\ Is jM LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©i^E.'i.vj. ©npijrigl^ "^a Shelf ..Li.S_. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. FROM ITS EARLIEST DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS TO THE END OF THE YEAR 1894. BY GEORGE D. FREE, A. M., Author of "A Popular Geograj)hy, " "'The Principles of Civil Government in the United States and State of Tennessee," "•Map of Kentucky and Ten- nessee," '^Rare Gems," '"Our Girls," ^^History and Civil Government/' ''Marriage and Di- vorce," '•Immigration," Etc. "iJreathes there the man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said •This is mv own, mv native land ?' " SEAL OF Adapted for General Reading and the Use of Schools. C(^t^ Copyrighte 1. 1895, by G. D. Free, Church Hill. Ky. CIII'RC'II Hll.L. K\'. : 'rinted for the Authtn 1895. ^A POPULAR GEOGRAPHY,|r An absolutely new book just from the press, containing full and explicit detini- tions. etc., concisely and accurately compiled from all recent authentic sources. The matter is admirably adapted to all. for the diction is simple and pure, th^ style clear and direct, and the manner of presentation bright and attractive. Wonderfully compact, marvelously complete, beautifully printed, and excellent material. Hundreds of books have been consulted in its preparation. Mathe- matical and Physical Geography are stripped of all abstruse technicalities and plainly and forcibly presented in such an attractive manner as to instinctively en- gross the student's attention, thereby urging him to scientifically investigate and carefully dissect the infinitesimal beauties of nature. The various phenomena are graphically exx)lained. Political Geography is discussed by the Socratic method. Every conceivable question of potent interest that would likely be asked in the most rigid examination is intelligently propounded and concisely and cor- rectly answered just below it. A FEVs^ TESTIMONIALS. Popular Educator, Boston, Mass.: "Prof. Free has given in a succinct manner all the essentials of mathematical, physical and political geography. He gives these in the form of definition of terms, and makes a valuable book for teachers preparing for examinations. It is a most convenient and servicieable compendium of geographical definitions for teachers and general readers." Southern School .Journal, Little Kock, Ark., Hon. J. H. Shinn, Supt. Public Instruction and ex-Pres. of S. E. A., Editor: "This book is within the reach of all teachers, and should be owned by each of them. It is a thesaurus of geograph- ical knowledge and presents in compact compass thousands of facts which teach- ers canned remember, but which are of indispensable importance in the teacher's work. The author has done a good work for teachers." Normal .Journal, Fort Scotc, Kansas: "The 'Popular Geography' is an excel- lent work. It supplements the common school geographies and affords infcjrma- tion of great v£.lue to both teachers and pupils. It will undoubtedly meet with a ready sale." Col. A. B. Parker, Lafayette, Ky.: "It is concise, clear, logical, fascinating and all in all a most valuable contribution to geographical information." Prof. .J. ( '. Davidson. Supt. Public Schools. Helena. Ark.: "The plan is a good one. and it is an attractive volume." Mrs. Robinson, Honolulu, S. I.: "A most excellent book." Miss Lula Pierce. London : "Succinctly and admirably arranged." Miss Jessie Ely, Toronto, Canada: "It is multum in parvo in an inimitable way, written by a master pen." Miss Lettie Seay, New York City: "A phenomenally interesting and instruc- tive volume, brimful of good things." .Joshua W. Fields, Sidney, Australia: "Every teacher should have it. I have never seen its equal. Prof. Free is evidently a schorlarly man and one who knows what a teacher needs." .Joseph Stephens. Denver. Col.: "I like it so much', it is theemboidimentof all that is good in geography." J. C. Lovell, San Francisco, Cal.: ".Just the very book for all preparing for ex- amination. It is vade mecum for all." .J. W. Banks. Boston, Mass.: "It is clear, concise, accurate, and contains all that is necessary." .1. U. Thomas. Tokio, .Japan : "An admirable book, brief, systematic, clear and forcibly written by a scholar." BOUND IN CLOTH, 60 CENTS. Correspondence solicited. Address. GEO. D. FREE, CilURCJI Hm.L, Kv. Preface. The histon' of Tennessee is fraught with man}^ interesting and bright laurels which should be made familiar to the Tennessee pupils w^ho will in time become the sovereign people of Tennessee. The boys, after attaining manhood, must make her laws, shape her policy, guard her honor, and maintain her high rank among the States of the Union. A knowledge of the legislation and policy of the past is a most important preparation for the wise exercise of this sovereignty. With such a knowledge they will profit by the experience of their fathers, avoiding the mistakes and emulating the wisdom of those who have gone before them. A knowledge of the past history of the State, brilliant with illustrious names and heroic deeds of her gallant sons, will make their hearts thrill with pride and patriotism, and inspire in earl}- youth a firm resolution to sustain the honor, promote the welfare, and add to the fame of Tennessee among her sister States. In political matters even-handed justice has been invoked upon every question. The author believes that the full presen- tation of both sides of every question is the surest and most direct route to truth, and that truth is the only basis for a com- mon love of country. An honest effort has been made to be accurate, clear, and impartial. Ever}- line has been penned with a sincere desire to 6 THE HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. magnify the greatness of the whole State by presenting faith- fully the wisdom, prowess, and energy of her people. Historical Readings and Appendix have been added which contain many valuable facts for the consideration of our pupils. The author regards these readings as especially important to the young people whose fathers and grandfathers fought in that war — fought for something they believed to be right. No pre- ference is evinced in the war — fact, cold facts are given. The author acknowledges many favors rendered by authors and teachers in the preparation of this work, all of which are highly appreciated. In conclusion, this history is submitted to you, my dear pupils and co-workers, with a desire that our noble people, faithful teachers and genial pupils shall never cease to add lustre, patriotism and zeal to the development of this great State. George D. Free. Contents. Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 1 1 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 I'AiiE. -Introduction 9 -DeSoto and His Men 16 -Aborigines of Tennessee 21 -The First Settlements 26 -Tennessee, Part of North Carolina 32 -The State of Franklin 39 -Middle Tennessee 46 -West Tennessee 50 -Early History ot Tennessee 52 -Development of the State 56 -The Creek War 63 -The War of 1812-15 67 -An Era of Peace 72 CONTKNTS. Chapter 14 Institutions Organized 79 Chapter 15. — Great Heroes Elevated 86 Chapter 16. — The Rise of Parties 92 Chapter 17. — The Mexican War 97 Chapter 18. — The Feud Strengthens 102 Chapter 19. — ^Just Before the War 107 Chapter 20.— The Civil War in Chapter 21.— The Civil War— Continued 116 Chapter 22. — The Civil War — Continued 125 Chapter 23. — Reconstruction 1 30 Chapter 24. — Return of Peace 134 Chapter 25. — The Democratic Party 142 Chapter 26. — Geography of Tennessee 153 Chapter 27. — Geology of Tennessee 160 Chapter 28. — Civil Government 167 Chapter 29. — Chronology of Tennessee, 1796-1895 172 Chapter 30. — Historical Readings — The African Slave Trade, Its Origin and Growth 185 Chapter 31. — Historical Readings — The Condition of the Ne- gro as a Slave 193 Chapter 32. — Historical Readings — Why Tennessee With- drew from the Union 198 Chapter 33 — Historical Readings — The Common People and the Aristocracy 202 Chapter 34 — Plistorical Readings — The Common People and the Aristocracy — Conti nued 204 Historical Recreations 209 APPliNDlX. The Formation of Counties 211 County Seats 213 vState Officers from 1790 214 Aggregate Population of the State 220 Index 222 Advertisements 224 List of Illustrations. PAGE. The Capitol of Tennessee 2 The Great Seal of Tennessee 3 An Indian Chief 14 An Indian Warrior 24 Battle at Flat Islands 31 East View of Science Hall and Y. M. C. A. Building 34 James Robertson 46 Gov. John Sevier 52 West Tennessee Hospital for the Insane 54 Gov. Willie Blount 59 Gen. Andrew Jackson 64 Deaf and Dumb Asvlum, Knox- ville ; 68 Gov. William Carroll 75 Court House, Clarksville 76 Gov. Samuel Houston 80 Gov. William Hall 81 East Tennessee Asylum for the Insane 84 Col. David Crockett 89 Gov. Newton Cannon 89 Hon. John Bell 90 Hon. Felix Grundy 91 Gov. James C. Jones 96 Gov. Aaron V. Brown 97 Pres. James K. Polk 99 Gov. Neil S. Brown 102 Gov. William Trousdale 102 PAGE. 27. Gov. William B. Campbell 103 28. Southwestern Presbyterian Uni- versity, Clarksville 106 29. Gov. Andrew Johnson 107 30. Gov. Isham G. Flarris 109 31. Diagram of Fort Donelson 120 32. Tennessee Institute for the Blind. 1 22 j^. Pres. Lincoln, U. S. A 123 34. Pres. DaviS; C. S. A 124 35. Battle of Lookout Mountain 127 36.' Gov. William G. Brownlow 132 37. Gov. D. W. C. Senter 135 ^8. St. Luke's Theological Hall, Uni- versity of the South, Sewanee..i36 39. Gov. John C. Brown 137 40. Gov. James D. Porter •••I3^ 41. Gov. Albert S. Marks 140 42. Gov. Alvin G. Hawkins 141 43. Gov. William B. Bate 143 44. Gov. Robert L. Taylor 145 45. Gov. J. P. Buchanan 146 46. Gov. Peter Turney 148 47. Hon. H. Clay Evans 149 48. Supt. Frank M. Smith 150 49. Main Building, Vanderbilt Uni- versity, Nashville 151 50. "Old Volunteer" 152 51. Tennessee Flospital for the In- sane, Bolivar 186 History of Tennessee. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The religious and political condition of Europe in the fif- teenth century was full of unrest and unhappiness. The masses of people were very poor, oppressed and destitute, and the rulers were arrogant and cruel, and the best men and wisest thinkers were on the alert to better the condition of church and state and home. 2. Much attention was devoted to maritime undertakings, hoping that the}- might bring fame and remuneration to the country that organized and equipped them. It was Spain that equipped Christopher Columbus, who discovered the new world in 1492, and made it known to Europe. At once, all Europe was enthused with an inclination to come hither, and ere long many nations were striving to secure domination in America. 3. Of course, the first white settlers found the same rivers, hills and other natural features of countrs- that now exist, but. the country then presented a verj' different appearance from what it lO THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. does now. Eventhing was just as nature had placed it. The hand of man had not disturbed nature's order. There were no roads, no cities or towns, and not many fields. 4. The natural features of the country were such as to offer many inducements to tillers of the ground. The soil was very prolific and capable of producing large crops with little labor. The ground, in many localities, was carpeted with the finest grasses which would sustain great herds of cattle. The forests abounded in various kinds of fine timber. 5. On his arrival, Columbus found a people whom he called Indians. They were savages, who lived by hunting, fishing and agriculture. Their farming, however, was of the rudest kind. For w^eapons, the}' used bow\s and arrows and heav}' clubs. The males did the hunting, fighting and scalping; the females did the work. There were many tribes of Indians, and they were fre- quently at war wath each other. 6. They believed their spirits after death w^ould return to the happy hunting ground of their fathers, where all would be peace and tranquillity. They deposited with each dead warrior his favorite weapon, in the vague hope of its ultimate utility. 7. Nothing is known of the origin of the American Indians. Their language appears to be unlike that of any other race. Their civilization, customs and manners varied widely. ThOvSe of the northern part of the country were much more barbarous than those of the southw^est. The four chief families east of the Mississippi were Algonquins, Iroquois, Mobilians, and the Natchez. 8. Formerly, historians suppOvSed there was a race that lived here before the Indians who built the mounds, but now it is believed on good authority that the Indians erected these earth- works. They are fortifications, burial mounds, inclosures of villages, and ridges of earth, shaped like serpents and animals, etc. They are numerous in the Mississippi Valley. 9. For a long while after the discovery of the new world, the INTRODUCTION. 1 1 whole southern part of it was considered as one country. Eng- land, France and Spain claimed it on grounds of nearly equal right. At first, the English named it Virginia, but afterwards called that part which comprises North and South Carolina, Carolina. The French named it New France after their own country; the Spanish named it Florida. 10. This whole section was claimed by the English becau.se John and Seba.stian Cabot, whom King Henry VII, of England had employed, visited it in 1497. The French claimed it because Verrazani visited the northern part of it in 1523, while in the .service of the French king, Francis I. The Spanish claimed it because Ponce de Leon, a Spani.sh explorer, visited Florida in 1512. 11. These nations contended bitterly for a while for the pos- .se-ssion of this country, but at la.st the Engli.sh became the ma.sters of nearly all of it. The struggle between France and Spain is noted for bloody butchery rather than for warfare. The Spanish settled in what is now Florida, and made several attempts to drive out the English, but failed. 12. The country was not divided into States then as it is now, but presented an expanse of unexplored territor\- which all nations desired to penetrate in pursuit of wealth. The prestige and domination of foreigners in different localities frequently fluctuated and finally waned until there is not an acre of land in the United States owned by a foreign nation. This is a great tribute to the perseverance and prowess of our people. The original, feeble colonies of liberty-seeking immigrants, under the benign influence of Heaven, have grown into the mightiest nation in the world, rightly deserving the title, "the land of the free and the home of the brave." 13. The Indians are, like all other rude and untutored races or tribes of people who have lap.sed into the lower .stages of bar- barism, the creatures of passion and appetite; yet none of the barbarous races, red, white, or black, have a more marked and 12 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. individual character, showing the possession of latent faculties of mind of a high order, of resolute will, and of rare qualities of physical action and endurance. 14. Gallantry among young braves, and coquetry on the part of the maidens, are not wanting in the social relations, however quietly form and expression may be given to these. In the wild, rude dances, heads are often bent close together as oppo- site lines meet, and soft whispers, covert glances, and gentle taps on the cheek are frequent indications that Indians are sensible to the charms of love signals, which are but human traits after all. But the courtship differs from that of the whites. With them, all the coyness, reserve, and pretty delays are con- fined to the male sex. The young squawks are bold, forward, and by no means delicate in urging their devotions, and a handsome or bright young brave is often trapped in the toils of these female charmers. 15. It was the custom among Indians to invite every visitor to eat as soon as he entered the wigwam. The host was much offended if the visitor refused to eat; while the guest w^as insulted if the food was not set before him, even though he might have partaken of a meal an hour before. This custom suited the In- dian habits and digestion ver^- well, but to the white man it imposed an etiquette which often brought much pain and annoy- ance for him to comply with. 16. Depending upon hunting and trapping for wnld meat, as the Indian did, there was usually a feast or a famine within. Sometimes the meat of game was all the food he had, and as long as this lasted the feast went on; the supply exhausted, there was a famine for days. The settled tribes raised corn and vege- tables, but these lasted only for a part of the year. During the winter and early spring months the improvident savage lived as best he could, mainly upon the wild meat of the woods. Only necessity drove the vagrant glutton from his wigwam, with his bow and arrow, to supply the needs of hunger. When INTRODUCTION. 1 3 the squaws tilled the fields and gardens with their primitive wooden implements, in the harvest season, there was plenty to eat; but when the reliance was on the indolent bucks, there was often fast, and sometimes famine. 17. The devices adopted by the savages to allure and betray an eneni}' were often curious and wonderful. They would some- times deceive by imitating the hoot of the owl, the human-like w^ail of the catamount, or the bark of the wolf, at night; or the call of the turke^^ the bleat of the fawn, or the bark of the dog, by day, and thus deceive the unsuspicious. Instances were known where the}- cut off the feet of buffalo and elk at the ankle joint, and, fastening these hoofs to their own feet, would make tracks through the frequented forest, and near salt springs, and then place themselves in ambuscade, when they were conscious of an enemy in the vicinity. The braves of an opposing tribe, falling upon these tracks of buffalo and elk, were almost sure to follow them and fall into the ambuscade. On one occasion, a small part}' of Catawbas thus ambuscaded a more powerful body of Shawanees, but feeling unable to give them final battle, they placed in the path of retreat a number of slender reeds, sharpened at the end and dipped in rattlesnake poison. The Shawanees, in pursuit, were wounded by these concealed weapons, and fell by the wayside. The Catawbas turned upon and overpowered them. 18. When not upon the war-path the warriors are shiftless and indolent. Nothing arouses them but necessity or excitement. In the season when roasting-ears and vegetables are made plent}' by the labor and industry of the squaws, the men lounge at home utterly inactive, except in their sports. Then they dance with fantastic motion, play at foot-ball, or gamble with dice, feasting in the meantime on the fruits of the field until all are consumed. The squaws are able to pack immense burdens upon their shoulders, and to bear incredible hardships. The men are remarkable for their long endurance and swiftness of 14 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. foot, and for their stoic forbearance under suffering and hard- ship. 19. The savages are not very strict with their children. Bodily punishment is rare, and looked upon as degrading. Ducking in cold water is the more common punishment; hence the children are much better behaved in winter than in summer. Instead of a cra- dle for the infant, a board, shaven thin, is prepared. On this the infant is placed, with its back to the board at a pro- per distance. Near the lower end is a projecting piece of wood. This is covered with the softest moss, and the heels of the infant rest upon it. Over the head of the child there is a hoop, projecting four or five inches from its face. Two holes are bored on either side of the upper end of the board, for the passage of the deer skin strap. This rests on the forehead of the mother. The child is now bandaged to the board, from the feet to the shoulders, with the arms and hands to the sides. With this contrivance she carries.it on her shoul- ders, leans it against a tree, or la^-s it upon the ground. When of sufficient age, the board is removed, and the child taught to cling to its mother's shoulders, and otherwise to help itself. 20. The Indians are ver}- superstitious; yet their religion is more nearly a simple deism than that of most savage nations. One great spirit is uniformly worshiped among them, though AN INDIAN CHIEF. INTRODUCTION. 1 5 different tribes give him different names. On the prairies of the West, he was termed Wahcondah, or MavSter of Life; by the tribes on the Lakes, he was called Manitou, or the Spirit; and b}' the Miami tribes he was known by the title, Owaneeyo, or The Pos- sessor of all Things. They believe in a future state, in v/hich they shall be introduced to ample hunting grounds, and where their passion for hunting and sporting shall be indulged without limit. 21. The Indians are immoderately fond of whiskey. But they prepare for a drunken debauch, in which the whole tribe joins, with more system and care than the whites. They put out of reach their tomahawks, knives, and dangerous weapons, and they appoint a few warriors to keep sober and preserve order. Both sexes then drink to excess, and soon plunge into the wildest orgies of intoxication. The Indians paint in black and red for the war dance; in green and white for the peace dance; in black for dances over the dead, and in various other colors for the green-corn dance, the Wabana, in honor of the devil and others. In war dances, the}^ repeat their deeds of cruelty. Questions. — i. What of Europe in the fifteenth century? What was the condition of the masses? 2. To what was much attention given? Why? What did Spain do? Who was Columbus? What did Europe do? 3. How did the colo- nists find the countr}- ? What of roads, cities and fields? 4. What did the country offer to tillers of the ground? Why? With what was the ground covered ? In what did the forests abound ? 5. Whom did Columbus find? What did the males do? Fe- males? 6. What did the Indians believe would become of them after death? 7. What is known of their origin? Language? Customs? What tribes are mentioned ? 8. What of a previous race? Discuss the mounds. 9. What of the new world and foreign nations? 10. Why did foreign nations claim it? Name the explorers. 1 1 . Tell of the results of the conquests. Locate the different nationalities. 12. What of divisions? Power? Prowess? Liberty? Bound each country that sent explorers. Give capital. 13. Outline the nature and cu.stoms of the Indians. 1 6 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 14. What can you say of their gallantry and courtship? 15. Ho.w did the Indians treat their visitors? 16. What is said of f^ast or famine? 17. What cunning devices and strategy did they adopt? 18. What is said of their indolence and sporting? 19. Describe how the}' treated their children. 20. What was their religion ? 21. Describe their dances and debaucher3\ CHAPTER II. DE SOTO AND HIS MEN. 1. In 1538, Hernando De Soto, a Spanish soldier who had been with Pizarro in his Concjuest of Peru, received from the Court of Spain a commission authorizing him to invade Florida, a Spanish possession in the New World. The name Florida had been given to a vast and almost unexplored region in the south- eastern portion of North America by Juan Ponce de Leon, an enthusiastic discoverer likewise in the vService of Spain. He landed on the beautiful peninsula, near the spot where St. Augus- tine, Florida, stands, in 1512, and commenced his famous search through the interior for the fountain of Eternal Youth. His invasion of the country was resented by the Indians, who sur- prised him while encamped in a swamp, killed many of his men, and routed the rest. De Eeon, himself mortally wounded, was carried to Cuba by a few faithful soldiers, where he died in 1521. 2. De Soto's force consisted of nine hundred and fifty men. With these he landed at Tampa Bay in May, 1539, much to the astonishment of the natives, who flocked to the shore to witness the disembarkation. The mail-clad knights, the cross-bow men, and the ponderous artillery excited their deepest wonder and reverence, and De Soto found very little difficulty in persuading them that he and his men were Children of the Sun, and as such entitled to their worship. 3. Turning first northward, and then westward, De Soto trav- DK SOTO AND HIS MEX. 1 7 eled through Georgia, and entered Alabama. Where Mobile stands, a battle between the Spaniards and Indians was fought, the latter having by this time discovered the true character of the invaders. The Spaniards were victorious, but suffered intensely, leaving many killed and wounded on the field. After fighting another battle on the banks of the Black Warrior, De Soto left the limits of the present State of Alabama, and entered what is now Mississippi, probably at the place where Columbus stands. The country was very densely populated with Indians, who we're much more friendly and hospitable toward De Soto than those nearer the seacoast had been. 4. De Soto passed the greater part of the winter of 1540 with the Chickasaws, a friendly, though brave and warlike, tribe. On making preparations for departure in the spring of 1541, he requited their hospitality by demanding of their chief a large number of men to transport his baggage and stores. Indignant at this proof of the ingratitude of the Spaniards, the Chickasaws made a furious night-attack upon De Soto's camp, surprising the troops with a shower of blazing arrows, by which their quarters were soon enveloped in flames. Recovering quickly from their surprise at this sudden attack, the Spaniards, with De Soto at their head, fought their way out of the burning camp, though forced to leave their baggage and a large number of hogs and horses to perish in the flames. Some of their bravest men had fallen in this conflict. The Indian loss was very great. 5. De Soto never recovered from this attack of the Indians. His force was greatly reduced in number, his supplies were cut off, and his followers greatly discouraged by the combined attacks of sickness and the natives. His next course was in a northwesterly direction. In May, 1541, the discovery which has immortalized his name was made. Standing on the Chickasaw Bluff, where the city of Memphis. Tennessee, stands, he l^eheld the waters of the Mississippi River rolling below in solitary grandeur to the sea. 1 8 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 6. De Soto died May 21, 1542, in an encampment on the banks of the river he had discovered. To prevent his bod}' fall- ing into the hands of the Indians, his men carried it at night to the middle of the river, and loading it with stones, deposited it beneath the waters. Onh- a few of De Soto's band survived to reach Cuba. Their great leader gone, they quarreled among themselves, broke up into small bands, and most of them perished by sickness or by the attacks of the Indians. 7. The silence that brooded over the Mississippi River, .so far as Europeans were concerned, was unbroken from the date of De Soto's death in 1542 until 1673, when Joliette and Marquette, two devoted missionaries, descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin to the mouth of the Arkansas. Five 3'ears after- ward. La Salle, who like Joliette and Marquette was a native of France, projected his voyage down the great inland stream. Before making this voyage, he was compelled to return to France for official authority. On his return to America he was accom- panied by the Chevalier Tonti, and the two, accompanied from Canada by Father Zenobia, a devout Jesuit, made the perilous descent to the mouth of the Mississippi. 8. La Salle found that the Indian tribes along the banks of the Lower Mississippi were all sun worshipers. He was greatU' interested in their evangelization, and Father Zenobia labored zealously to convert them to the religion of the Cross. After visiting the mouth of the Mississippi, both La Salle and the good priest returned to France to report the results of the expedition. De Tonti remained in America, having been placed in com- mand of Fort St. Louis, an important French post on the Illinois. 9. La Salle returned to America in 1685 for the purpose of establishing a colony on the Mississippi. The undertaking ter- minated very disastrously. His vessels were wrecked, most of his colonists and a number of his crew were lost, and he himself was treacherously murdered b}' some of his companions while DE SOTO AND HIS MEN. I9 trying to cut a path through the vast wilderness that lay between the mouth of the Mississippi and Fort St. Louis. 10. In 1699 the attempt to plant a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi was successfully made by Iberville, a gallant soldier who had distinguished himself in the wars between France and Great Britain. With several vessels placed under his command by the Government of France, Iberville, after a fair voyage across the Atlantic, anchored on February i, 1699, in the harbor of Ship Island. Accompanied by a strong force, Iben-ille left his ships and proceeded to explore the surrounding country in the hope of finding a suitable place for a settlement. With two of their ships' boats and some canoes obtained from the Indians, they entered the Mississippi River March 2, 1699. The Indians living along its banks received them kindly, exhib- iting presents given them by La Salle and De Tonti. 11. La Salle, Marquette, Talon and Montcalm had an idea that the country could be easily subjugated by establishing trad- ing posts on the Mississippi and the Ohio Rivers and gradually extending these posts to the tributaries of these and other rivers, thereby increasing the French prestige and sway to the Pacific Ocean. Subsequently, trading posts were placed on the Ohio and the Mississippi. Bribery, artifice, cunning and cruelty were the instruments for the accomplishment of their heinous under- taking to secure power, prestige and possessions in America. 12. Tradition, founded upon ingenious supposition and a super- ficial resemblance of topographical features, says that De Soto, on his wonderful march of discovery and conquest, which is the brightest and saddest feature in American colonization, entered the eastern part of the then unknown Tennessee, and turning westward across the country, continued his journey until he reached the Mississippi at a village which the Indians called Chisca, which occupied the present seat of Memphis. 13. De Soto crossed a tedious range of mountains, passed through regions of country rich in harvests and thicklv .settled 20 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. by Indians, full of valleys, brooks, rivers and forCvSts. Many days marching led him through the provinces of Indians who inhabited this country, until he reached the "Father of Waters." Repeated efforts have been made to prove the exact journey, but with futile results. History says little about it, imagination does the rest. 14. It is not deemed necessary to pursue this chieftain further; his object was conquest and colonization; in both he failed. The generous mind S3nnpathizes in his reverses of fortune, and after watching his fruitless expeditions on the banks of the MissivSsippi, in the wild and boundless vSolitude of contiguous territory, we see he at last returns to die in the secluded forest upon the shore of this great river, Mississippi. 15. De Soto's death and the enormous expenditure of 100,000 ducats necessan- to equip this expedition, the failure to find gold or to achieve any of the objects of the undertaking, discouraged the Europeans, and it was not till 1673 that another effort from Europe to explore the present Tennessee, was made. Questions. — i. Who was Hernando De Soto? De Leon? 2. How many men did De Soto have? How did the natives view him? 3. Describe his journey through Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. 4. With what Indians did he winter? What did he demand? Describe the conflict. 5. What effect did this have on him? What did he discover in May, 1541 ? 6. De Soto died when? Where? What did his men do? 7. What occurred in 1673? Who were Joliette and Marquette? What was their object? 8. What did La Salle find? In what was he interested? 9. Why did La Salle return in 1685? How did the undertaking- end? 10. What did Iberville do? How did the Indians receive him? II. What did the French think? Do? 12. What does tradition say of De Soto's journey? 13. Describe this journey. Whom did he find? 14. Did De Soto succeed? He died where? 15. What was the effect of this futile effort? ABORIGINES OF TENNESSEK. 21 CHAPTER III. ABORIGINES OF TENNEvSSEE. I. In the early days when nomadic, marauding parties took perennial pleasure in tantalizing the ignorant Indians about their possessions, it was a difficult matter to secure and maintain their friendship. From time immemorial the Indians had held undis- puted ownership and control of the lands which they occupied, and which gave them contentment. Z. With a vague unrest and a jealous eye, they viewed wath dread, disgust and alarm the incursions and approaches of the white man, apprehending that these forays would terminate in the Europeans possessing this country. The Indians did what they could to retain their hunting grounds, the title of which, through the untiring energy and shrewd diplomacy of William Pitt, slipped from them, and the sovereignty of the region east of the Mississippi was given to King George III. of Eng- land. 3. The treaty of Paris in 1763, which the ser\'ility of a minister had negotiated for the stupidity of a master, brought rich gains to the territors' of England, and King George in 1763 issued a proclamation prohibiting the granting of lands to any one in the region west of the mountains, and beyond the sources of those streams which flowed into the Atlantic, no private person was permitted to buy from the Indians. 4. As early as 1748, Dr. Thomas Walker with a party had penetrated the interior of Tennessee and named the Cumberland Mountains, the River, and the Gap, in honor of the royal duke of England. A party of nineteen, about 1761, named Walker's Creek and Walker's Ridge in honor of their leader. In 1764, Daniel Boone and Samuel Calloway attempted to explore the 2 2 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. country; previousl}' Boone's solitary figure and unerring rifle had been with exploring parties often. 5. At the time of its first explorations, Tennessee was a vast and almost unoccupied wilderness, a solitude over which an Indian hunter seldom. roamed, and to which no tribe had a dis- tinct claim. On account of its mild climate, rich pasturage and varied ranges of mountains, Tennessee had become an exten- sive park, of which the Indians and the beasts of the forest held undisputed possession. At last, the value of the country began to be appreciated as a hunting ground, and as affording immunity from the molestations of the white man. 6. The Shawnees, according to earl 3^ French explorers and geographers, occupied the banks of the Lower Cumberland. Numerous villages abounded at times, but as the Indians wandered from place to place their villages were not large. Gen. Robertson learned from the Indians, that in 1665 the Shawnees occupied the country from the Tennessee River to where Nashville is, and north of the Cumberland; and that about 1700, they left this countr}^ and went north. 7. About the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Chicka- saws became the allies of the Cherokees for the expul- sion of the Shawnees from the Cumberland Valle}-, which was gradually effected. In 17 14, when Mr. Charleville opened a store where Nashville now is, he occupied a fort of the Shaw- nees as his dwelling. Having been so harrassed by the enemy, the}^ decided to evacuate the territory, which they soon after did. Hearing of the vShawnees' intention to leave the Cumberland Valley country, the Chickasaws resolved to strike an effectual blow against them and secure possession of the Shawnees' store. The attack was successful. Many Shawnees perished. 8. Since the hostilities of these tribes were closed by no formal treaties, they continued depradations when an opportunity was available. At length, fearing each other, all these tribes forsook the territory, and it remained unoccupied for sixty years. When ABORIGINES OF TENNESSEE. 23 the whites began to settle it, they found the whole country west of the Cumberland Mountains uninhabited and abounding in many of the wild beasts of the forest. Occasionally, a few wandering Shawnees would return, and being so familiar with the countr\", were able to do much mischief to the white settlers. 9. The Chickasaws inhabited the country east of the Missis- sippi and north of the Choctaw boundar}-; their villages and settlements were generally south of the 35th degree, north lati- tude, but they claimed all the territory within the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee which lies between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, and very much north of the former. The territory contained no permanent settlements; it w^as used only for hunting grounds. 10. These Indians were war-like, valiant, dextrous and brave. They exercised an unwonted influence over the Natches, Choc- taws and other tribes. Usually, the}- were the friends and allies of the Anglo-Americans; their brave but peaceable warriors were often instrumental in preventing hostilities between other tribes. So close is the affinity between the Chickasaws and Choctaws, in their physical appearances, languages, customs, traditions, and laws, that they appear to have had a common origin. 11. The Uchees once occupied the countr}' near the mouth of the Hiwassee; in a battle with the Cherokees their warriors were exterminated; little else is known of them. The Creeks, once a powerful tribe, lived at times on the southern boundary of the State, but never settled permanently in it. Tradition says the Cherokees confederated with the Chickasaws for the expulsion of the Shawnees. The Cherokees had become quarrelsome, arro- gant and incautious over their success and victory in war. It is said that every Indian tribe has a house or town of refuge which is a sure asylum to protect a man-slayer, or the unfortunate cap- tive, if he can once enter it. Chota, five miles from Fort Loudon, was the cit}^ of refuge for the Cherokees. The Indians never forgot a cruelty inflicted upon them by a foe; they would 24 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. go any distance, through pathless woods, over mountains and deep swamps, for revenge. They designated the mountains and streams l^y names remarkable for euphony and beauty. 12. Oconostota was a leader of the Cherokees; he was fearless, blood- thirsty and relentless, stealth}^ of foot, quick of stroke, and sharp of fangs. In an eloquent speech he predicted the fate of his race, in these beautiful words: "This is but the beginning. Whole nations have passed awa}', and there remains not a stone to mark the place where rest the bones of our ancesors. They have melted like the snow before the rays of the sun, and their names are unrecorded, save in the deeds and the characters of thOvSe who have l^rought destruction upon them." 13. "The invader has crossed the great sea in ships; he has not been stayed by broad rivers, and now he has penetrated the wilderness and overcome the ruggedness of the AN INDIAN WARRIOR. ,„ountaiiis. Neither will he stop here. He will force the Indian steadily before him across the Mississippi ever towards the west, to find a shelter and a refuge in the seclusion of solitude, but even here he will come at lavSt; and there being no place remaining where the Indian may dw^ell in the habitation of his people, he wall proclaim the extinction of the race, till the red man be no longer a roamer of the forests and a pursuer of wild game. ' ' 14. When Daniel Boone and Col. Richard Henderson and others had the Indians collected at Svcamore Shoals to buy their ABORIGINES OF TKNNE:sSKE. 25 lands between the Kentucky and the Cumberland Rivers, this speech was delivered in words full of imaginative glow and pathetic eloquence, showing the gradual encroachment of the whites, impelled by an insatiable desire for land and a yielding of those who had once possessed the American continent. . The fated race was doomed by civilization, that unpitying personifi- cation of the march of the world to a higher destiny. This great orator signed the treaty against which he made this vigorous protest. 15. The treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, was made between the Six Nations who lived upon the northern lakes and the king of England. In this, the Indians ceded to the king a region of country north and east of the Tennessee River, which included the most of East Tennessee. The representatives of seventeen tribes signed this treaty, thereby forever transferring the title from them, but other tribes contended that the Six Nations had not an exclusive claim to these lands, but that they were the common hunting grounds of the Cherokees and Chickasaws. Reluctantly the Indians witnessed these lands settled by the wdiites: long and relentless wars were kept up by the Indians, until they were repulsed by John Sevier and James Robertson. 16. The Cherokees inhabited the mountains of the east, ex- tending into Kentucky and Georgia. The Creeks lived just below Chattanooga. The Chickasaws lived in West Tennessee near where Memphis is. The Uchees inhabited the countrv around the site of the present Nashville. They had The Great Trace, a road which they traveled in coming into Tennessee. It ran through East Tennessee and connected the South-West and the North. They also had the Great Natchez Trace, which ran from Nashville to Natchez. Questions. — I. Why was it difficult to keep Indian friend- ship . W hy were they happy -^ 2. What did thev foresee -^ Did It please them? 3. When was the Treatv of Paris? What was It. What did King George do!* Whv ^ 4. What did Walker 26 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and his party do ^ When ? 5. Cxive the substance of this section. 6. Locate the Shawnees' territory. What did Gen. Robertson learn? 7. Between whom and for what purpose was this con- spiracy? Result? 8. Why did the Indians abandon this terri- tory? Eventually, the vShawnees did what? 9. Locate the Choctaw territory. What did they claim? 10. Enumerate their characteristics. 1 1 . Where did the Uchees live ? What became of them? What of the Creeks? What of the confederation? Refuge? 12. Who was Oconostota ? 13. Give the substance of his speech. 14. Why were they assembled at Sycamore Shoals? Did the chief sign the treaty ? 15. Between whom was this treaty made? What did the Indians cede? What of war? 16. Where did the various tribes live? What of their Traces? CHAPTER IV. THE FIRST SETTI.EMENTS. 1. In 1756, a treaty was made with the Cherokees for permis- sion to establish forts on their lands in this State. It was nego- tiated by Governor Dobbs, of North Carolina. The first fort in East Tennessee was Fort Loudon, built in 1757, under General Andrew Lewis, by the English, at the junction of the Tellico and Little Tennessee Rivers. In 1758, Colonel Byrd built Fort Chissel, on New River, and Fort Long Island, on Holston River. Stephen Holston, of Virginia, came to this vState and named the Holston after himself. In 1760, the garrison at Fort Loudon was massacred by the Indians. 2. Daniel Boone, the pioneer for the whites, who was, in 1760, in Walker's party, left this inscription on a beech on Boone's Creek, near Jonesboro: "D. Boon cilled A BAR on tree in The year 1760." Nashville was visited this year by Timothy De- monbreun. Colonel Grant burnt, in 1761. the Indian town of Etchoe. The Anglo-Americans made their first permanent set- tlement, in 1 76 1, on the Watauga, THE FIRST SETTLEMKNTvS. 27 3. It will be necessary to state briefly the perils of the pioneers, their hearty sacrifices for the general good, their char- acter, their conduct and courage in war, their uniform devotion to the honor and greatness of the country, their rapid advancement in the arts of peace, in population, in political influence; and the impress of their wisdom, valor and patriotism was so stamped upon their acts as to command the admiration of every Tennessean. 4. The history of this State has no distinctive individuality until the erection, in 1769, of William Bean's cabin, near the junction of the Watauga and Boone's Creek, in what is now East Tennessee, but was then in the western part of North Carolina. William Bean's son, Russell, was the first white child born in Tennessee. Bean's vStation was named after him. The con- gested condition of business in the primitive colonies expanded the hopes of the settlers and infused an inclination to emigrate west of the mountains. When liberty and happiness can be obtained, the Americans have always been irrepres- sible. 5. Indian warfare in the neighborhood of the Watauga had nearly exterminated the once powerful Indian race. The Shaw- nees existed only in small, wandering detachments, the most of whom were hidden away in the lofty Cumberland Mountains. The Creeks of the Cumberland region, almost to a man, had been massacred by the Cherokees. They, emboldened by re- peated successes, invaded the Chickasaw country, and had been repulsed with great slaughter. Far away were the Chickasaws, but they were kindly disposed to the infant settlement. 6. This was an opportune time for the waves of immigration to deposit the germs of a new social power. The Watauga Asso- ciation being organized at a time peculiarly fortunate for it, little was to be feared except from the roving Indians until the Cherokees had recuperated sufficiently to make war upon the new colony, who knew that the foundation of a new community ^S THE HISTORY OF TENNESvSEE. in those wilds meant hardship and danger. The Watauga Asso- ciation was composed of three settlements, of which Watauga was the nucleus. The other two ' were Carter's Valley settle- ment, from Wolf's Hill, Virginia, which was in and around the present site of Rogersville; and the settlement of Jacob Brown on the Xolichucky River, of which, for a time, Brown's store was the center. 7. In North Carolina many of these emigrants saw their prop- erty extorted from them in illegal and exhorbitant fees; oppressive taxes were exacted by the sheriffs, and the manner of collecting them was arbitrary and tyrannical. The people had long peti- tioned and remonstrated against it, but the officers remained unpunished. When the British announced their intention to quarter troops in America, and to have them supported by the colonists, it led to much clamor and an inclination to go West. S. On account of the comparatively unproductive hills and valleys in the old States, and the absence of courts in vSouth Carolina, the inhabitants of the interior were prone to punish offenders in a summary way. In the meantime, Watauga was receiving constant additions from North and vSouth Carolina, the result of which was increase of population and expansion of the settlement beyond the mountain. 9. A company of adventurers was formed, June 2, 1769, for the purpose of hunting and exploring w hat is now Middle Ten- nessee. Robert Crockett was killed near the source of the Roar- ing River, and after hunting eight or nine months, the rest of the party returned home in April, 1770. After their arrival, about forty formed a party, led by Colonel James Knox, who explored the Lower Cumberland, and being ab.sent so long, they secured after their return the appellation, "Long Hunters." May the time never come when the self-sacrificing toil and daring hardihood of these pioneers shall be forgotten or under\'alued. The misgoverned province of North Carolina continued to fur- nish emigrants to Watauga, The poor came for independence. THE FIRST SKTTLKMEXTS. 29 the aspiring- to attain respectability Here they had exemption froni the supercilious anno\'ances of those who claimed pre- eminence over them. In 1771, Jacob Brown opened a store on the Xolichucky River, at Fort Cxillespie. A station was estal)- lished on Station Camp Creek, Sumner county. 10. The \\'atauga Association elected a committee of thirteen as a kind of general body for legislative purposes. The execu- tive and judicial power were vested in five commissioners elected by the thirteen from their own l)ody. Articles were signed, the signers pledging themselves to abide the decision of those in authority. The members of the Xolichucky settlement did not sign the articles of the Association at first, but the Watauga people forced them to take the oath of "fidelity to the common cause. ' ' This ended Toryism there. 11. At this juncture, the relation between the colonies and Eng- land was very critical. It had been for a long while full of friction and excitement. The English parliament claimed the right to tax the colonies; the latter, having no representation therein, protested bitterly, refused to pay the tax, and organized for resistance. The difference could not be adjusted, and finally it culminated in a long war, beginning at Lexington, Mass., April i9> 1775- George Washington was elected, in May, commander- in-chief of the American army, and the Revolution began, which lasted seven years, and resulted in an overthrow of the British rule in the United States. 12. Our mother State strongly espoused the freedom of the colonies. In 1775, Mecklenburg county pas.sed famous resolu- tions which embodied the principles and phrases of the Declara- tion of Independence. The Watauga people were in full sym- pathy with the American cause and always helped it when po.ssible. They named their settlement W^ashington District. and in open committee acknowldged themselves indebted to the United Colonies for their full proportion of the Continental expen.ses. In 1776, their population was about six hundred. 30 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 13. The uncertain location of the l)oundary lines between Virginia and North Carolina gave the settlers much uneasiness and inconvenience. It was discovered in 1772 that the .settle- ments were in North Carolina, and in territory which the Indians had never ceded. Watauga at once secured a ten years' lease from the Cherokees. A treaty was made for this purpose and the Indians were invited to participate in the fCvStivities. Ruf- fians present from Wolf's Hill settlement slew an Indian, and the rest retired for vengeance. A blood}- war was imminent, but Jatnes Robertson interceded and pleaded with their chiefs for peace, made excuses for the unfortunate occurrence, and thus temporarily averted war. These primitive people as early as 1772 organized congregations and built two churches, where the Rev. Charles Cummings regularl}^ preached. 14. Tlie British emissaries during the Revolution incited the Indians to deeds of barbarit}- too atrocious to chronicle. Those who adhered to the American cause jeopardized their lives, but they felt that a mighty principle was involved in their action. In 1776, a dangerous invasion was led by two Indians, Dragging Canoe and Old Abraham. An Indian squaw, Nancy Ward, exposed the conspiracy and warned the settlers to be ready. They destroyed the weak forts and gathered together in Forts Heaton and Watauga. The troops in Fort Heaton marched out and met a division of the Indians under Dragging Canoe, and after a hard fight at Island Flats, completely repulsed them. The Indians under Old Abraham attacked Fort Wat- auga. James Robertson, commanding, assisted by John vSevier, met them. There were only forty w^hites against three hundred Indians. The fight was stubborn, and the firm, unflinching courage of the whites gained the victor}-, and forced the Indians to retreat. 15. In April, 1777, an act was passed by the IvCgislature of North Carolina, for the encouragement of the militia and volun- teers in prosecuting the war against that part of the Cherokees The first SETTtKMENTS. 31 BATTLE AT ISLAND FLATS. who still persisted in hostilities. At the same session an act was passed for the establishment of Courts of Pleas and Quarter Ses- sions, and also for appointing and commissioning Justices of the Peace and Sheriffs for the several courts in the District of Wash- ington, in this State. 16, No frontier community had ever been better governed than the Watauga settlement. In war and in peace, without legislators or judicial tribunals, except those adopted and pro- vided by themselves, the settlers had lived in uninterrupted harmony — acting justly to all, offering violence and injury to none. But the primitive simplicit}' of patriarchal life, as exhib- ited by a small settlement in a secluded wilderness, uncontami- nated by contact with the artificial society of older communities, was forced to yield to the stern commands of progress and improvement. The hunter and pastoral stages of societ}' were to be merged into the agricultural and commercial, the civil and political. Hereafter, Wataug^a, happy, independent, free and 32 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. self-reliant, the cradle of the Great West, is merged into and 1)ec()nies a ])art of North Carolina. Questions. — i. What did Governor Dobbs do in 1756? What was the first fort in Kast Tennessee? 2. What is said of Daniel Boone? By whom and when was Nashville visited? 3. Why is it necessary to give characteristics of our ancestors ? 4. Name the beginning of^the State's history. 5. What of Indian war- fare? Name" tribes. 6. What of the Watauga Association? 7. In North Carolina what had been the condition of affairs? S. Why was Watauga a favorable location? '9. When and why was this company formed ? Under whom was the Lower Cum- berland explored? 10. How was the Watauga Association's legislative government elected ? 11. Why did the colonists resist British taxation? Result? First battle? Commander? 12. What part did North Carolina take for liberty? 13. What gave the settlers uneasiness? What did Watauga do? What of preaching? 14. The British emissaries did what? Why? What occurred in 1776? Describe it. 15. North Carolina enacted what laws in 1777? 16. What is said of the government of the Watauga settlement? What became of it? CHAPTER V. TKNNKSSKK, PART OF NORTH CAROLINA. r. The General Assembly of North Carolina in November, 1777, formed Washington District into a county of the same name, assigning to it the boundaries of the whole of the present great State of Tennessee. By an act passed at the same session, establishing Entry Takers' offices in the several counties, lands which had accrued or should accrue to the vState by treaty or con- quest, were subject to entry. 2. At the same session of the Assembly, provision was made for opening a land ofhce in Washington county, at the rate of forty shillings per hundred acres, with the liberal permission to TENNESSEE, PART OF XORTfL CAROI.IXA. 33 each head of a family to take up six hundred and forty acres himself, one hundred acres for his wife, and the same quantit}' for each of his children. The law provided that the Watauga settlers should not be obliged to pay for their occupancies until January, 1779, and then, for any surplus entered above the quan- tit}' before mentioned, the purchaser was required to pay five pounds per hundred acres. 3. The facility for taking up the choice lands of the country', induced great numbers of persons, principally those without means, to emigrate to the frontier. A poor man, with seldom more than a single pack-horse on which the wife and infant were carried, with a few clothes and bed-quilts, a skillet and a small sack of meal, was often seen wending his way along the narrow mountain trace, with a rifle upon his shoulder — the elder sons carr3nng an axe, a hoe, sometimes an auger and a saw, and the older daughters leading or carrying the smaller children. With- out a dollar in his pocket when he arrived at the distant frontier, the emigrant became at once a large land-holder. Such men laid the foundation of society and government in Tennessee. They brought no wealth with them — but had what was far better, industrious and frugal habits, hardihood and enterprise, fearless- ness and self-reliance. With such elements in the character of its pioneers, any community will soon subdue the wilderness to the purposes of agriculture. 4. Hitherto emigrants had reached the new settlements upon pack-horses and along the old trading paths or narrow traces that had first been blazed by hunters. Xo wagon road had been opened across the mountains of North Carolina to the We.st. The Legislature of this year, 1779, appointed commissioners to lay off and mark a road from the court house of Washington county into the county of Burke. After that road was opened, emi- grants of larger property began to reach the country, and some of the settlements assumed the appearance of greater comfort and thrift. TENNESSEE, PART OF* NORTH CAROLINA. 35 5. Under the provisions of an act passed for encouraging the militia and vohmteers to prosecute the war against the Indians, the militia of Washington county was, for the greater part of thjs year, in the service of the State. This enabled every able-bodied man between eighteen and fifty years of age to secure the lands he wished to own. It had the further effect of keeping the fron- tier well guarded. Companies of rangers were kept upon the most exposed points to scour the woods and cane-brakes, and to pursue and disperse small parties of ill-disposed Indians who, hovering about the settlements, occasionally killed and plundered the inhabitants. Under the protection of these rangers, the settlements were widened and extended down Xolichucky below the mouth of Big Limestone, and down Holston to the treaty line. Indeed, the frontiers w^ere so well guarded that the Indians considered their incursions as perilous to themselves as they could be to the whites, and for a time abandoned them, causing the whites to become careless. 6. The relaxation of their vigilance and care invited aggres- sion and a renewal of the outrages and massacres which had been experienced by the whites from the Indians. Soon Sulli- van and Greene counties were formed from Washington District. Washington District was added to Salisbury Judicial District, which contained several counties. Jonesboro, the oldest town in the State, was made the county seat of Washington county. 7. The Tories continued depredations and formed strong bands for protection, centralizing their efforts against the adherents of the American cause. Vigilance committees were formed by the inhabitants for safety, and the}^ promptly reported acts of violence and indicted men for being Tories. The Whigs had two bodies of dragoons, numbering about thirty each, to punish disorderly conduct and they did it admirably. They required the Tory leaders in crime to expiate their guilt by their lives. After order was restored tke committees disbamded. 36 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 8. The Christian iniiiistry amid these scenes of violence and disorder, was shedding its benign influence. In 1779, Tidence Lane, a Baptist preacher, organized a congregation, and a church house was erected on Buffalo Ridge. Rev. vSamuel Doak was preaching in Washington and Sullivan counties. The Chicka- niauga Indians occupied the summit of the mountains near Look- out, the impregnable fortress of nature, and defied the whites to occupy it. They began their scalping on inoffensive emigrants. \'irginia and North Carolina in 1779, selected Evan Shelby to subdue them. He invaded their -town by water, which aston- ished them so that they fled, making no resistance. Shelby burnt their town. Five hundred Indians escaped and founded the five towns which subsequently annoyed the Cumberland settlement very much. 9. Richard Hogan, Spencer, Holliday, and others, in 177H, came from Kentucky in search of good lands. They secured and planted a field, which was the first plantation in Middle Ten- nessee. It was near Bledsoe's Lick. A large hollow tree stood near by, in which Spencer lived. Holliday decided to return to Kentucky. Spencer protested, but without avail. In the mean- time the former had lost his knife, whereupon the latter broke and gave him half of his knife. 10. During the Revolution, the western settlements were not ill r. condition to contribute very greatly to the American cau.se. They were few but not insignificant, and being called upon, they responded. John vSevier commanded the militia of Washington count\'. and Isaac vShelby that of vSullivan county, which amounted to about five hundred. They induced Colonel \\'il- liam Campbell, of Virginia, who had four hundred men, to join them. They elected him commander of the united forces. Colonel James Williams joined them, and their force amounted to fifteen hundred. They realized they were fighting a great general, whose courage was as des])erate as his generalship was skilful. He kad t© rely upoM Tories who wanted to surrender, TENNEvSvSEE, PART OF NORTH CAROLINA. 37 finding themselves in a baptism of fire, bnt time after time he rallied his men. Patrick Ferguson, the British officer, selected the top of a cone-shaped hill, which he named King's Mountain, and said "the Almighty himself could not drive him from it." The assailants were desperate and determined. Ascending the mountain on various sides, their deadly rifles literally mowed down the Tories. Finally Ferguson was killed, and De Pey.ster, the second in command, immediately surrendered. This was a great victory for the mountaineers. In 1783, Davidson county was erected and named, and James Robertson was its first Repre- .sentative to the North Carolina Legislature. Rev. Jeremiah Lambert, the first Methodist preacher, came this year to the Holston Circuit. 11. The Indians were anticipating an invasion now. vSevier returned home from King's Mountain famous, and when he was notified of their hostile intention he at once selected troops and hastened to meet the Indians. Finding the savages at Boyd's Creek, he routed them. Reenforcements joined him, which enabled him to cross the Little Tennessee and pursue the Indians till he had burned their dwellings, destroyed their crops, and driven away their animals. He marched south through their country in the region of the Coosa River, demolishing as he went. The next year he invaded their country at the source of the Little Tennessee. The Indians would not always conform to treaties, and they had to be dealt with in a summary way. Their deeds were atrocious and degrading, but they saw North Carolina gradually extending her line and securing their lands, which put them on the defensive. 12. The Watauga people evidently hoped when they formed the articles of association that at no remote day they would l^e governed by royal governors, but adversity defeated it. When they petitioned North Carolina in 1776 for annexation, it was readily granted. They expected defense, but it never came. An Indian war was always an iin])ending contingency. They had 38 THE HISTORY OF TENNKSSKE. had no adequate military organization, no method of compell- ing enlistment, no means of collecting taxes. This was bad enough. Subsequently, abuses became worse. 13. In April, 1784, the General Assembly of North Carolina ceded to the United States all the territor}^ embraced in Ten- nessee. The cession required its acceptance within two years. To this the settlers complained, because North Carolina left them without a government for two 3'ears. Indignation per- vaded the entire settlement. The Watauga pride had been insulted and North Carolina was bitterly reviled. The most extravagant denunciations of her ingratitude and t\^ranny were heard. They regarded themselves without a government, but sought a solution of this difficulty in their own resources. 14. Taking their militia companies, each company elected two representatives, who formed a committee, and the three com- mittees of Washington, Sullivan and Greene counties — Davidson does not seem to have been represented — met and decided to call a general convention to be elected by the people of the different counties. This convention met August 23, 1784, at Jonesboro. John Sevier was elected President, and Landon Carter, Secre- tary'. 15. The convention voted twenty-eight 3'eas to fifteen nays to hold a Constitutional Convention November 16, 1784, to form a State, with five delegates from each county. In the fall, North Carolina repealed its act of cession to the United States. Nashville was established July 4, 1784, and North Carolina appointed Andrew Jackson, Judge of Superior Court of Law and Equity for Davidson county. A second convention met at Jonesboro, December 14, 1784. John Sevier was made President, and F. A. Ramsey, Secretary. 16. A Con.stitution was formed, and the new State was named Frankland or P'ranklin, and North Carolina appointed John Sevier, Brigadier-General. General Washington gained the victory over Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19, THE STATK OF FRANKLIN. 39 1 78 1, and so the war was virtually ended. The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was signed at Paris, November 30, 17S2. This war lasted seven years, but Great Britain declared the United States free, and it could have an independent government. Questions. — i. What did North Carolina do in 1777? How large was it? 2. What was land worth? What permission to secure it? 3. What effect did this produce? Who came? 4. Hitherto, how had emigrants come? What of roads? 5. What means of protection did they have ? What was the result ? 6. What of Washington county? Other counties? 7. What of the Tories? Whigs? Committees? 8. What of the Christian ministry? The Chickamauga Indians? 9. Describe the settle- ment from Kentucky. 10. What part did the Western settle- ments take in the Revolution? Describe the battle of King's Mountain. 11. Describe Sevier's attack on the Indians. 12. What was the evident anticipation of the Wataugans? 13. What cession was made in 17S4? Why did the settlers complain? 14. What of the Jonesboro convention? Its officers? 15. Give the substance of this section. 16. Name the new State. What of the treaty of peace ? CHAPTER VI. THE STATE OF FRANKLIN. I. The Revolution was now ended, and the independ- ence of the Ignited States acknowledged by England. The transition from a state of provincial vassalage and colonial dependence to self-government was sudden, and in some of the States almost imperceptible. The change from a monarchy to a republic brought a little of the spirit of insubordination, till mature plans and experience could enthrone confidence to meet the convulsions and disorders of society which were produced by the dissolution from P^ngland. In the main, the people expected better results, hence contentment was delayed. 40 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 2. The War of Indei)endeiice had entailed an immense debt upon the vStates. The treasury was depleted, and Congress urged the States to cede their unappropriated lands to Congress to enrich the Federal treasury- to enable it to defray the expenses incurred by this war. North Carolina ceded the western territory-. The State of Franklin thought if it were admitted as an independent vState these lands would accrue to its own benefit. True, the members from the four western counties voted at Hillsboro for the cession, but they thought Congress would not accept it. After the battle of King's Mountain the "Over Hill" countr\- becanie famous and attracted immigration. Hither were led b>' General Elijah Clarke the women and children of Tory-ridden Georgia. A hard fought battle was won over the Cherokees at Boyd's Creek, and their country depopulated around Hiwassee. In November, 1785, a Constitution was adopted by four counties and the East Tennessee country named Franklin. 3. The Constitution of Franklin made lawyers, ministers of the gospel, atid doctors ineligible to office. This made it very un- ])opular. When the Constitution of North Carolina was passed a Bill of Rights was adopted which made provisions for the creation of a State or vStates out of the Western Territory. Men- tion has been made of the formation of a judicial district for the Western counties, called Washington District, and a Judge and an Attorney-General appointed. Of the militia a brigade was formed, with John Sevier Brigadier-General, but he would not accept the position. 4. In those days factions were easily formed. John vSevier was a gallant, faithful, industrious and honorable man, whom his people loved very much. From the first, he became identified with all the interests of this people for whom he labored so un- tiringly. Yet his career was an object of jealousy to a man named John Tipton, who did what he could in opposition to vSevier. At Watauga courts were held at resident houses, and it was Tipton's ambition to annoy Sevier, and capture or destroy the court THE STATE OF FRANKI.IN. 4 1 records. The proceedings of one faction were deemed b}- the other illegal. The people did not know to whom to pay their taxes, hence they paid none. 5. DivSsension and disruption created much animosity and dis- content. A Constitution was formed for the State, but the many objections thereto prompth^ defeated it. When Governor Martin, of North Carolina, heard the news of separation, he sent Major Samuel Henderson to find out the cause of disaffection. Very soon Governor Martin received an official declaration of inde- pendence from the new State. Martin issued a manifesto to the inhabitants of Franklin, and calmly and dispassionatel}" reviewed and refuted causes and charges. Sevier was elected Governor of Franklin by the Legislature. One of the first acts of the Legislature of Franklin was to provide for Martin Acadeni}-, which was founded by Samuel Doak in 1785, and was the first school west of the Alleghanies. It afterwards became Washing- ton College. This year Davidson Academy v>^as founded at Nashville, and Blount College at Knoxville. 6. Sevier proposed the Constitution of North Carolina and it was adopted with a few changes. William Cocke was appointed to present this Constitution to Congress for the admission of the State into the Union, which he did, and to which Congress paid no attention. Soon after the adoption of the Constitution by Franklin, the North Carolina Legislature met at Newbern and passed an act of oblivion in favor of those who would return to their allegiance, and invited the revolted counties to send representatives to North Carolina. This act did much to allay irritation and make Governor Martin's manifesto popular. In August, 1786, a Senator, John Tipton, and two Representatives, James Stuart and Richard White, were elected from Washington county to the North Carolina General Assembly. 7. After the election of John Tipton to the Senate of North Carolina, and the people began to see that Franklin could not survive this difficulty, Sevier sent Cocke to North Carolina to 42 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. persuade the Legislature to agree to a separatiou. Cocke's appeal was eloquent, but unsuccessful. North Carolina had decided that the Franklin people should return to their allegi- ance, and should become a separate State only through a formal act of cession. By another act of oblivion, unpaid taxes were remitted. 8. Franklin refused to take advantage of the last act of ob- livion. Confusion was still great. Two sets of officers still executed the laws, and the people v/ere wearying under this needless desertion. Sevier saw a reaction. North Carolina appointed Evan Shelby Brigadier-General. vSevier and Shelby were to exerci.se the duties of their offices jointly, and in a har- monious way, till the next meeting of the Legislature of North Carolina, but ere long they again became involved in confusion. 9. The Governor of North Carolina in May, 1787, replied to Evan Shelby and his followers, who had asked to have the Franklin people brought back to their allegiance by force of arms. Very pleasantly, he suggested that the way to secure what they desired was to teturn to their allegiance and wait till their wealth and numbers would jUvStify separation. "It is my opinion," said he, "that it may be obtained at an earlier da}^ than some imagine, if unanimity prevail among you." 10. Sevier saw the futility of his plans, and not beiiig despondent, he urged Georgia to interfere in the behalf of Franklin. As com- pensation, he would help subjugate the Creeks and settle the Great Bend of the Tennessee, but Georgia gave no useful aid. Sevier resorted to various futile means. He solicited Shelby to accept the Governorship, but he refused. In September, 1787, the last session of the Franklin Legislature met, and soon there- after all the Western counties sent Representatives to the North Carolina Legislature. After acts of pardon and oblivion were passed, the State of Franklin ceased to exist, February i, 1788. 11. It is interesting to know how officers were then paid. The State taxes and salaries w^ere payable in flax linen, tow THE STATK OF FRANKLIN. 43 linen, linsey, beaver skins, tallow, beeswax, rN'e whisky, peach or apple brandy, conntry made sugar, and tobacco. Our children will be glad to know of the beautiful scenery of the cradle of this State. It will, perhaps, endear primitive settlers to us. 12. The scenery of the Great Vallej^ of East Tennessee is not surpassed for beauty and grandeur. This is equall}^ true whether it be viewed from the hills or from the tops of the great mountains upon either side. The poet's verse and the artist's brush have long since immortalized the beautiful vales and the rivers of the Great Valley. The mountains lack the massiveness of form and the great altitudes of the Alps and the Rockies, but there is a beaut}' and harmony of outline in the vast stretch of landscape that at once captivates all beholders. The Valle}", when once seen from any one of the great domes upon the eastern wall, is a picture that can never be forgotten. Standing upon one of these great elevations, four thousand feet above the ocean, and looking down and out, the Great Valley spreads awa}' in all directions like some vast plain, or a stretch of some silent sea. 13. Far away to the w^est, in the extreme background of the picture, a high blue \vall is seen kissing the sky; this is the western confine of the Valley-. Beyond this tall, blue line is Kentucky. Far away to the right and left the picture slowly fades behind the blue, transparent atmosphere cf the Ten- nessee Mountains. Xinet}' miles away, on the right, beyond the deepest shadow in the picture, lies Virginia. Ninety miles awa}^ on the left, beyond where the fan-shaped rays of sunlight are piercing the borders of a distant cloud, is Georgia. At our feet and back, the great gorges in the mountains open wide their enormous throats a thousand feet in depth; out of these the pre- cipitous sides of the great mountains raise their massive shoul- ders more than two thousand feet above us. Behind their great domes is North Carolina. 44 I'HE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 14. This beautiful valle}- was once the home and hunting grounds of the Indians. From those far away hills, three thous- and feet below us, the smoke of their chase signals answered one to another. To them it was t3'pical of their Happy Hunting Grounds. Heroically they resisted the encroachments of the w^hite race upon it a long while ago. Bitterl}^ they turned to look upon it for the last time as they took up their march towards the setting sun, leaving their brave dead avsleep in the beautiful vales the}^ had died to defend. But all this is as it should be, for the Great Valley was destined to cradle a mightier race, whose industries and commerce should touch the boundaries of the farthest shores. The brighter colored spots we see scattered over the valley as far as the eye can reach, show the work of the white man who succeeded the Indians, for these are fields of waving grain. The darker colored patches, wdiich intervene, are remnants of once unbroken forests; their outlines are eloquent of what has been done. The great columns of smoke rising from the center of the valley are from the furnaces of modern progress and are prophetic of what it is to be. 15. Several 3'ears ago the lamented Landon C. Haynes, one of Tennessee's most eloquent sons, in his famous after-dinner speech at Jackson, Miss., paid this beautiful tribute to the home of his birth: "I was born in East Tennessee on the banks of the Watauga, which, in the Indian vernacular, means 'beautiful river,' and beautiful river it is. I have stood upon its banks in childhood and looked down through its glassy waters and have seen a Heaven below, and then looked up and beheld a Heaven above, reflecting, like two mirrors each in the other, its moons and planets and trembling stars. Awa}^ from its banks of rock and cliff, hemlock and laurel, and pine and cedar, stretches a vale back to the distant mountains as beautiful and exquisite as any in Italy or Switzerland. There stand the great Unicoi, the great Black and the Great Smoky Mountains, among the loftiest THE STATE OF FRANKLIN. 45 in the United States of America, on whose summits the clouds gather of their own accord even in the brightest da}'. '.' 16. "There I have seen the great spirit of the storm, after noontide, go and take his evening nap in his pavillion of dark- ness and of clouds. I have there seen him arise at midnight as a giant refreshed from his slumbers and cover the Heavens with gloom and darkness; I have seen him awake the tempest, let loo.se the red lightnings that ran along the mountain tops a thousand miles, swifter than the eagle's flight in heaven. Then I have seen him stand up and dance like angels of light in the clouds to the music of that grand organ of Nature, whose keys seem touched by the fingers of Divinity in the halls of Eternity, that responded in notes of thunder, that resounded through the universe. Then I have seen the darkness drift away beyond the horizon and the morn get up from her saffron bed like a queen, put on the robes of light, come forth from her palace in the sun and stand tip toe on the misty mountain top, and night fled from before her glorious face to his bed chamber at the pole. She lighted the green vale and the beautiful river, where I was born and played in childhood, with a smile of sunshine. O! beautiful land of the mountains, with thy sun-painted cliffs, how can I ever forget thee?" I. What followed now? Were the colonies in a better condi- tion? Why? 2. What had the War of Independence done? What did Congress urge ? What did Franklin do ? 3. Whom did the Franklin Constitution make ineligible to office? Why? 4. What of John Sevier? John Tipton? Courts? 5. What of dissension? Constitution? Martin's manifesto? 6. What is .said of Sevier? William Cocke? North Carolina Legislature? 7. What did the people begin to see? North Carolina had determined what? 8. Franklin refused what? Result? 9. What did the North Carolina Governor do? Say? 10. Sevier saw what? What effort did he make to perpetuate Franklin? II. How were officers paid ? Taxes? 12. What is said of this scenery? 13. Give the boundaries. 14. Of whom was this 46 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. valley once the home? 15. What did Landoii C. Hayiies say? 16. What do yoii think of this speech? CHAPTER VII. MIDDLE TENNESSEE. I. As John Sevier was the father of Hast Tennessee, so was James Robertson the father of Middle Tennessee. In 1779, theie were no habitations in the valley of the Lower Cumberland but the hunter's camp and Spencer's log cabin. In the spring of 1779, a small party of brave pioneers left Watauga, crossed the Cum- berland Mountains, and pitched their tents and planted corn on the present site of Nashville. After corn was planted, the party all returned to their families except White, Swanson and Overall, who remained to cultivate it. 2. Capt. Robertson went through Illinois to see Gen. George Rogers Clarke. The Watauga settlers, two or three hundred in number, went in the fall wdth Robertson to his settlement where Nashville is. The depth of the snow and the inclem- ency cf the weather retarded them longer than they anticipated, and they did not arrive until earh^ in 1 780. A few settled north of, but the more crossed the Cumberland and settled south of the site of Nashville. 3. Whilst the adventurers were traveling over land, many were on the Tennessee, Cumberland and Ohio Rivers trying to reach Nashville by water. Colonel John Donelson, the projector JAMES ROBERTSON. MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 47 of the vo3'age, commanded them. They had many perils and hardships, but the}^ were hopeful for better results. 4. Colonel Donelson's object in settling in Middle Tennessee at or near the Bluff, was the formation of an independent govern- ment. In this he succeeded May i, 17S0. Colonel Donelson went up the Cumberland and erected a fort at Clover Bottom, near Stone River, on the south of the river. Dr. Walker, whom Virginia and North Carolina commissioned to run their separating boundar}^ line, was vvith Colonel Henderson, who was the British agent for the sale of land. Colonel Henderson erected a station on Stone River and remained there and sold lands under the deeds made him and his partners by the Chero- kees at Watauga, March, 1775. Henderson sold one thousand acres for ten dollars. The purchase certificate had a clause con- ditioned upon the confirmation of the Henderson treaty by the proper authorities. 5. Virginia and North Carolina annulled his title and refused to recognize the sales made by him, and the purchasers were never urged to pa}^ for their lands. This land belonged to the Transylvania Company, but Virginia and North Carolina decided its title bad because private individuals had no right to make treaties with the Indians. Each State, however, granted the Company two hundred thousand acres for its trouble and labor. 6. Many were very anxious to complete their cabins, but they erected a fort for their common safet3\ called Nashborough in honor of Francis Nash, of North Carolina. This was to be the principal fort and headquarters for all. Other smaller forts were also built. 7. The winter of 1779-80 was unusually severe. The Cum- berland was frozen sufficiently to permit Robertson's party to cross on the ice. The settlers suffered intenselj^ from the severity of the weather. Having hastih' and loosely constructed cabins, it was impossible for them to be comfortable. Their food, con- sisting in part of game, was poor and difhcult to secure. The In- 48 THE HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. dians uow were giving the settlers an interim of rest. A family which had the small pox came wath Donelsou. Stew^art required them to stay some distance away from the rest, which led to their capture by the Indians. The latter took the disease and died by the thoi.isands. This gave the colonists time to prepare for the onslaughts which follow^ed. Meanwhile the settlers were improving their cabins and securing additions to their settle- ment. 8. With jealousy, the Indians mustered their forces to repel the wdiites and drive them awa3\ Finding the wdiite force too great, the Indians decided to drive away all the game, and thereb}^ cause the settlers to perish. Almost succeeding in this, many of the whites heartily wished they had never joined the settlement. Many having secured good homes, put their trust in Providence and resolved to sta5\ North Carolina arranged at this time to remunerate the soldiers of the Continental line by giving them land, and this led to a rapid settlement of these lands. 9. Ramsey said: "As on the Watauga at its first settlement, so now here the colonists of Robertson were without an}^ regularh' organized government. ' ' This countr}^ was included in Wash- ington county, which extended to the Mississippi. More than six hundred miles from the seat of government, they felt a neces- sity of a strong government and the^^ appointed trustees and signed a covenant obligating themselves to conform to the judg- ment and decisions of their officers in wdioni they had vested the power of government. 10. The signers secured land thereby. Those who did not sign the covenant had no right to the land. Like the Watau- gans, the trustees were not paid. To them were also committed the functions of the sacerdotal ofhce in the celebration of the rites of matrimony. James Robertson married the first couple. Captain lyeiper and his wife. 11. The Legislature of North Carolina in 1785 gave the settlers MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 49 three hundred men for protection, and these men had to clear roads so the settlements could be reached more easih\ Hitherto, they were approached through the wilderness of Kentuck}-. With the completion of these roads many people became settlers and ere long everj^thing assumed a more pleasing aspect. 12. Soon after the failure of the Franklin government in 1788, it became evident that North Carolina was exceedingly econom- ical in the adoption of measures and the providing of means for these w^estern counties, which revived the discontent and com- plaint of the settlers, especialh' those who suffered defeat in the Franklin revolt. A separation was discussed and deemed pru- dent. The last town established by North Carolina in Tennessee was Rogersville, in Hawkins county, in 1789. 13. The Cumberland River settlers were almost entirely in- sulated from the communit}^ in East Tenneosee by the Alleghany Mountains. There were included in Mero District the counties of Davidson, Tennessee and Sumner. In Middle Tennessee there were a few other settlements, which were not very im- portant, but after the admission of the State they became large, active and progressive. The early history of East Tennessee is essentially the history of Middle Tennessee. We have the same details of Indian butchery, desultory warfare and savage incur- sions. 14. On April 30, 1789, General George Washington, com- mander-in-chief of the American arm 3^ during the Revolution, was inaugurated President of the United States. He appointed, in 1790, William Blount, Territorial Governor, who was com- missioned August 7, 1790, and served till 1796. June i, 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union as the sixteenth State. Her great seal is shown on the title page. Questions. — i. What of the pioneers on the Lower Cumber- land? Who remained to cultivate corn? 2. How many v/ent in the fall to Robertson's settlement? What of the winter? 3. How did the adventurers go? Wlio projected the voyage? A 5© THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. fort was*built where ? 4. What was his object ? What of Walker and Henderson ? 5. What did Virginia and North Carolina do? Why? To whom did this land belong? 6. What was the name of the fort erected ? After whom named ? 7. What of the winter of 1779-80? What were the Indians doing? Settlers? 8. After the Indians attacked the settlers what did the former decide ? Result? 9. How did they organize a government? 10. Why were the signers entitled to land ? Whom did Robertson marry ? II. What did the North Carolina I^egislature give? 12. Why was a separation deemed prudent? 13. What of settlements and Indian barbarities? 14. What occurred April 30, 1789? Whom did Washington appoint Territorial Governor? When? CHAPTER VIII. WEST TENNESSEE. 1 . Originally the whole territory was known as the Western country, but by the Constitution it is divided into East, Middle and West Tennessee. For some time after its admission, the State was divided into East and West Tennessee, but after the treaty of 18 18, by w^hich the Chickasaws ceded their interest in Tennessee, the division, Middle, was added, and the former W' est Tennessee became Middle Tennessee. 2. There is nothing very eventful in its history and growth. This portion of the State was not opened for settlement till long after the State became prosperous. As far back as there is any authentic record, this land was owned by the Chickasaws. They possessed a remarkable friendship for the English, but did not so highly appreciate. the Spanish, owing to a feud between them and De Soto. 3. De Soto in 1540, spent the winter with them very pleasantly at Chisca, but when he demanded two hundred of their number to carry his baggage, they burned their village and flew to arms. Marquette, in 1673, explored this region along the Mississippi, and found the dusky men of the forest armed with weapons of WEST TENNESSEE. 5 1 civilized warfare, which doubtless had beeit obtained from the Atlantic coast traders. 4. Memphis, the largest city in this division, is the county seat of Shelby, and is situated on the Mississippi. It is in the centre of a cotton region, and is the largest inland cotton market in the world. In 1825, the county seat was transferred to Raleigh, but afterwards it was removed to Memphis. 5. While the colonies were under English rule, the Indians in nearly all the wars of the United States sided with the English and assisted them, and at the treaty of Hopewell the Indians were liberally remunerated therefor. The government donated them land, corn and other supplies. 6. The Spanish Governor of Natchez, Gayoso, wanted posses- sion of the Chickasaw Bluff, and in 1782 appeared there with the intention of building a fort. He prepared his material on the west side of the bluff, but when it was ready he transferred it to the east side and erected it. The Chickasaws complained to Governor Blount, November 9, 1795, who, by direction of the President, notified Gayoso that the United States considered this an encroachment not only upon the territorial rights of the United States but also upon the rights of the Chickasaws, and that he was expected by the government to demolish the fort and withdraw his troops from it. 7. Various treaties were made with the Chickasaws with a view to obtaining their territory in the State for settlement. Among these treaties were those of 1806-7, by which they relin- quished 355,000 acres for settlement for $22,000 and a large amount of supplies. Another treaty in 1816 gave them $4,500 cash and $12,000 in ten annual instalments. 8. On October 19, 18 18, the final treaty, by which they relin- quished all of West Tennessee, was signed b}^ Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson on the part of the United States, and the chiefs on the part of the Chickasaws. This treaty was to settle all territorial controversies and remove all grounds for complaint 52 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and dissatisfaction between the United States and the Chickasaws. 9. Inhabitants from East and Middle Tennessee, North Caro- lina, South Carolina and Virginia began to settle down in the midst of the virgin forest, and their energy soon converted it into beautiful fields, abounding in corn and vegetables. Nearl}^ all settlements were made along the rivers, as they were about the only means of egress. As our narrative progresses, other earl}^ incidents will be unfolded and given. Questions. — i . What was the original territorial name ? What occurred in 18 18 ? 2. What of Indian friendship for the English ? Spanish? 3. How^ did De Soto incur their malice? 4. What of Memphis? Raleigh? 5. Wh}^ did the government remunerate the Indians? 6. What of the Spanish governor? What did Governor Blount do? 7. Give the substance of this section. 8. What treaty was made in 1818? What was this treaty to settle? 9. Give the substance of this section. CHAPTER IX. EARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. GOV. JOHN SEVIER. I . John Sevier, the first Governor of Franklin, was elected without opposition the first Governor of Tennessee. He was the idol of his party, and being bold, vigilant and untiring, and having an indomi- table will and herculean energ}', he easily ranked among the greatest men of his day. He was inaugu- rated March 30, 1796. John Sevier was born in Virginia, September 23, 1745. He was earl}- distin- guished for bravery and skill in fighting the Indians, and was made captain. In 1772, he removed to the Watauga settlement, and in EARLY HISTORY OF TKNNEvSSKE. 53 1774 was in the battle of Point Pleasant. He was a delegate to the State Convention that declared for separation from Great Britain. He fought successfully in the Indian wars. He was elected Governor in 1796, and re-elected for three successive terms. In 181 1, he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected twice, but died before he was sworn in for the last term. He died September 24, 18 15, and was buried near Fort Decatur, Ala- bama, but his remains were removed to Knoxville in June, 1889, and buried by order of the Legislature in Court House Square. 2. The que.stion of the admission of Tennessee into the Union was submitted to the people, a large majority of whom favored it, and on Januar}^ 1 1 , 1796, a convention m^et at Knoxville to adopt a Constitution. The new State was named Tennessee after its largest river. Formerly this river was called Cherokee, but now Tennessee. When the bill for the admission of this State was submitted to Congress, it met opposition. In the House after some debate it passed, but the Senate bitterly opposed it. 3. Its enemies said the inhabitants could not enumerate the census, which must be done b}- Congress. It was asserted that it was a scheme to elect Jefferson^ President, by adding new States to the Union. The older States thought it would decrease their power. When the final vote was taken in the Senate, it passed by a majority of one, the deciding vote being cast by the acting President, who was severely criticised by the Federalists. 4. William Blount and William Cocke were elected United States Senators, March 31, 1796. The State was divided into three Judicial Districts: Washington, Hamilton and Mero. The Legislature adjourned on April 14, 1796, but was convened in extra session, July 30, to rectify errors in the election of Sena- tors. Blount and Cocke were again elected to the United States Senate. November 9, Landon Carter was commissioned Briga- dier-General of Hamilton District, and James Winchester of Mero District. KAKLY HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEE. 55 5. November 12, 1796, Andrew Jackson was commissioned the first Representative in Congress from Tennessee. He was born in North Carolina, in 1767, of Scotch-Irish descent. His early training was in the backwoods handling a rifle or breaking and riding a wild or vicious horse. He was brave, energetic and magnetic. In 1784, he began the study of law in Salisbury, North Carolina. Four years later he came to Nashville, where he opened a law office. In 1797, he was elected United States Senator, but soon resigned because he felt the body too dignified for him, and because he was too poor to dress and sustain him- self in it. Subsequently he will be referred to. The Tennessee electoral vote was cast, three for Thomas Jefferson for President, and three for Aaron Burr for Vice-President. In 1797, a United States Court was established for Tennessee, and John McNairy appointed Judge. On July 8, this year, William Blount was expelled from the United States Senate. Nashville had a news- paper, the ' 'Tennessee Gazette," afterwards called the "Clarion. 6. December 3, 1798, the second session of the Legislature met at Knoxville, and William Blount was elected Speaker, vice James White, resigned. It passed several important laws. In March, a United States Marshall attempted to arrest William Blount, who had been expelled from the United States Senate. Blount resisted and the articles of impeachment were withdrawn by the Senate, because he ceased to be a member of that body. 7. Washington who had now served honorably as President of the United States for eight years, and had refused a re-election, retired to his home at Mt. Vernon, Virginia, and John Adams, a Federalist, was elected his successor. The Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson, their ablest leader. The contest was a bitter one, but Jefferson was defeated. In the second 3^ear of Adams' administration the Navy Department was created. Adams, fear- ing war with France on account of her seizure of American vessels carrying British goods, called a session of Congress, May 15' 1797' to take the necessary precaution. 56 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 8. Jefferson was inaugurated President of the United States, March 4, 1801. His address was a model of nianh^ fairness, generosity, and irreproachable patriotism. In 1799, the first camp meeting in the State was held in Sumner county. In the next 3'ear great revivals were held near Clarksville, led by the Rev. James McGrady, from which the Cumberland Presbj^terian Church had its origin. Ex-Governor Blount died at Knoxville, March 21,1 800. This year George Rutledge was commissioned Brigadier-General of the Washington District. Questions. — i. Who was the first Governor of Tennessee? How many terms did he serve? Give a sketch of his life. 2. When and where did the convention meet? Did Congress oppose the admission? Why? 3. Wh}" did the Federalists criticise? 4. In 1796, who were elected United States Senators? Into what was the State divided? Why was the Legislature convened in extra session? 5. Who was the first Represen- tative in Congress? What was the Tennessee electoral vote? 6. What of the second session of the Legislature? 7. What of the Presidential campaign? 8. What of Jefferson? Camp meetings? Who died? When? CHAPTER X. development of the state. I. By the Constitution of Tennessee no one could be Governor more than three successive terms, but after some one else had served one term, the man who had served three terms was again eliarible. Archibald Roane was elected Sevier's successor, and was inaugurated September 23, 1801. Little is known of Gov- ernor Roane's personal history. He was unostentatious, pleasant and scholarly, and had been judge and teacher, having given instruction to Hugh L. White who was in 1836 the Whig can- didate for the Presidencv. DEVKLOPMKNT OF THK vSTATE. 57 2. The term of the Governor was two years, and he had to be re-elected if he served longer. At the end of his first term, Roane wanted to be re-elected; but Sevier, being now eligible, and his friends being desirous that he vShould become a candidate, he consented. His popularity was almost unbounded and he easily defeated Governor Roane. 3. During their candidacy, the friends of each were enthusiastic for the victory of their man. Roane's friends accused Sevier of speculating in land ^varrants and of forgery. When the election was over, the matter was investigated. A report adopted by the Legislature neither exonerated nor condemned him, but his friends did not believe the reports. In the time of Washington there were two political parties, the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists. The Federal party was in power from the beginning of Washington's administration to the beginning of Jefferson's term. In 1801, the Anti-Federal or Democratic-Republican party obtained control of the government. 4. This country had been in a critical condition for a long while. Several of the American newspapers were edited by foreigners, or by men who sympathized with France and wanted to force us into a war with England. To stop this, Congress, in 1798, unwisely enacted the. Alien and Sedition laws. The Alien law empowered the President to banish any alien or foreigner from the country whose influence he thought dangerous to the welfare of the country. The Sedition law undertook to punish persons who should speak, write or publish anything false or malicious against the President or the government of the Ignited States. These laws became very odious to our people during Roane's administration. 5. The fourth session of the Legislature met at Knoxville, September 21, 1801, and adjourned November 14. A few of the laws enacted at this session were: An act to prevent frauds and perjury; to empower County Courts to emancipate slaves: to authorize the Governor to appoint Commissioners to ascertain 5'^ THE HISTORY OF TENVESSIE. the l30Uiidary line between Tennessee and Virginia; to prevent dueling; to prevent the disturbance of public worship. On November 6, the towns of Gallatin, Rutledge, Lebanon and Tazewell v/ere established. In 1802, John vSevier, Moses Fisk and John Rutledge were appointed Commissioners for Tennessee, with Creed Taylor, Joseph Martin and Peter Johnson for Vir- ginia, to run the line betvreen these States. An act was passed to purchase a patent of a cotton gin from Kli Whitney and Phineas Miller. Jackson challenged Sevier to duel. In 1804, a la.\Y was enacted regulating the laying out of public roads. 6. At this time the amount of crime was appalling, and it was plain that something must be done to diminish it. The severity of the penal law\s tended rather to increase than to decrease the number of crimes committed. Punishment was limited to the whipping post, stocks, pillory, county jail, the branding- iron, and the gallows. The penalties w^ere either lighter than could prove effective, or else in severity were out of all pro- portion to the offense committed. In 1799, the Legislature passed this act: "Be it enacted, that from and after the passage of this act, any person wdio shall be guilty of feloniously steal- ing, taking or carrying away any horse, mare or gelding, shall for such offense suffer death, without benefit of clergy." In 1807, the Legislature modified the penal laws, making the pun- ishment lighter. 7. A Masonic lodge was chartered in Nashville in 1796, known as St. Tammany No. i. North Carolina issued this charter December 17, 1796, but that State continued its authority over the lodge till 1812. December 11, 181 1, a convention met in Knoxville, representing the lodges of the State. Resolutions were passed favoring a separation from the Grand Lodge of North Carolina. In 18 13, in a Knoxville convention, a deed of relinquishment from North Carolina was presented. This State has many large lodges that do much charity work for the dis- tressed families of their deceased members. Manv other excel- DKVKLOPMKNT OF THE STATE. 59 lent lodges have from time to time been organized, and are doing fine \york in many \va3\s. 8. In 1806, Congress passed "An act to authorize the State of Tennessee to issue grants and perfect titles to certain lands therein described, and to settle the claims to the vacant and unappropriated lands within the State." This act provided for 100,000 acres of land for two colleges, one in East Tennessee, the other in West Tennessee. This land was to be in one tract, out of the lands gotten from the Cherokee Indians. Also 100,000 acres for academies, one for every county, to be established by the Legislature; 640 acres were given to every six miles square. The land was to be sold for two dollars an acre and the proceeds applied to the school fund. 9. Good schools soon flourished. In 18 10, lotteries being popular, the Legislature authorized one for East Tennessee Col- lege, and appointed trustees for that purpose. In 1809, Willie Blount was elected Governor without opposition, and served until 18 15. He had no very great ability, but was honest and a strong supporter of General Jackson, who was fighting the Creek Indians. Jackson was financially embarrassed and Blount raised three hundred and seventy thousand dollars, with which he was supplied with the necessaries of war. Blount was elected Governor for three successive terms. gov. wileie blount. 10. The general muster was the grand event of the year, and brought together more of all classes of people than any other meeting. The officers were dressed in the gayest trappings; plumed and belted warriors, who vied in all that related to their militar\' equipment and tactics, were these primitive soldiers, and they won for Tennessee the appellation, "Volunteer State." 6o THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Their hardy looks, their athletic forms, their marching with the light and noiseless step peculiar to their pursuit of woodland game, and their picturesque costume, made them the observed of all observers, and awoke in them an honest pride in the hearty plaudits the}- won from admiring spectators. 11. They were not only cool and determined, brave as men dare l^e, l)ut were among the most splendid marksmen the country has produced, and their death-dealing aim made them a terror to the enemy on every battle-field where the yell peculiar to the Tennessee volunteer was heard. From youth, they were accustomed to the use of the rifle, whicli made them experts. At stated times they had shooting matches, and with their iiint locks they acquitted themselves admirably and won the plaudits of friends; but those times have been succeeded by more skilled warfare and more expeditious methods. 12. In 1806, iVaron Burr, who had been Vice-President, and had recently killed Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, visited Tennessee, and was received everywhere with indigna- tion. In many towns he was burned in effigy. Duels were common in those days. This killing was the result of a duel fought July 12, 1804, after which Burr was never popular. In 1806, Mero District was divided into three Judicial Circuits, viz: Robertson, Winchester and Mero. In 1807, the Nashville Bank was incorporated with two hundred thousand dollars capital. The second session of the Seventh General Assembl}- met at Kingston, xVpril 3, 1808, and adjourned April 22. 13. In 1809, an act was passed establishing a vSupreme Court of Errors and Appeals and dividing the State into five Judicial Circuits. Hitherto, much attention had been given to iron works, and in 18 10 Tennessee had six blow ovens, seven forges, six furnaces and seven nail works, valued at one hundred and sixty-five thousand and eight hundred dollars. At Nashville, Governor William Carroll opened the first nail store in Tennessee. In 1 8 10, Thomas Coulter and Bvrd Smith were commissioned DEVHIvOPMKNT OF THK STATE. 6l Brigadier-Generals of the vSeventh and Kighth Brigades, respec- tively. 14. The Americans had long retained a hearty sympathy for France, but now the relations between the two countries had become somewhat strained. The late treaty with England caused a resentful feeling from the French and their friends in America. This country had refused to become an ally of France in its wars with England, as France had been an ally of ours in the Revolution, for which France refused to accept our minister, and the tv\-o nations were on the verge of declaring war, and actual hostilities occurred. France was at war with England, and its ships were seizing American vessels on pre- text of having on board British products or of having sailed from British ports. Congress ordered our vessels to arm and resist these outrages. 15. The friends of France in Tennessee boldly opposed war with an old ally, and expressed a hostile feeling for England. The wide ocean between, saved the two countries. War began in earnest on the high seas. The United States ship Constitu- tion of thirty-eight guns, fell in with a French ship of forty guns, and after a hot fight of an hour captured it. vSoon after the same ship met the French vessel. La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, and after an action of five hours, drove her off with a heavy loss. Three hundred private American vessels had been armed for defense, but a change having occurred in the French govern- ment by Napoleon becoming First Consul, a treaty of peace was made and further hostilities ceased. 16. African slavery introduced for gain was now deeplv rooted in the civil and social soil of Tennes.see. Colored slaves formed a part of almost every important household that came to the vState. But many good people were raising their eloquent voices protesting against the institution of slavery and demanding its abolition. In 1795, there were ten thou.sand six hundred and thirteen slaves in Tennessee; in r.Soo, there were thirteen thous- 62 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and five hundred and eight-four, and in 1810, there were forty- five thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. This rapid growth was anxiously watched by the North and had become a source of comment. 17. In 181 1, the State bank was established at Knoxville, with branches at Clarksville, Columbia, Jonesboro and Nashville. The Legislature met in Knoxville this year for the last time, except in 1817. In 181 1, an earthquake formed Reelfoot Lake, which is a large deep pool in Lake county, Tennessee. Ten- nessee gave James Madison ten votes for the presidenc}^ in 1808. 18. The United States learned, in 1802, that Spain, in 1800, had secretly ceded Louisiana to France. Jefferson instructed Livingston, our Minister, to negotiate for its purchase, and through their untiring efforts the territory was bought for twelve million dollars. The close of Jefferson's administration was characterized by a strong feeling. He recommended and secured the passage of an act abolishing the slave trade on and after January i, 1809. The firm denial by Jefferson of the British right to search our vessels led gradually to the war of 181 2. Questions. — i. How many successive terms for a Governor? Who was elected in 1801? 2. Who succeeded him ? What of Sevier's popularity? 3. What action did their friends take? 4. How mau}^ parties were there in the time of Washington? What were the Alien and Sedition Laws? 5. When and where did the fourth session of the General Assembly meet? Name a few of its laws. 6. W^hat is said of the criminal condition of the vState? How were crimes punished? 7. What is said of the Masonic Lodge? 8. How did Congress encourage schools? 9. What was done in 1 8 10 ? Who was elected Governor in 1 809 ? How did he aid Jackson ? 10. Give the substance of this section ? II. Give the substance of this section. 12. Who was Burr? Hamilton? How was Burr received? 13. What is said about iron ? Governor Carroll ? 14. How did the Americans feel towards France? What countries w^ere at war? 15. How^ did Tennessee feel towards England ? Describe the naval contest. 16. What of African slavery? Was it popular? 17. What of the State THE CRKEK WAR. (^ bank? Reelfoot Lake? i8. What about the Louisiana pur- chase ? What did Jefferson deny ? CHAPTER XL THR CREEK WAR. 1. Tecumseh viewed with alarm the gradual disappearing of Shaw-nees, of whom he was chief; he also realized that the other tribes were annually growing smaller before the superiority of the white race, hence he made an effort to get the Choctaws and Chickasaws to combine. They refused to combine with him. He visited the tribes himself and pitifully told of the Americans who were despoiling them of their lands, and he made a vigorous effort to resist these encroachments. The Creeks were divided, on Tecumseh 's plan, into a peace party and a war party. The war party began violence on the peace party. 2. The war party w'as led by Red Eagle, or William Weather- ford, who was talented and energetic. His idea was for the Creeks, in conjunction with the British, to drive away or exter- minate the Americaiis. Seeing a division among the Creeks, he desired to stop hostilities, but he had gone too far. The ill feel- ing between the Indian factions grew more intense, and forts were built in various places in the vSouthwest. Finally at Fort Minis, near Mobile, on August 30, 18 13, a party of over five hundred men, women and children were surprised and slai!i. Only a few escaped. The commander. Red" Eagle, made an earnest effort to keep from having to kill tlie captives, but was unsuccessful. This killino- fired the country witli indio-na- tion. General Jackson was urged to lead troops and suppress this movement. Unwisely, a short time before, Jackson had acted as second to Carroll in a duel between Jesse Benton and William Carroll. Thomas H. Benton, Jesse Benton's brother. 64 THE HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. denounced Jackson for this action, and Jackson threatened to horsewhip Benton the first opportunity. They met in Nashville, a fight ensued, in which Jackson was severely wounded, and was in bed when the news of the massacre at Fort Minis came, but ere long he was at the head of the Ten- nessee troops. 3. Jackson collected his men at Fayetteville, and sent John Coffee to Huntsville with a brigade of cavalry. Jackson heard that Red Eagle was coming towards Ten- nessee and Georgia, and he pushed at once into what is. now Alabama. Low v%'ater prevented supplies being shipped from East Tennessee down the Tennessee River. He built Fort Deposit, but left it. Soon he invaded the Creek country, and trusted fortune for supplies. He left a garrison at Fort Deposit, and departed with only two da3\s' supplies for Ten Is- GEN. ANDREW' JACKSON, lauds, in the Coosa River, where many Indians of the peace party were surrounded by the war party. The Tennessee troops took an important part in the battle of Tallus- hatchee, which was fought November 3, 18 13. This place was about ten miles from Ten Islands. A large band of hostile Indians occupied it. Jackson sent Coffee with nine hundred men to destroy them. Coffee crossed the Coosa River just above Ten Islands, and surrounded the town about daylight. Coffee sent Colonel Alcorn with the cavalry to the right, whilst he and Colonel Cannon marched to the left. Two companies were sent into the town at sunrise to drive out the Indians. When Coffee's troops were attacked they began to retreat. The Indians, believ- ing this to be the entire force, came rushing out. The reserve troops fired and charged. The historian says all the Indians perished in the battle. 4. Immediately after this battle, Jackson built Fort Strother THE CREEK WAR. 65 at Ten Islands. It was the most important strategic point till the war closed. The fort being finished, Jackson received re- enforcements from General Cocke, of East Tennessee, but senL these men to White with orders to move forward to Fort Strother and hold it v>'hile he relieved friendly Indians cooped up at Fort Talladega by a body of the war party. There were one thousand besiegers at Fort Talladega. Jackson forded the Coosa and marched hastily till he arrived very near, when a courier in- formed him that White had orders from Cocke to fall back and join him, and he obeyed. It was now too late for Jackson to change his plans. He adopted the same mode which was suc- cessful at Tallushatchee, and it was here successful. The Indians lost about thirty killed and many wounded. Jackson had fifteen killed and eighty-five wounded. After one day he returned to Fort Strother, v/hich had not been disturbed. 5. The Indians of the Hillabee Towns sent to General Jack- son begging for peace, which was granted, but General Cocke's army, not knowing of this, fell upon them and killed quite a number. Presuming that Cocke was acting under Jackson's orders, the Indians fought with renewed vigor and unyielding determination. General Cocke was court-martialed, but was acquitted. Hungr}^ and homesick, Jackson's men were about to disband. He had to threaten to shoot them to keep them in line. All this time he was trying to get provisions from Ten- nessee. 6. Jackson's men became mutinous, and he found himself again in the command of short term men, but by sagacity he quieted them for a time. Jackson enlisted troops to meet the British in New Orleans in 1812. When he arrived at Natchez, Miss. , he was ordered to muster out his men there. This he re- fused to do, but raising supplies, marched them toCo]umbia,Tenn. , and disbanded them near their homes. Jackson fought bravely with these short term men. From Fort Strother. he marched to Talladeora, where he was re-enforced bv friendlv Indians. Here 66 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. he learned that many Creeks had met at Emucfau, on the Talla- poosa, with hostile intentions. Jackson hurried to attack them, and on January 22, the Creeks were repulsed, falling back to their camp. Coffee went to attack them, but finding them too strongly fortified, he withdrew and joined Jackson. The Indians attacked our arni}^ and the battle was keenly contested, but with no decisive results. Jackson declined to follow them, deciding to return to Fort Strother. On his way he was attacked by the Indians near Knotachopco, where Coffee was wounded. Here the Indians were repulsed, and Jackson continued his retreat to Fort Strother. 7. The last and the most fiercely contested battle was at the Horseshoe, orTohopeka. In February, 1814, Jackson had about five thousand men, the Creeks about one thousand. Jackson manned his forts and left garrisons at tliem, and marched out with three thousand men to attack the Creeks at the Horseshoe, or Tohopeka, in the bend of the Tallapoosa. Fearing and anticipating an attack, the Creeks were v/ell fortified, but Jack- son went before their massive breastworks, sending Coffee with seven hundred cavalry and six hundred friendly Indians down the river. Coffee had their canoes stolen, and then set fire to their camps. Realizing the situation, the Creeks fought bravely. Remembering the Hillabee campaign, they decided to fight it out with no concessions. Fully seven hundred were slain. After this battle. Red Eagle surrendered, which closed the war. Red Eagle came to Tennessee and lived a year at the Hermitage with Old Hickory. Red Eagle afterwards returned to Alabama, his home. He had a numerous posterity, who intermarried with the whites, and whose descendants are proud cf their ancestors. General James Robertson died at Chickasaw Agency, Memphis, September i, 1814. President Madison appointed George W. Campbell, February 9, 18 14, Secretary of the United States Treasur}^ Questions. — i. Who was Tecumseh? What did he seelc? THE WAR OF 1812-15. 67 With what success ? 2. By whom was the war party led ? What was his idea ? Where was the first massacre ? When ? Jackson did what? Whom did he fight? Why? 3. Where was Ten Islands? WHiat of the Tennessee troops at Tallushatchee? When was this battle fought ? By whom ? 4. What did Jackson now do? Why did Jackson go to Talladega? 5. What did the Indians do? What mistake did Cocke make? Why? What were Jackson's men? 6. Give substance of this section. 7. What of the battle at the Horseshoe ? How many men on each side? Which side was successful ? What became of Red Eagle? CHAPTER XII. THE WAR OF 18 1 2-1 5. 1. Since the war for Independence, in which England lost the American colonies, chagrin and resentment seemed to possess the spirit of many of the people. England's policy towards this country was marked by injustice and insult, to which were gradually added wanton outrages upon our national rights. From the frontier posts in Canada, its agents yet continued, by secret intrigues and bribes, to incite the savages to war and rapine upon the Western settlers. 2. The United States, with the exception of England, was now the greatest power in the world. The contest upon the seas between England and France gave to our ships a safer carriage to and from all ports in the world. By orders in council and decrees of both England and France, the ports of these kingdoms and all their provinces were in a state of blockade. American vessels sailing to or from a port of one of these kingdoms were liable to be captured and made prizes by the other. One thousand American vessels, trading at French ports, under these orders and decrees, had been seized by armed ships of England, and confiscated with their cargoes. Many American seamen had been captured and impressed into the British navy. These THE WAR OF 1812-15. 69 outrages became intolerable, and war was declared against Eng- land in June, 181 2. 3. The United States prudently refused to be an ally of France against England during their Revolution and the reign of Napo- leon, in return for the aid of France in our war for independence. Xow events forced another alliance of the two against their old and common enemy.- In Tennessee the war was popular, for its people had suffered the greatest of insults from the Indian allies of England, and no people had a better reason for intense resent- ment against the English. The President of the United States called for one hundred thousand militia, while the forces of the regular army were increased. 4. After many cruelly and keenly contested battles in various localities, in which victories alternated in favor of each nation, England began to deem the United States invincible, as it did seem to be. So gallant and crushing was the charge of Johnson's arni}^ in the Northwest, that it destroyed the British allied army and the volunteers were discharged and returned home. 5. The great battle of Waterloo, on June 18, 18 15, won by Lord Wellington, effected the downfall of Napoleon in Europe and ended the strife between England and her old enemy. The military and naval forces of England could now be sent against the United States. Thirteen thousand veteran troops and a large armament of ships of war, sailed for the Gulf of Mexico in Sep- tember, 1 8 14. to engage in an attempt to capture New Orleans and occupy the vSouth Mississippi country. Many of the detached militia troops of Kentucky joined recruits from Georgia and Tennessee to re-enforce General Jackson's army to defend New Orleans. In a month they were hastening to join Jackson, who had just moved his headquarters from Mobile to New Orleans. 6. Jackson's troops were now rapidl}' concentrating there. He 1>egan the mo.st active preparations for defense about December i and continued them through that month. The enemy's fleet. yo thp: history of Tennessee. numbering forty sail, appeared in the Gulf on December 12, and anchored at Ship Island, off the bay of St. Louis. Their armed ships were engaged b}' five American gun-vessels for two hours, under lyieutenant Jones. Several British vessels were sunk and three hundred of the crews killed and wounded, but the British captured the little American fleet, on which the loss of life was smaller. 7. The enemy securing this advantage, came in lighter vessels nearer to the city through the passes of Lake Borgne and Bayou Bienvenue. General Jackson here attacked them in force on December 23, and a sharp and bloody engagement ensued. Dense fog and darkness falling upon the armies ended the contest without decisive results. The British lost nearly seven hundred men, the Americans less than three hundred. Jackson now determined to fortify his position, act on the defensive, and force the enemy to attack. On December 28, Sir Edward Packenham, the British commander, made a furious demonstration upon the American works, but at last drew off with some loss. He again repeated his attack on January i. Jackson completed his de- fenses the next w^eek. 8. Tennessee's brave troops were present at the dawn of day, January 8, 18 15. The glittering lines of the enemy were seen in full force and array, advancing to the assault and to the final issue of the campaign. With crowded center and wide extended right and left wings, the veteran soldiers of England, with the intrepid leaders, who had so successfull}^ fought Napo- leon, bravely and with steady tread advanced upon the covert and silent riflemen of Tennessee, Kentucky, and other portions of the South. When the}^ arrived within easy range, a storm of fire from the American artiller}- and a sheet of flame from the rifles of the backwoodsmen swept down the columns of the enemy and drove them back in disorder. Again their officers rallied their men and led them up to the slaughter, and again they were repulsed. The third time this was repeated, and with THK WAI< OF 1812-15. 71 such disastrous results that even the veteran soldiers of England could not again Ije led to the charge. Generals Packenham, Keene and Gibbs had fallen, with two thousand and two hundred of the bravest soldiers of the British army. The Americans lost only thirteen men. The contrast! Jackson had about one thousand men on the opposite side of the Mississippi who were driven back, but with no great loss. But the great battle was decided in our favor. 9. Jackson had in the final engagement about eight thousand men, the British thirteen thousand, of whom two thousand and two hundred vvere killed, and the rest so shattered that they and the commanding officers witlidrew and made good their retreat, and soon after embarked upon their fleet. A treaty of peace had been signed between the English and American governments before this great battle was fought, but owing to the slow means of communication of news in those days, it had not yet reached the belligerents. What an awful carnage would have been averted, could this have been flashed over electric wires as mes- sages are novv^ transmitted. Peace being restored, the Tennessee troops returned home to enjoy a long interval of over thirty years before another war. Questions. — i. What has seemed the attitude of the people since the Revolution? 2. Name the greatest maritime powers in the world. What of orders in council and decrees? 3. What was the United States called on to do? Did it do it? Why? For how many militia did the President call ? 4. Give the sulDStance of this section. 5. When and wdiat was the result of the battle of Waterloo? Name the Generals. Describe the attempt to capture New Orleans. 6. What did Jackson do? Describe the attack. Result. 7. Describe General Jackson's attack. What of the fog? Result? 8. Give the substance of this section. 9. How many men did Jackson have? The British? How nmny were killed? What did the two armies do now? 72 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTER XIII. AN ERA OF PEACE. 1. The good angel of peace came at last, bringing joy to the hearts of all American citizens, who were wearied with three years of war. When hostilities ceased, it seemed a great thing to our people to again enjoy the full benefits of trade and com- merce. British cruisers had made many foreign commodities very scarce and costly. It was therefore gratifying to the people to see the stores again filled with goods. These nations agreed to stop, without settling a single one of the causes of the war. Eng- land did not even agree to cease impressing men from the United States navy, but this was no more practiced. The treaty of peace was ratified by the United States Senate, Februarv 7, 1815. ^ 2. Tennessee had her trials and triumphs through successive wars for almost forty years, until 181 5. We are now introduced to an era of peace and political and material progress of thirty years' continuance, to the war with Mexico. Political, social, religious and commercial questions now make up the events of history in the main. Our vState had already produced her share of the great and useful inventors of note in industrial history. 3. In 1815, Joseph McMinn, Robert Weakley, Jesse Wharton, Robert C. P'oster and Thomas Johnson were candidates for Gov- ernor. Joseph McMinn was elected and served till 18 19. The election of Governor was now biennial, but McMinn overcame all opposition and was twice re-elected. Joseph McMinn was formerly a Penns^dvania farmer, but came to Tennessee after the Revolution and located in Hawkins county. He had little ability, but had held several olRces before he was elected to the office of Cxovernor. He was a plain Quaker, but his neighbors admired him very much. Jefferson's wise plans for common schools were almost inoperative here. The wealthy sent their AN ERA OF PEACE. 73 children to seminaries and other good schools, and provided tutors for them, and stigmatized the common school as the pauper school. In 1816, an act levied a tax for the education of the orphans of those persons who had died in the service of the countr}'. In 181 7, the school lands were leased for the purpose of aiding schools. Although some of the best men in the State labored earnestly to secure an efficient s^^stem, the idea that free schools were established onl,v for the poor of the community could not be eradicated, and failure was the result. In 1827, a school fund was created. Two years later an act was passed establishing a system of public schools. 4. The Chickasaw Indians yet owned the territory west of the Tennessee River, in both Kentucky and Tennessee, a body of seven million acres. In October, 18 18, the general government purchased this of the Indians for twenty thousand dollars, to be paid in fifteen annual instalments. In 1817, a petition was signed by many of the leading men of the State to locate a branch of the United State Bank at Nashville, but before it was con- sidered the Legislature passed a law forbidding the opening of such a bank in Tennessee. Ten years later the law was repealed and the bank, with a nominal capital of one million dollars, was established and did business until, in 1832, President Jackson vetoed the bill re-chartering the United States Bank, and it ceased to exist. 5. The Tennesseeans in common with the people of the Western States experienced a disastrous financial panic in 1 820. Governor McMinn convened the Legislature in extra session, to provide means of relief. On July 26, an act was passed to establish a bank of the State of Tennessee, for the purpose of relieving the distress of the community and improving the revenues of the State. Tile capital stock was fixed at one million dollars, in bills paya])le to order or bearer, to l)e issued on the credit and security of the borrower, and the whole to be warranted by Ihe State on the proceeds of the sales of pu])]ic lands. The Treas- 74 I'HE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. iirers of East and West Tennessee were ordered to deposit all the public moneys in the bank, and the Governor was authorized to issue stock bearing six per cent, interest, to an amount not exceeding- two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. By injudi- cious management, the bank was, in. i', were stormed and THE MEXICAN WAR. lOI taken b}' General Worth. At the gates of the city, five days later, the battle raged with awful fury, when the strongest Mex- ican fort, the Castle of Chapultepec, was stormed and captured. The Mexican army, during the night, left the city, and the next morning the United States flag floated in triumph from the na- tional palace. This terminated the war with Mexico. ID. x\ treaty was made which ceded to the United States the countr}' of California and New Mexico, and guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California. The United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars, and an additional sum of three million dollars to such citizens of the United States as were creditors of Mexico. This is called the "Treaty of Guadaloupe- Hidalgo," from the Mexican town in which it was arranged. By conquest and purchase we acquired Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado, in area a mighty empire of itself, the importance of which we cannot estimate. The mineral wealth, the agricultural and live-stock products, and other resources of these vStates and Territories, affect the markets of the world. r I. General Ta^'lor's war record had made him so popular that he was nominated and elected to the Presidency by the Whig party in 1848. He died July 9, 1850, and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, Vice-President. Questions. — i. What was the great theme now?* Give a sketch of Governor Brown. 2. What did the Republicans com- pose? 3. How was the Legislature divided? 4. Whom did the Democrats nominate? Why? 5. Give a biographical sketch of him. 6. What of his administration? 7. What occurred between Texas and Mexico? Why? 8. Give the substance of this sec- tion. 9. What of Scott's forces? 10. What did the treaty cede? For what? ri. What of General Taylor? Died when? Tell all you can of this war. I02 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTER XVIII. THE FEUD STRENGTHENS. GOV. NEIL S. BROWN, 1. In 1847, Neil S. Brown, Whig, was elected Governor, defeating Aaron V. Brown. Neil S. Brown was born in Giles county, Tennessee, April rS, 1 8 10. He entered the Florida cam- paign against the Seminoles, and was conspicuous in the Mud Creek battle, after which he was in the Legislature frequently. In 1836, he was on the electoral ticket for White and, in 1844, for Clay. He was Governor from 1847 to 1849, and, in 1850, was Min- ister to Russia. He was returned to the Legislature in 1855, of which he became Speaker. He was prominent in the Constitutional Convention of 1870, and died at Nashville in 1886. 2. In 1849, William Trousdale, Democrat, was elected Governor over Neil S. Brown. William Trousdale was born in North Carolina, Septem- ber 23, 1790. In 1796, his famih^ moved to Tennessee. He was in the Creek war at Tallashatchie and Talla- dega, and later with Jackson at Pen- sacola and New Orleans. In 1840, he was a Van Buren elector. He was in the Mexican war, in the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del In the last engas^ement he w^as twice GOV. WM. TROUSDALE. Re}^ and Chapultepec. wounded. For gallant conduct at Chapultepec, the President THK FKUD STRKNGTHENS. made him Britradier-Cxeneral by brevet in the United vStates army. President Pierce, in 1852, appointed him Minister to Brazil. He died March 27, 1872. 3. The Sonthern Convention, which met in May, 1850, at Nashville, was controlled by pro-slavery men, who opposed Congress taking measures to thwart slave owners in their rights. There were many strong Democrats in this convention, who were conspicuous in favoring the resolutions, which this con- vention adopted, denouncing Congress for its action. Ex-Gov- ernor Aaron V. Brown prepared the address, and A. O. P. Nicholson drew up the resolutions. That element in Ten- nessee that opposed secession knew not what to think of this action. 4. In 1 85 1, William B. Camp- bell was elected Governor by the Whigs. He was born near Nash- ville, February i, 1807. In 1829, he was elected Attorne\-- General, and, in 1835, to the Legislature. In 1836, he was made Captain in Trousdale's regiment and fought through the Seminole war. He was a Member of Congress from 1837 to 1843. He was Colonel, in 1847, of the First Tennesse Reg- iment, that served in the Mexi- can war, fighting at Vera Cruz, vSubsequently, he became Judge of the P'ourth Circuit Court of Tennessee. He refused the command of the Tennessee troops in the late war, because he opposed secession. Lincoln commis- sioned him Brigadier-General in the Union army, but he .soon resigned. In 1-865, he was elected to Congress, and died August 19, 1867. GOV. WILLIAM B. CAMPBELL. Cerro Gordo and Monterev I04 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 5. When California applied for admission into the Union, the spectre of coming strife and bloodshed was seen in the renewal of the struggle over the question of freedom or slavery in this new sister in the galax}^ of States. Southern men like Clay thought that the whole subject had been settled in 1820, when, by the Missouri Compromise, it had been ordained that involun- tary servitude should not obtain north of the geographical line 36° 30' north latitude. 6. It w^as understood that the surrender of the right to own slaves north of this line was the consideration for the admission of the right to own them south of it, and that this was what the compromise meant. They were told that the inhibition alone was effective, and that no such converse right was intended to be convej^ed as that contended for by the South. The most logi- cal of these men said Congress had exceeded its powers in the enactment mentioned, and that no power could settle the ques- tion but the people of the State. 7. It was seen that "Wilmot's Proviso," which was an amend- ment continually offered by Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, excluding slavery from all future States, was the fixed determination of the North. After a bitter struggle, Henry Clay, as the last service of a long and illustrious life, procured the passage of the compro- mise of 1850, in which the only concession by the North was the "Fugitive Slave Law." 8. This provided that Federal courts and officers should arrest and return to their owners such slaves as should be found ab- sconding in the different States, whether free or slave-holding. This was greeted by a prodigious outcry from the North. They determined that this national law should not be executed, and the different free States enacted personal liberty laws, which made it penal to aid Congress in executing its law. 9. The Southern people were both exasperated and disheart- ened at such manifestations, and in view of such palpable viola- tions of their plain Constitutional right, began seriously to con- THK FEUD STRKNCxTHKNS. 105 sider whether in a union with the North the arbitrary will of the people of those States was to be the rule of government rather than the Constitution solemnly agreed upon between their fore- fathers. If this were to be so, the dream of liberty, regulated by law in the Federal Union, was at an end. 10. The election of Pierce to the Presidency, in 1852, was considered by many as a rebuke to those who had been so clam- orous in the North against the compromise of 1850. He was a warm supporter of the rights of the individual States, and the knowledge of this fact brought repose to the minds of Southern men. In 1853, John L. Marling went as Minister to Venezuela, and the Mississippi Central and Tennessee, Mississippi and Tennessee, and Nashville and Knoxville railroads, were incor- porated. This year an act was passed to establish a State Agri- cultural Bureau. Tennessee was thus manfully meeting the requirements of civilization, for the condition of the highways affords the truest test of a people's advancement in prosperity. About this year the Masonic Fraternity of Tennessee established an Institution at Clarksville known as the Masonic University of Tennessee. This school has changed several times, and is now known as the Southwestern Presbyterian University. 11. Taylor's election to the Presidency did not strengthen the Whig cause. In June, 1852, at Baltimore, they nominated General Winfield Scott for President, and W. A. Graham for Vice-President, their best men. In the election they carried only four States, showing that the star of their political destiny had forever set. Tennessee was one of the four. Democratic opposition was weak, and at one stroke two hundred and forty- five electoral votes were given for Franklin Pierce, and again Democracy was enthroned at the helm of State. Questions. — Who was elected Governor in 1847? Give a sketch of him. 2. Who was elected Governor in 1849? Give a sketch of his life. 3. What of the Southern Convention i' 4. Give a sketch of William B. Campbell. 5. What occurred now? li f ^m JUST BEFORE THE WAR. 107 Wh}'? 6. What was understood? 7. What was "Wilniot's Proviso?" 8. What did the "Fugitive vSlave Law" provide? 9. How did the South feel now? 10. How was Pierce's election considered? What University was established at Clarksville in 1850. II. Give the substance of this section. CHAPTER XIX. JUST BEFORE THE WAR. 1. In 1853, the candidates for Governor were Andrew Johnson, Democrat, and Gustavus A. Henry, Whig. They were both influential men, whom the people could trust. Johnson had risen from abject pov- erty until he was now regarded as one of the State's best men. In this canvass he advocated changes in the United States Constitution. He was elected Governor in 1853 and again in 1855, defeating M. P. Gentry, Whig, in the second contest. 2. Andrew Johnson was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808. He moved to (xreenville, Tennessee, in May, 1826, and was an alderman of that city from 1828 to 1830, when he became its mayor. In 1835, he was elected to the Legislature, and again in 1839. In 1840, he was a Van Buren elector and, in 1841, was sent to the State Senate. In 1843, he was elected to Congress, where he remained for ten successive years. In March, 1862, he was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee. He was nominated by the Republicans, in 1864, for GOV ANDREW JOHNSON. I08 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. \^ice-President, and was elected. When Lincoln died, April 15, 1865, Johnson became President. Because of disputes with Con- gress, he was impeached, but not convicted. After the expira- tion of his Presidential term, Tennessee elected him to the United States Senate, where he served one term. He died Juh' 31, 3. In 1855, the national Whig party was hopelessly divided on slavery. About this time the American party began to organize. This part}" favored a change in the naturalization laws, making it more difficult for foreigners to become American citizens, and to oppose the election of foreign-born citizens to office. On account of the seeming ignorance of all issues b}" its leaders, it was stigmatized the "Know-Nothing" part3^ and it supported Gentry in his race for Governor. In the first cam- paign, Johnson's issue was that the basis of representation should be white votes, without regard to slavery. When war became inevitable, and all the Southern Senators were resigning, John- son held his position — the only Southern Senator who did not resign. At this time Johnson was a strong Union Democrat. 4. The Democrats, in 1856, carried Tennessee, the first time since Jackson's day. Slavery was now the great issue. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska act became a law, which asserted that Congress had no right to pass the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and that any State north of the line 36^2° had a right, irrespective of the act, to determine whether it would permit the ownership of slaves. This excited great indignation in the North, from which events were precipitated that resulted in the war. 5. In 1856, the Whigs made no nomination and that party passed out of existence. The Know-Nothing partv nominated Millard Fillmore, of New York, for President, and A. J. Donel- son, of Tennessee, for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, and J. C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, who were elected. JUST BEFORE THE WAR. 109 Johnson's and elected 6. In each campaign slavery was the leading issue. term having expired, the Democrats nominated Isham G. Harris, Governor, who served from 1857 to 1S65. Isham G. Harris was born in Franklin count}^ Tennessee; was educated at the academy at Winchester; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced to practice at Paris, Henry county, Tennessee, in 1 841; was elected to the State Legislature as a Democrat from the counties of Henry, Weakley, and Obion, in 1847; was a candidate for gov. isham g. Harris. Presidential Elector in the Ninth Congressional District of Ten- nessee on the Democratic ticket in 1848; was elected to Congress as a Democrat from the Ninth Congressional District in 1849; re- elected in 1 85 1, and nominated as the candidate of the Demo- cratic party in 1853, but declined the nomination; removed to Memphis, and there resumed the practice of his profession; was a Presidential Elector for the State at large in 1856; was elected Governor of Tennessee as a Democrat in 1857, re-elected in 1859, and again in 1861; was a Volunteer Aid upon the staff of the Commanding General of the Confederate Army of Tennessee for the last three years of the war; returned to the practice of law at Memphis in 1867, and was engaged in it when elected to the Ignited States Senate as a Democrat in 1877; and was re-elected to the Senate in 1883, 1889, and again in 1895. 7. Under successful administrative Governors, Tennessee has grown rapidly in wealth and population. In 1850, the census was: seven hundred and fifty-six thousand eight hundred and thirty-six whites, and two hundred and forty-five thousand eight hundred and eighty-one slaves; a decade later we had eight hundred and twenty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-two whites, and I ro THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. two hundred and eighty-three thousand and nineteen slaves or colored. Robert L. Caruthers was elected Governor in 1863, but on account of Tennessee being in possession of Federal troops, was unable to qualif}-. President Lincoln appointed Andrew^ Johnson, Military Governor, who served from 1862 to 1865. 8. In i860, the situation was full of discouragement for those who loved the Union. The South now seemed determined to form a separate government, in w^hich the North would not be represented. The Southerners were sanguine that slavery as an institution was doomed by the North. 9. John Brown made a raid into Virginia, in 1859, to arm the slaves and incite them to insurrection. This embittered the vSouth very much, notwithstanding he was hanged. It was the opinion of the people that he was a crank seeking notoriet^^ and who probably thought he would easily gain the friendship of an admiring North. 10. The greatest of all civil wars has been fought with decisive results, and now^ there is no North, no South, no East, no West, but one great country, with the grandest record of the greatest achievements found in the annals of the world's history. These will immortalize us, and posterity will turn with interest to the annals and say, "How could it be?" In the hospitals, the sani- tary and the Christian commissions were unwearied in their great work of love and mercy among the sick. Once in the hos- pital, no one asked on which side he had fought, but tender hands ministered to his needs and soothed his sufferings, whether he wore the "blue" or the "gray." Questions. — i. Who were the candidates for Governor in 1853? 2. Give a sketch of Johnson's life. 3. What of parties now? Leading issue? 4. Give the substance of this section. 5. Name the several nominees. 6. Sketch the life of Isham G. Harris. 7. What of Tennessee's growth? Population? 8. What was the situation now? 9. What of John Brown's raid? 10. What is said of the Civil War? THE CIVIIv WAR. Ill CHAPTER XX. THE CIVIIv WAR. 1. Governor Harris, on January 7, i Hamilton Period. D. CARBONIFEROUS. 15- 16. 17- 18. 20. 21. Barren group. Coral or St. Louis limestone. Mountain limestone. Coal measures. [ Mississippi or Sub- i Carniferous Period. ^ Coal Period. E. — CRETACEOUS, Coffee sand. Rreen sand. Ripley group. Cretaceous Period. l62 THE HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKE. F. TERTIARY. 22. Flatwood sands and clays. 1 ata ^- -r. • j 23- La Grange sands. j Tertiary Period. G. QUARTERNARY AND MODERN. 24. Orange sand and drift. J; Quarternary Period. 25. Bluff loam or loees. V Terrace Period. 26. Alluvium. ; Human Period. (i.) The Metamorphic or Lowest Formation is made up of granite, gneiss, talcose, shale, mica, slate, epidote, hornblende, pyroxene, quartz, feldspar, serpentine and many other rocks. AvSSociated with these rocks are oftentimes found magnetic and specular iron ores and copper ores. Tennessee has only a small area of these formations covering in the aggregate about three hundred and twenty-five square miles. This formation is con- fined to the Southeastern parts of Johnson, Carter, Unicoi, Cooke, Monroe and Polk Counties. (2.) The Ocoee Group and the Chilhowee sandstones are ver}" thick formations. They make up the rocks of the Unaka ridges. These formations are confined to East Tennessee and in that portion of it which embraces the high mountains on the Southeast. The Ocowee group has an estimated thickness of ten thousand feet and includes heavy beds of hard conglomerate rocks, sandstones very compact, clay, slates, talcose and roofing slates and beds of magnesian limestones. All the strata of this formation dip at a very high angle. (3.) The Chilhowee sandstone has a thickness of about two thousand feet. It is the material of which Chilhowee Mountain is composed. The sandstone is heavy-bedded generally, and greyish white in color where weathered. It builds up a broken chain of mountains that skirts the Unaka Mountain. The next five formations embracing the Quebec and Trenton Periods contain sandstones, limestones and dolomites or magne- GEOLOGY OF TENNESSEE. 163 sian limestones. These formations are made of softer materials than those that have been heretofore mentioned, which are moun- tain-making or are composed of rocks that do not disintegrate or crumble readily by atmospheric influences. The five formations, namely, Knox sandstone, Knox shale, Knox dolomite, the Trenton and Cincinnati group are valley making; that is, their material is so soft that the erosive agencies of rain, frost and the atmosphere have been able to scoop out valleys and basins. (4. ) The Knox Sandstone is from eight hundred to one thous- and feet in thickness and is composed of variegated sandstones and shales with occasional beds of dolomite. This formation yields a poor thin soil but contributes a marked feature to the topography of the country by making sharp roof-like ridges. (5.) The Knox Shale, coming next in ascending order is about two thousand feet thick and is made up of brown reddish buff and chloritic shades, often calcareous, and enclosing thin layers of colitic limestone. This formation gives rise to many beautiful and fertile valle3^s in East Tennessee. The oldest traces of animal life met with in Tennessee are found in this for- mation in the form of fossil, shells and trilobites. (6.) The Knox Dolomite is the most massive formation in the State. It is thought to be a mile in thickness. It is made up of heavy-bedded strata of blue and gre}- limestones and dolomites or magnesian limestones. A good deal of chert also occurs with this formation. The topography of the Knox dolomite formation presents valleys, plateaus and broad rounded ridges making noted undulations in the great Valley of East Tennessee. Knoxville is on one of these ridges and Athens on another. The chert forming these ridges has been liberated b}- the solution of the calcareous rocks which once enclosed it and now form a shield which protects the underlying strata from erosion. The rocks of the Knox dolomite formation make a fertile, 164 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. friable soil of much strength of constitution and of great productiveness. (7.) The Trenton or Lebanon Group and the Nashville or Cincinnati Group. These two groups may be well considered together as they are always more or less associated — the Leba- non rocks. Both formations are composed of blue limestones filled wnth fossil remains and yielding a larger area of good soils than any other formations in the State. They make up the rocks of the Central Basin in which Nashville is situated where they lie in nearly a horizontal position. They form much of the surface also of the Valley of East Tennessee. The rocks of both of these formations are soft and readily 34eld to erosive agencies making the richest valleys in the State. The maximum thickness of this formation in East Tennessee is from two thous- and five hundred to three thousand feet. In the Central Basin, the Trenton or Lebanon and Nashville rocks make the floor and much of the walls of the Basin. All the rocks are blue fossiliferous limestones, rich in the constitu- ent elements of a fruitful soil. West of the Central Basin are only two outcrops of these rocks, one in vStewart Count}^ in the Wells Creek basin and the other in the bed of the Tennessee River. The marbles of East Tennessee and h3^draulic lime- stones and much good building stone are derived from the rocks of these formations. (9.) Clinch Mountain Sandstone. This comes next above the Nashville rocks. This is a local formation of no importance agri- culturally, and is made up of a greyish thick-bedded sandstone about four hundred feet thick. Its greatest development is on the vSouthern slope of Cinch Mountain from which it takes its name. (10.) The White Oak Mountain Sandstone formation is local and consists of a group of variegated sandstones and shales, red, green and buff colored. These rocks form the summit and East- ern slope of White Oak Mountain in James and Bradley conn- GEOLOGY OF TENNESSEE. 165 ties, and also the Eastern slopes of Powell and Loan Monntain in the Northern part of East Tennesse Valley. This formation is of no agricultural or mineral importance. (11.) The D3'estone Group is from one hundred to three hun- dred feet in thickness and carries one to three layers of red fos- sil ore, intercalated with shales and sandstones which makes this formation of great commercial importance. Many thousands of tons of iron ore are mined from this formation at Inman in Sequatchie Vallc}^ and at Rockwood in Roane County and at other places. (12.) The Niagara Einiestone formation occurs mainly in the Western Valley of the Tennessee River. It is about two hun- dred feet thick and is made up of thick-bedded fossiliferous limestones, sometimes crystalline but often claye}*. Some fair marble, variegated and grey, pertains to this formation. This group of rocks occupies the greater part of the surface of the Western Valley outside of the alluvial bottoms. (13.) The Lower Helderberg formation is about sevent}^ feet in thickness and consists of blue, thin-bedded, fossil limestones often carr3dng cherty la3'ers. The formation is found in its greatest development in the Western Valle}- and in the \'alle3\s of Duck River and Buffalo River. The crumbling of the rocks of this formation makes an excellent friable soil, but the area of such soil is very limited. (14.) The Black Shale Formation is made up of a black bit- uminous tough shale saturated with oil and is often taken for coal by ignorant people. Underlying this formation is often found a bed of phosphate rock valuable for making fertilizers. The thickness of this formation is from a few inches to fifty feet. (15.) The Barren Group is a bed for the most part of flinty limestone. The derived soils are very thin and poor. It has a thickness of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet. (16.) The Coral Limestone formation is made up of a bluish lime.stone and has a thickness of from one hundred to two hun- 1 66 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. dred aud fifty feet. The soil from the formation is ver}^ fruitful and makes the best tobacco lands in the State. Found all around the Central Basin and in some parts of East Tennessee. (17.) The Mountain Limestone formation is unimportant for it is only seen on the slopes of the mountain. It is made up of heavy beds of limestone. It is from four hundred to eight hun- dred feet thick. (18.) The Coal Measures cover about five thousand one hun- dred square miles in this State, and are from five hundred to two thousand feet in thickness. This formation carries from two to six workable seams of coal. There are about eighty-four coal mines worked in Tennessee and the average production is about two million five hundred thousand tons annually. (19 and 20.) The Coffee Sand and the Rotton Limestone for- mations occur in West Tennessee onl3^ The}^ give rise to soils of considerable fertility and the Rotton limestone formation car- ries a bed of green sand which makes a good fertilizer. (21, 22 and 23.) The Ripley Group is much like the Coffee sand and has a thickness of five hundred feet. The Flatwoods Group which comes next is from two hundred to three hundred feet thick and has more clay in its composition than the Ripley Group. The La Grange Group overlies the last and is probably six hundred feet thick and is a stratified mass of sand. (24.) The Orange Sand or Drift formation comes next and is made up of sand and gravel and is drifted like snow over the surface, leaving spots bare of it and at other places attaining a thickness of one hundred feet or more. (25.) The Bluff Loam or Loess formation crowns the uplands of the counties of Shelby, Tipton, Lauderdale, Dyer and Obion. It is a fine calcareous and siliceous loam and gives rise to one of the most productive soils in the State. Its maximum thickness is about one hundred feet. (26.) The Alluvium formation includes all the recent depo.sits CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1 67 and consists of fine silt brought down from a higher level. The soils of the alluvian are the most productive and durable in the State. SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF J. B. KILLEBREW. J. B. Killebrew was born in Montgomer}- Count}^ Tennessee, Ma)^ 29, 1831 , was reared on a farm, educated at the University of North Carolina where he was graduated with the first distinc- tion in 1856; afterwards read law, devoted himself to agriculture, was made active Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1871- 75, canvassed the State in the interest of public schools, making two valuable reports to the Legislature on that subject which were printed, and by their influence turned the tide of public opinion in favor of a public school system. Afterwards he de- voted his time to the duties of Commissioner of Agriculture for the State of Tennessee, which position he held for ten years. He wrote and published during his incumbency 10,000 pages on the resources of the State. Mr. Killebrew was a special expert in the census work of 1880 and published a quarto volume on tobacco of the United States. He has been the editor of several journals. The degrees of A. M. and Rh. D. were conferred upon him b}^ the Universit}" of North Carolina. During his ac- tive life he investigated the soils, crops and minerals of nearly ever3^ State in the Union and in several of the States of Mexico. His life has been a very active and useful one. His recent labors have been in assisting in the work of the Standard Dictionar}^ published in New York in two large volumes, and in inducing cap- ital and immigration to the South. He prepared this chapter. CHAPTER XXVIII. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. I. Civil Government is that authority 'b}^ which a State or a Nation is ruled. It is established to preserve and keep society 1 68 the: history of Tennessee. in order. The foundation of society are the wants and fears of individuals. Unless some superior be constituted, whose com- mands and decisions all the members are bound to obe}^ they would still remain in a state of nature, without any judge upon earth to define their several rights and redress their several grievances. 2. Our State desires the protection and happiness of its citi- zens, and wdth that view its laws are enacted. In conjunction with the Federal Government, it watches and subserves our interests in many tangible ways. The people are the govern- ment, and it is successful in proportion to their intelligence and interest. 3. The government is divided into three general departments, viz. : I^egislative, Executive, and Judicial, whose functions are to enact, enforce and interpret our laws. Wise legislation has for its object the promotion of certain interests; the executive power enforces it with that view; if found in contravention to right and justice, it is nullified by the judiciary department. 4. The Legislative department is composed of Senators and Representatives elected by the qualified voters on the first Tues- day after the first Monda}^ in November of even numbered j^ears. A Senator must be at least thirty years old, and have resided three years in this State and one year in the county or district immediately preceding the election. A Representative must be at least twenty-one years of age, and have resided in this State at least three 5^ears next preceding his election and the last j^ear thereof in the county, town or city he represents. These officers are elected for two years. The Senate and House of Represen- tatives elect their officers, who are vested with the power to act during the sitting of the body by which they were elected. 5. The LegivSlature may regulate the jurisdiction of the courts and establish new ones. It convenes biennially at Nashville in odd numbered years, but may meet in extra session at an}^ time if the Governor deem it necessary. Its functions are outlined CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1 69 and restricted b}- the State Constitution, which limits its regular session to seventy-five days, and its extra session to twenty da3'S. Each legislator receives a per diem of four dollars, and mileage to and from Nashville, but these may be changed by an}' subse- quent session. 6. The Executive department is vested with authority to enforce legislative enactments. The Governor is the chief officer of the State. He is elected for two years by popular suffrage. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and must have resided in this State at least seven years next preceding his election. 7. The Secretary of State must be elected by the joint houses of the Legislature for a term of four years. His duties are to keep a fair register, and attest all the official acts of the Governor, and when required he shall lay before either house of the General Assembly all papers, vouchers, minutes, etc., relative to his office, and perform such other duties as may be required by law. 8. The State Treasurer is elected by the Legislature for two years, and must be at least twenty-one years of age, and must have resided within the State at least two years next preceding his election or appointment. His duties are to receive and safely keep in the treasury the State's money and accounts. He shall receive and pay out money from the treasury only upon the certificate or warrant of the Comptroller, unless the law directs it. He must keep true accounts of all receipts and disburse- ments. He must execute an official bond, approved by the Gov- ernor, before he can take charge of this department. 9. The Attorney-General is elected, by the Judges of the Supreme Court, for eight years. His function is to administer legal advice in cases in which the State is a party. The Register of the Land Office is elected for four years and has care of the original patents and surveys of lands in the State. He must execute bond with approved surety. 10. The Superintendent of Public Instruction is appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, and holds office two lyo THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. years. His duties are to make correct reports of the condition, progress, and prospects of the schools; to prepare suitable blanks for official reports, etc. , and to advise and co-operate with school officers in establishing and maintaining good schools. 1 1 . The State Geologist has charge of the geological surveys of the State and inspects mines. He is appointed by the Gov- ernor. The Commissioner of Agriculture has charge of this bureau to aid farmers in promoting their interests. He is appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, and holds office for two j^ears. The Adjutant-General has charge of the State militia, the arms and munitions of war. The Governor appoints him. The State Librarian is elected by the General Assembly for two years, and has charge of the Public Library of the State and contracts for and furnishes the necessar}^ sta- tionery to the State officers. 12. The Public Printer and Binder is elected by the Legisla- ture for two years, and is paid according to the work he does for the State. The Commissioner of Insurance is appointed b}' and is under the general supervision of the Comptroller. His duties are to investigate the reliability of insurance companies doing business in this State. 13. The State Inspector and Examiner is appointed by the Governor for two j^ears. Once each year he must examine into the management and condition of the Comptroller's and Treas- urer's offices, and the prisons and charitable institutions operated by the State. The Board of Equalization consists of one member from each Appellate District, appointed by the Governor. They are required to equalize taxation throughout the State. 14. The Governor in the recess of the Senate has power to fill vacancies in the foregoing offices by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of the next session, and shall fill the vacancy for the rest of the time or until the election, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. If a vacancy occurs in the ofiice of Governor, the Speaker of the Senate becomes Gov- CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 171 ernor. The foregoing officers are allowed annual salaries, pa3'a- ble monthly out of the State treasury, the Public Printer and Board of Equalization excepted. The General Assembly fixes the salaries. 15. The Sheriff, Trustee, Register, County Clerk, and Asses- sor, are county officers whose functions are well known and easily explained, hence we deem it unnecessary to outline them here. They are elected b}' the qualified voters and get their compensation in fees. The Surveyor and County Superintend- ent are elected by the County Court. Justices of the Peace are elected for six years, and there are two or more in each district. They compose the County Court. Constables are district officers who serve two years. 16. The Judicial department interprets laws and, if necessar>^ decides their constitutionality. In conjunction with the State Government is the Federal Government, which has the three departments, viz: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The Legislative department is composed of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senators are elected for a term of six years by the Legislature of the State which they represent. Each State is entitled to two Senators. A Senator must be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the State from which he is elected, and have been a citizen of the United States nine years preceding his election. The Vice-President is ex-officio Presi- dent of the Senate. 17. The House of Representatives consists of members elected directly by the people. Thej^ hold office for two years. These two bodies are knowai as Congress, which is the law-making power of the United States. Each Congress lasts two years, and holds two sessions, a long and a short one; but the President can call extra sessions. A Representative must be at least twenty- five years of age, and must have been at least seven 3'ears a citizen of the United States and an inhabitant of the State from which he is chosen. The decennial census fixes the number of 172 THie HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. Representatives, but each State is entitled to one. Each organ- ized Territory is entitled to one Delegate, who may engage in debate, but not vote. Senators and Representatives get an annual salar>% paid out of the United States treasury. 18. The Executive department is composed of the President and his Cabinet officers, who have the laws of Congress to enforce. The President is elected by the Electoral College, composed of electors, from the various States, who were elected by the people. The President selects his Cabinet officers and the Senate confirms them. The President's and Vice-President's term of office is four years, but they may be re-elected. If the President is removed, the Vice-President becomes President, and if he be removed, then the Secretar}^ of State becomes President. The President must be a native citizen of the United States, and at least thirty-five years of age, and been fourteen years a resi- dent of the United States. The Constitution of the United States outlines Congressional duties. 19. The Judicial department interprets the laws enacted by Congress and advises, when necessar}^, the various departments how to make legal procedure in cases. The Federal Courts are under the jurisdiction of this department. For full information in civil government see Free's Manual: The Principles of Civil Government in the United States and State of Tennessee. CHAPTER XXIX. CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1895. 1796. — ^January 11, Constitutional Convention met at Knox- ville, William Blount, President; William Machin, Secretary. March 31, William Blount and William Cocke were elected United States Senators; William Machin, Secretary of State. June I, this State admitted into the Union. CHRONOLOGY OP TENNKSvSF^H, 1796-1895. 1 73 1797. — ^July 8, William Blount expelled from the United States Senate. 1798. — December 3, second session of General Assembly met at Knoxville; William Blount elected Speaker. 1799. — October 26, the first camp meeting was held in the State, in Sumner count3\ 1800. — Governor William Blount died at Knoxville. 1801. — September 21, the General Assembl}^ met at Knoxville and adjourned, November 14. November 6, Gallatin, Rut- ledge, Lebanon and Tazewell established. 1802. — ^John Sevier, Moses Fisk and John Rutledge, of Ten- nessee, and Creed Taylor, Joseph Martin and Peter Johnson, of Virginia, appointed Commissioners to survey the line be- tween Virginia and Tennessee. 1803. — State composed of three Congressional Districts, Wash- ington, Hamilton and Mero; Commissioners appointed to survey boundary line between Kentuck}^ and Tennessee; Jack- son challenged Sevier to duel. 1S04. — Legislature provided for public roads; horse-racing in- augurated in Tennessee, at Gallatin. 1S05. — Aaron Burr visits Nashville; Governor William Brown- low, born in Virginia, August 29, died at Knoxville, April 29, 1877. 1806. — ^Joseph Coleman, first Mayor of Nashville. March i, duel between W. A. McNairy and General William Coffee. 1807. — East Tennessee College (Blount College) established at Knoxville; General William Campbell, born at Nashville, February i, died at Nashville, x\ugust 19, 1867. 1808. — General Assembly (second session) met at Kingston, April 3, adjourned April 22; Andrew Johnson, born in North Carolina, December 29. died at Carter's Station, Tennessee, July 31, 1875. 174 ' I'HK HISTORY OF TENNESSKK. 1809. — Hugh L. White and G. W. Campbell, first Supreme Judges; Governor James C. Jones, born in Davidson county, April 20, died at Memphis, October 29, 1859. 1 8 10. — February 4, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized at Samuel McAdow's residence, Dickson county, as an independent Presbytery; Governor Neil S. Brown, born in Giles county, April 18, died at Nashville, 1886. 181 1. — Supreme Court vested with exclusive equity jurisdiction; the General Assembly met in Knoxville for the last time, except in 181 7; Reynoldsburg, Elkton, Washington (in Rhea) and Murfreesboro were established; Reelfoot I^ake made by an earthquake. 1812. — Governor Blount furnishes the War Department twenty- five hundred men for the war of 181 2-15; State divided into six Congressional Districts; importation of slaves prohibited for five years; Jackson gets "Old Hickory;" Nashville Whig established. 1 8 13. — Governor authorized to march three thousand and five hundred men against the Creek Indians; Andrew Jackson appointed Major-General in the United States army. 1 8 14. — ^James Robertson died at Chickasaw Agency, Memphis, September i; President Madison appointed George W. Cam- bell, Secretary of the United States Treasury. 18 15. — Battle of New Orleans fought, January 8; Parry W. Humphreys appointed, November 29, Commissioner for Ten- nessee to settle line between Kentucky and Tennessee; Joseph Anderson appointed Comptroller of the United States Treas- ury. 1 8 16. — Andrew Jackson negotiated with the Cherokees andChick- asaws to extinguish their claims to lands in Tennessee. 18 17. — Legislature met, September 15, at Knoxville: General John Cocke and James S. Gaines, of Tennessee, and Captain CHRONOLOGY OF TENNKSSKE, 1 796-1 895- 175 Stock and James Carmack, of Georgia, were appointed to run a line between these States. 1818.— Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby made a treaty, Octo- ber 19, with the Chickasaws by which all territory north of 35° and east of the Mississippi was ceded to Tennessee; Isham G. Harris, born at Tullahoma, February 10. 1 8 19. —Thirteenth General Assembly met at Murfreesboro; Gov- ernor McMinn recommends the establishment of penitentiary; June 6, President Monroe visited Nashville; June 19, all the banks of the State suspend specie payment except Bank of Tennessee; October 19, "Tennessee Antiquarian Society" organized, Judge John Haywood, President. 1820.— Alexander Smith, Isaac Allen and Simean Perry ap- pointed to run the line between North Carolina and Tennessee: General Assembly, second session, met at Murfreesboro, June 26; Tennessee voted for James Monroe for President, and D. D. Tompkins for Vice-President. 182 1.— Fourteenth General Assembly met, September 17, at Murfreesboro; General Andrew Jackson appointed Territorial Governor of Florida, and Alexander Anderson, of Tennessee, ITnited States District Attorney of West Florida. 1822.— General Assembly, second session, met at Murfreesboro, July 22 to August 24; it established nine Congressional Dis- tricts; swords voted Generals Jackson and Gaines for gallantry in the war of 181 2. 1823. — Fifteenth General Assembly met at Murfreesboro, Sep- tember 15 to November 29; General Carroll re-elected Governor without opposition; Pioneer established at Jackson, first news- paper in West Tennessee. 1824. — General Assembly, second session, held at Murfreesborc from September 20 to October 22; Presidential vote of Ten- nessee: Andrew Jackson, twenty thousand one hundred and 176 THK HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. ninety-seven; Adams, two hundred and sixteen; Crawford, three hundred and twelve. 1*^25. — Sixteenth General Assembly, first session, held at Mur- freesboro from September 19 to December 7; General Lafayette visited Nashville. 1826. — The Legislature, having met at Murfreesboro from 18 19 to 1826, convened the second session at Nashville, October 16, and held to December 11; Memphis Advocate, first newspaper at Memphis, established; the Nashville Bank failed; duel between General William White and Sam Houston; Governor Carroll, in a proclamation, April 8, declared Nashville the Capitol of the State from May i ensuing. 1827. — Seventeenth General Assembly held at Nashville from September 17 to December 15; a fund established for the sup- port of free schools. 1828. — Andrew Jackson elected President of the United States, and served from March 4, 1829, till March 4, 1837; Presiden- tial vote of Tennessee: General Jackson, forty-four thousand and ninety; John Q. Adams, two thousand two hundred and forty. 1829. — Governor Sam Houston resigned and William Hall, Speaker of the Senate, becomes Governor; Senator John H. Eaton appointed Secretary of War. 1830. — ^Joel Parrish, Cashier of the Bank of Tennessee, defaulted for two hundred thousand dollars. 1 83 1. — Imprisonment for debt abolished; Dr. Gerard Troost appointed State Geologist; John H. Eaton appointed United States Minister to Spain. 1832. — Nineteenth General Assembly, second .session, held at Nashville from September 3 to October 22; Presidential vote of Tennessee: Jackson, twenty-eight thousand seven hundred CHRONOI.OGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1895. 177 and forty; Henr}^ Clay, one thousand four hundred and thirty- six; December 13, cholera declared to exist in Nashville. 1833. — Vote for a Constitutional Convention, fifty-three thousand six hundred and thirty-nine; vote for Representatives, ninety thousand seven hundred and eighty-one; Twentieth General Assembly, first session, held at Nashville from vSeptember 16 to December 2; cholera in Tennessee. 1834. — On the first Thursday and Friday of March an election was held for sixty delegates to Constitutional Convention; it assembled at Nashville, May 19 to August 30, William B. Carter was President, William K. Hill, Secretary: John Bell was Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Twenty- Third Congress. 1835. — Constitution of 1834 was ratified on March 5 and 6 by forty-two thousand six hundred and sixty-six for, to seventeen thousand six hundred and ninety-one against it. 1836. — Governor Cannon convened the Twenty-First General Assembly to defra}^ the expense of the surveys of the Louis- ville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railroad, it met October 3 to 26; March 6, David Crockett was killed at the Alamo. 1837. — Twenty-Second General Assembly, first session, met in October and adjourned January 27, 1838; Judge John Catron was . made Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving till May 8, 1865, w^hen he died at Nashville. 1838. — Felix Grundy appointed Attorney-General of the United States, July 7, and served till Januar}^ 10, 1840. 1839. — Governor Sam Houston visited Tennessee: total State school mone}' invested in stocks, eight hundred and thirty-five thousand and thirty-four dollars. 1840. — Presidential vote: W. H. Harrison, Whig, sixty thousand three hundred and ninety-one: Martin Van Buren, Democrat, forty-eight thousand two hundred and eighty-nine; April 10, 178 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Hugh L. White died at Knoxville; December 10, Felix Griind}^ died at Nashville. 1 841. — Twenty- Fourth General Assembl}^ met from October 4 to Februar}' 7, 1842; President Harrison appointed John Bell, Secretary of War. 1842.— P. I^indsley, W. G. Dickson, J. Waters, R. C. K. Martin, J. W. McCombs, J. M. Hill and Wilkins Tannehill commis- sioned Lunatic Asylum Commissioners. 1843. — Twenty-Fifth General Assembly held from October 2 to January 31, 1844; Nashville was established the permanent seat of government; Marshal Bertrand, of France, visited Nashville. 1844. — ^Janies K. Polk was nominated and elected to the Presi- dency; Henr}^ Clay carried Tennessee over Polk; Governor William Carroll died at Nashville, March 22. 1845. — Great Commercial Convention at Memphis, Calhoun, President; Polk inaugurated President, March 4; Cave Johnson appointed Postmaster-General; A. J. Donelson appointed Min- ister to Russia; William H. Polk, Minister to Naples; General Robert Armstrong, Consul to Liverpool. 1846. — Mexican war declared; Governor Brown called for two thousand eight hundred volunteers, and thirty thousand volun- teered; Gideon J. Pillow, Brigadier-General of Volunteers, ITnited States Arni}^; Tennessee furnished one regiment of Cavalry and three of Infantry to the Mexican war. 1847. — Twenty-Seventh General Assembly held from October 4 to February 7, 1848; Georgia Railroad completed to Chatta- nooga. 1848. — Presidential vote: Zachary Taylor, Whig, sixty-four thousand seven hundred and five; Lewis Cass, Democrat, fifty-eight thousand four hundred and nineteen; Van Buren, CHRONOI.OGY OF TKNNKSSEK, 1796-1895. 179 Free Soil, none; first telegraphic dispatch received in Ten- nessee. 1849. — Twent3^-Eighth General Assembl}' held from October 4 to February 11, 1850; Neil S. Brown appointed Minister to Russia; cholera visited Tennessee, May i ; Tennessee Historical Society established. 1850. — \'isitation of cholera in Tennessee. 1851. — President Fillmore appointed Luke Lea, Indian Commis- sioner; General Assembly held from October 16 to March i, 1852. 1852. — Whigs carried Tennessee by one thousand eight hundred and eighty majority; Presidential vote: Winfield Scott, Whig, fifty-eight thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight; Franklin Pierce, Democrat, fifty-seven thousand and eighteen; Hale, Free Soil, none; Insane Asylum at Nashville was opened March i. 1853. — General Assembly met in the new Capitol October 3 to to March 6, 1854; William Trousdale, Minister to Brazil; John L. Marling, Minister to Venezuela. 1854. — Hphraim H. Foster died at Nashville, September 14. 1855. — Thirty-First General Assembly met October i to March 3, 1856; yellow fever visited Tennessee; Philip Lindsley, a pioneer educator, died May 25. 1856. — Government bought the Hermitage for the State for forty- eight thousand dollars; Presidential vote: James Buchanan, Democrat, seventy-three thousand six hundred and thirty-six; Millard Fillmore, sixty-six thousand one hundred and seven- teen. 1857. — Thirty-Second General Assembly held from October 5 to March 22, 1858; Aaron V. Brown appointed Postmaster- General; Southern Commercial Convention held at Knox- ville. l8o THE HISTORY OF TKNNESSKE. 1858. — ^James Williams appointed Minister to Turkey; D. W. Ballew and A. L. Burch appointed to run a line between Vir- ginia and Tennessee. 1S59. — Thirty-Third General Assembly met October 3 and ad- journed March 29, i860; Governor Aaron V. Brown died August 15; Governor James C. Jones died October 29; on November 18, Allen A. Hall, editor of the News, killed George C. Poindexter, editor of the Union and American, at Nashville. i860. — Tennessee's Presidential vote: John Bell, Constitutional Unionist, sixty-nine thousand two hundred and seventy-four; John C. Breckinridge, Democrat, sixty-four thousand and seventy-nine; Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat, eleven thousand three hundred and fifty; Abraham Lincoln, none. 1 86 1. — Legislature met, Januar}^ 7, in extra session; June 24, Governor Harris declared the State out of the Union; August I, members were elected to the Confederate Congress; war begins. 1862. — Battle at Mill Springs, January 18, General Zollicoffer killed; Fort Henry fell, February 6; Fort Donelson surren- dered, February 16; Legislature met, February 20, in Mem- phis; the Federals occupied Nashville, February 25; Andrew Johnson commissioned Military Governor by the United States Government and took charge March 12; battle of Shiloh, April 6-7; Albert Sidney Johnson, commander of Department of Tennessee, killed April 6; Fort Pillow fell, June 4; Memphis surrended, June 7. 1863. — Battle of Stone's River, January 1-2; Brigadiers-General J. E. Rain killed at Murfreesboro, January i, and Preston Smith killed at Chickamauga, September 19; President Lin- coln appointed Allen A. Hall, Minister to Bolivia. 1864, — Union Convention at Nashville, September 5, nominated CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1895. 181 electors pledged to vote for Lincoln and Johnson, they were elected but not counted by Congress. 1865. — The Army of Tennessee, Confederate States of America, under General J. K. Johnson, surrendered, April 26, at Greens- boro, North Carolina; General E. Kirby Smith surrendered. May 26; cavalry force of Lieutenant-General N. B. Forrest, under General Dick Taylor, surrendered at Meridian, Missis- sippi, May 4; the Constitutional amendments were ratified, February 22, by twenty-five thousand two hundred and ninety- three for, to fort3^-eight against; Governor Brownlow and the Legislature were elected, March 4; Andrew Johnson qualified as Vice-President, March 4. 1866. — Governor Brownlow convened the Legislature, July 4, in extra session to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, it adjourned July 25, but the second session convened from November 5 to March 1 1 , 1867; Cave Johnson died, at Clarksville, November 23. 1867. — The negroes obtained the right of suffrage, February 25; Thirty-Fifth General Assembly, first session, met October 7 to March 16, 1868; Governor W. B. Campbell, born at Nashville, February i, 1807, died August 19, 1867. 1868. — D. B. Cliffe was appointed receiver of Memphis, Clarks- ville & Louisville Railroad, January 16, and on July 14, of the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad; Legislature met in extra session in July: it met again from October 9 to March i, 1869. 1869. — Legislature met October 4 to March 5, 1870; first time since the war that the Democrats had a majority: Tipton elected Superintendent of Public Schools in August. 1870. — Constitutional Convention met at Nashville from January 10 to February 23, John C. Brown, President; Constitution was ratified, March 26, by ninety-eight thousand one hundred and twenty-eight for, to thirty-three thousand eight hundred 1 82 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and seventy-two against it; Thirty-Sixth General Assembly, second session, met from May 9 to Juh^ 1 1 ; it fixed the number of Representatives at sevent5-five. 1 87 1. — State's debts, fortj-one million eight hundred and sixty- three thousand four hundred and six dollars and sixty-nine cents; for railroads and turnpikes, thirty-one million three hundred thousand four hundred and seventeen dollars and fourteen cents; State debt proper, four million eight hundred and nineteen thousand five hundred and forty-four dollars and twent3^-six cents; bonds indorsed and interest to Januar}' i, 1872, four million seventy-five thousand and twenty-eight dollars; Thomas O'Connor and R. F. I^ooney lease the peni- tentiary, November 17; Thirty-Seventh General Assembly, first session, met from October 2 to December 16; William Morrow, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex- officio; J. B. Killebrew^ Assistant. 1872. — Governor Browai convened the Legislature in extra ses- sion from March 12 to April i; Governor Trousdale died, March 27. 1873. — Thirty-Eighth General Assembly, first session, held from January 6 to March 25; it apportioned the State into Congres- sional Districts; John M. Fleming appointed State Superin- tendent of Public Schools, March 25. 1874. — W. Matt Browm appointed Warden of the penitentiary, May 7. 1875. — Thirty-Ninth General Assembly met from January 4 to March 24; J. B. Killebrew^ appointed Commissioner of Agri- culture, March 6; Leon . Trousdale appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction, March 25; Andrew^ Johnson died, July 31; Horace Maynard appointed Minister to Turkey and served till 1880. 1876. — R. P. Neely appointed receiver of the Mississippi Cen- tral & Tennessee Railroad. CHRONOLOGY OF TENNKSSKE, 1796-1895. 183 1877. — Fortieth General Assembly, first session, met from Janu- ary I to March 27; first extra session met December 5, and the second, December 11; Governor W. C. Brownlow died at Knoxville, April 29. 1878. — Yellow fever raged in West Tennessee. 1879. — Forty-First General Assembly, first session, held from January i to April i ; Leon Trousdale was appointed Superin- tendent of Public Instruction; J. B. Killebrew appointed Com- missioner of Agriculture; December 16, extra ssssion of the Legislature met and held to December 24. 1880. — The Democratic Convention in June named two candi- dates fcr Governor; the State Credit faction named John V. Wright; the Low Tax faction nominated S. F. Wilson: the Republicans nominated Alvin Hawkins, who was elected. 1 88 1. — Forty-Second General Assembl}', first session, held from January 3 to April 7; A. \\\ Hawkins was Commissioner of Agriculture; W. S. Doak, Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion; the first extra session of the Legislature held from December 7 to 26. 18S2. — Forty-Second General Assembly, second extra session, met from April 6 to 26; third extra session held from April 27 to May 22. 1883. — Forty-Third General Assembh', first session, held from January i to March 30; J. M. Safford was appointed State Geologist. 1884. — Three Republican Railroad Commissioners were elected, November 4, W. W. Murray, A. M. Hughes, and M. J. Con- don. 1885. — Forty- Fourth General x\ssembly. first session, held from January 5 to April 9; an extra session met from May 25 to June 13 to make appropriations for the year; James D. Porter appointed First Assistant Secretary of State of the United 1 84 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. States; J. D. C. Atkins, United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Albert Roberts, United States Consul at Hamilton, Ontario; Peter Staub, United States Consul at Basle, Switzer- land; W. R. Hening, United States Consul at Tegucigalpa, Honduras. -Peter Turney, W. C. Caldwell, H. H. Uirton, W. C. Fowlkes and B. I^. Snodgrass, Democrats, were elected Su- preme Judges; August 5, Governor Neil S. Brown died. 1887. — Forty- Fifth General Assembly, first session, held f;-om January 3 to March 29; B. M. Hord appointed Commissioner of Agriculture, March 19; F. M. Smith appointed State Super- intendent of Public Instruction, April 26. 1888. — William Park appointed Inspector of Mines to serve until April I, "189 1. 1889. — Hon. Robert Iv. Taylor inaugurated Governor, the second term; the Fiftieth General Assembly convened at Nashville on the first Monday in January. 1890. — ^John P. Buchanan elected Governor. 1 89 1. — Rebellion in the penitentiar}^ occurred; Governor Albert S. Marks, died at Nashville, November 4. 1892. — Peter Turney elected Governor. 1893. — Remains of Kx-President and Mrs. Polk were removed to the Capitol campus. 1894. — Democratic Supreme Judges were elected. 1895. — Election contest between Turney and Evans for Governor; Evans was qualified, February 6, and thus for a while two Governors existed. Historical Readings. CHAPTER XXX. THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE — ITS ORIGIN AND GROWTH. 1. The institution of African slavery is so intimately connect- ed with the history of Tennessee and has been so closel}^ inter- woven with her civilization, that a brief account of its origin, its growth and its sudden abolition should be recorded, not for crim- ination or exculpation, but that the truth of history may be vin- dicated. Facts, cold facts, are history, and they never blush to be narrated. 2. Until 1843 African bondage prevailed not only in some of the less civilized countries of Europe and South America, but in the East Indies, which were under the rule of Great Britain, the foremost and most enlightened government in the world. Early in this century the slave trade became odious to all philanthro- pists, but slavery itself was not. The brutality with which the trade was conducted and the "horrors of the middle passage," as it was called, had awakened the pity of mankind, and by common consent the traffic in Africans and their transportation to other countries was prohibited under the severest penalties, both in Europe and the United States. 3. Notwithstanding this, the institution of slavery- continued where it had been planted. It not only continued, but was en- couraged as a moral agency of civilization, until Wilberforce began the agitation for its abolishment in England and her colo- nies. But the plant of this great reform was of slow growth, THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. 1 87 and emancipation was not entire!}' accomplished until long after Wilberforce died. In 1843, the last of the slaves of the English colonies were emancipated, and their owners were paid for them out of the national treasury. 4. The sentiment of the people of the United States was against slaver}^ and that feeling for a time stronger at the South than at the North. The ordinance of 1787 that excluded the institution from the northwestern territories was supported b}^ southern men. Pennsylvania provided for gradual emancipation. There was to them no profit in slavery, but there were fabulous gains in the traffic. Hence, they graduall}' disposed of their own slaves by sending them south, and in some instances the young of their slaves were given awa3\ 5. But the feeling in the States was generall}- averse to slav- ery, and that feeling was for a time stronger at the South than at the North. The ordinance of 1787 that excluded the institution from the Northwestern Territories was supported by Southern men. Pennsylvania provided for gradual emancipation, and as late as 1840 her slaves were not all free. In some cases the}' were sold for debt. Rhode Island and Connecticut had a few left in 1840, New Jerse}- had two hundred and thirty-six in in 1850, New York emancipated in 1827. 6. That the Southern States did not emancipate their slaves was owing to a variety of circumstances. The climate of the South was suited to the negro, and he seemed to be contented and happy there. The Southerners had invested more money in slaves than had their Northern brethren. The invention of the cotton gin had suddenly stimulated the cultivation of cotton, for which the negro was peculiarl}' fitted, and the growth of rice, tobacco and sugar cane was equally inviting to his labor. But more than all these reasons was the fear that the slaves were increasing so rapidly as to put the State in peril if they were freed. They were still affected with the same race traits that they inherited from barbarian ancestors and it was greatly 1 88 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. feared that they could not be controlled as freedmen or as citizens. 7. Still there was an intelligent number of our people who favored gradual emancipation. This sentiment was slowly but surely spreading. Felix Grundy was outspoken as a co-worker with the gradual emancipation policy, inaugurated and advo- cated by Henry Clay, of Kentucky. This policy would doubt- less have been adopted by Tennessee, had her people not resented what seemed like attempts to coerce them. Our people said: "If you let us alone we may do it, but you cannot drive us. We are penned up with these negroes and know where our safety lies." 8. William Lloyd Garrison, of Boston, founded the Anti- Slavery party in 1831. Arthur Tappen became its President in 1 83 1. Much money was expended in magnifying and exagger- ating the abuses of slavery. This party declared that all the laws of the government that recognized slavery w^ere utterly null and void. As they grew stronger and became more aggressive their influence steadily increased. In 1844 the Abolitionists openly avowed that their object was to effect a dissolution of the Union and form a Northern republic. They declared that a union with slavery was a league with perdition and a covenant with death. They w^ere the first secessionists and they remained so until the late Civil War. The troops they furnished and the mone}^ they so freely contributed w^ere not for the maintenance of the Union, but to effect the freedom of the slaves. In i860 William H. Seward spoke from Faneuil Hall and said there was a higher law than the Constitution. 9. When Nathaniel Hawthore w^?s asked in 1861 if he was not in favor of the war, he replied: "Yes, I suppose so, but really I don't see what we have to fight about." It seemed to him that the South in seceding had done just what the Aboli- tionists desired her to do. This being the case, the intensified hostility of this party toward the South^is difficult to explain. THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. 1 89 Only a few years had elapsed since New England had emanci- pated the slaves they had not sold. It was less than twenty years since England had emancipated hers, and neither Ten- nessee nor any of her sister States was ready for the change. Was this cry for abolition an earnest sympathy for the slaves, or political hatred for their masters? Or was it both — for, as Judge Tourgee says in his "Fool's Errand" : "The South has controlled the government for fifty years. ' ' Many politicians at the North were jealous, jealous to exasperation, and slavery was but the shibboleth that intensified their animosity. Even in New Eng- land there were men who made no war upon the slave trade, but rather winked at it and enjoyed its rich' returns. This is not an idle assertion, but an established fact, if Northern historians are to be believed. 10. In 1820 Justice Story, the great jurist, charged the grand juries of his New England circuit in the following words: "We have but too many undeniable proofs from unquestionable sources that the African slave trade is still carried on among us with all the implacable ferocity and insatiable rapacity of former times. Avarice has grown more subtle in its invasion of the law. It watches and seizes its prey with an appetite quickened rather than suppressed. American citizens are steeped up to their very mouths in this iniquity." 11. W. W. Story, his gifted son, in writing the biography of his father, says: "The fortunes of many men of prominence were secretly invested in this infamous practice. Slavery itself had hardly disappeared in New England when the slave trade took on new life and was winked at. A man might still have position in society and claim consideration as a gentleman, nay, as a Christian, while his ships were freighted with human cargo and his commerce was in the blood and pain of his fellow creatures. This practice was abstracth' inveighed against, but was secretly indulged in. The chances of great fortunes inflamed the cupidity of men in my father's circuit. It is notorious that many large I90 THK HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. fortunes were the blood money of the slave trade, and owed their existence to the wretched cargoes that survived the horrors of the middle passage. But this charge of my father to the grand juries of Massachusetts and Rhode Island seemed only to arouse the passions of those engaged in the traffic. The newspapers of the day publicly denounced my father, and one paper in Boston declared that any judge who would deliver such a charge ought to be hurled from the bench." 12. And so the traffic went on unmolested. Still there were no prosecutions. The navies of the world seemed to be asleep, or, perhaps, the traffic was still winked at by the owners of the merchantmen that traversed the seas. 13. This much has been recorded to show to the youths of this generation that neither Tennessee nor the South was respon- sible for slavery, nor for the traffic in slaves across the seas, for from 1776 down to the present time, there was but a single attempt made by a Southern man to introduce African slaves into a Southern port, and that attempt was a failure. A small yacht, called the "Wanderer," was seized and condemned and her officers were pursued with unrelenting vigor by a Southern man, General Henry R. Jackson, who was then Assistant Attorney-General of the United States. 14. But, after all, slavery was really the provoking cause of the late unhappy war between the States. Tennessee seceded from the Union not because she desired to perpetuate slavery, but rather because she could not maintain what she believed to be her rights under the Constitution. She desired an outlet in the Territories for the disposition of her slaves, for their rapid increase was alarming. She believed that it was perilous to emancipate, and vStill more perilous to await results. Those of her citizens who were not slave owners were rapidly emigrating to the West. The most thoughtful men in Tennessee, particu- larly those advanced in years, saw and felt the. peril of their situation. Secession meant war, and to remain in the Union THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. I9I was to be imprisoned by State lines with an inferior race that might become a danger and a menace. A few slaves had been manumitted and sent to Liberia, but the result was bad, very bad. 15. The common people of the vSouth, the yeomanry, the toilers, were no lovers of the negro. They realized that he was in their way. The slave-holders owned the best of the land, lived in fine houses, and had the best stock, the best tools, and the best vehicles, while the toilers had to take what they could get. No wonder they were jealous of the institution. And yet these men, poor, and struggling for a livelihood, did not hesitate to shoulder their rifles and hurry to their countr3^'s call. "My country, right or wrong," was their motto. 16. Anti-slaver}^ was not a predominant sentiment in the North outside of New England. The cry of the West and of most of the North was, "The Union, it must be preserved. " General Grant, whom the North idolized and honored, was himself a slave-owner, and lived off their hire in St. Louis until freedom came. vSome of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln's kindred in Kentucky were slave-owners, and her brother served as a staff officer in the Confederate army. Mr. Lincoln himself declared that he signed the Emancipation Proclamation only as a war measure to suppress the rebellion, as it was called, and to save the Union. He repeatedly refused to take such a step, though urged by the members of his Cabinet to do so. General Fre- mont, in August, 1861, issued a military order that emancipated the slaves of rebels in ^lissouri. Mr. Lincoln promptly revoked this order. 17. In May, 1862, General Hunter issued a similar order, declaring all slaves in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida for- ever free. When Mr. Lincoln heard of it he immediately issued a proclamation declaring it void, and in his letter to Horace Greeley, in August, 1862, he said: "My paramount object is to save the I'nion, and not either to save or to destrov slaverv. If 192 THE HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it. If I could do it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I w^ould do that. ' ' 1 8. In the minds of both Lincoln and Grant there was but little sentiment concerning slavery as an institution, but after the emancipation they A^ery naturally accepted all the honor which the North and England showered down upon them and entered heartily into plans for the safe adjustment of the matters that the sudden enfranchisement involved. 19. Such, my young friends, were the causes and consequences of the institution of slavery in Tennessee. For half a century it had proved a blessing to both races. A blessing to the negro because it had brought him from a savage state to semi- civilization, and had elevated his children and given them a chance to live as human beings and to worship God as Chris- tians. A blessing to the white race because it cleared up the forests, advanced agriculture and built railroads. But, as the years rolled on, it seemed to be manifest that the institution had run its course, and that the time was near when it would cease to be a blessing to either race. Long before the war its doom was inevitable, for even had secession succeeded slavery could not have been maintained against the convictions of the unfriendly North and of the nations that sympathized with it. 20. Why this wonderful change in the status of four million slaves had to be baptized in blood and in tears to make it a reality, is known only to that Providence who doeth all things well. We might as well ask why Cain was permitted to kill Abel, or why Napoleon was permitted to ravage Europe and destroy millions of lives. 21. But the negro was safe during the entire struggle. Whether he remained at home or fled he was in no danger. He seemed to have no deep concern about his freedom or a continu- THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 1 93 ation of his bondage. Thousands of them followed their 3'oung masters in the war, and many of them were captured, but few remained in the Northern lines. "Gwine back to Dixie," was their song. Never was such mutual affection shown between master and servant; never such proof that in the main the master was kind and the servant loyal. During the four bloody years when our men were in the field and their wives, mothers and daughters were unprotected at home, not a single act of violence was heard of from the Potomac to the Rio Grande. As General Jackson so beautifully said: "The}- de- vServe a monument that should reach the stars, and on it I would inscribe, 'To the loyalty of the slaves of the Confederate States during the years 1862, '63 and '64.' " CHAPTER XXXI. THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. I . An influential number of the Northern people were Fed- eralists from principle. That is, they were followers of Alexan- der Hamilton, who wanted a strong central government, and would prefer to wipe out State lines and State rights rather than not have it. Mau}^ of these ambitious men were political enemies of the South because Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Calhoun, Jackson and other Southern men remained in power so long and controlled the patronage of the Government. But the enmity of the common people arose from a sympathy for the negro. They knew nothing about him or his condition, for the}' never visited lis, but they believed all that the political leaders told them. When the war came they rushed into it with an intense excite- ment. They expected the slaves to welcome them at the border with their hands outstretched and to join with them in a strike for their own freedom. 194 'I^HE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 2. But this sympathy for the slave, which armed so many men and gathered so much money, had no substantial founda- tion, for there was no happier race of people upon earth than the negroes of the South. Their average condition was infinitely better than that of the poor who lived in the slums of the great cities of the North. They had all the necessaries of life and many of its comforts, and in the main were more independent and had less care, less responsibilit}' than their masters. Young negroes grew up to manhood with the children of their master, frolicked with them by day and hunted with them by night. They had their corn-shuckings, their harvest suppers and their Christmas dances, and their merry laugh was alw^ays heard, in the field by day and at the fireside by night. The masters were almost universally kind — kind from good policy if nothing else. It was as much to their interest to keep their slaves in good con- dition as it was to protect and nourish their horses and cows. It was rare to see a puny, sickl}^ negro child, or one that was malformed or diseased. Corn bread, pot liquor, big hominy and plent}^ of grease saved doctors' bills. There was a trusting companionship between the young people of both races, but the color line was drawn and dominion was on one side and obedi- ence on the other. 3. All the great writers on political economy agree, that a healthy increase of population depends mainly upon the thrift and contentment of the people. Never did a race increase faster than the slaves of the South. Nowhere was such ripe old age to be found among the parents. Good food was abundant on the plantations and comfortable clothing came from the home- made loom and spinning-wheel. Negro infants and children were alwa3'S cared for by their master and mistress, and so were the aged ones who had served out their day and were too old to work. Simple medicines and good ph3^sicians were near, and the negro was almost without care or apprehension. The marriage relation was enforced among them and divorces were THK CONDITION OF TH?: NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 1 95 almost unknown. They multiplied rapidly, in many cases the parents living to see more than a hundred descendants. 4. One case in Carolina is well authenticated where the female ancestor lived to be one hundred and four years old, and had, when she died, about one thousand descendants. She became a mother at fifteen, had twenty-two children when forty- five, and two hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren when seventy-live. Whenever there was cruelty on the part of the master, it became a matter of public concern. Neither the courts nor the grand juries would tolerate it. Public opinion was against it, and the South has always been proud that nowhere upon earth were a people to be found who were more sensitive to the touch of humanity. Of course there were many bad negroes, and bad negroes had to be punished, and they were sometimes put upon the block and sold, but as a general rule families were kept together, and when their master died and a division had to be made among the children, they were divided by families. If they were sold by the administrator to pay debts, they were sold by families, and in most cases they had chosen their masters before the sale. Separation of families was the exception and a rare occurrence. In the main, the relation of master and slave was one of tenderness and human- ity. Let these facts go down into history and our people be vindicated. 5. But every distinct race of human beings has its peculiar traits. The Indian is marked for the strength of his friendship and his undying revenge. He will travel miles to reward a friend who has been kind to him, and he will do the same thing to take revenge upon an enem3\ The negro will do neither. His animal passion and appetites are strong, but his resentment and his sense of gratitude for favors are weak. He has but a limited idea of conscience, and less of remorse. He is a faithful and willing servant, a good companion, a trusty messenger, and he enjoys an emotional religion that condones every offence and 196 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. makes him happ3\ The race traits of the full blooded African for pilfering were known to their old masters in slavery times, and were kept under restraint by reasonable punishment. A propensity to small pilfering or "taking things" as they call it, seems to be born in the negro. With but few exceptions, the confidential servants, the cooks, the nurses, the house boys and the waiting maids, will "take things" from their employers. Their religion does not prevent it. A large per cent, of the negro criminals are members of the church. Education does not eradicate it. Indeed, the kind of education they get seems rather to stimulate it. The old negroes who were trained while in bondage by good masters, are not in the chain gang, and it is pitiful to hear them lament in sorrow over the sins of their children. 6. It is safe to say that five times the present number would be in the chain gang if the laws were strictly enforced against the rising generation. But the}^ are not. Town marshals and employers are kind to them and make no prosecutions for the petty thefts that occur in every family that hires a negro. The penitentiery report shows that no small per cent, of the negro convicts are serving their second term for a repetition of the crime for which they were first punished. It is indeed alarming that the number of criminals is on the increase. The rate far outruns the increase in population. 7, And yet many of these crimes are not heinous nor malicious, for the negro rarel}- steals very valuable things, knowing them to be valuable. It is wdth him a race trait and is even more marked than the trait which inclines the white race to cheat, or overreach, or deceive in trading. The difference is that the negro suffers less shame at being caught, and neither his reli- gious standing nor his social position is disturbed. This trait was kept subdued when the negroes were in slavery. In the old times the master adjusted the larceny business at home, just as he settled the sins of his children. But there were no chains. THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 197 no manacles, no starvation, no bloodhounds; no stripes that put the offender's life in peril. I^ook at the old-time negroes who are still left us as witnesses, and listen to their praises of their old masters and mistresses, and of their young master who went to the war. 8. Their natural contentment and total lack of apprehension about the future is another race trait, and is as marked as the discontent, the restlessness and the ambition of the white race. This trait will forever keep them from amassing wealth, and from securing any appreciable degree of independence. They will continue to be servants and vassals of the superior race. Education has not improved their industry or their morals. Just as a higher education has unfitted many of the whites for the ordinary callings and occupations of life, so has it unfitted a much larger proportion of the negro race for the labor for which their muscular forms seem by nature best fitted. It is well, probably, that all people have a chance to soar among the stars, but few can ever reach them, and the edict of the Garden is still in force: "By the sweat of thy brow shaft thou eat bread." 9. The survivors of the slaves and their decendants are with us yet, and but for the continued and persistent efforts of some Northern politicians to use them for political advantages, they would be better contented with their condition. They have been sorely tempted, sorely tried, but have at last realized that the North does not want them as neighbors, and that their best and only friends are to be found nearer home. They now constitute a large per cent, of the population of our State. Those on the farms who live and labor under the control and assistance of generous landlords, suffer no want, have the privileges of free public schools, and churches, and are seem- ingly well contended with their condition. Those who have gathered in the large cities, have as a general rule acquired all the vices that a crowded population naturally engenders, and 198 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. from these cities come most of the convicts that make up the colored army in our chain gangs. CHAPTER XXXII. WHY TENNKSSKK WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 1. About the year 1850, the utterances of Northern philan- thropists against slavery became more manifest and there began to be heard mutterings and threats. Unscrupulous politicians always seek a hobby whereon to ride into power. The}^ manu- facture great wrongs and outrages, and feed the prejudices of the common people. All admit that this element was not want- ing in the North, and ~was no doubt responsible in part for the formation of a sectional party, branching out under different names, such as the Disunion party, the Republican party, the Friends of Freedom, and the Abolition party, all of which came to be known, in 1856, as the Republican part}^ This was the first sectional party in the history of the Union. Garrison and Phillips, the New England agitators, were for disunion. Garri- son had a public burning of the Constitution, and in a Fourth of July speech, said, "The Union is a lie; let us up with the flag of disunion." 2. Phillips said, "The Constitution of our fathers was a mis- take. Let us tear it to pieces and make a better one. ' ' The excitement over Kansas thoroughh^ aroused all the anti-slavery elements. Emigrant societies were organized to fill up that territory and keep it from being made a slave State. Large sums of money were raised. Arms and ammunition were pur- chased, and large companies of men were dispatched. A prom- inent leader in Kansas was the notorious John Brown, who was afterwards hanged in Virginia for his attack upon Harper's Ferry. Though men have differed widely about John Brown, WHY TENNESSEE WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 1 99 we cannot look upon him as anything but a fanatic, desperate and at least half mad. At this time even the churches were not slow to incite bloodshed. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher de- clared from his pulpit that Sharp's Rifles were better than Bibles, and that "it was a crime to shoot at a slaveholder and not hit him. ' ' 3. The North was everywhere being educated for the war. Joshua Giddings, of Ohio, another prominent leader, said: "I look forward to the day when I shall see a servile insurrection in the South, when the black man, supplied with bayonets, shall wage a war of extermination against the whites, when the master shall see his dwelling in flames and his hearth polluted, and though I may not mock at their calamity, yet I shall hail it as the dawn of a political millennium." The "Helper Book," cf three hundred pages, was published as a campaign document. It was full of such anthemas as "Slave-holders are more criminal than murderers," and "The negroes will be delighted at the opportunity to cut their masters' throats." 4. Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, attended a public meet- ing where it was re.solved "that it is the duty of the Northern people to incite the slaves to resistance." Horace Greele}' said, ', History will accord an honorable niche to old John Brown," and Emerson said that "John Brown's gallows was as glorious as the cross. ' ' Now all this time General Grant was a slave- owner, and lived off their hire. Lincoln's kindred in Kentucky were slave-owners, and the slaves of the South were working peacefully and happily in the fields by day, hunting or fishing by night, making brooms or foot mats or baskets, perhaps play- ing marbles at noon, or seining on Saturday evenings, and as innocent of all this excitement as children unborn. But the crusade went on. The zeal of the abolitionists was unrelent- ing. 5. In 1852 Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, sister ot the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, wrote a book called "Uncle Tom's 200 run HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEJE. Cabin," which was intended to fire the Northern heart against slavery, and such was the pitiful .story told that it succeeded beyond her most sanguine expectations. This romance was in no respect a typical relation of the condition of the Southern slave, but the Northern people believed it and set the Southerners down as barbarians who knew no mercy. The pulpit and the press took up the book and it was made at the time a text for the philanthopist and a weapon for the politicians. The common people, who in the main were sincere though ill-informed, be- lieved all that was said or written against the South, and when the war began the}^ were ripe for the conflict. But few of the Northern people had ever visited the South and remained long enough to witness and understand the true relation of the slave to the master. 6. Those who came to stay soon comprehended it and were reconciled to the patriarchial relation, and grew to be our fast and lasting friends. They either hired or owned slaves, and when the war came they affiliated with us and sustained and supported us heroically against the invasions and exactions of their Northern brethren. There was hardly an exception to this in all the land, and these men were generally of the highest order of intelligent manhood. They were the presidents of our colleges, the teachers of our schools, the editors of our news- papers. Some of them were upon the bench of our highest courts, and some were our foremost pulpit orators. The}^ re- monstrated and entreated, but their pleadings were in vain. Never was an institution more misunderstood, never a good people so maligned. Between the cries of "The Union, the Union," "The Slave, the Slave," the South suddenly realized that she had no friends beyond her limits, and must befriend and defend herself. 7. As for the battle cry of "The Union," the South could see nothing in it but a theory and a threat of force. In the opinion of the ablest men of the South and many in the North, the WHY TENNESSEE WITHDREW PROM THE UNION. 20I thirteen original States came together in a compact, a co- partnership for mutual protection against foreign foes. It was never conceived that they could not separate for cause, when the cause came. This question has now been settled b}^ force, but the South recognizes that the results of the war have settled it against the doctrine of State rights as maintained by Calhoun, Toombs, and hundreds of the greatest and best writers on this question. 8. Jefferson had said, "The States may withdraw their dele- gated powers." Madison said, "The States themselves must be the judges whether the bargain has been preserved or broken." Chief Justice Chase said, "If a State should with- draw and resume her powers, I know of no remedy to prevent it." Edward Everett said, "To expect to hold fifteen States in the Union by force is prep'osterous. If our sister States must leave us, in the name of Heaven let them go." Horace Greeley said in the New York Tribune, three da3'S before South Caro- lina seceded, "The Declaration of Independence justifies her in doing so," and after other States had also seceded he said, "Wayward sisters, depart in peace." It was not treason, and when it was proposed to try Jefferson Davis after the close of the war for high treason, the greatest lawyers of the North advised against it, and assured the Government that he could not be convicted, for no one could be convicted of treason for seceding. 9. The South saw that it was useless to crj^ peace when there was no peace. Compromise after compromise had been offered by such men as Crittenden and Douglas and other conservative statesmen, but all were rejected, and at last, when Lincoln was elected President on a sectional platform, and while the North was singing, "John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave," the Southern members withdrew from the Congress of the nation and came home for counsel. It seemed that it was better to separate in peace than to remain longer in discord. 202 THE HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. South Carolina was the first to break the chain, and Tennessee soon followed. The Southern people did not doubt the right of secession, but many good men doubted its policy. Even Daniel Webster, the great expounder, said in his last great speech at Capon Springs the year before he died, "I repeat that if the Northern States refuse wilfully and deliberately to carry into effect that part of the Constitution which respects the restoration of fugitive slaves, and Congress provides no remedy, the South would not longer be bound to observe the compact. A bargain cannot be broken on one side and still bind the other side." lo. The Northern States did refuse and Congress provided no remedy. Hence the Southern States withdrew from the Union, withdrew peacefully, claiming nothing but what was on their soil, and leaving to the North the capital and all the nation's treasures. This secession resulted speedily in a war, a horri- ble, and a terrible war, but the negro did not cut his master's throat nor defile his hearthstone. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE COMMON PEOPIvE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 1. Before the late civil war there were two distinct types of Anglo-Saxon civilization occupjdng the Southern States, and especially those States lying east of the Mississippi River. They were the common people and the aristocrac3^ While these two classes intermingled and sometimes intermarried, the line was plainl}^ marked and seemed to grow more visible as the 3^ears rolled on. The institution of slaver}^ helped to keep it bright. 2. It was not a line between the poor and rich, nor between the ignorant and the educated, nor between slave-holders and THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 203 non-slave-holders. It was .not a political line dividing the Whigs from the Democrats, but nevertheless it was a line which all of these helped to make, and it gradually grew into one of social equality, or inequality. The toilers did not often mate with the aristocrats nor intrude upon them socially. Indeed, they occupied for the most part, different sections of the State, the common people settling in the mountain region, while the wealthier class lived in Middle or West Tennessee, where their slaves could grow cotton and tobacco to advantage. 3. These common people had settled down in advance of the schoolmaster and long before railroads were built, so their children grew^ up without education, and their only chance for learning was a mother's love and solicitude. She would teach them all that she had not forgotten — she always does. The father may be educated but he will not trouble himself to teach his children. He is too busy by day, and too tired at night. Before the war there were in Tennessee at least two generations that had grown up with but a limited education — in fact, with none to speak of, for it was rare to find a man among them who could read or write. It was history repeating itself. Daniel Boone could read, but his children could not. The year before the war the percentage of illiteracy in Tennessee was appalling. The itinerant preacher had been there, but not the school- master. The illiterate and rude people had been taught how^ to live and how to die. Their morals had been preserved but not their manners. 4. The cotter's Saturday night in old Scotland was not more humbly devotional than the gathering of these rough people at the log church on a Sabbath morning. There were none to molest or make them afraid. They came as best they could — on foot, on horseback, or in the farm- wagon. The}^ came in families, parents and children. They sat upon the puncheon seats and devoutly listened as the preacher stretched forth his arms and said: "Let us worship God." It is a lasting tribute 204 THE HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEE, to these good people that while their percentage of illiterac}^ was distressing, their percentage of crime was meager. In portions of the North where illiterac}- is from four to six per cent., crime seems to have increased in an inverse ratio, for as illiteracy decreases crime increases, unless morality and religion are taught in the schools. 5. And so since the war, when railroads and revenue laws have penetrated the homes of these people, crime has been on the increase, and the moonshiner has become an outlaw. There was a time when his father and his grandfather distilled their fruit in a limited and honest way, and worshipped God, and violated no law. There was a time when there was no locks on their doors, and the stranger always found a welcome — a time when there were no hip pockets for deadly weapons, when jails were empty, and half the w^eek was sufficient to clear the court house docket. 6. There w^as a time when these men so loved their country that on the first alarm they picked their flints, shouldered their rifles and hurried to General Jackson's call; or, later, to fight the Indians in Florida; or, still later, to old Virginia to defend what they believed to be their rights under the Constitution. What a mistake to say these men were fighting for slavery, when not one of them in a hundred ever owned a slave. But they fought. They fought, as their forefathers had done before then, when resisting the imposition of a little tax on tea, though not one in a thousand drank it. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. CONTINUED. I. The aristocracy of the South was before the war mainly an aristocracy of wealth, education and dominion. Either of THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 205 these gives power and influence. All of them combined lift a man above the toilers and command their respect as well as their envy. The aristocrats were generally gentlemen of educa- tion, refinement, manners and a sentiment of adjusting personal conflicts by the code of honor. Money helps to establish their title, of course, but it is not absolutely essential. Indeed, it is possible that there are rich common people and poor aristocrats. The results of the war developed many of both classes. Our cities are full of the former, and they are generally the leading men in mercantile business and industrial pursuits. The old time aristocrats esteemed themselves to be gentlemen, and gen- erally they were. They were of good stock and thoroughbred. Whether one was riding or walking you could tell him by his carriage — by the vehicle he rode in or the measured dignity with which he walked about. 2. That vehicle was an unique as a Chinaman's palanquin. It did not rest on elliptical springs, but was swung high be- tween four half circles, and the dickey, or driver's seat, was perched still* higher, and the driver's bell-crowned hat was the first thing that came in sight as the equippage rose into view from over a distant hill. There were two folding staircases to this vehicle and nobody but an aristocratic lady could ascend or descend them with aristocratic grace. The gentleman who was born and bred to this luxury was a king in his way — limited it is true, but nevertheless a king. His house was not a palace, but it was large and roomy, having a broad hall and massive chimneys and a verandah ornamented with tall Corinthian columns. This mansion was generally situated in a grove of venerable oaks. It was set back from one hundred to two hundred yards from the big road, and the lane that led to its hospitable gate was enfiladed with cedars or lombardy poplars. Fragments of the cedars are still left, but the poplars died with the old South. They died at the top very like their owners. 2o6 THK HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKE). 3. Prominent in the rear of this mansion was the old gin house with the spacious circus ground underneath where the horses vv^ent round and round under the great cog-wheels, and the little darkies rode on the beams and popped their home- made whips. Not far away were the negro cabins and the orchard and the big family garden, and all around were fowls atid pigs and pigeons and honey bees and hound dogs and picka- ninnies to keep things livel}^ The owner of this plant was a gentleman and was so regarded by the neighbors. He was a nobleman without the title of nobilit}^ He had been through college and to New York and to Saratoga and had come back and married another gentleman's daughter and settled down. The old folks on both sides had given them a start and built the mansion and sent over a share of the family negroes to mul- tiply and replenish. 4. He dressed well and carried a gold-headed cane and a massive watch and chain that were made of pure gold at Geneva. There was a seal attached — a heavy prismatic seal that had his monogram. The manner in which he toyed with this chain and seal was one of the visible signs of a gentleman. It was as significant as the motion of a lady's fan. The old gentleman's "company suit" was a navy blue swallow-tail coat ornamented with plain brass buttons that were kept bright and burnished, a pair of trousers to match and a white Marseilles waistcoat. When these were set off with a beaver hat, a ruffled shirt and a bandana handkerchief, the visible make-up of the gentleman was complete. 5. Most of these old-time gentlemen kept what was called open house, and all who came were welcome. There was no need to send word that you were coming, for food and shelter were always ready. The old gentleman called for Dick or Jack or Caesar to come and take the horses, put them up and feed them. There was plenty of corn and fodder in the crib, plenty of big fat hams and leaf-lard in the handy smoke-house, THE COMMON PKOPLK AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 207 plenty of turkeys and chickens in the back yard, plenty of preserves in the pantry, plenty of trained servants to attend to all the work while the lady of the house entertained her wel- come guests. How proud were those family servants to show off before the visitors and display their accomplishments in the kitchen, the dining-room and the bed-chamber. They shared the family standing in the community and had but little respect for what they called the "poor white trash" of the neighbor- hood. 6. This old-time gentleman had a rich man's way even though he was financially embarrassed. His name was in the grand jury box, never in the petit jury box. That would have been an indignity that would have been resented. There was no line of demarkation between the common people and the aristocracy that was more rigidly drawn than the one that separated the grand jury from the petit jury. The aristocrats not only held all the prominent offices, but they were colonels and majors of the militia. Almost all of the professional men came from this aristocratic stock. They were generally Whigs in politics, and were the patrons of high schools and colleges, and stocked the learned professions with an annual crop of graduates who were intensely loyal to Henry Clay, Fillmore, Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, John Bell, and the code of honor. They had wealth, dignity and leisure, and Solomon says that in leisure there is wisdom, and so these men became our law-makers, our jurists, and our statesmen, and they were the shining lights in the councils of the nation. But it was an aristocracy that was exclusive. It had shut out and overshadowed the masses of the common people, just as a broad spreading oak overshadows and withers the undergrowth be- neath it. 7. Of course these aristocrats were not all Whigs. There were many distinguished exceptions, such as the Jacksons, the Johnsons and the Grundys, who were Democrats, though of 208 THK HISTORY OF TENNKSSKE. aristocratic birth. General Jackson was an illustrious statesman who come up from among the common people to stay with them and to lead them, as Moses led the children of Israel. His whole political life was a fight against monopolies, and the power and corruption that come from large fortunes and favor- itism. 8. The result of the war was a fearful fall to the aristocracy of Tennessee. They lost many of their noble sons in the army, and their property soon after. The extent of their misfortunes no one will ever know, for "the heart only knoweth its own bitterness." Many of them suffered and were strong, but the majority gave up to despondency and their children w^ere left to scuffle for themselves. The collapse to them was awful. They had not been raised to exercise self-denial or economy, and it was humiliating in the extreme for them to have to descend to the level of the common people. But they did it, and did it heroically. And so in the course of time this line of demarkation between the common people and the old aristocracy began to fade. Finally it passed away. A new and a hardier stock came to the front, that class which before the war was under a cloud. The results of the war made an opening for them and developed their latent energies. With no high degree of culture, they nevertheless proved equal to the struggle up the rough hill of life, and began to build up what the war had pulled down. They began at the bottom, just where the war found them and w^here it left them. They had been reared to work, and their practical energy w^as soon followed by thrift and a general recovery of wasted fields and fenceless farms. 9. These men now constitute, in the main, the solid men of the State, and have contributed largely to the building up of schools and churches and factories and railroads. They are the modern self-made Southerners, a class that forms a striking con- trast to the dignity and repose of the old patriarchs whose beau- HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 209 tiful homes adorned the hills and groves of the South before the war. But the children of these old patriarchs had to come down some, and the children of the common people came up some, and they have met upon a common plain, and are now working happily together, both in social and business life. Spirit and blood have united with energy and muscle and it makes a good team — the best all-round team the South has ever had. Historical Recreations. 1 . What is the area of Tennessee ? Population ? 2. How many counties in this State? Congressional Districts? 3. Who are your County officers? How elected? 4. Name the functions of our officers. 5. Name and define the departments of our government. 6. How does the County Court and Legislature differ? 7. Name and describe original tribes of Indians. 8. What of their manners and customs? 9. Name the first permanent settlement in the State. 10. Name twelve prominent pioneers. Twenty Governors. 11. What do you esteem in the aborigines? 12. Mention four cities that have Indian names. 13. What is the significance of "Tennessee?" 14. Give motto and popular names of this State. 15. How were the salaries of the officers of Franklin paid? 16. Who was the father of East Tennessee? Middle Tennessee? 17. Why does the State have three divisions? 18. Name the successive Capitols of the State. 19. Name ten of the most populous counties. Ten cities. 20. Whom do you regard our most distinguished man ? Why ? 21. Name our present vState officers. Give politics. 2IO THE HISTORY OF TKNNESSEK. 2 2. Name seven counties from each division of the State. 22). Why was the State unrepresented in Congress from 1863 to 1865? 24. Name three Presidents and three Generals from this State. 25. Name four railroads and six rivers. Locate them. 26. What distinguished General advocated dueling? 27. What was Governor Harris' reply to the President's requisi- tion for troops? 28. What Congressman accidentally but fatally poisoned him- self? 29. How was the Turney-Evans contest for Governor investi- gated ? 30. How did Governor Brownlow repel his opponents in a cam- paign ? 31. What caused the State debt? How settled? 32. Name the politics of our Governors. What is politics? 33. What is the object of the State Constitution? 34. Why does the Senate confirm appointments? 35. Describe old time camp meetings. 36. Compare Generals Sevier and Tipton. 37. Why did P'ranklin fail? 38. What did its Constitution prohibit? Why? 39. What made Reconstruction odious? 40. How will Tennessee compare with other States? 41. What was the War of the Roses? 42. Name seven keenly contested battles. 43. What and where is the Hermitage? 44. lyocate the tombs of ten Governors. 45. Where are Jackson, Polk and Johnson buried? 46. Name and locate four National cemeteries. 47. Describe the "Battle Above the Clouds." 48. Name a disastrous penitentiary insurrection. 49. Mention four State institutions. Locate them. 50. The present Legislature has how many members? APPENDIX The Formation of Counties. Washington.. Il777 ^Sullivan 11779 Greene |178.3 Davidson 1783 iSuinner 178(5 Hawkins 1786 Tennessee Jetierson.. Knox Sevier lJl(junt ( arrer Graingor Montg(3niery Rubertson Gocke Smith Wilson Williamson.. Anderson R'.ane (;laihorne .Fackson 17 1792 1792 1794 179.-. 1796 1796 1796 1796 1797 1799 1799 1799 1801 1801 ISO I 1801 Dickson 11803 1803 11803 Srewart Rutherford Gfimpbell J1806 Overton 1 1806 White '1806 Hickman 11807 Pvhea ,1807 Hledsoe 1807 Frank h'n 1807 Bedford 1807 1 Warren ,1807' Maury 1807, Humphreys...! i809| Lincoln |1809! (Tiles !l8Qa Morgan r817 Lawrence {1S17 Marion 1817 Wayne 1817| Hardin 1819, Wilkes and P.urke Cos., N. VVashingtc»n Co Washineton Co (xreene Ct» Davidson Co Sullivan Co Davidson Co (ireeneand Hawkins Cos Greene and Hawkins Cos Jefferson Co Knox (Jo Washington Co Hawkins and Knox (Jos Tennessee ('o Tennessee Co .Tefferst»n Co Sumner Co Sumner Co Davidson Co Knox and Grainger Cos Knox (Jo (iraingerand Hawkins Cos Smith <'o Robertson and Montgomery Cos Montgomery Co Davidson Co Anderson and (Jlaibc^rne (Jos .lack.son Co Wilson, Smith, .Jackson and Gverton (_'os Dickson Co Roane Vo Koane Co Warren and P»edford Cos Rutherford Co White (o Williamson (Jo Stewart Co Bedford C^o iNTaury (Jo Koane Co Hickman and Maury Cos Ciierokee Lands ^ Hickn)an and Humphre.vs Cos | VV'esiern Dist. under Control of Stewart and Wayne Cos ' George Washington, (ien. ,]ohu Sullivan, (ien. Xath. Greetie. Gen. Wm. Davidson. Col. Jethro Sumner. Indian nameTenassee I homas .Jefferson, (jen. Henry Knox. Gov. John Sevier. Gov. Wni. Blount, (jien. Landon Carter. Mary Graineer. Col. J no. Montgomery (Ten. Jas. Robertson, (ien. Wm. Cocke. (Jen. Daniel Smith. Maj. David Wilson. (Jen. Williamson, loseph Anderson, (lov. Archibald Roane Gen. Andrew Jackson William Dickson. Duncan Stewart. (Jen. Rutlierford. Col. Arthui Campbell Kdmund Hickman. Thomas Bedford. Abram Maury. Parry W. Humphreys (Jen. Ben.i. Lincoln, (ien. >rm. B. (iiles. Gen. Daniel Morgan. -__ Com. .Jas. Lawrence. (Jen. Francis .\hirion. Gen. Anthony Wayne Col. Joseph Hardin 212 THE HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Monroe McMinn Perry Shelby Hamilton Henry Carroll Madison Henderson.... Hardeman ... Haywood Dyer Gibson Weakley Fentress Obion Tipton McNairy Fayette ('otfee Lauderdale .. Benton .lohnson Meigs Cannon Marshall Bradley DeKalb Polk Van Buren... Putnam Macon Lewis Crundy Hancock Decatur Scott "Union James.... Moore... Unicoi.. Pickett- Chester. 1819!Cherokee Lands 1811» ( "herokee l^ands 1819 Hickman Co 1819 Hardin Co Rhea Co West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co West. Div«t. under control of Stewart Co West. J)ist. under control of Stewart ('o Vv^est. Dist. under control of Stewart Co Hardin Co |Col. T. J. Hardeman 1819 1821 1821 1821 1821 1823 18231 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co.. 1823 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co... 1823 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co... 1823 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co... 1823 Overton and Morgan Cos 1823 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co... 1823' West. Dii^0 4438 23492 6948 21470 6314 15616 29520 13906 12864 4889 118741 21045 13258 7020 17769 11214 16162 19232 14491 19133 9312 2582 2099 8242 7094 8186 11341 13272 26134 5717 5648 19906 6968 2660 4814 9279 i 74191 3430 7633 11211 5821 35701 6338 3985! 109^8 13801 i 14280, 9096 11725 "16043 5018 22813 ""755'9 9320 2241 22828 "'7296 21535 6190 14592 32498 13555 34732 4(567 12607 20895 11425 9:^0 13706 26145 4717 14970 25666 32413 21668 21668 3250 17241 7148 18074 11768 '7 1 1583' 25094 14217 20380 9856 6442 14721 21179 85871 4415 12185 16145 2*»122i 1905! "am 311571 18412 97191 3.3.5.3 12817 12637 6042 ■"8726 8558 4991 1.52()5 27918 3519 2120 9122 48092 l(;"i")7 9896 9326 12583 "l947i 5852 2899U 2428 10838 7601 1986 28050 '""6633 23480 6841 16207 S(i289 13969 12726 4511 12589 24747 2969 15581 11297 6925 ""7369 8698 5538 15622 16166 33289 40,54 2335 11028 76378 159J14 12019 1880. 14813 124(]0 15118 31871 5941 1717> 32685 36014 12384 24005 4592 10187 23642 9098 22921 14793 20610 26053 17430 22142 12095 4295 11379 12008 518' 1.5846 7766 391;^ 3968 14918 10383 2181 26960 9148 9321 30874 10910 19259 39904 15064 17271 711 14283 28481 623:3 51.56 22912 12153 7174 7269 11501 7073 1523 18862 S6741 6021 25(1.5 15.511 78430 17799 12<)90 1890. 15650 1.3645 19878 28878 .58929 35859 a4957 13196 26614 11418 53482 10.342 21029 17698 22246 23558 16.336 21070 14499 5.390 11720 13:325 4^-03 16478 8858 59557 5304 18756 12286 2.555 27:3S2 9273 178;i0 15510 10878 30497 15411 18906 38112 6930 15:32i) 296l>7 5975 7639 27273 12039 778.5 4736 8:361 136S;3 12647 17418 20078 35097 9794 3027 187()1 112740 184(14 12193 222 THK HISTORY OP TBNNBSSKE). COUNTIES. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. Sullivan 4447 2196 10218 4616 6847 13729 7015 19211 10073 20569 5317 10736 22445 6800 11742 22717 8887 13552 22030 10705 13136 33711 14884 18321 23625 21033 6646 3645 10260 2933 14079 16181 21301 24538 11176 28313 28747 20879 8uinner Tipton 23668 24271 58;W XTnicoi 4619 6117 2581 11147 14829 9115 18216 9381 23827 26072 7605 2725 12714 16317 20209 2075.> 9375 25328 25881 11459 \7aii Riirpn 2674 10179 13861 8170 14608 11444 27201 27443 2863 Wiirrcn 5725 7740 10384 9557 2459 "8701 20640 18730 15210 10995 6013 4797 9967 26638 25472 10803 11751 7705 9870 10747 27006 24460 14413 Washington.. Wavne 5872 6379 2U354 11417 Weakley White Williamson... Wilson "2868 3261 "4028 13153 11952 2^955 12348 26321 27148 Totals 35G91 105602 261727 422771 681904 829210 1002717 1109801 1258520 1542359 1767518 INDEX. PA OK. Aborigines 21 Adams, J. Q 77,78 Adams, John 55, //, 78 African Slavery 61, 78, 97, 104, 108, 132 Agricultural Society 83 Alcorn, Colonel 64 Alien l.aw 57 Algonquins, Indians 10 Allison, T. F. P 150 Alliance. 145 Anderson, Fort 147 Army of Tennessee 123, 128 Asylums 83 Bate. W. B 128.142. 143 Banks 62. 73. 78, 80 Bean, William 27 Beasley. J. R 142 Beauregard. General 121 Bell, .John 90, 98. 116 Benton, Jesse 63, 61 Bee, (ieneral 118 Billot" Riglits 40 Black Hawk War 88 Black Warrior 17 ])ledsoe's Lick 36 Blount. Willie 59 IJlount, William 49, 51, 53, 55, 56. 59 Blount College 41 Boone, Daniel 21. 24, 26 Boyd'sCreek 40 Bragg. General 123, 125. 126. 127, 128 British 30. 61. 62. 67, 70. 71, 72 Brown. Jacob 29 Brown, James 77 Brown, Neil S 102 Brown, Aaron V 97. 102 Brown, John C 137, 138 Brownlow. G. W 132. 134, 135. Buckner, General 120, 126l pa(;e Buchanan, J. P 145, 146 Buchanan, James 99 Buell, General 121, 123, 124. Vz5 Burr, Aaron 55,60 Byrd, (Jolonel 26 Cdtawbas 13 Calloway, Samuel 21 Cabinets 87 (Campbell, William 36 Campbell, George W 66 Campbell, Governor 1U3 Carter, Landon 53 Carter, W. B : 85 Cannon, Newton 89 Carroll, William 60. 63. 74. 75. 79. 88. 94 Caruthers, R. L 110 Cherokees 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27, 30, 40, 59 Chickasaw? 17. 22, 23, 25. 27. 50. 51, 52, 73 Cheatham. B. F 138 Chiska 19 Choctaws 23 Christianity 36. 37 Clarke. General G. R 46 Clay. Henry 77.78.86.94.96 Cleburn, General 128 Cottee, General 64, 6fi Courts of Pleas 31 Cocke. William 41.53.65 ( 'oal Creek 146. 147 Cook. G. W 81 Confederate Generals 129 (Constitutions 8.5, 132, 137 Crawford, G. S. W 144 ( reeks 25, 27, 42, 59, 63. 64. 66 ■ Crittenden, G. B 120 Crockett, Robert 28 Crockett. David 89 ('ummings. Rev. Charles 30 Davis. Jetferson 115. 124 INDEX. 223 T^ rn .. PAGE.' PAKE. P,f [onti l.j; Iberville ID I)e Peyster 37; Indians 9-16. 22. 23, 24. 25, 63, 64. 65, 6fi i)e .^oto. Hernando IG. 17. 18. 19. 20. 50 Insane Asylums 82.83 necatur bort 5:] Iroquois 10 ] eposit. Fort 64 Island Flats 30 f>ix, !>• I-. 8i Jackson. General Andrew 38.51.55.63 l)lstranc•hls^" Aft 133 64. 65. 66. 69. 70. 71. 73. 74. 77. 78. 86. 87. 88. J)obbs. Governor 26 92. 93. 94. Jjoak, Kev. S. L 36 Jolinson. Andrew..l07. 108. 110. 125. 131, m Doak W.S.. 144! Johnson. A. S 119.121.123 Done son, bort 1201 Johnson. Joseph E 128 Hone son. John 46, 47, 481 Johnson. Cave 91 ] one son A. .T 108| .Toliette 18 |)onglas. Stephen A 116. 117i Jones. James C 96 i^rafirging Canoe 30 Judicial Districts 53.60 Katon. John H 90 Kelly, John D 98 livdwards, K. M 141 Key, D. M 139 EUet, Jr., Charles 121 Killebrew. J. B 144 Einucfau 66 King's Mountain 36.37 Entry lakers 32 Know Nothing Party 108 Enotaohopco 66; Knox. Colonel James 28 .26 Ku-Klux 119. i:« Etch Ethridge Emerson 140| Lambert, Jeremiah 3 Evans. H. Clay.. 149 Lane. Tidence 36 Everett. Edward 116 >oderal Generals 129 Ferguson. Patrick 37 Fleming. John M 138 Floyd. J(.!in B 120, 121 Forrest, X. B 121 198 Fo.'«ter, Robert C ' 72 Fostei. F. H 91.1)7 Franklin "" Franchise Act La Salle 18 Lee, Robert E 128 Lincoln, Abraham Ill, 116, 123, 132 Lookout Mountain 137 Loudon, Fort 23.26 McMinn. Joseph 72,73 Marquette IS Marling. John L 105 39. 40. 41. 421 Martiji. Governor 41 133t Masonic Fraternity 58.105 Fry. Speed S ... 120 Maynard, Horace ..1^^^^. 139 >ngitiye_Slave Law 104 1 Medical Society 8.3 Fusseli, Joseph H 142 . 41.59.72.94.95.150 Hf.nry. f «>rt. ■ 12o| Senter. D. W. C 135 Hilhard. H. W 112 St-re.<.sion Convention Ill Hood. General. 12S Sedition Law 57 Horticultural Society s.S Sevier. John 25. 36. 37. 38. 40, 41. 42. 52. 53 hord, U. M 141 Sheridan, (Jeneral 124 Houston, Saniiiel ,so Sherman, (Jeneral 123. 127 Humphreys, West H 88. Shelby, Isaac 36.42.51 224 THK HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. pa(;e. Sliiloh 121 Six Nations 25 Sniith. Franlc M 150 Smith, E. Kirby 128 South Boundary 77 St. Louis. Fort 18, 19 State Debt 138, 139, 140, 141, 743, 144 Stanwix, Fort 25 Stephens. A. H 115 Stokes, W. B 135 Stone River 47. 126 Strother, Fort 64, 65, 66 Sumter. Fort 112 Tallapoosa 66 Talladega, Fort 65 Taylor, (Teneral Dick 128 Taylor, Robert L 145 Taylor, Alfred A 145 Tecumseh 63 PAGE. Thomas. General G. H 120, 127 Tipton. John 40. 41 Toljaceo 75 Tohopeka 66 Totten. A.O. W 112 Trousdale, William 102 Turney, Peter 148 Union Convention 117, 131 Verrazani 11 Watauga 27, 28. 29. 30, 31, 37, 40 Walker. Dr 47 Weatherford, William 63 White. Hugh L 88,93 Wilson, S. F 140 \insener. W. H 137 Worth. G«^neral 101 Wright, John V 140 Zenobia. Father 18 Zollicoffer. Felix 119, 120 The Civil (joVei^nment of Tenne^^ee and the United ^tate^. FR,IOE, 40 OEN"TS. In this book everything of interest about our government is plainly discussed and any child can easily comprehend it. All our children should be familiar with thegovernmentof their State and Nation so they can form a clear conception of the requirements of citizenship. Every State otHcer and his function is here clearly outlined and intelligently written. That you may see clearly the scope of this book, the author gives the contents, which are as follows: Of Civil Govern- ment Generally. County Districts. Courts. The Legislature. Officers of the Statp. The Constitution of Tennessee. Juries Trial, and Judgments. Revenue and Taxation. Government of critics. Charitable Institutions. Federal (-'ourts. Ex- ecutive Department of the United States. Congress. Revenue of the T'nited States. Crimes and Punishments. The Constitution of Tf^nnessee. Constitution of the United States. Congressional Districts, Chancery Divisions. Circuit and Criminal Courts. General Assembly. Governors of Tennessee from 1790. The author desires to correspond with schools for its adoption. Do not adoT)t a Civil Government until you see mine. This book was written by G. D. FREE, A. ^1., Church Hill, Ky. Send for it. MAP OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. Got a fine Map of your State. It is the prettiest and best issued. You need it in your home, ottice and school. Louisville (Ky.) Times: A very handsome map of Kentucky and Tennessee has just been published by George D. Free. Church Hill. Ky.. along with a list of the Governors in each State from the date of its foundation down to the present time. There are also tables showing the poi)ulation of citie"^ in both Common- wealths, and the total r>opulation by counties as given by the last ceiisus. The map is well drawn, distinct in outline, and sIk^ws every point of interest in each co\inty. All the railroad extensions and connections are accurately placed. It is just tiie thing for ofljce use. ^Memphis ( lenn.) Scimitar: A wall man of Tennessee and Kentucky has been i**sued l>y (Jeorge D. Free, of Church JHill. Ky. It is not so large as to he in the way and yet large enough to be perfectly plain. It would be an ornament to the finest r»tfice wall. The margin contains the names of the officials of both States, popula- tion of cities and counties, and much other valuable information. The price is 60 cents. Prof. H. D. Huflaker. Co. Supt. and Editor of Southern Teacher. Chattanooga, Tenn.: Am well pleased with your map of Kentucky and Tennessee. It is the best map of these States. Send for it.