indian town! Soon the woods were full of Indians hunting for Boone. In five days — with but ne meal — he reached Boonesboro. All hands fell to repairing the fort. The horses, cattle, and provisions were brought inside the fort, and water was brought from the river. The Indians came, and Boone's "Indian father" called on him to surrender. Boone asked for two days to think about it, but he used this time in getting ready to fight. At the end of the two days Boone told him that his men would fight to the last. The Indians then proposed that twelve from each side meet to make a treaty of peace. Boone took his strongest men. While parleying, each Indian suddenly seized a white man. The white men broke away, and ran for the fort. Boone's riflemen were ready, and poured a hot fire into the Indians. Daniel Boone IQI 'The Indians climbed into trees to shoot down into the fort. They tried to set the fort on fire, but failed. They then tried to dig a tunnel under the fort, but that failed also. After nine days of failure, and after losing many warriors, the Indians gave up the fight and recrossed the Ohio. Although the settlers had to keep a daily watch for Indians, and had to fight them in other parts of Kentucky, they never attacked Boonesboro again. During the Revolutionary War other brave men came as pioneers into Ken- tucky, and built forts, and defended their settlements against the Indians. As the settlements grew thicker, game grew scarcer. Boone resolved once more to move farther west. When asked why, he replied: "Too much crowded. I want more elbow room." At the age of sixty, while Washington was still president, and after he had seen Kentucky become a state, Daniel Boone The Indians cannot capture Boone's fort DANIEL BOONE Boone's reason for again moving west and his faithful wife made the long From a portrait made in l8 19 _ when Boone was o 5 years old, journey to the region beyond the Mis- painted by Chester Harding, . . . -,. • oM ^^'^ ^''^ ^" possession of SlSSlppl, mtO what IS now Missouri, there the Massachusetts Historical he lived and hunted. He saw this Society, Boston, Massachusetts region pass from Spain to France, and from France to the United States (1803). He was still a hunter at eighty-two, and saw Missouri preparing to enter the Union as the twenty -fourth state. He died in 1820 at the age of eighty-six. Years afterward, remembering the noble deeds of the great pioneer, Kentucky brought his body to the capital city and buried it with great honors. Moves to Missouri Died in 1820 Buried at Frank- fortjKen- tucky IQ2 Stories of Heroism 1 08. Life on the Mississippi. When Boone led his brave men jjjg into Kentucky, white men had been Hving for years in the Missis- Louisiana sipi^i \'alley, farther west. These were the French of Louisiana, as they called their country. Their chief settlement was St. Louis. These pcoj)le came at first to dig lead from the old Indian mines of southern Missouri and to trade for furs. They were a quiet people who knew little and cared less about the rest of the world. They did not work hard, and they loved good times. A traveler who visited them says they were "the happiest people on the globe." country and the French Sevier born in Virginia Early life in the Shen- andoah 109. Fine looking JOHN SEVIER "XOLICHUCKY J.\CK A Famous Indian Fighter. John Sevier was born in the Shenandoah Valley in 1745. His mother taught him to 'read, but he obtained most of his schooling in George Washington's oki school town, Fredericksburg. He quit school at sixteen. He built a fort- like storehouse on the Shenandoah and called it Newmarket. He lived there, selling goods and fighting Indians, until, at the early age of twenty-six, he was a wealthy man. He had already made such a name as an Indian fighter that the gov- ernor made him captain in the militia of which George Washing- ton was then colonel. Sevier was a fine-looking man. He was tall, slender, erect, graceful in action, fair skinned, blue eyed, and had pleasing '^r!^'^- il -^: l^/r^ '^Jl»^' J0I;N SEVIER After an r >igrig from a miniature nou> in possession of one of his descendants at Xew York John Sevier TQ3 manners, which had come to him from his French parents. He from backwoodsmen up to 7^ ^v- KATE SHERRILL RACING FOR LIFE charmed everybody who met him the king's governor at Williamsburg. A most promis_ ing future opened before him in Vir- ginia. But hearing of a band of pioneers on the Watauga, he rode over one day to see them and re- solved to cast in his lot with them. During the Revolutionary War, British agents went among the Cherokee Indians and gave them guns and ammunition. Indian- like, they planned to take Fort Watauga by surprise. They came creeping up to the fort one morning just at daybreak. Forty deadly rifles suddenly blazed from portholes and drove them back to the woods. During the siege of three weeks, food grew scarce at the fort, and the men grew tired of being cooped up so long. Some of them ventured out and were shot or had very narrow escapes from death. The story is told that Sevier, during the siege, fell in love with the beautiful, tall, brown-haired Kate Sherrill. One day she ventured out of the fort. It was a daring act, for four men had lost their lives in this way. The Indians tried to catch the girl, for they did not want to kill her. But she could run like a deer, and almost flew to the fort. Sevier was watching and shot the Indian nearest her. The gate was closed but she jumped with all her might, 13 He goes to the Watauga Tennes- see in the Revolu- tion The story of Jack Se- vier and Kate Sherrill ig4 Stories of Heroism seized the top of the stockade, drew herself up, and sprang over into the arms of Sevier. Not long after she became his wife. In 1778, Sevier heard that the Indians were coming again. He Sevier ', the second oklest college in America. Although Williamsburg was the ca])ital of the largest and oldest of all the colonics, WHKRE JEFFERSON WKNT TO SCHOOL BEFORE HE -a. 1^ 1 cmTroW TTinrP t 111 H WENT TO WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE 't. lliiU. bCUrCCiy lUUFC LliaU Thomas Jefferson 211 two hundred houses, and not more than a thousand people. But it was a wonderful town in Jefferson's eyes, although it had but one main street. The capitol stood at one end of the street and the college at the other. It was the first town he had ever seen. At the opening of the House of Burgesses, Jeffer- f^ son saw the best people in the Old Colony come pour- THE OLD CAPITOL, WILLIAMSBURG mg m. The planters came Here Jefferson heard Patrick Henry make his in fine coaches drawn by famous CcBsar-Charles First speech beautiful horses. The wives and daughters came to attend the governor's reception, and to enjoy meeting their old friends. Jefferson became acquainted with the great men of his colony, and with many young men who were to be the future leaders in America. Here he met Patrick Henry, a student in a law office. Jefferson liked the fun-making Henry, and the two young men enjoyed many happy hours together, playing their violins. After his graduation Jefferson remained in his old college town to study law in the office of one of Virginia's ablest lawyers. Henry often lodged in Jefferson's rooms when he came to attend the meetings of the Burgesses. When Henry made his stirring speech against the Stamp Act, Jefferson stood in the doorway of the House and listened spellbound to his friend's fiery eloquence. In a few years Jefferson himself was honored with a seat in the House of Burgesses. He immediately took a leading part in opposing the tax on tea. The king's governor became angry and sent the members of the House of Burgesses home. But before A won- derful old town He knew great men Studies law Hears Patrick Henry's stirring speech Jefferson a mem- ber of the House of Bur- gesses 212 Stories of Heroism Marries and be- gins life at Monti- cello A rich ma a Commit- tee of corre- spond- ence they went, the bolder ones met and signed a paper which pledged the people of Virginia to buy no more goods from England. The next important event in JelTerson's life was his falling in loN-e, and his marriage to a young widow. She was beautiful in looks, winning in her manner, and rich in lands and slaves. JetTerson took his young wife to a handsome mansion which he had built on his great plantation. He called the home Monticello. Here these two Virginians, like Washington and his wife at Mount Vernon, spent many happy days. JefTerson, with his wife's estate added to his own, was a very wealthy man. Together they owned at this time nearly one hun- dred thousand acres of land and three hundred slaves. Rut stirring events took Jcflerson away from the quiet life at Monticello. After his marriage, he went to the meeting of the Bur- "^ gesses, and there with other leaders formed a committee of correspondence. This commit- tee wrote to the other colonies to get news of what the leaders were doing, and to tell them what the men in Virginia were planning to do. Each of the other colonies appointed com- mittees of correspondence. They kept the news going hack and forth as fast as rapid horsemen could carry it. These committees had a strong inllucnce in uniting the jEKKEKsoN AND MIS WIFE AT MONTICELLO coionics against England. Congress Thomas Jefferson 213 116. "Writes the Declaration of Independence. In 1775 the Burgesses chose Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and Benja- - , min Harrison as delegates ^.: , j Conti to the Continental Con- -, -*-^^!!Siiii^ °'''*^^ gress in Philadelphia. In this Congress Richard Henry Lee made a motion ^xjss^^^ declaring that the Thirteen Colonies were free and inde- ,,,, the raleigh tavern, wiluamsburg When barred from the House of the Burgesses the pendent of Great Britain, committee of correspondence met in this tavern The Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, and Robert R. Livingston of New York, to draw up a Declaration of Independence. When these great men met to talk over the Declaration, jegerson the others urged Jefferson to do the writing, for he was able to writes put his thoughts on paper in plain, strong words. How important |^® ^®*^" that the Declaration should be well written, and should contain of Inde- powerful reasons for breaking away from England and setting up pendence an independent government! A large number of people in America were opposed to separating from England. Besides, good reasons must be given to those brave Englishmen who, like Pitt and Burke, had been our defenders in Parliament. When Jefferson showed what he had written, the others liked it The other so well only a few words were changed. Even after several days' ™®™''"'' ■' ^ ■> hked debate in Congress, only a few more words were changed. Then it what was signed by the members of the Congress and sent out for all Jefferson wrote the world to see why America was driven to fight for independence. John Hancock, the president of the Congress, was the first to sign the Declaration, and he did so in large letters, saying that Stories of Heroism ijlj ill, ^^W ■■ ■ ' 'Wptw SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPFNOENCE From the first historical paintinti of John Trumbull now in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington George III might read his name without spectacles. He also said: "We must all hang together in this matter." "Yes," replied Frank- lin, "we must all hang together, or we shall hang separately." Jefiferson returned to Virginia, and later became governor, on the resignation of Patrick Henr>'. After the war was over and England had taken her armies home, Congress sent Thomas Jefferson as minister to France (1785). The French people liked Jefferson very much, because, like Franklin, he was very democratic, and treated all men alike. The French people were just beginning to overthrow the power of their king, and become a plan a republic. Jefferson told them how hapjn' the Americans Republic ^ere since they had broken away from George III. After five years Jefferson returned home. When his negro slavas heard that he was coming back to Monticello they went Minister to France Helps France Thomas Jefferson 215 several miles to greet him. When the carriage reached home they carried him on their shoulders into the house. The slaves were happy, for Jefferson, Hke Washington, was a kind master, and hoped for the day to come when slavery would be no more. Washington had just been elected the first President of the United States (1789), and was looking for a good man to be his adviser on questions about foreign nations. He chose Jefferson to do that work and gave him the office of Secretary of State. Congress disputed and debated over the best ways of paying the Revolutionary War debt, and also over the question as to whether America should take sides with France in the great war between that country and England. The people also disputed over these questions, and formed themselves into two parties. One, the Demo- cratic-Republican, was led by Thomas Jefferson, and the other, the Federalist party, was led by Alexander Hamilton. 117. Jefferson President. In 1 800 the people elected Jefferson President. He was very popular because he was a friend of the poor as well as of the rich people. He declared that the new national gov- ernment should in every way be plain and simple, instead of showy, like the govern- ments 01 I^UrOpe. JEFFERSON WELCOMED BACK TO MONTICELLO BY HIS NEGROES Greeted by his slaves First Secre- tary of State Leader of the Demo- cratic- Repub- lican party Elected President 2l6 Stories of Heroism Reduces expenses Napoleon forces Spain to give France Louisi- ana Presidents Washinp^ton and Adams had had fine receptions, where people wore wigs, silver shoe buckles, and fine lace. When Jefferson becairn- President he did away with all this show and style. Jefferson also pleased the people by reducing the expenses of the gov- ernment. He cut down the number of government clerks, soldiers in the army, and sailors in the navy. He spent just as little money as possible in running the government. One of Jefferson's most important acts while President was the purchase of Louisiana. Thanks to George Rogers Clark and his brave men, England had been forced to give the United States the Mississippi as our western boundary. In 1800 XajxDlcon, the great French general, forced Spam to give France all of the region then known as Loui- siana, which extended from the Mississippi to the Rocky Moun- tains, and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Spain, a weak country, had already refused to permit American boats to use the mouth of the Mississippi. Wliat if Xapoleon should send his victorious army to Louisiana and close the Mississippi entirely? Jefferson saw the danger at once, and sent James Monroe to Paris to hel]i our minister, Robert R. Livingston, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, buy New Orleans and a strip of lanel on the east side of the Mississippi Riwr near its mouth. THOMAS JEFFERSON From a painting by Rcmhraudt Pc'i'iC. now ill the possession oj till- W-w )'ork Ifistornal >iHU-ty, Xcw \'ork'C'ity. Thomas Jefferson 217 THE UNITED STATES IN 1803, AFTER THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE Napoleon was about to enter on a terrible war with England, and needed money badly. He was only too glad to sell all of Louisiana for fifteen million dollars (1803). This was more than Livingston was told to buy, but he and ]\Ionroe accepted it. If you will count the number of great states which have been carved out of the "Louisiana Purchase," and look at the great cities and the number of towns which have grown up within "old Louisi- ana," you will understand why great honor is given to the men who purchased this vast region. In the very next year, Jefferson sent out an expedition under the command of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore this vast country of Louisiana. With men, Indians, and boats they made their way slowly up the Missouri, across the mountains, and down the Columbia River to the Pacific coast. Sells Louisiana to America The greatness of the purchase The Lewis and Clark expedi- tion 2l8 Stories of Heroism Louisi- ana Pur- chase Ex- position President a second time Friends visit him at Mon- ticello Died Julv 4, 1826 A vast un- explored country Gray visits the Paci6c The wonderful stories told by Lewis and Clark gave Americans tlu'ir first real knowledge of parts of the Louisiana Purchase and of tiie Oregon region. In 1904, America, with the help of all the great nations of the wodd, celebrated at St Louis the buying of this region by holding the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In 1804, JefTerson was elected President again by a greater majority than before. After serving a second term, he, like Washington, refused to be President for a third time. He retired to Monticello where he spent his last days pleasantly and where hundreds of friends from all parts of America and Europe came to consult him. The people called him the "Sage of Monticello." JelTerson lived to see the first two great states, Louisiana and Missouri, car\'ed out of the Louisiana Purchase. He died at Monticello, July 4, 1826. On the same day, at Quincy, Massa- chusetts, died his longtime friend, John Adams. These two patriots, one the writer, the other the defender of the Declaration of Independence, died just half a century after it was signed. LEWIS .\ND CL.\RK, .\MERIC.\N' EXPLORERS IX THE OREGON COUNTRY 118. Discovery of the Columbia River. The purchase of the Louisiana territory by Jefferson opened up a great new field for settlers. It was necessary to know something about the new terri- tory'. It was a vast unexplored country stretching from the Missis- sippi River to the Rockies. The Pacific shore had already been visited by explorers. Boston merchants had sent Captain Robert Gray to the Pacific coast to buy furs of the Indians. He did not try to find an overland route, but sailed around South America and up along the coast to Vancouver Island, where he obtained a rich cargo of furs. He then made his way across the Pacific to China, and came back to Boston by way of the Cape of Good Hope — the first American to carry the Stars and Stripes around the world. Lewis and Clark 2IQ On a second voyage to the same region in the good ship, "Colum- bia," Gray discovered the mouth of a great river (1792). Up this river he went for nearly thirty miles, probably the first white man to sail upon its waters. Captain Gray named the river the Columbia after his vessel. The Indians had called it the Oregon. 119. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. The next important step in finding a route to the Oregon country was the great expedition undertaken while Thomas Jefferson was yet President. Lewis and Clark were two young men chosen by Jefferson to explore the region known as the Louisiana Purchase and to make their way across the Rocky ]\Ioun- tains to the Oregon country and to the Pacific. They chose forty- two men to go with them — some as soldiers, others as serv^ants, and still others as hunters. From the little French village of St. Louis they began their journey in boats in the spring of 1804. Up the Missouri River they slowly made their way against the current of the muddy, rushing stream. At one time it was so swift that they could not force boats against it and at another time the brushwood that came down the river broke their oars. Near where the city of Council Bluffs now stands, Lewis and Clark held a great meeting with the Indians. They told the Indians that the people of the United States and not the people of France were now the owners of this great land. Together they smoked the "pipe of peace" and the Indians promised to be friendly. Discovers the mouth of the Columbia CAPTAIN MERIWETHER LEWIS From the original painting by Charles Wilson Peale in Inde- pendence Hall, Philadelphia Expedi- tion leaves St. Louis Smoked the " pipe of peace" 220 Stories of Heroism Spent the winter with the Indians The Rocky Moun- tains The source of the Missouri On they went till the region near the Black Hills was reached. It was the fall of the year and the trees were bright with color, and the wild duck and geese in large numbers were seen going southward. The company spent the winter on an island sixteen hundred miles from St. Louis. The men built rude homes and fortified them. The Indians were friendly and the explorers spent many evenings around the wigwam fires listen- ing to stories of the country the Indians had to tell them. In the spring they bade the Indians good-by, passed the mouth of the Yel- lowstone, ind traveled on till the Rocky Mountains with their long rows of snow- covered peaks came into view. On the thirteenth day of June they beheld wonderful pictures of the "Falls of the Missouri." The water tore through a vast gorge a dozen miles or more in length. 120. The Way Over the Mountains. On they went until their boats could go no farther. They had reached rough and rugged hills and mountains. They climbed the heights as best they could. From now on the suffering was very great indeed. One day Captain Lewis went ahead with three men to find Indian guides for the party. They cUmbed higher and higher until finally they came to a place where the Missouri River takes its rise. They went on and at last came to the western slope of the moun- tains, down which flowed a stream toward the Pacific. Finally Captam Lewis came upon a company of Indian women CAPTAIN WILLIAM CLARK From the orif^ittal paititin • 1 T The made it necessary to have a new treaty. In 1846 a new treaty treaty was made and the present northern boundary was established. of 1846 224 Stories oj Heroism A Rhode Islander Perry bitter toward the British Ready for battle Drives the "Law- rence" into the British fleet OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, VICTOR IX THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE 124. A Young Man Who Captured a British Fleet. Perry was born in Rliode Island in 17S5. He went to the best schools, and learned the science of navigation. At fourteen years of age he was a midshipman on his father's vessel, and before he was twenty-one he had served in a war against the Barbary pirates. When young Perry returned to his home, the British were seizing Amer- ican sailors on American ships, claim- ing that they were British sailors. Perry was very bitter toward the British for these insults to his coun- try, and when war was declared he was eager to fight. A fleet of vessels was being built on Lake Erie, and Perry was sent as commandant to take charge of their construction. He promptly set to work, and in a few weeks the ships were ready for battle. He immediately set sail for Put- In-Bay, where the British fleet was stationed. There he arranged his ships for battle and raised a banner with the words "Don't give up the ship!" Driving his flagship, the "Lawrence," right in among the enemy's ships, he made them turn all their cannon against it. The loss of life was dreadful, but Perry kept cool. When the last gun of the "Lawrence" could no longer be fired, he ordered a boat to be lowered and with some brave men rowed through a storm of shot and shell to the "Niagara," another of Perr>''s large ships. Then he drove this ship OLIVER HAZARD PERRY After an eng^raving by Eihcin made in 181 J from the IWUdo picture Andrew Jackson 225 into the midst of the fight. In fifteen minutes, the two largest British ships struck their colors. The remainder of the fleet then surrendered. This victory broke the British power in the West. Congress voted resolutions in praise of Perry and ordered a gold medal struck in his honor. Wherever he went the people paid him great attention West and at his home he was given a royal welcome. Broke British power in the ANDREW JACKSON, THE VICTOR 125. How a Poor Boy Began to Rise. OF NEW ORLEANS Andrew Jackson was born of Scotch-Irish parents who had emigrated from Ireland to South Carolina. His father died and his mother moved to North Carolina Jackson to be among her own people. Here, a few days after his father's irishman death, in the same year in which Eng- land passed the Tea Act (i 767), Andrew was bom. Schools were few and poor. In fact, Andrew was too poor himself to do anything but work. He learned far more from the pine woods in which he played than from books. At nine he was a tall, slender, freckle-faced lad, fond of sports, and full of fun and mischief. But woe to the boy that made "Andy" angry. 15 Learns from the woods THE HERMITAGE NEAR NASHVIT.LE This hizioric house, the home 0/ Andrew Jachson, is now owned by the state of Tennessee 226 Stories of Heroism Learns to hate the British A prison- er of war Loses his mother A lawyer before twenty 11 J VCKSON REFUSES TO SHINE THE OKFICKR'S BOOTS When thirteen, he learned what war meant, for it was in the (lays of the Revolution when Colonel Tarleton came along and killed more than a hundred and wounded one hundred fifty of Jack- son's neighbors and friends. Among the killed was one of the boy's own brothers. Andrew never forgave the British. At fourteen he was taken prisoner ■f by the British. "Boy," said an officer, "clean these boots!" "I will not," replied Jackson. "I am a prisoner of war, and claim to be treated as such." The officer drew his sword and stnick Jackson a blow upon the head, and another upon the hand. These blows left scars which Jackson carried to his grave, lie was Uiken a prisoner to Camden, where smallpox killed his remaining brother and left Andrew poor and sickly looking. His mother had come to Camden to nurse her sons. A little later she lost her life in caring for American prisoners on British ships in Charleston Harbor. Jackson was now an orphan of the Revolution. After the Revt)lutionary times had gone by, Jackson studied law ;'.nd at the age of twenty was admitted to practice in the courts. But stories of the beautiful country that were coming over the mountains from Tennessee, stirred his blood. He longed to go, and in company with nearly a hundred men, women, and children, Jackson set out for the goodly land. They crossed the mountains into east Tennessee, where was the town of Jonesboro, not far from where Governor Sevier lived. Jackson and the others rested awhile before taking up their Andrew Jackson 227 march to Nashville. From Jonesboro to Nashville, they had to Follows the look out for Indians. Only once were they troubled. One night, gg^^^g^g when men, women, and children were resting in their rude tents, over the Jackson sat at the foot of a tree smoking his corncob pipe. He ™o"°- heard "owls" hooting. These were Indian signals. "A little too natural, " thought Jackson. He aroused the people, and silently Outwits they marched away. Another party, coming an hour or two later, j^jji^^g stopped in the same place, and were massacred by Indians. Arriving in Nashville, Jackson began the practice of law. To practic- reach the court, he sometimes had to ride miles and miles, day after ing law day, through thick forests, where the Indians might lie in wait. frontier When Tennessee was made a territory, Jackson became district attorney. He had many "ups and downs" with the bad men of the frontier. Jackson himself had a bad temper, and woe to the man who made him angry. He either got a sound thrashing or had to fight a duel. When Tennessee became a state, Jackson was elected to Congress. In A year or so afterward (1797), he was appointed a United States o^g^'^^s Senator to fill a vacancy. But such a position. did not give him excitement enough. He resigned the next year and returned to Nashville. He was a frontier judge for a time, then he became a man of business. 126. How Jackson Won a Great Victory. When the War of 181 2 broke out there was a call to arms! The British will capture A call to New Orleans! Twenty-five hundred frontiersmen rallied to Jack- ^'"^^ son's call. He was just the man to lead them. They decided to go to New Orleans by water. Down the Cumberland to the Ohio in boats! Down the Ohio to the Mississippi, and down the Mississippi to Natchez! Here they stopped, only to learn that there were no British near. 228 Stories of Heroism How he won the name "Old Hickory" The twenty-five hundred men marched the long, dreary way home. Jackson was the toughest one among them. He could march farllicr and last longer without food than any of them. Tlie soldiers nicknamed him " Old Hickory. " Once more he was at home, where he now was a great man among his friends. About this time Jackson had a fierce fight with Thomas H. Benton and received a pistol shot in the shoulder. Ik'fore he got well the people who sufl^ered from the Fort Mims niassacre were calling loudly for helj). Tecumseh had stirred up the Creeks to murder five hundred men, women, and children at this fort in Alabama. Twenty-five hundred men answered Jackson's call. They marched south through a barren country. Food was scarce. His army, almost starved, threatened to go home. A half-star\'ed sol- dier saw Jackson sitting under a tree and asked him for something to eat. Looking up Jackson said : "It has always been a rule with me never to turn away a hungry man. I will cheerfully divide with you. " Then he drew from his pocket a few acorns, saying: " This is the best and only fare I have " But Jackson soon received recnforcements, and then, in spite of all tliese drawbacks, he broke the i:)ower of the Creeks in the great battle of Horseshoe Bend on Talla|X)osa River in Alabama. After that they were only too glad to sue for peace. -3;^^ JACKSON SHARES HIS ACORNS WITH TIIK HU.NGKY SOLDIER Andrew Jackson 22Q A BREASTWORK OF COTTON BALES Jackson was hardly home again before President Madison made A third him a major-general, and sent him with an army to guard New *^^^^*° Orleans from the British. After attacking and cap- turing Pensacola, a Spanish fort which the English occu- pied, he hurried his army on to New Orleans. Nothing had been done to defend the city. Jackson immediately declared martial law. He threw himself with all the energy he had into getting New Orleans ready, for the British troops were already landing. The British general had twelve thousand veterans, fresh from their victory over the great Napoleon. Jackson had only half as The two many men. But nearly every man was a sharpshooter. They were *^™*®^ riflemen from the wilds of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, and every man was burning with a desire to fight. Jackson had not long to wait. On came the British in solid column, with flags flying and . ^ . ^" *=■ -^ ° gxnning drums beating. The fog was of the breaking away. Behmd the ^^"1® breastworks stood the Ameri- cans with cannon loaded to the muzzle and with deadly rifles primed for the fight. The cannon w^ere the first A LITTLE BREASTWORK OF SUGAR BARRELS tO firC, but thC rcdCOatS clOSCd up their shattered ranks, and moved on. Those lines of red ! How splendid and terrible they looked ! The Americans gave three cheers. 2J0 Stories of Heroism THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS Won by Jackson after peace was made, this battle helped to make him President and to change history "Fire!" rang: out along the line. The breastworks were instantly a sheet of fire. Along the whole line it blazed and rolled. Xo human being coul' was won after peace had been made between England and America. A ship was then hurr>'ing to America with the glad news. Evcr>'where the people rejoiced greatly over the victory of New Orleans. Jackson was a great hero, and wherever he went, crowds followed him, and cried out, "Long live the victor of Xew Orleans!" Andrew Jackson 231 For several years, Jackson remained at the head of the army in the South. The Seminole War was fought, and those Indians were compelled to make peace. 127. The People's President. The people of the United States elected Jackson President in 1828, and reelected him in 1832 by a greater majority than before, showing that he was very popular. President Jackson had a quarrel with the men who were man- aging the United States Bank. This bank kept the money for the government. He ordered that the money of the government be taken out of this bank and put in different State Banks which were called "pet" banks. In the Senate of the United States at this time were three men of giant-like ability — Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun. They joined together to oppose President Jackson in his fight against the United States Bank. These men made many long and very bitter speeches against the President. The senate finally passed a reso- lution blaming President Jackson for taking the money away from the United States Bank. President Jackson was furious. He wrote a protest and sent it to the Senate, The people in the states took sides and the excitement spread to all parts of the country. In the Senate was another great man, Thomas H. Benton of Mis- souri. Although Jackson and Ben- the scene of jackson's campaigns ton had once fought a terrible duel in Nashville, they now were good friends. Benton attacked Clay, Webster, and Calhoun in Elected President Quarrels with the bank Great men oppose Jackson --i fe Nasl)vine~^ «; T E N N E S S E * ;f ■ 7 A / c A fL, , .• /- %Y\ ^^ ^ ~0}^ /CJ) ' VCHoVseshoe patched 1 ''VFort Ml— ' '' Nt-zfOrleans \-^^ GULF OF MEXICO Jackson and Benton friends 2?2 Stories of Heroism powerful speeches and defended President Jackson in every way he could. At last, after several years, he succeeded in getting the Senate to expunge, or take away, from their records the resolution blaming President Jackson. There was great rejoicing among Jackson's friends, and Senator Benton was the hero of the day. President Jackson gave a great dinner i)arty in Washington m Benton's honor. For a long time, South Carolina and other Southern states had been complain- ing about the high tarifl which Congress had passed. In 1832 South Carolina declared in a state convention that her people should not pay the tarilT any longer. She resolved to fight rather than obey the law and pay the tarilT. This was called nullification. NuUifica- ANPREW JACKSOH tion From a p^iinting by Thom^js Sully u-liiilt haiii^s in the rooms of the Historical Society of Pe n nsylva nia at Pit iladclph ia Presiilent Jackson was very angry when he heard of this act of South Caro- lina. He told General Scott to tiike soldiers and war vessels to Charleston, President .^^^^^ enforce the law at all hazards. The President published a letter to the peo- ple of South Carolina, warning them not to nullify a law of Congress. These acts made PresiJent Jackson ver>' popular at the North, where the ]ieople all believed the President had siived the Union from breaking up. V) ^ Jack- son's proc- lamation Jackson a Union man THE TOMB OF A.SDREW JACKSON mitage Andrew Jackson 233 In 1837 his second term as president expired and he retired from pubhc Ufe after having seen his good friend, Martin Van Buren of New York, made President. Death at Jackson returned to Tennessee, greatly bekjved by the people. theHer- There, in his home, called the Hermitage, he spent the rest of his Hfe. He died in 1845, at the age of seventy-eight. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Thomas Jefferson, bom in Virginia, loved books; while in college he met Patrick Henry. 2. Went to the Burgesses and planned the Committees of Correspondence. 3. Jefferson was sent to the Congress of 1776 and wrote the Declaration of Independence. 4. After the war Jefferson was sent as Minister to France. 5. Washington chose him as Secretary of State, and he founded the Democratic-Republican Party. 6. Jefferson was popular as President. 7. He cut down expenses, and with his savings purchased Louisiana. 8. The Columbia River was discovered by Gray. p. The way to the Oregon coi.mtr>' was made known by Lewis and Clark and by mis- sionaries. 10. The Indians received them with kindness along the route. II. They followed the Columbia until they reached the Paofic. Clark made a map of the region they had gone through. 12. As a reward, Lewis was appointed Governor of the Louisiana Territor^^ and Clark of the Missouri Territory. 13. Perry went to serv^e against the pirates, was eager to fight the English when war broke out, and was appointed commandant at Lake Erie. 14. Perry built a fleet and won a famous victor>^ over the English. i^. A gold medal was struck in his honor by Congress. 16. Andrew Jackson was bom of poor parents; learned from the woods more than from books. 77. Jackson was captured by the British. 18. His mother died nursing American soldiers, ig. . He studied law, went over the mountains to Nashville, and was elected to Congress. 20. He also sensed as United States Senator. 21. Jackson defeated the Indians, captured Pensacola, and won a brilliant victory at New Orleans. 22. Jackson was elected President and was opposed in his poHcy by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun. 23. Threatened South CaroHna over nullification. 24. Died at the Hermitage in 1845. Study Questions. 1. Name some things boys did on a Virginia plantation in Jefferson's time. 2. Name some of Virginia's great men whom Jefferson knew. j. Explain how the " Committees of Correspond- 2j4 Storit'S of Heroism ence" worked. 4. Who were the men appointed to make a Declaration of Independence? 5. Why did Jeilerson write the Declaration? 6. Why did French people like Jefferson? 7. Picture Jefferson's return home. 8. How was Jefferson fitted for Secretary of State? p. What were the people then disputing^ about, and wlio were their leaders? 10. Why did Jefferson want the Government to be plain and simple? 11. Who wanted it different? 12. Tell the story of the buying of Louisiana. I J. Why did Americans think the buying a great event? 14. Why did Jefferson not become President a third time? ij. What of the friendship of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ? 16. Describe the trip of Lewis and Clark up the Missouri River. 77. How did the Indians on the way receive them? 18. How did they return home? iq. What offices were given Leuns and Clark? 20. What important command was given to Perry? 21. Tell what he did when his ships were ready for the "Battle of Lake Erie." 22. Picture the battle. 2j. What honors were given to Perr>'? 24. Where was Andrew Jackson bom? 25. Name some other boys who learned more from the woods than from books. 26. Mention some early experiences Jackson had with the British soldiers. 2y. What other experiences did he have in the war? 28. What led him to go to Nashville? 2Q. Explain how Jackson outwitted the Indians, jo. What did he do as a young lawyer? 31. Tell the story of Jackson's first call to arms. J2. Give a full account of Jack.son's second call to anns. jj. Imagine yourself one of Jackson's soldiers, and tell what >'ou saw and heard at the battle of New Orleans. 34. Give an account of Jack- son's fight against the United States Bank. 35. Who was Thomas H. Benton, and why did he defend President Jackson? 36. What action did South Carolina take in 1832, and what did the President do? jy. Where did Jackson live after his last term as President? Suggested Readings. Jefferson: \\ni:,ht,Cliildrcit's Stories of Anter- ican Progress, 55-85; Cooke, Stories of the Old Dominion, 1S0-192; Hart, How Our Grandfathers Lived, 3 1 7-320 ; Buttcrworth In the Days of Jefferson, 32-168, 175-206, 216-264. Perry: Beebe, Four American Naval Heroes, 71-130; Wright. Children's Stories of American Progress, 130-144; Hart, How Our Grandfathers Lived, 241-242, 248-249; Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 172-174. Jackson: Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 162-172; Blais- dell and Ball. Hero Stories from American History, 185-198; Hart, Hoiv Our Grandfathers Lived, 284-291; Barton, Four American Patriots, 133- 192; Frost, Old Hickory. Robert Fulton 235 THE MEN WHO MADE THE NATION GREAT BY THEIR INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES ROBERT FULTON, THE INVENTOR OF THE STEAMBOAT 128, The Invention of the Steamboat. Once there were no steam engines to drive boats. On sea and river they were driven by wind, and on canals they were pulled along by horses. James Rumsey on the Potomac, John Fitch on the Delaware, and William Longs treet on the Savannah, had each invented and tried some kind of steamboat, before Robert Fulton. Fulton was born of Irish parents, in New Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. At the age of three he lost his father. Young Fulton had a great taste for drawing, painting, and inventing. He went to Philadelphia, then the lar- gest city in the Union, when he was twen- ty, and engaged in painting and drawing. His first savings were given to his wid- owed mother to make her comfortable. ROBERT FULTON Fulton finally decided to be an artist, After the painting, by Benjamin and went to England to make his home with Benjamin West, a great painter who once lived at Philadelphia. There he became acquainted with the Duke of Bridgewater, who influenced him to become a civil engineer. Fulton now met James Watt, who was the inventor of the steam engine. At one time the young man aided Watt in building an engine. Fulton next went to France, where he became interested in plans for inventing diving boats, torpedoes, and steamboats. Here How boats were driven Inventors before Fulton Early taste for drawing and in- vention Studied under Ben- jamin West Influen- ced to be- come an engineer 2j6 Stories of Heroism SCENE ON A CANAL Meets Living- ston in France Fulton's trial boats Twenty years' rights Gets en- gine in England he met Robert R. Livingston, a signer of the Declaration of Inde- j)endence, then United States Minister to France. Livingston took deep interest in his experiments in driving boats by steam, and furnished him the means to make them. Fulton made a "model" boat, which he left in France. Short- Iv afterward, he built a boat twenty-six feet long and eight feet witlc. In this vessel he put a steam engine. The trials proved beyond a doubt that steamboats could be made. Livingston believed in Fulton and his steamboat. When he returned to New York, Living :ton obtained from the legislature the right to navigate the waters of the state by steam for twenty years. The one condition was that the boat should go against the current of the Hudson at the rate of four miles an hour. Fulton got his engine from the inventors. Watt and Boulton, in England — the only place where suitable engines could be found. Robert Fulton 237 The engine came in 1806. A boat called the "Clermont" was built to carry it. She was one hundred thirty feet long and eighteen feet wide. She had a mast with a sail. At both ends she was decked over, and in the middle the engine was placed. Two large side-wheels dipped two feet into the water. 129. The "Clermont" Moves. At one o'clock in the afternoon of August 7, 1807, a great crowd gathered to see the first voyage of the "Clermont." Many people did not expect to see the vessel go. They believed Fulton and Livingston had spent their money for .nothing. Fulton gave his signal from the deck of the "Clermont." The people looked on in -— ~ x astonishment as the boat moved steadily up the pathway of the Hudson. The "Clermont" kept on going till out of sight, and the crowds of won- dering people went home hardly believing the evi- dence of their eyes. Up the "clermont" the river, against the current of the mighty Hudson, she made her way till Albany was reached. She had gone one hundred fifty miles in thirty-two hours, and won a great victory for Fulton and Livingston. When winter came the "Clermont" was taken out of the water and rebuilt. They covered her from stem to stem with a deck. Under the deck they built two cabins, with a double row of berths. Everything was done to make her attractive in the eyes of the people. They changed her name to the "North River." In the spring she made her trips regularly up and down the Hudson. The "Cler- mont' A great victory for Fulton and Liv- ingston Name of boat changed to "North River" 2^S Stories of Heroism Steam- boats ap- pear on different rivers People along the Ohio fright- ened A steam- boat helped Jackson Robert Fulton dies 1815 130. Steamboats On All the Rivers. In 1809, a steamboat was built on Lake Chaiiiplain, another on the Raritan, and a third on the Delaware. From this time forward, steamboats began to appear on all the great rivers in the settled portions of the United States. In 181 1, a steamboat was built on the Ohio River at Pittsburg. It started on its trip down the beautiful Ohio. People gathered on the banks of the river to see it go by. The steamboat, at first, made a frightful noise. Hence when it came to places where news traveled slowly, the people were sometimes frightened, and the negroes ran crying into the woods. In 1814 a steamboat carried supplies to General Jackson at New Orleans, and helped him to win the great battle fought there. Seven steamboats were running on the Ohio and the Mississippi at the close of the War of 181 2. Before another year went by, a steamboat had made its way from New Orleans against the cur- rents of the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers to Louisville, laden with goods from Europe. The steamboat had now won a place on the American rivers. It aided in the rapid settle- ment of the country. It made travel quick and easy, and it carried the goods of settlers up and down the rivers. Rol)ert Fulton died in 181 5, deeply mourned by all his country- men, and was buried in Trinity churchyard. New York City. WATCHING THE "CLERMONT" ON ITS FIRST VOVAGE LI' THE HUDSON Canals and Railroads 23Q 13T. The Erie Canal. Before Fulton invented the steamboat, suppHes had been carried to the western settlers over the mountains gteam- from the East. Now, however, steamboats puffed up the Missis- boats siDpi from New Orleans loaded down with goods that had been ^^^J goods brought all the way from Europe. The settlers could get as much ^p t^e as they wanted and at a much lower cost. For this reason the mer- Missis- chants of New York and the East were losing all their trade with ^^^^^ the settlers. They saw that they must have some connection with the West by water, and so they planned the Erie Canal. It took seven years to dig. When it was finished it was three hundred sixty- three miles long, forty feet wide, and four feet deep. The depth was later increased to seven feet. It stretched straight across the ^^^ state of New York from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. canal In the autumn of 1825, when the canal was finished, there was across a great celebration. A "fleet" of canal boats carried Governor ^^'^^ Clinton of New York and a number of other distinguished men across the state. The merchants of the East were no longer afraid of the Missis- sippi route. They had a route of their own. The canal became the great highway of commerce from the East to the West and from j^g^york the West to the East. New York recovered her trade, and flourish- recovered 1.1 1 her trade mg Cities grew up along the canal. But there were cities in the East that could not use the canal. Farther south they could not dig a canal across the mountains. All their goods had to be carried over the Cumberland Gap on the backs of horses. But a new means of travel and transportation had been invented, which was to far surpass the steamboat and which was to help every city no matter where located. J^^ ... first 132. Railroad Building. The first railroad m Amenca was a ^^^^^^ very rude affair. There were no "palace cars" nor steel rails, nor 240 Stories of Heroism did the trains run at a speed of sixty miles an hour. Instead, cars that looked like huge wagons ran on wooden rails and were dragged along by horses. But George Stephenson had thought out a plan for a machine that would pull the cars along by steam. He called his engine "Puffing Billy." He kept at work always improving it. In 1825, after eleven years of work, he made an engine that could pull both passengers and freight. In 1828 the first long railroad in America was started. A great ceremony took place. It was a very solemn occasion. Charles Carroll, the only living signer of the Declaration of Independence, drove the first spade into the ground where the first rail was to be laid. As he did so he said, "I consider this among the most im- portant acts of my life, second only to that of signing the Declara- tion of Independence." This railroad was the famous Baltimore & Ohio. Inventors continued to improve the locomotive. In 1831 an American company built one which ran at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. At that time it was considered a very rapid rate. Since then railroad building and transi)ortation has improved wonderfully. By 1842 one could travel by rail from Boston to Buffalo. But it was not until ten years later that Chicago was connected by rail with the East. Gradually the railroads spread a network over the country. In 1857, St. Louis and Chicago were connected. A railroad to the Pacific Coast was much needed, and Congress voted an ai)propria- tion of $50,000,000 for the work. By 1869, the great work was completed. Other lines to the coast were started, and to-day five railroads cross the mountains, connecting the Pacific with the North, South, and Atlantic regions. Samuel F. B. Morse 241 SAMUEL F. B. MORSE, INVENTOR OF THE TELEGRAPH 133. The Coming of the Telegraph. Samuel Morse was bom in Massachusetts (1791). His father was a Presbyterian minister. Young Morse went to the common schools and to Yale College. In college he used his spare time in painting and, after graduation, he went to England and studied under the best artists. He came home and for a time painted portraits for a living. After having spent some years abroad, in work and study, Morse was again returning home from F ranee when the idea of sending news by elec- tricity first came to him, "Why can't it be?" said Morse to a friend, who answered, "There is great need of sending news by electricity." He began, then and there, to plan a machine and to invent an alphabet. This was all done on ship- board. When he reached land he went to work with a will at his new-found problem. For a long time the work went on very slowly, for inventors must eat and sleep and pay their way in the world. While Morse was struggling over his machine and trying to make himself master of the strange force called electricity, he was very often hungry and at times even on the point of starvation. 16 Morse 1791 HORSE WORKING AT HIS MACHINE Paints portraits The idea came to him of sending news by electric- ity A machine and an alphabet The hungry inventor 242 Stories of Heroism Alfred Vail Getting ready for Congress Behind locked doors The dot and dash alphabet The final test IHt: FIRST TF.I.EGRAI'H INsTRLMEM Now came a bright spot in his career. A young man named Alfred Vail, an excellent mechanic, saw Morse's telegra])h instru- ments, and immediately believed they would be successful. Young Vail borrowed money and became Morse's assistant in the great work. For what he did he deserves credit next to Morse himself. A patent must now be had and the telegraph must be so improved that they could show it to a committee of Congress. It was arranged that Vail and a mechanic by the name of Baxter should do the work behind locked doors. For, if some one should happen to see the instruments and obtain a patent first, then Morse and Vail would be ruined. In the locked shop the two men worked steadily day after day. \'ail made many improvements. Among these was the new "dot and dash" alphabet. At last, one day in January, 1838, everything was in complete working order. Baxter, hatless and coatless, ran for Mr. Vail's father to come at once and see the telegraph work. At one end of the wire stood young Vail, and at the other stood Morse. This wire was stretched around the room so that it was three miles in length. The elder Vail wrote: "A patient waiter is no loser." He said to his son: "If you can send this message, and Mr. Morse can read it at the other end, MORSE SHOWING HIS COMPLETED WORK Samuel F. B. Morse H3 I shall be convinced. " It was done, and there was great rejoicing. The invention was hurried to Washington and young Vail took out a patent in the name of Morse. Morse obtained permission to set up his telegraphic instru- ments in rooms in the capitol. These rooms were filled with con- gressmen watching the strange business. Members in one room would carry on witty conversations with persons in the other room. This was great fun for those looking on. But it was slow work talking with members of Congress and winning their help. • 134. The Government Aids. Finally Morse asked for thirty thousand dollars to build a line from Washington to Baltimore. The bill met op- position, one member mov- ing that a part of the money be used in building a rail- road to the moon, another that it be used in making experiments in mesmerism. Morse stood leaning against the railing which separated the members from the outsiders. He was greatly excited, and turning to a friend said: "I have spent seven years and all that I have in making this instrument perfect. If it succeeds, I am a made man. If it fails, I am ruined. I have a large family, and not money enough to pay my board bill when I leave the city." It was ten o'clock, March 3, 1843, the last night of that Con- gress. Morse gave up and went to his hotel. In the morning a friend met and congratulated him on the action of Congress in Patented in Morse's name Con- gressmen watch the in- stru- ments Congress makes fun of the idea MORSE LISTENING TO CONGRESS MAKING FUN OF HIS INVENTION Morse ruined if the biU does not pass Gives up in de- spair 244 Stories of Heroism Tele- graph line to Balti- more built The first message Honors heaped on the inventor Morse dies 1872 The tele- phone Marconi beats them all p;ranting thirty thousand dollars for his telegraph line — the last thing Congress did that night. Morse was surprised. The tele- graph line to Baltimore was built and the first dispatch was ready to send. Morse called the young woman who had been the first to congratulate him, to send this first message : ** What hath God wrought. ' ' The success of Morse was slow at first, but he lived to see the day when his instrument was used in Europe. He visited Europe again, was given gold medals, and received other rewards and honors from many of the rulers of the different European countries. He died in 1872 at the good old age of eighty-one. Congress and state legis- latures paid tribute to his memory. 135. A Wider Use for Electricity. I\Iorse was hardly in his grave before a wonderful imention was made which called electricity into far wider use in carrying news. This new invention was the telephone, and two men. Bell and Gray, applied for patents on it at almost the same time. The instruments are wonderful con- ductors of sound, carrying, as they do, the actual words and tones of the voice. Hut Marconi has gone beyond them all in his invention. He sends the elec- tric wave forth without the aid of a wire, thus giving rise to wireless telegraphy. SAMUEL F. B. HORSE From a pliotof^raph taken by Abraham Hogardus, New York City THE TELEHUO.N'I:: Cyrus W. Field 245 PRESIDENT PIERCE SIGNING THE FIELD BILL CYRUS WEST FIELD, WHO LAID THE ATLANTIC CABLE BETWEEN AMERICA AND EUROPE 136. The Atlantic Cable. Cyrus W. Field was borrx in Massa- chusetts in 1 819. His grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier. Cyrus went to school in his native town of Stockbridge, and at fifteen was given a place in a New York store at fifty dollars a year. Before he was twenty- one, he went into business for himself. At the end of a dozen years, he was the head of a prosperous firm. In 1853, he retired from active business. Field became interested in a man who was joining Newfoundland with the mainland by means of a telegraph line. "Why not make a telegraph line to span the Atlantic?" thought Field. He went to work, and put his schemes before Peter Cooper and other generous men. They beHeved in them. Field next went abroad and laid his plan before a number of Englishmen. He pleaded so eloquently that they, too, were con- vinced. He returned to America to lay the matter before Congress and ask that body to vote him a sum of money. Congress was very slow about it, and the bill did not pass until the last days of that session. President Pierce signed it the last day of his term as President. Field returned to England and watched over the making of his "Cable." In August, 1857, everything was ready. The cable lay coiled on shipboard, ready to be let out in the Atlantic. The great ship started, and everything went well till three hundred thirty-five miles of the cable had been let out, when it broke in two. It was the same as losing half a million dollars. Cyrus W. Field 1819 In busi- ness for himself Why not span the Atlantic? English- men also approve the plan President Pierce signs the bill Haifa million dollars gone 246 Stories of Heroism A second trial LAYING THE FIRST ATLANTIC CABLE Breaks again A council of war Success A great day in New York I'^icld went back to England and began promptly to prepare for a second trial. He then came to America and made arrange- ments to use the "Niagara, " a large vessel. The British ship, "Agamem- non," was also taken to help in this second trial. The ships started in mid-ocean, one going one way and one going the other way. This time only one hundred eleven miles were laid, when the cable again parted. Field hastened to London to meet the men who had backed him in his undertaking with their money. It was a council of war after a terrible defeat! But Mr. Field did not believe in surrender, even to the sea. On the seventeenth of July, 1858, the ships again set sail for mid- ocean. They "spliced" the cable, and the "Niagara" with Mr. Field on board sailed away for Newfoundland. . The British ship went the other way. This time they were successful. Both countries were excited. Queen Victoria flashed a message under the sea to President Buchanan. Great was the rejoicing in New York, the home of Mr. Field. A religious service, expressive of the deep interest of the people in the success of his work, was held in Trinity Church, at which two hundred clergymen in gowns appeared; national salutes were fired, a great procession was formed, an address was made by the mayor of the city and, at a very late hour, a grand banquet \/as held. While the banquet was going on, the cable gave its last throb and parted. Cyrus W. Field 247 The very day that a whole city rose up to do honor to the Atlantic telegraph and its author, it gave its last flash and then went to sleep forever in its ocean grave. After five years of slow and toilsome work, caused by the fact that the Civil War was raging in the United States, Cyrus W. Field was again ready. When the vessel, bearing the cable, was within six hundred miles of land, the cable broke again. 137. The Final Success. An Anglo-American Telegraph Com- pany was now formed. Mr. Field sub- scribed $50,000, Daniel Gooch, $100,000, and another person promised to bear a part of the expense. On Friday they set out and on another Friday they reached America with the cable safely laid. Mr. Field sent this message to England: "Hearts Content, July 27, 1866. We arrived here at nine o'clock this morning. All well. Thank God, the cable is laid, and is in perfect working order." The success of this undertaking, after so many years of failure, produced a great effect throughout the civilized world. Mr. Field was the center of all rejoicing. Congress voted him a gold medal. England did honor to his name. The Paris Exposition of 1867 gave him the highest medal it had to bestow. From Italy he received a decoration. States and chambers of commerce in all parts of the nation passed resolutions in praise of his great work. Finally he took a trip around the world and received honors from many nations. Mr. Field lived at Tarrytown, New York. He died in New York City in 1892, at the age of seventy-three. The cable parts the third time After a wait of five years The money sub- scribed CYRUS W. FIELD From a photograph by Elliott and Fry, London "Hearts Content" Effect on the civ- ilized world Great honor for Mr. Field New York 1892 24^ Stories of Heroism His parent- age A tireless reader THOMAS A. EDISON, THE GREATEST IXVEXTOR OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY IN THE WORLD 138. The Wizard of the Electrical World. Thomas A. Edison was burn in 1S47 at Milan, Ohio. Jiis father's people were Dutch '"^ and his mother's were Scotch. Wlien he was seven years of age, his parents removed to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison owed his early training to his mother's care. At the age of twelve he 'y\ wias reading such / ' books as Gibbon's >\ "Decline and Fall of \A the Roman Empire," Hume's "Histor}' of England," Newton's "Principia," and Ure's "Dictionary of Science. " The last-named book was too full of mathematics for him. That Edison was a great reader is proved by his resolution to read all the books in the Detroit Free Library! He did finish "fifteen feet of volumes" before any one knew what he was doing. In 1862 General Grant fought the terrible battle of Pittsburg Landing. Ever>'body wanted to hear the news. Edison bought a thousand newspapers, boarded a train, and the engineer allowed him a few minutes at each station to sell papers. EDISON SELI.Ixr, PAPERS AFTER THE BATTLE OK rnTSKUKG LANUI.NCi Thomas A. Edison 240 As the first station came in sight, Edison looked ahead and saw a wild crowd of men. He grabbed an armful of papers, rushed out, and sold forty before the train left. At the next station the platform was crowded with a yelling mob. He raised the price His expe- to ten cents, but sold one hundred fifty. nence as ■' a news- Finally he reached Port Huron. The station was a mile from boy town. Edison seized his papers. He met the crowd coming just as he reached a church where a prayer meeting was being held. The prayer meeting broke up, and though he raised his price to twenty-five cents, he "took in a young fortune." Edison began very early to make experiments in electricity. Experi- After rigging up a line at home, hitching the wire to the legs of a ^^\^^^ cat, and rubbing the cat's back vigorously, he saw the failure of tricity his first experiment — the cat would not stand! Saves a At Mt. Clemens, one day, young Edison saw a child playing ijfg and on the railroad with its back to an on-coming freight car. He receives dashed at the child and both tumbled to the ground at the road- ..^ side. For this act of bravery the telegraph operator gave him raphy lessons in telegraphy. Makes a 139. Begins to Study Electricity. He studied ten days, then get of disappeared. He returned with a complete set of telegraphic t^le- instruments made by his own hand! After his trade was learned ^^^? ■^ mstru- he began a period of wandering as a telegraph operator. For many ments boys still in their teens this would have been a time of destruction, Becomes but Edison neither drank nor smoked. He wandered from Adrian a tramp to Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Memphis, and Boston, telegra- stopping for shorter or longer periods at each place. ^ By the time he was twenty-two he had invented and partly fin- ished his plan of sending two dispatches along the same wire at the same time. This was equal to doubling the number of wires in use. 2^0 Stories of Heroism Repairs electric machin- ery and gains a situation Receives forty thousand dollars for his in- ventions Estab- lishes his first work- shop More inven- tions Edison was a poor boy and was two or three hundred dollars in debt. He went from Boston to New York. The speculators in Wall Street were wild with excitement, for the electric machinery had l)roken down. Nobody could make it work. Edison pushed his way to the front, saw, and at once removed, the difficulty. All were loud in their praise of Edison. On the next day he was engaged to take charge of all the electric machinery at three hundred dollars per month. After a time he joined a company and gave his time to working out inventions. The company finally sent a number of men to ask Edison how much he would take for his inven- tions. He had already decided to say five thousand. But when the men came he said that he did not know. He was dumbfounded when they ofTered him forty thousand dollars! 140. Edison's Inventions. In 1873, Edison established his first lab- oratory or workshop in Newark, New Jersey. Here he gathered more than three hundred men to turn out the inventions pertaining to elec- tricity which his busy brain suggested. They were all as enthusi- astic over the inventions as Edison himself. No fixed hours of labor in this shop! When the day's work was done the men often begged to be allowed to return to the shop to complete their work. Many telegraph and telephone inventions were made in this lal)oratory. There were forty-five inventions all told. They brought in so much money that Edison decided they must have THOMAS ALVA EDISON After a photograph from life Thomas A. Edison 251 THE PHONOGRAPH a better place to work. He built at Menlo Park, New Jersey, twenty-four miles from New York City, the finest laboratory then in the world. On instruments alone he spent $100,000. In the great laboratory at Menlo Park Edison gathered one of the finest scientific libraries that money could buy. This library was for the men in the factory — to help them in their inventions and to give them pleasure. The microphone is one of Edison's inventions. Its purpose is to increase sound while sending it over the wire. The passing of a delicate camel's-hair brush is magnified so as to seem like the roar of a mighty wind in a forest of giant pines. Next came the megaphone, an instrument to bring far-away sounds to one's hearing. Persons talking a long distance apart are able to hear each other with ease. The most interesting and one of the most profitable of his dis- coveries is the phonograph. This instrument, now to be seen every- where, simply records sounds just as they are. The human voice is reproduced in conversation, in public speaking, and in singing. It goes further and reproduces the music of the grandest orchestras. From the phonograph to the electric light seems a long step. Edison does not claim to be the discoverer of the electric light. He did much, however, to make it useful to people in lighting their houses, and also in Hghting great cities. In the winter of 1880, in Menlo Park, Edison gave to the public an exhibition of his electric light. Visitors came from all parts of the country to see this wonderful show. Seven hundred lights were put up in the streets, in the grounds, and inside the buildings. Special trains had to be run between Jersey City and Menlo Park. Builds a new labora- tory and gathers a fine library Invents the micro- phone The mega- phone The phono- graph Devel- ops the electric light Exhibi- tion in Menlo Park 2S2 Stories of Heroism Receives medals and diplomas from foreign exposi- tions His greatest labora- tory '^rilSfiS-.c^^.* "' ^ EDISON'S GREAT WORKSHOP AT ORANGE, NEW JERSEY Edison received five gold medals and a dijjloma from the Elec- trical Exposition held in Paris, France. At the English Electrical Exposition held the next year at the Crystal Pal- ace, London, both papers and people were loud in their praise of Edison's inventions. In Munich, Germany, in 1882, and in Vienna, Austria, his exhi- bitions of the wonders of electric lighting won the highest praise. The laboratories at Menlo Park were now far too small for the business that this man of genius set in motion. In 1886, at Orange, New Jersey, Edison built the greatest of all his labora- tories. Nothing was spared to make this new workshop complete. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Rumsey, Fitch, and Longstreet were inventors of steamboats before Fulton. 2. Fulton went to En{];land to study art and became interested in steam engines, j. He invented the " Clcnnont." which ran more than four miles an hour. 4. The Erie Canal was built because steamboats on the Mississippi were taking all the trade with western settlers away from New York. 5. The locomotive was invented by George Stephenson, and railroads were built to connect all parts of the country. 6. Samuel Morse went to Yale College; studied painting in England. 7. He planned a telegraph inslnmient on shipboard, and afterwards Vail helped him perfect it. S. Morse took his telegraph to Washington, showed it to Congress, and received a grant of money. 9. Bell and Gray invented the telephone; Marconi invented wireless teleg- raphy. 70. Cyrus West Field made money so fast that he retired at thirty-four. //. He became interested in a cable, and after many failures succeeded in laying a pennanent one across the Atlantic in 1S66. 12. Edison was a great reader at twelve, and a newsboy at fifteen. 13. He learned telegraphy, and made a set of telegraphic instruments of his Thomas A. Edison 253 own. 14. Edison saved the day in Wall Street; made a reputation and plenty of money, i^. He built several laboratories in New Jersey, and has made many great inventions. Study Questions, i. What were the early ways of driving boats? 2. Who invented boats on American rivers before Fulton? j. Tell the stoiy of Robert Fiilton until 1803. 4. How fast was Fiilton's first boat to go against the current? 5. Where did Fulton get the engine for the "Clermont"? 6. Picture the "starting" and the after history of the "Clermont." 7. Tell the story of the spread of the steamboat, and how and why the Erie Canal was built. 8. Tell the story of the railroad. Q. Tell of Morse's early life. 10. When did the idea of sending news by electricity first come to him? 11. Tell the story of his early trials. 12. Who aided him? ij. Picture the scene within the "locked shop." 14. Tell the story of the instrument in Washington, ij. What did Morse say on the night his bill was before Congress? 16. What was the message sent by the young lady? ly. Mention something about Bell, Gray, and Marconi. 18. How old was Cyrus Field when he retired from business? ig. Who was Peter Cooper? 20. Tell the story of Field's early efforts at cable laying. 21. Picture the scenes in New York. 22. The final message. 2j. What honors were given Field? 24. What books could Edison read at twelve? 2j. Prove that he was a great reader. 26. Tell the story of his thousand newspapers. 27. How did his experiment with the cat succeed? 28. What was the cause and what was the effect of his first lessons in telegraphy? 2Q. Give some reasons why Edison did not fall into bad habits as a "tramp operator." jo. What was his first great invention? ji. What did Edison find in Wall Street, New York? J2. How much did Edison think of asking for his invention? How much did the men offer him? 3J. Tell the story of the work in Edison's shop at Newark, New Jersey. J4. Why a library at Menlo Park? 55. Make a list of his great inventions. Suggested Readings. Robert Fulton: Glascock, Stories of Colum- bia, 186-18S; Wright, Children's Stories of American Progress, 104-120; Mowry, Am,crican Inventions and Inventors, 194-222; Thurston, Robert Fidton Samuel F. B. Morse: Trowbridge, Samuel Finley Breese Morse; Mowry, American Inventions and Inventors, 270-277. Cyrus West Field: Judson, Cyrus W. Field; Mowry, American Inventions and Inventors, 278-285; Doubleday, Stories of Inventors, 3-16. Thomas A. Edison: Mowry, American Inventions and Inventors, 85-89; Dickson, Life and Inventions of Edison, 4-153, 280-338. 2.54 Stories of Heroism Houston among the Chero- kees Returns home Wound- ed in battle THE MEN WHO WON TEXAS, THE OREGON COUNTRY. AND CALIFORNIA SAM HOUSTON, HERO OF SAN JACINTO 141. Sam Houston. Young Houston was born of Scotch- Irish parents, in Yirginia (1793). His father had fought under General Morgan in the Revolution. Sam Houston did not have much schooling, and when but thirteen his family moved to east Tennessee. Made angry by his older brother, he left home and went to live with the Cherokee Indians. He liked the wild life of the Indians and took part with the Indian boys in their pas- times of hunting, fishing, and playing at games. He was now eighteen. He returned home and went to school a term at Marysville Academy. In the war of 181 2 General Jackson called the men (>f Tennessee to arms. Young Houston re- sponded to the call, and fought against the Indians in the great "Battle of Horseshoe Bend." He was dangerously wounded after doing heroic deeds. Houston was a long time in getting well. At twenty-five he began to study law in Nashville and in six THE B\TTI.K OK H iRSF.SHOE BEND Here Houston, under Jackson in the victory over the Creeks, won great distinction Sam Houston 255 months— just a third of the time said to be necessary— he was ready to practice. Houston's rise in the law and in the favor of the people was rapid. He went from one position to another until the people elected him to Congress. He was in Congress four years. He won many friends by his gracious behavior. The people of Tennessee made Houston their governor. But suddenly, without warning, Houston resigned as governor, and forsook his home and friends. He sailed down the ]\Iississippi River to the Arkansas, and up this river several hundred miles to the land of his early friends, the Cherokees, whom the United States Government had sent to that far-away country. Here Houston found the old chief— now the head of his tribe— who had adopted him as a son years before on the banks of the Tennessee. The chief threw his arms around him in great affection and said: "My son, eleven winters have passed since we met. My heart has wan- dered often where you were ; and I heard you were a great chief among your people ... I have heard that a dark cloud had fallen on the white path you were walk- ing, and when it fell . . . you turned your thoughts to my wigwam. I am glad of it, — it was done by the Great Spirit . My wigwam is yours, my home is yours, my people are yours,— rest with us." When Andrew Jackson became President of the United States, Houston went, in his Indian dress, on a visit to Washington.' He was warmly received by his old friend from Tennessee. Elected to Congress Governor of Ten- nessee Forsakes his home The old chief's welcome SAM HOUSTON From a phoiograph by Matthew B. Brady in the collection of the War Department, Washington, D. C. Visits Wash- ington 2^6 Stories of Heroism Visits Tennes- see Hastens to Texas Texas declares inde- pendence "Re- member the AUmo!" Once more he turned his face toward the wilderness. He stopped in Tennessee and was warmly greeted by old friends. He did not stay long in Tennessee. ,^]a Xeitherdid he sUiy long with the Chcrokces, hut hastened to Texas where tlic people were already murmuring against the treatment they were receiv- ing from Mexico. The people of Texas finally issued a Declaration of Independence. There- THB ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO Of its dt-fcnse by Travis, Cnxkrtt. ami their few mvu It was said "ThcnttopyLr had her mes- senger of u\)€ — the Alamo had none" ujxin the Mexicans resolved to send a large army into Texas and force the revolutionists into submission to the gm-emment. A most important event of this war was the capture, by a large Mexican force, of an old fort- ress called the Alamo. It was defended by one hundred forty m^n, among them the famous "Davy" Crockett and Colonel Bowie — the in- ventor of the bowie knife. Only six Texans were alive after the capture of the fort. These heroic men died, fight- ing the Mexicans to the last. "Remember the Alamo!" l>ecame the war cry of every , ,. Houston at san jacnto f •' Where his battle cry "Remen:lh-r the Alatuo/' Texan. The Mexicans were uvn Texas independetue Jrom Mexico Sam Houston 257 THE FLAG OF THE TEXAS REPUBLIC approaching, five thousand strong, under General Santa Anna. General Houston commanded the Tcxans, aVjout seven hundred in rdl. Suddenly the news came that General Fannin and his men, five hundred in num- ber, had been massacred by the Mexicans at Goliad. The cause of Texan independ- ence looked dark indeed. Houston began a retreat of two hun- dred fifty miles to the eastward. Santa Anna followed closely after him, but scat- tered his men, just as Houston wanted him to do, until he had with him but eighteen hundred men. They were now on the banks of the San Jacinto. Houston waited till the Mexicans were a Vjit careless, then seven hundred Texans charged the breastworks of the Mexicans. After the first fire they clubbed their guns and went at it, pioneer fashion, with the cry "Remem- ber the Alamo!" The right and the left wings of the Mexicans gave wa}^ first, and then the center. They retreated, expecting to cross a deep, narrow bayou or stream on a log bridge, but Houston had had the bridge destroyed. The slaughter was terrific. The stream was choked with Mexicans and their horses. 17 Massacre of Goliad Hous- ton's retreat Battle of San Jacinto Retreat of the Meicicans SCENE OK HOUSTON'S CAMI'A1(;.N ■v*? Stories of Heroism Santa Anna captured and sent to visit Wash- ington Houston elected President of Texas Annexa- tion of Texas Santa Anna was cai)turc(l and was turned over to the Texan government. Many thought he ought to die because of the massacres at the Alamo and GoHad, but Houston was generous toward the beaten man, and sent him on to visit Washington. Houston had been badly wounded and sailed to New Orleans for mediccd care. He returned to be elected first President of the "Lone Star Republic," as Texas was called. He was reelected for a second term and ser\"ed his countr}^ well. Houston wanted Texas made a ])art of the United States. This was afterwards done and war followed with Mexico. In 1845, Texas sent Houston to the United States Senate, wliere lie served his state for four- teen years. MAH OF THE WEST AFTER THE WAR WITH MKXICO Hc fuUV bcliCVed iu tllB Shcnvine Ihc territory otiilcd io Ihc r ft iiCii States ' ... ajtcr the Louisiana Purchase Union. He died in 1863. Crockett founu his schooling in the woods D-WID CROCKETT, GRE.\T HUNTER AND HERO OF THE ALAMO 142. A Brave Backwoodsman. At the close of the Revolution, Tennessee was still largely a wilderness. Here David Crockett was bom in 1786. In those days, schools on the frontier were few and poor, and young "Davy" found most of his schooling in the back- woods. Hc learned to know the woods and streams and the animals that Hved in them. As a boy he spent most of his time hunting and trapping. As a young man he was one of the most famous David Crockett 2jg When the Creek War broke out, he enlisted under Andrew- Jackson to march against the Indians. The young rifleman fought so well under "Old Hickory" that Tennessee made him a colonel. He had become a famous hunter and fighter. He thought he would try politics next. Instead of making political speeches, he ^"^^rs politics went about from place to place telling stories. The people liked and both him and his stories so well that they elected him to the legis- elected lature. A few years later they sent him to Congress. p By and by Crockett grew tired of civilization. He wanted to get back to the wilderness. His old home was too well settled to suit him. So he wandered to Texas. Here he heard that the Mexi- cans were surrounding the Americans at San Antonio. "Davy" R^t^'^'^s Crockett loved a good fight too well to stay away. He hastened wilder- to join the small band of brave men who were defending the Alamo, cess All could have escaped had they chosen to do so. But with iron courage these hundred and forty stayed and defied Santa Anna's , . thousands. the fight For several days the Mexicans were held at a distance. They ^t*^® Alamo dared not bring their cannon close to the building, for the con- cealed sharpshooters picked off the men who tried to man the guns. Old Crockett himself laid low five men in charge of one cannon. The fall of the Alamo was however merely a question of time. Little by little the walls v/ere battered down, and finally the Mexicans were ready to storm. On they came, a great charging mass. The American riflemen shot them down by scores, but j^^vid when one Mexican fell another took his place. One by one the Crockett fearless defenders fell. The last man to go down was Davy Crockett. ^,^^\^ *° ^ -^ the last It is said that he stood with his back to the wall, fighting to the last, and that the Mexicans, afraid to meet him hand to hand, shot him down from a distance. 26o Stories of Heroism His father a French refugee Goes to South America Becomes a civil engineer b-J» ^•j/.i H ^f t Boise\.s- " Y p v. /^^ewonf />«a* 'A te'rs rt o u- i "r--'^ THE PATHWAYS OF THE EARLY EXPLORERS OF THE WEST • JOHN C. FREMONT. THE PATHFINDER OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 143. A Great Explorer. Fremont's father was a Frenchman who was driven to America by the terrible French Revolution. John Charles Fremont was born at Savannah (18 13) while his parents were on a journey through the South. His father died soon after, and his mother went to live in Charleston, South Carolina. After a time at a good school, Fremont entered the junior class in Charleston College (1828). After leaving college he spent two and a half years on a voyage to South America. On his return he joined a company of engineers sent by the governor to ex]jlore the mountains between South Carolina and Tennessee, in order to find a suitable place for a railroad. This work was through a region rough, wild, and full of beauty. It gave young I*Vemont a taste for exploration which never left him. John C. Fremont 261 Fremont's longing for a wild life was gratified when he was made assistant to a famous Frenchman who was exploring the wild region between the upper Missouri River and Canada, After this work Fremont returned to Washington and later married Jessie Benton, the daughter of the Senator from Missouri. Thomas H. Benton was a great friend of President Jackson. Fremont was now related to a powerful man who was deeply interested in the growth of the ' ' Great West. ' ' Benton's repeated speeches on the "West" and on the "Oregon Country" called atten- tion to the importance of the Pacific slope. In 1842 Fremont, now a lieutenant of engineers, received permission from the government to explore the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. With a party made up largely of French Cana- dians, and assisted by that famous guide, Kit Carson, he passed up the Kansas River, crossed to the Platte, went up this river, and thus reached the South Pass. 144. On the Watershed. Standing on the watershed of a continent, he saw the beginnings of rivers that flow into the Atlantic, and of others that stretched away through unknown regions to the Pacific. He took four men and climbed what has since been called Fremonts Peak, one of the highest of the Rockies, about 13,800 feet above the sea. At the top Fremont unfurled the stars and stripes in all its glory! 145. A Pathway to the Pacific. Fremont reported his discovery at Washington and immediately applied for orders to make an expe- dition to discover a more southerly route to California and Oregon. Marries Senator Benton's daughter Receives permis- sion to explore South Pass JOHN C. FREMONT After a photo from life Unfurls the Stars and Stripes on Fre- monts Peak 2(^2 Stories rf Heroism Behold Great Salt Lake ^^. ^^^'^ --^a-yW GAZING OUT AT TlIK BEGINNINGS OF RIVERS He k'fl Ihc little town of Kansas City with his guide, Kit Carson, in May, 1843. In September, after traveling seventeen hundred miles, the little party beheld the shores of Great Salt Lake. What feelings must have stirred the breasts of men shut in for months by mountains, at seeing what a]3peared to be an ocean, here in the midst of a continent! Little did they dream of that hardy band of immigrants, so soon to follow, who would make the shores of this sea blossom like a garden! Fremont wrote: "As we looked over that vast expanse of water and strained our eyes along the silent shores, over which hung so much doubt and uncertainty, I could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our exploration." After making preparations, the party crossed over to a branch Fort Van- of the Columbia River. Down this they traveled till Fort Vancou- ver was reached, November 4. Here Fremont was the guest of the Governor of the British } Hudson Bay Company. November 10, on the way home, the little party started to make the circuit of the Great Basin, a vast depression beyond the east wall of the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains. But very soon FREMONT'S MEN BUILDING A FIRE IN THE SNOW thcy fOUnd dCCp SnOW Ott tllC mountains. Thcy crossed into the Great Basin, but did not know it. According to Fremont's observations, they were in the latitude Reach ^-^ Travel in deep snow John C. Fremont 263 of San Francisco Bay and only seventy miles from it. But what miles! Up and down that snowy mountain, which the Indians told him no man could cross in winter, with snow upon it as deep as the trees were high, and places where if a man slipped ofT he would fall half a mile at a time! They attempted to cross without a guide, in the dead of winter. In forty days the men and the surviving horses — a woeful proces- sion crawling along one by one, skeleton men leading skeleton horses — arrived at Sutters Fort (Sacramento) in the beautiful valley of the Sacramento. Here genial warmth, trees in foliage, grassy ground, and flowers made a fairy contrast to the famine and freezing they had met on the^ mountains they had climbed. After enjoying the hospitality of Colonel Sutter, Fremont again crossed the mountains some five hundred miles farther south where the beautiful San Joaquin River makes a gap or pass. He was once more in the Great Basin, where he found a tribe of Digger Indians, so named because they got their food by digging. Roots, insects, and lizards were their common food. Pushing forward with great energy, he reached Utah Lake, thus having nearly made the circuit of the Great Basin. Fremont hastened to Washington with the story of his discov- eries. General Scott now recommended that he be made captain. Crossing the Sierra Nevada In the Valley of the Sac- ramento FREMONT'S EXPEDITION REACHING SUTTERS FORT, CALIFORNIA The bigger Indians End of second expedi- tion 26^ Stories of Heroism Third ex- Frcmoiil's tliinl expedition, with Carson as a helper, began in pedition tlie spring of 1 845, and aimed to explore the Great Basin and the coast of California and Oregon. 146. In the Mexican War. Little did Fremont — or any of his men — think what fortune liad in store for them. On his way to the Oregon Country Fremont received news that the ^lexicans were planning to kill all the Ameri- cans in the Sac- ramento Valley. War had already broken out be- tween the United States and Mex- ico, but he did not know it. lie returned, reach- ing the valley in May, 1846, and the settlers rush- ed to join him. In one month he had beaten the i i.AG IN CALIFORNIA The Stars mid Stripes were raised for the first time in Califor- tiia by Fremont, in i•'' \ ir \ /' 'f .^ .c-V HENRY CLAV From a daguerreotype owned by Garrett Brown, Jr., Chicago Henry Clay 273 and New Mexico. But the North and South disputed over this j^jsp^^e territory. The North said it must be free. The South said it must over the be open to slavery. The quarrel grew so bitter that many men "^'^t^'"- thought the Union would be destroyed. Henry Clay was now an old man. He had left the Senate, and Retires to had gone home to his beloved Ashland for a few years of rest before the final summons. 151. The Aged Peacemaker Returns to the Senate. Kentucky was greatly excited by the threats of disunion. Her legislature A""^"*- o J J ° mouscall sent him back to the United States Senate by a unanimous call, Democrats as well as Whigs joining in the vote. It was a proud moment for the old man. Now in the Senate, he offered the Compromise of 1850. This bill contained a number of points in favor of the slave states, and a number in favor of the free states. One day. Clay made a great speech in favor of his Compro- Walks mise. He had to walk to the capitol that day on the arm of a *°*!^/, ^ -^ capitol friend. He was too weak to climb the steps alone. on the When he arose to speak, he saw before him an audience that had ^\^ o^^ come from distant parts of the nation to hear his thrilling words once more. The people filled the Senate to overflowing. Outside they crowded the corridors. When Clay arose the audience broke into applause, a strange thing for the Senate to do. The people were not disappointed. For two days the ringing words flowed on. audience Under the excitement he was young again. He plead with the North to give up some things for the love of the Union. He plead with the South for peace. He told them that all the territory that the United States had purchased had been purchased for all of them. "War and the dissolution of the Union are identical." 18 ^74 Stories of Heroism On the second day, some one suggested that he rest, and the Senate adjourn. But he refusetl ; he might not be able to go on tlie next day. After he had finished his speech, a great crowd rushed forward to congratulate him. No such scene ever had been witnessed before in the Senate. The debate went on. Now and then Clay took part in it. On one occasion he said: "I believe from the bottom of my soul that this measure is the reunion of the Union. " On another occasion he said: "The honorable Senator speaks of Virginia being my countr\\ This Union is my countr>^ But even if . . . my own state . . . should raise the standard of disunion ... I would go against her. I would go against Ken- tucky much as I love her." Congress finally passed the Compromise. Both political parties pledged themselves to obey it. Public meetings in All parts of the nation resolved to abide by it and the country rested for a time from the slavery question. Henr\' Clay's work was done. His body was worn out, but his mind still clung to the Union. On June 29, 1852, Henry Clay died in ^^' a s h i n g t o n , the place of so many of his triumphs, A great monument a I Lexington, Kentucky, testifies the people's love for "Harry" Clay. /\«^ HENRY CLAY IIF.IXG CONGRATULATED In itSf;o ott his preat plea before the Senate for the I-'eJeral i'nion Daniel Webster 275 HOUSE AT ELM FARMS The birthplace of Daniel Webster. The site is now occupied by the New Hamp- shire State Orphans Asylum DANIEL WEBSTER, THE DEFENDER OF THE CONSTITUTION 152. A College Boy and a Young Lawyer. Daniel Webster was bom of good Puritan stock, in 1782, in New Hampshire. He was a very weakly child. No one dreamed that one day he would have an iron-like body. Daniel spent much of his time playing in the woods and fields. He loved the birds and beasts that he found there. He went to school, but the schoolmasters Vv-ere not very learned, and Daniel could read better than most of them. The teamsters, stopping to water their horses, were glad to hear him read. He went to work in an old-fashioned sawmill, but he read books even there in odd moments of time. One day in spring, his father took him to Exeter Academy to prepare for college. The boys laughed at his rustic dress and manners. The timid little fellow was greatly hurt by their scorn. He finally entered Dartmouth College at the age of fifteen. He was simple, natural, and full of affection. Webster was the best student at Dartmouth. He still kept the reading habit. The students liked him. They had a feeling that he would amount to something some day. At this time he was tall and thin, with high cheek bones. His eyes were deep set, and his voice was 'low and musical in its tones. He loved to speak, even then. At the age of eighteen W^ebster gave the Fourth of July oration in his college town. The speech was full of the love of country and of the Union, then in its first days of trial. Daniel Webster 1782 Loves the woods and fields A good reader Webster at Exeter Academy The best student at Dart- mouth He loved public speaking 27^ Stories of Heroism He never forgot his father's sacrifice in sending him to college. AftcT ho liati finislicd at Darlmouth, Webster taught school in order that he might help his parents send his elder brother to college: He afterwards studied law. But he longed to finish his law studies in Boston. Finally good fortune put him in the oflice of Christopher Gore, a wise man, a great lawyer, and a statesman. In his office he studied until he was given the right to practice law. Within a few years, he was earning enough to enable him to take a life partner,- the beautiful and accomplished Grace Fletcher, the daughter of a minister. She made a delightful home for him and their children. Webster was gaining name and fame as a lawyer, but the aj^jDroach of the War of 1812 drew him into politics. He was elected to Congress, and took his seat in 181 3. Henry Clay was Speaker of the House of Representatives. Webster's most impor- tant s]jeech was in favor of a war carried on by the navy: "If the war must be continued, go to the ocean. There the united wishes and exertions of the nation will go with you. Even our party divisions cease at the water's edge." After the war, Web- ster left Congress for a number of years. He was now a great man. When he entered a room SCENE OF THE FOURTH OF JULY ORATIO:* ])y J^jg fXlCTe lOOk and Ptittiet Webster asserting ihe dignity of patriotism at Dartmouth, July 4, iSoo presence he drew all Daniel Webster 277 His battle SCENE IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE Daniel Webster defending the Federal Constitution against Hayne's idea of nullification eyes toward him, and all conversation hushed. In size, he looked larger and broader than he really was. His forehead was broad and massive. It towered above his large, dark, deep-set eyes. His hair was black and glossy as a raven's wing. He looked thus ^^^ in 1830 in the Senate, when he made his famous speech in reply Hayne to Senator Hayne of South CaroHna. 153. The Greatest Statesman of his Time. Hayne had spoken against a protective tariff and in favor of nullification. Webster felt called upon to reply. He denied the right of a state to nulHfiy a law of Congress, and said that nulHfication was another name for secession. He closed his great speech with these words: "When ^^mes^^ my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the last time, the sun in ^f n^m. heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fication fragments of a once glorious Union ... but may I see our flag with not a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured . . . 27S Stories of Heroism (nit everywhere sjiread all over in eharacters (»f living light, blazing on its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land . . . that sentiment, dear to every Ameri- can heart — Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" This speech made Daniel Webster immortal. It did more; it fired the heart of every lover of his countr}\ We saw how South Carolina went on towards nullification, and how Clay's Compromise Tarifi" settled the difficulty. Webster strongly opposed this Compromise, and said that South Carolina should get out of the diffi- culty the best way she could. President Jackson was delighted and praised Webster in public and in private. When Harrison captured the Presidency, after the greatest cam- paign ever seen up to that time, he wanted the best men in the Whig ])arty to advise him, so he made Daniel Webster Secretary of State. It was a sad day when President Harrison died, after being in office just one month. John Tyler, of Virginia, the Vice-president, became the President. But he would not accept measures which Congress had passed. Daniel Webster left the cabinet after a time because he disliked the way Tyler was doing. He went back to the United States Senate, where he joined Clay, supporting the great Comi)romise of 1850. On March 7, Webster made his speech on the Compromise, ^"^-^'\' / DANIEL WEBSTER From a daguerreotype taken in 18 jo ^y J J- 1 1 awes of Boston Daniel Webster 279 entitled "For the Union and the Constitution." It was an appeal to all persons to stand by the Constitution and the Union. In blaming both the North and the South, much to the surprise of everybody, he blamed the North more than the South. Because he did this, many of his supporters in the North, especially in New England, turned their backs upon him. Webster was an old man now. Ever since 1832 he had wanted to be nominated for the Presidency, but his party always took some other man. His last days were made bitter by the thought that some old friends had forsaken him. One bright spot for Webster lay in the fact that President Fill- more invited him to be Secretary of State again. After two years of service, he went back to Boston. He was received with joy by some of his friends and neighbors, and was hailed with shouts by His speech on the Compro- Again Secretary of State Boston welcomes Webster again THE UNITED STATES IN 1850 2r9o Stories of Heroism the multitude. This must have made his heart leap with gratitude for the praise of friends is pleasant. But men saw he was not like his former self. He went to his home at Marshfield, where he died, field, 1852 October 24, 1852, the greatest figure in American politics in his day. His father a Revolu- tionary patriot Entered Yale College as a junior A lawyer Elected to Con- gress JOHM C. C.VLHOUN, THE CHAMPION OF NULLIFICATION 154. The Champion of the War of 181 2. John C. Calhoun was horn in the same year as Webster (1782) in South Carolina. His parents were Scotch-Irish. His father, a Revolutionary patriot, died soon after John was born. John spent his early years roaming in the fields and woods. He learned more then than from books and he* learned to think before the thoughts of other people filled his memory. At eighteen he began to prepare for college, under the care of his brother-in- law, a Presbyterian minister. In two years he entered Yale College. When in college he studied hard, and was gradu- ated with high honors. Calhoun studied law diligently for three years, a year and a half of the time in his native state, and a year and a half in Connecticut. He began to practice law in South Carolina, but did not have great success. Perhaps it was because the law was too dry for him, or perhaps because he was soon elected to the legislature of his state. In 181 1 lie was married, and was elected to Congress — two great events in his life. Henry Clay, as Speaker, immediately put JOHN C. CALHOUN From a photograph hy Matlhcw />'. Brady in the collection of the War Ih-parttncnt, W ashini:^ton , I). C. John C. Calhoun 281 Calhoun on an important committee. He quickly sounded a bugle call to war, declaring that it was the duty of "Congress to call forth the patriotism and resources of the country." During the War of 181 2 he worked hard in Congress for the "^^rks ^ . . hard for success of the American army. After the war he favored a tariff ^^e sue- to keep English goods out of the country. cess of President Monroe made him Secretary of War. He found the ^ ^^^^ office in the utmost confusion, but, by hard and careful work, he left Qf ^^r^^ the war office a model for future secretaries. 155. Calhoun Favors Nullification. He was elected Vice-presi- Twice dent in 1824, and again in 1828. In the last-named year, he wrote y.^g_ a paper called the "South Carolina Exposition." In this letter, and president in others that he wrote, he told the people of South Carolina there would always be differences between the North and the South. He said the Southern people, using slave labor, would raise more tobacco cal- and cotton than they needed, and that the tariff was hurtful to the houn's South. That the Northern people, using free labor, would manu- Carolina facture all kinds of things, and that the tariff would be helpful to Expo- them. This document took the ground that between the North ^'**°^ and the South there always would be a conflict of interests. The South was devoted to agriculture, and the North to manufacturing. The South had slave and the North free labor. Therefore, Calhoun concluded that to protect the South from the North, a state has the right to nullify a law of Congress. A state has this right, because the state is above the nation. The states made the Constitution. He believed that nullification was p°" .. a means of saving the country from secession. passes South Carolina took the fatal step, and nullified the tariffs. This °^^^~ nance of decision was to take eft'ect February i, 1833, provided the United nullifi- States did not do something before that time to lower the tariff, cation Jackson warns South Carolina She with- draws her ordi- nance His speech on the purpose of the Aboli- tionists THE HOME AND OKKiCE OK CALIIOLN, AT FORT HILL, SOUTH CAROLINA President Jackson warned the citizens of South Carolina against tlic men who had led them to take this step. He hinted that the laritT would be collected by the use of force, if necessary. We have seen how Henry Clay rushed his Compromise Tariff through Congress. At llic same time another bill was passed by Congress, which gave President Jackson the right to use the army and navy in forcing a collection of the tariff. South Carolina stopped her nullification, and the excitement passed away. 156. Opposed to the Abolitionists. The people who wished to do away with slavery entirely were called Abolitionists. The Abolitionists stirred Calhoun deeply by petitions in favor of abolish- ing slavery in the District of Columl)ia. He declared that "the ])etitions are a foul slander on nearly one-half of the states of the Union . . . The object is to humble and debase us in our own estimation . . . trt blast our re])utation. This is the (manner) in which they are (trying) abolition . . . and now is the time for all opix)sed to them to meet the attack." JoJin C. CalJioiin 2R3 "We love and cherish the Union. We remember with kindest feeHngs our common origin . . , but origin (is) to us as nothing compared with this question. "The relation which now exists between the two races in the slave-holding states has existed for two centuries . . . We will not, we cannot, permit it to be destroyed . . . should it cost every drop of blood and every cent of property, we must defend ourselves ... It is not we, but the Union which is in danger." Not many in the Senate agreed with Calhoun then. In 1837, Calhoun went much further in the defense of slavery than any of the other slaveholders would go. He declared in a great speech in the Senate, that "slavery is a good, a positive good." This was not the belief of the majority of even the slaveholders in Congress or in the nation. Much less had it been the view of the men who had fought out the Revo- lution, and who had made our Constitution. The majority of slaveholders still looked upon slavery, at best, as a necessary evil and one to be gotten rid of sometime and some- how. Calhoun's view that "slavery is a good, a positive good," was an entirely new view of slavery. Calhoun was made Secretary of State under President Tyler, Calhoun and succeeded in annexing Texas to the United States. For tliis annexing reason IMexico made war with the United States. of Texas The result of the war with Mexico was the gaining of territory The Union in danger Goes beyond most slave- holders The Rev- olution- ary fath- ers did not agree with Calhoun MONUMENT TO CALHOUN AT CHARLESTON, S. C. From a photograph of the monument, which was designed by A. E. Harnisch •S4 Stories of Heroism Dispute over ter- ritory Calhoun opposed Compro- mise of 1850 Farewell words to the Sen- ate His last words in the West and in the Southwest. Over this territory arose the great dispute that sent the aged Henry Clay back to the Senate with the Compromise of 1850. Calhoun opposed that Compromise. He was too ill to speak, and a friend read his address to a hushed and listening Senate. He declared that the Union was in ilanger because the Abolitionists had stirred up strife. He wanted all agitation against slaver)- stopped. In the second jjlace, he wanted an equal division of territory between the North and South. "If you of the North will not do this, then let our Southern states separate, and depart in peace." "Having faithfully done my duty to the best of my ability, both to the Union and my section ... I shall have the consolation . . . that I am free from all responsibility." On March 31, 1850, he breathed his last words: "The South! The poor South! God knows what will become of her!" SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PIPIL The Leading Facts. /. Clay's father was a Baptist preacher. Youn.i; lltiiry wynt to school in a log cabin, and rode his horse to mill with a rope bridle. 2. He studied law, and went to Lexington, Kentucky, to practice, j. Clay won his way totlie hearts of the people; was elected to the House of Representatives for a great many years. 4. He favored the War of 1812; induced Congress to pass the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise tariff of 1833. 5. Clay ran three times for President. He was author of the great Compromise of 1S50. 6. Webster was a weakly child, played in the woods, and read books. 7. He was graduated at Dartmouth, taught school, studied law, and was opposed to the War of 181 2. 8. Webster replied to Hayne, opposed the nullification of South Carolina, and was made Secretary of State by Harrison, q. Supported Clay's Compromise of 1850, ami was made Secretary of State by Fillmore. 10. John C. Calhoun was bom in S(mth Carolina, and studied law. //. He went to Congress, favored the War of 181 2, and was afterwards made Secretary of War. 12. Calhoun thou.^ht that a state had the right to nulHfy an act of Congress, ij. He opposed Abolitionists and the Compromise of 1850. John C. Calhoun 285 Study Questions, i. Who was the "mill boy of the slashes"? 2. Name some of our great men besides Clay who loved books. 3. What could Clay do better than the other boys? 4. What help did he get from the Chancellor of Virginia ? 5. Why did Henry Clay form a debating club? 6- Where was Ashland? 7. What was his first great work in Kentucky? 8. What is a Speaker of the House of Representatives? g. What did Clay do in stirring up the war spirit? ID. Why did Clay speak for the Missouri Compromise? //. What was the Compromise Tariff? 12. Why call Clay a peacemaker? 13. How many times did Henry Clay run for President? 14. Why was Clay sent back to the United States Senate in 1850? i§. Picture the scene when Clay made his last great speech. 16. Who was Webster? 17. Why did he play in the woods? 18. What proof that he loved books too? ig. Why were Daniel Webster's feelings hurt at Exeter? 20. Why did students like Webster? 21. How did he reward his parents for sending him to college? 22. What was Webster's view of the War of 181 2 ? 23. Picture Webster in 1830. 24. Quote something from his speech in reply to Hayne. 25. Who praised Webster for his speech against nullification? 26. Do you think Harrison selected the best man for Secretary of State? 27. Why did his friends in the North blame Webster for the Seventh of March speech? 28. How were Webster's last days affected by public opinion ? 2g. Who was Calhoun and what did roaming in the woods and fields do for him? 30. Where did he go to college and when did he reach Congress? 31. What position did he take in the War of 1812? 32. Why did he favor the Tariff and later favor the nullification of the Tariff? 33. What office did President Monroe give him? 34. What effect had the "South Carohna Exposition"? 35. What did South Caro- lina do? 36. How was a clash averted? 37. What did Calhoun say of the Abolitionists? 38. What did he say of the Union? jp. What did he say of slavery? 40. What was Calhoun's position on the Compro- mise of 1850? 41. His last words? Suggested Readings, Henry Clay: Wright, Children's Stories of American Progress, 159-178; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 145-155; Anderson, United States Reader, 281-285; Frost, The Mill Boy of the Slashes. Daniel Webster: Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 125-186; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 37-48; Hart, How Our Grandfathers Lived, 341-344; Bolton, Famous Am.erican Statesmen, 177-229. John C. Calhoun; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 140-144; Rogers, The True Henry Clay, 248-254. 286 Stories of Heroism ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE LIBERATOR AND .\L\RTVR Abraham Lincoln, 1809 Moves to Indiana at the age of seven Lincoln's father makes the fur- niture A POOR BOY BECOMES A GREAT MAN 157. The Backwoodsman Who Became President. Abraham Lincohi was born in Kentucky. February 12, 1S09. His parents were so poor that they hardly knew that they were poor. When he was seven years old, his family crossed the Ohio River and settled in Indiana. There they found a place in the deep, dark forest, in !x|L the southern part of the state, and ""^ began to build a cabin for a home. Abe was an industrious little fellow ™^°"*" .MAM LINCOLN .^^^ workcd hard to help build it. It was not much of a house — only fourteen feet square. One side w^as left out and here they built the fire. It was not very warm in winter and not very cool in summer. The hard ground was the floor. The father was a sort of carpenter, and out of rough timbers he made a table and some three-legged stools. He also made the bedsteads, which consisted of poles driven into the wall. In the loft of the cabin Abe made himself a bed of leaves. Every night he climbed into the loft by means of wooden pins driven into the wall. He was busy helping cut down trees and burning them to make room for a patch of corn and pumpkins. The lad and his sister roasted the ears of young corn over the fire. The ripe corn was ground into meal from which corn bread was made. This was baked in the ashes or on a board in front of a bed of red-hot coals. The woods, great thick woods for miles on all sides of them, were broken only here and there by a "clearing." In these forests Abraham Lincoln 287 Abe went hunting with a gun on his shoulder. He often came back laden with squirrels, wild turkeys, and other game. They were Hving in the cabin when Abe's mother sickened and died. He was broken-hearted. She had taught him what little he knew. Her last words to him were: "Try to live as I have taught you and to love your Heavenly Father. " Many years after, when he became famous, he said: "All that I am or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother." She was put in a coffin roughly cut out of logs by the same tools that had made their furniture, and laid to rest in a corner of the clearing. Long years afterward a good man put a stone over the grave, with this inscription: "Nancy Hanks Lincoln, the mother of President Lincoln, died October 5, A. D. 1818, aged 35 years." After a year his father went back to Kentucky to look about for a wife. He found a widow, named Sarah Bush Johnston, and married her. He had known her" before he met Nancy Hanks. She was thrifty and industrious, and her bedding and other household goods filled a four-horse wagon. Before winter came she made her husband put a good floor, and a door, and windows in the cabin. She took charge of Abe and his sister, and made them "look a little more human." She put good clothes on the children and put them to sleep in comfortable beds. 158. Lincoln Educates Himself. Schools were scarce in that nev/ country, and Abe never had more than a year at school. His stepmother encouraged him in every way to study at home. Asa hunter His mother's death Lincoln's tribute to his mother Lincoln gets a new mother THE GRAVE OF NANCY HANKS LINCOLN Abe's educa- tion 2Sfi Stories of Heroism A taste for reading LINCOLN READING BV THF. LIGHT OF THE OPEN FIRE Lincoln reads while he eats A great story- teller when a boy At nineteen years of age Moves to Illinois Wlicn Abe got a taste for reading, it was hard to satisfy it. He read llic Jiible, "i^sop's Fables," "Robinson Crusoe," "Pilgrim's Progress," a History of tlie United States, and Wcem's "Life of Washington. ' ' He borrowed the "Revised Statutes of In- diana." These were all solid books, good for a young boy to read. When a sentence pleased him, he read it, and re-read it. If he did not own the book, he took many notes, filling his copy book with choice sentences. John Hanks, a boy brought up with Lincoln, says: "When Abe and I returned to the house from work, he would go to the cupboard, snatch a piece of corn bread, sit down, take a book, cock his legs up as high as his head, and read." He read, wrote, and ci])hered incessantly. Young Lincoln was soon able to do a "man's labor," although only a boy. He was strong and powerful, and a great favorite. In that family of brothers, sisters, and cousins, his good-natured jokes and stories kept peace. Abe was the great story-teller of the family. At the age of nineteen Lincoln reached his full height of six feet four inches. By that time he had read every book he could find, and could "spell down" the whole cbuntr}', "He could sink an axe deeper into the wood than any man I ever saw," said a neighbor. When Abe was twenty-one, the entire family started for Illinois. Along forest roads, and across muddy prairies, for two weeks they traveled till they came to the Sangamon River. Abraham Lincoln 2Sq They built a cabin on the north fork of the river. With the help of John Hanks, young Lincoln plowed fifteen acres, planted it in corn, and split the rails from the tall walnut trees on the ground and fenced it. 159. Tries to be a Business Man. The next year he was hired to take a flatboat to New Orleans. The boat was loaded with hogs, pork, and corn. The wages of the trip were fifty cents a day, and twenty dollars besides for each man. They "poled" and rowed their slow way down the Ohio and the Mississippi. At New Orleans, Lincoln first saw a slave auction. He saw men and women sold. As he turned away he said to a friend: "If ever I get a chance to hit that thing, I'll hit it hard." He did not then dream of the mighty blow he would one day strike. After his return from New Orleans, he became a clerk in a store. One day a woman gave Lincoln six cents too much. That very evening he walked several miles to find her and give back the money. At another time Lincoln found that he had not given a woman as much tea as she paid for. He went in search of her and gave her the rest of the tea. About this time Lincoln joined a company of soldiers going to the Black Hawk War, An Indian chief named Black Hawk was on the "warpath." All the frontier was up in arms against him and his band of braves, Lincoln was well pleased when nearly all the men in his company 19 J^~ — ^ ^^ LINCOLN SPLITTING RAILS TO FENCE IN THEIR FARM A trip to New Orleans A slave auction Clerk in a store The Black Hawk War 7Q0 Stories of Heroism Lincoln elected captain Fame as a story- teller spreads Runs for the legisla- ture Lincoln licensed to prac- tice law His taste for public speaking walked over and stood by his side. This was their way of electing a ca])taiii. Xo election in later days gave him greater ]»leasure. Little fighting was done by Lincoln's company, but sitting around the camp fires in the evening, he became famous as a stonv''-teller. and he made many friends. 1 60, Makes a Success in Politics. On his return from the war, though he was only twenty-three years oUl, lie became a candidate for the state legislature, but was defeated. A little later he was again a candidate. This time he won. After the election, he said to a friend: "Did you vote for me?" "I did," replied the man. "Then you must lend me two hundred dollars." Lincoln needed a suit of clothes and money to pay the expenses for traveling in a stage coach to the capital ! In 1837 the legislature passed a set of resolutions in favor of slavery and condemning the Abolitionists. Lincoln could not stand this. He and one other man signed a protest declaring that slavery was founded on "injustice and bad policy." Lincoln was reelected to the legislature seven times. He gener- ally got more votes than other men on the ticket because the people liked his quaint sayings and his unpretending manner. In the meantime, after three or four years of study, he was given a license to practice law. He made it a rule never to take a ease which he believed to be wrong. He was a successful lawyer but the road to fame by way of the law was a slow one. It gave Lincoln a chance to engage in jiolitics, as we have already seen. He liked "stum]> speaking." He liked to go about the country from one speaking ])lace to another, or to travel from one county to another to meet the different sessions of the courts. He spoke f..r what he believed to be the tnitli. He was always in earnest, and made liis hearers feel that he was sincere. , AbraJiam Lincoln 2gi WHALE OIL LAMP From Lincoln's I cabin In 1840 he was one of Harrison's orators, and in 1844 he threw all his power and influence in favor of Henry Clay, his favorite among the great men, for the Presidency. In 1846 the Whigs of Springfield, where he was then living, put Lincoln forward for Congress, and succeeded in getting him elected. He was not in favor of the war with Mexico, then going on, and was not selected to run again. Lincoln returned to Springfield, and began the practice of law with greater success than ever before. When Senator Douglas of Lllinois, in 1854, carried the Kansas-Nebraska Bill through Congress, anti-slavery men all over the nation raised a storm of indignation. This bill repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had stood for thirty years, and threw the territories open to slavery. Douglas spoke at the state fair, held in Springfield. He tried to explain why he favored the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Lincoln made a speech four hours in length, ably answering the argument of Douglas. This speech made him the champion for the anti- slavery people in the state against Douglas. The same question was fought out between them at Peoria, a Httle later. Again Lincoln met Douglas's arguments. People began to talk of Lincoln as the next United States Senator. More and more, popular opinion in the state began to turn toward Lincoln. Accordingly, in 1858, at Springfield, the Republicans in conven- tion named Lincoln for United States Senator. He made a speech to the Republicans, in which he said that this country can not re- main half slave and half free — that it must become all slave or all free. This called every man to face a new question. No greater question could be raised. Some friends of Lincoln pleaded with Speaks for Har- rison and for Hen- ry Clay Lincoln in Congress The chani" picn against Douglas Public opinion points toward Lincoln Nomi- nated for United States Senator 292 Stories of Heroism Lincoln challen- ges Douglas People came from far away to hear the debates The fatal answer him not to say that the country could not remain half slave and half free. "I had rather be defeated with that expression in my speech than to be victorious without it," said Lincoln. i6i. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Douglas attacked this speech, and Lincoln challenged him to hold several joint debates before the people of Illinois. Seven debates were arranged, in which Douglas insisted upon opening and closing four. The people of Illinois were mainly farmers in 1858. They traveled long distances to hear these giants debate the question of slavery. S(^me of them were several days coming and going— in wagons, on hosseback, or on foot. The newspapers in the larger cities sent men to listen to these debates, and take down the words used by Lincoln and Douglas. The editors knew the people were anxiously waiting to read what these men had to say about slavery. "Can the ]X?ople of a . . . Territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen . . . exclude slavery?" Lincoln asked. "Yes," said Douglas. That was a fatal answer. For, by this answer, Douglas lost the support of the Democrats of the South, although he held the Democrats of Illinois. He could still be Senator, but he could never be President. The debates went on. "I do not perceive," said Lincoln, "that because the white man is to have the sujx^rior pf3sition, the negro should be denied everything . . . there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights [named] in the Declaration of Independence ... I agree with Judge Douglas, he [the negro] is not 'my equal in many respects — certiiinly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowments. But, in the right to eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal, and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every living man." Abraham Lincoln 293 These debates made Lincoln widely known. He accepted invitations to speak in Ohio, New York, and New England. In May, i860, the Rcpuljlicans of Illinois met in state convention. Lincoln was there. The people picked him up, lifted him over their heads, and placed him on the platform. The cheering was loud. Just at this moment John Hanks came into the hall carrying two fence rails, with the stars and stripes mounted between them, bear- ing in large words the following: "Taken from a lot made by Abraham Lincoln and John Hanks in the Sangamon Bottom in the year 1830." The people stood up and cheered, and threw their hats high and shouted for Lincoln, the "rail-splitter." He made them a speech. The con- vention then and there named him as the choice of the Republican party of Illinois for the next President of the United States. 162. Lincoln President. A few weeks later Abraham Lincoln was nominated m Chicago by the National Convention of the Republican party for the Presidency. Just as the passage of Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Bill killed the old Whig party, so the debates between Lincoln and Douglas split the Democratic party into a Northern and a Southern wing. Lincoln made famous by the debates LINCOLN SPEAKING IN THE STATE CONVENTION Lincoln the rail- splitter The can- didate of the Re- publican party >04 Stories of Heroism Lincoln elected Bound for Wash- ington At Inde- pendence Hall The in- augura- tion COtORADO I ■"■f "• : KANSAS THE CONFEDERATE STATES Donf^las was noniiiKi ted by the Northern wing, and Breek- cnridge by the Southern wing. This division in the Democratic party resulted in the election of Lincoln to the Pixsidency, in November, i860. During the fall and winter, seven Southern states left the Union, and set up a government called the "Confederate States of America." They had their government all in running order before Lincoln left Springfield. In Februar>', 1861, Lincoln said good-by to the people of Spring- field, and started for Washington to take his seat as President. The people were bound to see him and hear his voice and shake his hand. Along the route there were cheers, bonfires, and militar>^ parades with miles of marching men. At Philadeljjhia, he raised a flag over Independence Hall. He made a touching speech in regard to the men of the Revolution who had sat in that hall, and pledged himself to abide by the principles of the Declaration of Independence. On March 4, with soldiers guarding the capitol, Lincoln read his inaugural address and took the oath of office which all Presi- dents before him had taken. This speech was listened to with the greatest interest. It was now plain to everybody that Lincoln meant to light, if fighting were necessary to save the Union. Abraham Lincoln 295 thousand men In April Confederates fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Surren- Harbor, South Carohna. After awful hardships, Colonel Anderson p"^.^^ and his men surrendered the fort to the Confederate troops. Sumter Lincoln. immediately sent forth the call for seventy-five thousand men. War had come — civil war, the most dreadful kind of war. Call for Four more states left the Union, and joined the "Confederate States. ' ' ^^J^^®" ^ ' But the slave states of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained with the Union. Lincoln made it a war to save the Union and not a war to get rid of slavery. The great majority at the North were willing to fight for the Union which Jackson, Webster, and Clay had done so much to save. But the slavery question would keep coming up. The Confederates used the slaves to build forts, cook for the army, and to do other work. Thus the slave took the place of the white soldier. Other slaves raised food sup- plies and cared for the women. In this From a rare photograph taken ^ by , , . Alexander Hesler in Chicago, i860, way the slaves were constantly bemg and loaned by the Chicago Photograv- USed to help fight against the Union. ^'' Company, who own the or^ginal The time had come to destroy slavery. Lincoln now saw Th( that by freeing the slaves he could strike a heavy blow at the ^^^^' Confederacy. So as Commander-in-chief of the Union armies, he Procla- issued the Proclamation of Emancipation January i, 1863. The war, however, continued more than two years longer. The long Hst of dead and wounded on both sides saddened Lincoln. Day by day the lines in his kindly face grew deeper. The \\^ slavery- question comes up ABRAHAM LINCOLN mation 2l)f> Slorics of Heroism Finally the news came that General Grant had hammered General Lee's lines to pieces, and that Jefferson Davis and his cabinet were leaving Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Early in April President Lincoln went to visit Richmond. lie saw a city on fire, and a mob breaking into houses. Grant was pursuing Lee's army. He overtook it, and on April 8 offered terms of surrender. Lee accepted. The Presi- dent's heart was filled with gratitude that no more lives were to be sacrificed on cither side. 163. President Lincoln Assassinated. The evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to Ford's Theater in Washington to rest his body and mind. As he sat in a box, John Wilkes Booth, an actor, shot him in the back of the head. Booth sprang upon the stage, flourished his revolver, and escaped. Abraham Lincoln died the next day. Thus tlic nation lost a great man. He was truly a man "with malice toward none, with charity for all." Many monuments have been built to honor the name of this great man. The most unique one is in Edinburgh, Scotland — it is a life size statue with one hand holding the Emancipation Proclama- tion and with the other striking the chains from a half-rising slave. The largest memorial is at Springfield, Illinois, the home of Lincoln and where he lies buried. One of the most celebrated is the St. Gaudens statue in Lincoln Park, Chicago. THE STATUE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN LINCOLN TARK, CHICAGO Hy Augustus St. Gaudens Abraham Lincoln 2gy SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Lincoln, born of poor parents in the state of Kentucky, went over to Indiana at seven years of age. 2. Helped build a cabin and clear the forest and went hunting, j. Lincoln lost his mother, and his father married again. 4. His stepmother took good care of Abe and his sister. 5. Lincoln had little schooling, but read a few books very thoroughly. 6. He was very powerful at twenty-one and had read so much that he could "spell down" the whole country. 7. The family moved to Illinois, and Abe was hired to take a flatboat down the Mississippi. 8. He saw a slave auction at New Orleans, g. Lincoln was elected captain in the Black Hawk War; elected to the legislature for four terms. 10. He studied law and was elected to Congress. 11. Attacked Douglas for the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 12. Lincoln and Douglas held joint debates, i;^. Nominated for the presidency by the Republicans in convention at Chicago. 14. Douglas displeased the South and the Democratic Party was split. 15. Lincoln was elected President, the South seceded, and Douglas stood by the Union. 16. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. 17. Grant defeated Lee, and Lee surrendered. 18. Lincoln visited Richmond after its fall, returned to Washington, and was assassinated. Study Questions. /. Describe Lincoln's early surroundings. 2. Picture Abe and his sister. 3. How did Abe help get their meat? 4. What did he owe to his mother? 5. What did Abe's new mother do for him? 6. What books did Abe read and how did he read them? 7. Why was Abe liked in the family ? 8. How tall was Lincoln ? How old was he when the family started for Illinois? g. What did he do soon after going to Illinois? 10. What did he see in New Orleans that was new to him? II. Prove Lincoln was honest. 12. Prove that the men of the country-side had confidence in Lincoln, jj. How old was Lincoln when he ran for the legislature? 14. Tell the story of Lincoln's expe- riences in running for the legislature. 75. What was his success as a lawyer? 16. Why did Lincoln love public speaking? 77. Why was Lincoln not elected to Congress again? 18. How did Lincoln become the champion speaker against Douglas? ig. What was the effect of the debate? 20. What new declaration did Lincoln make in his Spring- field speech? 21. Why did Lincoln challenge Douglas? 22. How did Lincoln become widely known ? 2j. What was the fatal question put to Douglas by Lincoln? 24. To what rights did Lincoln say the black man is entitled? 25. Picture the scene in the state convention of i860. 26. What was the effect of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on the Demo- cratic Party? 2y. Why did this result in Lincoln's election to the 2g8 Stories of Heroism presidency? 2S. Give an account of the demonstrations made in honor of Lincoln. 2Q. Who fired the first shot in the Civil War, and where? JO. How many slave states remained loyal to the Union? jr. What kind of a war did Lincoln make of the Civil War? 32. Why would the question of slavery keep coming up? jj. How did the Proclamation of Emancipation affect the strenjj;th of the Confederates? 34. Tell the story of his visit to Richmond. 35. What did Lincoln think of when Lee surrendered? j6. Tell the story of Lincoln's as.sassination. 57 How did the nation feel over Lincoln's death? j8. How honored? jp. Describe the statue in Edinburgh. 40. Lincoln buried? Suggested Readings. Abraham Lincoln: Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 187-246; McMurry, Pioneers of the Mississippi Valley, 170- 184; Wright, Children's Stories of American Progress, 159-178, 299-327; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 193-210; Hart and Stevens, Romance of the Civil War, 1-112; Bolton, Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous, 342-367; Mabie, Heroes Every Child Should Know, 309-319; Nicolay, Boys' Life of Abraha)n Lincoln; Coffin. Abraham Lificoln; South- worth. Builders of Our Country, Vol. II, 186-217. has he been Where was THE MAN WHO LED THE CONFEDERATE ARMIES ROBERT EDWARD LEE Robert E. Lee 1807 Wins honor at West Point 164. The Great General of the Confederacy. Robert E. Lee was born in X'irginia in 1807, with the best blood of the Cavaliers in his veins. His father was "Light Horse Harry" Lee, the famous cavalryman of the Revolution. As young Lee grew up, he followed in the footsteps of his great father. He went to school at Alexandria, George Washington's old town, and iirei)are(l for West Point. He was a cadet officer at West Point, and during the last year held the rank of honor in the corps. After graduation he was given a commission in the United States Engineer Corps. While yet a boy he visited Arlington, across the Potomac from Washington, the home of George Washington Parke CusLis. Here Robert K. Lee 299 AKLIXGTON HOUSE, THE HOME OF GKNERAL LEE he played with Mary Custis. The playmate of his childhood beeame his wife two years after Lee left West Point. In the course of time, Arlington, a beautiful , ., home, became his own. When he left West Point, Lee was a second lieutenant. Later he was made a first lieutenant, and then promoted to be captain, and given charge of a company. In the war with Mexico, he earned he nor and fame. He was rapidly promoted from cax^taiai to major, from major to lieutenant- colonel, and from lieutenant-colonel to colonel. When the Mexican war was over, and peace had come, Lee was given charge of the Academy at West Point. While there he made improvements in the discipline and in the course of study of that famous military school. After three years, Lee resigned his position at West Point and went to fight the Indians on the frontier. During this time the agitation over slavery began to enter even the army. Colonel Lee believed in the Union, and was opposed to secession. But when Virginia followed other slave states out of the Union and into the Confederacy, Lee went with his native state. Before he took this step. President Lincoln sent a friend to offer him a promotion in the army, if he would fight for the Union. Lee replied: "How could I take part against my native state, or raise my hand against my relatives, my children, and my home?" Virginia put him at the head of her troops, and when she joined the Confederacy, he was made one of her generals. Early in 1862 Marries the play- mate of his child- hood Wins fame in Mexico In charge at West Point Lee goes with his state ?()(> Stories of Heroism Defends Rich- mond Compels McClel- lan to retreat Defeats General Pope Invades Maryland Defeats Union Army at Freder- icksburg and Chancel- lorsville he was made military adviser to the Confederate President, JcfTer- son Davis, but when General Joseph E. Johnston was wounded at the battle of Fair Oaks, General Lee was given charge of the army defending Richmond. 165. Lee Wins Victory After Victory. The change was quickly seen. Although McClellan, the Union general, had a much larger army, Lee immediately attacked it in a seven days' battle, com- ^lelling McClellan to retreat. The attack upon Richmond had failed. Lee turned, and hurled his army with great fury against .mother Northern general, Pope, defeated him, and threatened Washington. The excitement in the capital was great. • Flushed with victory, General Lee decided to lead his army into Mar\'land. Supplies for the army were abundant. But the ])eople of ^Laryland did not join his army as he had expected. The bloody battle of Antietam was the result of this invasion. General Lee slowly withdrew his troops across the Potomac into Virginia. Ih December, he fought and defeated the Union army at r" r c d o r i c k s b u r g. Early in the year 1863 Lee again defeated the Union forces, with great slaughter, at Chancellorsville. Here Lee lost his most brilliant and dashing general, "Stonewall" Jackson, who was killed accidentally by his own troops. LEE'S ARMV O.N THE MARCH TO INVADE MARYLAND Robert E. Lee 30 T PICKETT'S CHARGE AT GETTYSBURG Tliis heroic assault marked the turn of the Confederate tide After resting his troops and gathering reenforcements, Lee made a dash through Maryland into Pennsylvania. Washington and the North were full of excitement, but a great Union army was now hurrying to meet him. 166. The Battle of Gettysburg. The two armies met at Get- tysburg, and there for three days was fought the greatest battle of the Civil War. On the last day occurred Pickett's famous charge. Fifteen thousand Southern veterans, led by General George E. Pickett, with bayonets gleaming, charged across the valley — more than a mile in width — right up to the muzzle of the Union guns. The slaughter was fearful. Finally the Confederates retreated. Lee's army was defeated. ]\Iore than fifty thousand men, on both sides, were killed, wounded, and missing at Gettysburg. Invades the North Greatest battle of the war Pickett's charge The loss ^02 Stories of Heroism PENNSYL, VAN\I a '/Gettysburg \^ Baltimore <.v 167. Facing a Powerful Army. General Lee crossed the Poto- mac, and never a;^'ain in\-aded the North. Little was done until General Grant, in 1864, took command of all the Union forces, which now numbered nearly one hundred twenty thousand soldiers. Against this i)owerful anny General Lee could oppose not more than seventy thousand. In May, 1864, the Union troops crossed the Rapidan near Chancel- lorsville, and entered the "Wilderness." Here in this thicket of under- brush the armies fought a terrible two days' bat- tle. Lee was a match for Grant under these con- ditions, for the number of soldiers did not count much in such a place. Lee faced the Union troops at Spottsylvania, and another two days' fight occurred. Thirty- six thousand were dead, .^Ck-.St Of TUfc. WAR AkOUNU WAblllNGTON AND RICHMOND WOUUdcd and Ulissiug. As a result of this battle. General Lee again faced Grant's troops at Cold Harbor, where McClellan had been defeated two years before. After the struggle was over, twelve thousand Union men lay dead and wounded u|X)n the field of battle. Lee was fighting behind breastworks, and Grant's men in the open field. Cha Q«1lorsvillc» ,\FtcJtrick'5Hur«T < \1 >\J^Ju Wildernets m ^—^ [ ^'^^'^X^ X -3" SpottsyTV^i^^— VV >^^^-Tr\ ■ Robert E. Lee 303 Suddenly Lee received dispatches to move his troops to Peters- burg. Soon Grant was there thundering at the gates. Lee, with his army behind fortifications, held him at bay until the spring of 1865. 168. The Waning of the Confederacy. General Lee's troops were wearing out. There were no more to take their places. Food and clothing became scarce. So many of the Confederate states had been overrun by the Union troops that sup- plies of all kinds were hard to get. Before this, Southern women had been busy knitting socks and preparing other suppHes for the army, but now it was hard to find material for suppHes. In the spring, Lee told Jefferson Davis that Richmond would have to fall, and that all the papers and documents would have to be removed. General Lee was planning to take his army to Danville, Virginia, where he could unite with the army of General Joseph E. Johnston. With the two armies, it was planned to strike General Sherman before Grant's army could come to his aid. Davis and his cabinet left Richmond at night, and got safely away. General Lee could not move so quickly. He was able to reach Appomattox Court House, and there he found his way blocked by General Sheridan and his cavalry. There was now no reason for shedding any more blood. The Confederacy was doomed. In the spring of 1865 General Lee received a letter from General Grant, asking that further fighting cease, and that arrangements be made for surrender. The two generals met at a farmhouse, Peters- burg ROBERT EDWARD LEE From a portrait painted by Browne, now in the Westmore- land Club, Richmond, Virginia Supplies hard to get Sheridan blocks the way The Con- federacy doomed 3(^4 Stories of Heroism "TKAVtLtR," GENERAL LEE'S HORSE This famous war horse carried his master through many a harJ-Jouf^ht battle, escaping unharmed Terms of ^^^ agreed Upon terms. General Grant permitted the oflicers and surrender men to take their horses home "to do their spring plowing." It was a trying time for General Lee. He went back "to break the sad news to the brave troops he had so long comm.anded . . . They pressed up to liim, anxious to touch his person or even his horse." With a voice filled with emotion, he said to his soldiers: "We have fought through the war together ; I have done the best I could for you. My heart is too full to say more!" And then, in silence, he rode on to his headquarters near by and passed alone into his tent. Morning brought the final parting with his loyal army. Sur- rounded by a throng of sorrowing soldiers. General Lee mounted his faithful iron gray horse, "Traveler," then, the last sad farewells said, rode slowly away to his home in Richmond. In a short time. General Lee was elected president of Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, at Lexington, Vir- ginia. Many offers of help came to him. at this time, but he decHncd them all. Other ofTers came to him to engage in business and make a fortune, but he refused them all, preferring his quiet duties as a college president. General Lee died in Lexington in 1870. A monument to the memor\' of this great man has been erected in Richmond, and like- wise one in Lexington. Since the close of the Civil War General Lee's fame as a noble man and a great soldier has grown steadily. Robert E. Lee 305 SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia; went to school at Alexandria. 2. Went to West Point, won honors, and was made second lieutenant, j. Lee was in the Mexican War, and won praise from General Scott; took charge of West Point. 4. Followed Virginia into secession and was given command of her troops. 5. Given charge of the army defending Richmond, and began the seven days' fighting. 6. Defeated General Pope, invaded Maryland, and fought the battle of Antietam. 7. General Lee won the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, but failed at Gettysburg. 8. Defended Richmond against Grant for nearly a year. 9. Lee accepted Grant's terms at Appomattox. 10. Accepted the presidency of Washington College. Study Questions, i. What do you know of "Light Horse Harry".? 2. Tell the story of young Lee until he entered West Point, j. Tell of his promotion after leaving West Point. 4. What did Lee do for West Point? 5. Why did Lincoln think Lee would accept a promotion in the Union Army? 6. What was Lee's reply? 7. What positions had he held when he became head at Fair Oaks ? 8. What two victories led Lee to invade Maryland and what great battle was fought? Have you heard of this battle before? g. What tv/o victories led Lee to invade Pennsylvania? 10. Tell the story of Gettysburg. 11. What was the effect on Lee's army? 12. How could 70,000 men hold 120,000 at bay? 75. Tell the story of Lee's fighting in the Wilderness. 14. Picture the condition of Lee's army in the spring of 1865. 15. Wliat was Lee's plan after Richmond fell? 16. Why did he not carry out this plan? 17. Why did Lee's men need their horses? 18. Picture General Lee's farewell to his soldiers, ig. Tell the story of Lee after the war ceased. Suggested Readings. Robert E. Lee: Hale, Stories of War, 61-73, 1 19-149; Mabie, Heroes Every Child SJioiild Know, 289-308; Magill, Stories from Virginia History, 162-172. OTHER HEROES OF THE CIVIL WAR ULYSSES S. GRANT 169. Grant, the Great Union General. Next to Lincoln, the man who did most toward saving the Union was Ulysses S. Grant. When the war began he was a clerk in a small city of Illinois. Four years later he had captured Lee's great and gallant army and had brought the Civil War to an end. 20 ?f)^ Stories of Heroism Grant, was called "the silent soldier." He spoke little and avoided everything showy. But he was cool and brave and fought most stubbornly. At Vicksburg he first showed the world that he was a great soldier. At the start of this campaign Grant's men lay across the river from Vicksburg in the swamps. They were far away from other northern troops and much weaker than the Confederates. Month after month Grant failed in his attempt to seize Vicksburg. Every one thought that he should withdraw. But, on the contrary, he decided to cross the river to the Confederate side, leaving his sup- plies behind. Carrying only its am- munition, his army marched against the southern troops. Grant saw that if the various bodies of Confederates should join against him, he would be crushed. Accordingly he rushed his troops from one battle to another, defeating the various Confederate forces before they could unite, and driving them back to Vicksburg. Just as one of these battles began an officer rode into camp with orders for Grant to withdraw his troops and march away from Vicks- burg. Grant listened to the officer and then rode off to the fight with his cheering men. He said afterwards: "I saw no more of the officer; I think not even to this day." He had decided to take Vicksburg, and not even orders to the contrary could turn him away. He stayed before Vicksburg until that city fell. Lincoln had need of such a man, and soon placed him over the whole Union ULYSSES S. GRANT From a photograph taken in iS66 by F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia Other Heroes of the Civil War 307 army. In one of his great campaigns, Grant said: "I propose In to fight it out along this Hne if it takes all summer." And he did command ^ '^ .of the "fight it out" through many fierce battles until the southern armies whole were worn out and peace was restored. Umon army STONEWALL JACKSON 170. A Confederate General, who would not yield. ' ' Stonewall' ' Jackson won his name at Bull Run, the first battle of the Civil War. The Con- federate troops were retreating, when one of their generals saw that Jackson and his men still held their ground. He shouted: "Look at Jackson's brigade! There it stands Hke a stone wall!" Jackson's example gave fresh courage to the wavering troops. They rallied and drove the Union forces from the field. From that day on the gallant officer was known as "Stonewall" Jackson. He was one of the most brilliant and successful generals of the war r- i- 1 -u 4.J. Department. Washington, D. C many fierce attacks none was better car- '^ ried out than his last one at the battle of Chancellorsville. Here Lee was opposed by a much larger Union army under Hooker. While a part of the Confederate forces held their position in front of the Union troops, Jackson took about 20,000 men and quietly slipped away. Through the dense forest they marched around the flank of the Union army. They moved so silently that the north- ern men knew nothing of danger until rabbits and deer fled out of the woods through which Jackson's men were coming. Before the THOMAS JONATHAN ("STONE- WALL") JACKSON From a war-time photograph, taken on the field by Matthew B. Of his Brady, in the collection of the War Surprises and defeats the Union soldiers 3oS Stories of Heroism Union troops could form, the soldiers in gray were upon them like a whirlwind. Jackson himself led his men, cheering them on. The battle resulted in a great victory for the Confederates. In the evening Jackson was shot accidentally by his own men. His first thought was of the battle, and he said: "You must hold your ground." As he was dying, he still thought he was leading his men. His last words were: "Let us cross over the river and rest in peace." D.WID GLASCOE FARRAGUT 171. A Brave Union Admiral. David Farragut was the first man in the history of our country to be made admiral. Although he was bom in the South, when war broke out he supported the Union. His greatest victory was at ,. '" "" J Tni, Mobile Bay. While Farragut and /•rom an engraving made by the Bureau ■^ ° oj lingrnvingand Printing,\\\i$hmgion, his fleet lay bcforc Mobile he heard D. C, afler a photograph by Rockwood, New York many wammgs as to the strength of the Confederates. To one of these the old sailor answered: "I mean to be whipped or to whip the enemy, not to be scared to death." Early one morning he gave the word for the attack. Slowly his ships approached the hostile forts. Farragut himself climbed into the rigging, better to observe the fight. Suddenly his leading ship began to rock from side to side and all at once sank before his horrified eyes. A hidden torpedo had exploded under the ship. How many more of these deadly bodies were in the channel ahead no one knew. One of the other ships faltered at (ir.-'Vl' ' r" DAVID GLASCOE FARRAGUT Other Heroes of the Civil War jog the sight of this disaster. Farragut ordered it ahead. Warned that the channel was full of torpedoes, he sent his own ship into the lead with the order: "Full speed ahead." It is said the torpe- The does scraped the bottom of the ship, but none exploded. The rest ^o"^«^- of the boats followed their brave leader. Soon the entire Con- fleet federate fleet was captured or destroyed. With the fall of Mobile captured Bay the South lost its last port. From this time on it was cut off completely from the outside world. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. When the Civil War broke out, Grant was a clerk in a small town in Illinois. 2. Called "the silent soldier." j. Besieged Vicksburg for many months, fighting many battles. 4. De- feated the Confederates by strategy and took Vicksburg. 5. Made commander-in-chief of the Union army. 6. Since the day of the battle of Bull Run, where Jackson's brigade held its ground against the Union soldiers and turned a rout into a victory, Jackson was knov/n as "Stone- wall" Jackson. 7. Jackson surprised the Union soldiers at Chancellors- ville, and defeated them. 8. Accidentally shot by his own men in the evening after the battle, g. Farragut won the battle of Mobile Bay, thus completing the blockade of the Confederate ports. Study Questions, i. What was Grant doing when war broke out ? 2. Where did he first distinguish himself as a soldier? j. Tell how he defeated the Confederates at Vicksburg. 4. What was his reward? 5. Where and how did "Stonewall" Jackson win his title? 6. Tell the story of Chancellorsville and of Jackson's death. 7. Tell the story of Farragut's attack on Mobile. 8. What was the effect of the fall of Mobile Bay? Suggested Readings. Ulysses S. Grant: Burton, Four American Patriots, 195-254; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 181-191; Hart and Stevens, Romance of the Civil War, 179-183 ; Hale, Stories of War, 21-29, 74-91, 92-118, 168-187, 226-264; Bolton, Famous American Statesmen, 307-360. Stonewall Jackson: Addey, Stonewall Jackson, 13-30, 31-93, 94- 133. 154-240- David G. Farragut: Bolton, Lives of Poor Boys Who Have Become Famous, 219-237; Mahan, Admiral Farragut, 1-306. Men in jio Stories of Heroism RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF OUR COUNTRY HOW FARM AND FACTORY HELPED BUILD THE NATION 172. Toilers in Fields, and Forests, and Cities. The men of whom you have read, hvcd and worked to make our country great and strong. But we have become a great country not merely because of great statesmen and soldiers like the heroes of this book. There have been many millions of men at work in field ^^'^^ and forest, in mine and factory, who have contributed as much and forests more to the development of our land. These are the men who have cleared the farms, built the towns, laid the railroads, and made possible our large industries. 173. Cotton Fields and Cotton Factories. Since the days of EH Whitney cotton has been grown in all the southern states cotton from Virginia westward to Texas, and from the Gulf of Mexico "op north to Missouri. More than one half of all the cotton in the southern ^^'^^"^^ ^^ grown in southern United States. states A field of growing cotton is very picturesque. Its culture employs many laborers. The number of laborers needed, how- ever, is not the same throughout the year. In the fall when the bolls ripen, all hands, large and small, turn to cotton picking. This work takes several months. The picked cotton is put through a gin which is still built along the lines of Whitney's invention. The cleaned cotton is pressed into large bales and is then ready for market. The cotton seed goes to one mill, the cotton to another. For Cotton- many years the seed was wasted. Farmers burned it or threw it seed away. But now in all parts of the South great mills crush the seed and make from it a valuable oil. What is left is cotton- seed cake, and is bought eagerly by cattle growers everywhere. Farm and Factory jn Only a few years ago almost all the cotton grown in the South was shipped away, either to Europe or to New England. In Massachusetts and Rhode Island cotton mills employ more people than any other industry, and great cities are supported almost entirely by manufacturing cotton goods. Now the South has also discovered that it can spin and weave its cotton at home. mTiIs" About many of its waterfalls is heard the hum of busy cotton in the mills. New cities are growing up, and prosperity has returned ^°"^^ to the South. 174. The Grain that Feeds the Nation. From the days of the early colonists, wheat has been one of the most valuable crops produced in this country. In the states east of the Mississippi River the farmers have long raised it in connection with a variety of other crops. But as the newer lands west of this river were taken up, the settlers discovered that in that region wheat yielded ^^^^* more abundantly than any other crop. From Kansas northward west to Minnesota and western Canada lies a broad stretch of land of the which has cool spring weather and a light rainfall. This is the ^ppf '" cHmate best suited to wheat, and here has developed the great wheat belt of America. In this region there are vast wheat fields almost everywhere, stretching farther than the eye can see over the level surface. Most of the farms are very large, some of them including many thousands of acres. The work on these places is done with the most Traction modern machines. Traction engines are used to pull the great e"g'°es plows, and in harvest time an army of binders reaps the golden grain. With the aid of this machinery a few people can cultivate a great many acres. As a result, the country is thinly settled. The towns are few and far between. In most of them the principal JI2 Stories of Heroism Grain elevators Flour mills Grain exports decrease Texas and Iowa lead Cattle ranches of the West building is the grain elevator, which holds the grain until it is ready to be shipped. From the elevators the wheat goes to the flour mills. The largest of these are in Minncapohs, in the eastern part of the wheat belt. The flour in its turn goes to feed the many millions of people in all parts of the country, especially those who work in the great factories and commercial houses of the East. For many years this country grew much more wheat than we needed, and we shipped great quantities to Europe. But each year our growing population needs more food, and our exports of this grain decrease steadily. Even now our farms grow but little more of this grain than is needed at home, and the time is almost at hand when we shall no longer send any of it abroad. 175. Cattle Raising and Meat Packing. Cattle raising, like wheat farming, is principally an industry of the West. As late as 1850 the states which raised the most cattle lay along the Atlantic coast. But to-day Texas and Iowa are in the lead and Illinois, Kansas, and Nebraska follow closely. As the eastern states became peopled more densely, cattle grazing was forced west. The cattle pastures were broken up into fields. The prairies of Illinois and Iowa became a vast cornfield. Eastern Kansas and Nebraska were turned into corn and wheat farms. Always the cattle had to give way to the grain. At last the farmers came to a strip of country where the rainfall was not enough to make grain growing profitable. This comparatively narrow strip stretches north in an irregular area of plains from western Texas to Montana. This region grows fine grass and has become the great grazing country of the United States. Here vast herds of cattle still roam on large ranches and are cared for by cowboys. East of the ranch country lies the corn belt, in which Illinois Mines, Mining, and Manufactures jij and Iowa are the leading states. Cattle fatten better on corn than on any other food, and the meat of corn-fed stock brings the best com fed prices. The corn states have therefore taken up the raising and came ^ fattening of cattle on a tremendous scale. For its size Iowa is the greatest cattle state. When western cattle leave the ranch they are generally not very heavy. Thousands of carloads are shipped into the corn country each year, there to be fattened before going to the packing houses. The largest meat-packing plants are located in the corn belt at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and other cities. To-day meat packing is the greatest business of Chicago and many other large invention cities. A generation ago it had scarcely begun. But the packers or^"" *°° learned to can meat, to use ice for cold storage, and, most important "^"g^'"" of all, the refrigerator car was invented. By this last discovery **°'' '^^''^ they became able to ship meat almost everywhere. Where before they had to sell their goods at home, now they have the world as a market. A steer raised on the western prairies may now be fattened for market in Illinois, slaughtered in Chicago, and served in New York, or sent to England or even to the Orient. MINES, MINING, AND MANUFACTURES 176. Coal and Iron. Next to the great farm crops, coal and Great iron are the most valuable products of our country. The coal ""f"^. , 1 , . . J . . -' of coal tnat IS mmed m one year is worth five times as much as the andiron gold and silver combined. Our iron mines yield as much wealth in one year as the gold mines do in three. Gold and silver are luxuries without which we could get along, but our great factories, railroads, and steamship lines could not exist without an abundance of iron and coal. A hundred years ago there was almost no coal mined in this Jff Stories of Heroism Hard coal in Penn- sylvania Factories need coal Largest iron-ore deposits in the world Carried to the smelters Coal and iron support great in- dustries country. Now we use more of it than any other land, and almost a million men make a living by mining it. At first most of the coal jjroduced was the hard anthracite of eastern Pennsylvania. But this hard coal is found only in one small i)art of Pennsyl- vania, whereas great beds of soft coal stretch from Pennsylvania west to Washington. At present there is far more soft coal used than anthracite. Pennsylvania is the leading state in the produc- tion of both hard and soft coal, but West Virginia, Illinois, and Ohio, are also great coal states. Generally where there are coal mines, factories have been built, because most of them need a great deal of coal for fuel. Iron was first worked by the colonists in the bogs of New England. Iron mining, however, did not become a great industry until the latter part of the last century. In that period the great iron "ranges" of Lake Superior were opened up. These are the largest deposits of iron ore in the world. Most of the ore lies in Minnesota. Here, far up in the northern woods, thousands of men are blasting or digging out the red and rusty ore. Huge steam-shovels load a car in a few minutes, and in a short while a trainload of ore is on its way to Duluth or Superior. From there it is carried by steamer east, most likely to one of the Ohio towns on Lake Erie. Here much of the ore is again loaded into cars and hauled to the Pittsburgh region, there to be smelted. Pittsburgh has become the greatest iron and steel center of America. Enormous quantities of coal are mined here and used for smelting the iron ore that is shipped in. More people of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio make a living by mining coal and making steel and iron than anywhere else in America. Great blast furnaces melt the iron ore. Steel works turn out huge quantities of rail and sheet steel. Foundries make cast-iron Mines, Mining, and Mamijactures 375 products of all kinds. Vast shops are busily engaged in producing locomotives and machines of endless variety. Everywhere in this region are smoking chimneys and busy industrial plants, all sup- ported by coal and iron. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts, i. The toilers in forest, mine, and factory contributed to the development of our land. 2. Cotton is grown in all the southern states as far west as Texas, j. A valuable oil is made from the cotton seed. 4. The climate west of the Mississippi best suited to the raising of wheat. 5. The work of cultivating and harvesting is done by machines. 6. Wheat is sent to the flour mills, the largest of which are in Minneapolis. 7. Exports of wheat decreasing. 8. Texas and Iowa the leading cattle-raising states, q. Cattle from the ranches are fed on corn in the corn states, principally Iowa and Illinois. 10. The refrigerator car permitted the shipment of meat to all the world. -11. Coal and iron mined in America worth many times more than the gold and silver. 12. Hard coal mined in Pennsylvania, ij. The Lake Superior iron ranges the greatest in the world. 14. Pittsburgh is the greatest iron and steel center of America. Study Questions, i. Describe the process of preparing cotton for the market. 2. What is done with the cotton seed? j. What is the South preparing to do with the cotton crop? 4. Where is the wheat belt of America? 5. How is the wheat cultivated and harvested? 6. Describe the progress of the wheat from the field to its use as food. 7. What are the leading cattle-raising states? 8. Where and how are the herds fattened? g. What was the effect of the invetition of the refrigerator car? 10. How does the value of coal and iron mined in America compare with the gold and silver? //. Where is anthracite coal mined? 12. Where was iron first mined? ij. Where is the largest deposit in the world? 14. Where is the great iron and steel center of America? 15. Tell of some of the things for which iron is used. Suggested Readings. Industries: Fairbanks: The Western United States, 215-290; Brooks, The Story of Cotton; Shillig, The Four Wonders (Cotton, Wool, Linen, and Silk); Brooks, The Story of Corn. THE INDEX ABOLITIONISTS, 282. 283. 290. Adams, John, sent to First Continental Congress, 151; his motion at Second Continental Congress made Washington general of American troops, US. 116, iss, 156; appointed to help draw up Declaration of Independence, 213; his presi- dential receptions, 216; died, 2l8. Adams, Samuel, 146-156; portrait of, 147; early turns to politics, 147; leads movement apainst Stamp Act, 147, 148; forms "Sons of Liberty Society," 148; opposes the tea tax, 148; writes famous circular letter, 148; drives British troops out of Boston, 149; his connection with Boston Tea Party, 114, 150, 151; sends Paul Revere to tell the story, isi; goes to First Continental Congress, 151; strange visitors, 152; could not be bribed by king's officers, 152; makes new and noble friends, 143, 152; forms companies of minutemen, 153; goes to Second Continental Congress. 155, 156; works for Declaration of Indejjendence, 156; made Governor of Massa- chusetts. 156. "Agamemnon," The, 246. AUuno, capture of the, 256, 257, 259. Alden, John, 64. Algonquin Indians, 44-46. "Alliance," The, 177. Altamaha River, culuny on, 91, 92. American River, 205. Amerigo Vespucci, sti- Vespucci, Amerigo. Anderson, Colonel, 295. Anthracite coal, 314. Antietam, battle of, 300. Appomattox Court House, Lee's surrender at, 303, ,V)4- Arizona, first traversed by Coronado, 22. Arlington, home of (ieneral Lee, 298, 299. "Ashland," Clay's home, 270, 274. Atlantic Cable, 245, 247. BALL, Mary, mother of Washington, 102, 103. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, started, 240. Barlow, Captain, 40. Barry, John, 179-183; early life, 179: master of nHri.hant ship, 179; Congress makes him captain of the '■ Lexington," 180; exploit on the Delaware, 180, 181; British try to bribe him, i8i;commands the "Alliance," 181; captures many vcssi-ls, 181, 182; first commodore of American navy, 1K2, 183; portrait of, 182. Baxter,—, 242. Bell, -, invents telephone, 244. Benton, Jessie, 2f>i. Benton, Thomas H., 228, 231, 232,'26i. Blackbeard the Pirate, 02. Black Hawk War, 2H0. 290. Blockade of Southern ports, 309. "Bon Homme Richard," The, I73-17S. Boone, Daniel, iKs-191; early life. i8s; crosses the niinimains, 185; Rr>es to Kentucky, 186; dangers of pioneer life, 1K6, 1K7; goes for family, 187; blazes famous "Wilderness Road," 188; builds Fort Boonesboro, 188; trouble with Indians; 188-191; taken prisoner and adopted, 190, escapes, 190; siege of Boonesboro, 190, 191; niovos to Missouri. 191; portrait of, 191. Boonesboro, Fort, 188-191. Booth, John Wilkes, 296. Boston, settled. 71, 72; British soldiers in, II4, IIS. 149, 151; Washington takes command at, lib, 117. Boston Port Bill, 114, isr. "Boston Tea Party," 143. 150. 151. Boulton, — , inventor, 236. Bowie, Colonel, 256. Braddock, General, 109, no; defeat and di-ath, 1 09. I I o. Bradford, William, 63, 64, 66, 70. Brandy wine, battle of the, 121. Breckenridge, John C, 294. Brewster, William, 63. Bridgewater, Duke of, 235. Buchanan, President, 246. Buffalo, herds of, 22. Bull Run, battle of, 307. Bunker Hill, battle of, 117, 154, 155. Burgesses, House of, no, 112, 113, 139, 140, 143, 146. 211. Burgoyne, General, 199, 269; compliments Morgan, Burke, Edmund, 142, 213. CABOT, John, 30-33; statue of John and Sebastian. 31; born in Genoa, Italy, 30; his voyages, 31, 32; seeks India and discovers Labrador. 31; returns to England and is honored by king and people, 31, 32; on second voyage, coasts America to North Carolina, 32; on account of his dis- coveries England claims large part of North America. 32. Calhoun, John C, 280-284; portrait of, 280; early life, 280; in Congress, 280, 281; works hard for success of army in War of 18 1 2, 281; made Secretary of War, 281; twice elected vice- president, 281; favors nullification, 281; oppfises President Jackson in his fight against United States Bank, 231; opposes Abolitionists, 282. 283; made Secretary of State and annexes Texas, 283; opposes Compromise of 1850, 284; dies, 284, Camden, d<-feat at, 160, 183. Campbell, Colonel, 194. 196. Canada, the I'>ini.h in. 44-48, 94-101. Cape Breton Island, 31. Cape of Good Hope, rounded by Drake, 33. Carpenter's Hall, 143, 152. Carroll, Charles, 240. Carson, Kit, 261, 264. 365. Cartier, Jacques, sailing up St. Lawrence to Mon- treal, takes possession of country for France, 44. Carver, John, first Pilgrim governor, 65, 68. Cattle raising, 312-313; pasture lands, 312; fat- tening. 313- Champlain, Lake, discovered by Champlain, 43. Champlain, Samuel de, 44-47; portrait of, 44; 3»6 The Index 317 founds Quebec, 44; makes friends of Algonquin Indians, joins them in war against Iroquois, and thus malies Iroquois enemies of all Frenchmen, 44-47; discovers Lake Champlain, 45; dies at Quebec, 47. Chancellorsville, battle of, 300, 307. Charles I, of England, gave charter to Puritan colony, 71. Charles II, of England, and William Pcnn, 83; gives Pennsylvania to Penn, 84. Charleston, 90, 91; surrenders to Cornwallis, 160. Cherokee Indians, 92, 193, 254, 256. Circular Letter, Adams's, 148, 149, 152. Clark, George Rogers, 198-206; portrait of, 200; early life in Virginia, 198; becomes a leader in Kentucky, 199; sent to Virginia as lawmaker for Kentucky, 199; life at Harrodsburg, 199; receives aid from Patrick Henry to raise army, 199-200; campaign against old Vincennes, 200-204; the beginning of Louisville, 200; Clark surprises Kaskaskia, 201, 202; Cahokia and Vincennes surrender, 202; General Hamilton retakes Vincennes, 202; Clark builds the Willing, 202; and marches on Vincennes, 203, 204; great suffering of Clark's men, 204; retakes Vincennes, 204; Clark's great work unrewarded, 206; result of his work, 216. Clark, William, see Lewis and Clark Expedition. "Clark's Grant," 205. Clay, Henry, 231, 269-274; "mill boy of the Slashes," 269; studies law, 269, 270; goes to Lexington, 270; sent to United States Senate, 270; speaker of House of Representatives, 270; urges war in 18 12, 270; Clay and the Treaty of Ghent, 271; Clay and the Missouri Compromise, 271; the Compromise tariff law, 271, 272; Clay, the Pacificator, 272; war with Mexico, 272, 273; retires to Ashland, 273; Clay recalled to Senate, Compromise of 1850, 273, 274, 295; ovation from the people, 274; dies in Washington, 274; por- trait of, 272. "Clermont," the first successful steamboat, 237. Coal, mining of, 313, 314; soft coal, 314; hard coal, 314- Cold storage of meat, 313. Cold Harbor, battle of, 302. Colorado, Grand Canyon of, 28. "Columbia," The, 219. Columbia River, discovered by Captain Gray, 219; Lewis and Clark embark on, 221, 222. Columbus, Christopher, 2-15, 17, 27, 32; boyhood of, 3, 4; goes to Lisbon, 3, 4; plans new route- to India, 4; unfairly treated by King of Portugal, 4; seeks aid of Spain, 5, 6; people thought him crazy, 6; begs bread for his son at monastery, 6; prior intercedes with Queen Isabella, 7; portrait of Columbus, 7; first voyage westward, 8-12; discovers the New World, 9; names the natives Indians, 12; honored on return to Spain, 13, 14; last voyages, 14, 15; death, 15; World's Colum- bian Exposition, 15; effect in England of Col- umbus's discoveries, 30. Committees on Correspondence," 212 Compromise of 1850, 273, 274, 278, 279, 284. Concord Bridge, battle at, iis, 154. Confederate States of America, formed, 294; Con- federate President, 296, 300; capital, 2y6; Vir- ginia joins Confederacy, 299; waning of Con- federacy, 303; Confederacy doomed, 303. Congress, First Continental, 114, 143, 151-153; Second Continental, 115, 116, 119, 122, 124 134, 135. 155, 156, 180, 213; disputes in, 215; Clay in, 270-274; Webster in, 276; Calhoun in, 280, 281. Constitution of the United States, 125, 127, 135, 136, 146. Cooper, Peter, 245. Corn Island, 200; beginning of Louisville, 200; Clark dies on, 206. Cornwallis, Lord, Washington outwits, 121; gains victories, 160, 161; Green turns tide against, 162; pursues Morgan, 165; loss at Guilford Court House, 166; caught at Yorktown, 166; orders Tarleton to catch Marion, 168; surrenders at Yorktown, 123, 181. Coronado, Francisco, 22, 23; searches for rich cities, 23; discovers Grand Canyon of the Colo- rado, 23; finds buffalo, 23; finding no rich cities, returns home, 23. Cortds, Hernando, 17-21, 22, 25, 33; invades Mex- ico, 17; sinks his ships, 17; armor of Cortes, 17; attacks the Indians, 18; takes Mexican capital, 18, 19; puts Montezuma to death, 19; conquers Mexico, 20; visits Spain, 20; shares Columbus's fate, 21; portrait of Cortes, 19. Cotton, raising, in the South. 208, 310; manufacture of cloth, 311; cotton-seed oil, 310. Cotton gin, invention of, 208-209. Cowpens, battle of the, 163-165. "Cradle of Liberty," 149. Creek Indians, 92, 93, 228. Cr&vecoeur, Fort, built, 97. "Croatoan," 41. Crockett, Davy, at the Alamo, 256-258, 259; boy- hood days, 258; enlisted under Jackson, 259; elected to Congress, 259; fights for Texas at the Alamo, 259; dies, 259. Cuba, discovered by Columbus, 11. Cumberland Gap, 239. Custis, George Washington Parke, 298. Custis, Martha, iii. Custis, Mary, 299. Cuzco, where Pizarro found fabulous riches, 22. DA GAMA, Vasco, rounds Africa, 26. Dare, Virginia, first white child of English parents born in America, 41. Davis, Jefferson, president of Confederacy, 296, 300, 303. Declaration of Independence, made, 156, 240; Samuel Adams worked for, 156, 240; Franklin appointed to help write, 135, 136; Jefferson, author of, 210, 213, 218. De Kalb, Baron Johann, with Washington at Valley Forge, 184; falls at Camden, 184. Democratic Party, split, 293. Democratic-RepubUcan Party, formed by Thomas Jefferson, 215. De Soto, Hernando, portrait of, 23; makes an expedition to Florida, 23, 24; welcomed at Cuba, 23; extremely cruel to natives, 23; fights his way northward and inland, 24; discovers the Missis- sippi, 24, 25; crosses, and marches far northward and westward, 25; returns to the Mississippi and dies, 25; only half of army returns to Cuba, 25. Diego, son of Columbus, 5, 6. Digger Indians, 263. "Dogood Papers," 129. Dorchester Heights, 118. JiS Stories of Heroism Douglas, Stephen A., debates with Lincoln, ^gi-jijj; niiniiniited by nurthcm Democrats, 294. Drake, Sir Francis, J4-jH; portrait of, 34; ruined by Spaniards, he vows revenge on Spain, jd; returns to England with first capture of Spanish gold, J4; fani'ius voyage around the world, 34-3S; captures Spanish treasure shijjs in the Pacific, 3S, 39; given title by yueen Kli/.abeth, 36; takes command of fleet to fight Spain, 36; destroys Spanish towns in Cuba, 37; sails into Cadiz and bums Spanish ships, 37; Spanish Armada sails for England, 37; Drake, aided by storm, destroys great fleet and permanently cripples power of Sjiain. 38; takes Raleigh's colony home, 41. "Drake," The, 173. Duquesne, Fort, 108, 109; captured, iii. Dutch, The. explorations, 49, 50; establish trading posts, 51; treaty with Indians, 51; fur trade, 52; settlement of New Netherland, 52, 53; governed by Stuyvcsant, 54-57; surrender to the English, 57; Dutch ideas and customs, 58. Dutch traders, 51, 52. Dutch West India Company, 76. "EBENEZER," German colony in Georgia, 91. Edison, Thomas A., 248, 252; reads great books at twelve, 248; resourceful newsboy, 248, 249; exper- iments in telegraphy, 249; receives Jdcooo for his inventions before he is twenty-five, 250; builds first laboratory in Newark, 250; second at Menlo Park. N. J.. 251; invents microphone, megaphone, and phonograph, 251; develops the electric light, 251; receives gold medals and diplomas from foreign powers. 252; builds great- est of laboratories at Orange, N. J., 252; por- trait of. 250. "Effingham," The. 180. Eliot, John, preaches to the Indians. 73. Elizabeth, (Jueen of England, knights Drake, 36; lav.irs Raleigh. 39. 41); names Virginia, 40, 42. Emancipation Proclamation, 295. England, explorations made by. 30-42; reasons for claiming large part of North America, 32; quarrel between Spain and, 33-38; first permanent settle- ment in America, 54, 55; religious persecutions send to Ann ri a Pilgrims and Puritans, O3-75; Puakers.82-S8; other Protestants. 91-92; English debtors, 89-92; French and Indian wars, loi, loft-iio, lis; Revolutionary War. 101-183; War of 1812. 224-233. Eric the Red, i ; discovers Greenland, I. Ericson, Leif, discovers Vinland. 1 ; Leif the Lucky, i. Ericson, Thorvald, i. Erie Canal, 239; effect of, 239. Erie, Lake, battle of, 224. Eutaw Springs, battle of, 167. FAIRFAX, Lord, 105. 106. 107, 113. 114; friend of Washington, 105; builds Greenway Court, loO; makes Washington public surveyor, 106; re- turned to England, 125. Fair Oaks, battle of, 300. Faneuil Hall, 1^9. Fannin, General, 257. Farragut, Admiral, 308, 309; captures Confederate til.-; and f..rt at Mobile Bay, 308, 309. Federalist Party, 215. Perdmand and Isabella, 5, 13; Isabella, 7, 14. Ferguson, Colonel, 194, 195; defeated at King's .\1. untain. 19O. Field, Cyrui W., 245-247; his early success, 34s; becomes interested in telegraph lines, 24s; con- ceives idea of connecting Europe anu America, 24s; aided by Peter CVxipir and other wealthy men, 24s; success after several failures, 246, 247; receives honors from many nations, 247; por- trait of, 247- Filmore, President, 270. Firebrand of the Revolution, Samuel Adams, 146. Fitch, John, j.is. Fletcher, Grace, 276. Florida, iJe Soto's expedition to, 23. Forbes, General, 111. Forts, -see under names of forts. Franciscan friars, 266, 267. Franklin, Benjamin, 128-136; portrait of, 128; early life, 12S; learns printing, reads books, 128, 129; writes for brother's paper, 129; goes to Philadelphia, 129, 130; Frankhn in London. 130; 131; returns to Philadelphia editor of "Penn- sylvania Gazette," 131; marries, 131; founds three great institutions, 131; invents stove, 131, forms first fire department in America, 131; "Poor Richard's Almanac." 131, 132; clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, 132; postmaster general, 132; plans union of colonies. 133; becomes famed as scientist, 133; experiments with electricity. IJJ; sent to England to defend colonies. 134; appointed to help write Declaration of Inde- pendence. 135. 213. 214; sent to France. 135. i"3; secures French aid for America. 135; helps make treaty of peace. 135; helps to make and signs Constitution, 135. I3<>- Fraunce's Tavern, 1J4. Frederica, 02. Fredericksburg, battle of. 300. Frederick the Great, 183. Fremont, John C, 260-265; portrait of. 261; early life, 260; goes to South America. 260; becomes a civil engmeer, 260; loves the wild life. 261; marries Jessie Benton, 261; receives permission to explore the South Pass, 2O1; unfurls star-. and stripes from summit of Frcinont's Peak. 261; seeks a more so>> i(j6-iio; discoverers and explorers, 44-48. 94- 101 ; r. issii.nari^s. 47-48, 94-lui. Friends, see Quakers. Frontenac, Count, sends Joliet and Marquette to find the Mississippi, 47. 48; sends La Salle and Hennepin. 04. Frontenac, Fort, 94- Fulton, Robert, 235-238; starts life as portrait painter. 235; goes to England, meets James Watt, 235; becomes interested in driving power of steam, 235; makes trial steamtioat in France 236; aswjciates himself with Livingston. 236; returns to America, builds the "Clermont." the first successful steamboat. 237; wonderful success of Fulton's invention, 337, 33^8. The Index 319 Fur traders, 52, 94, 96, 100, 233. GADSDEN, Christopher, 152. Gage, General, 115, 161. Gama, Vasco da, see Da Gama, Vasco. George II, King of England, grants charter to Oglethorpe, 90. George III, and the American Revolution, 119, 120, 125, 139, 140, 142, 143. 148, 152, 214. Gettysburg, battle of, 301. Gibault, Father, 201, 202. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 39. Gist, Christopher, 107, 108. Gold, discovery of. 265. Gold and silver mined, 313. Gold Fleet, Spanish, 36. Goliad, massacre of, 257. Gooch, Daniel, 247. Gore, Christopher, 276. Grain elevators, 312. Grant, Ulysses S., 305-307; at siege of Vicksburg, 306; made commander of Union army, 307; Lee surrenders to, 305; portrait of, 306. Gray, Captain Robert, the first to carry the stars and stripes around the world, 218; discovers the Columbia River, 219. Gray, — , invents telephone, 244. Great Basin, Fremont explores, 262, 263. Green Bay, 48. Greene, Nathanael, 160-162, 165-168, 196; ap- pointed to command of army in the South, 160; goes to Boston and meets Washington, 161; made one of Washington's generals, 161; portrait of, 161; divides his army, 162; Greene's great march, 165; at Guilford Court House, 165; drives British into Charleston, 167; honored by his country, 167; praises General Marion, 168. Greenland, discovered by Northmen, I. Greenway Court, 106, in. Grenville, Sir Richard, 40. Guatemotzin, statue of, 18. Guilford Court House, battle of, 166. HALE, Nathan, 118, IS7-I59; in college, 157; joins Washington, 158; captures British man-of-war, 158; passes safely through British lines, 159; captured, 159; dies, 159. "Half Moon," 49. Hamilton, General, 202, 204. Hancock, John ,153. 156, 213. Hanks, John, 288, 289, 293. Harlem Heights, 118. Harrison, Benjamin, 125, 213. Harrison, William Henry, elected President, 278, 291. Harvard Elm, 117. Hawkins, Captain, 34. Hayne, Senator, 277, 278, "Hearts Content," 247. Helm, Captain, 202. Henderson, Richard, 187. Hennepin, missionary, 94; his altar, 95. Henry VII, King of England, 31-33. Henry VIII, 33. Henry, Patrick, 133, 139-146, 211, 214; portrait of. 139; birth and parentage, 140; opposes the Stamp Act, 130, 140; early failures. 141; suc- ceeds as lawyer, 141; orator of the Revolution, 114, 140-146, 147; first great speech, 141, 142; elected to House of Burgesses, 142; speaks against Stamp Act, 142; sent to Continental Congress, 143; meets Samuel Adams, 143, 152; offers resolutions for arming Virginia, 144; defends them" in greatest speech, 144, 145; in forefront of struggle with England, 145, 146; statue of, 146; aided George Rogers Clark in raising an army, 109, 200. Henry, Prince of Portugal, 3. Hermitage, The. 233. Hessians, The. 1 19, 120. Hobkirk's Hill, 167. Horseshoe Bend, battle of, 228, 254. Houston, General Sam, 254-258; portrait of, 255; lives with the Cherokees, 254; wounded in battle of Horseshoe Bend, 254; studies law, 254; goes to Congress, 255; governor of Tennessee, 2SS; returns to Cherokees, 255; visits Wash- ington, 2ss; goes to Texas, 256; in Texas war with Mexico, 256-258; commands the Texans, 257; at the battle of San Jacinto, 257, 258; elected first president of Texas, 258; wants Texas part of the United States, 258; sent to U. S. Senate, 258; dies, 258. Howe, General, 118, 121. Hudson Bay Company, 262. Hudson, Henry, 49, 50; discovers Hudson River, 49; portrait, 49; Indians kind, Hudson cruel, 50; seeks northwest passage, 50; sailors send him adrift, 50. Hudson River, 49. ICELAND, discovered by Northmen, i. Illinois River, discovered, 48. Inca, captured by Pizarro, 22. Independence, Declaration of, see Declaration of Independence. India, search for new route to, 3-14; Columbus discovers new world by sailing west to, 8-1 1; Magellan first to reach, by sailing west, 28; Cabot discovers coast of North America by sailing northwest to, 31-33; Hudson sails into Hudson River and Hudson Bay, trying to find northern sea route to, 49, 50. Indian corn, taken to England. 41. Indians, first seen by white men, 10; named by Columbus, 1 1 ; Cortes and the Mexican Indians, 17-20; great Indian city, 17-20; difference in Spanish and Indian fighting, 18; Indians cruelly treated by De Soto, 23, 24; Indians welcomed Raleigh's sailors, 40; Lane cruel to Indians, 40; why they became hostile to English settlers. 40; Algonquins and Iroquois bitter foes. Champlain, friendly with Algonquins, helped fight Iroquois and caused Iroquois to hate the French, 44-47; Marquette loved by Indians, 48; carried his remains to Mackinac, 48; Indians friendly with Hudson, he repaid them v.-ith cruelty, and turned their friendship to hatred, 49. So; Indians liked and traded with Dutch, 51, 52; but robbed and murdered by some traders they retaliated, S3; Indians and the Jamestown colony, 56-60; Pilgrims lived in friendship with Indians, 68-70; John Eliot and the Indi.-'ns, 73; King Philip, story of, 73, 74; Penn's treaty with Indians, 86-87; Oglethorpe made treaty with Indians, 92; Iroquois displeased with La Salle, 95; Illinois Indians friendly to French, 97-99; Iroquois foes of Illinois Indians, 98, 09; Canadian Indians took side of French, and Iroquois that of English in French and Indian War, 100; French trappers 320 Stories of Heroism and the Indians, loo. loi; Indian war dance, los; Indians tiKht for French, loo-m; Indians visited I'V l..ifayctfe, iKo; Bonne's early trt>uW-i9!: took B2-i<>.\. ittt; Clark and the Indians in Vindnia and Kt iitucky. iqS. ioq; Jackson broke power of the Creeks. 228; Seminole War, 2ji; Houston and the Chcrokces, 254-^56; Indians friendly to Lewis and Clark, 310-222; statue of Sacajawea, 22i; Nei Perci, 221. 223; Di^'Her Indians, 263. Indigo, gj. Iron mines, 314; manufacture of iron products. Mi. MS- Iroquois Indians, 45-47. Si. 95. 97.. 98. 100. 133. Isabella, Oucen of Spain, sec Ferdinand and Isabella. Italians, 91. JACKSON, Andrew, 225-233. 259. 278, 205; early life, 22s; taken prisoner by the English 226; loses mother. 226; lawyer before twenty, 226; emi(?Tates to Tennessee, 226, 227; appointed United States Senator, 227; Jackson in War of 1812, 227-230, 254; winning name of "Old Hickory." 228; fights Indians, breaks power of the Creeks, 228; sent to guard New Orleans, 229; battle of New Orleans, 220, 230; twice elected President, 231; Jackson and the United States Bank, 231. 232; nullification, 232; orders war vessels to S ■■ . (i-; 11. iko friends with Indians, 68-70; 'I ii i-.k .:'! . ir.i;. (.0. 70. "Pinta," Uk. 8. 9. II. Pmzon, 7; sails with Columbus, 8. Pitt, Fort, III. Pitt, William, III. 134. 142. 213. Pittsburg Landing, 24H. Pizarro, Francisco, ji-22; m.irchcs army to Cuzco ami linis vast wealth, 22; killed by his men. 22. PlymQuth, liTiding place of Pilgrims, 67. Plymouth Rocki 67. Pocahontas, 57-61; rescues John Smith, 57; carries corn to settlers. 58; warns them of danger. 58; marries John Rolfe. 60; received as a princess in England. 60, 61; portrait of, 61; dies, 61; her son returns to America. 61. Ponce de Leon, 15-16; takes possession of Florida, 16; dies. 16. "Poor Richard's Almanac," 131, 132. Pope, General, ,ioo. Port Royal fuui.ded. 44. Potato, vvhile. taken to England, 41. Powhatan, famous Indian chief, 57-60. Prescott, Colonel, 154. Princeton, 121. "PrisciUa," (>A. "Pufiing Billy,'' 240. Pulaski, Casimii', given command of cavalr>', 183; attaiks Savannah. l8.i; mortally wounded. 183. Puritans, 71 72. 84; in England, 71; seek America, 71; colony at Salem, 71; found Boston, 71, 72; colony of Massachusetts Bay, 72; what they gave up, 72. QUAKERS, 82-88; industries, manners, and cus- toms, 87-8S. Quebec, founded, 44; expedition against, iii; fall of, lot. RAILROADS, 239. 240; the first railroad, 239. 240; George Stephenson, 240; locomotive invented, 241); railroads to the Pacific coast, 240. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38-42, 54, 55; portrait of, 39; as student, soldier, seaman, 38; wins favor with Queen Elizabeth, 39; plants colonics in America, 39-42; Roanoke Island Colony carried back to England by Drake, 37; turkeys, i>otatocs, and Indian corn taken to England, 41; the lost colony. 41-42; James I puts Raleigh to death, 42. "Raleigh," The, i77. "Ranger," The. Paul Jones's first ship, 173. "Ranges," of Lake Superior, 314- Reed, Deborah, wife of Franklin. 130, 131. Refrigerator cars, 313. Republican Party, 265. 291. Resources and industries of our country, 310-315; cotton fields and factories. 310, 311; the wheat belt of America, 311; export of wheat. 312; cattle raising and meat packing. 312-313; fatten- ing of cattle, 313; meat-packing plants, 313; refrigerator cars. 313; mines, 313; coal, 314; iron. 314; manufactures. 314. 315. Revere, Paul, 151-153; midnignt ride. 153, Rice, in the South. 93- Roanoke Island, 40, 41. Rochambeau, Count, sent to America, 181. Rocky Mountains, 220, 223, 261. Rotfc, John, so. 60. Rolfe, Thomas, 61. Rumsey, James, 235. 'Sage of Monticello," 218. St. Lawrence River, French on, 44-47. St. Louis, Fort, 00. Salem, colony at, 71, 72. Samoset, 68. Snn Antonio, 259. San Jacinto, battle of, 257. San Salvador, discovered by Columbus, 10 11. S intu Anna, General, 254, 257, 259. "S.iPta Maria," H. Savannah, founded, 91; captured by British 160., The Index 323 Scott, General, 232, 263. Seminole Indians, 31. "Serapis," The, 174. Serra, Junipero, 266. Sevier, Jolin, 192-197,226; portrait of, 192; goes to school at Fredericksburg, 192; famous Indian fighter, 192; captain in Washington's regiment, 192; personality, 192, 193; joins Robertson on the Watauga, 193; siege of Fort Watauga, 193; story of Kate Sherriil, 193, 194; moves to the Nolichucky, 194; lavish hospitality, 194; in the Revolution, 194-196; with backwoodsmen fights battle of Kings Mountain, 195, 196; destroys Indian towns, 196; most famous of Indian fighters, 196; governor of Tennessee, 196; dies while working, 197. Shawnee Indians, 198. Shelby, Colonel, 194. Sherman, Roger, 213. Sherriil, Kate, 193. Smith, John, 55-59. 67; portrait, ss; as a soldier, 55; queer coat of arms, 55; comes to Virginia, SS; taken prisoner by the Indians, 56; con- demned to death by Powhatan, and saved by Pocahontas, 57; returns to Jamestown and restores order there, 57, 59; makes Indians feed settlers during the winter, but makes settlers work in the spring, 58, 59; accidentally wounded, returns to England, 59; on last visit to America, explores coast of, and names New England, 59; meets Pocahontas in England, bo, 61. "Soldier's Rest," Morgan's home, 165. "Sons of Liberty," 143, 148. South Pass, 223, 261. Spain, claim to America through Columbus, 9-14; through Cortes and Pizarro in Mexico and South America, 17-22; Coronado and De Soto in North America, 22-25; why Spain took less interest in what is now United States than in Mexico and South America, 25; Englishmen check progress of Spain in North America, 33-38, 92; Spanish missions in the Southwest, 265-267. Spanish Armada, The, 37. 38, 41. Spanish Missions in the Southwest, 265-267; in San Diego, 266; in California, 266; life at, 2f)6, 267; treatment of Indians at the missions, 207; end of and present condition, 267. "Speedwell," The. 64, 65. Spottsylvania, battle of, 302. Squanto, friend of Pilgrims, 68-70. Stamp Act, 114, 134, 139, 142, 147, 211. Standish, Miles, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70; portrait, 68. Starved Rock, 97, 98, 99, 100. Steamboat, the, invented by Fulton, 235-237, 238. Steel, manufacture of, 314. Steuben, Baron von, 183; on staff of Frederick the Great, 183; joins Washington and drills the Continental Army, 122, 183; spends his fortune for soldiers, 183. Steuben bayonet charge, 122, 183. Stephenson, George, 240. Stewart, Boone's companion, 186, 187. Strait of Magellan, see Magellan. Stuyvesant, Peter, 76-80; portrait of, 77; in West Indies, 76; governor of New Amsterdam, 77-79; makes strict laws, 77; disputes with people, 78; surrenders to English, 79-80. Sumter, Fort, 295. Sumter, Thomas, 163. Sutter, Colonel, 263. Sutlers Fort, 263. TARIFF law, compromise, 271, 272. Tarleton, Colonel, sent to capture Morgan, 162; defeated at the battle of the Cowpens, 163-105; stories of, 1O4; sent to capture Marion, 168; Andrew Jackson and, 226. Tea tax, 114. 142, 143, 148-151, 211. Tecumseh, 228. Telegraph, the, invented by Morse, 241-244; wireless by Marconi, 244. Telephone, the, invented by Bell and Gray, 244. Texas, annexation of, 258, 259. Thanksgiving, the first American, 69, 70. Ticonderoga, 45, 117. Tobacco, chief crop of Virginia planters, 62. Tonti, comes to America with La Salle, 95; goes to hunt "Griffin," 97, 98; put in command of Fort St. Louis, 99; seeks La Salle's ill-lated colony, 100; returns to Starved Rock, 100. Tories, 148, 168. Trade routes to Asia, old, 2; Turks destroy, 3. "Traveler," Lee's famous horse, 304. Treaties: Treaty of 1783 (Revolutionary War), 123. 13s; Treaty of Ghent (War of 1812), 2jo. 271; Treaty of 1846 (Northern Boundary of United States established), 223. Trenton, 119, 121. Turkey, wild, found in America, 41. Tyler, President, 278, 283. "UNITED STATES," The, 179. United States BanK, and President Jackson, 231, 2j2. United States, Resources and Industries of, 3 1 0-315. VAIL, Alfred, 242, 243. Valley Forge, 121, 122, 183. Van Buren, President, 233. Vancouver, Fort, 262. Van Rensselaer, a patroon, 53. Vernon, Admiral, 103. Vespucci, Amerigo, 14. Vicksburg, siege of, 306. Victoria, Queen, 246. Vincennes, campaign against, 200-204. Vinland, visited by the Northmen, i. Virginia, named by Queen Elizabeth, 40; colony planted in, 42, 54; life in the colony, 62; slavery introduced into, 62; Virginia sends her best men to Continental Congress, 114, 143; arms her men for the Revolution, 14s; old days in Virginia, III, 112; the change in Virginia, 125; industries, manners, and customs, 61-62. WAR OF 1812, heroes of the, 224-233; Perry in, 224, 225; Jackson in, 227-233; Clay's part in, 270-271; Webster's part in, 276; Calhoun's work in, 281; treaty of peace made at Ghent, 271. Warren, General Joseph, 155. Washington, Augustine, 102. Washington, Colonel, 162, 163-165. Washington, George, 101-127, 133. 146, 152, 158, 160, 101, 171, 180, 216, 298; birthday and birth- place, loi; his mother, 102, 103; Lawrence Wash- ington, 103; George a hard student and an athlete, 103; skilled horseback rider and awood-^man, 104; meecs Lord Fairfax, 105; as a suneyor, 105, 3^4 Stories of Heroism io6, 133; life in the wilderness and at Greenwny Court, loO; as a soldier against the French, 106-1 10; sent to order the Frinch out of Virginia territory, 107. 108; builds Fort Necessity, 108, log; joins Braddcxk's army, 100; Uraddock's defeat, no; Culunel Washington visits Boston, no; meets Martha Cuslis, in; Fort Duquesne captured, in; Washington married, in, 112; elected to House of Burgesses, its; life at Mount Vernon, 113, 114; mutterings of war, 114, ns; Washington sent to Continental Congress, 114; made Commander-in-chief of Amencan armies, 115, 134. 155. 156; appreciation by John Adams, 115,1 16; Washington s modesty, 113. n 6; takes command of army, 117; appoints Schuyler to take command in New York. 117; outwits Howe, 118; British capture New York, 118; Washington retreats but fights, 119; his victory at Trenton, 1 19-121; defeats British at Princeton, 121; battle of the Brandywine, 121; Washington at Valley Forge, 121, 122; victory at Vorktown, 123. 181; peace with England, 123; Washington bids farewell to army and returns to Mount Vernon, 124, 12s; chairman of meeting to make Constitution, 125, 136; elected first President, 125, 2is; the people show their love for "'The Father of His Country," 126, 127; rcH-lected President and refuses third term, 127, 218; character of Washington's ad- ministration, 127; intercedes with French govern- ment for Lafayette, 182; dies, 127; portrait, 123. Washington, Lawrence, 103, 104, 106. Washington, William, 162. Watauea, Fort, loj. Watt, James, 23s, 236. Webster Daniel, 275-280, 295; early life, 275; best student at Dartmouth, 275; loved public speaking, 275; studied law, married, 276; Webster in Congress, 276; in the Senate, 231, 277; opposed nullification, 277, 278, in Harrison's cabinet, 27K: supported the Compromise of 1850, 278, 279 SiiTctary of State, 279; dies at Marshfield, 280 Wellington, Duke of, 230. West, Benjamin, 235. West Indies, Columbus discovers and explores n, 13; devastated by Drake, 37; Paul Jones expedition to, 172. West Point, Lee at. 298, 299. Wheat belt of America, 311; agricultural machinery, Ui. 312; grain elevators, 312. Whig Party, 1 he. 272, 291, 293. White, John, 41. White Plains, 118. Whitehaven, Paul Jones's exploit at, 173. Whitman, — , missionary. 223. Whitney, Eli, 207-209; in his father's tool shov>, 2C7; goes to Savannah; 207; invited to Mulberry Grove, 207; becomes interested in cotton, 208; experiments with machine to pick seed from cotton, 208-209; invents cotton gin, 209; effect of invention, 209, 310. Wilderness, fighting in the, 302. "Wilderness Road," 188. William and Mary, 79. Williamsburg, 139, 140, 143, 210, 211. Winthrop, John, 71-72, 84. 128. Wolfe, General, in, 133; fall of Quebec, loi, m, I3.(. Wyeth, Nathaniel, 223. YADKIN RIVER, Greene crosses. 165; Boone on the Vadkin. iHs. 187. York, Duke of, "K. Yorktown, victory at, 123, 166, 167. 181, 183. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011 527 009 6 #